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Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees

Author: Franklin Allison Cresee

Release Date: September 20, 2007 [EBook #22683]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ***

A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED,

IS A STEPPING STONE

TO SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.

PRACTICAL

POINTERS for PATENTEES

CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION

AND ADVICE ON THE SALE

OF PATENTS

AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS

EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL

INVENTORS IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS

By

F. A. CRESEE, M.E.

Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population

of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census

MUNN & CO., INC.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE

361 Broadway

NEW YORK

1912

Copyright, 1901, by the

POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY

Copyright, 1902, by

MUNN & COMPANY

Copyright, 1906, by

MUNN & COMPANY

Copyright, 1912, by

MUNN & CO., INC.

New York

MACGOWAN & SLIPPER

30 Beekman Street

PREFACE

The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his invention in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the Patent Office Examiner. When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's real work begins—that of turning the patent into money. This is the business end of the inventor's work, which is generally to his interest financially to undertake himself, or to have under his immediate supervision.

The object of this little work, based upon the experience and observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to realize from his invention.

The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their respective patentees, who in many cases have no definite p. 4lines to pursue in negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from their inventions through careless or bad management, while others, through incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous patent-selling agents only to be swindled.

The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents, and advance them on the road to success.

It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents, not only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms, statistics, etc., etc.

Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope that it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by

THE AUTHOR.

CONTENTS

p. 5

CHAPTER I.

DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT.

Monopoly in Patents—Industrial Progress Based upon the Patent System

9-12

CHAPTER II.

INCOME FROM INVENTIONS.

Independence through Successful Invention—Unprofitable Patents—Money in Patents—Business Capacity of the Inventor—Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance

13-19

CHAPTER III.

SECURING CAPITAL.

Danger in an Undivided Interest—A Better Plan—Form of Agreement—Perfecting Inventions—Exhibit of Inventions—To Avoid Being "Squeezed"—Value of Record of Invention—Newspaper Notoriety

20-29

CHAPTER IV.

HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT.

Pecuniary Value—Commercial Value—Basis for Estimation—General Rules for Valuation—How Rating for Royalty Is Figured—Stock in Stock Companies—Prices for Territorial Rights—Valuation Tables

30-40

p. 6

CHAPTER V.

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.

Patent-selling Agencies—The Best Selling Agent—In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling—Methods of Selling Patents—About Advertising—How to Write an Advertisement—Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties—How to Correspond with Manufacturers—Circulars—Illustrations—About Getting up Circulars—Copies of Patents, How to Secure—Uses of Printed Copies—First Impressions All—important—Value of Models—Working Drawings

41-54

CHAPTER VI.

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.—Continued

Value of Personal Influence—Personal Solicitation Advisable—Selling Outright—Assigning an Undivided Interest—Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights—Granting Licenses—Placing upon Royalty—Manufacturing and Forming Companies—To Organize Stock Companies—Trading as a Last Resort

55-72

CHAPTER VII.

CANADIAN PATENTS.

About Canadian Patents—Selling Canadian Patents— Population of Canadian Cities

73-78

p. 7

CHAPTER VIII.

DECISIONS AND NOTES.

Assignments—Territorial Grants—Licenses—Patent Title—Rules of Practice—Assignments—Assignees— Grantees—Mortgages—Licensees—Must be Recorded— Conditional Assignments—State Laws on Selling Patents

79-91

CHAPTER IX.

THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS.

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined—The Language of Law—Assignment of Entire Interest in Letters Patent—Assignment of an Undivided Interest—Grant of a Territorial Interest—License; Shop Right—License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty—License; Exclusive, with Royalty

92-105

CHAPTER X.

TABLES AND STATISTICS.

Map of the United States—Official Census of the United States by Counties for 1910—Population of Cities of the United States—Number, Acreage and Value of Farms, by States—Table of Occupations

106-141

INDEX

142-146

p. 8

p. 9

PRACTICAL

POINTERS for PATENTEES

CHAPTER I

DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT

That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no doubt. There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings, require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization.

At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready to invest in anyp. 10 practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of monopoly under the patent laws.

Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and thus make their business more profitable.

Monopoly in Patents.

Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of business men. The monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the patent laws is, perhaps, the one monopoly that directly benefits the world. Were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by governments, for a certain number of years, to disclose their inventions, inventors would simply keep them secret, or if used at all, would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large from learning of or utilizing them, thus debarring the public as a whole from their benefits. This monopoly in patents has had much to do with the material progress of the world during the century just ended.

Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a fortune. If capitalists andp. 11 manufacturers can secure the control of any new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees handsomely for patents covering such inventions.

There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can be supplied some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the firm or person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the only limits to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately protected by a valid patent.

Industrial Progress Based on the Patent System.

In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly sets forth that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United States is either directly or indirectly based upon patents. This vast amount of money, upward of six thousand millions of dollars, conp. 12tinually employing great armies of people, in industries based upon patents of every class, supplies the country with improved articles of every description. It has been well said that, "Patents and trade go hand in hand."

The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions, and patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not telegraphs, telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all business houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or Edisons, yet all over this country, and others as well, there are springing up a great number of moderately large growing firms who, ever on the alert for success, devise or secure control of some valuable patent, by which they can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines of industry.

Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a good and valid patent.

p. 13

CHAPTER II

INCOME FROM INVENTIONS

It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that there are at least fifty patents in the United States which yield over $1,000,000 annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 800 which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between 15,000 and 20,000 that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these, there are thousands upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a wage-earner.

Independence through Successful Invention.

There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees of the United States for thousands of dollars; and, to the already long list of successful inventors, each year adds many more, who have become independent through the proper handling of the product of their ingenuity. Indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the average person to attain independence andp. 14 wealth than by inventing something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money. The inventive field is large, and each invention opens up a new field for improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps the greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements in the sciences, arts, and manufactures.

Unprofitable Patents.

It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes, and one may lose money in patents as well as in any other business. There are thousands of patents, many having merit no doubt, which have never been sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits, effect their sale, or manufacture; this in many instances is owing to incompetency, or bad management on the part of the patentee or his agents. There are thousands of other patents that do not prove remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while still others are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or no value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many of the last class.

As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not pay—and many nop. 15 doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case in any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if properly managed.

Money in Patents.

That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week. Probably about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite view of manufacturing their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture.

It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent, and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However, when large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well.p. 16

Business Capacity of the Inventor.

It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in the patent itself, but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords, and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the business capacity of the inventor or his agents. Owing to his business ability, one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising improvement, while another, through bad or careless management, will realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention.

Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000. These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better illustrate my meaning:

"A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters, took a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent.

"Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him $60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain.p. 17 A third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and finally sold it for about $60,000.

"These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a superficial observer of little value."

Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management they have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case worthy of note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a toy game which any person could have thought of, but few would have considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused, and afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent on each one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a year. Another borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway tie plate, which was bought by ap. 18 corporation for $25,000, after having manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others, who have realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent.

Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their inventions for them.

Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance.

Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor," and it is a singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men and women of limited means than by those whose wealth, education, and other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success in a field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to discover and improve their defects.

A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents, said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention. Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and ingenuity to betterp. 19 or more profitable advantage than to invent something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and taken high places among noted men of all times.

Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing, but this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few enormous fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of speculation."

p. 20

CHAPTER III

SECURING CAPITAL

It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the case with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the expense incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning to another an undivided interest in his invention.

Danger in an Undivided Interest.

Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it, and many patentees have been misled, supposing that under the assignment the proceeds from the patent should be divided pro rata, according to the several interests. This, however, is notp. 21 the case in such assignments, and joint-ownership of a patent, or interest therein, does not of itself, without an express agreement to that effect, make the parties partners. They are merely tenants in common, each having the right to separately make, use, or sell the invention so assigned without liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits derived from the invention through their own efforts.

In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants, such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed, the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the assignee of an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the invention shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an express agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee will have a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees shouldp. 22 especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided interest in their patents.

A Better Plan.

A better procedure to secure means necessary for the development, introduction, and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county right, or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a party willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case, whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the understanding between the parties. The following form secures both parties, and will be suggestive of others:

Form of Agreement.

Whereas I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful improvements inp. 23 Telegraph Keys, for which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States, bearing date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and whereas John Roe, of Camden, County of Camden, and State of New Jersey, is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net profits arising from the sale or working of the said invention covered by the said Letters Patent.

Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto paid to the other, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as follows:

First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary to the construction of a suitable model to represent the said invention; that he shall pay all necessary expense in advertising and bringing said invention before interested parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing a working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention, its manufacture, and sale.

Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said invention and Letters Patent, in consideration of the payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay the said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or other amount agreed upon) ofp. 24 all the net receipts in any manner arising from the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the term for which said patent is granted.

Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.

RICHARD DOE,

JOHN ROE.

In the presence of:

JOHN SMITH,

THOS. JONES.

Perfecting Inventions.

Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and arrangement of the parts? The best opinion seems to be in favor of the prompt filing of the application. The final form of the details can best be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers, who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as essential as the efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly, therefore, the inventor cannot decide as to all the details; why then should he delay his application?

The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features, so as to conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable feap. 25tures of the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind.

Exhibit of the Invention.

Under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his idea, the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and improving his invention, and can then file an additional application if necessary, to secure special protection on particular improvements or the improved invention as a whole. The early filing of an application may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of priority. When the inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general, there is no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he can, and in as attractive shape as possible.

To Avoid being "Squeezed."

The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let it be known that he is in want; of course, in some cases he cannot help himself, but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from his acquaintances, and under no circumstances let those with whom he is trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition, as capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor when known to be in straitened circumstances, and the patentee probably wouldp. 26 not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could. Therefore, it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no impatience, remain silent as to his financial condition, and strive to impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be "squeezed."

Value of Record of Invention.

Inventors, while working on a complicated machine, should not overlook the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the development, illustrating it with sketches, signing and dating them with each new addition, and, when practical, having it witnessed by one or more persons. This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a caveat. Such a record will be found very valuable in case of an infringement, as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps of his invention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached. Such a record of a complicated invention, when the inventor has put much time and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will also be found valuable in effecting sales, and in fixing the price of the patent.

Prejudice against Patents.

It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents, which sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to take hold of any patent; especially is this truep. 27 when the patentee endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; that is, by county, township, shop, or farm rights. No matter how important or valuable the invention may be, there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious how they invest in them.

The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights, not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into purchasing patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists, this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the patent rests solely upon its own merits.

Newspaper Notoriety.

Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in their inventions. This is a matter of great consequence to the inventor in exploiting his invention, and should be given some attention. Newspapers desire items of interest of every description, and readers are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention possessingp. 28 novelty or merit; so that when the inventor once gets his invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers, with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract the attention of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put the invention in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in no other way—certainly in no cheaper way.

Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form, containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted to this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's interests.

With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor large returns.

If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns; usingp. 29 the large daily papers, or such publications which in some way relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to reach. See about advertising on page 46.

p. 30

CHAPTER IV

HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT

Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will advance civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the conveniences and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about how much it will net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should not lose sight of the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public, or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately come from the sale of the manufactured article.

Pecuniary Value.

It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent aside from an invention is of no value, though many inventors are under the erroneous impression that if an invention possesses patentability, it must also necessarily have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniaryp. 31 value whatever, the invention must cover something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a demand created, for it cannot be disputed, that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing it, it is, in a financial sense, worthless; and the patent thereon is therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing.

Commercial Value.

An invention, to have commercial value, as previously stated, must cover something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a demand created. It may be an entirely new device, or it may be an improvement upon an existing invention, but in any event it must contain a certain degree of utility. In rare cases inventors are able to hit upon an invention in an entirely new field; for these a demand has to be created. For improvements, however, as a general thing, the demand already exists; then the important question arises in determining the commercial value of the patent. "Does the invention in question possess sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the same class?" In order to do this, it must be of a simpler or cheaper construction, so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work quicker and at less expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A patented improvep. 32ment upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or one which will yield better results than those now selling well on the market, has a decided commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price. If the inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his invention, the value is doubled and success certain.

Basis for Estimation.

Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how to arrive at a just valuation of his patent, and to know just exactly what he should receive for it. This is a very important question, and one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations. Patentees should not, of course, undervalue their patents, or accept the first small offer made for fear of not receiving another; at the same time, they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that cannot be obtained, which too frequently precludes all chances of a sale. Many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price.

Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their untried patents willp. 33 require the greater bulk of the profits to be derived from it.

General Rules for Valuation.

It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be given, as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its own merits. Undoubtedly, the best and most practical method of ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the articles manufactured—say five hundred or a thousand—and try the experiment of introducing them in a small territory; that is, in a certain county, city, or town, taking great precaution in selecting a person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a business-like manner. This method demonstrates conclusively whether or not the invention will meet with success, and with these figures at hand the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the satisfaction of interested parties, just what the patent is really worth.

This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position to be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in proportion to the success of the trial experiment.p. 34

In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents.

If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales, interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a liberally fair profit.

While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or ever will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an article of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the inventorp. 35 can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire population, though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular consumption, so that the people reached would naturally purchase the article again a number of times during the course of a year.

The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth, which too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment; they should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others view it. It may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed in 1911, and it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good thing in the line of patents.

How Rating for Royalty Is Figured.

Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by any other means, and quite often the patent can be placed this way when it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price. In determining what royalty the patentee should receive,p. 36 he should carefully estimate, in connection with the probable number of sales, what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each, or a number of the articles containing the patented improvements, and should require about twenty-five per cent. of the profits as royalty. Another method used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article can be retailed, and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and one-tenth of the retail price. Either of the above should give the approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts. For non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for exclusive rights.

Stock in Stock Companies.

There is another class of patents that can be best realized from by organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies, and manufacturing the invention, the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and assigning the patent to the company. The patentee should receive between one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his assigning his patent and rights to the company.

The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid and non-assessable.p. 37

Prices for Territorial Rights.

In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the application of the invention to that section must be taken into consideration, as well as the advancement in manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all States alike, such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation.

There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments, etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin, seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more valuable than other States and counties of same population.

Valuation Tables.

The following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative value of the different States and divisions in the majority of cases; however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though theyp. 38 may serve to materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each State in his own case. Having determined the value of the patent as a whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about two-thirds more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold separately, while others may have to be sold at a discount.

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS

STATES AND

TERRITORIES.

PRICE AS A WHOLE.

$1,000

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

Maine

35

175

350

500

700

New Hampshire

30

150

300

450

600

Vermont

30

150

300

450

600

Massachusetts

50

225

500

750

1,000

Rhode Island

20

100

200

300

400

Connecticut

35

175

350

500

700

New York

65

300

650

950

1,200

Pennsylvania

65

300

650

950

1,200

New Jersey

40

200

400

600

800

N   . ATLANTIC DIVISION.

$370

$1,775

$3,700

$5,450

$7,200

p. 39

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS—Continued

STATES AND

TERRITORIES.

PRICE AS A WHOLE.

$1,000

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

Delaware

20

100

200

300

400

Maryland

40

200

400

600

800

District of Columbia

15

75

150

200

300

Virginia

35

200

400

600

800

West Virginia

35

175

300

500

700

North Carolina

35

150

300

450

600

South Carolina

35

150

350

500

700

Georgia

40

200

400

600

800

Florida

15

75

150

200

300

S   . ATLANTIC DIVISION.

$270

$1,325

$2,700

$3,950

$5,400

Ohio

60

300

600

900

1,100

Indiana

55

275

550

800

1,000

Illinois

65

300

650

950

1,200

Michigan

45

200

350

600

800

Wisconsin

40

150

275

400

500

Minnesota

45

200

350

600

800

Iowa

40

175

350

500

700

Missouri

45

225

450

650

900

North Dakota

25

75

150

200

300

South Dakota

30

100

200

300

400

Nebraska

30

150

300

450

600

Kansas

40

175

300

500

700

N   . CENTRAL DIVISION.

$485

$2,325

$4,525

$6,850

$9,000

p. 40

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS—Continued

STATES AND

TERRITORIES.

PRICE AS A WHOLE.

$1,000

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

Kentucky

40

200

375

600

700

Tennessee

30

175

350

500

700

Alabama

30

150

300

450

600

Mississippi

30

150

300

450

600

Louisiana

35

175

300

500

700

Texas

35

175

300

500

700

Oklahoma

20

100

200

300

400

Arkansas

20

75

150

200

300

S   . CENTRAL DIVISION.

$230

$1,200

$2,275

$3,500

$4,700

Montana

15

100

175

250

300

Colorado

40

175

350

350

700

New Mexico

15

50

100

150

200

Arizona

15

50

100

150

200

Utah

15

50

100

150

200

Idaho

10

50

75

100

200

Washington

15

50

100

150

200

Oregon

20

75

125

200

300

California

50

250

450

700

900

W   ESTERN DIVISION.

$235

$975

$1,800

$2,750

$3,700

G   RAND TOTAL.

$1,600

$7,600

$15,000

$22,500

$30,000

p. 41

CHAPTER V

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS

While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure; and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial proceeding of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence and care in managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's real work begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention.

Patent-selling Agencies.

For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called patent-selling agencies, which under various imposing titles, coupled with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business, tempt each patentee, upon the issue of his patent, to place the same in their hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. Their propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared; their offers appear to be "gilt edge"; their circulars are high-sounding andp. 42 rose-colored; their contracts are formal looking, and drawn up in an impressive way, highly advantageous to the patentee; but it will be noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a certain sum under some pretence,—such as to cover the cost of advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to secure copies of the patent for distribution, to have a cut made illustrating the invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters not what, so long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both the United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this is only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent through them—they having no facilities for disposing of either of the patents.

