New Word-Analysis / Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words
Date: 2006-09-22T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: English language -- Etymology

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Title: New Word-Analysis

Author: William Swinton

Release date: September 22, 2006 [eBook #19346]

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS ***

NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:

OR,

SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.

WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES

IN

SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND
THE USE OF WORDS.

BY WILLIAM SWINTON,

GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF
"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S
HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.

NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1879,

BY WILLIAM SWINTON

PREFACE.

The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's Word-Analysis, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work for pupils.

This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old methods; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new matter.

Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained—under "Part II.: The Latin Element"—as simply a method of study.[1] There have then been added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been misplaced.

To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the present infinitive,—the present indicative and the supine being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies.

In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.

W.S.

NEW YORK, 1879.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

INTRODUCTION.

I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY

II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS

III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS

PART II.

THE LATIN ELEMENT.

I. LATIN PREFIXES

II. LATIN SUFFIXES

III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY

DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES

PART III.

THE GREEK ELEMENT.

I. GREEK PREFIXES

II. GREEK ALPHABET

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS

DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

PART IV.

THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.

I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES

II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON

SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH

ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH

PART V.

MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.

I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS

1. NOUNS

2. ADJECTIVES

II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES

III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES

1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY

2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR

3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC

WORD-ANALYSIS.

PART I.—INTRODUCTION.

I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

1. Etymology[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,—that is, of their structure and history.

2. English etymology, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English words.

3. The vocabulary[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the English language.

I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct inquiries,—the study of the grammar of the language, and the study of its vocabulary. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the vocabulary.

II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of loves, loving, loved to the verb love is a matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation of lover, lovely, or loveliness to love is a matter of historical etymology.

III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no more than 15,000 words.

4. The principal elements of the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or French-Latin origin.

5. Anglo-Saxon is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon.

I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe—all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of languages—may be seen from the following table:—

Indo-
European
Family.

CELTIC STOCK

as Welsh, Gaelic.

SLAVONIC STOCK | as Russian.
CLASSIC STOCK | Greek

Latin

Italian.
Spanish.
French, etc.

TEUTONIC STOCK | Scandinavian: | as Swedish.
German | High Ger.: | as Modern German.
Low Ger.: | as Anglo-Saxon.

II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names Angles and Saxons, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language.

6. The Latin element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods.

The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:—

1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.

2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century.

3. By modern writers.

7. The French-Latin element in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.

I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words.

II. French-Latin words—that is, Latin words introduced through the French—can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. Thus—

Latin.

inimi'cus
pop'ulus
se'nior

French.

ennemi
peuple
sire

English.

enemy
people
sir

8. Other Elements.—In addition to its primary constituents—namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin—the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources.

The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:—

Hebrew: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.

Arabic: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan.

Turkish: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.

Persian: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.

Hindustani: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.

Malay: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango.

Chinese: nankeen, tea.

Polynesian: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.

American Indian: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.

Celtic: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey.

Scandinavian: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, plough.

Dutch, or Hollandish: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, yacht.

Italian: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista.

Spanish: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.

Portuguese: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver.

9. Proportions.—On an examination of passages selected from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined furnish the remaining five.

By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,—probably two and a half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much more employed—owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136.

II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.

10. Classes by Origin.—With respect to their origin, words are divided into two classes,—primitive words and derivative words.

11. A primitive word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, man, good, run.

12. A derivative word is one made up of a root and one or more formative elements: as, manly, goodness, runner.

The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.)

13. By Composition.—With respect to their composition, words are divided into two classes,—simple and compound words.

14. A simple word consists of a single significant term: as, school, master, rain, bow.

15. A compound word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, school-master, rainbow.

In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen as school-master; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms a single (though not a simple) word, as rainbow.

III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = not safe; remove = move back; circumnavigate = sail around.

17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safely = in a safe manner; movable = that may be moved; navigation = act of sailing.

The word affix signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb to affix means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word.

EXERCISE.

Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether simple or compound:—

1 grace

2 sign

3 design

4 midshipman

5 wash

6 sea

7 workman

8 love

9 lovely

10 white

11 childhood

12 kingdom

13 rub

14 music

15 musician

16 music-teacher

17 footstep

18 glad

19 redness

20 school

21 fire

22 watch-key

23 give

24 forget

25 iron

26 hardihood

27 young

28 right

29 ploughman

30 day-star

31 large

32 truthful

33 manliness

34 milkmaid

35 gentleman

36 sailor

37 steamboat

38 wooden

39 rich

40 hilly

41 coachman

42 warm

43 sign-post

44 greenish

45 friend

46 friendly

47 reform

48 whalebone

49 quiet

50 quietude

51 gardener

52 form

53 formal

54 classmate

55 trust

56 trustworthy

57 penknife

58 brightness

59 grammarian

60 unfetter

IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS.

Rule 1.—Final "e" followed by a Vowel.

Final e of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity.

Exception 1.—Words ending in ge or ce usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with a or o, for the reason that c and g would have the hard sound if the e were dropped: as, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous.

Exception 2.—Words ending in oe retain the e to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The e is retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with singing).

Rule II.—Final "e" followed by a Consonant.

Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.

Exception 1.—When the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly.

Exception 2.—A few words ending in e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.

Rule III.—Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into i on the addition of a suffix.

Exception 1.—Before ing or ish, the final y is retained to prevent the doubling of the i: as, pity + ing = pitying.

Exception 2.—Words ending in ie and dropping the e, by Rule I. change the i into y to prevent the doubling of the i: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.

Exception 3.—Final y is sometimes changed into e: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.

Rule IV.—Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an i before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.

Rule V.—Doubling.

Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.

Exceptions.—X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.

Rule VI.—No Doubling.

A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.

PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.

I.—LATIN PREFIXES.

Prefix.

Signification.

Example.

Definition.

a-
ab-
abs-

= from

a-vert
ab-solve
abs-tain

to turn from.

to release from.

to hold from.

ad-
a-
ac-
af-
ag-
al-
an-
ap-
ar-
as-

= to

ad-here
a-gree
ac-cede
af-fix
ag-grieve
al-ly
an-nex
ap-pend
ar-rive
as-sent

to stick to.

to be pleasing to.

to yield to.

to fix to.

to give pain to.

to bind to.

to tie to.

to hang to.

to reach to.

to yield to.

NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are euphonic variations of ad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.

am-
amb-

= around

am-putate
amb-ient

to cut around.

going around.

ante-
anti-

= before

ante-cedent
anti-cipate

going before.

to take before.

bi-
bis-

= two or
twice

bi-ped
bis-cuit

a two-footed animal.

twice cooked.

circum-
circu-

= around

circum-navigate
circu-it

to sail around.

journey around.

con-
co-
co-
col-
com-
cor-

= with or
together

con-vene
co-equal
co-gnate
col-loquy
com-pose
cor-relative

to come together.

equal with.

born together.

a speaking with another.

to put together.

relative with.

NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor-, are euphonic variations of con-.

contra-
contro-
counter-

= against

contra-dict
contro-vert
counter-mand

to speak against
to turn against
to order against

de-

= down or
off

de-pose;
de-fend

to put down;
fend off.

dis-
di-
dif-

asunder

= apart
opposite of

dis-pel
di-vert
dif-fer

to drive asunder.

to turn apart.

to bear apart; disagree.

NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are euphonic forms of dis-; dif- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

ex-
e-
ec-
ef-

= out or from

ex-clude
e-ject
ec-centric
ef-flux

to shut out.

to cast out.

from the center.

a flowing out.

NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are euphonic variations of ex-. When prefixed to the name of an office, ex- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor.

extra-

= beyond

extra-ordinary

beyond ordinary.

in-
il-
im-
ir-
en-, em-

(in nouns and
verbs)

= in, into, on

in-clude
il-luminate
im-port
ir-rigate
en-force

to shut in.

to throw light on.

to carry in.

to pour water on.

to force on.

NOTE.—The forms il-, im-, and ir- are euphonic variations of in-. The forms en- and em- are of French origin.

in-
i(n)

il-
im-
ir-

(in adjectives
and nouns.)

= not

in-sane
i-gnoble
il-legal
im-mature
ir-regular

not sane.

not noble.

not legal.

not mature.

not regular.

inter-
intel-

= between or
among

inter-cede
intel-ligent

to go between.

choosing between.

intra-

= inside of

intra-mural

inside of the walls.

intro-

= within, into

intro-duce

to lead into

juxta-

= near

juxta-position

a placing near

non-

= not

non-combatant

not fighting.

NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root.

ob-
o-
oc-

of-
op-

in the way,

= against,
or out

ob-ject
o-mit
oc-cur

of-fend
op-pose

to throw against.

to leave out.

to run against;
hence, to happen.

to strike against.

to put one's self against.

per-
pel-

= through,
thoroughly

per-vade;
per-fect
pel-lucid

to pass through;
thoroughly made.

thoroughly clear.

NOTE.—Standing alone, per- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year.

post-

= after,
behind

post-script

written after.

pre-

= before

pre-cede

to go before.

preter-

= beyond

preter-natural

beyond nature.

pro

for,

= forth, or
forward

pro-noun
pro-pose

for a noun.

to put forth.

NOTE.—In a few instances pro- is changed into pur-, as purpose; into por-, as portray; and into pol-, as pollute.

re-
red-

= back or
anew

re-pel
red-eem

to drive back.

to buy back.

retro-

= backwards

retro-grade

going backwards.

se-

= aside,
apart

se-cede

to go apart.

sine-

= without

sine-cure

without care.

sub-
suc-
suf-
sug-
sum-
sup-
sus-

= under or
after

sub-scribe
suc-ceed
suf-fer
sug-gest
sum-mon
sup-port
sus-tain

to write under.

to follow after.

to undergo.

to bring to mind from under.

to hint from under.

to bear by being under.

to under-hold.

NOTE.—The euphonic variations suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, result from assimilating the b of sub- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" sus- is a contraction of subs- for sub-.

subter-

= under or
beneath

subter-fuge

a flying under.

super-

= above or
over

super-natural
super-vise

above nature.

to over-see.

NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, super- takes the form sur-, as sur-vey, to look over.

trans-
tra-

through,

= over,
or beyond

trans-gress
tra-verse

to step beyond.

to pass over.

ultra-

= beyond, or
extremely

ultra-montane

ultra-conservative

beyond the mountain

(the Alps).

extremely conservative.

II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.

Suffix.

Signification.

Example.

Definition.

-able

-ible

-ble

= that may be;
fit to be

cur-able
possi-ble
solu-ble

that may be cured.

that may be done.

that may be dissolved.

-ac

relating to

= or
resembling

cardi-ac
demoni-ac

relating to the heart.

like a demon.

NOTE.—The suffix -ac is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.

-aceous

-acious

of;

= having the
quality of

sapon-aceous

cap-acious

having the quality of
soap.

having the quality of
holding much.

-acy

condition of

= being;
office of

celib-acy
cur-acy

condition of being single.

office of a curate.

-age

act,

= condition, or
collection of

marri-age
vassal-age
foli-age

act of marrying.

condition of a vassal.

collection of leaves.

NOTE.—The suffix -age is found only in French-Latin derivatives.

-al

adj.

= relating to
n. the act of;
that which

ment-al
remov-al
capit-al

relating to the mind.

the act of removing.

that which forms the
head of a column.

-an

-ane

adj. relating to

= or befitting
n. one who

hum-an
hum-ane
artis-an

relating to mankind.

befitting a man.

one who follows a trade.

-ance

-ancy

state or

= quality
of being

vigil-ance
eleg-ance

state of being watchful.

quality of being elegant.

-ant

= adj. being
n. one who

vigil-ant
assist-ant

being watchful.

one who assists.

-ar

= relating to; like

lun-ar
circul-ar

relating to the moon.

like a circle.

-ary

adj. relating to

= n. one who;
place where

epistol-ary
mission-ary
avi-ary

relating to a letter.

one who is sent out.

a place where birds are kept.

-ate

n. one who is
adj. having

= the quality of
v. to perform
the act of,
or cause

deleg-ate

accur-ate

navig-ate

one who is sent by
others.

having the quality of
accuracy.

to perform the act of
sailing.

-cle

-cule

= minute

vesi-cle
animal-cule

a minute vessel.

a minute animal.

-ee

= one to whom

refer-ee

one to whom something
is referred.

NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.

-eer

-ier

= one who

engin-eer

brigad-ier

one who has charge of
an engine.

one who has charge of
a brigade.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.

-ene

= having relation to

terr-ene

having relation to the
earth.

-ence

-ency

= state of being
or quality of

pres-ence
tend-ency

state of being present.

quality of tending towards.

-ent

n. one who

= or which
adj. being
or -ing

stud-ent
equival-ent

one who studies.

being equal to, equaling.

-escence

= state of becoming

conval-escence

state of becoming well.

-escent

= becoming

conval-escent

becoming well.

-ess

= female

lion-ess

a female lion.

NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.

-ferous

= producing

coni-ferous

producing cones.

-fic

= making, causing

sopori-fic

causing sleep.

-fice

= something done
or made

arti-fice

something done with
art.

-fy

= to make

forti-fy

to make strong.

-ic

-ical

n. one who

= adj. like,
made of,
relating to

rust-ic

hero-ic
metall-ic
histor-ical

one who has countrified
manners.

like a hero.

made of metal.

relating to history.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -ikos. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -ic denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid.

-ice

that which

just-ice

that which is just.

-ics

-ic

the science of

mathemat-ics
arithmet-ic

the science of quantity.

the science of number.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.

-id

= being or -ing

acr-id; flu-id

being bitter; flowing.

-ile

= relating to;
apt for

puer-ile
docile

relating to a boy.

apt for being taught.

-ine

= relating to; like

femin-ine
alkal-ine

relating to a woman.

like an alkali.

-ion

the act of,

= state of being,
or -ing

expuls-ion
corrupt-ion
frict-ion

the act of expelling.

state of being corrupt.

rubbing.

-ish

= to make

publ-ish

to make public.

-ise

-ize

= to render, or
perform the act of

fertil-ize

to render fertile.

NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.

-ism

= state or act of; idiom

hero-ism

Gallic-ism

state of a hero.

a French idiom.

NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.

-ist

one who

= practices or
is devoted to

art-ist
botan-ist

one who practices an art.

one who is devoted to
botany.

-ite

-yte

= n. one who is
adj. being

favor-ite
defin-ite
prosel-yte

one who is favored.

being well defined.

one who is brought
over.

NOTE.—The form -yte is found only in words of Greek origin.

-ity

-ty

= state or quality
of being

security
ability
liber-ty

state of being secure.

quality of being able.

state of being free.

-ive

n. one who is

= or that which
adj. having
the power
or quality

capt-ive
cohes-ive

one who is taken.

having power to stick.

-ix

= feminine

testatr-ix

a woman who leaves
a will.

ize

(See ise.)

-ment

state of being

= or act of;
that which

excite-ment
induce-ment

state of being excited.

that which induces.

-mony

state or

= quality of;
that which

matri-mony
testi-mony

state of marriage.

that which is testified.

-or

one who;

= that which;
quality of

audit-or
mot-or
err-or

one who hears.

that which moves.

quality of erring.

-ory

adj. fitted or

= relating to
n. place where;
that which

preparat-ory

armor-y

fitted to prepare.

place where arms are
kept.

-ose

-ous

= abounding in

verb-ose
popul-ous

abounding in words.

abounding in people.

-tude

= condition or
quality of

servi-tude
forti-tude

condition of a slave.

quality of being brave.

-ty

(See -ity.)

-ule

= minute

glob-ule

a minute globe.

-ulent

= abounding in

op-ulent

abounding in wealth.

-ure

= act or state of;
that which

depart-ure
creat-ure

act of departing.

that which is created.

CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

Noun Suffixes

-an

-ant

-ary

-ate

-eer

-ate

-ee

-acy

-age

-ance

-ancy

-ate

-ence

-ency

-ion

-ary

-ory

-cle

-cule

-ule

-ent

-ier

-ist

-ive

-or

-ite

-ive

-ism

-ity

-ment

-mony

-tude

-ty

-ure

= _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._

= _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._

= _state; condition; quality; act._

= _place where._

= _diminutives._

II.

Adjective

Suffixes.

-ac

-al

-an

-ar

-ary

-ent

-ate

-ose

-ous

-able

-ble

-ive

-ferous

-fic

-aceous

-acious

-escent

-ic

-ical

-id

-ile

-ine

-ory

-ible

-ile

= relating to; like; being.

= abounding in; having the quality.

= that may be.

= having power.

= causing or producing.

= of; having the quality.

= becoming.

III.

Verb Suffixes

-ate

-fy

-ise

-ize

= to make; render; perform an act.

EXERCISE.

I.

a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:—

1. Nouns.

MODEL: art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.[5]

1 art

2 cash

3 humor

4 history

5 vision

6 tribute

7 cure

8 engine

9 auction

10 cannon

11 flute

12 drug

13 tragedy

14 mutiny

15 grammar

16 credit

17 note

18 method

19 music

20 flower (flor-)

2. Verbs.

1 profess

2 descend

3 act

4 imitate

5 preside

6 solicit

7 visit

8 defend

9 survey

10 oppose (oppon-)

3. Adjectives.

1 adverse

2 secret

3 potent

4 private

b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:—

1 assign

2 bedlam

3 captum (taken)

4 devote

5 favor

6 lease

7 natus (born)

8 patent

9 refer

10 relate

c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:—

1. Nouns.

1 magistrate

2 parent

3 cure

4 private

5 pilgrim

6 hero

7 despot

8 judge

9 vassal

10 vandal

2. Verbs.

1 conspire

2 marry

3 forbear

4 repent

5 ply

6 abase

7 excel

8 prosper

9 enjoy

10 accompany

11 depart

12 abound

13 abhor

14 compose

15 deride (deris-)

3. Adjectives.

1 accurate

2 delicate

3 distant

4 excellent

5 current

6 parallel

7 prompt (i-)

8 similar

9 docile

10 moist

d. Write and define nouns denoting place where from the following words:—

1 grain

2 deposit

3 penitent

4 arm

5 observe

e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:—

1 part

2 globe

3 animal

4 verse

5 corpus (body)

II.

a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:—

1 parent

2 nation

3 fate

4 elegy

5 demon

6 republic

7 Rome

8 Europe

9 Persia

10 presbytery

11 globule

12 luna (the moon)

13 oculus (the eye)

14 consul

15 sol (the sun)

16 planet

17 moment

18 element

19 second

20 parliament

21 honor

22 poet

23 despot

24 majesty

25 ocean

26 metal

27 nonsense

28 astronomy

29 botany

30 period

31 tragedy

32 fervor

33 splendor

34 infant

35 puer (a boy)

36 canis (a dog)

37 felis (a cat)

38 promise

39 access

40 transit

b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:—

1 passion

2 temper

3 oper- (work)

4 fortune

5 popul- (people)

6 affection

7 aqua- (water)

8 verb (a word)

9 beauty

10 courage

11 plenty

12 envy

13 victory

14 joy

15 globe

c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:—

1 blame

2 allow

3 move

4 admit (miss-)

5 collect

6 abuse

7 aud- (hear)

8 divide (vis-)

9 vary

10 ara- (plough)

Write and define the following adjectives denoting—

(causing or producing) 1 terror, 2 sopor- (sleep), 3 flor (a flower), 4 pestis (a plague); (having the quality of) 5 farina (meal), 6 crust, 7 argilla (clay), (becoming), 8 effervesce.

III.

Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:—

1 authentic

2 person

3 captive

4 anima (life)

5 melior (better)

6 ample

7 just

8 sanctus (holy)

9 pan

10 false

11 facilis (easy)

12 magnus(great)

13 equal

14 fertile

15 legal

III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A Latin primitive, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb du'cere, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words.

2. Latin roots consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

3. English derivatives from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. Thus, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is duc- (education = e + duc + ate + ion).

4. A radical is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.

5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.

6. Verb-radicals are formed principally from two parts of the verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the supine, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—

1st pers. sing. pres. ind.

Root

Derivative

Supine

Root

Derivative

duco (I draw)

duc-
educe
ductum (drawing, or to draw)

duct-
ductile

I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're.

II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate amo, amatum, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is amare. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.

7. Noun-radicals and adjective radicals are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—

NOM. CASE.

iter (a journey)

GEN. CASE.

itineris (of a journey)

felicis (nom. felix, happy)

ROOT.

iter-.

ROOT
itiner-
felic-

DERIVATIVE.

reiterate

DERIVATIVE.

itinerant
felicity

NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the radicals actually used in word-formation, are given.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as miles (= mi'les).

2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u; and like s before e, i, y, and the diphthongs æ and œ: as cado, pronounced ka'do; cedo, pronounced se'do.

3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, æ, œ: as gusto, in which g is pronounced as in August; gero, pronounced je'ro.

4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as bene, pronounced be'ne.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as mille, pronounced mil'le.

6. The diphthongs æ and œ are sounded like e: as cædo, pronounced ce'do.

7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as ager, pronounced a'jer.

8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be sounded like ah: as musa, pronounced mu'sah.

9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh: as fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum.

NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe as in aisle, our, eight, oil; c always like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. See any Latin grammar.

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.—METHOD OF STUDY.

1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, to do, to drive.

Radicals: ag- and act-.

1. act, v. ANALYSIS: from actum by dropping the termination um. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The noun "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance.

2. ac'tion: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done.

3. act'ive: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action.

4. act'or: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player.

5. a'gent: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another.

6. ag'ile: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.

7. co'gent: from Latin cogens, cogentis, pres. part, of cog'ere (= co + agere, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.

8. enact': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.

9. transact': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?—Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.—Give a synonym of "act." Ans. Deed.—From what is "deed" derived? Ans. From the word do—hence, literally, something done.—Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." Ans. "Act" is a single action; "deed" is a voluntary action: thus—"The action which was praised as a good deed was but an act of necessity."

(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.—Combine and define in + action.

(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.—What is the negative of "active"? Ans. Inactive.—What is the contrary of "active"? Ans. Passive.

(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent actors in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English actor, was born in 1716."—What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player?

(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.—What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? Ans. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the limbs.—Give two synonyms of "agile." Ans. Brisk, nimble.—Give the opposite of "agile." Ans. Sluggish, inert.

(7.) Explain what is meant by a "cogent argument."—What would be the contrary of a cogent argument?

(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.—What is meant by the "enacting clause" of a legislative bill?—Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament enacted the stamp-law in 1765."

(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.—What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?

2. ALIE'NUS, another, foreign.

Radical: alien-.

1. al'ien: from alienus by dropping the termination us. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living.

2. al'ienate: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.

3. inal'ienable: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define alien + age.—Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]—What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an alien to a citizen?

(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.—Give a synonym of "alienate" in its second sense. Ans. To estrange.—What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually alienated the American colonies from the mother country"?

(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable."

3. AMA'RE, to love, AMI'CUS, a friend.

Radicals: am- and amic-.

1. a'miable: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.

OBS.—The Latin adjective is amabilis, from which the English derivative adjective would be amable; but it has taken the form amiable.

2. am'ity: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will.

3. am'icable: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable.

4. inim'ical: through Lat. adj. inimi'cus, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.

5. amateur': adopted through French amateur, from Latin amator, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

EXERCISE.

(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? Ans. Lovable.—Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The amiable qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."—What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?—What is the negative of "amiable"? Ans. Unamiable.—The contrary? Ans. Hateful.

(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." Ans. Friendship.—State the distinction between these words. Ans. "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies or nations.—Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of amity with the Indians."—What is the opposite of "amity"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." Ans. Friendly.—Which is the stronger? Ans. Friendly.—Why? Ans. "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.—Write a sentence containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an amicable settlement of the Alabama difficulties."

(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? Ans. Enemy.—Give its origin. Ans. It comes from the Latin inimicus, an enemy, through the French ennemi.—What preposition does "inimical" take after it? Ans. The preposition to—thus, "inimical to health," "to welfare," etc.

(5.) What is meant by an amateur painter? an amateur musician?

4. AN'IMUS, mind, passion; AN'IMA, life.

Radical: anim-.

1. an'imal: from Lat. n. anima through the Latin animal: literally, something having life.

2. animal'cule: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can be seen only by the microscope.

3. an'imate, v.: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or infuse courage.

4. animos'ity: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred.

5. unanim'ity: un (from unus, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: hence, agreement.

6. rean'imate: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse fresh vigor.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between an animal and a vegetable."