The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors immediately upon the publication of the Official Gazette, and working inventors up to thep. 43 remitting point which usually ends the matter so far as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee out of the patentee.

There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their hands, as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their patents.

The Patentee the Best Selling Agent.

That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no doubt, for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his invention in every detail, and knows its merits and superior points far better than anyone else, besides manufacturers and others wishing to purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself. Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate, moreover the personal push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases, essential to the successful termination of a sale.

Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are that they would not have succeeded as they did. It is notp. 44 only a question of material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence, and each patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push, can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and success.

In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling.

However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman, he should select one from among his own acquaintances, in whom he has confidence. He should if possible get a person who has had experience in the line of the invention, as such a person would likely understand it and the trade better than others. It is not really necessary that he should have had experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker, knows how to approach business men, and thoroughly understands the invention, he will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his consideration, and should not give the agent power to sign or collect. The patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the agent a liberal commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and above the price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the highest price obtainable. The inventor should make every effortp. 45 to be able to personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the business under his personal supervision.

Methods of Selling Patents.

There are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling agents, and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial to patentees; those along which success have been achieved, and such as are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in handling their patents.

It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will apply to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more or less upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art to which it belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his individual case, and proceed along these lines.

There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course, there are others which only those directly connected with the largest and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The main thing is not to become discourp. 46aged or give up until one succeeds in making a sale.

About Advertising.

To make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is, in many cases, one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and sale of a patent. If the inventor has a patent on an invention that manufacturers or others want, and can make its merits and superior qualities known to them, negotiations will soon follow. There is no way for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in publications of known standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A brief, well-worded advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column of these papers bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals of the class to which the invention relates, and while the trade journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies, those that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business. Either of the above are good mediums, but in advertising patents for sale patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published at uncertainp. 47 intervals, and usually for the express purpose of circulating among inventors for various purposes. They do not reach the class of people that invest in patents. Inventors should know the class of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions, and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that class.

How to Write an Advertisement.

In the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by using too much verbiage, too many unnecessary words or sentences, sometimes too much display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in editing an advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling qualities.

The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as any deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There should not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable, even though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes become so enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally. A good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement, and ask himself, "If this statement was read by me, would I believe it; would it convince me?" etc.p. 48

Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune, remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise, and to the point.

Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties.

While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages, would require a very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the better course to pursue: however, in connection with it, or if the patentee does not feel that he can afford the expense of advertising, a very good plan is for him to secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the best up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with very few exceptions, that if manufacturersp. 49 and dealers who make and handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested, it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when the invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the same.

How to Correspond with Manufacturers.

To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a number of them, the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter setting forth the invention in its best light, and stating just why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the same. Some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to write it, and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be best to say, and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief as possible, consistent with legibility. The statements should be assuming, yet in every respect true. He should state in brief terms just what the invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it has, and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so that they will inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come to terms in the first letter.

The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one with his first letter, which willp. 50 enable him to make the letter briefer and more business-like.

In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been created between the manufacturers.

Circulars.

A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent mainly by advertising and correspondence, as they will save a great deal of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and attractive, and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale.

Illustrations.

If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration, it will greatly increase the appearance of the circular, and make it more readily understood and interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth the invention in its best light. It would be better to entrust the procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know just what is wanted and can sep. 51cure the same at a better price. A sufficient number of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be obtained of any printer for a few dollars.

About Getting up Circulars.

The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical; nicely arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A mistake is often made in sending out trashy-looking circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper; they repel rather than attract, and do not have the desired effect.

The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having the uses and advantages of the invention well written.

Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood.

Uses of Printed Copies.

It will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his patent, as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested, in order that they may examine the patent, or have an expert to examine it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, andp. 52 what protection is really afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in either case the invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, and must stand or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention is adjudged to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters Patent, business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will perhaps speedily make a satisfactory deal.

First Impressions All-Important.

Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars, but, while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way, it cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the patent until called for. Many parties who become interested in patents are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications, and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the patent; and it is very important that the first impressions should be favorably created, for upon this much will depend. If parties become sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention, they are very apt to form a favorable opinion of it.

Value of Models.

There is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of the invention. Man never loses the child-love for toys, andp. 53 a perfect miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than one of full size. With a model the inventor has the full and immediate attention of his prospective purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his agent, intends visiting manufacturers, or to sell the patent by territorial rights, he will find a model of his invention almost indispensable.

Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with any charges to collect.

While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-makers usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model, and market price for the material used; from these figures the inventor may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost.

Working Drawings.

Working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent in that they are more detailed, giving the size of each piece and the material of which it is constructed. While working drawings are not quite as expensive as models, they do not show the invention top. 54 the advantage that models do, and are of little value to those who do not understand them. On the other hand, working drawings have the advantage of being easily sent through the mails, and can be duplicated at small cost. Manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices on manufacturing the invention in quantities.

p. 55

CHAPTER VI

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS—Continued

In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention. If the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own minds to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of terms and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the price of the patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is to demonstrate its merits and commercial value, and get the parties thoroughly interested.

Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made from its manufacture.p. 56

Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent something that has value and can be sold.

Value of Personal Influence.

Inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible, for this indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention.

However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee can, more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with merchants, friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post him upon the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to see them about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested in the invention.

Personal Solicitation Advisable.

In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is possible for him to do so. This brings about a more satisfactory understanding between them. Many inventors, however, prefer opening up communication by correspondence, and after the parties manifest a willingness or desire to look into the inventionp. 57 more closely, then arrange to visit them personally.

Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance. If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely necessary, but it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort.

The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-like presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings; carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as clearly as possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent, but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one of his competitors to obtain its control. Many busip. 58nesses have been hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner.

Selling Outright.

Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is, in consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a person would sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and one of the quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money, though it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other methods.

The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount, the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits, unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market.p. 59

Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount.

Assigning an Undivided Interest.

In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided interest are set forth, and it cannot be considered a wise course under any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the proprietorship of the patent, unless unusually well paid, or there exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the assignee. By such an assignment, no matter how small, the patentee loses control of his patent.

Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights.

Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be subdivided into different classes of rights, and each class sold or granted separately as the patentee may choose. Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other appliances for a bicycle, could license one party to make the same for bicycles and another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who build street-cars, and so on.

Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulp. 60canizing rubber, divided his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights, for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another sheeting, etc.

In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line of manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble the receipts from his invention.

The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine. Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of selling.

Selling by Territorial Rights.

Another method is to sell State and county rights. This consists of a license whereby the patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of money paid him, grants unto another person orp. 61 persons the exclusive right to make and sell the invention, and to authorize others to make and sell the same, within a specified territory, during the life of the patent. This plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable, but it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such a manner in the past, as to bring the whole system of selling patent rights into disrepute, and in recent years patentees have found some difficulty in making sales in this way, unless the device is of unusual great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public.

Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which can be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the people.

In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger sales on the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales, as much as possible in the start, and afterp. 62 the more valuable portion of the territory is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it ceases to be profitable.

Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory left, and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such a way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales.

Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these agents expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking, they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can be made lower.

Granting Licenses.

The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses a manufacturer to make the invention at his own place of business; it being a personal privilegep. 63 and is not transferable unless its terms so state.

Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights alone. As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be disposed of to better advantage by other means, or by selling shop-rights in connection with other methods; for example, if the patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants, he might grant shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate using otherwise.

Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the case of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State and county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc.

Placing upon Royalty.

The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method with inventors for realizing from their inventions. This, in effect, inp. 64volves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer, by which the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article covered by the patent, agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the patented improvement.

Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000 to $10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the market and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was doubtfully offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to over $50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of $100,000, for the patent.

In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer, and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect his own interests.p. 65 Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of a similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates.

There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees with no other object than that of making the special tools, patterns, dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price.

The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an advance royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests.

Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer, there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee thatp. 66 the royalties shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or within a period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to him by the manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of energy, he is out of pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain income, with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales may yield him. However, manufacturers are not always willing to agree to this condition, unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable; they will usually simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not reach a certain figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of cancelling the agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear.

Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed upon.p. 67

Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn up in compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind.

Manufacturing and Forming Companies.

If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot do better than to retain the patent and work it himself, in case he has the ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone, he may be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, and equal common sense and business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to achieve success.

In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture, which soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he was able to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with license under the patent, after which the patenteep. 68 started its manufacture in a number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses and selling territory in still other sections, where he was unable to work the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune from his invention, realizing about as much from each business established as he could have probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first.

In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the first experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method out in other places, and the business can be readily disposed of anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying basis.

To Organize Stock Companies

In recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing stock companies on the basis of their patents. This is considered one of the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions, and it is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability, should be able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a successful stock company.

Many stock companies are incorporated underp. 69 the laws of New Jersey, but it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or five millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not be residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings of the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the State where the charter is granted.

Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the stock and act as incorporators of the company.

Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50.

It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the company and businessp. 70 displayed thereon; and also a prospectus published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for introducing it, etc.

Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they often prove good investments.

In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head the list—their names will be a great aid in making further sales. Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of directors.

After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the attorney file it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the patentee about $100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc.

When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such other business as may be deemed necessary in regard top. 71 locating and building the plant and getting the company in shape.

The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to show his own confidence in the business.

After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control will lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management of the company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the position.

If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the invention has real merit.

Trading as a Last Resort.

Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade for a patent. It is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to consider any proposition for a trade, especially in the early life of a patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to realize from a patent by any other means, is itp. 72 advisable to trade a patent; and, before finally agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a reputable attorney to look fully into the value and title of the property offered. He should also insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a title guarantee from a reliable title insurance company.

Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering worthless securities and property in exchange for patents.

p. 73

CHAPTER VII

ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS

The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries, render Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America; and owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our own, inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the total cost of the patent.

The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive, increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention is not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent here without paying royalty to the inventor.

Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and "The Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898, provides:

"Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in Canada, mayp. 74 obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied for within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent for such invention; and,

"If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent, the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such period of one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada, without the consent or allowance of the inventor."

The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same invention expires.

Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from any person who hasp. 75 commenced to manufacture his invention in Canada during the year.

There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year, as the patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada during one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent.

The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and continuously carried on from that time, though the extension of this time may be secured upon timely application to the Commissioner, giving any good and proper reason. The time for importation is also sometimes extended upon proper application.

Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years, the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20 each, as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he can allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee of $20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent, the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the sixthp. 76 and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity.

The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following provinces:

PROVINCES.

Area

Sq. Miles.

Population

1911

Alberta

253,000

372,919

British Columbia

390,000

362,768

Manitoba

72,870

454,691

New Brunswick

28,000

351,815

Nova Scotia

20,600

461,847

Ontario

222,000

2,519,902

Prince Edward Island

2,000

93,722

Quebec

347,000

2,000,697

Saskatchewan

250,000

453,508

Northwest Territories

1,922,750

10,000

Yukon

200,000

———

TOTAL

3,708,220

7,081,869

Selling Canadian Patents.

In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in much the same way as in the United States, though he cannot expect, nor should he ask, more than about one-third as much for the Canadian patent as he receives, or expects, from the United States patent. Patents are not as readily sold in Canada as here, but if the inventor has a useful invention of merit, which is being manufactured profitably in the United States, he will have no trouble in disposing of his Canadian patent at a satisfactory price.p. 77

It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds to put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers, and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion to the success of his invention in the United States.

p. 78

POPULATION OF

CANADIAN CITIES

(Compiled from the Census of 1911)

Montreal

406,197

New Westminster

13,394

Toronto

376,240

Stratford

12,929

Winnipeg

135,440

Owen Sound

12,555

Vancouver

100,333

St. Catharines

12,460

Ottawa

86,340

Saskatoon

12,002

Hamilton

81,897

Verdun

11,622

Quebec

78,067

Moncton

11,319

London

46,177

Port Arthur

11,216

Halifax

46,081

Lachine

10,778

Calgary

43,736

Chatham

10,760

St. John

42,363

Galt

10,299

Victoria

31,620

Sault Ste. Marie

10,179

Regina

30,210

Sarnia

9,936

Edmonton

24,882

Belleville

9,850

Brantford

23,046

St. Hyacinthe

9,797

Kingston

18,815

Valleyfield

9,447

Maissonneuve

18,674

Brockville

9,372

Peterboro

18,312

Woodstock

9,321

Windsor

17,819

Niagara Falls

9,245

Sydney Town

17,617

Sorel

8,419

Hull

17,585

Nanaimo

8,305

Glace Bay

16,561

Lethbridge

8,048

Fort William

16,498

Vancouver, North

7,781

Sherbrooke

16,495

North Bay

7,718

Vancouver, South

16,021

St. Boniface

7,717

Berlin

15,192

Sydney Mines

7,464

Guelph

15,148

Levis

7,448

St. Thomas

14,050

Oshawa

7,433

Brandon

13,837

Collingwood

7,077

Moose Jaw

13,824

Fredericton

7,028

p. 79

CHAPTER VIII

DECISIONS AND NOTES

The following digest will be found to contain much useful information for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions affecting assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.; including those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling principles of Patent Law.

Assignments.

Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal. The statutes simply provide that "every patent, or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (Gottfried vs. Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882.)

A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of the contract. (Westinghouse Air Brake Co. vs. Chicago Brake and Mfg. Co., 85 F. R., 786.)

Each co-owner of a patent may use his rightp. 80 without the concurrence of the others and license at will. (Washburn & Moen Co. vs. Chicago Wire Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71.)

Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it. But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the profits which may arise from such use. (De Witt vs. Elmira Nobles Mfg. Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301.)

Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may think fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for profits or losses. (Vose vs. Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt vs. Hall, 3 Blatch., 201.)

Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months, it is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (Ex parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42.)

A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest. (U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works vs. Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304.)

An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the assignee's paying the expense ofp. 81 taking them out, is broken by his refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (Buck vs. Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487.)

Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory specified, or an undivided interest in the entire monopoly, is a mere license. (Sanford vs. Messer, 2 O. G., 470.)

When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he may hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (Regan Vapor Engine Co. vs. Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S., App., 73.)

Territorial Grants.

A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling within his territory, even though the purchasers may take the patented article outside the vendor's territory. (Hatch vs. Hall, 22 Fed. Rep., 483.)

One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such articles, unrestricted in time or place. (U. S. S. C., Keller et al. vs. Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451.)p. 82

The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another. (Morgan Envelope Co. vs. Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U. S. 425.)

Licenses.

Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process becomes the owner of the product, and may sell it to whom he pleases, or apply it to any purpose, unless he binds himself by covenants to restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may interfere with the special business of some other licensee. (Met. Washing Machine Co. vs. Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2 Wall., Jr., 230.)

A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence of express provisions to that effect. (Wagner Typewriter Co. vs. Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898.)

A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (Gibbs vs. Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36.)

A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him and others. (Rubber Co. vs. Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788.)

A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (Olmer vs. Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75.)

A license merely to make and not to sell doesp. 83 not impair the patent owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the right to sell the product made thereon. (American Graphophone Co. vs. Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898.)

A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of the machine have disappeared. (Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827.)

A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout the whole United States. (Adams vs. Burke, 5 O.G., 118; Hobbie vs. Smith. 27 Fed. Rep., 636.)

When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines, Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be nothing more than licenses. (Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided Oct. 5, 1899.)

An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor, andp. 84 thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties, is shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice that he would require pay after his employment terminated. (Keys vs. Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150.)

A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the license unless it is so expressly agreed. (Consol. Middlings Purifier Co. vs. Wolf, 37 O. G., 567.)

Patent Title.

A patent right, like any other personal property, is understood by Congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee, if he dies without having assigned it. (Shaw Relief Valve Co. vs. City of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758.)

A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (U. S. S. C, De La Vergne Ref. Machine Co. vs. Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181.)

A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his patent to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee to assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G., 1311.)

A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (Carver vs. Peck, 131 Mass., 291.)p. 85

A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a patent (Adams vs. Howard, 23 Blatch., 27), but a court may compel an insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (Pacific Bank vs. Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314; Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G., 1311.)

A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement, contest the validity thereof. (Griffith vs. Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep., 313.)

RULES OF PRACTICE

The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which, together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or pamphlets published by the Office for gratuitous distribution.

Assignments.

Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in grantees of exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees.p. 86

Assignees.

An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent or of an undivided part of such whole interest, extending to every portion of the United States. The assignment must be written or printed and duly signed.

Grantees.

A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use, the thing patented within and throughout some specified part of the United States, excluding the patentee therefrom. The grant must be written or printed and be duly signed.

Mortgages.

A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed.

Licensees.

A licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the others. A license may be oral, written, or printed, and if written or printed, must be duly signed.

Must be Recorded.

An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without notice unless recorded in the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several States or territories, or the District of Columbia,p. 87 or any commissioner of the United States Circuit Court, or before any secretary of legation, or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial acts under Section 1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowledgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary or other officer, shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of such assignment, grant, or conveyance.

No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien, encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the patent or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should identify the patent by date and number; or, if the invention is unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the application should be stated.

Conditional Assignments.

Assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain stipulations, as the conditional payment of money, if recorded in the office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the written consent of both parties, or by the decree of a competent court. The office has no means for determining whether such conditions have been filled. (Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898.)p. 88

STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS

In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been made to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders, by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State restrictions, such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making and filing proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying with forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent.

While it has never been squarely brought before the United States Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his rights conferred by the patent.

It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to legislate on those subjects notp. 89 thus expressly placed within the control of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters Patent and expressly conferred thereby.

Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on the sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a Patent Right."

The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations given for a patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York, Connecticut, and Arkansas.

In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in the cases of ex parte Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber vs. Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States repealed their statutes relating to thep. 90 filing of proofs, while others did not—notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in force.

While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into the open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It also established the proposition that a State may require the taking out of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the patent; and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between selling patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not, must conform with the local and State laws relating to same.

The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words, "Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts of last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas. Therefore, thep. 91 validity of the State statutes on the point referred to may be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until brought before the Supreme Court of the United States.

p. 92

CHAPTER IX

THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS

It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should have his attorney to examine them.

There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive sectional right, and a licensee.

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined.

"An assignee is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole interest in the original patent, or any undivided part of such whole interest in every portion of the United States. And no one, unless he has such an interest transferred to him, is an assignee.

"A grantee is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and use, the thing patented, within and throughout somep. 93 specified part or portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional right, excluding the patentee therefrom.

"A licensee is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent, or an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional interest." (Potter vs. Holland, 1 Fish, 327.)

The Language of Law.

If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say, "I give you this orange"; but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up according to the requirements of law, says the Observer, he would most probably put it in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and convey to you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in said orange, together with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or otherwise eat the same or to give the same away, as fully and effectually as I, the said A. B., am now entitled to cut, bite, or otherwise eat the same, or give away the same with or without the rind, skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any other deed or deeds, instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding."

It is always better and more satisfactory top. 94 have assignments, royalty contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the facts, details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the patent. However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by adhering to the following forms in any such transactions, both the purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected.

ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN

LETTERS PATENT

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for an improvement in Typewriting Machines, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date January 1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of Hamilton, and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same:

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation, the receipt of whichp. 95 is hereby acknowledged, I, the said Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said Ohio Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors and assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.

In testimony whereof, I have hereto set my hand and affixed my seal, at Columbus, County and State aforesaid, this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.

RICHARD DOE. (Seal.)

In the presence of

JOHN SMITH,

THOS. JONES.

STATE OF OHIO,

}

ss.:

COUNTY OF FRANKLIN

Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.

Seal.

JOHN RICE,

Notary Public.

p. 96

If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the right to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the following should be added:

And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor in its own name and for its own use and behoof.

ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvements in Locomotive Headlights, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas, John Roe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same: Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid by said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided one-half interest in and top. 97 the aforesaid Letters Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made.

And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any other party the rights and interest herein transferred to the said John Roe.

Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901,

RICHARD DOE.

In the presence of

JOHN SMITH,

THOS. JONES.

STATE OF PENNA.,

}

ss.:

COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA

Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.

Seal.

JOHN RICE,

Notary Public.

GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvep. 98ments in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date the first day of January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same in the below-recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same;

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid, by the said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the said Richard Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters Patent, and in and to the invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, within and throughout the above specified territory, but not elsewhere, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this tenth day of Janup. 99ary, A.D. 1901, in the presence of the subscribing witnesses.

RICHARD DOE.

In the presence of

JOHN SMITH,

THOS. JONES.

STATE OF INDIANA,

}

ss.:

COUNTY OF MARION

On this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, personally appeared before me Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the individual who executed the foregoing instrument, and who acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose therein expressed.

Seal.

JOHN RICE,

Notary Public.

LICENSE:—SHOP-RIGHT

In consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars to me paid by The John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania, located in the city of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and empower said company to make and use at its foundry and machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other place or places, in connection with its own business only, or that of its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for which Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were granted to me January 1, 1901, to the full end of thep. 100 term for which said Letters Patent are granted.

Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January, A. D. 1901.

RICHARD DOE.

TO JOHN ROE COMPANY,

Pittsburg, Pa.

LICENSE:—NON-EXCLUSIVE—WITH ROYALTY

This agreement, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware, party of the first part, and the Metallic Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and State of Illinois, party of the second part,

Witnesseth, that whereas Letters Patent of the United States, No. 000,000, for an improvement in Metallic Railroad-Ties, were granted to the party of the first part January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements:

Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:

I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the conditions herein named, at their plant in Chicago, and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for whichp. 101 said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same within the United States.

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days of January and July in each year, of all Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented improvements manufactured by them.

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and every thousand Metallic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the party of the second part containing the patented improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment.

IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and sale of the Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements, and if the royalties do not amount to five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part.

V. Upon the failure of the party of the secondp. 102 part to make returns or to make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part; but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first part for any license fees due at the time of the service of such notice.

In witness whereof, the parties above named have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written, at Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois.

RICHARD DOE,

Metallic Railroad Tie Company,

Per John Roe, President.

LICENSE:—EXCLUSIVE—WITH ROYALTY

This agreement, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts, party of the first part, and the Roe Vending Machine Company, a corporate body under the laws of the State of New Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New York, in the State of New York, party of the second part,

Witnesseth, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United States, No. 000,000, were, on the first day of January, 1901, granted to the said partyp. 103 of the first part, for improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines, and whereas said party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:

I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the said patented improvements, to the end of the term of said patent, subject to the conditions hereinafter named.

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns, on the first days of January and July in each year, of all machines manufactured and sold by them containing the said patented improvements in the six calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice; and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in any respect with any such return, then shall the party of the first part have the right, either by himself or by his attorney, to examine any and all books of account of said party of the second part concerning any items, charges, memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon request made, said party of the second part shall produce all such books for said examination.

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as ap. 104 license fee upon every one of the said patented Coin-Controlled Machines manufactured by them, the whole of said license fee for each term of six months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment.

IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part at least two thousand dollars, less discount, as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms, even though they should not make enough of said patented machines to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars each.

V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise permanently place, upon every such machine made under this license the word "Doe," and in close relation thereto the word "Patented," and the number and date of said patent.

VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life of this license, make or sell any article which can compete in the market with said Coin-Controlled Machines.

VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to keep each and all of the conditions of this license and agreement, the party of the first part may, at his option, terminate thisp. 105 license, and such termination shall not release said party of the second part from any liability due at such time to the party of the first part.

In witness whereof, the above-named parties (the said Roe Vending Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written,

RICHARD DOE,

Roe Vending Machine Company,

By John Roe, President.

No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his interests, should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms properly prepared to suit his individual case.

Map of Continental USA

p. 107

CHAPTER X

TABLES AND STATISTICS

OFFICIAL CENSUS

OF THE

UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1910

(From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census)

ALABAMA.—Area, 51,998 square miles.

Autauga

20,038

Dallas

53,401

Marengo

39,923

Baldwin

18,178

Dekalb

28,261

Marion

17,495

Barbour

32,728

Marshall

28,553

Bibb

22,791

Elmore

28,245

Mobile

80,854

Blount

21,456

Escambia

18,889

Monroe

27,155

Etowah

39,109

Bullock

30,196

Fayette

16,248

Montgomery

82,178

Butler

29,030

Franklin

19,369

Morgan

33,781

Calhoun

39,115

Perry

31,222

Chambers

36,056

Geneva

26,230

Pickens

25,055

Cherokee

20,226

Greene

22,717

Pike

30,815

Hale

27,883

Chilton

23,187

Henry

20,943

Randolph

24,659

Choctaw

18,483

Houston

32,414

Russell

25,937

Clarke

30,987

St. Clair

20,715

Clay

21,006

Jackson

32,918

Shelby

26,949

Cleburne

13,385

Jefferson

226,476

Sumter

28,699

Lamar

17,487

Coffee

26,119

Lauderdale

30,936

Talladega

37,921

Colbert

24,802

Lawrence

21,984

Tallapoosa

31,034

Conecuh

21,433

Tuscaloosa

47,559

Coosa

16,634

Lee

32,867

Walker

37,013

Covington

32,124

Limestone

26,880

Washington

14,454

Lowndes

31,894

Crenshaw

23,313

Macon

26,049

Wilcox

33,810

Cullman

28,321

Madison

47,041

Winston

12,855

Dale

21,873

TOTAL

2,138,093

p. 108

ARIZONA.—Area, 113,956 square miles.

Apache

9,196

Maricopa

34,488

Santa Cruz

6,766

Cochise

34,591

Mohave

3,773

Yavapai

15,996

Coconino

8,130

Navajo

11,491

Yuma

7,733

Gila

16,780

Pima

22,818

Graham

23,547

Pinal

9,045

TOTAL

204,354

ARKANSAS.—Area, 53,335 square miles.

Arkansas

16,103

Garland

27,271

Newton

10,612

Ashley

25,268

Grant

9,425

Ouachita

21,774

Baxter

10,389

Greene

23,852

Perry

9,402

Benton

33,389

Hempstead

28,285

Phillips

33,535

Boone

14,318

Hot Spring

15,022

Pike

12,565

Bradley

14,518

Howard

16,898

Poinsett

12,791

Calhoun

9,894

Independence

24,776

Polk

17,216

Carroll

16,829

Izard

14,561

Pope

24,527

Chicot

21,987

Jackson

23,501

Prairie

13,853

Clark

23,686

Jefferson

52,734

Pulaski

86,751

Clay

23,690

Johnson

19,698

Randolph

18,987

Cleburne

11,903

Lafayette

13,741

St. Francis

22,548

Cleveland

13,481

Lawrence

20,001

Saline

16,057

Columbia

23,820

Lee

24,252

Scott

14,302

Conway

22,729

Lincoln

15,118

Searcy

14,825

Craighead

27,627

Little River

13,597

Sebastian

52,278

Crawford

23,942

Logan

26,350

Sevier

16,616

Crittenden

22,447

Lonoke

27,983

Sharp

11,688

Cross

14,042

Madison

16,056

Stone

8,946

Dallas

12,621

Marion

10,203

Union

30,723

Desha

15,274

Miller

19,555

Van Buren

13,509

Drew

21,960

Mississippi

30,468

Washington

33,889

Faulkner

23,708

Monroe

19,907

White

28,574

Franklin

20,638

Montgomery

12,455

Woodruff

20,049

Fulton

12,193

Nevada

19,344

Yell

26,323

TOTAL

1,574,449

CALIFORNIA.—Area, 158,297 square miles.

Alameda

246,131

Glenn

7,172

Marin

25,114

Alpine

309

Humboldt

33,857

Mariposa

3,956

Amador

9,086

Imperial

13,591

Mendocino

23,929

Butte

27,301

Inyo

6,974

Merced

15,148

Calaveras

9,171

Kern

37,715

Modoc

6,191

Colusa

7,732

Kings

16,230

Mono

2,042

Contra Costa

31,674

Lake

5,526

Monterey

24,146

Del Norte

2,417

Lassen

4,802

Napa

19,800

Eldorado

7,492

Los Angeles

504,131

Nevada

14,955

Fresno

75,657

Madera

8,368

Orange

34,436

p. 109

Placer

18,237

San Mateo

26,585

Sutter

6,328

Plumas

5,259

Santa Barbara

27,738

Tehama

11,401

Riverside

34,696

Santa Clara

83,539

Trinity

3,301

Sacramento

67,806

Santa Cruz

26,140

Tulare

35,440

San Benito

8,041

Shasta

18,920

Tuolumne

9,979

San Bernadino

56,706

Sierra

4,098

Ventura

18,347

San Diego

61,665

Siskiyou

18,801

Yolo

13,926

San Francisco

416,912

Solano

27,539

Yuba

10,042

San Joaquin

50,731

Sonoma

48,394

San Luis Obispo

19,383

Stanislaus

22,522

TOTAL

2,377,549

COLORADO.—Area, 103,948 square miles.

Adams

8,892

Garfield

10,144

Morgan

9,577

Arapahoe

10,263

Gilpin

4,131

Otero

20,201

Archuleta

3,302

Grand

1,862

Ouray

3,514

Baca

2,516

Gunnison

5,897

Park

2,492

Bent

5,043

Hinsdale

646

Phillips

3,179

Boulder

30,330

Huerfano

13,320

Pitkin

4,566

Chaffee

7,622

Jackson

1,013

Prowers

9,520

Cheyenne

3,687

Jefferson

14,231

Pueblo

52,223

Clear Creek

5,001

Kiowa

2,899

Rio Blanco

2,332

Conejos

11,285

Kit Carson

7,483

Rio Grande

6,563

Costilla

5,498

La Plate

10,812

Routt

7,561

Custer

1,947

Lake

10,600

Saguache

4,160

Delta

13,688

Larimer

25,270

San Juan

3,063

Denver

213,381

Las Animas

33,643

San Miguel

4,700

Dolores

642

Lincoln

5,917

Sedgwick

3,061

Douglas

3,192

Logan

9,549

Summit

2,003

Eagle

2,985

Mesa

22,197

Teller

14,351

El Paso

43,321

Mineral

1,239

Washington

6,002

Elbert

5,331

Montezuma

5,029

Weld

39,177

Fremont

18,181

Montrose

10,291

Yuma

8,499

TOTAL

799,024

CONNECTICUT.—Area, 4,965 square miles.

rfield

245,322

Middlesex

45,637

New London

91,253

Hartford

250,182

Tolland

26,459

Litchfield

70,260

New Haven

337,282

Windham

48,361

TOTAL

1,114,756

DELAWARE.—Area, 2,370 square miles.

Kent

32,721

Newcastle

123,188

Sussex

46,413

TOTAL

202,322

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—Area, 70 square miles.

The District

331,069

p. 110

FLORIDA.—Area, 58,666 square miles.

Alachua

34,305

Hillsboro

78,374

Osceola

5,507

Baker

4,805

Holmes

11,557

Palm Beach

5,577

Bradford

14,090

Jackson

29,821

Pasco

7,502

Brevard

4,717

Jefferson

17,210

Calhoun

7,465

Polk

24,148

Lafayette

6,710

Putnam

13,096

Citrus

6,731

Lake

9,509

St. John

13,208

Clay

6,116

Lee

6,294

St. Lucie

4,075

Columbia

17,689

Leon

19,427

Santa Rosa

14,897

Dade

11,933

Levy

10,361

De Soto

14,200

Sumter

6,696

Liberty

4,700

Suwanee

18,603

Duval

75,163

Madison

16,919

Taylor

7,103

Escambia

36,549

Manatee

9,550

Volusia

16,510

Franklin

5,201

Marion

26,941

Wakulla

4,802

Gadsden

22,198

Monroe

21,563

Hamilton

11,825

Walton

16,460

Nassau

10,525

Washington

16,403

Hernando

4,997

Orange

19,107

TOTAL

752,619

GEORGIA.—Area, 59,265 square miles.

Appling

12,318

Clayton

10,453

Forsyth

11,940

Baker

7,973

Clinch

8,424

Franklin

17,894

Baldwin

18,354

Cobb

28,397

Fulton

177,733

Banks

11,244

Coffee

21,953

Gilmer

9,237

Bartow

25,388

Colquitt

19,789

Glascock

4,669

Ben Hill

11,863

Columbia

12,328

Glynn

15,720

Berrien

22,772

Coweta

28,800

Gordon

15,861

Bibb

56,646

Crawford

8,310

Grady

18,457

Brooks

23,832

Crisp

16,423

Greene

18,512

Bryan

6,702

Dade

4,139

Gwinnett

28,824

Bulloch

26,464

Dawson

4,686

Habersham

10,134

Burke

27,268

Decatur

29,045

Hall

25,730

Butts

13,624

Dekalb

27,881

Hancock

19,189

Calhoun

11,334

Dodge

20,127

Haralson

13,514

Camden

7,690

Dooly

20,554

Harris

17,886

Campbell

10,874

Dougherty

16,035

Hart

16,216

Carroll

30,855

Douglas

8,953

Heard

11,189

Catoosa

7,184

Early

18,122

Henry

19,927

Charlton

4,722

Echols

3,309

Houston

23,609

Chatham

79,690

Effingham

9,971

Irwin

10,461

Chattahoochee

5,586

Elbert

24,125

Jackson

30,169

Chattooga

13,608

Emanuel

25,140

Jasper

16,552

Cherokee

16,661

Fannin

12,574

Jeff Davis

6,050

Clarke

23,273

Fayette

10,966

Jefferson

21,379

Clay

8,960

Floyd

36,736

Jenkins

11,520

p. 111

Johnson

12,897

Paulding

14,124

Tift

11,487

Jones

13,103

Pickens

9,041

Toombs

11,206

Laurens

35,501

Pierce

10,749

Towns

3,932

Lee

11,679

Pike

19,495

Troup

26,228

Liberty

12,924

Polk

20,203

Turner

10,075

Lincoln

8,714

Pulaski

22,835

Twiggs

10,736

Lowndes

24,436

Putnam

13,876

Union

6,918

Lumpkin

5,444

Quitman

4,594

Upson

12,757

McDuffie

10,325

Rabun

5,562

Walker

18,692

McIntosh

6,442

Randolph

18,841

Walton

25,393

Macon

15,016

Richmond

58,886

Ware

22,957

Madison

16,851

Rockdale

8,916

Warren

11,860

Marion

9,147

Schley

5,213

Washington

28,174

Meriwether

25,180

Screven

20,202

Wayne

13,069

Miller

7,986

Spalding

19,741

Webster

6,151

Milton

7,239

Stephens

9,728

White

5,110

Mitchell

22,114

Stewart

13,437

Whitfield

15,934

Monroe

20,450

Sumter

29,092

Wilcox

13,486

Montgomery

19,638

Talbot

11,696

Wilkes

23,441

Morgan

19,717

Taliaferro

8,766

Wilkinson

10,078

Murray

9,763

Tattnall

18,569

Worth

19,147

Muscogee

36,227

Taylor

10,839

Newton

18,449

Telfair

13,288

Oconee

11,104

Terrell

22,003

Oglethorpe

18,680

Thomas

29,071

TOTAL

2,609,121

IDAHO.—Area, 84,313 square miles.