(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? Ans. Animalcules or animalculæ.—Write a sentence containing this word.

(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?—What is the negative of the adjective "animate?" Ans. Inanimate.—Define it.—Combine and define animate + ion.—Explain what is meant by an "animated discussion."

(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."

(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of one mind, is not this "unanimity"?—What is the adjective corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?—What is the opposite of "unanimity"?—Write a sentence containing the word "unanimity."

(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the signification of each.—Has "reanimate" any other than its literal meaning?—Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' reanimated the courage of the American sailors."—What does "animated conversation" mean?

5. AN'NUS, a year.

Radical: ann-.

1. an'nals: from annus, through Lat. adj. annalis, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done from year to year.

2. an'nual: through annuus (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly or performed in a year.

3. annu'ity: through Fr. n. annuité = a sum of money payable yearly.

4. millen'nium: Lat. n. millennium (from annus and mille, a thousand), a thousand years.

5. peren'nial: through Lat. adj. perennis (compounded of per and annus), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." Ans. History.—What is the distinction between "annals" and "history"? Ans. "Annals" denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.—Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: "The annals of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible statements."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."

(5.) What is the meaning of a "perennial plant" in botany? Ans. A plant continuing more than two years.—Give the contrary of "perennial." Ans. Fleeting, short-lived.

6. ARS, ar'tis, art, skill.

Radical: art-.

1. art: from artis by dropping the termination is. DEFINITION: 1. cunning—thus, an animal practices art in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or dexterity—thus, a man may be said to have the art of managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession—as the art of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts."

2. art'ist: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts.

OBS.—A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not properly be so called. The French word artiste is sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an artiste.

3. ar'tisan: through Fr. n. artisan, one who practices an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative.

4. art'ful: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning.

5. art'less: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, ingenuous.

6. ar'tifice: through Lat. n. artificium, something made (fa'cere, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no art to read the mind's construction in the face"?

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."—Would it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an artist?—What might he be called?—Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.—What is the negative of "artistic"?

(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?

(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." Ans. Ingenuous, natural.—Give the opposite of "artless." Ans. Wily.—Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.

(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."—Combine artifice + er.—Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?—Write a sentence containing this word.—Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."

7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, to hear.

Radicals: audi-, and audit-.

1. au'dible: audi + ble = that may be heard.

2. au'dience: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an auditory.

3. au'dit: from audit(um) = to hear a statement: hence, to examine accounts.

4. au'ditor: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.

OBS.—This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who examines accounts.

5. obe'dient: through obediens, obedient(is), the present participle of obedire (compounded of ob, towards, and audire): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it to form a word denoting what can not be heard?—What is the adverb from the adjective "audible"?—Write a sentence containing this word.

(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving audience?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL—"The committee which had to audit the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."—How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?—Why is the t not doubled?

(5.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?—What is the verb corresponding to these words?—Combine and define dis + obedient.

8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, the head.

Radical: capit-.

1. cap'ital, a. and n.: capit + al = relating to the head: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;—as a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade.

2. capita'tion: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person.

3. decap'itate: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to behead.

4. prec'ipice: through Lat. n. præcipitium: literally, a headlong descent.

5. precip'itate: from Lat. adj. præcipit(is), head foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (as a verb) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (as an adjective) headlong, hasty.

EXERCISE.

(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of city.—Write a sentence containing "capital" in the sense of stock.—Is the capital of a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or country?—What is the capital of New York state?—What is the metropolis of New York State?

(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.—Can you name an English king who was decapitated?—Can you name a French king who was decapitated?

(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the precipice of time it goes"?

(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.—Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for never having made any precipitate movements."—Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington precipitated the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was divided", "The Romans were wont to precipitate criminals from the Tarpeian rock."

9. CI'VIS, a citizen.

Radical: civ-.

1. civ'ic: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of a city.

OBS.—The "civic crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

2. civ'il: Lat adj. civilis, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite.

3. civ'ilize: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous state.

4. civiliza'tion: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized.

5. civil'ian: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil life—not a soldier.

EXERCISE.

(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?—Give a synonym of this word.—Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? Ans. "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" without being "polite."—What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?—Combine and define civil + ity.—Do you say uncivility or incivility, to denote the negative of "civility"?—Give a synonym of "uncivil." Ans. Boorish.—Give another synonym.

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."—Give a participial adjective from this word.—What compound word expresses half civilized?—What word denotes a state of society between savage and civilized?

(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." Ans. Culture, refinement.—What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of civilization"?—Compose a sentence of your own, using this word.

10. COR, cor'dis, the heart.

Radical: cord-.

1. core: from cor = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing.

2. cor'dial, a.: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The noun "cordial" means literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering.

3. con'cord: con + cord = heart with (con) heart: hence, unity of sentiment, harmony.

OBS.—Concord in music is harmony of sound.

4. dis'cord: dis + cord = heart apart from (dis) heart: hence, disagreement, want of harmony.

5. record': through Lat. v. recordari, to remember (literally, to get by heart): hence, to register.

6. cour'age: through Fr. n. courage: literally, heartiness: hence, bravery, intrepidity.

OBS.—The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative sense of courage.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "The quince was rotten at the core"; "The preacher touched the core of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its literal, in which in its figurative, sense?

(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?—Would you say a "cordial laugh" or a "hearty laugh"?—What is the opposite of "cordial"?—Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.— Write a sentence containing the noun "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a cordial to the flagging spirits of the American army."

(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." Ans. Accord.—Supply the proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (accord? or concord?) with you." "There should be —— among friends." "The man who is not moved by —— of sweet sounds."

(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brethren?—Give a synonym of this word. Ans. Strife.—State the distinction. Ans. "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action.

(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?—When the accent is placed on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?—Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.

(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout—what?—Give a synonym. Ans. Fortitude.—State the distinction. Ans. "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.—Would you say "the Indian shows courage when he endures torment without flinching"?—Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed fortitude in opposing the entire Persian army"?—What is the contrary of "courage"?—Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.

11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, the body.

Radical: corpor-.

1. cor'poral: corpor + al = relating to the body.

OBS.—The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from corpus: it comes from the French caporal, of which it is a corruption.

2. cor'porate: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body or corporation.

3. incor'porate: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another.

4. corpora'tion: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.

5. cor'pulent: through Lat. adj. corpulentus, fleshy: hence, stout in body, fleshy.

6. cor'puscle: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle of matter.

7. corps: [pronounced core] through Fr. n. corps, a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one profession.

8. corpse: through Fr. n. corps, the body; that is, only the body—the spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." Ans. Corporeal and bodily.—What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? Ans. "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.—Would you say a corporal or a corporeal substance? corporal or corporeal punishment? Would you say corporal strength or bodily strength?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its first sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was incorporated in 1606, and received a charter from King James I."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence about that.]

(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and synonymous with "stoutness"?—Give two synonyms of "corpulent." Ans. Stout, lusty.—What is the distinction? Ans. "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame.

(6.) What is meant by an "army corps"? Ans. A body of from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions.

(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? Ans. Corps. How pronounced? Ans. Cores.—What is meant by the "diplomatic corps"?

(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? Ans. The form corse is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John Moore:

"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,

As his corse to the ramparts we hurried."

12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, to believe.

Radicals: cred- and credit-.

1. creed: from the word credo, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief.

2. cred'ible: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief.

3. cred'it: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.

4. cred'ulous: through the Lat. adj. credulus, easy of belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.

5. discred'it: dis + credit = to disbelieve.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not credible."—What single word will express not credible?—Combine and define credible + ity.—Give a synonym of "credible." Ans. Trustworthy.—State the distinction. Ans. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as "credible testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a trustworthy witness."

(3.) What is the meaning of credit in the passage,

"John Gilpin was a citizen

Of credit and renown"?

Give a synonym of this word. Ans. Trust.—What is the distinction? Ans. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back—we credit what has happened; we trust what is to happen.—What other part of speech than a noun is "credit"?—Combine and define credit + ed.—Why is the t not doubled?

(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,

"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud

Led Eve, our credulous mother"?—MILTON.

What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the quality of believing too easily?—What is the negative of "credulous"?—What is the distinction between "incredible" and "incredulous"?—Which applies to persons? which to things?

(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.

13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, to run.

Radicals used: curr- and curs-.

1. cur'rent, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "current report"; (2) now in progress, as the "current month."

2. cur'rency: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as "the report obtained currency": hence circulation.

OBS.—As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value.

3. cur'sory: curs + ory = running or passing: hence, hasty.

4. excur'sion: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an expedition or jaunt.

5. incur'sion: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion.

6. precur'sor: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?—What is now the current year?

(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? Ans. Because there are two in the root currere.—Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." Ans. The "circulating medium."—What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?—Compose a sentence using this word.

(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "cursory glance" at a subject, what does he mean?—Combine and define cursory + ly.

(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?

(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?—Give a synonym. Ans. Invasion.—Which implies a hasty expedition?—Compose a sentence containing the word incursion. MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid incursions into the territory of their enemies."

(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the precursor of Christ?—What is meant by saying that black clouds are the precursor of a storm?

14. DIG'NUS, worthy.

Radical: dign-.

1. dig'nify: dign + (i)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor.

2. dig'nity: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior fitted to inspire respect.

3. indig'nity: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (indignus) manner: hence, insult, contumely.

4. condign': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved.

OBS.—The prefix con is here merely intensive.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? Ans. Dignified.—Give a stronger word. Ans. Majestic.—Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. Ans. Pompous.

(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the dignity of his behavior?—Compose a sentence containing this word.

(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."—What is meant by saying that "indignities were heaped on" a person?

(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? Ans. In connection with punishment: thus we speak of "condign punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment.

15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, to teach.

Radicals: doc- and doct-.

1. doc'ile: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable.

2. doc'tor: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach.

4. doc'trine: through Lat. n. doctrina, something taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.—Give the opposite of "docile." Ans. Indocile.—Mention an animal that is very docile.—Mention one remarkable for its want of docility.

(2.) What is meant by "Doctor of Medicine"?—Give the abbreviation.—What does LL.D. mean? Ans. It stands for the words legum doctor, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun.

(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." Ans. Precept, tenet.—What does "tenet" literally mean? Ans. Something held—from Lat. v. tenere, to hold.—Combine and define doctrine + al.

16. DOM'INUS, a master or lord.

Radical: domin-.

1. domin'ion: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over.

2. dom'inant: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, prevailing.

3. domineer': through Fr. v. dominer; literally, to "lord it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence.

4. predom'inate: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master before another: hence, to be superior, to rule.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off the dominion of Great Britain"?

(2.) What is meant by the "dominant party"? a "dominant race"?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, domineered for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the accession of King William."

(4.) "The Republicans at present predominate in Mexico": what does this mean?

17. FI'NIS, an end or limit.

Radical: fin-.

1. fi'nite: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, limited in quantity or degree.

2. fin'ish: through Fr. v. finir; literally, to bring to an end: hence, to complete.

3. infin'ity: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.

4. define': through Fr. v. definer; literally, to bring a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision.

5. confine': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: hence, to restrain.

6. affin'ity: af (a form of prefix ad) + fin + ity = close agreement.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are finite"?

(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Limited.—What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?—What is meant by a "finished gentleman"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." Ans. Boundlessness.—"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an infinity of animalculæ." What is the sense of infinity as used in this sentence?

(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.—Analyze the word "definition."—Compose a sentence containing the word "define."

(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.—What other part of speech than a verb is "confine"? Ans. A noun.—Write a sentence containing the word "confines."

(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical affinity."

18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, to flow.

Radicals: flu- and flux-.

1. flux: from fluxum = a flowing.

2. flu'ent: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to language it means flowing speech: hence, voluble.

3. flu'id, n.: flu + id = Flowing: hence, anything that flows.

4. flu'ency: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language).

5. af'fluence: af (form of ad) + flu + ence = a flowing to: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc.

6. con'fluence: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union.

7. in'flux: in + flux = a flowing in or into.

8. super'fluous: super + flu + ous = having the quality of overflowing: hence, needless, excessive.

EXERCISE.

(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?—What word would denote a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."

(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?

(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "affluence of ideas," means what?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City stands at the —— of two streams."

(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."—Compose a sentence containing the word "superfluous."—What is its opposite? Ans. Scanty, meager.

19. GREX, gre'gis, a flock or herd.

Radical: greg-.

1. ag'gregate, v.: ag (for ad) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.

2. egre'gious: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. egre'gius, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable.

OBS.—Its present use is in association with inferiority.

3. con'gregate: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: hence, to assemble.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?—Why is this word spelled with a double g?

(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.—What does an "egregious blunder" mean?—Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious."

(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating together?—Combine and define congregate + ion.

20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, to go.

Radical: it-.

1. ambi'tion: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.

OBS.—This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in Rome going around to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general.

2. ini'tial, a.: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the ingoing: hence, marking the commencement.

3. ini'tiate: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to introduce, to commence.

4. sedi'tion: sed (aside) + it + ion = the act of going aside; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party.

5. trans'it: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.

6. tran'sitory: trans + it + ory = passing over: hence, brief, fleeting.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's ambition was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his country."—What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?—What adjective means possessing ambition?—Combine and define un + ambitious.

(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? Ans. Final, closing.—What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?—What is meant by "initials"?

(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was initiated by an attack on the British in Boston"?—Give the opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence."

(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." Ans. Insurrection.—Give another.—Compose a sentence containing this word.

(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in transit."—Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua transit."—When you speak of the transit of Venus," you are using a term in what science?

(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."—Give its opposite. Ans. Permanent, abiding.

21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, a stone.

Radical: lapid-.

1. lap'idary: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.

2. dilap'idated: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed.

3. dilapida'tion: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay.

EXERCISE.

Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous lapidary in Holland."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a dilapidated mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."—If we should speak of a "dilapidated fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense?

(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." Ans. Ruin, decay.

22. LEX, le'gis, a law or rule.

Radical: leg-.

1. le'gal: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.

2. ille'gal: il (for in, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful.

3. leg'islate: from legis + latum (from Lat. v. fer're, latum, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws.

4. legit'imate: through Lat. adj. legitimus, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law.

5. priv'ilege: Lat. adj. privus, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the legal profession" and "a legal right."—Combine and define legal + ize.

(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." Ans. Unlawful.—Show that they are synonyms. Ans. il (in) = un; leg = law; and al = ful.—Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."—Combine and define illegal + ity.

(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?—Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.

(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."

(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?—Define the meaning of this word in the passage,—

"He claims his privilege, and says 't is fit

Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."

23. LIT'ERA, a letter.

Radical: liter-.

1. lit'eral: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact to the letter.

2. lit'erary: liter + ary = pertaining to letters or learning.

3. obliterate: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, to rub out, in general.

4. lit'erature: through Lat. n. literatura = the collective body of literary works.

5. illit'erate: il (for in, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who does not know his letters.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Define what is meant by a "literal translation."

(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."—Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary society."

(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. Ans. To erase.—If we should speak of obliterating the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense?

(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?—Can you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "literature."

(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." Ans. Unlearned.—What is the opposite of "illiterate"? Ans. Learned.

24. MORS, mortis, death.

Radical: mort-.

1. mor'tal: mort + a = relating to death.

2. mor'tify: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.

3. immor'talize: im (for in, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this mortal coil"?—Combine and define mortal + ity.—What is the opposite of "mortal"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Deathless.

(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."—What noun is derived from this verb? Ans. Mortification.—When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?—What is meant by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great mortification at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton immortalized his name by the production of Paradise Lost."

25. NOR'MA, a rule.

Radical: norm-.

1. nor'mal: norm + al = according to rule.

2. enor'mous: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: hence, excessive, huge.

3. enor'mity: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, an excessive degree—generally used in regard to bad qualities.

4. abnor'mal: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being away from the usual rule: hence, unnatural.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the normal condition of things"?—"What is the meaning of the term a "normal school"? Ans. It means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of teachers.

(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." Ans. Immense.—Give another.—"What is meant by "enormous strength"? an "enormous crime?"—Combine and define enormous + ly.

(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.

26. OR'DO, or'dinis, order.

Radical: ordin-.

1. or'dinary: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things.

2. extraor'dinary: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.

3. inor'dinate: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive.

4. subor'dinate: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.

5. or'dinance: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a law.

6. insubordina'tion: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by "ordinary language"? an "ordinary man"?

(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.—Compose a sentence using the word "extraordinary."—Give a synonym of "extraordinary." Ans. Unusual.

(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "inordinate vanity."—Is "inordinate" used with reference to praiseworthy things?

(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?—What is meant by "a subordinate"?—What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must subordinate our wishes to the rules of morality"?—Combine and define subordinate + ion.

(5.) What does the expression "the ordinances of the Common Council of the City of New York" mean?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."—Give the opposite of "insubordination"? Ans. Subordination, obedience.

27. PARS, par'tis, a part or share.

Radical: part-.

1. part: from partis = a share.

2. par'ticle: part + (i)cle = a small part.

3. par'tial: part + (i)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing.

4. par'ty: through Fr. n. partie: a set of persons (that is, a part of the people) engaged in some design.

5. par'tisan: through Fr. n. partisan = a party man.

6. depart': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.

(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." Ans. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or particles of a given subject.

(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? Ans. Impartial.—Define it.

(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political party."

(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.

28. PES, pe'dis, a foot.

Radical: ped-.

1. ped'al: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot.

2. bi'ped: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.

3. quad'ruped: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (Quadru, from quatuor, four.)

4. ped'dler: literally, a trader who travels on foot.

5. expedite': ex + ped + ite (ite, equivalent to ate) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten.

6. expedi'tion: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the execution of some object of importance.

7. imped'iment: through Lat. n. impedimentum; literally, something which impedes or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."

(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."

(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?—In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? Ans. It is sometimes spelled with but one d—thus, pedler.

(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?—Give the opposite of "expedite." Ans. To retard.

(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged expedition, swift as lightning."—Milton. "The expedition of Cortez miserably failed."—Prescott.

(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."—What is meant by "impediment of speech"?—Is the word here used in its literal or its figurative sense?

29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break.

Radical: rupt-.

1. rup'ture: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a breach of friendly relations.

2. erup'tion: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out.

3. abrupt': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden termination.

4. corrupt': cor (for con) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, decomposed, depraved.

5. interrupt': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder.

6. bank'rupt: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, an insolvent debtor.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? Ans. A verb.—Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun.—What does the "rupture of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the literal sense of the word?—The "rupture of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense?

(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."

(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.—When we speak of an "abrupt manner," what is meant?—When we speak of an "abrupt descent," what is meant?

(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "corrupt judge."—Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.—What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?—What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications corrupt good manners"?

30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, time.

Radical: tempor-.

1. tem'poral: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting.

2. tem'porary: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time.

3. contem'porary: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with another.

4. tem'perance: through Fr. n. tempérance; literal meaning, the state of being well timed as to one's habits: hence, moderation.

5. extempora'neous: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time.

6. tem'porize: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the current of opinion.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." Ans. Eternal. Illustrate these two words by a sentence from the Bible. Ans. "The things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal."

(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." Ans. Permanent.—What is meant by the "temporary government of a city"?—Give a synonym of "temporary." Ans. Transitory.—Would you say that man is a "temporary being" or a "transitory being"?

(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word "contemporary."—What adjective corresponds to this adjective?

(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."—Write a sentence showing the use of the two words.

(5.) What is meant by an "extemporaneous speech?"

(6.) What is one who temporizes sometimes called? Ans. A time-server.

DIVISION II.—ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.

NOTE—In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the particular radicals, from which the several groups of derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type—thus., acr-, acerb-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, bitterness.

1. A'CER, a'cris, sharp; Acer'bus, bitter; Ac'idus, sour; Ace'tum, vinegar.

acr: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. acrimo'nia, sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious.

acerb: -ity; exac'erbate, to render bitter; exacerba'tion.

acid: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. acid'ulus, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, slightly acid.

acet: -ate, a certain salt; -ic, pertaining to a certain acid; -ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.

2. AE'DES, a house.

ed: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. edifi'cium, a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. aedi'lis, a Roman magistrate who had charge of buildings).

3. Æ'QUUS, equal: Æqua'lis, equal, just.

equ: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. adequa're, adequa'tum, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. iniq'uitas, want of equal or just dealing); iniq'uitous.

equal: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual.

4. Æ'VUM, an age; Æter'nitas, eternal.

ev: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. lon'gus, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first).

etern: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.

5. A'GER, a'gri, a field, land.

agri: agra'rian (Lat. adj. agrarius, relating to land); agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation), agricult'ural, agricult'urist.

Per'egrinate (Lat. v. peregrina'ri, to travel in foreign lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. pélérin, a wanderer); pil'grimage.

AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.)

6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum or al'tum, to nourish; ALES'CERE: ales'co to grow up.

al: al'iment (Lat. n. alimen'tum, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. alimo'ma, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support).

alit: coali'tion (-ist).

alesc: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).

ALIENUS. (See p. 25.)

7. AL'TER, another; Alter'nus, one after another.

alter: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. alterca'tio, a contention).

altern: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, a subordinate officer.

AMARE; Amicus. (See p. 25.)

ANIMUS; Anima. (See p. 26.)

ANNUS. (See p. 27.)

8. ANTI'QUUS, old, ancient.

antiqu: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. antique), old, ancient.

9. AP'TUS, fit, suitable.

apt: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).

10. A'QUA, water.

aque: -duct (du'cere, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. n. terra, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. aquat'icus, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. aqua'rium, a reservoir of water), a tank for water-plants and animals.

11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, a judge or umpire.

arbiter: ar'biter, a judge or umpire.

arbitr: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. arbitramen'tum, decision).

12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, a tree.

arbor: ar'bor, a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower; -et, a little tree; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, a place where specimens of trees are cultivated; arboricult'ure (-ist).

13. AR'MA, arms, weapons.

arm: arm (n. and v.); arms, weapons; -or, defensive weapons; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family; ar'mistice (sis'tere, to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'.

Arma'da (Span, n.), a naval warlike force; ar'my (Fr. n armée); ar'mament (Lat. n. armamen'ta, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), an animal armed with a bony shell.

ARS. (See page 28.)

14. ARTIC'ULUS, a little joint.

articul: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly jointed syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. article).

15. AS'PER, rough.

asper: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.

AUDIRE. (See page 29.)

16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, to increase.

aug: augment' (v.); augmentation.

auct: -ion, a sale in which the price is increased by bidders; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. auc'tor, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. auxil'ium, help).

17. A'VIS, a bird; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, a soothsayer.

augur: au'gur (n.), one who foretells future events by observing the flight of birds, (v.) to foretell; au'gury, an omen; inau'gurate, to invest with an office by solemn rites; inaugura'tion; inau'gural.

auspici: -ous, favorable; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.

18. BAR'BARUS, savage, uncivilized.

barbar: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.

19. BIS, twice or two.

bi: bi'ennial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); big'amy (Greek n. gamos, marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. mil'lio, a million; literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. cuit, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. sec'tum, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. val'væ, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. bi'ni, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. oc'ulus, the eye); combine'; combina'tion.

20. BO'NIS, good; Be'ne, well.

bonus: bonus (something to the good of a person in addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. bonté, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful.

bene: ben'efice (Lat. v. fac'ere, fac'tum, to do), literally, a benefit, an ecclesiastical living; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. dic'ere, dic'tum, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. vel'le, to will).

EXERCISE.

In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed in italic: The equator divides the globe into two equal parts. Good agriculturists read agricultural papers. In the primeval ages the longevity of man was very great. The pilgrims have gone on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The subaltern had no alternative but to obey. To remove the stain a powerful acid must be used. The alimony which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered adequate. The discourse, though learned, was not edifying. God is an eternal and unchangeable being. The handsome edifice was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the aquarium were brought from abroad. Though the style is antiquated, it is not inelegant. The arbitrary proceedings of the British Parliament exasperated the Americans. God is the bountiful Giver of all good. The President made a short inaugural address. By combined effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The Antiquary. It is barbarous needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody was noted for his benevolence. The Romans were famous for their great aqueducts.

21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, to fall.

cad: -ence, a falling of the voice; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence.

cide: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, the place of the falling or setting sun, the west.

case: case, the state in which a thing happens or falls to be; casual (Lat. n. ca'sus, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, one who studies cases of conscience; cas'uistry; occa'sion.

Chance (Fr. v. choir, to fall), something that befalls without apparent cause; decay (Fr. v. déchoir, to fall away).

22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, to cut, to kill.

cide: decide', to cut off discussion, to determine; frat'ricide, the killing of a brother (Lat. n. fra'ter, a brother); hom'icide (ho'mo, a man); infan'ticide (in'fans, an infant); mat'ricide (ma'ter, a mother); par'ricide (pa'ter, a father); reg'icide (rex, re'gis, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. sui, one's self).

cise: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.

23. CAL'CULUS, a pebble.

calcul: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate.

24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow); Can'didus, white.

cand: -id, fair, sincere; -or, openness, sincerity; incandes'cent.

can'did: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore white robes).

Cen'ser, a vessel in which incense is burned; in'cense (n.), perfume given off by fire; incense' (v.), to inflame with anger; incen'diary (Lat. n. incen'dium, a fire); can'dle (Lat. cande'la, a white light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra.

25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, to sing; Fr chanter, to sing.

cant: cant, hypocritical sing-song speech; canta'ta, a poem set to music; can'ticle; can'ticles, the Song of Solomon; can'to, division of a poem; discant'; incanta'tion, enchantment; recant', literally, to sing back, to retract.

chant: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.

Ac'cent (Lat. ad. and cantus, a song), literally, a modulation of the voice; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. præcan'ere, to sing before).

26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, to take.

cap: -able, -ability; inca'pable.

cip: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. ma'nus, hand), literally, to take away from the hand of an owner, to free; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town; mu'nia, official duties, and cap'ere, to take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); par'ticiple; prince (Lat. n. prin'ceps,—Lat. adj. pri'mus, first: hence, taking the first place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of recip'ere; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).

ceive (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'.

capt: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.

cept: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible.

ceit (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'.

Capa'cious (Lat. adj. ca'pax, capa'cis, able to hold: hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.

CAPUT. (See page 30.)

27. CA'RO, carnis, flesh.

carn: -age, slaughter; -al, -ation, the flesh-colored flower; incar'nate; incarna'tion.

Carne'lian (Lat. adj. car'neus, fleshy), a flesh-colored stone; car'nival (Lat. v. vale, farewell), a festival preceding Lent; carniv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. charnel, containing flesh).

28. CAU'SA, a cause.

caus: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. cause), n. and v.

Accuse' (Fr. v. accuser, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. excuser, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. recusa're, to refuse).

29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, to beware.

caut: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.

Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), an intimation to stop proceedings.

30. CA'VUS, hollow.

cav: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.

Cave (Fr. n. cave), literally, a hollow, empty space; con'cave (Lat. adj. conca'vus, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. cavil'la, a jest).

31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, to go, to yield.

cede: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; unprecedented.

ceed: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).

cess: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, a collection of matter gone away, or collected in a cavity; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).

32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, to weigh, to estimate, to tax.

cens: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.

Cen'sus (Lat. n. census, an estimate).

33. CEN'TRUM, the middle point.

centr: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. fu'gere, to flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. pet'ere, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.

Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. centre), n. and v.; cen'tered.

34. CEN'TUM, a hundred.

cent: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. centena'rius); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. gra'dus, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. centu'plex, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. centu'rio, a captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. centu'ria, a hundred years); percent'age.

35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, to sift, to see, to judge; Discrimen, discrim'inis, distinction.

cern: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment.

cret: decre'tal, a book of decrees; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.

discrimin: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.

Decree' (Fr. n. decret); discreet' (Fr. adj. discret); discrete' (literally, sifted apart), separate.

36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, to contend, to vie.

cert: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'.

37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, to gird.

cinct: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, girded or tucked up, compressed, concise; succinct'ness.

38. CIR'CUS, a circle; cir'culus, a little circle.

circ: cir'cus, an open space for sports; cir'clet.

circul: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.

Cir'cle (Fr. n. cercle); encir'cle; sem'icircle.

39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, to stir up, to rouse.

cite: cite, to summon or quote; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. suscita're, to raise).

citat: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', a species of musical recitation.

CIVIS. (See p. 31.)

40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, to cry out, to shout; Clam'or, a loud cry.

claim: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.

clamat: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.

clamor: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.

EXERCISE.

The decay of the tree was caused by the incisions which had accidentally been made in the bark. The captives will be set at liberty, but the precise time of their emancipation has not been fixed. The harbor is capacious, and can receive vessels of the largest size. The merits of the candidates were discriminated with great candor. We were enchanted with the carnival at Rome. This recitation is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a centigrade thermometer? Nothing is so successful as success. The number of concentric circles in the trunk marked the age of the tree. No censer round our altar beams. The heat being excessive, we took shelter in the recesses of a cave. Precision is the principal quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow chandler. Last century there was great carnage in America. Infanticide is much practiced in China. The proclamation was widely circulated. The president was inaugurated on the 4th of March. The census is taken every ten years. Conceit is worse than eccentricity. Have you filed your caveat?

41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, to shut, to close.

clud: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.

clus: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; seclu'sion.

close: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' (-ure).

Clause (Fr. n. clause); clois'ter (old Fr. n. cloistre).

42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, to bend; Cli'vus, a slope or hill.

clinat: inclina'tion.

cline: de-, in-, re-.

cliv: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.

43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, to till, to cultivate (Low Lat. Cultiva're, to cultivate).

cult: cult'ure (Lat. n. cultu'ra, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. a'ger, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. ar'bor, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. hor'tus, a garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. ausculta'tio, a listening; hence, a test of the lungs).

cultiv: -ate, -ation, -ator.

Col'ony (Lat. n. colo'nia, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; col'onize.

COR. (See page 32.)

CORPUS. (See page 33.)

CREDERE. (See page 35.)

44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, to create.

creat: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).

45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, to grow.

cresc: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.

cret: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.

Accrue' (Fr. n. accrue, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. incremen'tum, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. recroitre, recru, to grow again).

46. CRUX, cru'cis, a cross.

cruc: cru'cial (Fr. adj. cruciale, as if bringing to the cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot—Lat. n. crucib'ulum—marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. for'ma, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. fig'ere, fix'um, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.

Cross (Fr. n. croix); cro'sier (Fr. n. crosier); cruise (Dan. v. kruisen, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. croisade, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er.

47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (in compos, cumbo), cub'itum, to lie down.

cub: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.

cumb: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.

Cu'bit (Lat. n. cub'itus, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. in'cubus), the nightmare.

48. CU'RA, care.

cur: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; proc'urator.

Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from proc'uracy). authority to act for another; secure' (Lat. adj. secu'rus, from se for si'ne, without, and cu'ra, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. si'ne, without—an office without duties).

CURRERE. (See page 32.)

49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, to give.

dat: date (originally the time at which a public document was given—da'tum); da'ta (Lat. plural of da'tum), facts or truths given or admitted; da'tive.

dit: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; extradi'tion.

Add (Lat. v. ad'dere, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), something to be added.

50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, to owe.

debt: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).

51. DE'CEM, ten; Dec'imus, the tenth.

decem: Decem'ber (formerly the tenth month); decem'virate (Lat. n. vir, a man), a body of ten magistrates; decen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year).

decim: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. duodec'imus, twelfth), a book having twelve leaves to a sheet.

52. DENS, den'tis, a tooth.

dent: dent, to notch; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. frica're, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. denti'tio, a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. edenta'tus, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. tres, three), Neptune's three-pronged scepter; dan'delion (Fr. dent-de-lion, the lion's tooth), a plant.

53. DE'US, a God; Divi'nus, relating to God, divine.

de: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.

divin: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. divina'tio, a foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity.

54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, to say.

dict: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. dictiona'rium, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), positive opinion; addict' (Lat. v. addic'ere, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. be'ne, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to proclaim), to charge with a crime; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. jus, ju'ris, justice), relating to the distribution of justice; maledic'tion (Lat. adv. ma'le, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. va'le, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true).

Dit'to, n. (Ital. n. det'to, a word), the aforesaid thing; indite' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to dictate), to compose.

55. DI'ES, a day; French jour, a day.

dies: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. diur'nus, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. merid'ies = me'dius di'es, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. quotidia'nus, daily).

jour: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; so'journer.

DIGNUS (See page 37.)

56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, to divide, to separate.

divid: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, one not to be divided, a single person.

divis: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.

Device' (Fr. n. devis, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. deviser, to form a plan).

DOCERE. (See page 38.)

57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, to grieve.

Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, not grieving or caring), lazy.

DOMINUS. (See page 38.)

58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, to lead, to bring forward.

duc: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.

duct: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. a'qua, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. vi'a, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. conduit), a channel for conveying water.

59. DU'O, two.

du: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. plica're, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. duplic'itas, double dealing).

Dubi'ety (Lat. n. dubi'etas, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. du'bius, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. dubita're, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. double, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. doubt), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.

60. DU'RUS, hard, lasting; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, to last.

dur: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, state of being held hard and fast; duresse, hardship, constraint; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy.

durat: dura'tion; in'durate, to grow hard; indura'tion; ob'duracy.

EXERCISE.

When the speech, was concluded loud acclamation arose. In many parts of the colony much of the waste land has been reclaimed, and agricultural operations now receive the due attention of the colonists. The patient declined to undergo auscultation. Fishing is a healthful recreation. Many of the crusaders were inspired with great courage. Security was offered, but it was not accepted. The incumbent could not stand the crucial test, and hence succumbed. A curious excrescence was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his trident the Greeks ascribed divine power. A French journalist has been indicted. The valedictory was pronounced in December. What is the difference between addition and division? We may easily predict the ruin of an indolent debtor. How many maledictions are heaped on dentists! The reduction of the public debt is desirable. The prisoner was doleful because he was in duresse vile. An educated man is known by his accurate use of language. The dandelion is a productive plant. The pilgrims received the priest's benediction before setting out on their journey. The decimal system conduces to the saving of time.

61. EM'ERE: e'mo, emp'tum, to buy or take.

empt: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. perempto'rius, wholly taken away), decisive, final; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, the right of buying before others; redemp'tion.

Redeem' (Lat. v. redim'ere, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. promp'tus = pro-emp'tus, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. in promp'tu, in readiness).

62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, to wander.

err: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. er'ror); erro'neous (Lat. adj. erro'neus, erring).

errat: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), a mistake in printing; aberra'tion.

63. ES'SE, to be; en, en'tis, being.

ent: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'.

Es'sence (Lat. n. essen'tia, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. quin'tus, fifth), the highest essence; in'terest (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of interes'se = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested.

64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, to do or make; French Faire.

fac: face'tious (Lat. adj. face'tus, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. fa'cilis, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. facul'tas, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. sim'ilis, like), literally, make like, an exact copy; facto'tum (Lat. adj. to'tum, the whole; literally, do the whole), a servant of all work.

fic: ben'efice (see bene); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), a lack; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. diffic'ilis, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. ef'ficax, effica'cis, powerful); effi'cient, causing effects; of'fice (Lat. n. offic'ium, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, to make up what is wanting; suffi'cient.

fact: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, a party acting in opposition; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. facti'tius, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. ma'nus, the hand).

fect: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, made with sugar (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, thoroughly made (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory.

faire (past participle fait): fash'ion (Fr. n. façon, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. faisible, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, to make again, to imitate; for'feit, (Fr. v. forfaire, to misdo), to lose by some fault; sur'feit, v., to overdo in the way of eating.

65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, to deceive; French Faillir, to fall short or do amiss.

fall: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible.

fals: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial voice).

fail: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. faulte); fault'y; fal'ter; default' (-er).

66. FA'NUM, a temple.

fan: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. fanat'icus, literally, one inspired by divinity—the god of the fane), a wild enthusiast; fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), to desecrate; profane', adj., unholy; profana'tion; profan'ity.

67. FA'RI, fa'tus, to speak.

fat: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.

Affable (Lat. adj. affab'ilis, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, in'fans, infan'tis, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. nefa'rius, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. préface), something spoken or written by way of introduction.

68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (in comp. fes'sus), to acknowledge, to show.

fess: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or).

69. FELIX, feli'cis, happy.

felic: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, to make happy by congratulation.

70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, to keep off, to strike.[6]

fend: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).

fens: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing.

71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, to bear, to carry.

fer: fer'tile (Lat. adj. fer'tilis, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, a measure carried around anything; confer', to consult; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. co'nus, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. fruc'tus, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. lux, lucis, light), the morning or evening star, Satan; pestif'erous (Lat. n. pes'tis, pest, plague).

lat: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, flattened at the poles; obla'tion, an offering; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, elongated at the poles; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb delayer, to put off).

72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, to boil; Fermen'tum, leaven.

ferv: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', to bubble or froth up; efferves'cence.

ferment: fer'ment, -ation.

73. FES'TUS, joyful, merry.

fest: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. feste, a joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of feast), a festival; festoon (Fr. n. feston, originally an ornament for a festival).

74. FID'ERE: fi'do, to trust; Fi'des, faith; Fide'lis, trusty.

fid: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence away from good faith); perfid'ious.

fidel: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.

Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. féalté = Lat. fidel'itas), loy'alty; fidu'cial (Lat. n. fidu'cia, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, to pledge faith, to betroth; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), a declaration on oath; defy' (Fr. v. défier, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).

75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, to join, fix, pierce.

fix: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. crux, cru'cis, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', to pierce through.

76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, to form, to feign; Figu'ra, a shape.

fict: fic'tion; ficti'tious.

figur: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; transfig'ure.

Feign (Fr. v. feindre, feignant, to pretend); feint (feint, past part. of feindre); ef'figy (Lat. n. effig'ies, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. figmen'tum, an invention).

FINIS. (See page 40.)

77. FIR'MUS, strong, stable.

firm: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, firm foundation; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative).

78. FLAM'MA, a stream of fire.

flam: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).

Flambeau' (Fr. n. flambeau from v. flamber, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. n. flamenco), a bird of a flaming red color.

EXERCISE.

Age does not always exempt one from faults. Peremptory orders were given that all the princes should be present at the diet. Many beneficial results must come from the introduction of drawing into the public schools. The lady is affable and perfectly free from affectation. The field is fertile and produces abundant crops. The professor's lecture related to edentate animals. Men sometimes feign a fealty they do not feel. The lady professed that her felicity was ineffable. The King seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy. It is a nefarious act to make a false affidavit. Fanaticism is often infectious. The confirmed offender had issued many counterfeits. Dickens gives us the quintessence of the facetious. In figure the earth is an oblate spheroid.

79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, to bend.

flect: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or).

flex: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.

80. FLOS, flo'ris, a flower.

flor: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, the goddess of flowers; flor'iculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the flower or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. flores'cere, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; efflores'cent.

FLUERE. (See page 41.)

81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, a league or treaty.

feder: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion.

82. FO'LIUM, a leaf.

foli: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of fo'lium, a leaf), a book made of sheets folded once; exfo'liate, to come off in scales; foil, a thin leaf of metal; tre'foil, a plant with three (tres) leaves; cinque'foil (Fr. cinque, five).

83. FOR'MA, shape, form.

form: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. for'mula, pl. for'mulæ, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. mul'tus, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. u'nus, one).

84. FOR'TIS, strong.

fort: fort; for'tress, a fortified place; for'tify; fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., something that strengthens or cheers (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, a putting forth of one's strength; force (Fr. n. force, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment).

85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, to break; Fra'gilis, easily broken.

frang, fring: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); refran'gible.

fract: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, -ory).

Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; fraile = Lat. fra'gilis); frail'ty.

86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, a brother; Frater'nus, brotherly.

fratr: frat'ricide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill).

fratern: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity.

Fri'ar (Fr. n. frère, a brother); fri'ary.

87. FRONS, fron'tis, the forehead.

front: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. frontière); front'ispiece (Lat. n. frontispi'cium, from frons and spic'ere, to view; literally, that which is seen in front).

88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, to enjoy; Fru'ges, corn; French Fruit, fruit.

fruct: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear).

frug: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear).

fruit: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion.

89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, to flee.

fug: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. cen'trum, the center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. fe'bris, fever); fugue (Lat. n. fu'ga, a flight), a musical composition; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. ver'mis, a worm).

fugit: fu'gitive (adj. and n.).

90. FU'MUS, smoke.

fum: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear), producing smoke; fu'matory, a plant with bitter leaves; per'fume (-er, -ery).

Fu'migate (Lat. v. fumiga're, fumiga'tum, to smoke), to disinfect; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory.

91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, to pour.

fund: refund'; found (Fr. v. fondre = Lat. fun'dere), to form by pouring into a mould (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. confondre, literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse).

fus: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion).

92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, to bear or carry.

ger: ger'und, a Latin verbal noun; bellig'erent (Lat. n. bel'lum, war); con'geries (Lat. n. conge'ries, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. vi'ce, in place of), one bearing rule in place of another.

gest: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. gestic'ulus, a mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, to carry apart: hence, to dissolve food in the stomach (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, to bear into the mind from below, that is, indirectly (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. reger'ere, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry.

93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, to beget; Gens, gen'tis, a clan or nation, Ge'nus, gen'eris, a kind.

genit: gen'itive, a case of Latin nouns; congen'ital, born with one; primogen'itor (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first), an ancestor; primogen'iture, state of being first born; progen'itor, an ancestor.

gent: genteel' (Lat. adj. genti'lis, pertaining to the same clan; hence of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (genti'lis, of good birth), mild, refined; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), a class in English society; gen'tile, belonging to a nation other than the Jewish.

gener: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. genera're, genera'tum, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, of the same kind; degen'erate, to fall off from the original kind; degen'eracy.

Gen'der (Fr. n. genre = Lat. ge'nus, gen'eris), the kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object; gen'ial (Lat. adj. genia'lis, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. ge'nius, originally, the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. genui'nus, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. engendrer, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. ingenio'sus, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. ingen'uus, frank, sincere).

94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, to walk.

grad: grada'tion; gra'dient (gra'diens, gradien'tis, pres. part. of v. gradi), rate of ascent, grade; grad'ual (Lat. n. gradus, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. ingre'diens, entering); ret'rograde.

gress: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' (-ion, -or).

Grade (Fr. n. grade = Lat. gra'dus, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. degré = de + gradus).

95. GRA'TUS, thankful, pleasing.

grat: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. gra'tiis, by favor, for nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate.

Grace (Fr. grâce = Lat. gra'tia, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. agréer, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'.

96. GRA'VIS, heavy.

grav: grave, literally, heavy: hence, serious; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).

Grief (Fr. grief = Lat. gra'vis), literally, heaviness of spirit, sorrow; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous.

GREX. (See page 41.)

97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, to have or hold; HABITA'RE, hab'ito, habita'tum, to use frequently, to dwell.

habit: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, the natural abode of an animal or a plant; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, -ant).

hibit: exhib'it, literally, to hold out, to show (-ion, -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory).

Hab'it (Lat. hab'itus, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. habillement, from v. habiller, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. hab'ilis, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.)

98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, to stick.

her: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere (-ent).

hes: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive.

Hes'itate (Lat. v. hæsita're, hæsita'ium, to be at a stand, to doubt); hes'itancy; hesita'tion.

99. HÆRES, hære'dis, an heir or heiress; French Hériter, to be heir to.

hered: hered'itary, descending to heirs.

herit: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it.

Heir (Old Fr. heir = Lat. hæ'res); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon geloma, goods).

100. HO'MO, hom'inis, a man; Huma'nus, human.

hom: hom'age (Fr. hommage, literally, acknowledgment by a man or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill)

human: hu'man, belonging to a man; humane', having the feelings proper to a man, kind; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man.

EXERCISE.

Floral devices were tastefully introduced. The friar gives himself to reflection, and does not care a florin for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with foliage, but bears no fruit. The rights of the fraternity have been infringed. The metal was fused in iron pans. By the law of primogeniture the eldest son will succeed to the estate. Congress met, and a general of the army was chosen president. The gradient is gentle, and the access easy. The reform of the refractory was in the highest degree genuine. We received our frugal meal with gratitude. Many of the inhabitants perished in the flames. Hamilton and Jay were leading federalists. To err is human; to forgive, divine. The boy gesticulated violently, but it was a mere subterfuge. Your words infuse comfort into my heart. May one not be human without being humane? Do you know the difference between the genitive and the ablative case?

101. HU'MUS, the earth; Hu'milis, on the ground, lowly.

hum: exhume' (-ation); inhume.

humil: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. humble = Lat. hu'milis).

IRE. (See page 41.)

102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, to throw or cast.

ject: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory.

Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. ejacula're, ejacula'tum, to hurl or throw); ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. jéter = ja'cere); jet'ty; jut.

103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, to join; Ju'gum, a yoke.

junct: junc'tion; junct'ure, a point of time made critical by a joining of circumstances; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to something else).

jug: con'jugal, relating to marriage; conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate (-ion).

Join (Fr. v. joindre = Lat. jun'gere); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, joint = Lat. junc'tum); joint'ure, property settled on a wife, to be enjoyed after her husband's death; jun'ta (Spanish junta = Lat. junc'tus, joined), a grand council of state in Spain; jun'to (Span, junt), a body of men united for some secret intrigue.

104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, to swear.

jur: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, to effect something as if by an oath of magic; con'jurer; per'jure, to forswear; per'jurer; per'jury.

105. JUS, ju'ris, right law; Jus'tus, lawful; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, a judge.

jur: jurid'ical (Lat. v. dica're, to pronounce), relating to the administration of justice; jurisdic'tion, legal authority; jurispru'dence, science of law; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury.

just: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion.

judic: ju'dicature, profession of a judge; judi'cious, according to sound judgment; prej'udice, n., judgment formed beforehand; prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. juge = Lat. ju'dex); judg'ment; prejudge'.

106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, to gather, to read.

leg: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read—legen'da—in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops gathered or levied—le'gio); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred—sa'crum).

lig: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, not—neg = nec = not—picking up).

lect: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek ec = ex); elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, a liking for; select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. leçon = Lat. lec'tio, a reading).

107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, to raise; Le'vis, easily raised, light; French Lever, to rise or raise.

lev: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, literally, raising up: hence, pertinent, applicable; rel'evancy; irrel'evant.

lever: leav'en (Fr. levain, yeast); Levant', literally, the place of the rising sun—the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y.

LEX. (See page 43.)

108. LI'BER, free.

liber: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty.

Deliv'er (Fr. v. délivrer = Lat. delibera're, to set free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery.

LITERA. (See page 43.)

109. LO'CUS: a place.

loc: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. move're, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion).

110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, to speak.

loqu: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. mag'nus, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. so'lus, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. ven'ter, the stomach).

locut: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor.

111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, to play or deceive.

lud: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. lu'dicrus, sportive, laughable); allude', literally, to play at, to refer to indirectly; delude'; elude'; prelude'.

lus: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory.

112. LUX, lu'cis, light; Lu'men, lu'minis, light.

luc: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; translu'cent.

lumin: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine.

113. MAG'NUS, great; Ma'jor, greater; Magis'ter, master.

magn: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. an'imus, soul); mag'nate, a man of rank; mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make), showing grandeur; mag'nitude.

maj: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty.

magister: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. maistre = Lat. magis'ter); mis'tress (Old Fr. maistresse = Lat magis'tra, fem. of magis'ter).

114. MA'NUS, the hand; French Main, the hand.

man: man'acle (Lat. n. man'ica, a fetter); manip'ulate, to work with the hand (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. mit'tere, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. scrib'ere, scrip'tum, to write); amanuen'sis (= ab + ma'nus), one who does handwriting for another; eman'cipate (Lat. v. cap'ere, to take); quadru'manous (Lat. quatuor, four).

main: man'ner (Fr. n. manière, originally, the mode in which a thing is handled); maneu'ver (Fr. n. manœuvre, literally, hand work; Fr. n. œuvre = o'pus, work); manure', v. (contracted from Fr. manœuvrer, to cultivate by manual labor).

115. MA'RE, the sea.

Marine' (Lat. adj. mari'nus, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime (Lat. adj. mariti'mus = mari'nus); submarine'; transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. mer = Lat. ma're).

116. ME'DIUS, the middle.

Mediæ'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, age), relating to the Middle Ages; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. medio'cris, middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. ter'ra, land); me'dium (Lat. n. me'dium, the middle); imme'diate (prefix in = not), with nothing intervening; interme'diate.

117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, to remember; Me'mor, mindful; MEMORA'RE mem'oro, memora'tum, to remember, to mention.

meminisse: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, remember thou), a reminder, a memorial.

memor: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. memoran'dus, p. part. of memora're; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. memo'ria); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial.