Ada

29,088

Cassia

7,197

Lemhi

4,786

Bannock

19,242

Custer

3,001

Lincoln

12,676

Bear Lake

7,729

Nez Perce

24,860

Bingham

23,306

Elmore

4,785

Oneida

15,170

Blaine

8,387

Fremont

24,606

Owyhee

4,044

Idaho

12,384

Boise

5,250

Kootenai

22,747

Shoshone

13,963

Bonner

13,588

Latah

18,818

Twin Falls

13,543

Canyon

25,323

Washington

11,101

TOTAL

325,594

ILLINOIS.—Area, 56,665 square miles.

Adams

64,588

Christian

34,594

Douglas

19,591

Alexander

22,741

Clark

23,517

Dupage

33,432

Bond

17,075

Clay

18,661

Edgar

27,336

Boone

15,481

Clinton

22,832

Edwards

10,049

Brown

10,397

Coles

34,517

Effingham

20,055

Bureau

43,975

Cook

2,405,233

Fayette

28,075

Calhoun

8,610

Crawford

26,281

Ford

17,096

Carroll

18,035

Cumberland

14,281

Franklin

25,943

Cass

17,372

Dekalb

33,457

Fulton

49,549

Champaign

51,829

Dewitt

18,906

Gallatin

14,628

p. 112

Greene

22,363

McHenry

32,509

Rock Island

70,404

Grundy

24,162

McLean

68,008

St. Clair

119,870

Hamilton

18,227

Macon

54,186

Saline

30,204

Hancock

30,638

Macoupin

50,685

Sangamon

91,024

Hardin

7,015

Madison   [*]

89,847

Schuyler

14,852

Henderson

9,724

Marion

35,094

Scott

10,067

Henry

41,736

Marshall

15,679

Shelby

31,693

Iroquois

35,543

Mason

17,377

Stark

10,098

Jackson

35,143

Massac

14,200

Stephenson

36,821

Jasper

18,157

Menard

12,796

Tazewell

34,027

Jefferson

29,111

Mercer

19,723

Union

21,856

Jersey

13,954

Monroe

13,508

Vermilion

77,996

Jo Daviess

22,657

Montgomery

35,311

Wabash

14,913

Johnson

14,331

Morgan

34,420

Warren

23,313

Kane

91,862

Moultrie

14,630

Washington

18,759

Kankakee

40,752

Ogle

27,864

Wayne

25,697

Kendall

10,777

Peoria

100,255

White

23,052

Knox

46,159

Perry

22,088

Whiteside

34,507

Lake

55,058

Platt

16,376

Will

84,371

Lasalle

90,132

Pike

28,622

Williamson

45,098

Lawrence

22,661

Pope

11,215

Winnebago

63,153

Lee

27,750

Pulaski

15,650

Woodford

20,506

Livingston

40,465

Putnam

7,561

Logan

30,216

Randolph

29,120

McDonough

26,887

Richland

15,970

TOTAL

5,638,591

INDIANA.—Area, 36,354 square miles.

Adams

21,840

Fayette

14,415

Johnson

20,394

Allen

93,386

Floyd

30,293

Knox

39,183

Bartholomew

24,813

Fountain

20,439

Kosciusko

27,936

Benton

12,688

Franklin

15,335

Lagrange

15,148

Blackford

15,820

Fulton

16,879

Lake

82,864

Boone

24,673

Gibson

30,137

Laporte

45,797

Brown

7,975

Grant

51,426

Lawrence

30,625

Carroll

17,970

Greene

36,873

Madison

65,224

Cass

36,368

Hamilton

27,026

Marion

263,661

Clark

30,260

Hancock

19,030

Marshall

24,175

Clay

32,535

Harrison

20,232

Martin

12,950

Clinton

26,674

Hendricks

20,840

Miami

29,350

Crawford

12,057

Henry

29,758

Monroe

23,426

Daviess

27,747

Howard

33,177

Montgomery

29,296

Dearborn

21,396

Huntington

28,982

Morgan

21,182

Decatur

18,793

Jackson

24,727

Newton

10,504

Dekalb

25,054

Jasper

13,044

Noble

24,009

Delaware

51,414

Jay

24,961

Ohio

4,329

Dubois

19,843

Jefferson

20,483

Orange

17,192

Elkhart

49,008

Jennings

14,203

Owen

14,053

p. 113

Parke

22,214

Scott

8,323

Vermilion

18,865

Perry

18,078

Shelby

26,802

Vigo

87,930

Pike

19,684

Spencer

20,676

Wabash

26,926

Porter

20,540

Starke

10,567

Posey

21,670

Warren

10,899

Steuben

14,274

Warrick

21,911

Pulaski

13,312

Sullivan

32,439

Washington

17,445

Putnam

20,520

Switzerland

9,914

Wayne

43,757

Randolph

29,013

Tippecanoe

40,063

Wells

22,418

Ripley

19,452

Tipton

17,459

Rush

19,349

White

17,602

Union

6,260

Whitley

16,892

St. Joseph

84,312

Vanderburg

77,438

TOTAL

2,700,876

IOWA.—Area, 56,147 square miles.

Adair

14,420

Franklin

14,780

Monroe

25,429

Adams

10,998

Montgomery

16,604

Allamakee

17,328

Fremont

15,623

Muscatine

29,505

Appanoose

28,701

Greene

16,023

Audubon

12,671

Grundy

13,574

O'Brien

17,262

Guthrie

17,374

Osceola

8,956

Benton

23,156

Hamilton

19,242

Page

24,002

Blackhawk

44,865

Palo Alto

13,845

Boone

27,626

Hancock

12,731

Plymouth

23,129

Bremer

15,843

Hardin

20,921

Buchanan

19,748

Harrison

23,162

Pocahontas

14,808

Henry

18,640

Polk

110,438

Buena Vista

15,981

Howard

12,920

Pottawattamie

55,832

Butler

17,119

Poweshiek

19,589

Calhoun

17,090

Humboldt

12,182

Ringgold

12,904

Carroll

20,117

Ida

11,296

Cass

19,047

Iowa

18,409

Sac

16,555

Jackson

21,258

Scott

60,000

Cedar

17,765

Jasper

27,034

Shelby

16,552

Cerro Gordo

25,011

Sioux

25,248

Cherokee

16,741

Jefferson

15,951

Story

24,083

Chickasaw

15,375

Johnson

25,914

Clarke

10,736

Jones

19,050

Tama

22,156

Keokuk

21,160

Taylor

16,312

Clay

12,766

Kossuth

21,971

Union

16,616

Clayton

25,576

Van Buren

15,020

Clinton

45,394

Lee

36,702

Wapello

37,743

Crawford

20,041

Linn

60,720

Dallas

23,628

Louisa

12,855

Warren

18,194

Lucas

13,462

Washington

19,925

Davis

13,315

Lyon

14,624

Wayne

16,184

Decatur

16,347

Webster

34,629

Delaware

17,688

Madison

15,621

Winnebago

11,914

Des Moines

36,145

Mahaska

29,860

Dickinson

8,137

Marion

22,995

Winneshiek

21,729

Marshall

30,279

Woodbury

67,616

Dubuque

57,450

Mills

15,811

Worth

9,950

Emmet

9,816

Wright

17,951

Fayette

27,919

Mitchell

13,435

Floyd

17,119

Monona

16,633

TOTAL

2,224,771

p. 114

KANSAS.—Area, 82,158 square miles.

Allen

27,640

Greeley

1,335

Osborne

12,827

Anderson

13,829

Greenwood

16,060

Ottawa

11,811

Atchison

28,107

Hamilton

3,360

Pawnee

8,859

Barber

9,916

Harper

14,748

Phillips

14,150

Barton

17,876

Harvey

19,200

Pottawatomie

17,522

Bourbon

24,007

Haskell

993

Pratt

11,156

Brown

21,314

Hodgeman

2,930

Rawlins

6,380

Butler

23,059

Jackson

16,861

Reno

37,853

Chase

7,527

Jefferson

15,826

Republic

17,447

Chautauqua

11,429

Jewell

18,148

Rice

15,106

Cherokee

38,162

Johnson

18,288

Riley

15,783

Cheyenne

4,248

Kearny

3,206

Rooks

11,282

Clark

4,093

Kingman

13,386

Rush

7,826

Clay

15,251

Kiowa

6,174

Russell

10,800

Cloud

18,388

Labette

31,423

Saline

20,338

Coffey

15,205

Lane

2,603

Scott

3,047

Comanche

3,281

Leavenworth

41,207

Sedgwick

73,095

Cowley

31,790

Lincoln

10,142

Seward

4,091

Crawford

51,178

Linn

14,735

Shawnee

61,874

Decatur

8,976

Logan

4,240

Sheridan

5,651

Dickinson

24,361

Lyon

24,927

Sherman

4,549

Doniphan

14,422

McPherson

21,521

Smith

15,365

Douglas

24,724

Marion

22,415

Stafford

12,510

Edwards

7,033

Marshall

23,880

Stanton

1,034

Elk

10,128

Meade

5,055

Stevens

2,453

Ellis

12,170

Miami

20,030

Sumner

30,654

Ellsworth

10,444

Mitchell

14,089

Thomas

5,455

Finney

6,908

Montgomery

49,474

Trego

5,398

Ford

11,393

Morris

12,397

Wabaunsee

12,721

Franklin

20,884

Morton

1,333

Wallace

2,759

Geary

12,681

Nemaha

19,072

Washington

20,229

Gove

6,044

Neosho

23,754

Wichita

2,006

Graham

8,700

Ness

5,883

Wilson

19,810

Grant

1,087

Norton

11,614

Woodson

9,450

Gray

3,121

Osage

19,905

Wyandotte

100,068

TOTAL

1,690,949

KENTUCKY.—Area, 49,598 square miles.

Adair

16,503

Boyle

14,668

Carroll

8,110

Allen

14,882

Bracken

10,308

Carter

21,966

Anderson

10,146

Breathitt

17,540

Casey

15,479

Ballard

12,690

Breckinridge

21,034

Christian

38,845

Barren

25,293

Bullitt

9,487

Clark

17,987

Bath

13,988

Butler

15,805

Clay

17,789

Bell

28,447

Caldwell

14,063

Clinton

8,153

Boone

9,420

Calloway

19,867

Crittenden

13,296

Bourbon

17,462

Campbell

59,369

Cumberland

9,846

Boyd

23,444

Carlisle

9,048

Daviess

41,020

p. 115

Edmonson

10,469

Knox

22,116

Ohio

27,642

Elliott

9,814

Larue

10,701

Oldham

7,248

Estill

12,273

Laurel

19,872

Owen

14,248

Fayette

47,715

Lawrence

20,067

Owsley

7,979

Fleming

16,066

Lee

9,531

Pendleton

11,985

Floyd

18,623

Leslie

8,976

Perry

11,255

Franklin

21,135

Letcher

10,623

Pike

31,679

Fulton

14,114

Lewis

16,887

Powell

6,268

Gallatin

4,697

Lincoln

17,897

Pulaski

35,986

Garrard

11,894

Livingston

10,627

Robertson

4,121

Grant

10,581

Logan

24,977

Rockcastle

14,473

Graves

33,539

Lyon

9,423

Rowan

9,438

Grayson

19,958

McCracken

35,064

Russell

10,861

Green

11,871

McLean

13,241

Scott

16,956

Greenup

18,475

Madison

26,951

Shelby

18,041

Hancock

8,512

Magoffin

13,654

Simpson

11,460

Hardin

22,696

Marion

16,330

Spencer

7,567

Harlan

10,566

Marshall

15,771

Taylor

11,961

Harrison

16,873

Martin

7,291

Todd

16,488

Hart

18,173

Mason

18,611

Trigg

14,539

Henderson

29,352

Meade

9,783

Trimble

6,512

Henry

13,716

Menifee

6,153

Union

19,886

Hickman

11,750

Mercer

14,063

Warren

30,579

Hopkins

34,291

Metcalfe

10,453

Washington

13,940

Jackson

10,734

Monroe

13,663

Wayne

17,518

Jefferson

262,920

Montgomery

12,868

Webster

20,974

Jessamine

12,613

Morgan

16,259

Whitley

31,982

Johnson

17,482

Muhlenberg

28,589

Wolfe

9,864

Kenton

70,355

Nelson

16,830

Woodford

12,571

Knott

10,791

Nicholas

10,601

TOTAL

2,289,905

LOUISIANA.—Area, 48,506 square miles.

Acadia

31,847

East Carroll

11,637

Natchitoches

36,455

Ascension

23,887

East Feliciana

20,055

Orleans

339,075

Assumption

24,128

Franklin

11,989

Ouachita

25,830

Avoyelles

34,102

Grant

15,958

Plaquemines

12,524

Bienville

21,776

Iberia

31,262

Pointe Coupee

25,289

Bossier

21,738

Iberville

30,954

Rapides

44,545

Caddo

58,200

Jackson

13,818

Red River

11,402

Calcasieu

62,767

Jefferson

18,247

Richland

15,769

Caldwell

8,593

La Salle

9,402

Sabine

19,874

Cameron

4,288

Lafayette

28,733

St. Bernard

5,277

Catahoula

10,415

Lafourche

33,111

St. Charles

11,207

Claiborne

25,050

Lincoln

18,485

St. Helena

9,172

Concordia

14,278

Livingston

10,627

St. James

23,009

De Soto

27,689

Madison

10,676

St. John the Baptist

14,338

East Baton Rouge

34,580

Morehouse

18,786

St. Landry

66,661

p. 116

St. Martin

23,070

Terrebonne

28,320

Webster

19,186

St. Mary

39,368

Union

20,451

West Baton Rouge

12,636

St. Tammany

18,917

Vermilion

26,390

West Carroll

6,249

Tangipahoa

29,160

Vernon

17,384

West Feliciana

13,449

Tensas

17,060

Washington

18,886

Winn

18,357

TOTAL

1,656,388

MAINE.—Area, 33,040 square miles.

Androscoggin

59,822

Kennebec

62,863

Piscataquis

19,887

Aroostook

74,664

Knox

28,981

Sagadahoc

18,574

Cumberland

112,014

Lincoln

18,216

Somerset

36,301

Franklin

19,119

Oxford

36,256

Waldo

23,383

Hancock

35,575

Penobscot

85,285

Washington

42,905

York

68,526

TOTAL

742,371

MARYLAND.—Area, 12,327 square miles.

Allegany

62,411

Charles

16,386

Prince Georges

36,147

Anne Arundel

39,553

Dorchester

28,669

Queen Annes

16,839

Baltimore

122,399

St. Marys

17,030

Baltimore City

558,485

Frederick

52,673

Somerset

26,455

Calvert

10,325

Garrett

20,105

Hartford

27,965

Talbot

19,620

Caroline

19,216

Howard

16,106

Washington

48,671

Carroll

33,934

Kent

16,957

Wicomico

26,815

Cecil

23,759

Worcester

21,841

TOTAL

1,294,450

MASSACHUSETTS.—Area, 8,266 square miles.

Barnstable

27,542

Franklin

43,600

Norfolk

187,506

Berkshire

105,259

Hampden

231,369

Plymouth

144,337

Bristol

318,573

Hampshire

63,327

Suffolk

731,388

Dukes

4,504

Middlesex

669,915

Worcester

399,657

Essex

436,477

Nantucket

2,962

TOTAL

3,366,416

MICHIGAN.—Area, 57,980 square miles.

Alcona

5,703

Berrien

53,622

Delta

30,108

Alger

7,675

Branch

25,605

Dickinson

20,524

Allegan

39,819

Calhoun

56,638

Eaton

30,499

Alpena

19,965

Cass

20,624

Emmet

18,561

Antrim

15,692

Charlevoix

19,157

Genesee

64,555

Arenac

9,640

Cheboygan

17,872

Gladwin

8,413

Baraga

6,127

Chippewa

24,472

Gogebic

23,333

Barry

22,633

Clare

9,240

Grand Traverse

23,784

Bay

68,238

Clinton

23,129

Gratiot

28,820

Benzie

10,638

Crawford

3,934

Hillsdale

29,673

p. 117

Houghton

88,098

Mackinac

9,249

Ontonagon

8,650

Huron

34,758

Macomb

32,606

Osceola

17,889

Ingham

53,310

Oscoda

2,027

Ionia

33,550

Manistee

26,688

Otsego

6,552

Iosco

9,753

Marquette

46,739

Ottawa

45,301

Mason

21,832

Iron

15,164

Mecosta

19,466

Presque Isle

11,249

Isabella

23,029

Menominee

25,648

Roscommon

2,274

Jackson

53,426

Saginaw

89,290

Kalamazoo

60,427

Midland

14,005

St. Clair

52,341

Kalkaska

8,097

Missaukee

10,606

St. Joseph

25,499

Monroe

32,917

Kent

159,145

Montcalm

32,069

Sanilac

33,930

Keweenaw

7,156

Montmorency

3,755

Schoolcraft

8,681

Lake

4,939

Shiawassee

33,246

Lapeer

26,033

Muskegon

40,577

Tuscola

34,913

Leelanau

10,608

Newaygo

19,220

Van Buren

33,185

Oakland

49,576

Lenawee

47,907

Oceana

18,379

Washtenaw

44,714

Livingston

17,736

Ogemaw

8,907

Wayne

531,590

Luce

4,004

Wexford

20,769

TOTAL

2,810,173

MINNESOTA.—Area, 84,628 square miles.

Aitkin

10,371

Isanti

12,615

Polk

36,001

Anoka

12,493

Pope

12,746

Becker

18,840

Itasca

17,208

Ramsey

223,675

Beltrami

19,337

Jackson

14,491

Benton

11,615

Kanabec

6,461

Red Lake

15,940

Kandiyohi

18,969

Redwood

18,425

Bigstone

9,367

Kittson

9,669

Renville

23,123

Blue Earth

29,337

Rice

25,911

Brown

20,134

Koochiching

6,431

Rock

10,222

Carlton

17,559

Lac qui Parle

15,435

Carver

17,455

Lake

8,011

Roseau

11,338

Le Sueur

18,609

St. Louis

163,274

Cass

11,620

Lincoln

9,874

Scott

14,888

Chippewa

13,458

Sheburne

8,136

Chisago

13,537

Lyon

15,722

Sibley

15,540

Clay

19,640

McLeod

18,691

Clearwater

6,870

Mahnomen

3,249

Stearns

47,733

Marshall

16,338

Steele

16,146

Cook

1,336

Martin

17,518

Stevens

8,293

Cottonwood

12,651

Swift

12,949

Crow Wing

16,861

Meeker

17,022

Todd

23,407

Dakota

25,171

Mille Lacs

10,705

Dodge

12,094

Morrison

24,053

Traverse

8,049

Mower

22,640

Wabasha

18,554

Douglas

17,669

Murray

11,755

Wadena

8,652

Faribault

19,949

Waseca

13,466

Fillmore

25,680

Nicollet

14,125

Washington

26,013

Freeborn

22,282

Nobles

15,210

Goodhue

31,637

Norman

13,446

Watonwan

11,382

Olmsted

22,497

Wilkin

9,063

Grant

9,114

Otter Tail

46,036

Winona

33,398

Hennepin

333,480

Wright

28,082

Houston

14,297

Pine

15,878

Yellow Medicine

15,406

Hubbard

9,831

Pipestone

9,553

TOTAL

2,075,708

p. 118

MISSISSIPPI.—Area, 46,865 square miles.

Adams

25,265

Itawamba

14,526

Pearl River

10,593

Alcorn

18,159

Jackson

15,451

Perry

7,685

Amite

22,954

Jasper

18,498

Attala

28,851

Pike

37,272

Benton

10,245

Jefferson

18,221

Pontotoc

19,688

Jefferson Davis

12,860

Prentiss

16,931

Bolivar

48,905

Jones

29,885

Quitman

11,593

Calhoun

17,726

Kemper

20,348

Rankin

23,944

Carroll

23,139

Lafayette

21,883

Chickasaw

22,846

Scott

16,723

Choctaw

14,357

Lamar

11,741

Sharkey

15,694

Lauderdale

46,919

Simpson

17,201

Claiborne

17,403

Lawrence

13,080

Smith

16,603

Clarke

21,630

Leake

18,298

Sunflower

28,787

Clay

20,203

Lee

28,894

Coahoma

34,217

Tallahatchie

29,078

Copiah

35,914

Leflore

36,290

Tate

19,714

Lincoln

28,597

Tippah

14,631

Covington

16,909

Lowndes

30,703

Tishomingo

13,067

De Soto

23,130

Madison

33,505

Tunica

18,646

Forrest

20,722

Marion

15,599

Franklin

15,193

Union

18,997

George

6,599

Marshall

26,796

Warren

37,488

Monroe

35,178

Washington

48,933

Greene

6,050

Montgomery

17,706

Wayne

14,709

Grenada

15,727

Neshoba

17,980

Webster

14,853

Hancock

11,207

Newton

23,085

Harrison

34,658

Wilkinson

18,075

Hinds

63,726

Noxubee

28,503

Winston

17,139

Oktibbeha

19,676

Yalobusha

21,519

Holmes

39,088

Panola

31,274

Yazoo

46,672

Issaquena

10,560

TOTAL

1,797,114

MISSOURI.—Area, 69,420 square miles.

Adair

22,700

Cape Girardeau

27,621

Daviess

17,605

Andrew

15,282

Carroll

23,098

Dekalb

12,531

Atchison

13,604

Carter

5,504

Dent

13,245

Audrain

21,687

Cass

22,973

Douglas

16,664

Barry

23,869

Cedar

16,080

Dunklin

30,328

Barton

16,747

Chariton

23,503

Franklin

29,830

Bates

25,869

Christian

15,832

Gasconade

12,847

Benton

14,881

Clark

12,811

Gentry

16,820

Bollinger

14,576

Clay

20,302

Greene

63,831

Boone

30,533

Clinton

15,297

Grundy

16,744

Buchanan

93,020

Cole

21,957

Harrison

20,466

Butler

20,624

Cooper

20,311

Henry

27,242

Caldwell

14,605

Crawford

13,576

Hickory

8,741

Callaway

24,400

Dade

15,613

Holt

14,539

Camden

11,582

Dallas

13,181

Howard

15,653

p. 119

Howell

21,065

Montgomery

15,604

St. Clair

16,412

Iron

8,563

St. Francois

35,738

Jackson

263,522

Morgan

12,863

St. Louis

82,417

Jasper

89,673

New Madrid

19,488

Jefferson

27,878

Newton

27,136

St. Louis City

587,029

Nodaway

28,833

Ste. Genevieve

10,607

Johnson

26,297

Oregon

14,681

Saline

29,448

Knox

12,403

Schuyler

9,062

Laclede

17,363

Osage

14,283

Scotland

11,869

Lafayette

30,154

Ozark

11,926

Lawrence

26,583

Pemiscot

19,559

Scott

22,372

Perry

14,898

Shannon

11,443

Lewis

15,514

Pettis

33,913

Shelby

14,864

Lincoln

17,033

Stoddard

27,807

Linn

25,253

Phelps

15,796

Stone

11,559

Livingston

19,453

Pike

22,556

McDonald

13,539

Platte

14,429

Sullivan

18,598

Polk

21,561

Taney

9,134

Macon

30,358

Pulaski

11,436

Texas

21,458

Madison

11,273

Vernon

28,827

Maries

10,088

Putnam

14,308

Warren

9,123

Marion

30,572

Ralls

12,913

Mercer

13,355

Randolph

26,182

Washington

13,378

Ray

21,451

Wayne

15,181

Miller

16,717

Reynolds

9,592

Webster

17,377

Mississippi

14,557

Worth

8,007

Moniteau

14,375

Ripley

13,099

Wright

18,315

Monroe

18,304

St. Charles

24,695

TOTAL

3,293,338

MONTANA.—Area, 146,572 square miles.

Beaverhead

6,446

Gallatin

14,079

Powell

5,904

Broadwater

3,491

Granite

2,942

Ravalli

11,666

Carbon

13,962

Jefferson

5,601

Rosebud

7,985

Cascade

28,833

Lewis and Clark

21,853

Sanders

3,713

Chouteau

17,191

Lincoln

3,638

Silver Bow

56,848

Sweet Grass

4,029

Custer

14,123

Madison

7,229

Dawson

12,725

Meagher

4,190

Teton

9,546

Deer Lodge

12,988

Missoula

23,596

Valley

13,630

Fergus

17,385

Park

10,731

Yellowstone

22,944

Flathead

18,785

TOTAL

376,053

NEBRASKA.—Area, 77,520 square miles.

Adams

20,900

Butler

15,403

Dakota

6,564

Antelope

14,003

Cass

19,786

Dawes

8,254

Banner

1,444

Cedar

15,191

Dawson

15,961

Blaine

1,672

Chase

3,613

Deuel

1,786

Boone

13,145

Cherry

10,414

Dixon

11,477

Boxbutte

6,131

Cheyenne

4,551

Dodge

22,145

Boyd

8,826

Clay

15,729

Douglas

168,546

Brown

6,083

Colfax

11,610

Dundy

4,098

Buffalo

21,907

Cuming

13,782

Fillmore

14,674

Burt

12,726

Custer

25,668

Franklin

10,303

p. 120

Frontier

8,572

Kimball

1,942

Richardson

17,448

Furnas

12,083

Knox

18,358

Rock

3,627

Gage

30,325

Lancaster

73,793

Saline

17,866

Garden

3,538

Lincoln

15,684

Garfield

3,417

Sarpy

9,274

Logan

1,521

Saunders

21,179

Gosper

4,933

Loup

2,188

Scotts Bluff

8,355

Grant

1,097

McPherson

2,470

Seward

15,895

Greeley

8,047

Madison

19,101

Sheridan

7,328

Hall

20,361

Merrick

10,379

Hamilton

13,459

Sherman

8,278

Morrill

4,584

Sioux

5,599

Harlan

9,578

Nance

8,926

Stanton

7,542

Hayes

3,011

Nemaha

13,095

Thayer

14,775

Hitchcock

5,415

Nuckolls

13,019

Thomas

1,191

Holt

15,545

Otoe

19,323

Hooker

981

Thurston

8,704

Pawnee

10,582

Valley

9,480

Howard

10,783

Perkins

2,570

Washington

12,738

Jefferson

16,852

Phelps

10,451

Wayne

10,397

Johnson

10,187

Pierce

10,122

Webster

12,008

Kearney

9,106

Platte

19,006

Keith

3,692

Wheeler

2,292

Polk

10,521

York

18,721

Keyapaha

3,452

Redwillow

11,056

TOTAL

1,192,214

NEVADA.—Area, 110,690 square miles.

Churchill

2,811

Eureka

1,830

Nye

7,513

Clark

3,321

Humboldt

6,825

Ormsby

3,089

Douglas

1,895

Lander

1,786

Storey

3,045

Elko

8,133

Lincoln

3,489

Washoe

17,434

Esmeralda

9,695

Lyon

3,568

White Pine

7,441

TOTAL

81,875

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—Area, 9,341 square miles.

Belknap

21,309

Grafton

41,652

Rockingham

52,188

Carroll

16,316

Strafford

38,951

Cheshire

30,659

Hillsboro

126,072

Sullivan

19,337

Coos

30,753

Merrimack

53,335

TOTAL

430,572

NEW JERSEY.—Area, 8,224 square miles.

Atlantic

71,894

Hudson

537,231

Passaic

215,902

Bergen

138,002

Hunterdon

33,569

Salem

26,999

Burlington

66,565

Somerset

38,820

Camden

142,029

Mercer

125,657

Sussex

26,781

Cape May

19,745

Middlesex

114,426

Union

140,197

Monmouth

94,734

Cumberland

55,153

Morris

74,704

Warren

43,187

Essex

512,886

Ocean

21,318

Gloucester

37,368

TOTAL

2,537,167

p. 121

NEW MEXICO.—Area, 122,634 square miles.

Bernalillo

23,606

Luna

3,913

Sandoval

8,579

Chaves

16,850

Santa Fe

14,770

Colfax

16,460

McKinley

12,963

Curry

11,443

Mora

12,611

Sierra

3,536

Dona Ana

12,893

Otero

7,069

Socorro

14,761

Quay

14,912

Taos

12,008

Eddy

12,400

Rio Arriba

16,719

Torrance

10,119

Grant

14,813

Union

11,404

Guadalupe

10,927

Roosevelt

12,064

Lincoln

7,822

San Juan

8,504

Valencia

13,320

San Miguel

22,930

TOTAL

327,396

NEW YORK.—Area, 49,204 square miles.

Albany

173,666

Herkimer

56,356

Rensselaer

122,276

Allegany

41,412

Jefferson

80,382

Richmond

85,969

Broome

78,809

Kings

1,634,351

Rockland

46,873

Cattaraugus

65,919

Lewis

24,849

St. Lawrence

89,005

Cayuga

67,106

Livingston

38,037

Saratoga

61,917

Chautauqua

105,126

Madison

39,289

Schenectady

88,235

Chemung

54,662

Monroe

283,212

Schoharie

23,355

Chenango

35,575

Montgomery

57,567

Schuyler

14,004

Clinton

48,230

Nassau

83,930

Seneca

26,972

Columbia

43,658

New York

2,762,522

Steuben

83,362

Cortland

29,249

Niagara

92,036

Suffolk

96,138

Delaware

45,575

Oneida

154,157

Sullivan

33,808

Dutchess

87,661

Onondaga

200,298

Tioga

25,624

Erie

528,985

Ontario

52,286

Tompkins

33,647

Essex

33,458

Orange

116,001

Ulster

91,769

Franklin

45,717

Orleans

32,000

Warren

32,223

Fulton

44,534

Oswego

71,664

Washington

47,778

Genesee

37,615

Otsego

47,216

Wayne

50,179

Greene

30,214

Putnam

14,665

Westchester

283,055

Hamilton

4,373

Queens

284,041

Wyoming

31,880

Yates

18,642

TOTAL

9,113,614

NORTH CAROLINA.—Area, 52,426 square miles.

Alamance

28,712

Burke

21,408

Clay

3,909

Alexander

11,592

Cabarrus

26,240

Cleveland

29,494

Alleghany

7,745

Caldwell

20,579

Columbus

28,020

Anson

25,465

Camden

5,640

Craven

25,594

Ashe

19,074

Carteret

13,776

Cumberland

35,284

Beaufort

30,877

Caswell

14,858

Currituck

7,693

Bertie

23,039

Catawba

27,918

Dare

4,841

Bladen

18,006

Chatham

22,635

Davidson

29,404

Brunswick

14,432

Cherokee

14,136

Davie

13,394

Buncombe

49,798

Chowan

11,303

Duplin

25,442

p. 122

Durham

35,276

Lincoln

17,132

Robeson

51,945

Edgecombe

32,010

McDowell

13,538

Rockingham

36,442

Forsyth

47,311

Macon

12,191

Rowan

37,521

Franklin

24,692

Rutherford

28,385

Gaston

37,063

Madison

20,132

Sampson

29,982

Martin

17,797

Gates

10,455

Mecklenburg

67,031

Scotland

15,363

Graham

4,749

Mitchell

17,245

Stanly

19,909

Granville

25,102

Montgomery

14,967

Stokes

20,151

Greene

13,083

Surry

29,705

Guilford

60,497

Moore

17,010

Swain

10,403

Nash

33,727

Halifax

37,646

New Hanover

32,037

Transylvania

7,191

Harnett

22,174

Northampton

22,323

Tyrrell

5,219

Haywood

21,020

Onslow

14,125

Union

33,277

Henderson

16,262

Vance

19,425

Hertford

15,436

Orange

15,064

Wake

63,229

Pamlico

9,966

Hyde

8,840

Pasquotank

16,693

Warren

20,266

Iredell

34,315

Pender

15,471

Washington

11,062

Jackson

12,998

Perquimans

11,054

Watauga

13,556

Johnston

41,401

Wayne

35,698

Jones

8,721

Person

17,356

Wilkes

30,282

Pitt

36,340

Lee

11,376

Polk

7,640

Wilson

28,269

Lenoir

22,769

Randolph

29,491

Yadkin

15,428

Richmond

19,673

Yancey

12,072

TOTAL

2,206,287

NORTH DAKOTA.—Area, 70,837 square miles.

Adams

5,407

Griggs

6,274

Pierce

9,740

Barnes

18,066

Hettinger

6,557

Ramsey

15,199

Benson

12,681

Kidder

5,962

Ransom

10,345

Billings

10,186

Lamoure

10,724

Richland

19,659

Bottineau

17,295

Logan

6,168

Rolette

9,558

Bowman

4,668

McHenry

17,627

Sargent

9,202

Burleigh

13,087

McIntosh

7,251

Sheridan

8,103

Cass

33,935

McKenzie

5,720

Stark

12,504

Cavalier

15,659

McLean

14,578

Steele

7,616

Dickey

9,839

Mercer

4,665

Stutsman

18,189

Dunn

5,302

Mountrail

8,491

Towner

8,963

Eddy

4,800

Morton

25,289

Traill

12,545

Emmons

9,796

Nelson

10,140

Walsh

19,491

Foster

5,313

Oliver

3,577

Ward

42,185

Grand Forks

27,888

Pembina

14,749

Wells

11,814

Williams

20,249

TOTAL

577,056

OHIO.—Area, 41,040 square miles.

Adams

24,755

Auglaize

31,246

Champaign

26,351

Allen

56,580

Belmont

76,856

Clark

66,435

Ashland

22,975

Brown

24,832

Clermont

29,551

Ashtabula

59,547

Butler

70,271

Clinton

23,680

Athens

47,798

Carroll

15,761

Columbiana

76,619

p. 123

Coshocton

30,121

Jefferson

65,423

Pike

15,723

Crawford

34,036

Knox

30,181

Portage

30,307

Cuyahoga

637,425

Lake

22,927

Preble

23,834

Darke

42,933

Lawrence

39,488

Putnam

29,972

Defiance

24,498

Licking

55,590

Richland

47,667

Delaware

27,182

Logan

30,084

Ross

40,069

Erie

38,327

Lorain

76,037

Sandusky

35,171

Fairfield

39,201

Lucas

192,728

Scioto

48,463

Fayette

21,744

Madison

19,902

Seneca

42,421

Franklin

221,567

Mahoning

116,151

Shelby

24,663

Fulton

23,914

Marion

33,971

Stark

122,987

Gallia

25,745

Medina

23,598

Summit

108,253

Geauga

14,670

Meigs

25,594

Trumbull

52,766

Greene

29,733

Mercer

27,536

Tuscarawas

57,035

Guernsey

42,716

Miami

45,047

Union

21,871

Hamilton

460,732

Monroe

24,244

Van Wert

29,119

Hancock

37,860

Montgomery

163,763

Vinton

13,096

Hardin

30,407

Morgan

16,097

Warren

24,497

Harrison

19,076

Morrow

16,815

Washington

45,422

Henry

25,119

Muskingum

57,488

Wayne

38,058

Highland

28,711

Noble

18,601

Williams

25,198

Hocking

23,650

Ottawa

22,360

Wood

46,330

Holmes

17,909

Paulding

22,730

Wyandot

20,760

Huron

34,206

Perry

35,396

Jackson

30,791

Pickaway

26,158

TOTAL

4,767,121

OKLAHOMA.—Area, 70,057 square miles.