Mem'oir (Fr. n. mémoire = Lat. memoran'dum); men'tion (Fr. n. mention = Lat. men'tio, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. remembrer = Lat. remem'orare); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. réminiscence, from Lat. v. reminis'ci, to recall to mind).

118. MENS, men'tis, the mind.

ment: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, insanity; ve'hement (Lat. adj. ve'hemens = ve, not, and mens; literally, not reasonable), furious, ardent.

EXERCISE.

We reject insincere homage. When the body was exhumed the jury decided that poison had been administered. Legendary stories were related by the friar. The lessons were selected with intelligence. Levity and gravity are different qualities. The mayor's speech was more ludicrous than facetious. The magistrate claimed jurisdiction in the locality. We heard Hamlet's soliloquy finely delivered. Do you recollect the magnificent lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The lecturer was lucid in his allusions. In mediæval times homage was exacted of all vassals. The mariners maneuvered beautifully. Your magnificent donation will be gratefully remembered. The mermaid is a mere delusion. Illegible manuscript is a decided nuisance. The eastern part of the Mediterranean is called the Levant. Franklin's memoirs are very interesting.

119. MER'CES, hire; Merx, mer'cis, merchandise.

merc: mer'cantile (Lat. part. mer'cans, mercan'tis); mer'cenary (Lat. adj. mercena'rius); mer'cer (Fr. n. mercier), one who deals in silks and woolens; mer'chant (Lat. part, mer'cans); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. commerce); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. merca'tus, a place of public traffic).

120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, to dip, to sink.

merg: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, that which arises suddenly; submerge'.

mers: emer'sion; immerse'.

121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, to remove.

migr: em'igrant (Lat. part. mi'grans, migran'tis).

migrat: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); transmigra'tion, the passage of the soul into another body after death.

122. MI'LES, mil'itis, a soldier.

milit: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, to act against; mili'tia, enrolled soldiers not in a standing army.

123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, to hang over.

min. em'inent (Lat. part, em'inens, standing out); em'inence; im'minent, literally, threatening to fall; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent.

124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, to lessen; Mi'nor, less; Mi'nus, less.

minut: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. minu'tia, a very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, minuen'dus, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. minuet = Lat. adj. minu'tus, small), a dance of small steps; dimin'ish (Lat. v. diminu'ere, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.

minor: mi'nor, n. and a.; minor'ity.

minus: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, deg., least); min'im.

125. MINIS'TER, a servant or attendant.

minister: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor.

126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, to wonder.

mir: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. mirac'ulum, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous.

Mirage' (Fr. n. mirage, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. miroir, from v. mirer, to view).

127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, to mingle.

misc: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous.

mixt: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'.

128. MI'SER, wretched.

miser: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion).

129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, to send or cast.

mit: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. manus, the hand), to release from slavery; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. we send), a warrant of commitment to prison.

miss: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, an officer who furnishes provisions for an army; commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', death; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible.

130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, to keep within bounds; Mo'dus, a measure or manner.

moderat: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.

mod: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. com'modus, convenient). a small sideboard; commo'dious, literally, measured with; commod'ity, literally, a convenience; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. mo'do, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. mod'ulus, a measuring of tones); modula'tion.

131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, to remind, to warn.

mon: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. monumen'tum); premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. summone're = sub + mone're, to remind privily), to call by authority.

monit: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; premon'itory.

132. MONS, mon'tis, a mountain.

mount: mount, n. a high hill; v. to rise or ascend; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. banco, a bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. par = Lat. per, exceedingly), of the highest importance; prom'ontory (literally, the fore-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. tan'tus, so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian side).

133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, to point out, to show.

monstr: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, to show up, to display.

monstrat: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance.

134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, to bite.

mord: mor'dant, biting, serving to fix colors; morda'cious (Lat. adj. mor'dax, morda'cis, biting), severe, sarcastic.

mors: mor'sel, literally, a little bite; remorse', the biting of conscience (-ful, -less).

MORS. (See page 44.)

135. MOS, mo'ris, manner, custom; pl. Mo'res, manners or morals.

mor: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation).

136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, to move.

mov: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al).

mot: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. lo'cus; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).

Mob (Lat. adj. mob'ilis, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, the force of a moving body, impetus.

137. MUL'TUS, multi, many, much.

multi: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple (Lat. adj. mul'tiplus for mul'tiplex, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. mul'tiplex); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity.

138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, a gift, a service.

mun. munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town), pertaining to a corporation; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. commu'nis = con + munus; literally, ready to be of service); commune', v. literally, to share (discourse) in common; commun'ion, commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (in + munus; literally, absence of service).

muner: remunerate (-ion, -ive).

139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, to change.

mut: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able).

mutat: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion.

140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, na'tus, to be born, to grow; Natu'ra, nature.

nasc: nas'cent, growing; renaissance' (a style of decorative art revived by Raphael).

nat: na'tal; na'tion, originally, a distinct race or stock (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate.

natur: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural.

141. NA'VIS, a ship.

nav: nave, the middle or body of a church; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. nau'ticus, from nauta or nav'ita, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. naviga're = na'vis + ag'ere); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; circumnavigate.

142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, to tie or bind.

nect: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion).

nex: annex'; annexation.

EXERCISE.

The administration of affairs is in the hands of her majesty's ministers. A miscellaneous collection of goods was sold on commission. The merchant remitted the money called for in the emergency. The suggestion to modify the plan was tantamount to its rejection. Do you admire Bunker Hill Monument? A miser is an object of commiseration to all who know him. Remuneration will be allowed according to the amount of labor. The major has been promoted to the rank of colonel. All who were connected with the movement were excommunicated. As the annexed territory is chiefly maritime it will greatly increase the commerce of the nation. The monitor admonished the pupils with great gentleness. The committee said the master had done his work in an admirable manner. The Pilgrim Fathers emigrated to this country in 1620. A minute missile moved towards us. What is the subjunctive mood or mode? A multitude of communists appeared in Paris.

143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, to deny.

negat: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, an apostate.

Deny' (Fr. v. dénier = Lat. de + nega're, to contradict); deni'al; undeni'able.

144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, neither of the two.

neutr: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize).

145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, to hurt.

noc: no'cent, hurtful; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous.

Nox'ious (Lat. adj. nox'ius, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. nuire = Lat. noce're).

146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, a name.

nomen: nomenclat'ure, a list of technical names; cogno'men, a surname.

nomin: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. i(n) + gnomen, old form of nomen, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious.

Noun (Fr. n. nom = Lat. no'men); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. mes = wrong, and nommer, to name), a wrong name.

NORMA. (See page 45.)

147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, to know; No'ta, a mark.

not: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. noto'rius, making known), known in a bad sense; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'.

No'ble (Lat. adj. no'bilis, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. noblesse = Lat. nobil'itas); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix i(n) + gnobilis, old form of nobilis); cog'nizance (Old Fr. cognizance = Lat. cognoscen'tia, notice or knowledge), judicial observation; connoisseur' (Fr. n. connoisseur, a critical judge); incog'nito (Italian incognito, from Lat. part. incog'nitus, unknown), unknown, in disguise; rec'ognize (Lat. re, again, and cognos'cere, to know); recog'nizance, a term in law; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), to survey, to examine.

148. NO'VUS, new.

nov: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or).

Nov'el (Lat. adj. novel'lus, diminutive of no'vus); adj. something new, out of the usual course; n., literally, a story new and out of the usual course; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, a beginner; novi'tiate, time of being a novice.

149. NU'MERUS, a number.

numer: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. enumera're, enumera'tum, to count or tell of), to reckon up singly; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= in + nu'mer + able, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, one above the necessary number; num'ber (Old Fr. n. numbre = Lat. nu'merus).

150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, to announce; Nun'cius, a messenger.

nunciat: enun'ciate, to utter (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, disavowal, relinquishment.

Nun'cio (Sp. n. nuncio = Lat. nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope; announce' (Fr. v. annoncer = Lat. ad + nuncia're), to proclaim; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. dénoncer = Lat. de + nuncia're), to accuse publicly; pronounce' (Fr. v. prononcer = Lat. pro + nuncia're); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. renoncer = Lat. re + nuncia're), to disclaim; renounce'ment.

151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, to nourish.

nutri: nu'triment, that which nourishes; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; nu'tritive.

Nour'ish (Fr. v. nourrir = Lat. nutri'ere); nurse (Fr. v. nourrice; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, a little one who is nursed; nurt'ure.

152. O'PUS, op'eris, a work or deed; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, to work.

oper: operose, requiring labor, tedious.

operat: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or).

Op'era (It. op'era = opera, pains, pl. of o'pus), a musical drama; operat'ic.

ORDO. (See page 45.)

153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, and pas'sum, to spread; Pas'sus, a step.

pand: expand', to spread out.

pans: expanse' (-ion, -ive).

pass: pass; pass'able, that may be passed, tolerable; pas'sage; com'pass, v. to stretch round; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (tres = trans), to pass beyond due bounds.

Pace (Fr. n. pas = Lat. pas'sus); pas'senger (Old Eng. passager); pass'over, a Jewish festival;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)

154. PAR, equal.

par: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, to injure by comparison of unequals; dispar'agement.

Pair (Fr. adj. paire = Lat. par), two of a kind; peer (Old Fr. peer or pair = Lat. par), an equal, a nobleman; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. non, not, and pareil, equal), a peerless thing or person.

155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, to make ready, to prepare; SEPARA'RE: sep'aro, separa'tum, to separate.

parat: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion.

separ: sep'arate, literally, to prepare aside: hence, to disjoin; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable.

Parade' (Fr. n. parade, literally, a parrying), military display; pare (Fr. v. parer, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. parer, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. appara'tus = ad + paratus, literally, something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. appareil, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. comparer = Lat. compara're), to set things together to see how far they resemble each other; prepare' (Fr. v. preparer = Lat. prepara're); repair' (Fr. v. réparer = Lat. repara're), literally, to prepare again, hence, to restore after injury; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. sevrer = Lat. separa're), to render asunder; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. several = Lat. separa'lis, separate); sev'erance; dissev'er.

PARS. (See page 46.)

156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, a father; Pa'tria, one's native country.

Pater'nal (Lat. adj. pater'nus, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. n. pater'nitas, Fr. paternité), fathership; patri'cian (Lat. adj. patri'cius, from pa'tres, fathers or senators), a Roman nobleman; pat'rimony (Lat. n. patrimo'nium), an estate inherited from one's ancestors; pa'tron (Lat. n. patro'nus, a protector), one who countenances or supports; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. pattern, something to be copied), a model; expatriate, to banish; expatria'tion.

157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, to bear, to suffer.

pati: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, consistent with; compat'ibility; incompat'ible.

pass: pas'sion, strong agitation of the mind; pas'sive; impas'sive, insensible; compas'sion, sympathy; compas'sionate.

158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, to drive.

pel (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-).

puls: pulse, the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive.

159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, to hang.

pend: pen'dant, a long, narrow flag; pend'ing, not decided, during; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'.

pens: pen'sile, hanging; suspense'(-ion).

Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. pen'dulus, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. pen'dulus); appen'dix (Lat. n. appen'dix, an addition).

160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, to weigh, to pay.

pend: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. compen'dium, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); compen'dious (Lat. adj. compendio'sus, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. stipen'dium, literally, the pay of soldiers); stipendiary.

pens: pen'sive, thoughtful; pen'sion, an allowance for past services (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', to deal out (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense.

PES. (See page 47.)

161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, to attack, to seek.

pet: centrip'etal (Lat. n. cen'trum, center); compete'; com'petent, fit, suitable; com'petence, sufficiency; incom'petent.

petit: peti'tion, a request (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive; repeti'tion.

Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. petulant, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. appétit), a seeking for hunger; impet'uous (Lat. adj. impetuo'sus, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. im'petus, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. répéter = Lat. repet'ere).

EXERCISE

Numerous objections were submitted against the innovations about to be introduced. The obnoxious articles have been removed. The nominee by his ludicrous speech neutralized all that his friends did for him. Part of the apparatus prepared for the occasion was damaged in transmission. The patronage of the nobility and gentry connected with the neighborhood was asked. Many parts of the edifice are highly ornate. Christ had compassion on the multitude, for they had been a long time without food. The petitioner's application for a pension was not repeated. How can an acid be neutralized? The renegade was brought to ignominy. The prince was travelling incognito. The young lady seems pensive rather than petulant. Here is a new edition of the novel, with annotations by the author. The opera seems to be well patronized this winter. Webster had a compendious mode of stating great truths. What is meant by centripetal motion? What is the difference between the numerator and the denominator?

162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, to twist; PLICA'RE: pli'co, plica'tum, and plic'itum, to fold.

plex: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly—per: hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity.

plic: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable.

plicat: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, an answer in law; sup'plicate, to entreat earnestly; supplica'tion.

plicit: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); implic'it, implied.

Ply (Fr. v. plier = Lat. plica're), to work diligently; pli'able, easily bent; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, an associate in crime; apply' (Old Fr. applier = Lat. applica're); appli'ance, the thing applied; comply' (Fr. v. plier), to fold with: hence, to conform or assent; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. desployer, to unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. double = Lat. du'plex, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. duplic'itas, from du'plex, double); employ' (Fr. v. employer = Lat. implica're), to keep at work; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. exploit = Lat. explic'itum, literally, something unfolded, set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, to infold: hence to involve, to signify; mul'tiply (Fr. v. multiplier = Lat. mul'tus much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. qua'tuor, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. replier = Lat. replica're, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. simplex, gen. simplicis), not compounded, artless; sim'pleton (compare It. simplicione, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. simplic'itas); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. souple = Lat. sup'plex, bending the knee, from sub and plica're); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. treble = Lat. tri'plex, threefold); trip'le (Lat. tri'plex); trip'let, three lines rhyming alternately.

163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, to place.

pon: compo'nent, forming a compound; depone', to bear testimony; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).

posit: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, a system of philosophy; pos'itivist, a believer in the positive philosophy; ap'posite, adapted to; compos'ite, compound; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, the giving testimony under oath; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.

Pose (Fr. v. poser = Lat. pon'ere), to bring to a stand by questions; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. posture = Lat. positu'ra, position); compose' (Fr. v. composer = Lat. compon'ere); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. compon'ere); com'post, a mixture, a manure; depot' (Fr. n. dépôt = Lat. depos'itum); dispose' (Fr. v. disposer); dispo'sal; expose' (Fr. v. exposer); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. imposer); im'post, a tax placed on imported goods; impos'tor, one guilty of fraud; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. provost, from Lat præpos'itus, placed before, a chief), the principal of a college; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. purpos, propos = Lat. propos'itum), an end set before one; repose' (Fr. v. reposer); suppose' (Fr. v. supposer); transpose' (Fr. v. transposer).

164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, to carry.

port: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, design; report' (-er); support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation).

Portfo'lio (Lat. n. fo'lium, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. manteau, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. importu'nus, unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. opportu'nus, literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.

165. POS'SE, to be able; Po'tens, poten'tis, powerful, mighty.

posse: pos'sible (Lat. adj. possib'ilis); possibil'ity; impos'sible.

potent: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. ple'nus, full).

166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, to lay hold of, to seize.

prehend: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'.

prehens: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible.

Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. apprentis, from v. apprendre, to learn); apprise' (Fr. v. apprendre, part. appris, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. comprendre, compris), to include; en'terprise (Fr. n. entrepise, something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. imprenable, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. n. prison); prize (Fr. n. prise, something taken, from prendre, pris, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. repreuver, to condemn), to grant a respite; repri'sal; surprise'.

167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, to press.

press: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion).

Print (abbreviated from imprint, from Old Fr. v. preindre = Lat. prem'ere); im'print, the name of the publisher and the title page of a book; imprima'tur (Lat. let it be printed), originally, a license to print a book, the imprint of a publisher.

168. PRI'MUS, first; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, chief, original.

prim: prime; pri'mate, the highest dignitary of a church; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. gen'itor, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. genitu'ra, a begetting), the exclusive right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter; primor'dial (Lat. v. ordi'ri, to begin), existing from the beginning; prim'rose (Lat. n. ro'sa); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. prince = Lat. prin'ceps); prin'cipal; prin'ciple.

Pre'mier (Fr. adj. premier, first), the prime minister; pri'or (Lat. adj. prior, former); pri'oress, the female superior of a convent; pri'ory, a convent; prior'ity, state of being first; pris'tine (Lat. adj. pristi'nus, primitive), original, ancient.

169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, to try, to prove.

prob: prob'able, likely, credible; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, the proof of a will; proba'tion, the act of trying; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, to try by an instrument; prob'ity, tried integrity; approba'tion, commendation; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), base, condemned.

Prove (Old Fr. prover, New Fr. prouver = Lat. proba're); proof (Old Fr. n. prove = Lat. pro'ba, proof); approve' (Fr. v. approuver = Lat. approba're); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'.

170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, to prick; Punc'tum, a point.

pung: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', to mark out.

punct: punctil'io (Sp. punctillo, from Lat. punc'tum, a point), a nice point of exactness in conduct, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, remorse.

Punch (abbreviated from puncheon, from Lat. n. punc'tio, a pricking), an instrument for cutting holes; point (Fr. n. pointe = Lat. punc'tum); poign'ant (Fr. part. poignant, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. poignard), a small dagger.

171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, to think, to prune, to count or reckon.

put: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. deputa're, to allot), to empower to act; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), to charge; repute'; disrepute' (-able).

putat: pu'tative, supposed; am'putate, to cut off the limb from an animal; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.

Count (Fr. v. compter = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'.

172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry away.

rap: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. ra'pax, rapa'cis, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. rap'idus, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. rapi'na, robbery).

rapt: rapt, transported; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious (Lat. v. surrip'ere, surrep'tum, to take away secretly), done by stealth.

Rav'age (Fr. v. ravager = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. ravir = Lat. rap'ere).

173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, to rule; Rec'tus, straight.

reg: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. reg'imen, that by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. regimen'tum); re'gion (Lat. re'gio, regio'nis, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere); incor'rigible.

rect: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere), to remove faults; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion.

Re'gal (Lat. n. rex, re'gis, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. reg'ula, a rule); reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. realme, from Lat. adj. rega'lis, royal); reign (Fr. n. règne = Lat. reg'num); corrigen'da (sing. corrigen'dum), things to be corrected; dress (Fr. v. dresser = Lat dirig'ere); address' (Fr. v. adresser, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. redresser = Lat. re + dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair; source (Fr. n. source, from Lat. sur'gere, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. insur'gere).

174. RI'VUS, a river.

riv: ri'val (Lat. n. riva'lis, one who used a brook in common with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. riv'ulus, diminutive of ri'vus); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative.

175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, to ask.

rog: ar'rogant, proud, overbearing; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. proroger = Lat. proroga're).

rogat: ab'rogate; to repeal; ar'rogate, to assume; arroga'tion; derog'atory, detracting; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), exclusive or peculiar right or privilege; proroga'tion, prolonga'tion; superer'ogate (Lat. super + eroga're, to spend or pay out over and above), to do more than is necessary; supereroga'tion.

176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break.

rupt: rupt'ure, to part violently; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. n. banco, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive.

177. SA'CER, sa'cri, holy.

sacr: sac'rament (Lat. n. sacramen'tum, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. sacre, to consecrate); sac'rifice (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals—properly gathers, picks up, leg'ere—sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. sacrista'nus), a church officer.

secr: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis, priest), pertaining to the priesthood.

178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, health; Sal'vus, safe.

salut: sal'utary, promoting health; salu'tatory, giving salutation; salute' (-ion).

salv: sal'vage, reward for saving goods; sal'vo, a volley; salva'tion.

Safe (through Old Fr. salf or sauf); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. salu'bris, health-giving); salu'brity.

179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (in comp. scen'do), scan'dum (in comp. scen'sum), to climb.

scend: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); transcend' (-ent); transcendental.

scens: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion.

180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, to write.

scrib: ascribe', to impute to; circumscribe', to draw a line around, to limit; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', to order or appoint; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), to interdict; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'.

script: script, type in imitation of handwriting; script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, one taken by lot and enrolled for military service; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see manus); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script.

Scribe (Fr. n. scribe); scrib'ble; escritoire'.

181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, to cut.

sec: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. se'cans, secan'tis), a line that cuts another.

sect: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. bis, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. vena, a vein).

Seg'ment (Lat. n. segmen'tum), a part cut off.

182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (in comp. se'do), ses'sum, to sit.

sed: sed'entary (Lat. adj. sedenta'rius, accustomed to sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. sedimen'tum, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. sed'ulus, sitting close to an employment); supersede'.

sid: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary.

sess: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. possid'ere, posses'sum, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice.

183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, to feel, to think.

sent: scent (Old English sent), odor; sen'tence (Lat. n. senten'tia); senten'tious (Lat. adj. sententio'sus, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. sentiment); sentimen'tal; assent', to agree to; consent' (literally, to think or feel together), to acquiesce, to permit; dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), to take ill; resent'ment.

sens: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. sensua'lis); sen'sualist; sen'suous.

184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, to follow.

sequ: se'quence, order of succession; consequent; con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, formal rites; obse'quious (literally, following in the way of another), meanly condescending; sub'sequent (-ly).

secut: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion).

Se'quel (Lat. n. seque'la, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. suire, New Fr. suivre = se'qui), to follow at law; suit; suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. suite), a train or set; ensue' (Fr. v. ensuivre, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. poursuivre, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, a state messenger; ex'ecute (Fr. v. executer = Lat. ex'sequi); execu'tion; exec'utor; exec'utrix.

185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, to save, to keep, to bind.

serv: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; unreserved'.

servat: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion.

Res'ervoir (Fr. n. réservoir = Lat. reservato'rium, a place where anything is kept in store).

EXERCISE.

The puzzle is complicated and displays much ingenuity on the part of the inventor. A reply may be explicit without showing duplicity. It was urged that the election of delegates be postponed. The portmanteau containing important papers was left at the merchant's office. An impostor is sure to show opposition to the course of justice. Coleridge holds that it is possible to apprehend a truth without comprehending it. The bankrupt was so arrogant that his creditors were not disposed to be lenient with him. Most of the questions proposed by the rector were answered in the negative. What is the origin of the word derivation? The region is described as healthful. The manuscript was transcribed and subscribed by the author. It is salutary to be rivals in all worthy ambitions.

186. SIG'NUM, a sign.

sign: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. assigna're, to designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. consigna're, to seal) to intrust to another; consign'ment; coun'tersign, to sign what has already been signed by another; design', to plan; design'er; des'ignate, to name, to point out; designa'tion; en'sign, the officer who carries the flag of a regiment; insig'nia, badges of office; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. signatu'ra, a sign or stamp).

187. SIM'ILIS, like.

simil: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, a formal likening or comparison; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. simula're, simula'tum, to make like).

Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. dissimula're, dissimula'tum, to feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. dissembler = Lat. dissimula're); resem'ble (Fr. v. ressembler).

188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, to cause to stand, to stand.

sist: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for ex-sist), to stand out: hence, to be, to live; exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', to stand upon, to urge firmly; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence).

189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, to loosen.

solv: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'.

solut: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion).

Sol'uble (Lat. adj. solu'bilis); solubil'ity.

190. SPEC'ERE or SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio or spi'cio, spec'tum, to behold; Spe'cies, a kind.

spic: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. conspic'uus, wholly visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. despicab'ilis, deserving to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. perspic'uus, that may be seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.

spect: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. prospec'tus, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'.

species: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, showy.

Spec'imen (Lat. n. spec'imen, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. spectac'ulum, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. specta'tor, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. spec'trum, an image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), an image; spec'troscope (Gr. v. skopein, to view), an instrument for analysing light; spec'ulate (Lat. n. spec'ula, a lookout), to contemplate, to traffic for great profit; specula'tion; spec'ulative.

191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, to breathe; Spir'itus, breath, spirit.

spir: spir'acle, a breathing pore; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'.

spirat: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory.

spiritus: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous.

Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of spirit).

192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, to promise.

spond: correspond', to answer one to another; correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'.

spons: spon'sor, a surety; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); irrespon'sible.

Spouse (Old Fr. n. espous, espouse = Lat. spon'sus, spon'sa); espouse' (Old Fr. v. espouser = Lat. sponsa're, to betroth, from spondere).