Adair

10,535

Dewey

14,132

Logan

31,740

Alfalfa

18,138

Ellis

15,375

Love

10,236

Atoka

13,808

Garfield

33,050

McClain

15,659

Beaver

13,631

Garvin

26,545

McCurtain

20,681

Beckham

19,699

Grady

30,309

McIntosh

20,961

Blaine

17,960

Grant

18,760

Major

15,248

Bryan

29,854

Greer

16,449

Marshall

11,619

Caddo

35,685

Harmon

11,328

Mayes

13,596

Canadian

23,501

Harper

8,189

Murray

12,744

Carter

25,358

Haskell

18,875

Muskogee

52,743

Cherokee

16,778

Hughes

24,040

Noble

14,945

Choctaw

21,862

Jackson

23,737

Nowata

14,223

Cimarron

4,553

Jefferson

17,430

Okfuskee

19,995

Cleveland

18,843

Johnston

16,734

Oklahoma

85,232

Coal

15,817

Kay

26,999

Okmulgee

21,115

Comanche

41,489

Kingfisher

18,825

Osage

20,101

Craig

17,404

Kiowa

27,526

Ottawa

15,713

Creek

26,223

Latimer

11,321

Pawnee

17,332

Custer

23,231

Le Flore

29,127

Payne

23,735

Delaware

11,469

Lincoln

34,779

Pittsburg

47,650

p. 124

Pontotoc

24,331

Seminole

19,964

Tulsa

34,995

Pottawatomie

43,595

Sequoyah

25,005

Wagoner

22,086

Pushmataha

10,118

Stephens

22,252

Washington

17,484

Roger Mills

12,861

Texas

14,249

Washita

25,034

Rogers

17,736

Tillman

18,650

Woods

17,567

Woodward

16,592

TOTAL

1,657,155

OREGON.—Area, 96,699 square miles.

Baker

18,076

Hood River

8,016

Multnomah

226,261

Benton

10,663

Jackson

25,756

Polk

13,469

Clackamas

29,931

Josephine

9,567

Clatsop

16,106

Sherman

4,242

Columbia

10,580

Klamath

8,554

Tillamook

6,266

Lake

4,658

Umatilla

20,309

Coos

17,959

Lane

33,783

Union

16,191

Crook

9,315

Lincoln

5,587

Wallowa

8,364

Curry

2,044

Linn

22,662

Douglas

19,674

Wasco

16,336

Gilliam

3,701

Malheur

8,601

Washington

21,522

Marion

39,780

Wheeler

2,484

Grant

5,607

Morrow

4,357

Yamhill

18,285

Harney

4,059

TOTAL

672,765

PENNSYLVANIA.—Area, 45,126 square miles.

Adams

34,319

Erie

115,517

Northampton

127,667

Allegheny

1,018,463

Northumberland

111,420

Armstrong

67,880

Fayette

167,449

Perry

24,136

Beaver

78,353

Forest

9,435

Bedford

38,879

Franklin

59,775

Philadelphia

1,549,008

Fulton

9,703

Pike

8,033

Berks

183,222

Greene

28,882

Potter

29,729

Blair

108,858

Schuylkill

207,894

Bradford

54,526

Huntingdon

38,304

Snyder

16,800

Bucks

76,530

Indiana

66,210

Butler

72,689

Jefferson

63,090

Somerset

67,717

Juniata

15,013

Sullivan

11,293

Cambria

166,131

Lackawanna

259,570

Susquehanna

37,746

Cameron

7,644

Tioga

42,829

Carbon

52,846

Lancaster

167,029

Union

16,249

Center

43,424

Lawrence

70,032

Chester

109,213

Lebanon

59,565

Venango

56,359

Lehigh

118,832

Warren

39,573

Clarion

36,638

Luzerne

343,186

Washington

143,680

Clearfield

93,768

Wayne

29,236

Clinton

31,545

Lycoming

80,813

Westmoreland

231,304

Columbia

48,467

McKean

47,868

Crawford

61,565

Mercer

77,699

Wyoming

15,509

Mifflin

27,785

York

136,405

Cumberland

54,479

Monroe

22,941

Dauphin

136,152

Delaware

117,906

Montgomery

169,590

Elk

35,871

Montour

14,868

TOTAL

7,665,111

p. 125

RHODE ISLAND.—Area, 1,248 square miles.

Bristol

17,602

Newport

39,335

Washington

24,942

Kent

36,378

Providence

424,417

TOTAL

542,674

SOUTH CAROLINA.—Area, 30,989 square miles.

Abbeville

34,804

Dillon

22,615

Marion

20,596

Aiken

41,849

Dorchester

17,891

Marlboro

31,189

Anderson

69,568

Edgefield

28,281

Newberry

34,586

Bamberg

18,544

Fairfield

29,442

Oconee

27,337

Barnwell

34,209

Florence

35,671

Orangeburg

55,893

Beaufort

30,355

Georgetown

22,270

Pickens

25,422

Berkeley

23,487

Greenville

68,377

Richland

55,143

Calhoun

16,634

Greenwood

34,225

Saluda

20,943

Charleston

88,594

Hampton

25,126

Spartanburg

83,465

Cherokee

26,179

Horry

26,995

Sumter

38,472

Chester

29,425

Kershaw

27,094

Union

29,911

Chesterfield

26,301

Lancaster

26,650

Williamsburg

37,626

Clarendon

32,188

Laurens

41,550

York

47,718

Colleton

35,390

Lee

25,318

Darlington

36,027

Lexington

32,040

TOTAL

1,515,400

SOUTH DAKOTA.—Area, 77,615 square miles.

Armstrong

647

Fall River

7,763

Minnehaha

29,631

Aurora

6,143

Faulk

6,716

Beadle

15,776

Grant

10,303

Moody

8,695

Bonhomme

11,061

Pennington

12,453

Brookings

14,178

Gregory

13,061

Perkins

11,348

Hamlin

7,475

Potter

4,466

Brown

25,867

Hand

7,870

Roberts

14,897

Brule

6,451

Hanson

6,237

Buffalo

1,589

Harding

4,228

Sanborn

6,607

Butte

4,993

Schnasse

292

Campbell

5,244

Hughes

6,271

Spink

15,981

Hutchinson

12,319

Stanley

14,975

Charles Mix

14,899

Hyde

3,307

Sterling

252

Clark

10,901

Jerauld

5,120

Clay

8,711

Kingsbury

12,560

Sully

2,462

Codington

14,092

Tripp

8,323

Corson

2,929

Lake

10,711

Turner

13,840

Lawrence

19,694

Union

10,676

Custer

4,458

Lincoln

12,712

Walworth

6,488

Davison

11,625

Lyman

10,848

Day

14,372

McCook

9,589

Yankton

13,135

Deuel

7,768

Pine Ridge Indian

Reservation

6,607

Dewey

1,145

McPherson

6,791

Marshall

8,021

Rosebud Indian

Reservation

3,960

Douglas

6,400

Meade

12,640

Edmunds

7,654

Miner

7,661

TOTAL

583,888

p. 126

TENNESSEE.—Area, 42,022 square miles.

Anderson

17,717

Hancock

10,778

Morgan

11,458

Bedford

22,667

Hardeman

23,011

Obion

29,946

Benton

12,452

Overton

15,854

Bledsoe

6,329

Hardin

17,521

Perry

8,815

Blount

20,809

Hawkins

23,587

Pickett

5,087

Haywood

25,910

Bradley

16,336

Henderson

17,030

Polk

14,116

Campbell

27,387

Henry

25,434

Putnam

20,023

Cannon

10,825

Rhea

15,410

Carroll

23,971

Hickman

16,527

Roane

22,860

Carter

19,838

Houston

6,224

Robertson

25,466

Humphreys

13,908

Cheatham

10,540

Jackson

15,036

Rutherford

33,199

Chester

9,090

James

5,210

Scott

12,947

Claiborne

23,504

Sequatchie

4,202

Clay

9,009

Jefferson

17,755

Sevier

22,296

Cocke

19,399

Johnson

13,191

Shelby

191,439

Knox

94,187

Coffee

15,625

Lake

8,704

Smith

18,548

Crockett

16,076

Lauderdale

21,105

Stewart

14,860

Cumberland

9,327

Sullivan

28,120

Davidson

149,478

Lawrence

17,569

Sumner

25,621

Decatur

10,093

Lewis

6,033

Tipton

29,459

Lincoln

25,908

Dekalb

15,434

Loudon

13,612

Trousdale

5,874

Dickson

19,955

McMinn

21,046

Unicoi

7,201

Dyer

27,721

Union

11,414

Fayette

30,257

McNairy

16,356

Van Buren

2,784

Fentress

7,446

Macon

14,559

Warren

16,534

Madison

39,357

Franklin

20,491

Marion

18,820

Washington

28,968

Gibson

41,630

Marshall

16,872

Wayne

12,062

Giles

32,629

Weakley

31,929

Grainger

13,888

Maury

40,456

White

5,420

Greene

31,083

Meigs

6,131

Williamson

24,213

Monroe

20,716

Grundy

8,322

Montgomery

33,672

Wilson

25,394

Hamblen

13,650

Moore

4,800

Hamilton

89,267

TOTAL

2,184,739

TEXAS.—Area, 265,896 square miles.

Anderson

29,650

Bastrop

25,344

Brazos

18,919

Andrews

975

Baylor

8,411

Brewster

5,220

Angelina

17,705

Bee

12,090

Briscoe

2,162

Aransas

2,106

Bell

49,186

Brown

22,935

Archer

6,525

Bexar

119,676

Burleson

18,687

Armstrong

2,682

Blanco

4,311

Burnet

10,755

Atascosa

10,004

Borden

1,386

Caldwell

24,237

Austin

17,699

Bosque

19,013

Calhoun

3,635

Bailey

312

Bowie

4,827

Callahan

12,973

Bandera

4,921

Brazoria

13,299

Cameron

27,158

p. 127

Camp

9,551

Gaines

1,255

Knox

9,625

Carson

2,127

Galveston

44,479

La Salle

4,747

Cass

27,587

Garza

1,995

Lamar

46,544

Castro

1,850

Gillespie

9,447

Lamb

540

Chambers

4,234

Glasscock

1,143

Lampasas

9,532

Cherokee

29,038

Goliad

9,909

Lavaca

26,418

Childress

9,538

Gonzales

28,055

Lee

13,132

Clay

17,043

Gray

3,405

Leon

16,583

Cochran

65

Grayson

65,996

Liberty

10,686

Coke

6,412

Gregg

14,140

Limestone

34,621

Coleman

22,618

Grimes

21,205

Lipscomb

2,634

Collin

49,021

Guadalupe

24,913

Live Oak

3,442

Collingsworth

5,224

Hale

7,566

Llano

6,520

Colorado

18,897

Hall

8,279

Loving

249

Comal

8,434

Hamilton

15,315

Lubbock

3,624

Comanche

27,186

Hansford

935

Lynn

1,713

Concho

6,654

Hardeman

11,213

McCulloch

13,405

Cooke

26,603

Hardin

12,947

McLennan

73,250

Coryell

21,703

Harris

115,693

McMullen

1,091

Cottle

4,396

Harrison

37,243

Madison

10,318

Crane

331

Hartley

1,298

Marion

10,472

Crockett

1,296

Haskell

16,249

Martin

1,549

Crosby

1,765

Hays

15,518

Mason

5,683

Dallam

4,001

Hemphill

3,170

Matagorda

13,594

Dallas

135,748

Henderson

20,131

Maverick

5,151

Dawson

2,320

Hidalgo

13,728

Medina

13,415

De Witt

23,501

Hill

46,760

Menard

2,707

Deaf Smith

3,942

Hockley

137

Midland

3,464

Delta

14,566

Hood

10,008

Milam

36,780

Denton

31,258

Hopkins

31,038

Mills

9,694

Dickens

3,092

Houston

29,564

Mitchell

8,956

Dimmit

3,460

Howard

8,881

Montague

25,123

Donley

5,284

Hunt

48,116

Montgomery

15,679

Duval

8,964

Hutchinson

892

Moore

561

Eastland

23,421

Irion

1,283

Morris

10,439

Ector

1,178

Jack

11,817

Motley

2,396

Edwards

3,768

Jackson

6,471

Nacogdoches

27,406

El Paso

52,599

Jasper

14,000

Navarro

47,070

Ellis

53,629

Jeff Davis

1,678

Newton

10,850

Erath

32,095

Jefferson

38,182

Nolan

11,999

Falls

35,649

Johnson

34,460

Nueces

21,955

Fannin

44,801

Jones

24,299

Ochiltree

1,602

Fayette

29,796

Karnes

14,942

Oldham

812

Fisher

12,596

Kaufman

35,323

Orange

9,528

Floyd

4,638

Kendall

4,517

Palo Pinto

19,506

Foard

5,726

Kent

2,655

Panola

20,424

Fort Bend

18,168

Kerr

5,505

Parker

26,331

Franklin

9,331

Kimble

3,261

Parmer

1,555

Freestone

20,557

King

810

Pecos

2,071

Frio

8,895

Kinney

3,401

Polk

17,459

p. 128

Potter

12,424

Sherman

1,376

Val Verde

8,613

Presidio

5,218

Smith

41,746

Rains

6,787

Somervell

3,931

Van Zandt

25,651

Randall

3,312

Victoria

14,990

Reagan

392

Starr

13,151

Walker

16,061

Stephens

7,980

Waller

12,138

Red River

28,564

Sterling

1,493

Ward

2,389

Reeves

4,392

Stonewall

5,320

Refugio

2,814

Sutton

1,569

Washington

25,561

Roberts

950

Webb

22,503

Robertson

27,454

Swisher

4,012

Wharton

21,123

Tarrant

108,572

Wheeler

5,258

Rockwall

8,072

Taylor

26,293

Wichita

16,094

Runnels

20,858

Terrell

1,430

Rusk

26,946

Terry

1,474

Wilbarger

12,000

Sabine

8,582

Williamson

42,228

San Augustine

11,264

Throckmorton

4,563

Wilson

17,066

Titus

16,422

Winkler

442

San Jacinto

9,542

Tom Green

17,882

Wise

26,450

San Patricio

7,307

Travis

55,620

San Saba

11,245

Trinity

12,768

Wood

23,417

Schleicher

1,893

Yoakum

602

Scurry

10,924

Tyler

10,250

Young

13,657

Upshur

19,960

Zapata

3,809

Shackelford

4,201

Upton

501

Zavalla

1,889

Shelby

26,423

Uvalde

11,233

TOTAL

3,896,542

UTAH.—Area, 84,990 square miles.

Beaver

4,717

Kane

1,652

Tooele

7,924

Boxelder

13,894

Millard

6,118

Uinta

7,050

Cache

23,062

Morgan

2,467

Utah

37,942

Carbon

8,624

Piute

1,734

Wasatch

8,920

Davis

10,191

Rich

1,883

Washington

5,123

Emery

6,750

Salt Lake

131,426

Wayne

1,749

Garfield

3,660

San Juan

2,377

Weber

35,179

Grand

1,595

Sanpete

16,704

Iron

3,933

Sevier

9,775

Juab

10,702

Summit

8,200

TOTAL

373,351

VERMONT.—Area, 9,564 square miles.

Addison

20,010

Franklin

29,866

Rutland

48,139

Bennington

21,378

Grand Isle

3,761

Washington

41,702

Caledonia

26,031

Lamoille

12,585

Windham

26,932

Chittenden

42,447

Orange

18,703

Windsor

33,681

Essex

7,384

Orleans

23,337

TOTAL

355,956

VIRGINIA.—Area, 42,627 square miles.

Accomac

36,650

Amherst

18,932

Bland

5,154

Albemarle

29,871

Appomattox

8,904

Botetourt

17,727

Alexandria

10,231

Augusta

32,445

Brunswick

19,244

Alleghany

14,173

Bath

6,538

Buchanan

12,334

Amelia

8,720

Bedford

29,549

Buckingham

15,204

p. 129

Campbell

23,043

Highland

5,317

Prince Edward

14,266

Caroline

16,596

Isle of Wight

14,929

Prince George

7,848

Carroll

21,116

James City

3,624

Charles City

5,253

King and Queen

9,576

Prince William

12,026

Charlotte

15,785

King George

6,378

Princess Anne

11,526

Pulaski

17,246

Chesterfield

21,299

King William

8,547

Rappahannock

8,044

Clarke

7,468

Lancaster

9,752

Richmond

7,415

Craig

4,711

Lee

23,840

Culpeper

13,472

Loudoun

21,167

Roanoke

19,623

Cumberland

9,195

Louisa

16,578

Rockbridge

21,171

Rockingham

34,903

Dickenson

9,199

Lunenburg

12,780

Russell

23,474

Dinwiddie

15,442

Madison

10,055

Scott

23,814

Elizabeth City

21,225

Mathews

8,922

Essex

9,105

Mecklenburg

28,956

Shenandoah

20,942

Fairfax

20,536

Middlesex

8,852

Smyth

20,326

Southampton

26,302

Fauquier

22,526

Montgomery

17,268

Spotsylvania

9,935

Floyd

14,092

Nansemond

26,886

Stafford

8,070

Fluvanna

8,323

Nelson

16,821

Franklin

26,480

New Kent

4,682

Surry

9,715

Frederick

12,787

Norfolk

52,744

Sussex

13,664

Tazewell

24,946

Giles

11,623

Northampton

16,672

Warren

8,589

Gloucester

12,477

Northumberland

10,777

Warwick

6,041

Goochland

9,237

Nottoway

13,462

Grayson

19,856

Orange

13,486

Washington

32,830

Greene

6,937

Page

14,147

Westmoreland

9,313

Wise

34,162

Greenesville

11,890

Patrick

17,195

Wythe

20,372

Halifax

40,044

Pittsylvania

50,709

York

7,757

Hanover

17,200

Powhatan

6,099

Henrico

23,437

Henry

18,459

TOTAL

2,061,612

WASHINGTON.—Area, 69,127 square miles.

Adams

10,920

Grant

8,698

Pierce

120,812

Asotin

5,831

Island

4,704

San Juan

3,603

Benton

7,937

Skagit

29,241

Chehalis

35,590

Jefferson

8,337

Skamania

2,887

Chelan

15,104

King

284,638

Snohomish

59,209

Kitsap

17,647

Clallam

6,755

Kittitas

18,561

Spokane

139,404

Clarke

26,115

Klickitat

10,180

Stevens

25,297

Columbia

7,042

Thurston

17,581

Cowlitz

12,561

Lewis

32,127

Wahkiakum

3,285

Douglas

9,227

Lincoln

17,539

Walla Walla

31,931

Mason

5,156

Ferry

4,800

Okanogan

12,887

Whatcom

49,511

Franklin

5,153

Pacific

12,532

Whitman

33,280

Garfield

4,199

Yakima

41,709

TOTAL

1,141,990

p. 130

WEST VIRGINIA.—Area, 24,170 square miles.

Barbour

15,858

Kanawha

81,457

Pocahontas

14,740

Berkeley

21,999

Preston

26,341

Boone

10,331

Lewis

18,281

Putnam

18,587

Braxton

23,023

Lincoln

20,491

Brooke

11,098

Logan

14,476

Raleigh

25,633

McDowell

47,856

Randolph

26,028

Cabell

46,685

Marion

42,794

Ritchie

17,875

Calhoun

11,258

Roane

21,543

Clay

10,233

Marshall

32,388

Summers

18,420

Doddridge

12,672

Mason

23,019

Fayette

51,903

Mercer

38,371

Taylor

16,554

Mineral

16,674

Tucker

18,675

Gilmer

11,379

Mingo

19,431

Tyler

16,211

Grant

7,838

Upshur

16,629

Greenbrier

24,833

Monongalia

24,334

Wayne

24,081

Hampshire

11,694

Monroe

13,055

Hancock

10,465

Morgan

7,848

Webster

9,680

Nicholas

17,699

Wetzel

23,855

Hardy

9,163

Ohio

57,572

Wirt

9,047

Harrison

48,381

Wood

38,001

Jackson

20,956

Pendleton

9,349

Wyoming

10,392

Jefferson

15,889

Pleasants

8,074

TOTAL

1,221,119

WISCONSIN.—Area, 56,066 square miles.

Adams

8,604

Iowa

22,497

Polk

21,367

Ashland

21,965

Portage

30,945

Barron

29,114

Iron

8,306

Price

13,795

Bayfield

15,987

Jackson

17,075

Brown

54,098

Jefferson

34,306

Racine

57,424

Juneau

19,569

Richland

18,809

Buffalo

16,006

Kenosha

32,929

Rock

55,538

Burnett

9,026

Rusk

11,160

Calumet

16,701

Kewaunee

16,784

St. Croix

25,910

Chippewa

32,103

La Crosse

43,996

Clark

30,074

Lafayette

20,075

Sauk

32,869

Langlade

17,062

Sawyer

6,227

Columbia

31,129

Lincoln

19,064

Shawano

31,884

Crawford

16,288

Sheboygan

54,888

Dane

77,435

Manitowoc

44,978

Taylor

13,641

Dodge

47,436

Marathon

55,054

Door

18,711

Marinette

33,812

Trempealeau

22,928

Marquette

10,741

Vernon

28,116

Douglas

47,422

Milwaukee

433,187

Vilas

6,019

Dunn

25,260

Walworth

29,614

Eau Claire

32,721

Monroe

28,881

Washburn

8,196

Florence

3,381

Oconto

25,657

Fond du Lac

51,610

Oneida

11,433

Washington

23,784

Outagamie

49,102

Waukesha

37,100

Forest

6,782

Ozaukee

17,123

Waupaca

32,782

Grant

39,007

Waushara

18,886

Green

21,641

Pepin

7,577

Winnebago

62,116

Green Lake

15,491

Pierce

22,079

Wood

30,583

TOTAL

2,333,860

p. 131

WYOMING.—Area, 97,914 square miles.

Albany

11,574

Fremont

11,822

Sheridan

16,324

Bighorn

8,886

Johnson

3,453

Sweetwater

11,575

Carbon

11,282

Laramie

26,127

Uinta

16,982

Converse

6,294

Natrona

4,766

Weston

4,960

Crook

6,492

Park

4,909

National Park

Reservation

519

TOTAL

145,935

p. 132

POPULATION OF CITIES

OF THE

UNITED STATES

Census of 1910

Cities of over 100,000 population

Albany, N. Y.

100,253

Minneapolis, Minn.

301,408

Atlanta, Ga.

154,839

Nashville, Tenn.

110,364

Baltimore, Md.

558,485

Newark, N. J.

347,469

Birmingham, Ala.

132,685

New Haven, Conn.

133,605

Boston, Mass.

670,585

New Orleans, La.

339,075

Bridgeport, Conn.

102,054

New York, N. Y.

4,766,883

Buffalo, N. Y.

423,715

Oakland, Cal.

150,174

Cambridge, Mass.

104,839

Omaha, Neb.

124,096

Chicago, Ill.

2,185,283

Paterson, N. J.

125,600

Cincinnati, Ohio

364,463

Philadelphia, Pa.

1,549,008

Cleveland, Ohio

560,663

Pittsburgh, Pa.

533,905

Columbus, Ohio

181,548

Portland, Ore.

207,214

Dayton, Ohio

116,577

Providence, R. I.

224,326

Denver, Colo.

213,381

Richmond, Va.

127,628

Detroit, Mich.

465,766

Rochester, N. Y.

218,149

Fall River, Mass.

119,295

St. Louis, Mo.

687,029

Grand Rapids, Mich.

112,571

St. Paul, Minn.

214,744

Indianapolis, Ind.

233,650

San Francisco, Cal.

416,912

Jersey City, N. J.

267,779

Scranton, Pa.

129,867

Kansas City, Mo.

248,381

Seattle, Wash.

237,194

Los Angeles, Cal.

319,198

Spokane, Wash.

104,402

Louisville, Ky.

223,928

Syracuse, N. Y.

137,249

Lowell, Mass.

106,294

Toledo, Ohio

168,497

Memphis, Tenn.

131,105

Washington, D. C.

331,069

Milwaukee, Wis.

373,857

Worcester, Mass.

145,986

Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population

Akron, Ohio

69,067

Auburn, N. Y.

34,668

Allentown, Pa.

51,913

Augusta, Ga.

41,040

Altoona, Pa.

52,127

Aurora, Ill.

29,807

Amsterdam, N. Y.

31,267

Austin, Tex.

29,860

Atlantic City, N. J.

46,150

Battle Creek, Mich.

25,267

p. 133

Bay City, Mich.

45,166

Hoboken, N. J.

70,324

Bayonne, N. J.

55,545

Holyoke, Mass.

57,730

Berkeley, Cal.

40,434

Houston, Tex.

78,800

Binghamton, N. Y.

48,443

Huntington, W. Va.

31,161

Bloomington, Ill.

25,768

Jackson, Mich.

31,433

Brockton, Mass.

56,878

Jacksonville, Fla.

57,699

Brookline, Mass.

27,792

Jamestown, N. Y.

31,297

Butte, Mont.

39,165

Johnstown, Pa.

55,482

Camden, N. J.

94,538

Joliet, Ill.

34,670

Canton, Ohio

50,217

Joplin, Mo.

32,073

Cedar Rapids, Iowa

32,811

Kalamazoo, Mich.

39,437

Charleston, S. C.

58,833

Kansas City, Kans.

82,331

Charlotte, N. C.

34,014

Kingston, N. Y.

25,908

Chattanooga, Tenn.

44,604

Knoxville, Tenn.

36,346

Chelsea, Mass.

32,452

La Crosse, Wis.

30,417

Chester, Pa.

38,537

Lancaster, Pa.

47,227

Chicopee, Mass.

25,401

Lansing, Mich.

31,229

Clinton, Iowa

25,577

Lawrence, Mass.

85,892

Colorado Springs, Colo.

29,078

Lewiston, Me.

26,247

Columbia, S. C.

26,319

Lexington, Ky.

35,099

Council Bluffs, Iowa

29,292

Lima, Ohio

30,508

Covington, Ky.

53,270

Lincoln, Nebr.

43,973

Dallas, Tex.

92,104

Little Rock, Ark.

45,941

Danville, Ill.

27,871

Lorain, Ohio

28,883

Davenport, Iowa

43,028

Lynchburg, Va.

29,494

Decatur, Ill.

31,140

Lynn, Mass.

89,336

Des Moines, Iowa

86,368

Macon, Ga.

40,665

Dubuque, Iowa

38,494

McKeesport, Pa.

42,694

Duluth, Minn.

78,466

Madison, Wis.

25,531

Easton, Pa.

28,523

Malden, Mass.

44,404

East Orange, N. J.

34,371

Manchester, N. H.

70,063

East St. Louis, Ill.

58,547

Meriden, Conn.

27,265

El Paso, Tex.

39,279

Mobile, Ala.

51,521

Elgin, Ill.

25,976

Montgomery, Ala.

38,136

Elizabeth, N. J.

73,409

Mount Vernon, N. Y.

30,919

Elmira, N. Y.

37,176

Muskogee, Okla.

25,278

Erie, Pa.

66,525

Nashua, N. H.

26,005

Evansville, Ind.

69,647

Newark, Ohio

25,404

Everett, Mass.

33,484

New Bedford, Mass.

96,652

Fitchburg, Mass.

37,826

New Britain, Conn.

43,916

Flint, Mich.

38,550

Newburgh, N. Y.

27,805

Fort Wayne, Ind.

63,933

Newcastle, Pa.

36,280

Fort Worth, Tex.

73,312

Newport, Ky.

30,309

Galveston, Tex.

36,981

Newport, R. I.

27,149

Green Bay, Wis.

25,236

New Rochelle, N. Y.

28,867

Hamilton, Ohio

35,279

Newton, Mass.

39,806

Harrisburg, Pa.

64,186

Niagara Falls, N. Y.

30,445

Hartford, Conn.

98,915

Norfolk, Va.

67,452

Haverhill, Mass.

44,115

Norristown, Pa.

27,875

Hazleton, Pa.

25,452

Ogden, Utah

25,580

p. 134

Oklahoma City, Okla.

64,205

South Omaha, Nebr.

26,259

Orange, N. J.

29,630

Springfield, Ill.

51,678

Oshkosh, Wis.

33,062

Springfield, Mass.

88,926

Pasadena, Cal.

30,291

Springfield, Mo.

35,201

Passaic, N. J.

54,773

Springfield, Ohio.

46,921

Pawtucket, R. I.

51,622

Stamford, Conn.

25,138

Peoria, Ill.

66,950

Superior, Wis.

40,384

Perth Amboy, N. J.

32,121

Tacoma, Wash.

83,743

Pittsfield, Mass.

32,121

Tampa, Fla.

37,782

Portland, Me.

58,571

Taunton, Mass.

34,259

Portsmouth, Va.

33,190

Terre Haute, Ind.

58,157

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

27,936

Topeka, Kans.

43,684

Pueblo Colo.

44,395

Trenton, N. J.

96,815

Quincy, Ill.

36,587

Troy, N. Y.

76,813

Quincy, Mass.

32,642

Utica N. Y.

74,419

Racine, Wis.

38,002

Waco, Tex.

26,425

Heading, Pa.

96,071

Waltham, Mass.

27,834

Roanoke, Va.

34,874

Warwick, R. I.

26,629

Rockford, Ill.

45,401

Waterbury, Conn.

73,141

Sacramento, Cal.

44,696

Waterloo, Iowa

26,693

Saginaw, Mich.

50,510

Watertown, N. Y.

26,730

St. Joseph, Mo.

77,403

West Hoboken, N. J.

35,403

Salem, Mass.

43,697

Wheeling, W. Va.

41,641

Salt Lake City, Utah

92,777

Wichita, Kans.

52,450

San Antonio, Tex.

96,614

Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

67,105

San Diego, Cal.

39,578

Williamsport, Pa.

31,860

San Jose, Cal.

28,946

Wilmington, Del.

87,411

Savannah, Ga.

65,064

Wilmington, N. C.

25,748

Schenectady, N. Y.

72,826

Woonsocket, R. I.

38,125

Sheboygan, Wis.

26,398

Yonkers, N. Y.

79,803

Shenandoah, Pa.

25,774

York, Pa.

44,750

Shreveport, La.

28,015

Youngstown, Ohio

79,066

Sioux City, Iowa

47,828

Zanesville, Ohio

28,026

Somerville, Mass.

77,236

South Bend, Ind.

53,684

p. 135

NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.

S TATE.

N UMBER

OF

FARMS.

L AND

IN

FARMS.

(ACRES.)

V ALUE OF

FARMS.

(LAND.)

V ALUE OF

FARMS.

(BUILDINGS.)

I MPLEMENTS

AND

MACHINERY.

The United States

6,398,491

75,788,000

$28,457,789,000

$6,302,777,000

$1,270,528,000

Alabama

262,720

20,713,000

216,510,000

71,163,000

16,279,000

Arizona

8,078

1,242,000

42,116,000

4,918,000

1,779,000

Arkansas

214,275

17,377,000

245,137,000

62,992,000

16,806,000

California

87,670

27,883,000

1,315,718,000

132,842,000

36,393,000

Colorado

45,839

13,448,000

361,680,000

45,335,000

12,761,000

Connecticut

26,431

2,176,000

71,527,000

65,094,000

6,865,000

Delaware

10,800

1,037,000

34,810,000

18,117,000

3,202,000

District of Columbia

214

6,000

5,466,000

835,000

62,000

Florida

49,834

5,231,000

93,288,000

24,335,000

4,429,000

Georgia

290,499

26,866,000

369,120,000

108,483,000

20,883,000

Idaho

30,741

5,269,000

219,346,000

25,074,000

10,459,000

Illinois

250,853

32,471,000

3,081,564,000

429,630,000

73,533,000

Indiana

214,741

21,264,000

1,325,475,000

264,750,000

40,880,000

Iowa

216,807

33,905,000

2,799,025,000

454,694,000

95,273,000

Kansas

177,299

43,261,000

1,534,552,000

199,101,000

48,244,000

Kentucky

258,742

22,159,000

483,127,000

150,655,000

20,793,000

Louisiana

120,270

10,519,000

189,071,000

49,611,000

18,951,000

Maine

59,773

6,291,000

85,923,000

72,753,000

14,476,000

Maryland

48,769

5,051,000

163,023,000

77,751,000

11,845,000

Massachusetts

36,512

2,870,000

104,273,000

87,025,000

11,512,000

Michigan

206,376

18,913,000

612,143,000

284,914,000

49,771,000

Minnesota

155,759

27,623,000

1,016,889,000

242,621,000

52,243,000

Mississippi

273,820

18,419,000

250,715,000

79,580,000

16,726,000

Missouri

276,081

34,516,000

1,441,529,000

268,976,000

50,769,000

Montana

25,946

13,499,000

225,819,000

24,666,000

10,522,000

Nebraska

129,419

38,553,000

1,613,077,000

198,480,000

44,215,000

Nevada

2,660

2,585,000

34,876,000

4,277,000

1,558,000

p. 136

NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.—Continued

S TATE.

N UMBER

OF

FARMS.

L AND

IN

FARMS.

(ACRES.)

V ALUE OF

FARMS.

(LAND.)

V ALUE OF

FARMS.

(BUILDINGS.)

I MPLEMENTS

AND

MACHINERY.