193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (in comp. sti'tum, to stand; pres. part. stans, stan'tis, standing); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, to cause to stand; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, to station, to fix, to place.

stant: cir'cumstance (from part. circumstans', circumstan'tis, through Lat. n. circumstan'tia, Fr. circonstance), the condition of things surrounding or attending an event; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, to change to another substance.

stat: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure.

stit: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); supersti'tious.

statut: stat'ute (-ory).

stitu: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).

Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. stab'ilis, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, to keep standing; ar'mistice (Lat. n. ar'ma, arms), a temporary stand-still of war; arrest' (Old Fr. arrester = Lat. ad + restare, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. contra + sta're, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. sol, the sun).

194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, to bind; to draw tight.

string: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency.

strict: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, a defined portion of a country; restrict' (-ion).

Strain (Old Fr. straindre = Lat. strin'gere); constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'.

195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, to build, to place in order.

struct: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure.

Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. instrumen'tum); instrumental'ity.

196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, to take; Sump'tus, cost, expense.

sum: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'.

sumpt: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. sumptuo'sus, expensive); sumpt'uary, relating to expense; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous.

197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, to touch.

tang: tan'gent, a straight line which touches a circle or curve; tan'gible.

tact: tact, peculiar faculty or skill; con'tact; intact'.

Attain' (Fr. v. attaindre, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, communication of disease by contact or touch; contam'inate, to defile, to infect; contig'uous; contin'gent.

TEMPUS. (See page 48.)

198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum or ten'tum, to stretch.

tend: tend, to aim at, take care of; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), to purpose, to design; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), to presage, to betoken; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), to affect, feel; subtend', to extend under; superintend' (-ence, -ent).

tens: tense (adj.), stretched; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. osten'dere, to stretch out or spread before one), apparent; pretense'.

tent: tent, literally, a shelter of stretched canvas; tentac'ula, the feelers of certain animals; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, an ill omen.

199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, to hold; French Tenir (radical tain), to hold.

ten: ten'able; ten'ant, one who holds property under another; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. tenet, literally, "he holds"), a doctrine held as true; ten'ure.

tin (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent.

tent: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance.

tain: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'.

Tena'cious (Lat. adj. te'nax, tena'cis, holding firmly); tenac'ity; appur'tenance, that which belongs to something else; contin'ue (Fr. v. continuer = Lat. contine're); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. lieu, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. main, the hand), literally, to hold by the hand: hence, to support, to uphold; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, a train of attendants.

200. TER'RA, the earth.

terr: ter'race (Fr. n. terrasse); terra'queous (Lat. n. a'qua, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, a small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. me'dius, middle); subterra'nean.

Inter, to put in the earth, to bury; inter'ment; disinter'.

201. TES'TIS, a witness.

test: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism.

Tes'tament (Lat. n. testamen'tum, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, not having left a will.

202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, to twist.

tort: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); retort'.

Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. tortuo'sus, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' (Lat. n. tormen'tum, extreme pain).

203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, to draw; Fr. Trair, past part. Trait.

tract: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion).

Trace (Fr. n. trace); track (Old Fr. n. trac); train; trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y).

204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, to allot, to give.

tribut: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive.

205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, to thrust.

trud: detrude', to thrust down; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; protrude'.

trus: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion.

206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus or tu'tus, to watch.

tuit: tui'tion, instruction; intui'tion, the act or power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument; intu'itive.

tut: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage.

207. UN'DA, a wave.

und: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing—(abunda're, to overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy.

Un'dulate (Lat. n. un'dula, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. redonder = Lat. redunda're, to roll back as a wave or flood).

208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, to use.

ut: uten'sil (Lat. n. uten'sile, something that may be used); util'ity (Lat. n. util'itas, usefulness); u'tilize.

us: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. usua'lis, of frequent use); u'sury, illegal interest paid for the use of money; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'.

209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, to go.

vad: evade'; invade'; pervade'.

vas: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive.

210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, to be strong, to be of value; Val'idus, strong; Va'le, farewell.

val: valedic'tory, bidding farewell; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. valetu'do, state of health), a person in ill-health; val'iant, brave, heroic; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, regaining health; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. e'quus, equal); prev'alent, very common or general; prevalence.

vail: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'.

valid: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid.

211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, to come, to go.

vent: vent'ure, literally, something gone upon; vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, accidental, casual; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, a monastery, a nunnery; conven'ticle, a place of assembly; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come upon), to find out, to contrive; inven'tion; invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive).

Av'enue (Fr. n. avenue, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, conve'niens, convenien'tis, literally, coming together), suitable; conven'ience; cov'enant an agreement between two parties; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', to come upon, to happen.

212. VER'BUM, a word.

verb: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb.

Verba'tim (Lat. adv. verba'tim, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. verbiage, wordiness).

213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, to turn.

vert: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), heedless; ad'vertise, to turn public attention to; adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. an'imus, the mind), to turn the mind to, to censure; avert'; controvert', to oppose; convert', to change into another form or state; divert'; invert', literally, to turn the outside in; pervert', to turn from the true purpose; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'.

vers: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, the yearly (Lat. n. an'nus, a year) celebration of an event; averse', having a dislike to; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. ter'gum, the back), a subterfuge; transverse', lying or being across; u'niverse (Lat. adj. u'nus, one), the system of created things; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, a universal school in which are taught all branches of learning.

Verse (Lat. n. ver'sus, a furrow), a line in poetry; ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, that which is turned from one language into another, a statement; ver'satile (Lat. adj. versat'ilis, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), the summit; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. vor'tex, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. divorce), a separation.

214. VE'RUS, true; Ve'rax, vera'cis, veracious.

ver: ver'dict (Lat. n. dic'tum, a saying), the decision of a jury; ver'ify, to prove to be true; verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. ver'itas, truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, truth-like; verisimil'itude; aver', to declare truer; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y.

verac: v'era'cious; verac'ity.

215. VI'A, a way.

via: vi'aduct (Lat. v. du'cere, duc'tum, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. viat'icum, literally, traveling money), the sacrament administered to a dying person; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, to meet in the way, to remove; ob'vious; per'vious, affording a passage through; imper'vious.

Voy'age (Fr. n. voyage); convoy', to escort; en'voy (Fr. v. envoyer, to send), one sent on a special mission; triv'ial (Lat. n. triv'ium, a cross road), trifling; trivial'ity.

216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, to see.

vid: ev'ident, clearly seen; ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, looking against: hence, likely to provoke envy; provide', to look out for, to supply; prov'idence; prov'ident.

vis: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, expedient; im'provise, to compose and recite without premeditation; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or.

View (Fr. v. voir, to see, vu, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. visage, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, part of a helmet perforated to see through; vis'ta (It. n. vista, sight), a prospect as seen through an avenue of trees ; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. envie = Lat. invid'ia, from invide're, to see against); in'voice (It. n. avviso, notice), a priced list of goods; peruse' (Lat. v. pervide're, pervi'sum, to look through); provi'so, a stipulation; pru'dent (Lat. adj. pru'dens from prov'idens); pru'dence; purvey', to look out for in the way of buying provisions; purvey'or; survey' (-or).

217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, to conquer.

vinc: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', to show clearly
vict: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', to prove guilty of crime; evict', to dispossess; evic'tion.

Vanquish (Fr. v. vaincre, vaincu = Lat. vin'cere); prov'ince (Fr. n. province = Lat. provin'cia, literally, a conquered country).

218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, to call; Vox, vo'cis, the voice.

vocat: voca'tion, literally, calling, occupation; voc'ative, the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed; ad'vocate to plead for; convoca'tion, an assembly, a meeting; equivocate (Lat. adj. e'quus, equal), to use words of doubtful meaning; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, act of calling forth; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; revoca'tion.

voc: vo'cable (Lat. n. vocab'ulum, that which is sounded with the voice), a word; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, to cry with a loud voice; ad'vocacy, a pleading for, a defense; irrev'ocable.

Voice (Fr. n. voix = Lat. vox), sound uttered by the mouth; vouch, to call out, or affirm strongly; vow'el (Fr. n. vouelle, a voice-sound); advow'son, right of perpetual calling to a benefice; convoke', to call together; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'.

219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, to roll.

volv: circumvolve'; convolve', to roll together; devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist).

volut: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize).

Vol'ume (Lat. n. volu'men, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled up), a single book; volute', a kind of rolled or spiral scroll; vol'uble, literally, rolling easily: hence, having great fluency of speech; convol'vulus, a genus of twining plants; revolt'.

220. VUL'GUS, the common people.

vulg: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, a Latin version of the Scriptures.

Divulge', to make known something before kept secret; divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion).

PART III.—THE GREEK ELEMENT.

I.—GREEK PREFIXES.

Prefix.

Signification.

Example.

Definition

a-
an-

= without;
not

a-pathy
an-omalous

state of being without feeling.

not similar.

amphi-

= around;
both

amphi-theater
amphi-bious

place for seeing all around.

living in both land and water.

ana-

= back,
throughout

ana-logy
ana-lysis

reasoning back.

loosening throughout.

anti-
ant-

= against;
opposite

anti-pathy
ant-arctic

a feeling against.

opposite the Arctic.

apo-
ap-

= away;
out

apo-stle
ap-helion

one sent out.

away from the sun.

cata-
cat-

= down or
against

cata-ract
cat-arrh

a rushing down.

a flowing down.

dia-

= through or
across

dia-meter
dia-logue

measure through the center.

speaking across (from one another).

dis-
di-

= two,
double

dis-syllable
di-lemma

word of two syllables.

a double assumption.

dys-

= ill

dys-pepsia

ill digestion.

ec-
ex-

= out of

ec-centric
ex-odies

out of the center.

an outgoing.

Note—ex- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

en-
em-

= in or
on

en-ergy
em-phasis

power in one.

stress on.

epi-
ep-

= upon;
for

epi-dermis
ep-hemeral

skin upon skin.

lasting for a day.

Note—ep- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a h aspirate

eu-
ev-

= well or
good

eu-phonic
ev-angel

sounding well.

good news.

hemi-

= half

hemi-sphere

half a sphere

hyper-

= over or
beyond

hyper-critical
hyper-borean

over-critical.

beyond the North.

hypo-

= under

hypo-thesis

a placing under (= Lat. supposition.)

meta-
met-

= beyond;
transference

meta-physics
met-onymy

science beyond physics.

transference of name.

para-
par-

= by the
side of

par-helion

mock sun by the side of the real.

peri-

= around

peri-meter

the measure around anything.

pro-

= before

pro-gramme

something written before.

pros-

= to

pros-elyte

one coming to a new religion.

syn-
sy-
syl-
sym-

with

= or
together

syn-thesis
sy-stem
syl-lable
sym-pathy

placing together.

part with part.

letters taken together.

feeling together.

NOTE.—The form sy- is used before s; syl- before l, sym- before b, p or m.

II.—GREEK ALPHABET.

Α α

Β β

Γ γ

Δ δ

Ε ε

Ζ ζ

Η η

Θ θ

Ι ι

Κ κ

Λ λ

Μ μ

Ν ν

Ξ ξ

Ο ο

Π π

Ρ ρ

Σ σ, ς final

Τ τ

Υ υ

Φ φ

Χ χ

Ψ ψ

Ω ω

a
b
g
d
e as in met
z
e as in me
th
i
k
l
m
n
x
o as in not
p
r
s
t
u, or y
ph
ch
ps
o as in no

Alpha.

Beta.

Gamma.

Delta.

Epsilon.

Zeta.

Eta.

Theta.

Iota

Kappa.

Lambda.

Mu.

Nu.

Xi.

Omicron.

Pi

Rho.

Sigma.

Tau.

Upsilon.

Phi.

Chi.

Psi.

Omega.

Pronunciation of Greek Words.

Gamma has always the hard sound of g, as in give.

Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has but one sound, that of our k.

Upsilon is represented by y in English words; in Greek it has always the sound of u in mute.

Chi is represented in English by ch having the sound of k; as in chronic.

In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs.

An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our h precedes that letter.

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.—PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.

1. A'ER (αηρ), the air.

a'erate, to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid.

a-e'rial, belonging to the air.

a'eriform, having the form of air.

a'erolite (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), a meteoric stone.

a'eronaut (Gr. n. nau'tēs, a sailor), a balloonist.

aerosta'tion, aerial navigation.

air, the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person.

air'y, open to the air; gay, sprightly.

2. AG'EIN (αγειν), to lead.

apago'ge, a leading away; an indirect argument
dem'agogue (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), a misleader of the people.

parago'ge (literally, a leading or extension beyond), the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word.

ped'agogue (Gr. n. pais, a child), a schoolmaster; a pedantic person..

syn'agogue, a Jewish place of worship.

3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.

ag'ony, extreme pain.

ag'onize, to be in agony.

antag'onism, direct opposition.

antag'onist, or antagonis'tic, contending against.

4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), to bring tidings; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), a messenger.

an'gel, a spiritual messenger.

angel'ic, relating to an angel.

archan'gel (Gr. prefix archi-, chief), an angel of the highest order.

evan'gel (Gr. prefix eu, well), good tidings; the gospel.

evan'gelist, one of the writers of the four gospels.

5. AR'CHE (αρχη), beginning, government, chief.

an'archy, want of government.

ar'chitect (Gr. n. tek'tōn, workman), literally, a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings.

ar'chives, records.

hep'tarchy (Gr. hepta, seven), a sevenfold government.

hi'erarchy (Gr. adj. hi'eros, sacred), dominion in sacred things; a sacred body of rulers.

mon'arch (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), one who rules alone, a sovereign.

mon'archy, government by one person, a kingdom.

oligarchy (Gr. adj. ol'igos, few), government by a few, an aristocracy.

pa'triarch (Gr. n. pat'ēr, a father), the father and ruler of a family.

patriar'chal, relating to patriarchs.

6. AS'TRON (αστρον), a star.

as'terisk, a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes to mark an omission of words.

as'teroid (Gr. adj. ei'dos, like), one of the numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter.

as'tral, belonging to the stars.

astrol'ogy, the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars.

astron'omy (Gr. n. nom'os, a law), the science that treats of the stars.

astron'omer, one skilled in astronomy.

disas'ter, calamity, misfortune.

disas'trous, unlucky; calamitous.

7. AU'TOS (αυτος), one's self.

autobiog'raphy (Gr. n. bi'os, life, graph'ein, to write), the life of a person written by himself.

au'tocrat (Gr. n. krat'os, power), an absolute ruler.

autocrat'ic, like an autocrat.

au'tograph, one's own handwriting.

autom'aton (Gr. mema'otes, striving after), a self-acting machine.

authen'tic, genuine, true.

authentic'ity, genuineness.

8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), to throw or cast.

em'blem, a representation; a type.

emblemat'ical, containing an emblem.

hyper'bole, a figure of speech which represents things greater or less than they are.

par'able, a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine.

parab'ola, one of the conic sections.

prob'lem, a question proposed for solution.

sym'bol, a sign; a representation.

symbolical, representing by signs.

9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), to wash, to dip.

bap'tism, a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water.

baptize', to sprinkle with or immerse in water.

baptismal, pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows.

bap'tist, one who approves only of baptism by immersion.

anabap'tist, one who believes that only adults should be baptized.

catabap'tist, one opposed to baptism.

pedobap'tism (Gr. pais, paidos, a child), infant baptism.

10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.

chron'ic, lasting a long time; periodical.

chron'icle, a record of events in the order of time; a history recording facts in order of time.

chronol'ogy, the science of computing the dates of past events.

chronom'eter (Gr. n. me'tron, a measure), an instrument for measuring time.

anach'ronism, an error in computing time.

syn'chronal, syn'chronous, existing at the same time.

11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), a letter
gram'mar, the science of language.

gramma'rian, one skilled in or who teaches grammar.

grammat'ical, according to the rules of grammar.

an'agram, the change of one word into another by transposing the letters.

di'agram, a writing or drawing made for illustration.

ep'igram, a short poem ending with a witty thought.

mon'ogram (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), a character composed of several letters interwoven.

pro'gramme, order of any entertainment.

tel'egram (Gr. te'le, at a distance), a message sent by telegraph.

12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), to write.

graph'ic, well delineated; giving vivid description.

au'tograph. See au'tos.

biog'raphy (Gr. n. bi'os, life), the history of a life.

calig'raphy (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), beautiful writing.

geog'raphy (Gr. n. gē, the earth), a description of the earth.

historiog'rapher (Gr. n. histo'ria, history), one appointed to write history.

hol'ograph (Gr. adj. hol'os, whole), a deed or will wholly written by the grantor or testator.

lexicog'rapher (Gr. n. lex'icon, a dictionary), the compiler of a dictionary.

lith'ograph (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), an impression of a drawing made on stone.

lithog'raphy, the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone.

orthog'raphy (Gr. adj. or'thos, correct), the correct spelling of words.

pho'nograph (Gr. n. pho'ne, sound), an instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds.

phonog'raphy, a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using the phonograph.

photog'raphy (Gr. n. phos, phot'os, light), the art of producing pictures by light.

stenog'raphy (Gr. adj. sten'os, narrow), the art of writing in short-hand.

tel'egraph (Gr. te'le, at a distance), an apparatus for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity.

topog'raphy (Gr. n. top'os, a place), the description of a particular place.

typography (Gr. n. tu'pos, a type), the art or operation of printing.

13. HOD'OS ('οδος), a way.

ep'isode, an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative.

ex'odus, departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament.

meth'od, order, system, way, manner.

Meth'odist, the followers of John Wesley. (The name has reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).

pe'riod (Gr. n. period'os, a passage round), the time in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark.

syn'od, a meeting of ecclesiastics.

14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), water.

hy'dra, a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules.

hydran'gea, a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water.

hy'drant, a water-plug.

hydrau'lic (Gr. n. au'los, a pipe), relating to the motion of water through pipes; worked by water.

hydrau'lics, the science which treats of fluids in motion.

hydroceph'alus (Gr. n. keph'ale, the head), dropsy of the head.

hy'drogen (Gr. v. gen'ein, to beget), a gas which with oxygen produces water.

hydrog'raphy, the art of maritime surveying and mapping.

hydrop'athy (Gr. n. path'os, feeling), the water-cure.

hydropho'bia (Gr. n. phob'os, fear), literally, dread of water; canine madness.

hy'dropsy, a collection of water in the body. ("Dropsy" is a contraction of hydropsy).

hydrostat'ics, the science which treats of fluids at rest.

15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), rule, government, strength.

aristoc'racy (Gr. adj. aris'tos, best), government by nobles.

aris'tocrat, one who favors aristocracy.

au'tocrat. See au'tos.

democ'racy (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), government by the people.

dem'ocrat, one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of the democratic party.

theoc'racy, government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient Jewish state.

16. LOG'OS (λογος), speech, ratio, description, science.

log'ic, the science and art of reasoning.

logi'cian, one skilled in logic.

log'arithms (Gr. n. arith'mos, number), a class of numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations.

anal'ogy, a resemblance of ratios.

ap'ologue, a moral fable.

apol'ogy, a defense, an excuse.

cat'alogue, a list of names in order.

chronol'ogy. (See chronos.)

conchol'ogy (Gr. n. kon'chos, a shell), the science of shells.

dec'alogue (Gr. dek'a, ten), the ten commandments.

doxol'ogy (Gr. n. doxa, glory), a hymn expressing glory to God.

ec'logue, a pastoral poem.

entomol'ogy (Gr. n. ento'ma, insects, and v. tem'nein, to cut), the natural history of insects.

ep'ilogue, a short poem or speech at the end of a play.

etymol'ogy (Gr. et'umon, true source), a part of grammar; the science of the derivation of words.

eu'logy, praise, commendation.

geneal'ogy (Gr. n. gen'os, birth), history of the descent of families.

geol'ogy (Gr. n. gē, the earth), the science which treats of the internal structure of the earth.

mineral'ogy, the science of minerals.

mythol'ogy (Gr. n. mu'thos, a fable), a system or science of fables.

ornithol'ogy (Gr. n. or'nis, or'nithos, a bird), the natural history of birds.

pathol'ogy (Gr. n. path'os, suffering), that part of medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases.

philol'ogy (Gr. phil'os, loving, fond of), the science which treats of languages.

phrenol'ogy (Gr. n. phrén, the mind), the art of reading the mind from the form of the skull.

physiol'ogy (Gr. n. phu'sis, nature), the science which treats of the organism of plants and animals.

pro'logue, verses recited as introductory to a play.

psychol'ogy (Gr. n. psu'che, the soul), mental philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature.

syl'logism, a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions.

tautol'ogy (Gr. tau'to, the same), a repetition of the same idea in different words.

technol'ogy (Gr. n. tech'ne, art), a description of the arts.

theol'ogy. See theos.

toxicol'ogy (Gr. n. tox'icon, poison) the science which treats of poisons and their effects.

zool'ogy (Gr. n. zo'on, an animal), that part of natural history which treats of animals.

17. MET'RON (μετρον) a measure.

me'ter, arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length.

met'ric, denoting measurement.

met'rical, pertaining to meter.

anemom'eter (Gr. n. an'emos, the wind), an instrument measuring the force and velocity of the wind.

barom'eter (Gr. n. ba'ros, weight), an instrument that indicates changes in the weather.

diam'eter, measure through anything.

geom'etry (Gr. n. ge, the earth), a branch of mathematics.

hexam'eter (Gr. hex, six), a line of six poetic feet.

hydrom'eter (Gr. n. hu'dor, water), an instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids.

hygrom'eter (Gr. adj. hu'gros, wet), an instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere.

pentam'eter (Gr. pen'te, five), a line of five poetic feet.

perim'eter, the external boundary of a body or figure.

sym'metry, the proportion or harmony of parts.

thermom'eter (Gr. adj. ther'mos, warm), an instrument for measuring the heat of bodies.

trigonom'etry (Gr. n. trigo'non, a triangle), a branch of mathematics.

18. MON'OS (μονος), sole, alone.

mon'achism, the condition of monks; a monastic life.

mon'ad, something ultimate and indivisible.

mon'astery, a house of religious retirement.

monk (Gr. n. mon'achos), a religious recluse.

monog'amy (Gr. n. gam'os, marriage), the marriage of one wife only.

mon'ologue (Gr. n. log'os), a speech uttered by a person alone.

monoma'nia (Gr. n. ma'nia, madness), madness confined to one subject.

monop'oly (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), the sole power of selling anything.

monosyl'lable, a word of one syllable.

mon'otheism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the belief in the existence of only one God.

mon'otone, uniformity of tone.

monot'ony, sameness of sound; want of variety.

19. O'DE (ωδε), a song.

ode, a lyric poem.

mel'ody (Gr. n. mel'os, a song), an agreeable succession of musical sounds.

par'ody, the alteration of the works of an author to another subject.

pros'ody, the study of versification.

psal'mody, the practice of singing psalms.

trag'edy (Gr. n. trag'os, a goat[9]), a dramatic representation of a sad or calamitous event.

EXERCISE.

The periods of astronomy go far beyond any chronology. The phonograph and the telegraph are both American inventions. By the aid of a diagram the problem was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, has written many parodies. In the struggle between monarchy and democracy Mexico has often been in a state of anarchy. His antagonist suffered great agony from the disaster that occurred. The eulogy pronounced on the great zoölogist Agassiz was well deserved. What is the etymological distinction between geography and geology? The aeronaut took with him a barometer, a thermometer, and a chronometer. I owe you an apology for not better knowing your genealogy. Typography has been well called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great American lexicographer? Tautology is to be avoided by all who make any pretence to grammar. One may be a democrat without being a demagogue. You cannot be an architect without knowing geometry. Zoology shows that there is great symmetry in the structure of animals. The pretensions of astrology are now dissipated into thin air. Many persons skilled in physiology do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in hexameter, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" in pentameter.

20. ON'OMA (ονομα), a name.

anon'ymous, without a name.

meton'ymy, a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another.

on'omatopoe'ia, the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense.

paron'ymous, of like derivation.

patronym'ic (Gr. n. pat'er, a father), a name derived from a parent or ancestor.

pseu'donym (Gr. adj. pseu'des, false), a fictitious name.

syn'onym, a word having the same meaning as another in the same language.

21. PAN (παν, παντος), all; whole.

panace'a (Gr. v. ak'eomai, I cure), a universal cure.

pan'creas (Gr. n. kre'as, flesh), a fleshy gland situated at the bottom of the stomach.

pan'dect, a treatise which combines the whole of any science.

panegyr'ic (Gr. n. ag'ora, an assembly), an oration in praise of some person or event.

pan'oply (Gr. n. hop'la, armor), a complete suit of armor.

panora'ma (Gr. n. hor'ama, a sight or view), a large picture gradually unrolled before an assembly.

pan'theism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the doctrine that nature is God.

pan'theon, a temple dedicated to all the gods.

pan'tomime, a scene or representation in dumb show.

22. PA'THOS (παθος), suffering, feeling.

pathet'ic, affecting the emotions.

pathol'ogy, the science of diseases.

allop'athy, a mode of medical practice.

antip'athy, dislike, aversion.

ap'athy, want of feeling.

homeop'athy, a mode of medical practice.

hydrop'athy. See hudor.

sym'pathy, fellow-feeling.

23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), a friend, a lover.

Philadel'phia (Gr. n. adel'phos, a brother), literally, the city of brotherly love.

philanthropy (Gr. n. anthro'pos, a man), love of mankind.

philharmon'ic (Gr. n. harmo'nia, harmony), loving harmony or music.

philos'ophy (Gr. n. sophi'a, wisdom), the general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge.

philos'opher, one versed in philosophy or science.

philosoph'ic, philosoph'ical, relating to philosophy.

24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), to cause to appear; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), an image, an idea.

diaph'anous, translucent.

epiph'any, the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by the star of Bethlehem.

fan'cy, a pleasing image; a conceit or whim.

fan'ciful, full of fancy; abounding in wild images.

fanta'sia, a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary musical rules.

phan'tom, a specter, an apparation.

phase, an appearance.

phenom'enon, anything presented to the senses by experiment or observation; an unusual appearance.

syc'ophant (Gr. n. sukon, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), a mean flatterer.

25. PHO'NE (φωνη), a sound.

phonet'ic, phon'ic} according to sound.

eu'phony, an agreeable sound of words.

sym'phony, harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full band of instruments.

26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), light.

phos'phorus (Gr. v. pherein, to bear), a substance resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark.

phos'phate, a salt of phosphoric acid.

phosphores'cent, luminous in the dark.

phosphor'ic, relating to or obtained from phosphorus.

photog'raphy. See graphein.

27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), nature.

phys'ic, medicines.

phys'ical, natural; material; relating to the body.

physi'cian, one skilled in the art of healing.

phys'icist, a student of nature.

phys'ics, natural philosophy.

physiog'nomy (Gr. n. gno'mon, a judge), the art of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of features or countenance.

physiol'ogy. See logos.

metaphys'ics, literally, after or beyond physics; hence, the science of mind.

metaphysi'cian, one versed in metaphysics.

28. POL'IS (πολις), a city.

police', the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a city.

pol'icy, the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public affairs; prudence.

pol'itic, wise, expedient.

polit'ical, relating to politics.

politi'cian, one devoted to politics.

pol'itics, the art or science of government; struggle of parties.

pol'ity, the constitution of civil government.

acrop'olis (Gr. adj. ak'ros, high), a citadel.

cosmop'olite (Gr. n. kos'mos, the world), a citizen of the world.

metrop'olis (Gr. n. me'ter, a mother), the chief city of a country.

necrop'olis (Gr. adj. nek'ros, dead), a burial-place; a city of the dead.

29. RHE'O ('ρεω), I flow, I speak.

rhet'oric, the art of composition; the science of oratory.

rhetori'cian, one skilled in rhetoric.

rheu'matism, a disease of the limbs (so called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).

res'in, a gum which flows from certain trees.

catarrh', a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head.

diarrhoe'a, purging.

hem'orrhage (Gr. n. haima, blood), a flowing of blood.

30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), to see, to watch.

scope, space, aim, intention.

bish'op (Gr. n. epis'kopos, overseer), a clergyman who has charge of a diocese.

epis'copacy, church government by bishops.

epis'copal, relating to episcopacy.

kalei'doscope (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of position.

mi'croscope (Gr. adj. mik'ros, small), an instrument for examining small objects.

micros'copist, one skilled in the use of the microscope.

steth'oscope (Gr. n. steth'os, the breast), an instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound.

tel'escope (Gr. te'le, afar off), an instrument for viewing objects far off.

31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), arranged; TAX'IS (ταξις), arrangement.

tac'tics, the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces; the science or art which relates to these.

tacti'cian, one skilled in tactics.

syn'tax, the arrangement of words into sentences.

syntac'tical, relating to syntax.

tax'idermy (Gr. n. der'ma, skin), the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural appearance.

tax'idermist, one skilled in taxidermy.

32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), art.

tech'nical, relating to an art or profession.

technical'ity, a technical expression; that which is technical.

technol'ogy, a treatise on or description of the arts.

technol'ogist, one skilled in technology.

polytech'nic (Gr. adj. pol'us, many), comprising many arts.

pyr'otechny (Gr. n. pur, fire), the art of making fireworks.

33. THE'OS (θεος), God.

the'ism, belief in the existence of a God.

theo'cracy. (See kratos.)

theo'logy. (See logos.)

apotheo'sis, glorification, deification.

a'theism, disbelief in the existence of God.

a'theist, one who does not believe in the existence of God.

enthu'siasm, heat of imagination; ardent zeal.

pan'theism. (See pan.)

pol'ytheism (Gr. adj. polus, many), the doctrine of a plurality of Gods.

34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), to place, to set.

theme, a subject set forth for discussion.

the'sis, a proposition set forth for discussion.

anath'ema, an ecclesiastical curse.

antithesis, opposition or contrast in words or deeds.

hypoth'esis, a supposition.

paren'thesis, something inserted in a sentence which is complete without it.

syn'thesis, a putting together, as opposed to analysis.

35. TON'OS (τονος), tension, tone.

tone, tension, vigor, sound.

ton'ic, adj. increasing tension or vigor; n. a medicine which increases strength.

tune, a series of musical notes on a particular key.

attune', to make musical; to make one sound agree with another.

bar'ytone (Gr. adj. ba'rus, heavy), a male voice.

diaton'ic, proceeding by tones and semitones.

in'tonate, to sound; to modulate the voice.

intone', to give forth a slow, protracted sound.

sem'itone, half a tone.

REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.

1. Derivation of "antithesis"?—Compose an example of an antithesis.—Point out the antithesis in the following:—

"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself."

"A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits."

"Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull,

Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full."

2. Derivation of "hypothesis."—Give an adjective formed from this noun.—What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? Ans. Supposition.—Show this. Ans. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from ponere, to place) = thesis, a placing—What adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? Ans. Supposititious.

3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?—Compose a parenthetical sentence.

4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?—Give the distinction Ans. Analysis is taking apart, synthesis is putting together—What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"?

5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? Ans. Demagogic or demagogical—Define it—Compose a sentence containing the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of a demagogue."

6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? Ans. Pedagogic—What would the "pedagogic art" mean?—Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?—Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.

7. Derivation of "anarchy"?—Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by anarchy."

8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? Ans. Monarchical—Define it.—Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical government?—What is the ruler of a monarchy called?

9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under the rule of an oligarchy."

10. From what root is "democracy" derived?—What adjective is formed from "democracy"?—Is Russia at present a democracy?—Can you mention any ancient governments that for a time were democracies?

11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?—What noun will denote one who believes in aristocracy? Ans. Aristocrat—What does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? Ans. A proud or haughty person who holds himself above the common people.

12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?

13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence.

14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? Ans. Diametrical—What adverb is formed from "diametrical"?—What is meant by the expression "diametrically opposed"?

15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? Ans. Astrology—Give the derivative of this word.—What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?—Form an adjective from "astronomy."—Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of astronomy are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton."

16. From what root is "telescope" derived?—Combine and define telescop + ic.—Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."

17. From what root is "microscope" derived?—Combine and define microscop + ic.—What single word denotes microscopic animals? Ans. Animalculæ.—Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the microscope reveals the infinitely little."

18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in the lines:

'The reason why I cannot tell,

I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'"

19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?

20. Derivation of "sympathy"?—Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. Ans. Compassion.—Show why they are literal synonyms. Ans. Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.—Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. Ans. Fellow-feeling.

21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?—Form an adjective from "autocrat."—Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?—Could the Queen of England be called an autocrat?—Why not?

22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only two or three autographs of Shakespeare in existence."

23. Derivation of "automaton"?—Illustrate the signification of the word by a sentence.

24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir to"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."

25. Derivation of "panoply"?—In the following sentence is "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God."

26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?—What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism?

27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?—Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would designate a temple dedicated to all the gods?

28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."—Compose a sentence using the word "panorama."

29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?—Illustrate its meaning by a sentence.—Form an adjective from "eulogy."

30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?—Give an example of a pseudonym.

DIVISION II.—ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.

ach'os, pain—ache, headache.

ainig'ma, a riddle—enigma.

ak'me, a point—acme.

akou'ein, to hear—acoustics.

ak'ros, high—acropolis (polis).

allel'on, each other—parallel, parallelogram.

an'er, a man—Andrew, Alexander.

an'thos, a flower—anther, anthology, polyanthus.

anthro'pos, a man—anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy.

ark'tos, a bear—arctic, antarctic.

ar'gos, idle—lethargy, lethargic.

aris'tos, best—aristocrat (kratos), aristocracy, aristocratic.

arith'mos, number—arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic.

aro'ma, spice, odor—aromatic.

arte'ria, a bloodvessel—artery, arterial.

ask'ein, to discipline—ascetic, asceticism.

asphal'tos, pitch—asphalt.

ath'los, a contest—athlete, athletic.

at'mos, vapor, smoke—atmosphere, atmospheric.

au'los, a pipe—hydraulic.

bal'samon, balsam—balm, embalm.

ba'ros, weight—barometer, barytes.

ba'sis, the bottom—base, baseless, basement, basis.

bib'lion, a book—bible, biblical.

bi'os, life—biography, biology.

bo'tane, a plant—botanic, botanical, botanist, botany.

bron'chos, the throat—bronchial, bronchitis.

bus'sos, bottom—abyss.

cha'lups, steel—chalybeate.

charas'sein, to stamp—character, characterize, characteristic.

cha'ris, grace—eucharist.

cheir, the hand—surgeon (short for chirurgeon), surgical.

chlo'ros, green—chloride, chlorine
chol'e, bile—choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy.

chor'de, a string—chord, cord, cordage.

chris'tos, anointed—chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist.

chro'ma, color—chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic.

chru'sos, gold—chrysalis, chrysolite.

chu'los, the milky juice formed by digestion—chyle, chylifaction.

chu'mos, juice—chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.

dai'mon, a spirit—demon, demoniac, demonology.

de'mos, the people—demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic.

den'dron, a tree—dendrology, rhododendron.

der'ma, the skin—epidermis.

des'potes, a ruler—despot, despotic, despotism.

diai'ta, manner of life—diet, dietary, dietetic.

dido'ni, to give—dose, antidote, anecdote.

dog'ma, an opinion—dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism.

dox'a, an opinion, glory—doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox.

dram'a, a stage-play—drama, dramatic, dramatist.

drom'os, a course—dromedary, hippodrome.

drus, an oak—dryad.

duna'thai, to be able—dynamics, dynamical, dynasty.

dus, ill, wrong—dysentery (entera, the bowels), dyspepsia (peptein, to digest).

ekkle'sia, the church—ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical.

e'chein, to sound—echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen.

eklei'pein, to fail—eclipse, ecliptic.

elek'tron, amber—electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype.

em'ein, to vomit—emetic.

ep'os, a word—epic, orthoepy.

er'emos, desert, solitary—hermit, hermitage.

er'gon, a work—energy, energetic, surgeon (cheir, the hand).

eth'nos, a nation—ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology.

eth'os, custom, manner—ethics, ethical.

eu, good, well—eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.

gam'os, marriage—bigamy, polygamy, misogamist.

gas'ter, the stomach—gastric, gastronomy.

ge, the earth—geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee.

gen'naein, to produce—genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.

gignos'kein, to know—diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate.

glos'sa, glot'ta, the tongue—glossary, glottis, polyglot.

glu'phein, to carve—hieroglyphics.

gno'mon, an indicator—gnomon, physiognomy (phusis).

go'nia, a corner—diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry.

gum'nos, naked—gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics.

hai'rein, to take or choose—heresy, heretic, heretical.

harmo'nia, a fitting together—harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium.

hek'aton, a hundred—hecatomb.

he'lios, the sun—heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion.

he'mera, a day—ephemeral.

hep'ta, seven—heptagon, heptarchy.

he'ros, a hero—hero, heroic, heroine, heroism.

het'eros, another, unlike—heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous.

hex, six—hexagon, hexangular.

hi'eros, sacred—hierarchy, hieroglyphics (glyphein, to carve).

hip'pos, a horse—hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic.

hol'os, all—holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity.

hom'os, like, the same—homogeneous (gennaein, to produce).

hor'os, a boundary—horizon, aphorism.

hu'men, the god of marriage—hymeneal.

hum'nos, a song of praise—hymn, hymnal, hynmology.

ich'thus, a fish—ichthyology.

id'ea, a form or pattern—idea, ideal.

id'ios, peculiar—idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic.

is'os, equal—isothermal.

kai'ein, to burn—caustic, cauterize, holocaust (holos, whole).

ka'kos, bad—cacophony.

ka'los, beautiful—caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (skopein).

kal'uptein, to conceal—apocalypse.

kan'on, a rule—canon, canonical, canonize.

kar'dia, the heart—cardiac, pericardium.

ken'os, empty—cenotaph.

keph'ale, the head—acephalous, hydrocephalus (hydor).

ker'as, a horn—rhinoceros.

kle'ros, a portion—clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship.

kli'max, a ladder—climax.

kli'nein, to bend—clinical, recline.

ko'mos, a merry feast—comedy, (odè), comedian, comic, encomium.

ko'nein, to serve—deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate.

ko'nos, Lat. conus, a cone—cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform.

kop'tein, to cut—coppice, copse, syncope.

kos'mos, the world—cosmography, cosmopolitan.

kri'tes, a judge—crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite.

krup'tein, to conceal—crypt, apocrypha.

krustal'los, ice—crystal, crystallize.

kuk'los, a circle—cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia.

kulin'dros, a roller—cylinder.

lam'banein, to take—syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable.

lam'pein, to shine—lamp.

la'os, the people—layman, laity.

latrei'a, worship—idolatry, heliolatry.

lith'os, a stone—litharge, lithograph, aërolite.

lu'ein, to loosen—analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy.

man'ia, madness—mania, maniac.

mar'tur, a witness—martyr, martyrdom, martyrology.

mel'as, black—melancholy, Melanesia.

me'ter, a mother—metropolis.

mik'ros, small—microcosm, microscope, microscopic.

mi'mos, an imitator—mimic, mimicry, pantomime.

mor'phe, shape—amorphous, metamorphosis.

mu'rias, ten thousand—myriad.

mu'thos, a fable—myth, mythology.

nar'ke, torpor—narcissus, narcotic.

naus, a ship—nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut.

nek'ros, dead—necropolis.

ne'sos, an island—Polynesia.

nom'os, a law—astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (oikos, a house), economic.

ol'igos, few—oligarchy (arche).

or'phanos, deserted—orphan, orphanage.

or'thos, right, straight—orthodox, orthoepy, orthography.

paidei'a, instruction—cyclopædia.

pais, a child—pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist.

pap'as, Lat. papa, a father—papacy, pope, popedom, popery.

paradei'sos, a pleasant garden—paradise.

pat'ein, to walk—peripatetic.

pen'te, five—pentagon, pentecost.

pet'ra, a rock—Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter.

phob'os, fear—hydrophobia (hudor, water).

phra'sis, speech—phrase, phraseology, paraphrase.

phren, the mind—phrenology, frantic, frenzy.

phu'ton, a plant—zoophyte.

pla'naein, to wander—planet, planetary.

plas'sein, to mould—plaster, plastic.

pleu'ra, the side—pleurisy.

pneu'ma, breath, spirit—pneumatic.

po'lein, to sell—bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize.

pol'us, many—polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic.

por'os, a passage—pore, porosity, porous, emporium.

pot'amos, a river—hippopotamus.

pous, the foot—antipodes, polypus, tripod.

pras'sein, to do—practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable.

presbu'teros, elder—presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism.

pro'tos, first—protomartyr.

psal'lein, to touch, to sing—psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter.

pur, fire—pyramid, pyrotechny.

rhin, the nose—rhinoceros.

rhod'on, a rose —rhododendron.

sarx, flesh—sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus.

sched'e, a sheet—schedule.

sche'ma, a plan—scheme.

schis'ma, a division—schism, schismatic.

sit'os, corn—parasite, parasitical.

skan'dalon, disgrace—scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous.

skeptes'thai, to consider—sceptic, sceptical, scepticism.

skep'tron, an emblem of office—scepter.

soph'ia, wisdom—sophist, sophistry, philosopher (philos), philosophy.

sphai'ra, a globe—sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere.

stal'aein, to drop—stalactite, stalagmite.

stel'lein, to send—apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary.

sten'os, narrow—stenography.

sthen'os, strength—calisthenics.

stig'ma, a mark—stigma, stigmatize.

strat'os, an army—stratagem, strategy, strategist.

stroph'e, a turning—apostrophe, catastrophe.

ta'phos, a tomb—epitaph, cenotaph.

tau'to, the same—tautology.

tek'ton, a builder—architect.

te'le, far off—telegraph, telescope.

tem'nein, to cut—atom, anatomy, anatomist.

tet'ra, four—tetragon, tetrarch.

ther'me, heat—thermal.

thron'os, a throne—throne, enthrone.

top'os, a place—topography.

trep'ein, to turn—trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope.

tu'pos, a stamp—type, typography, prototype.

turan'nos, a ruler—tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny.

zein, to boil—zeal, zealous.

zephu'ros, the west wind—zephyr.

zo'on, an animal—zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte.

PART IV.—THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.

I.—ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES.

A—(corrupted from A.-S. on) signifies in, on, at: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard.

Be—gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in bedim. Be, as a form of by, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as bystander.

For[10]—means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget.

Fore—before: as foretell, forebode.

Mis—error, wrongness: as mistake, misstate, misinform.

N—has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, neither, none.

Off—from offspring.

Out—beyond: as outdo, outlaw.

Over—above: as overhang, overflow, overturn.

To—in to-day, to-morrow.

Un—not, the reverse: as, unskilled, unlearned.

Under—beneath: as undermine.

With—against (German wider): as withstand.

II.—ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.

Ar, ard, er, yer, ster[11]—signifying agent or doer; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. Er forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives.

Ess, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French.

Dom, ship, ric, wic—from dom, judgment; ship, shape or condition; ric, rice, power; wic, a dwelling—signify state, condition, quality, etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.

El, kin (= chen, German), let (from French), ling, ock—have a diminutive effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel.

En—adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep.

Fold—from fealdan, to fold; a numeral termination, like ple, from the Latin plico, I fold.

Ful—full; truthful.

Hood, ness—of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness.

Ish—isc (Saxon), isch (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. Ish is also employed as a diminutive—blackish.

Less—loss: as penniless, hopeless.

Like and ly—like; lic (A.-S.): as warlike, manly.

Some—sum (A.-S.), sam (German), lonesome, handsome.

Teen—ten, as in fourteen.

Ty—from tig (A.-S ), ten; zig (German), as in six-ty. Teen adds ten—ty multiplies by ten.

Ward—weard, wärts (German), versus (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward.

Wise—wisa, manner; likewise.

Y—ig, an adjective termination; dreorig (A.-S.), dreary.

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English.

The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: j, k, q, v, and z. K is commonly represented by c; thus, cyning (king) is pronounced kining; cyrtel, kirtle; qu is represented by cw, as cwic, quick; cwen, queen; cwellan, to quell; th is represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles y, as in ye olden times, where ye should be pronounced the, and not ye, as is often ignorantly done.

Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long vowels are a as far, ae as in fare, e as in they, i as in pique, o as in bone, u as in rule, y as in i (nearly). Short vowels are a as in fast, ae as in man, e as in men, i as in pin, o as in God, u as in full, y as in i (nearly).

In the diphthongs ea, eo, and ie, the first element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly.

There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of consonants, as in hlud, loud, cniht, knight, cnif, knife, each consonant has its distinct sound.

E before a and o has the sound of y as a consonant; i before e and u has the same sound: thus, Earl = yarl; eow = you; iett = yett; and iúgoth = yúgoth, youth.

ac, an oak—oak, oaken.

acsian, to inquire—ask.

æcer, a field—acre, acreage.

ær, before—early, ere, erelong, erst.

aft, hind-part—after, abaft.

ágan, to have—owe, own, owner, ought, disown.

arisan, to arise—raise, rise, rouse.

bácan, to bake—baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch.

bæc, back—backbite, backslide, backward, aback.

bælg, a bag.

bald, bold, brave—bold, boldness.

bána, death—bane, baneful, henbane.

banc, a bank or raised place—bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment.

beacnian, to beckon—beck, beckon, beacon.

bellan, to roar—bawl, bellow.

beorgan, to protect—borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth.

beorht, bright—bright.

beran, to bear, to bring forth—barrow, bear, bier, birth.

bidan, to wait—abide.

biddan, to pray, to bid—bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden.

bindan, to bind—band, bond, bondage, bundle.

blæc, pale—bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness.

blawan, to blow—blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster.

bletsian, to bless—bless, blessing.

brád, broad—broad, breadth, board, aboard.

brécan, to break—bray (to pound), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken.

breost, the breast—breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast.

breówan, to brew—brew, brewer, brewery.

brucan, to use—broker, brokerage, brook (to endure).

buan, to cultivate—boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood.

bugan, to bow or bend—bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow.

byldan, to design, to make—build, builder, building.

byrnan, to burn—brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand.

cælan, to cool—chill, chilblain.

ceapian, to buy—cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman.

cénnan, to produce—kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind.

ceorl, a churl—carle, churlish.

clæne, clean—clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean.

cláth, cloth—clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad.

cleófan, to cleave; clifian, to adhere—cleaver, cliff, clover, club.

cnafa, a boy—knave, knavery.

cnáwan, to know—knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown.

cnyll, a loud noise—knell.

cnyttan, to knit—knitting, knot, knotty, net, network.

cracian, to crack; cearcian, to creak—crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek.

cuman, to come—comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome.

cunnan, to know, to be powerful—can, con, cunning, keen.

cwellan, to slay—kill, quell.

dæg, a day—dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye.

dǽl, a part—deal, dole, ordeal.

déman, to think—deem.

deor, a wild animal—deer.

deore, dusky or black—dark, darken, darkly, darkness.

dic, a dyke—dig, ditch, ditcher.

disc, a plate—desk, disc, dish.

dóm, judgment—doom, doomsday.

dón, to do—doer, deed, undo.

dragan, to draw—drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray.

drifan, to drive—drift, driver, drove.

drigan, to dry—drysalter, drought, drug (originally dried plants), druggist.

drincan, to suck in—drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken.

drypan, to drip or drop—drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel.

dwinan, to pine—dwindle, dwine.

dyn, a noise—din, dun.

eage, the eye—eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid.

eald, old—alderman, earl.

efen, just—even, evenness.

erian, to plough, to ear—earth, earthy, earthquake.

faeger, bright—fair, fairness.

fáer, fear—fearful, fearless.

faran, to go—fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer.

fedan, to feed—feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly.

feond, an enemy—fiend, fiendish.

fleógan, to fly—flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight.

fleótan, to float—float, fleet.

flówan, to flow—flood, flow.

folgian, to go after—follow.

fón, to seize —fang, finger.

fót, the foot—foot, fetter, fetlock.

freón, to love—free, freedom, friend, friendship.

fretan, to gnaw—fret, fretful.

fugel, a bird—fowl, fowler, fowling-piece.

fúl, unclean—filth, filthy, foul, fulsome.

fullian, to whiten—full (to scour and thicken cloth in a mill), fuller, fuller's-earth.

fýr, fire—fiery, fireworks, bonfire.

gabban, to mock—gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber.

galan, to sing—nightingale.

gangan, to go—gang, gangway.

gást, a ghost—gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast.

geard, an enclosure —garden, orchard, yard.

geotan, to pour—gush, gut.

gerefa, a governor—grieve (an overseer), sheriff, sheriffdom.

getan, to get—get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful.

gifan, to give—give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven.

glowan, to glow—glow, glowing.

gód, good—gospel, gossip.

græs, grass—grass, graze, grazier.

grafan, to dig—grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave.

grapian, to grapple; grípan, to gripe; gropian, to grope—grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel.

greot, dust—gritty, groats.

grówan, to grow—grow, growth.

grúnd, the ground—ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork.

habban, to have—have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave.

hæge, a hedge—haw, hawthorn.

hæl, sound, whole—hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome.

hám, a dwelling—hamlet, home, homely, homeliness.

hangian, to hang—hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang.

hát, heat—heat, heater, hot.

healdan, to hold—halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold.

heard, hard—harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy.

hebban, to lift—heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval.

hédan, to heed—heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness.

heorte, the heart—hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten.

hláf, bread—loaf.

hleapan, to leap—leap, overleap, elope, elopement.

hol, a hole—hole, hold (of a ship), hollow, hollowness.

hristlan, to make quick sounds—rustle, rustling.

huntian, to rush—hunt, hunter, huntsman.

hús, house—housewife, husband, hustings.

hweorfan, to turn—swerve, wharf.

hýran, to hear—hear, hearer, hearsay.

lǽdan, to lead—lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead.

læfan, to leave—left, eleven, twelve.

lǽran, to teach—learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned.

lang, long—long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger.

lecgan, to lay—lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw.

leofian, lybban, to live—live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive.

leoht, light—lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten.

líc, like—like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike.

locian, to stretch forward—look.

loma, utensils, furniture—loom, hand-loom, power-loom.

losian, to lose—lose, loser, loss.

lúf, love; lufian, to love—lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely.

lyfan, to permit—leave (permission), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve.

lyft, the air—loft, lofty, aloft.

macian, to make—make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate.

mængan, to mix—among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel.

magan, to be able—may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay.

mearc, a boundary—mark, marksman, marches, remark.

metan, to measure—meet, meeting, meet (fit), meetness.

mund, a defence—mound.

murnan, to murmur—mourn, mourner, mournful.

mynd, the mind—mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind.

næs, a nose—naze, ness.

nama, a name—name, nameless, namesake, misname.

nead, need—need, needful, needless, needs, needy.

neah, nigh—near, next, neighbor.

niht, night—night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade.

oga, dread—ugly, ugliness.

pæth, a path—pathless, pathway, footpath.

plegan, to exercise, to sport—play, player, playful, playmate.

ræcan, to reach—reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent.

rǽdan, to read—read, readable, reader, reading, riddle.

read, red—red, redden, ruddy.

reafian, to seize—bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover.

recan, to heed—reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning.

rídan, to ride—ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead.

rinnan, to run—run, runner, runaway, outrun.

ripan, to reap—reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe.

ruh, rough—rough, roughness.

sægan, to say—say, saying, hearsay, unsay.

sar, painful—sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry.

scacan, to shake—shake, shaky, shock, shocking.

sceadan, to shade—shade, shady, shadow, shed (a covered enclosure).

scedan, to scatter, to shed—shed (to spill), watershed.

sceofan, to push—shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf.

sceótan, to shoot—shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot.

scéran, to cut—scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire.

scínan, to shine—sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine.

screopan, to creak—scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book.

scrob, a bush—shrub, shrubbery.

scyppan, to form—shape, shapeless, landscape.

sellan, to give—sale, sell, sold.

seon, to see—see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze.

settan, to set; sittan, to sit—set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset.

síde, side—side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside.

singan, to sing—sing, singer, song.

slæc, slack—slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish.

sleán, to slay—slay, slaughter, sledge (a heavy hammer).

slidan, to slide—slide, sled, sledge.

slipan, to glide—slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod.

smitan, to smite—smite, smiter, smith, smithy.

snican, to creep—snake, sneak.

socc, a shoe—sock, socket.

soft, soft—soften, softly, softness.

soth, true—sooth, soothsayer.

specan, to speak—speak, speaker, speech, bespeak.

spell, a message—spell (discourse), gospel.

spinnan, to spin—spinner, spider.

stán, a stone—stony, stoneware.

standan, to stand—standard, understand, understanding, withstand.

steall, a place—stall, forestall, install, pedestal.

steorfan, to die—starve, starvation, starveling.

stician, to stick—stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking.

stigan, to ascend—stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty.

streccan, to stretch—stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch.

stýran, to steer—steer, steerage, steersman, stern (the hind part of a ship), astern.

stýrian, to stir—stir, bestir.

súr, sour—sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness.

swerian, to swear—swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered.

swét, sweet—sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness.

táecan, to show, to teach—teach, teachable, teacher.

tellan, to count—tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell.

thincan, to seem; pret. thuh-te, methinks, methought.

thringan, to press—throng.

thyr, dry—thirst, thirsty.

treowe, true—true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty.

twa, two—twice, twine, twist, between, entwine.

tyrnan, to turn—turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn.

wacan, to awake—wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman.

warnian, to defend, to beware—warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware.

wearm, glowing—warm, warmth.

wegan, to move—wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty.

weordh, worth—worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy.

werian, to cover—wear, wearable, weary, wearisome.

winnan, to labor—win, won.

witan, to know—wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty.

wringan, to twist—wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle.

writhan, to twist—wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong.

wunian, to dwell—wont, wonted.

wyrm, a worm, a serpent—worm.

Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally translated into Modern English.

EXTRACT FROM CÆDMON'S PARAPHRASE.

Cædmon: died about 680.

Nu we sceolan herian
heofon-rices weard,
metodes mihte,
and his mod-ge-thonc,
wera wuldor-fæder!

swa he wundra ge-hwæs,
ece dryhten,
oord onstealde.

He ærest ge-scéop
ylda bearnum
heofon to hrófe,
halig scyppend!

tha middan-geard
mon-cynnes weard,
ece dryhten,
æfter teode,
firum foldan,
frea ælmihtig!

Now we shall praise
the guardian of heaven,
the might of the creator,
and his mind's thought,
the glory-father of men!

how he of all wonders,
the eternal lord,
formed the beginning.

He first created
for the children of men
heaven as a roof,
the holy creator!

them the world
the guardian of mankind
the eternal lord,
produced afterwards,
the earth for men,
the almighty master!

PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED.

Bede: died 735.

For tham ned-fere
neni wirtheth
thances suotera
thonne him thearf sy,
to ge-hicgeune
er his heonon-gange
hwet his gaste
godes othe yveles
efter deathe heonon
demed weorthe.

Before the necessary journey
no one becomes
more prudent in thought
than is needful to him,
to search out
before his going hence
what to his spirit
of good or of evil
after his death hence
will be judged.

EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE—Tenth Century.

Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with ealne thone here lytle werode æt Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten with thone here on tham cyne-rice be suthan Temese, butan tham the him Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges thegnas oft rada onridon the man na ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an cyning; and thy geare namon West-Seaxan frith with thone here.

Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf to the West Saxon's kingdom; and that after one month fought Alfred king against all the army with a little band at Wilton, and them long during the day routed and then the Danes obtained of the battle-field possession. And this year were nine great battles fought with the army in the kingdom to the south of the Thames, besides those in which Alfred, and the alder-men, and the king's thanes oft inrode—against which one nothing accounted. And this year were slain nine earls and one king; and this year made the West-Saxons peace with the army.

EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS—Eleventh Century.

LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10.

5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of Abian tune: and his wif wæs of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs Elizabeth.

LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10.

5. In the days of Herod the king of Judea, there was a certain priest by name Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.

6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan wrohte.

6. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord without blame.

7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig on heora dagum butu forth-eodon.

7. And they had no child, because that Elizabeth was barren; and they in her days were both of great age.

8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan Gode,

8. And it befell that when Zacharias should do the office of the priesthood in the order of his course before God,

9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode.

9. After the custom of the priesthood he went forth by lot, to burn incense when he into God's temple went.

10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute gebiddende on thære offrunge timan.

10. And all the multitude of the people were without praying at the time of incense.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Fæder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin rice; geweordhe thin willa on eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dæg; and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne gelæde thu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfle, etc.

Father our, thou who art in heaven; be thine name hallowed; let come thine kingdom; let be done thine will on earth, so as in the heavens. Our also daily bread give thou us to-day; and forgive thou to us our debts, so as we forgive our debtors; and not lead thou us into temptations, but deliver thou us from evil, etc.

Specimens of Semi-Saxon and Early English.

EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON—About 1180.

He nom tha Englisca boc

Tha makede Seint Beda;

An other he nom on Latin,

Tha makede Seinte Albin,

And the feire Austin,

The fulluht broute hider in.

Boc he nom the thridde,

Leide ther amidden,

Tha makede a Frenchis clerc,

Wace was ihoten,

The wel couthe writen,

And he hoc yef thare aethelen

Allienor, the wes Henries quene,

Thes heyes kinges.

He took the English book

That Saint Bede made;

Another he took in Latin,

That Saint Albin made,

And the fair Austin,

That baptism brought hither in.

The third book he took,

And laid there in midst,

That made a French clerk,

Wace was he called,

That well could write,

And he it gave to the noble

Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen,

The high king's.

EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.—1258.

Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise holde, ilærde and ilewede on Huntindonnschiere. Thæt witen ge wel alle, hæt we willen and unnen thæt ure rædesmen alle, other the moare del of heom, thæt beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thæt loandes-folk on ure kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen don in the worthnes of God, and ure treowthe, for the freme of the loande, etc.

Henry, through God's support, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, sends greeting to all his subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntingdonshire. This know ye well all, that we will and grant what our counsellors all, or the more part of them, that be chosen through us and through the landfolk of our kingdom, have done, and shall do, to the honor of God, and our allegiance, for the good of the land, etc.

Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English.

That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in Italics.

MILTON.

Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste

Brought death into the world, and all our woe,

With loss of Eden, till one greater man

Restore us and regain the blissful seat—

Sing, heavenly Muse.

With thee conversing, I forget all time,

All seasons, and their change; all please alike.

Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet,

With charm of earliest birds; pleasant the sun

When first on this delightful land he spreads

His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,

Glistering with dew; fragrant the fertile earth,

After soft showers; and sweet the coming on

Of grateful evening mild; then silent night

With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon,

And these the gems of heaven, her starry train.

SHAKESPEARE.

To be, or not to be, that is the question;

Whether 't is nobler in the mind to suffer

The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And, by opposing, end them? To die, to sleep;

No more;—and by a sleep to say we end

The heartache and the thousand natural shocks

That flesh is heir to! 't were a consummation

Devoutly to be wished. To die; to sleep;

To sleep?—perchance to dream!

All the world's a stage,

And all the men and women merely players.

They have their exits and their entrances,

And one man in his time plays many parts;

His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,

Mewling and puking in his nurse's arms.

And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel

And shining morning face, creeping like snail

Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,

Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad

Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,

Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,

Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel;

Seeking the bubble reputation

Even in the cannon's mouth.

TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.—Genesis i. 1-6.

And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau, his eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison; and make me savoury meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it. And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my death.—Genesis xxvii. 1-7.

THOMSON.

These as they change, Almighty Father! these

Are but the varied God. The rolling year

Is full of thee. Forth in the pleasing spring

Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness and love.

Wide flush the fields; the softening air is balm;

Echo the mountains round; the forest smiles;

And every sense and every heart is joy.

Then comes thy glory in the summer months,

With light and heat refulgent. Then thy sun

Shoots full perfection through the swelling year.

ADDISON.

I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night insensibly fell upon me. I at first amused myself with all the richness and variety of colours which appeared in the western parts of heaven. In proportion as they faded away and went out, several stars and planets appeared, one after another, till the whole firmament was in a glow. The blueness of the ether was exceedingly heightened and enlivened by the season of the year.

YOUNG.

Let Indians, and the gay, like Indians, fond

Of feathered fopperies, the sun adore:

Darkness has more divinity for me;

It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul

To settle on herself, our point supreme.

There lies our theater: there sits our judge.

Darkness the curtain drops o'er life's dull scene:

'T is the kind hand of Providence stretched out

'Twixt man and vanity; 't is reason's reign,

And virtue's too; these tutelary shades

Are man's asylum from the tainted throng.

Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too.

It no less rescues virtue, than inspires.

SWIFT.

Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last cost you the pains to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the thicker, homelier, and the coarser coat; and whereof, to a judicious palate, the maggots are the best. 'Tis a sack posset, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with judgment, may cost you a tooth, and pay you with nothing but a worm.

HUME.

The beauties of her person and graces of her air combined to make her the most amiable of women; and the charms of her address and conversation aided the impression which her lovely figure made on the heart of all beholders. Ambitious and active in her temper, yet inclined to cheerfulness and society; of a lofty spirit, constant and even vehement in her purpose, yet politic, gentle, and affable, in her demeanor, she seemed to partake only so much of the male virtues as to render her estimable, without relinquishing those soft graces which compose the proper ornament of her sex.

GIBBON.

In the second century of the Christian era, the empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown, and disciplined valour. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence.

JOHNSON.

Of genius, that power which constitutes a poet; that quality without which judgment is cold, and knowledge is inert; that energy which collects, combines, amplifies, and animates; the superiority must, with some hesitation, be allowed to Dryden. It is not to be inferred that of this poetical vigor Pope had only a little, because Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give place to Pope; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter paragraphs, he has not better poems.

BYRON.

Ancient of days! august Athena! where,

Where are thy men of might—thy grand in soul?

Gone—glimmering through the dream of things that were.

First in the race that led to Glory's goal,

They won, and passed away. Is this the whole?

A school-boy's tale—the wonder of an hour!

The warrior's-weapon and the sophist's stole

Are sought in vain, and o'er each mouldering tower,

Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of power.

SIR WALTER SCOTT.

The way was long, the wind was cold,

The Minstrel was infirm and old;

His withered cheek and tresses gray

Seemed to have known a better day;

The harp, his sole remaining joy,

Was carried by an orphan boy.

The last of all the bards was he

Who sung of border chivalry;

For, well-a-day! their dale was fled;

His tuneful brethren all were dead;

And he, neglected and oppressed,

Wished to be with them and at rest.

WORDSWORTH.

Ah! little doth the young one dream,

When full of play and childish cares,

What power is in his wildest scream,

Heard by his mother unawares!

He knows it not, he cannot guess;

Years to a mother bring distress;

But do not make her love the less.

My son, if thou be humbled, poor,

Hopeless of honor and of gain,

Oh! do not dread thy mother's door;

Think not of me with grief and pain.

I now can see with better eyes;

And worldly grandeur I despise,

And Fortune with her gifts and lies.

TENNYSON.

Not wholly in the busy world, nor quite

Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love.

News from the humming city comes to it

In sound of funeral or of marriage bells;

And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear

The windy clanging of the winter clock;

Although between it and the garden lies

A league of grass, washed by a slow broad stream,

That, stirred with languid pulses of the oar,

Waves all its lazy lilies, and creeps on,

Barge laden, to three arches of a bridge,

Crowned with the minster-towers.

PART V.—MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.

I.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS.

1.—NOUNS.

at'las, a collection of maps bound together: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders.

acad'emy, a superior grade school, a society of learned men: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught.

ammo'nia, the pungent matter of smelling salts: "Jupiter Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained.

bac'chanal, one who indulges in drunken revels: "Bacchus," the god of wine.

bow'ie knife, an American weapon: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor.

braggado'cio, a vain boaster: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.

bud'dhism, a wide-spread Asiatic religion: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C.

cal'vinism, the doctrines of Calvin: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the 16th century.

camel'lia, a genus of evergreen shrubs: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought them from Asia.

cicero'ne (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), a guide: "Cicero," the Roman orator.

cincho'na, Peruvian bark: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the diffusion of the remedy.

daguerre'otype, a picture produced on a metal plate: "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851).

dahl'ia, a garden plant: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist.

dunce, a dull, slow-witted person: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a Dunse; but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach.

ep'icure, one fond of good living: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good.

Fah'renheit, a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at 32° (which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor.

fuchsia (fu'sĭ-a), a genus of flowering plants: "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century.

gal'vanism, a branch of the science of electricity: "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer.

gen'tian, a medicinal root: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant.

gob'elin, a rich tapestry: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer.

guillotine', an instrument for beheading: "Guillotin," who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century.

hy'giene, the principles and rules of health: "Hygeia," the goddess of health in classical mythology.

Jes'uit, a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534: "Jesus."

lynch, to punish without the usual forms of law: said to be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands.

macad'amize, to cover a road with small broken stones: "Macadam," the inventor.

magno'lia, a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United States: "Magnol," a French botanist.

men'tor, a faithful monitor: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus.

mor'phia, the narcotic principle of opium: "Morpheus," the god of sleep.

ne'gus, a mixture of wine, water, and sugar: Colonel "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne.

or'rery, an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly bodies: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made.

palla'dium, something that affords effectual defense, protection, and safety: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town where it was lodged.

pan'ic, a sudden fright: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance.

pe'ony, a plant of the genus PÆONIA, having beautiful showy flowers: "Pæon," its discoverer.

pet'rel, an ocean bird: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea.

pha'eton, an open carriage: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phœbus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive.

pinch'beck, an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold: said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor.

quas'sia, a bitter wood used as a tonic: "Quassy," a negro who discovered its qualities.

rodomontade', vainbluster: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in Ariosto's poem of the Orlando Furioso.

silhouette (sil oo et'), the outline of an object filled in with black color: "Silhouette" (see Webster).

tan'talize, to torment or tease: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to partake.

typhoon', a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them.

volca'no, a burning mountain: "Vulcan," the god of fire.

2.—ADJECTIVES.

Amer'ican, relating to America: from "Amerigo (Latin, Americus) Vespucci"—contemporary of Columbus.

A'rian, relating to Arius: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the divinity of Christ.

Aristote'lian, relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by Aristotle: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C.

Armin'ian, relating to Arminius: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin.

Baco'nian, relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by Bacon: an English philosopher of the 17th century.

Carte'sian, relating to the philosophy of Descartes: a French philosopher of the 17th century.

ce'real, relating to grain: from "Ceres"—the Roman goddess of corn and tillage.

Coper'nican, relating to Copernicus: a German philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called the Copernican system.

Eliz'abethan, relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England: (1558-1603).

Eo'lian, relating to the wind: from "Æolus"—the god of the winds in classic mythology.

Eras'tian, relating to Erastus:—a German theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support or authority.

Escula'pian, relating to the healing art: from "Esculapius"—the god of the healing art among the Greeks.

Gor'dian, intricate, complicated, difficult: from "Gordius"—king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied.

Hercule'an, very large and strong: from "Hercules"—a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength.

hermet'ic, relating to Hermes—the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., hermetically, in a perfectly close manner.

Hudibras'tic, in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680).

jo'vial, gay, merry: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),—the planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under it of a joyous temper.

Linnæ'an, relating to Linnæus—the celebrated Swedish botanist.

Lu'theran, relating to the doctrines of Luther—a German religious teacher of the 16th century.

Machiavel'ian, cunning and sinister in politics: from "Machiaveli"—an Italian writer of the 15th century.

mercu'rial, active, sprightly—having the qualities fabled to belong to the god "Mercury."

Mosa'ic, relating to Moses, his writings or his time.

Newto'nian, relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy.

Pindar'ic, after the style and manner of Pindar—a lyric poet of Greece.

platon'ic, relating to the opinions or the school of Plato,—a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C.

Pluton'ic, relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire: from "Pluto"—in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions.

procrus'tean, relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by Procrustes—a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length.

Prome'thean, relating to Prometheus—a god fabled by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver.

Quixot'ic, absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote—described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th century.

Satur'nian, distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity; golden, happy: from "Saturn"—one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the golden age.

Socrat'ic, relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of Socrates—the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.).

stento'rian, very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor—a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice.

Thes'pian, relating to tragic action: from "Thespis"—the founder of the Greek drama.

Titan'ic, enormous in size and strength: from the "Titans"—fabled giants in classic mythology.

Uto'pian, ideal, fanciful, chimerical: from "Utopia"—an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society.

volta'ic, relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity: from "Volta"—who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action.

II.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES.

ag'ate, a precious stone: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found.

al'abaster, a variety of soft marble: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is found.

ar'ras, tapestry: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured.

arte'sian, applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure: "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been made.

At'tic, marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc.: "Attica," the country of the Athenians.

ban'tam, a small domestic fowl: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought.

barb, a Barbary horse: "Barbary," in Africa.

bay'onet, a dagger fixed on the end of a musket: "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679.

bedlam, a lunatic asylum: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics.

bur'gundy, a French wine: "Burgundy," where it is made.

cal'ico, a kind of cotton cloth: "Calicut," in India, where it was first manufactured.

cana'ry, a wine and a bird: the "Canary" Islands.

can'ter, an easy gallop: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither.

car'ronade, a short cannon: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first made.

cash'mere, a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat: "Cashmere," the country where first made.

chalced'ony, a variety of uncrystalized quartz: "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained.

champagne', a wine: "Champagne," in France, where produced.

cher'ry, a red stoned fruit: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy.

chest'nut, a fruit: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced into Europe.

cog'nac, a kind of French brandy: "Cognac," in France, where extensively made.

cop'per, a metal: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the metal.

cord'wainer, a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather: "Cordova," in Spain.

curaçoa', a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel: the island of "Curaçoa," where it was first made.

cur'rant, a small dried grape: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" is a corruption.

dam'ask, figured linen or silk: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made.

dam'son, a small black plum: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus.

delf, a kind of earthenware: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally made.

di'aper, a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc.: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured.

dim'ity, a figured cotton cloth: "Damietta," in Egypt.

gamboge', a yellow resin used as a paint: "Cambodia, where it is obtained.

ging'ham, cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven: "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made.

guin'ea, an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck.

gyp'sy, one of a wandering race: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated.

hol'land, a kind of linen cloth: "Holland," where first made.

hol'lands, a spirit flavored with juniper berries: "Holland," where it is extensively produced..

in'digo, a blue dye: "India".

jal'ap, a cathartic medicine: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first imported in 1610.

jet, a mineral used for ornament: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was obtained.

lan'dau, lan'daulet, a kind of carriage opening at the top: "Landau," a town in Germany.

madei'ra, a wine: "Madeira," where produced.

magne'sia, a primitive earth: "Magnesia," in Thessaly.

mag'net, the loadstone, or Magnesian stone.

malm'sey, a wine: "Malvasia," in the Morea.

mar'sala, a wine: "Marsala," in Sicily.

mean'der, to flow in a winding course: "Meander," a winding river in Asia Minor.

mil'liner, one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc.: "Milan," in Italy.

moroc'co, a fine kind of leather: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was originally made.

nankeen', a buff-colored cloth: "Nankin," in China, where first made.

pheas'ant, a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food: "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe.

pis'tol, a small hand gun: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made.

port, a wine: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped.

sardine', a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds.

sauterne', a wine: "Sauterne," in France, where produced.

sher'ry, a wine: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured.

span'iel, a dog of remarkable sagacity: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where originally found.

tar'iff, a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or exported: from an Arabic word, tarif, information.

to'paz, a precious stone: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it is found.

trip'oli, a fine grained earth used in polishing stones: "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained.

turquois', a bluish-green stone: "Turkey," whence it was originally brought.

worst'ed, well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool: "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made.

III.—ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES.

1.—TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.

antarc'tic: Gr. anti, opposite, and arktos, a bear. See arctic.

archipel'ago: Gr. archi, chief, and pelagos, sea, originally applied to the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands.

arc'tic: Gr. arktikos, from arktos, a bear and a northern constellation so called.

Atlan'tic: Lat. Atlanticus, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands.

ax'is: Lat. axis, an axletree.

bar'barous: Gr. barbaros, foreign.

bay: Fr. baie, from Lat. baia, an inlet.

can'cer: Lat. cancer, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

cape: Fr. cap, from Lat. caput, head.

cap'ital: Lat. capitalis, from caput, head.

cap'ricorn: Lat. caper, goat, and cornu, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

car'dinal: adj Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, cardinis, a hinge.

chan'nel: Lat. canalis, from canna, a reed or pipe.

cir'cle: Lat. circus, from Gr. kirkos, a ring.

circum'ference: Lat. circum, around, and ferre, to bear.

cit'y: Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas, a state or community.

civ'ilized: Lat. civilis, pertaining to an organized community.

cli'mate: Gr. klima, klimatos, slope, the supposed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles.

coast: Old Fr. coste (New Fr. côte), from Lat. costa, rib, side.

con'fluence: Lat. con, together, and fluere, to flow.

con'tinent: Lat. con, together, and tenere, to hold.

con'tour: Lat. con, together, and tornus, a lathe.

coun'ty: Fr. comte, from Lat. comitatus, governed by a count.

degree': Lat. de, and gradus, a step
diam'eter: Gr. dia, through, and metron, measure.

Equa'tor: Lat. equus, equal.

es'tuary: Lat. æstuare, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide.

frig'id: Lat. frigidus, from frigere, to be cold.

geog'raphy: Gr. ge, the earth, and graphe, a description.

globe: Lat. globus, a round body.

gulf: Fr. golfe, from Gr. kolpos, bosom, bay.

har'bor: Anglo-Saxon, hereberga, from beorgan, to shelter.

hem'isphere: Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, sphere.

hori'zon: Gr. horizein, to bound.

In'dian (ocean): India.

isth'mus: Gr. isthmos, a neck.

lake: Lat. lacus, a lake.

lat'itude: Lat. latitudo, from latus, broad.

lon'gitude: Lat. longitudo, from longus, long.

merid'ian: Lat. meridies (= medius, middle, and dies, day), noon.

metrop'olis: Gr. meter, mother, and polis, city.

mon'archy: Gr. monarchés, from monos, alone, and archein, to rule.

moun'tain: Fr. montagne, from Lat. mons, montis, a mountain.

ob'late: Lat. oblatus (ob and past part. of ferre, to bring), brought forward.

o'cean: Gr. okeanus, from okus, rapid, and nacin, to flow.

Pacif'ic: Lat. pacificus, from pax, pacis, peace, and facere, to make.

par'allel: Gr. para, beside, and allelon, of one another.

penin'sula: Lat. penes, almost, and insula, island.

phys'ical: Gr. physis (phusis), nature.

plain: Lat. planus, flat.

plane: Lat. planus, flat.

pole: Gr. polos, a pivot.

polit'ical: Gr. polis, a city or state.

prom'ontory: Lat. pro, before, and mons, montis, a mountain.

relief': Fr. relever, from Lat. relevare, to raise.

repub'lic: Lat. res, an affair, and publica, public: that is, a commonwealth.

riv'er: Fr. rivière, from Lat. ripa, a shore or bank.

sav'age: Fr. sauvage, from Lat. silva, a wood.

sea: Anglo-Saxon, sæ, the sea.

soci'ety: Lat. societas, from socius, a companion.

2.—TERMS IN GRAMMAR.

ad'jective, Lat. adjectivus, from ad and jacere, to add to: a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning.

ad'junct, Lat. adjunctus, from ad and jungere, to join to: a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence.

ad'verb, Lat. adverbium, from ad, to, and verbum, word, verb: a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

anal'ysis, Gr. analusis, from ana and luein, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: the separation of a sentence into its constituent elements.

antece'dent, Lat. antecedens, pres. part. of antecedere, to go before: the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun.

apposi'tion, Lat. appositio, from ad, to, and ponere, to place beside: the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting word between them.

ar'ticle, Lat. articulus, a little joint: one of the three words, a, an, or the.

auxil'iary, Lat. auxiliaris, from auxilium, help, aid: a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs.

case, Lat. casus, from cadere, to fall, to happen: a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

clause, Lat. claudere, clausum, to shut: a dependent proposition introduced by a connective.

compar'ison, Lat. comparatio, from comparare, to liken to: a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality.

com'plement, Lat. complementum, from con and plere, to fill fully: the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive verb.

com'plex (sentence), Lat. complexus, from con and plectere, to twist around: a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or more clauses.

com'pound (sentence), Lat. componere (= con and ponere), to put together: a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions.

conjuga'tion, Lat. conjugatio, from con and jugare, to join together: the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical forms.

conjunction, Lat. conjunctio, from con and jungere, to join together: a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences.

declen'sion, Lat. declinatio, from declinare, to lean or incline: the process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun.

ellip'sis, Gr. elleipsis, a leaving or defect: the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence.

etymol'ogy, Gr. etumologia, from etumon, the true literal sense of a word, and logos, a discourse: that division of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of words.

fem'inine (gender), Lat. femininus, from femina, woman: the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female sex.

gen'der, Lat. genus, generis, kind: a grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun.

gram'mar, Gr. gramma, a letter, through Fr. grammaire: the science of language.

imper'ative (mood), Lat. imperativus, from imperare, to command: the mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request.

indic'ative (mood), Lat. indicativus, from indicare, to proclaim: the mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact.

inflec'tion, Lat. inflexio, from inflectere, to bend in: a change in the ending of a word.

interjec'tion, Lat. interjectio, from inter and jacere, to throw between: a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence.

intran'sitive (verb), Lat. intransitivus = in, not, and transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to go beyond: a verb that denotes a state or condition, or an action not terminating on an object.

mas'culine (gender), Lat. masculus, male: the gender of a noun describing a person of the male sex.

mode. See mood.

mood, Lat. modus, through Fr. mode, manner: a grammatical form denoting the style of predication.

neu'ter (gender), Lat. neuter, neither: the gender of a noun denoting an object without life.

nom'inative (case), Lat. nominativus, from nomen, a name: that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb.

noun, Lat. nomen, a name, through Fr. nom: a name-word, the name of anything.

num'ber, Lat. numerus, through Fr. nombre, number: a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun.

ob'ject, Lat. ob and jacere, to set before: that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be directed.

objec'tive (case), Lat. objectivus, from ob and jacere: the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition.

parse, Lat. pars, a part: to point out the several parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another.

par'ticiple, Lat. participium, from pars, part, and capere, to take, to share: a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the adjective.

per'son, Lat. persona, the part taken by a performer: a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of.

phrase, Gr. phrasis, a brief expression, from phrazein, to speak: a combination of related words forming an element of a sentence.

ple'onasm, Gr. pleonasmos, from pleion, more: the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary.

plu'ral (number), Lat. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more: the number which designates more than one.

possess'ive (case), Lat. possessivus, from possidere, to own: that form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or possession.

poten'tial (mood), Lat. potens, potentis, being able: the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent.

predicate, Lat. prædicatum, from præ and dicare, to proclaim: the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject.

preposi'tion, Lat. præpositio, from præ and ponere, to put before: a connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word.

pro'noun, Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, and nomen, a noun: a word used instead of a noun.

prop'osition, Lat. propositio, from proponere (pro and ponere), to put forth: the combination of a subject with a predicate.

rel'ative (pronoun), Lat. relativus, from re and ferre, latus, to bear back: a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun.

sen'tence, Lat. sententia, from sentire, to think: a combination of words expressing a complete thought.

sim'ple (sentence), Lat. simplex, from sine, without, and plica, fold: a sentence having but one subject and one predicate.

sub'ject, Lat. subjectus, from sub and jacere, to place under: that of which something is predicated.

subjunc'tive (mood), Lat. subjunctivus, from sub and jungere, to subjoin: the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of.

syn'tax, Gr. suntaxis, from sun, together, and taxis, arrangement: that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in sentences.

tense, Lat. tempus, time, through Fr. temps: a grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event.

tran'sitive, Lat. transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to pass over: a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object.

verb, Lat. verbum, a word: a word that predicates action or being.

voice, Lat. vox, vocis, voice, through Fr. voix: a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action.

3.—TERMS IN ARITHMETIC.

addi'tion, Lat. additio, from addere, to add.

al'iquot, Lat. aliquot, some.

arith'metic, Gr. adj. arithmetike, numerical, from n. arithmos, number.

avoirdupois', Fr. avoir du pois, to have [a fixed or standard] weight.

cancella'tion, Lat. cancellatio, from cancellare, to make like a lattice (cancelli), to strike or cross out.

cent, Lat. centum, a hundred.

ci'pher, Arabic sifrun, empty, zero.

cube, Gr. kubos, a cubical die.

dec'imal, Lat. decimus, tenth, from decem, ten.

denom'inator, Lat. denominare, from de and nominare (nomen, a name), to call by name.

dig'it, Lat. digitus, a finger.

div'idend, Lat. dividendus, to be divided, from dividere, to divide.

divis'ion, Lat. divisio, from dividere, to divide.

divi'sor, Sp. divisor, that which divides, from Lat. dividere, to divide.

dol'lar, Ger. thaler, an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.

equa'tion, Lat. æquatio, from æquus, equal.

expo'nent, Lat. exponens, pres. part. of exponere, to set forth (= ex and ponere).

fac'tor, Lat. factor, that which does something, from facere, factum, to do or make.

fig'ure, Lat. figura, shape, from fingere, to form or shape.

frac'tion, Lat. fractio, from frangere, to break.

in'teger, Lat. integer, untouched, whole.

in'terest, Lat. interest = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of interesse, to be between, to be of importance).

min'uend, Lat. minuendus, to be diminished, from minuere, to lessen.

mul'tiple, Lat. multiplex, from multus, much, and plicare, to fold.

mul'tiply, multiplication, etc. See multiple.

naught, Anglo-Sax. nawhit, from ne, not, and awiht or auht, aught, anything.

nota'tion, Lat. notatio, from notare, to mark (nota, a mark).

numera'tion, Lat. numeratio, from numerus, a number.

quo'tient, Lat. quoties, how often, how many times, from quot, how many.

subtraction, Lat. subtractio, from sub and trahere, to draw from under.

u'nit, Lat. unus, one.

ze'ro, Arabic çifrun, empty, cipher.

Notes.

1 To teachers who are unacquainted with the original Word-Analysis, the following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:—

"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with the root, and in fact makes its primary meaning by the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the definition,—a method by which the definition is seen to grow out of the primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative meanings,—thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical exercises on the use of words. The experienced instructor very well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a realization can only be gained by using the word,—by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once simplicity and fruitfulness,—the two desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline."

2 "Etymology," Greek et'umon, the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, and log'os, a discourse.

3 "Vocabulary," Latin vocabula'rium, a stock of words; from vox, vocis, a voice, a word.

4 By the Low German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to High German, or German proper.

5 For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may suffice.

6 Fen'do, fen'dere, is used in Latin only in composition.

7 Another mode of spelling defense.

8 From pass and over, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians passed over the houses of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb.

9 For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's Unabridged.

10 For is different from fore, and corresponds to the German ver, different from vor.

A, be, for, ge, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal nouns.—BOSWORTH.

11 Ster was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. Ster is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster.

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Table of Contents

NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:

- SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES

- SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND THE USE OF WORDS.

- NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO

- AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

- PREFACE.

- CONTENTS.

- PART I.

- PART II.

- PART III.

- PART IV.

- PART V.

WORD-ANALYSIS.

PART I.—INTRODUCTION.

- I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

- II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.

- III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

- EXERCISE.

- IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS.

- Rule 1.—Final "e" followed by a Vowel.

- Rule II.—Final "e" followed by a Consonant.

- Rule III.—Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.

- Rule IV.—Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.

- Rule V.—Doubling.

- Rule VI.—No Doubling.

PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.

- I.—LATIN PREFIXES.

- II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.

- CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

- II.

- III.

- EXERCISE. I.

- 1. Nouns.

- 2. Verbs.

- 3. Adjectives.

- 1. Nouns.

- 2. Verbs.

- 3. Adjectives.

- II.

- III.

- III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

- Pronunciation of Latin Words.

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.—METHOD OF STUDY.

- 1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, to do, to drive.

- EXERCISE.

- 2. ALIE'NUS, another, foreign.

- EXERCISE.

- 3. AMA'RE, to love, AMI'CUS, a friend.

- EXERCISE.

- 4. AN'IMUS, mind, passion; AN'IMA, life.

- EXERCISE.

- 5. AN'NUS, a year.

- EXERCISE.

- 6. ARS, ar'tis, art, skill.

- EXERCISE.

- 7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, to hear.

- EXERCISE.

- 8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, the head.

- EXERCISE.

- 9. CI'VIS, a citizen.

- EXERCISE.

- 10. COR, cor'dis, the heart.

- EXERCISE.

- 11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, the body.

- EXERCISE.

- 12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, to believe.

- EXERCISE.

- 13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, to run.

- EXERCISE.

- 14. DIG'NUS, worthy.

- EXERCISE.

- 15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, to teach.

- EXERCISE.

- 16. DOM'INUS, a master or lord.

- EXERCISE.

- 17. FI'NIS, an end or limit.

- EXERCISE.

- 18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, to flow.

- EXERCISE.

- 19. GREX, gre'gis, a flock or herd.

- EXERCISE.

- 20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, to go.

- EXERCISE.

- 21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, a stone.

- EXERCISE.

- 22. LEX, le'gis, a law or rule.

- EXERCISE.

- 23. LIT'ERA, a letter.

- EXERCISE.

- 24. MORS, mortis, death.

- EXERCISE.

- 25. NOR'MA, a rule.

- EXERCISE.

- 26. OR'DO, or'dinis, order.

- EXERCISE.

- 27. PARS, par'tis, a part or share.

- EXERCISE.

- 28. PES, pe'dis, a foot.

- EXERCISE.

- 29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break.

- EXERCISE.

- 30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, time.

- EXERCISE.

DIVISION II.—ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A'CER, a'cris, sharp; Acer'bus, bitter; Ac'idus, sour; Ace'tum, vinegar.

2. AE'DES, a house.

3. Æ'QUUS, equal: Æqua'lis, equal, just.

4. Æ'VUM, an age; Æter'nitas, eternal.

5. A'GER, a'gri, a field, land.

6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum or al'tum, to nourish; ALES'CERE: ales'co to grow up.

7. AL'TER, another; Alter'nus, one after another.

8. ANTI'QUUS, old, ancient.

9. AP'TUS, fit, suitable.

10. A'QUA, water.

11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, a judge or umpire.

12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, a tree.

13. AR'MA, arms, weapons.

14. ARTIC'ULUS, a little joint.

15. AS'PER, rough.

16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, to increase.

17. A'VIS, a bird; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, a soothsayer.

18. BAR'BARUS, savage, uncivilized.

19. BIS, twice or two.

20. BO'NIS, good; Be'ne, well.

EXERCISE.

21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, to fall.

22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, to cut, to kill.

23. CAL'CULUS, a pebble.

24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow); Can'didus, white.

25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, to sing; Fr chanter, to sing.

26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, to take.

27. CA'RO, carnis, flesh.

28. CAU'SA, a cause.

29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, to beware.

30. CA'VUS, hollow.

31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, to go, to yield.

32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, to weigh, to estimate, to tax.

33. CEN'TRUM, the middle point.

34. CEN'TUM, a hundred.

35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, to sift, to see, to judge; Discrimen, discrim'inis, distinction.

36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, to contend, to vie.

37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, to gird.

38. CIR'CUS, a circle; cir'culus, a little circle.

39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, to stir up, to rouse.

40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, to cry out, to shout; Clam'or, a loud cry.

EXERCISE.

41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, to shut, to close.

42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, to bend; Cli'vus, a slope or hill.

43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, to till, to cultivate (Low Lat. Cultiva're, to cultivate).

44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, to create.

45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, to grow.

46. CRUX, cru'cis, a cross.

47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (in compos, cumbo), cub'itum, to lie down.

48. CU'RA, care.

49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, to give.

50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, to owe.

51. DE'CEM, ten; Dec'imus, the tenth.

52. DENS, den'tis, a tooth.

53. DE'US, a God; Divi'nus, relating to God, divine.

54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, to say.

55. DI'ES, a day; French jour, a day.

56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, to divide, to separate.

57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, to grieve.

58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, to lead, to bring forward.

59. DU'O, two.

60. DU'RUS, hard, lasting; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, to last.

EXERCISE.

62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, to wander.

63. ES'SE, to be; en, en'tis, being.

64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, to do or make; French Faire.

65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, to deceive; French Faillir, to fall short or do amiss.

66. FA'NUM, a temple.

67. FA'RI, fa'tus, to speak.

68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (in comp. fes'sus), to acknowledge, to show.

69. FELIX, feli'cis, happy.

70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, to keep off, to strike.6

71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, to bear, to carry.

72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, to boil; Fermen'tum, leaven.

73. FES'TUS, joyful, merry.

74. FID'ERE: fi'do, to trust; Fi'des, faith; Fide'lis, trusty.

75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, to join, fix, pierce.

76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, to form, to feign; Figu'ra, a shape.

77. FIR'MUS, strong, stable.

78. FLAM'MA, a stream of fire.

EXERCISE.

79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, to bend.

80. FLOS, flo'ris, a flower.

81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, a league or treaty.

82. FO'LIUM, a leaf.

83. FOR'MA, shape, form.

84. FOR'TIS, strong.

85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, to break; Fra'gilis, easily broken.

86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, a brother; Frater'nus, brotherly.

87. FRONS, fron'tis, the forehead.

88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, to enjoy; Fru'ges, corn; French Fruit, fruit.

89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, to flee.

90. FU'MUS, smoke.

91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, to pour.

92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, to bear or carry.

93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, to beget; Gens, gen'tis, a clan or nation, Ge'nus, gen'eris, a kind.

94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, to walk.

95. GRA'TUS, thankful, pleasing.

96. GRA'VIS, heavy.

97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, to have or hold; HABITA'RE, hab'ito, habita'tum, to use frequently, to dwell.

98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, to stick.

99. HÆRES, hære'dis, an heir or heiress; French Hériter, to be heir to.

100. HO'MO, hom'inis, a man; Huma'nus, human.

EXERCISE.

101. HU'MUS, the earth; Hu'milis, on the ground, lowly.

102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, to throw or cast.

103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, to join; Ju'gum, a yoke.

104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, to swear.

105. JUS, ju'ris, right law; Jus'tus, lawful; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, a judge.

106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, to gather, to read.

107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, to raise; Le'vis, easily raised, light; French Lever, to rise or raise.

108. LI'BER, free.

109. LO'CUS: a place.

110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, to speak.

111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, to play or deceive.

112. LUX, lu'cis, light; Lu'men, lu'minis, light.

113. MAG'NUS, great; Ma'jor, greater; Magis'ter, master.

114. MA'NUS, the hand; French Main, the hand.

115. MA'RE, the sea.

116. ME'DIUS, the middle.

117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, to remember; Me'mor, mindful; MEMORA'RE mem'oro, memora'tum, to remember, to mention.

118. MENS, men'tis, the mind.

EXERCISE.

119. MER'CES, hire; Merx, mer'cis, merchandise.

120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, to dip, to sink.

121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, to remove.

122. MI'LES, mil'itis, a soldier.

123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, to hang over.

124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, to lessen; Mi'nor, less; Mi'nus, less.

125. MINIS'TER, a servant or attendant.

126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, to wonder.

127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, to mingle.

128. MI'SER, wretched.

129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, to send or cast.

130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, to keep within bounds; Mo'dus, a measure or manner.

131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, to remind, to warn.

132. MONS, mon'tis, a mountain.

133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, to point out, to show.

134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, to bite.

135. MOS, mo'ris, manner, custom; pl. Mo'res, manners or morals.

136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, to move.

137. MUL'TUS, multi, many, much.

138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, a gift, a service.

139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, to change.

140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, na'tus, to be born, to grow; Natu'ra, nature.

141. NA'VIS, a ship.

142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, to tie or bind.

EXERCISE.

143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, to deny.

144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, neither of the two.

145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, to hurt.

146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, a name.

147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, to know; No'ta, a mark.

148. NO'VUS, new.

149. NU'MERUS, a number.

150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, to announce; Nun'cius, a messenger.

151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, to nourish.

152. O'PUS, op'eris, a work or deed; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, to work.

153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, and pas'sum, to spread; Pas'sus, a step.

154. PAR, equal.

155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, to make ready, to prepare; SEPARA'RE: sep'aro, separa'tum, to separate.

156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, a father; Pa'tria, one's native country.

157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, to bear, to suffer.

158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, to drive.

159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, to hang.

160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, to weigh, to pay.

161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, to attack, to seek.

EXERCISE

162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, to twist; PLICA'RE: pli'co, plica'tum, and plic'itum, to fold.

163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, to place.

164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, to carry.

165. POS'SE, to be able; Po'tens, poten'tis, powerful, mighty.

166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, to lay hold of, to seize.

167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, to press.

168. PRI'MUS, first; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, chief, original.

169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, to try, to prove.

170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, to prick; Punc'tum, a point.

171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, to think, to prune, to count or reckon.

172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry away.

173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, to rule; Rec'tus, straight.

174. RI'VUS, a river.

175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, to ask.

176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break.

177. SA'CER, sa'cri, holy.

178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, health; Sal'vus, safe.

179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (in comp. scen'do), scan'dum (in comp. scen'sum), to climb.

180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, to write.

181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, to cut.

182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (in comp. se'do), ses'sum, to sit.

183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, to feel, to think.

184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, to follow.

185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, to save, to keep, to bind.

EXERCISE.

186. SIG'NUM, a sign.

187. SIM'ILIS, like.

188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, to cause to stand, to stand.

189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, to loosen.

190. SPEC'ERE or SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio or spi'cio, spec'tum, to behold; Spe'cies, a kind.

191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, to breathe; Spir'itus, breath, spirit.

192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, to promise.

193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (in comp. sti'tum, to stand; pres. part. stans, stan'tis, standing); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, to cause to stand; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, to station, to fix, to place.

194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, to bind; to draw tight.

195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, to build, to place in order.

196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, to take; Sump'tus, cost, expense.

197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, to touch.

198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum or ten'tum, to stretch.

199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, to hold; French Tenir (radical tain), to hold.

200. TER'RA, the earth.

201. TES'TIS, a witness.

202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, to twist.

203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, to draw; Fr. Trair, past part. Trait.

204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, to allot, to give.

205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, to thrust.

206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus or tu'tus, to watch.

207. UN'DA, a wave.

208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, to use.

209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, to go.

210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, to be strong, to be of value; Val'idus, strong; Va'le, farewell.

211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, to come, to go.

212. VER'BUM, a word.

213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, to turn.

214. VE'RUS, true; Ve'rax, vera'cis, veracious.

215. VI'A, a way.

216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, to see.

217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, to conquer.

218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, to call; Vox, vo'cis, the voice.

219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, to roll.

220. VUL'GUS, the common people.

PART III.—THE GREEK ELEMENT.

- I.—GREEK PREFIXES.

- II.—GREEK ALPHABET.

- Pronunciation of Greek Words.

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

- DIVISION I.—PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.

- 1. A'ER (αηρ), the air.

- 2. AG'EIN (αγειν), to lead.

- 3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.

- 4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), to bring tidings; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), a messenger.

- 5. AR'CHE (αρχη), beginning, government, chief.

- 6. AS'TRON (αστρον), a star.

- 7. AU'TOS (αυτος), one's self.

- 8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), to throw or cast.

- 9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), to wash, to dip.

- 10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.

- 11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), a letter

- 12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), to write.

- 13. HOD'OS ('οδος), a way.

- 14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), water.

- 15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), rule, government, strength.

- 16. LOG'OS (λογος), speech, ratio, description, science.

- 17. MET'RON (μετρον) a measure.

- 18. MON'OS (μονος), sole, alone.

- 19. O'DE (ωδε), a song.

- EXERCISE.

- 20. ON'OMA (ονομα), a name.

- 21. PAN (παν, παντος), all; whole.

- 22. PA'THOS (παθος), suffering, feeling.

- 23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), a friend, a lover.

- 24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), to cause to appear; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), an image, an idea.

- 25. PHO'NE (φωνη), a sound.

- 26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), light.

- 27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), nature.

- 28. POL'IS (πολις), a city.

- 29. RHE'O ('ρεω), I flow, I speak.

- 30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), to see, to watch.

- 31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), arranged; TAX'IS (ταξις), arrangement.

- 32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), art.

- 33. THE'OS (θεος), God.

- 34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), to place, to set.

- 35. TON'OS (τονος), tension, tone.

- REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.

- DIVISION II.—ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.

PART IV.—THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.

- I.—ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES.

- II.—ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.

- ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

- Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally translated into Modern English.

- Specimens of Semi-Saxon and Early English.

- Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English.

PART V.—MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.

- I.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. 1.—NOUNS.

- 2.—ADJECTIVES.

- II.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES.

III.—ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES.

- 1.—TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.

- 2.—TERMS IN GRAMMAR.

- 3.—TERMS IN ARITHMETIC.

Notes.

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