New Hampshire

26,913

3,242,000

$44,327,000

$41,215,000

$5,870,000

New Jersey

33,161

2,562,000

122,357,000

90,784,000

12,955,000

New Mexico

35,032

11,225,000

98,496,000

12,934,000

4,101,000

New York

214,650

21,998,000

703,214,000

473,008,000

83,330,000

North Carolina

253,425

22,400,000

342,545,000

113,170,000

18,415,000

North Dakota

74,165

28,392,000

729,896,000

92,139,000

43,887,000

Ohio

271,383

24,074,000

1,283,827,000

366,919,000

51,115,000

Oklahoma

189,438

28,717,000

647,178,000

89,295,000

27,002,000

Oregon

45,128

11,628,000

409,949,000

43,622,000

13,135,000

Pennsylvania

218,394

18,556,000

627,185,000

408,115,000

70,547,000

Porto Rico

58,371

2,085,000

73,968,000

8,752,000

8,711,000

Rhode Island

5,191

442,000

14,837,000

12,619,000

1,753,000

South Carolina

176,180

13,469,000

267,931,000

63,902,000

14,067,000

South Dakota

77,314

25,952,000

901,134,000

102,317,000

33,762,000

Tennessee

245,509

20,011,000

370,783,000

108,823,000

21,260,000

Texas

416,377

109,226,000

1,613,513,000

209,200,000

56,533,000

Utah

21,426

33,540,000

98,891,000

17,987,000

4,451,000

Vermont

32,598

4,653,000

58,255,000

54,072,000

10,162,000

Virginia

183,762

19,476,000

393,837,000

137,081,000

18,079,000

Washington

55,744

11,663,000

515,918,000

54,224,000

16,653,000

West Virginia

95,876

9,961,000

205,610,000

56,848,000

6,962,000

Wisconsin

176,546

21,012,000

909,462,000

288,096,000

52,783,000

Wyoming

10,980

8,543,000

88,877,000

8,983,000

3,765,000

p. 137

TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS

Census of 1890

- ALL OCCUPATIONS (persons engaged in) 22,735,861

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND MINING, TOTAL, 9,013,336

- Agricultural laborers 3,004,061

- Apiarists 1,778

- Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895

- Farmers, planters, and overseers 5,281,557

- Fishermen and oystermen 60,162

- Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers 72,601

- Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866

- Miners (coal) 208,545

- Miners (not otherwise specified) 141,047

- Quarrymen 37,656

- Stock raisers, herders, and drovers 70,729

- Wood choppers 33,697

- Other agricultural pursuits 17,747

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE, 944,333

- Actors 9,728

- Architects 8,070

- Artists and teachers of art 22,496

- Authors and literary and scientific persons 6,714

- Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists 4,503

- Clergymen 88,203

- Dentists 17,498

- Designers, draughtsmen, and inventors 9,391

- Engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining and surveyors) 43,239

- Journalists 21,849

- Lawyers 89,630

- Musicians and teachers of music 62,155

- Officers of the United States army and navy 2,926

- Officials (Government) 79,664

- Physicians and surgeons 104,805

- Professors in colleges and universities 5,393

- Teachers 341,952

- Theatrical managers, showmen, etc. 18,055

- Veterinary surgeons 6,494

- Other professional service 1,569

p. 138

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE, 4,360,577

- Barbers and hairdressers 84,982

- Bartenders 55,806

- Boarding and lodging house keepers 44,349

- Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) 139,765

- Hotel keepers 44,076

- Housekeepers and stewards 92,036

- Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 2,534

- Janitors 21,556

- Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373

- Launderers and laundresses 248,463

- Nurses and midwives 47,586

- Restaurant keepers 19,283

- Saloon keepers 71,385

- Servants 1,454,791

- Sextons 4,982

- Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) 27,819

- Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 74,629

- Other domestic and personal service 13,063

TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION, 3,326,122

- Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance, etc.) and collectors 174,582

- Auctioneers 3,205

- Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) 30,008

- Boatmen and canalmen 16,716

- Bookkeepers and accountants 159,374

- Brokers (commercial) 5,960

- Clerks and copyists 557,358

- Commercial travellers 58,691

- Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 368,499

- Foremen and overseers 36,084

- Hostlers 54,036

- Hucksters and pedlers 59,083

- Livery stable keepers 26,757

- Locomotive engineers and firemen 79,463

- Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals (retail) 46,375

- Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail) 42,527

- Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail) 114,997

- Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (retail) 10,078

- Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (wholesale) 3,643

- Merchants and dealers not specified (retail) 446,262

- Merchants and dealers (wholesale), importers and shipping merchants 27,443

- Messengers, and errand and office boys 51,355

- Newspaper carriers and newsboys 5,288

- Officials of banks and insurance, trade, transportation, trust and other companies 39,900

- Packers and shippers 24,946

- Pilots 4,259

- Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) 24,356

- Sailors 55,899

- Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394

- Steam railroad employés (not otherwise specified) 382,750

- Stenographers and typewriters 33,418

p. 139

- Street railway employés 37,434

- Telephone and telegraph operators 52,314

- Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric light and power company employés 11,134

- Undertakers 9,891

- Weighers, gaugers, and measurers 3,860

- Other persons in trade and transportation 3,883

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES. 5,091,393

- Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise classified) 3,755

- Apprentices (blacksmiths') 4,244

- Apprentices (boot and shoe makers') 1,031

- Apprentices (carpenters and joiners') 6,760

- Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers') 852

- Apprentices (dressmakers') 4,340

- Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.) 421

- Apprentices (machinists') 9,738

- Apprentices (masons') 1,927

- Apprentices (milliners') 1,204

- Apprentices (painters') 2,321

- Apprentices (plumbers') 4,624

- Apprentices (printers') 4,635

- Apprentices (tailors') 2,625

- Apprentices (tinsmiths') 2,037

- Apprentices (not otherwise specified) 35,698

- Artificial flower makers 3,046

- Bakers 60,197

- Basket makers 5,225

- Blacksmiths 205,337

- Bleachers, dyers, and scourers 14,210

- Bone and ivory workers 1,691

- Bookbinders 23,858

- Boot and shoe makers and repairers 213,544

- Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers 7,230

- Box makers (paper) 17,757

- Box makers (wood) 10,883

- Brass workers (not otherwise specified) 17,265

- Brewers and maltsters 20,362

- Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers 60,214

- Britannia workers 904

- Broom and brush makers 10,115

- Builders and contractors 45,988

- Butchers 105,456

- Butter and cheese makers 11,211

- Button makers 2,601

- Cabinetmakers 35,915

- Candle, soap, and tallow makers 3,450

- Carpenters and joiners 611,482

- Carpet makers 22,302

- Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise classified) 34,538

- Charcoal, coke, and lime burners 8,704

- Chemical works employés 3,628

- Clock and watch makers and repairers 25,252

- Compositors 30,060

- Confectioners 23,251

p. 140

- Coopers 47,486

- Cooper workers 3,384

- Corset makers 6,533

- Cotton mill operatives 173,142

- Distillers and rectifiers 3,314

- Door, sash, and blind makers 5,041

- Dressmakers 289,164

- Electroplaters 2,756

- Electrotypers and stereotypers 1,471

- Engravers 8,320

- Fertilizer makers 732

- Fish curers and packers 1,279

- Gas works employés 5,224

- Glass workers 34,382

- Glove makers 6,416

- Gold and silver workers 20,263

- Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers 9,158

- Hair workers 1,254

- Harness and saddle makers and repairers 43,480

- Hat and cap makers 24,013

- Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 29,555

- Iron and steel workers 144,921

- Lace and embroidery makers 5,256

- Lead and zinc workers 4,616

- Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners 39,332

- Machinists 177,090

- Manufacturers and officials of manufacturing companies1 01,610

- Marble and stone cutters 61,070

- Masons (brick and stone) 158,918

- Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers 5,830

- Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485

- Metal workers (not otherwise specified) 16,694

- Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 93,596

- Millers (flour and grist) 52,841

- Milliners 60,842

- Model and pattern makers 10,300

- Moulders 66,289

- Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified) 652

- Nail and tack makers 4,583

- Oil well employés 9,147

- Oil works employés 5,624

- Painters, glaziers, and varnishers 219,912

- Paper hangers 12,369

- Paper mill operatives 27,817

- Photographers 20,840

- Piano and organ makers and tuners 14,683

- Plasterers 39,002

- Plumbers and gas and steam fitters 56,607

- Potters 14,928

- Powder and cartridge makers 1,385

- Printers, lithographers, and pressmen 86,893

- Print works operatives 6,701

- Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 6,284

- Roofers and slaters 7,043

- Rope and cordage makers 8,001

- Rubber factory operatives 16,162

- Sail, awning, and tent makers 3,257

- Salt works employés 1,765

- Saw and planing mill employés 133,637

p. 141

- Seamstresses 150,044

- Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) 880

- Sewing machine operators 7,126

- Ship and boat builders 22,951

- Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 21,097

- Silk mill operatives 34,855

- Starch makers 746

- Steam boiler makers 21,339

- Stove, furnace, and grate makers 8,932

- Straw workers 3,666

- Sugar makers and refiners 2,616

- Tailors and tailoresses 185,400

- Tinners and tinware makers 55,488

- Tobacco and cigar operatives 111,385

- Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified) 17,985

- Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers 6,297

- Umbrella and parasol makers 3,403

- Upholsterers 25,666

- Well borers 4,854

- Wheelwrights 12,856

- Whitewashers 3,996

- Wire workers 12,319

- Wood workers (not otherwise specified) 67,360

- Woolen mill operatives 84,109

- Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical industries 76,714

p. 142

INDEX.

- PAGE

- A Better Plan 22

- About Advertising 46

- "    Canadian Patents 73

- "    Getting Up Circulars 51

- Acreage of Farms by States 135

- Advertisements, How to Write 47

- Agreement, Form of 22

- Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined 92

- Assigning an Undivided Interest 58

- Assignments 79

- "        Conditional 87

- Basis for Estimation 32

- Business Capacity of the Inventor 16

- Canadian Cities, Population of 78

- "     Patents, About 73

- "          "      Selling 76

- Capital, Securing 20

- Circulars 50

- "      About Getting Up 51

- Cities in the United States, Population of 132

- Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into 59

- Commercial Value 31

- Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing 67

- "       Stock in Stock 36

- "       To Organize Stock 68

- Conditional Assignments 87

- Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before Interested Parties 48

p. 143

- Danger in an Undivided Interest 26

- Decisions and Notes 79

- "      Assignments 79

- "      Licenses 82

- "      Patent Title 84

- "      Territorial Grants 76

- Demand for Inventions of Merit 9

- Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights 59

- Drawings, Working 53

- Estimating Prices for State Rights 38

- Estimation, Basis for 32

- Exhibit of Inventions 25

- Farms in Each State, Number, Acreage and Value of 135

- First Impressions All-important 52

- Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest 96

- "          "       of Entire Interest 94

- "    Grant of a Territorial Interest 97

- "    License, Exclusive With Royalty 102

- "         "     Non-exclusive With Royalty 100

- "         "     Shop-right 99

- "    of Agreement (Securing Capital) 22

- Forming Companies, and Manufacturing 67

- Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees 92

- General Rules for Valuation 33

- Grantee 86

- Granting Licenses 62

- Grants, Territorial 81

- How Rating for Royalty Is Figured 33

- "   to Arrive at the Value of a Patent 30

- "    "   Conduct the Sale of Patents 41, 55

- "    "   Correspond with Manufacturers 49

- "    "   Write an Advertisement 47

- Illustrations for Circulars 50

- In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling 44

- Income from Inventions 13

- Independence Through Successful Invention 13

- Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System 11

- Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity 18

- "       Exhibit of 25

p. 144

- "       Income from 13

- "       of Merit, Demand for 9

- "       Perfecting 24

- "       Value of Record of 26

- Inventor, Business Capacity of the 16

- Law, the Language of 93

- Laws, State, on Selling Patents 88

- Legal Forms of Value to Patentees 92

- Licensee 86

- Licenses, Decisions 82

- "      Granting 62

- Manufacturers, How to Correspond with 49

- Manufacturing, and Forming Companies 67

- Map of the United States 106

- Methods of Selling Patents 45

- Models, Value of 52

- Money in Patents 15

- Monopoly in Patents 10

- Mortgages 86

- Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents) 86

- Newspaper Notoriety 27

- Number of Farms in Each State 135

- Occupations, Table of 137

- Official Census of the United States for 1910 107

- Organizing Stock Companies 68

- Outright Assignments 58

- Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a 30

- "    Selling Agencies 41

- "    System, Industrial Progress Based upon 11

- "    Title 79

- Patents, Canadian 73

- "    Copies, How to Secure 51

- "    How to Conduct the Sale of 41, 55

- "    Money in 15

- "    Monopoly in 10

- "    Prejudice against 26

- "    State Laws on 88

- "    Unprofitable 14

- Pecuniary value 30

p. 145

- Perfecting Inventions 24

- Personal Influence, Value of 56

- "      Solicitation Advisable 56

- Pigeon-holing Patents 65

- Placing upon Royalty 64

- Population of Canadian Cities 78

- "        "   Cities of the United States, 1910 132

- "        "   Counties of Each State, 1910 107

- Prejudice against Patents 26

- Prices of Territorial Rights 37

- Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of 51

- Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents) 86

- Royalty, How Rating for, Is Figured 35

- "      Placing upon 64

- Rules for Valuation, General 33

- "    of Practice 85

- "      "      "    Assignees 86

- "      "      "    Assignments 85

- "      "      "    Conditional Assignments 87

- "      "      "    Licensees 86

- "      "      "    Grantees 86

- "      "      "    Mortgages 86

- "      "      "    Must Be Recorded 86

- Sale of Patents, How to Conduct 41, 55

- Securing Capital 20

- Selling Agencies, Patent 41

- "    Agent, The Patentee the Best 43

- "    by Territorial Rights 61

- "    Canadian Patents 76

- "    In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the 44

- "    Outright 58

- "    Patents, Methods of 45

- Solicitation, Personal, Advisable 56

- State Laws on Selling Patents 88

- "   Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of 38

- Statistics and Tables 107

- Stock Companies, To Organize 68

- "    in Stock Companies 36

- "Squeezed," To Avoid Being 25

- Table of Occupations 137

- Tables, Statistics and 107

p. 146

- "    Valuation 37

- Territorial Grants 81

- "      Rights, Prices for 37

- "          "    Selling by 61

- The Language of Law 92

- "   Patentee the Best Selling Agent 43

- Title, Patent 84

- To Avoid Being "Squeezed" 25

- To Organize Stock Companies 68

- Trading as a Last Resort 71

- Uses of Printed Copies (Patents) 51

- Undivided Interest, Assigning an 59

- "           "      Dangers in an 20

- United States, Map of the 106

- "       "    Population of Cities of the 132

- "       "          "       " by Counties, 1910 107

- Unprofitable Patents 14

- Valuation, General Rules for 33

- "       Tables 37

- Value, Commercial 31

- "    of Farms, by States, 1910 135

- "      "   Models 52

- "      "   Patent, How to Arrive at the 30

- "      "   Personal Influence 56

- "      "   Record of Invention 26

- "      "   Pecuniary 30

- Working Drawings 54

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Transcriber’s Note

Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies.

Minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected.

[*] Madison (Illinois) p. 122. The original has a footnote anchor here, but no corresponding footnote appears in the text.

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Table of Contents

PRACTICAL POINTERS for PATENTEES

F. A. CRESEE, M.E.

PREFACE

CONTENTS

PRACTICAL POINTERS for PATENTEES

CHAPTER I

DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT

CHAPTER II

INCOME FROM INVENTIONS

CHAPTER III

SECURING CAPITAL

CHAPTER IV

HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT

CHAPTER V

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS

CHAPTER VI

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS—Continued

CHAPTER VII

ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS

POPULATION OF

CANADIAN CITIES

CHAPTER VIII

DECISIONS AND NOTES

CHAPTER IX

THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS

CHAPTER X

TABLES AND STATISTICS

ALABAMA.—Area, 51,998 square miles.

ARIZONA.—Area, 113,956 square miles.

ARKANSAS.—Area, 53,335 square miles.

CALIFORNIA.—Area, 158,297 square miles.

COLORADO.—Area, 103,948 square miles.

CONNECTICUT.—Area, 4,965 square miles.

DELAWARE.—Area, 2,370 square miles.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—Area, 70 square miles.

FLORIDA.—Area, 58,666 square miles.

GEORGIA.—Area, 59,265 square miles.

IDAHO.—Area, 84,313 square miles.

ILLINOIS.—Area, 56,665 square miles.

INDIANA.—Area, 36,354 square miles.

IOWA.—Area, 56,147 square miles.

KANSAS.—Area, 82,158 square miles.

KENTUCKY.—Area, 49,598 square miles.

LOUISIANA.—Area, 48,506 square miles.

MAINE.—Area, 33,040 square miles.

MARYLAND.—Area, 12,327 square miles.

MASSACHUSETTS.—Area, 8,266 square miles.

MICHIGAN.—Area, 57,980 square miles.

MINNESOTA.—Area, 84,628 square miles.

MISSISSIPPI.—Area, 46,865 square miles.

MISSOURI.—Area, 69,420 square miles.

MONTANA.—Area, 146,572 square miles.

NEBRASKA.—Area, 77,520 square miles.

NEVADA.—Area, 110,690 square miles.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—Area, 9,341 square miles.

NEW JERSEY.—Area, 8,224 square miles.

NEW MEXICO.—Area, 122,634 square miles.

NEW YORK.—Area, 49,204 square miles.

NORTH CAROLINA.—Area, 52,426 square miles.

NORTH DAKOTA.—Area, 70,837 square miles.

OHIO.—Area, 41,040 square miles.

OKLAHOMA.—Area, 70,057 square miles.

OREGON.—Area, 96,699 square miles.

PENNSYLVANIA.—Area, 45,126 square miles.

RHODE ISLAND.—Area, 1,248 square miles.

SOUTH CAROLINA.—Area, 30,989 square miles.

SOUTH DAKOTA.—Area, 77,615 square miles.

TENNESSEE.—Area, 42,022 square miles.

TEXAS.—Area, 265,896 square miles.

UTAH.—Area, 84,990 square miles.

VERMONT.—Area, 9,564 square miles.

VIRGINIA.—Area, 42,627 square miles.

WASHINGTON.—Area, 69,127 square miles.

WEST VIRGINIA.—Area, 24,170 square miles.

WISCONSIN.—Area, 56,066 square miles.

WYOMING.—Area, 97,914 square miles.

POPULATION OF CITIES

Cities of over 100,000 population

Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population

TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS

Agriculture, Fisheries, and Mining, total, 9,013,336

Professional Service, 944,333

Domestic and Personal Service, 4,360,577

Trade and Transportation, 3,326,122

Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries. 5,091,393

INDEX.

PATENTS

Scientific American

The Weekly Journal of Practical Information

The Scientific AmericanCyclopedia of Formulas

Edited by ALBERT A. HOPKINS OCTAVO. 1077 PAGES. 15,000 RECEIPTS Cloth, $5.00. Half Morocco, $6.50. Postpaid

Experimental Science

Elementary Practical and Experimental Physics By GEORGE M. HOPKINS Revised and Enlarged Edition. Two Octavo Volumes. 1,100 Pages. 900 Illustrations. Cloth Bound, $5.00. Half Morocco, $7.00

MONOPLANES AND BIPLANES

Their Design, Construction and Operation By GROVER CLEVELAND LOENING, B.Sc., A.M., C.E. 12mo, 340 Pages, 278 Illustrations. Price, $2.50 postpaid

Mechanical Movements, Powers and Devices

Mechanical Appliances, Mechanical Movements and Novelties of Construction

Special Offer

Handy Man's Workshop and Laboratory

Compiled and Edited by A. RUSSELL BOND 12mo, 467 Pages, 370 illustrations. Price, $2.00

Home Mechanics for Amateurs

TO BOOK BUYERS

MUNN & CO., Inc., Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE