The Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Yellow Bats, 'Dasypterus,'

And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray, by E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

Title: North American Yellow Bats, 'Dasypterus,' And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray

Author: E. Raymond Hall

J. Knox Jones

Release Date: March 17, 2010 [EBook #31679]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN YELLOW BATS ***

Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs.

December 29, 1961

North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus,"

And a List of the Named Kinds

Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray

By

E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

LAWRENCE

1961

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,

Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.

Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs.

Published December 29, 1961

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY

JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER

TOPEKA, KANSAS

1961

North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus,"

And a List of the Named Kinds

Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray

BY

E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.

INTRODUCTION

Yellow bats occur only in the New World and by most recent authors have been referred to the genus Dasypterus Peters. The red bats and the hoary bat, all belonging to the genus Lasiurus Gray, also occur only in the New World except that the hoary bat has an endemic subspecies in the Hawaiian Islands.

The kind of yellow bat first to be given a distinctive name was the smaller of the two species that occur in North America. It was named Nycticejus ega in 1856 (p. 73) by Gervais on the basis of material from the state of Amazonas, Brazil, South America, but was early recognized as occurring also in North America (in the sense that México and Central America, including Panamá, are parts of North America). More than 40 years elapsed before subspecific names were proposed for the North American populations; Thomas named Dasypterus ega xanthinus in 1897 (p. 544) from Baja California, and Dasypterus ega panamensis in 1901 (p. 246) from Panamá.

The larger of the two North American species was named Lasiurus intermedius in 1862 (p. 246) by H. Allen on the basis of material from extreme northeastern México. Another alleged species, Dasypterus floridanus, was named in 1902 (p. 392) by Miller from Florida, but as set forth below it is only a subspecies of L. intermedius, a species that is seemingly limited to parts of the North American mainland and Cuba.

A third species, Atalapha egregia, allegedly allied to the small yellow bat, L. ega, was named in 1871 (p. 912) by Peters from Santa Catarina, Brazil, but Handley (1960:473) thinks that L. egregius is allied instead to the red bats. The species L. egregius has not been studied in connection with the observations reported below.

Bats of the genus concerned were given the generic name Nycteris by Borkhausen in 1797 (p. 66), and the name Lasiurus by Gray in 1831 (p. 38). For much of the latter part of the 19th century the generic name Atalapha proposed by Rafinesque in 1814 (p. 12) was used because it antedated the name Lasiurus. In this period Harrison Allen (1894:137) raised to generic rank the name Dasypterus that had been proposed by Peters in 1871 (p. 912) only as a subgenus for the yellow bats. Since 1894 the yellow bats ordinarily have borne the generic name Dasypterus. The red bats and the hoary bat continued to be referred to as of the genus Atalapha until early in the 20th century when it was decided that a European bat of another genus was technically the basis for the name Atalapha. Thereupon Lasiurus was again used in the belief that it was the earliest available name for the bats concerned. But in 1909 (p. 90) Miller showed that the name Lasiurus was preoccupied by Nycteris Borkhausen, 1797 (p. 66). From 1909 until 1914 in conformance with the Law of Priority Nycteris was used for the red bat and the hoary bat.

At this point it is desirable to digress and indicate why and how the Law of Priority came into being. In the 19th century different technical names were used for the same kind of animal depending on the opinions of individual authors. For example, one author used name A because it was most descriptive of the morphology of the animal, another author used name B because it had been used more often than any other, another author used name C because it was more euphonious, etc. In order to achieve uniformity and stability a set of rules was drawn up in 1901 at the International Zoological Congress in Berlin. Those rules were based principally on the rule, or law, of priority. In effect, the law stated that the technical name first given to a kind of animal (with starting date as of January 1, 1758, Systema Naturae of Linnaeus) would be the correct and official name. After the mentioned rules were adopted, some zoologists, mostly non-taxonomists, objected to the rules and in response to these objections a compromise was adopted in 1913 at the International Zoological Congress in Monaco and the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature was authorized to set aside, at its discretion, the Law of Priority. In 1913 it was thought by everyone that the names conserved (nomina conservanda) by setting aside the rules would be few.

Returning now to the generic names applied to the bats concerned, it is to be noted that from 1803 until 1909 Nycteris had been used as the generic name of an African bat on the erroneous assumption that the name was first applied in a valid fashion to the African bat. With the aim of conserving the name Nycteris for the African bat, some zoologists petitioned the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside the Law of Priority and petitioned also that the name Lasiurus be validated for use again as the generic name for New World bats. This petition was granted in 1914 in the first lot of names for which exception to the rules was made. As a result, since 1914 Lasiurus has been used with increasing frequency, and Nycteris with decreasing frequency, for New World bats.

The above explanation of the application of the generic names Nycteris, Atalapha, and Lasiurus is given for two reasons: First, study of more abundant material than was available to Harrison Allen in 1894 when he raised Dasypterus to generic rank reveals, as set forth beyond, that the yellow bats are not generically different from the red bats and hoary bat and so will bear the same generic name that is applied to the red bat and hoary bat; second, a choice of generic names has to be made. Actually, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature since 1913 has voted to make many, instead of only a few, exceptions to the rules. The number of names resulting from these exceptions is becoming so large that some zoologists fear that the chaotic condition of nomenclature in the previous century will return. Those who hold such fears maintain that adherence to the rules of 1901, or to the Law of Priority, or at least to some rules, clearly is desirable. Certainly there is much logic in that view. According to the rules, Nycteris is the correct name of the bats concerned. According to the Commission, it is well to use instead the name Lasiurus. Perhaps the time has come to follow the rules and use Nycteris. But, because of the possibility that the Commission will return to its policy of 1913 and recommend only a few instead of many exceptions to the rules, the generic name Lasiurus is tentatively used in the following accounts.

Genus Lasiurus Gray

Hairy-tailed Bats

1797.

Nycteris B[orkhause]n, Der Zoologe (Compendiose Bibliothek gemeinnützigsten Kenntnisse für alle Stände, pt. 21), Heft 4-7, p. 66. Type, Vespertilio borealis Müller [= Lasiurus borealis]. Nycteris Borkhausen is a homonym of Nycteris G. Cuvier and É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1795, type Vespertilio hispidus Schreber, 1774 [= Nycteris hispida], from Senegal. Although Nycteris Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire is a nomen nudum, Opinion 111 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature establishes the name as available for a genus of Old World bats. On this basis, Nycteris Borkhausen is not available for the New World genus. Nycteris É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1803, is a synonym of Nycteris Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1795, as given status by the Commission.

1831.

Lasiurus Gray, Zool. Misc., No. 1, p. 38. Type, Vespertilio borealis Müller.

1871.

Atalapha Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 907, and other authors [nec Atalapha Rafinesque, 1814].

Type species.—Vespertilio borealis Müller.

Diagnosis.—Interfemoral membrane large and most of its upper surface furred; mammae 4; third, fourth and fifth fingers progressively shortened; ear short and rounded; skull short and broad; nares and palatal emargination wide and shallow (width transversely exceeding length anteroposteriorly); sternum prominently keeled; i. 1/3, c. 1/1, p. 1/2 or 2/2, m. 3/3; when two upper premolars present, anterior one minute, peglike, and displaced lingually; M3 much reduced, area of its crown less than a third that of M1.

Members of this genus are notable for having three and even four young (more than other bats). In North America at least L. borealis and L. cinereus, are migratory.

Provisional Key to the Recent Species of Lasiurus

- 1.  Color reddish or grayish (not yellowish); normally two premolars on each side of upper jaw.

- 2.  Occurring on Antillean islands (color reddish).

- 3.  Length of upper tooth-row less than 4.5 mm. (occurring on Hispaniola and Bahamas)L. minor.

- 3'. Length of upper tooth-row more than 4.5 mm. (not occurring on Hispaniola and Bahamas).

- 4.  Greatest length of skull less than 13.9 mm. (occurring on Cuba)L. pfeifferi.

- 4'. Greatest length of skull more than 13.9 mm. (occurring on Jamaica)L. degelidus.

- 2'. Occurring on mainland and coastal islands of North and South America; also on Galapagos and Hawaiian islands (color reddish or grayish).

- 5.  Total length more than 120 mm.; color grayishL. cinereus.

- 5'. Total length less than 120 mm.; color reddish.

- 6.  Upper parts brick red to rusty red, frequently washed with white; lacrimal ridge present.

- 7.  Not occurring on Galapagos IslandsL. borealis.

- 7'. Known only from Galapagos Islands (both ear of 7.6 mm. and thumb of 6.4 mm. allegedly shorter than in L. borealis of adjacent mainland; presence of lacrimal ridge not verified)L. brachyotis.

- 6'. Upper parts not brick red to rusty red; lacrimal ridge not developed.

- 8.  Forearm more than 46.5 mm. (48 in only known specimen, a male); dorsum bright rufous (absence of lacrimal ridge not verified)L. egregius.

- 8'. Forearm less than 46.5 mm.; dorsum not bright rufous.

- 9.  Upper parts mahogany brown washed with white; forearm less than 43 mmL. seminolus.

- 9'. Upper parts deep chestnut; forearm more than 43 mm. (44.8 in only known specimen, a female)L. castaneus.

- 1'. Color yellowish; only one premolar on each side of upper jaw.

- 10.  Total length more than 119 mm.; length of upper tooth-row 6.0 mm. or moreL. intermedius.

- 10'. Total length less than 119 mm.; length of upper tooth-row less than 6.0 mmL. ega.

Lasiurus intermedius

Northern Yellow Bat

Diagnosis.—Upper parts yellowish-orange, or yellowish brown, or brownish-gray faintly washed with black to pale yellowish gray; size large (forearm, 45.2-62.8; condylocanine length, 16.9-21.5).

Distribution and Geographic Variation

Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, has been reported from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas southward to Honduras and in Cuba. Lasiurus floridanus (Miller), type from Lake Kissimmee, Florida, has been recorded from southeastern Texas, eastward along the Gulf of Mexico to Florida, and thence northward along the Atlantic Coast to extreme southeastern Virginia (see records of occurrence beyond and Fig. 2). Specimens of intermedius from the vicinity of the type locality and from other localities in México differ from specimens of floridanus (from Florida and southern Georgia) as follows: Larger, both externally (especially forearm) and cranially (see measurements); teeth larger and heavier; skull heavier and having more prominent sagittal and lambdoidal crests; braincase less rounded, more elongate; auditory bullae relatively smaller; upper parts averaging brighter (yellowish to yellowish-orange in general aspect, rather than yellowish-brown to brownish-gray).

The differences mentioned above are of the magnitude of those that ordinarily separate subspecies of a single species rather than two species. Miller (1902:392-393), in the original description of floridanus, noted that the differences between it and intermedius were slight and remarked (p. 393): "Indeed, it is probable that it intergrades with the Texas animal." Lowery (1936:17) also has suggested that intergradation might occur between intermedius and floridanus "in southwestern Louisiana or eastern Texas"; later (1943:223-224) he pointed out that specimens from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, averaged larger in cranial dimensions than typical floridanus and again mentioned the possibility of intergradation between the two kinds. Sanborn (1954:25-26) touched obliquely on the problem when he wrote: "In Florida, Dasypterus intermedius is referred to as a Florida yellow bat (Dasypterus floridanus)." Handley (1960:478) wrote that certain morphological similarities suggested "gene flow" between the two kinds.

Specimens examined from Louisiana resemble floridanus from Georgia and Florida to the eastward in external dimensions. Some of those specimens resemble floridanus in size of skull, but two skulls from Louisiana are inseparable from those of topotypes of intermedius. The upper parts of specimens from Louisiana are generally like those of animals to the east but average somewhat paler (less brownish). The specimens seen from Louisiana seem to be intergrades between intermedius and floridanus but clearly are assignable to the latter.

Plot

FIG. 1. Condylocanine length plotted against length of forearm for specimens of the species Lasiurus intermedius.

The picture is less clear as regards bats from southeastern Texas (one specimen each from Colorado and Travis counties, and four specimens from Harris County). Five of the specimens have skulls (the Travis County specimen is a skin only) and of these, four are clearly assignable, on the basis of size and shape of the skull, to intermedius. The fifth skull (specimen from Colorado County) is intermediate in size between floridanus and intermedius and on that basis alone could be assigned with equal propriety to either. All these specimens from Texas more closely resemble floridanus than intermedius in external size (forearms: 49.2, 49.6, 50.7, 49.9 (approximate), 49.6, 49.1). The pale yellowish-gray upper parts of the four adults, seemingly resulting from a dilution of the brownish color found in floridanus, differ from the color of typical specimens of both intermedius and floridanus, but the average is nearer that of floridanus than that of intermedius. Color of pre-adult pelage in the one July-taken young of the year resembles the color of adults. An August-taken young of the year is in process of acquiring the adult pelage but the hairs have not reached their full growth; it is pale yellowish but not so grayish as the other specimens. All characters considered, the specimens from eastern Texas resemble floridanus more than they do intermedius, and so are provisionally assigned to floridanus (as was done by Taylor and Davis, 1947:19; Eads, et al., 1956:440; and, Davis, 1960:59). Additional material from southeastern Texas is needed. It will be remembered that the type locality of intermedius is in the Rio Grande Valley; all specimens seen, in the study here reported on, from the Texas side of the valley are unquestionably referable to that subspecies.

Intergradation, then, occurs between L. intermedius and L. floridanus in some degree in southern Louisiana and in more marked degree in southeastern Texas. Specimens from the area of intergradation vary more individually in many features than do specimens from other areas. In general the intergrades tend to resemble floridanus in small size externally and intermedius in large size of skull. The specimens from southeastern Texas differ from typical specimens of both subspecies in color, being pale yellowish-gray (instead of yellowish to yellowish-orange as in intermedius or yellowish brown to brownish-gray as in floridanus), and this difference is shared to some extent with animals from Louisiana, the latter being somewhat intermediate between bats from Texas and those from Florida and Georgia, although nearer those from Florida and Georgia.

An hypothesis to account for the variation noted is that in Wisconsin Time, and perhaps in earlier Pleistocene times, this yellow bat was (as it is now) a warmth-adapted animal as Blair (1959:461) would term it. Some cool period forced the mainland populations of the two species into two refugia—peninsular Florida and eastern México—and the present area of intergradation is, therefore, of a secondary rather than a primary type. Possibly also the relatively treeless area of part of southern Texas has made for a sparse population there of Lasiurus intermedius and gene flow now may be, and long may have been, slight between the eastern and southern segments of the species.

It could be contended that the peculiar coloration of specimens from southeastern Texas, coupled with the tendency to have a large skull (as has intermedius) and small external dimensions (as has floridanus), justifies subspecific recognition for the animals that here are termed intergrades. But, judging by the specimens now available, such subspecific recognition would tend to obscure rather than clarify the geographic variation noted.

Life History

Probably bats of the species Lasiurus intermedius seek retreats primarily in trees (see Moore, 1949a:59-60) but Baker and Dickerman (1956:443) reported "approximately 45 yellow bats" concealed on July 22, 1955, "among dried corn stalks hanging from the sides of a large open tobacco shed" in the state of Veracruz. Young are born in late spring, three being the only number known except that Davis (1960:59) was told that in the vicinity of Mission, Texas, two was the usual number "born in May and June." Sherman (1945:194) reported a female with young (number not given) taken on June 7, 1918, at Seven Oaks, Florida, and another with three young taken on June 20, 1941, at Ocala, Florida. Lowery (1936:17) recorded a female, having three young, obtained on June 17, 1932, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A specimen taken on May 19, 1940, at Baton Rouge contained three embryos. Baker and Dickerman (loc. cit.) reported four adult females from Veracruz as lactating on July 22, 1955, but they were accompanied by flying young of the year and probably were near the end of the lactation period. Among specimens examined, juveniles are available by date as follows: 5 mi. N Baton Rouge, Louisiana (June 26, 1953); Palm Beach, Florida (July 6, 1950); and Izamal, Yucatán ("taken with mother" on July 28, 1910). Breeding probably takes place in autumn and winter; Sherman (op. cit.:196) reported males from Florida as sexually "mature" from the beginning of September to mid-February. Late winter segregation of sexes has been reported.

Subspecies

In the following accounts, localities of occurrence in each state are listed from north to south; if two lie in the same latitude, the westernmost is listed first. Localities that are italicized are not shown on the distribution map (Fig. 2), either because undue crowding of symbols would result or, in several cases, because we could not precisely place the localities. Length of forearm is the average of both forearms in individuals in which both forearms could be measured.

Lasiurus intermedius intermedius (H. Allen)

1862.

Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14:246, "April" (between May 27 and August 1), type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

Geographic distribution.—Southern México (Yucatán, Chiapas and Oaxaca), northward along Gulf Coast to Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (see Fig. 2).

Diagnosis.—Size medium (see measurements); sagittal crest present (height above braincase averaging 0.4 mm. in 12 from Brownsville, Texas); interorbital region relatively broad; M3 relatively broad (see comparisons in account of the Cuban subspecies beyond); mesostyle of M1 and M2 and 2nd commissure and cingulum of M3 large; pelage yellowish to yellowish-orange.

Comparisons.—See p. 79 and under accounts of Lasiurus intermedius floridanus and the Cuban subspecies.

External measurements.—Three adult males from the Sierra de Tamaulipas in Tamaulipas: Total length, 146, 136, 142; length of tail-vertebrae, 69, 67, 70; length of hind foot, 11, 11, 11; length of ear from notch, 17, 16, 17; length of forearm (dry), 53.2, 51.8, 51.9. Corresponding measurements for two adult females from 1 mi. SW Catemaco, Veracruz: 149, 155; 64, 69; 11, 12; 17, 17; 51.8, 55.2. Weight in grams of the Tamaulipan specimens, respectively: 24, 21, 24. For cranial measurements see Table 1.

Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 45, as follows: TEXAS: 5^5/8 mi. N Mission, 2 (Texas A & M); Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, 1 (USNM); Brownsville, 13 (4 AMNH; 1 Texas A & M; 8 USNM). TAMAULIPAS: Matamoros, 2 (USNM); Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1 (KU); Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1400 ft, 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, 2 (KU). VERACRUZ: 16 mi. SW Catemaco, 15 (KU). OAXACA: Oaxaca, 1 (British Mus.). CHIAPAS: San Bartolomé, 1 (USNM). YUCATAN: Tekom, 1 (Chicago Mus.); Izamal, 5 (USNM). HONDURAS: Río Yeguare, between Tegucigalpa and Danli, 1 (MCZ).

Additional records: TEXAS: Padre Island (Miller, 1897:118); Cameron County (ibid.). OAXACA: Tehuantepec (Handley, 1960:478). YUCATAN: Yaxcach (not found, Gaumer, 1917:274).

Lasiurus intermedius floridanus (Miller)

1902.

Dasypterus floridanus Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:392, September 12, type from Lake Kissimmee, Oceola Co., Florida.

Geographic distribution.—Extreme southeastern Virginia, south along Atlantic Coast to and including peninsular Florida (except possibly extreme southern tip), thence westward to southern Louisiana and the southern part of eastern Texas (see Fig. 2).

Diagnosis.—Size small (see measurements); sagittal crest present but low; interorbital region relatively broad; teeth essentially as in L. i. intermedius except averaging smaller; pelage yellowish-brown to grayish-brown. For comparison with the Cuban subspecies, see account of that subspecies.

Comparisons.—From Lasiurus intermedius intermedius, L. i. floridanus differs as follows: averaging smaller (see measurements), especially in forearm and skull; teeth smaller; skull having less prominent sagittal and lambdoidal crests; braincase more nearly round; tympanic shields over petrosals approximately same size and therefore relatively larger; pelage of upper parts duller, yellowish-brown to brownish-gray instead of yellowish to yellowish-orange.

External measurements.—Average (and extremes) of 14 February-taken males from along the Aucilla River, Jefferson Co., Florida: Total length, 126.8 (121-131.5); length of tail-vertebrae, 54.2 (51-60); length of hind foot, 9.8 (8-11); length of ear from notch (13 specimens), 16.3 (15-17); forearm (dry, 13 specimens), 48.1 (46.7-50.0). Corresponding measurements of the holotype, an adult female (after Miller, 1902:392): 129, 52, 9, 17, 49. Average (and extremes) weight in grams of the series of males: 17.7 (15.5-19.5). For cranial measurements see Table 1.

Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 65, as follows: TEXAS: Austin, 1 (Texas U.); 4 mi. N Huffman, 1 (Texas A & M); Houston, 3 (1 KU; 2 MVZ); Eagle Lake, 1 (Texas A & M). LOUISIANA: 5 mi. N Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); 1 mi. W LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); Baton Rouge, 7 (1 AMNH; 5 LSU; 1 USNM); ½ mi. E Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); North Island, Grand Lake, 1 (LSU); Lafayette, 2 (USNM); Houma, 2 (USNM). GEORGIA: Beachton, 11 (6 Chicago Mus.; 5 USNM). FLORIDA: 2 mi. S Tallahassee, 1 (AMNH); 5 mi. W Jacksonville, 1 (AMNH); Aucilla River, 15 mi. S Waukenna, 7 (Univ. Fla.); Aucilla River, at U.S. Hgy. 98, 8 (Univ. Fla.); W of Gainesville, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Gainesville, 3 (2 Univ. Fla.; 1 Univ. Mich.); near Gainesville, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Alachua County, 1 (Univ. Mich.); 2 mi. SW Deland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); head of Chassahowitzka River, 1 (USNM); Lakeland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); Seven Oaks [near present town of Safety Harbor], 2 (1 AMNH; 1 USNM); Lake Kissimmee, 1 (USNM); Palm Beach, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Mullet Lake (not found), 1 (USNM).

Additional records: VIRGINIA: Willoughby Beach (Rageot, 1955:456). SOUTH CAROLINA: 5 mi. NW Charleston (Coleman, 1940:90). LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Lowery, 1943:223). MISSISSIPPI: Hancock County (Hamilton, 1943:107). Georgia: W edge Camilla (Constantine, 1958:65). FLORIDA (Sherman, 1945:195, unless otherwise noted): St. Marys River [near Boulogue]; vicinity Palm Valley (Ivey, 1959:506); 6 mi. N Lake Geneva (Sherman, 1937:108); Old Town; Welaka (Moore, 1949a:59); Bunnell; Ocala; Davenport; Hillsborough River State Park; 1 mi. NE Punta Gorda (Frye, 1948:182); Miami (Moore, 1949b:50).

Lasiurus intermedius insularis, new subspecies

Holotype.—Adult female, preserved in alcohol but having skull removed, formerly in the Poey Museum, University of Havana, now No. 81666, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba; obtained on January 23, 1948, by D. Gonzáles Muñoz.

Geographic distribution.—Known only from the island of Cuba (see Fig. 2).

Diagnosis.—Large throughout (see measurements); sagittal crest enormously developed, especially posteriorly (height above braincase averaging 1.7 mm. in 4 specimens); interorbital region narrow; M3 narrow; mesostyle of M1 and M2 and 2nd commissure and cingulum of M3 small; pelage yellowish to reddish-brown.

Comparisons.—From Lasiurus intermedius intermedius of the adjacent mainland of México, L. i. insularis differs as follows: Larger, both externally and cranially; sagittal crest relatively higher, especially posteriorly; interorbital region relatively narrower; palate longer posterior to tooth-rows; teeth distinctly larger throughout except M3, which is relatively (frequently actually) narrower, averaging 66.1 (62.5-71.0) per cent width of M2 in insularis rather than 74.1 (66.6-79.3) per cent in 10 intermedius from Brownsville, Texas; mesostyle of M1 and M2 relatively smaller as are second commissure and cingulum of M3; coloration of No. 254714 USNM resembling that of L. i. intermedius, but coloration of three specimens, preserved in alcohol, averaging somewhat darker (more reddish-brown) than in intermedius.

Geographic distribution of the three subspecies of <i>Lasiurus intermedius

FIG. 2. Geographic distribution of the three subspecies of Lasiurus intermedius.

1. L. i. floridanus

2. L. i. intermedius

3. L. i. insularis

Black dots represent localities of capture of specimens examined. Hollow circles represent localities of capture of other specimens recorded in the literature but not examined by us (Hall and Jones).

From Lasiurus intermedius floridanus of the adjacent Floridan mainland, L. i. insularis differs in many of the same ways that it differs from L. i. intermedius, except that the differences are even more trenchant because floridanus is smaller than intermedius. Indeed, the difference in size between floridanus and insularis is approximately the same as between Lasiurus borealis and Lasiurus cinereus.

Measurements.—External measurements (all taken from specimens preserved in alcohol) of the holotype, followed by those of two other females, one from Laguna La Deseada, San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province, and the other from Bayate, Guantánamo, Oriente Province, are, respectively: Total length, 164, 161, 150; length of tail-vertebrae, 68, 76, 77; length of hind foot, 12, 12, 13; length of ear from notch, 20, 17, 19; length of forearm, 61.2, 62.6, 61.8. The length of forearm of a study skin from San Germán (that otherwise lacks external measurements) having wings spread is approximately 55.4. For cranial measurements see Table 1.

Remarks.—Four of the five specimens on which the name L. i. insularis is based differ to such a degree from mainland populations of the species L. intermedius that specific rather than subspecific recognition for the Cuban bat might seem warranted. It is because of the fifth specimen (USNM 254714) that we accord subspecific rank to insularis. It is smaller than the other Cuban specimens and except for longer condylocanine length, longer mandibular tooth-rows, narrower interorbital region, and heavier dentition is indistinguishable in measurements from the largest specimens of L. i. intermedius from the mainland. In addition, it appears not to have the enormously developed sagittal crest of the other specimens of insularis although posteriorly the dorsal part of the skull (where the crest is most prominent) is missing. USNM 254714 agrees with the other Cuban specimens in having the mesostyle of M1 and M2 somewhat reduced and in having a small M3 on which the cingulum and second commissure are poorly developed, and this specimen is regarded as representative of the lower size limits of the Cuban population.

The skull from San Bias was found in an owl pellet (see de Beaufort, 1934:316).

Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 5, all from Cuba, as follows: Pinar del Río Prov.: Laguna La Deseada, San Cristóbal, 1 (Poey Museum). Las Villas Prov.: Cienfuegos, 1 (KU, the holotype). Camaguey Prov.: San Bias, 1 (Amsterdam Zoological Museum). Oriente Prov.: San Germán, 1 (USNM); Bayate, Guantánamo, 1 (Ramsdem Museum, Univ. Oriente).

TABLE 1.—CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF THREE SUBSPECIES OF LASIURUS INTERMEDIUS

Catalogue

number

or

number

of

specimens

averaged

Museum

Sex

Locality

Condylocanine

length

Zygomatic

breadth

Interorbital

breadth

Alveolar

length

Breadth

of

rostrum

(between

anterior

openings

of intraorbital

canals)

Mastoid

breadth

Length

of

mandibular

tooth-row

(i-m3)

Lasiurus intermedius floridanus

Ave. 10

UF

♂♂

[1]Aucilla River, Florida

17.6

12.8

5.0

6.2

7.2

10.0[2]

8.0

Min.

—

—

—

17.0

12.6

4.7

6.0

6.9

9.6

7.8

Max.

—

—

—

18.2

13.0

5.3

6.4

7.5

10.2

8.2

1788

LSU

♀

Baton Rouge, La.

18.7

—

5.1

6.7

7.7

—

8.8

1820

LSU

♀

Baton Rouge, La.

18.5

—

—

6.7

7.2

10.1

8.7

1840

LSU

♂

Baton Rouge, La.

18.0

12.7

5.0

6.4

7.1

9.9

8.0

6790

LSU

♂

Baton Rouge, La.

18.0

12.8

4.9

6.5

7.2

9.9

8.2

3681

LSU

♂

7 mi. SE Baton Rouge, La.

17.7

12.6

5.0

6.4

7.0

9.8

8.2

6791

LSU

♀

[3]Grand Lake, La.

17.9

12.6

4.9

6.3

7.2

9.9

8.3

84218

MVZ

♀

Houston, Texas.

19.1

13.8

5.1

6.6

7.5

10.3

8.7

769

TAMC

♀

4 mi. N Huffman, Texas

18.8

13.4

5.0

6.7

7.7

—

8.7

3805

TAMC

♂

Eagle Lake, Texas.

18.1

12.9

4.8

6.6

7.2

9.8

8.5

Lasiurus intermedius intermedius

1437

USNM

?

Matamoros, Tamaulipas

18.9

13.6

5.1

6.6

7.5

10.7

8.9

1439

USNM

?

Matamoros, Tamaulipas

19.0

14.0

5.3

6.6

7.8

10.7

8.8

Ave. 12

USNM[4]

?[5]

Brownsville, Texas

18.7[6]

13.8[6]

5.2

6.6

7.7

10.4[6]

8.7

Min.

—

—

—

18.1

13.0

4.9

6.4

7.4

10.0

8.4

Max.

—

—

—

19.2

14.7

5.5

7.0

8.2

11.1

9.0

55317

KU

♂

[7]Sierra de Tamaulipas

18.2

13.2

5.5

6.2

7.6

10.3

8.0

55322

KU

♂

[8]Sierra de Tamaulipas

18.4

13.7

5.2

6.5

7.4

10.6

8.4

55324

KU

♂

[8]Sierra de Tamaulipas

18.3

13.2

5.1

6.5

7.6

10.3

8.1

67549

KU

♀

Catemaco, Veracruz

19.0

13.5

5.0

6.5

7.5

10.2

8.8

67550

KU

♀

Catemaco, Veracruz

19.0

13.5

4.7

6.4

7.6

10.3

8.7

Lasiurus intermedius insularis (all from Cuba)

2395

AZM

?

Cave near San Bias

21.4

15.1

4.8

7.3

8.4

11.9

9.5+

254714

USNM

♂

San Germán, Oriente

19.5

14.1

4.8

6.9

7.8

11.0

9.3

81666

KU

♀

Cienfuegos, Las Villas

20.5

15.2

4.6

7.2

8.2

11.9

9.6

Poey Mus.

♀

San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río

21.5

15.6

4.7

7.5

8.9

1.8

9.7

Ramsdem Oriente Univ.

♀

Bayate, Guantánamo, Oriente

20.9

14.8

4.6

7.3

8.4

11.2

9.7

1 "Rt. 98" and "15 mi. S Waukenna" both in Jefferson Co.

2 Only nine specimens.

3 N Island, Grand Lake, Iberville Parish."

4 Some in Amer. Mus. Nat. History.

5 Females, 8; males, 3; unsexed, 1.

6 Only 11 specimens.

7 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, Tamaulipas.

8 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, Tamaulipas.

Lasiurus ega

Southern Yellow Bat

Diagnosis.—Upper parts yellowish-brown (much as in Lasiurus intermedius floridanus from Louisiana) having overlay of grayish or blackish anterior to shoulders; hair on basal half of interfemoral membrane more yellowish than elsewhere; size medium (forearm 42.7-52.2; condylocanine length 14.6-16.3).

This species occurs from the southwestern United States (Palm Springs, California, and Tucson, Arizona) southward into Uruguay and northeastern Argentina. Of the six currently (see Handley, 1960) recognized subspecies of L. ega, four occur only in South America, and two occur only in North America.

Cabrera (1958:115) regarded Dasypterus ega fuscatus Thomas (1901:246), based on three specimens from Río Cauquete, Río Cauca, Colombia, as a synonym of Dasypterus ega panamensis Thomas (loc. cit.) that was based on a specimen from Bogava, 250 meters elevation, Chiriquí, Panamá. The latter name has line priority over fuscatus. Cabrera (1958:116) remarked that: "Las diferencias que Thomas señaló entre el Dasypterus de Panamá y el de Colombia (fuscatus) nos parecen estar dentro de los límites de la variación individual, siendo además muy raro que una especie de quiróptero este representada en Colombia y en Panamá por razas diferentes."

On July 16, 1958, at the British Museum of Natural History, one of us (Hall) examined the holotypes of panamensis and fuscatus, as well as other materials used by Thomas, and readily perceived the differences that he pointed out. Thomas' description, although terse, is accurate. L. e. fuscatus is much more blackish than panamensis. We are inclined to retain the two names as applicable to two subspecies. Whether or not fuscatus is synonymized under panamensis, the holotype of panamensis is an intergrade between the almost black Colombian animal (fuscatus) and the paler individuals in Central America and territory north thereof. Even so, the holotype of panamensis more closely resembles the blackish Colombian population than the paler populations to the north and the name panamensis, therefore, is correctly applicable to the bat from Panamá, but not to bats of the species Lasiurus ega from farther north as most authors (see, for example, Hall and Kelson, 1959:194, map 143; and Handley, 1960:474) suggested was the case. For the populations north of Panamá the name Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas) (1897:544) needs to be used.

Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas)

1897.

Dasypterus ega xanthinus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544, December, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California.

1953.

Lasiurus ega xanthinus, Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:61, December 28.

Geographic distribution.—Southern California, southern Arizona, and northern Coahuila southward through México to southern Costa Rica.

Diagnosis.—Yellowish-brown with an overlay of grayish anterior to the shoulders; forearm, 42.7-47.2.

Remarks.—Specimens from Baja California and the adjacent western part of the mainland of México average paler than specimens from Veracruz and some places in Central America but the differences are slight.

Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 21, as follows: BAJA CALIFORNIA.—Comondú, 1 (USNM); Sierra Laguna, 4 (1 USNM, 3 British Mus.). COAHUILA.—4 mi. W Hacienda La Mariposa, 2300 ft., 2 (KU). ZACATECAS.—Concepción del Oro, 7680 ft., 4 (KU). TAMAULIPAS.—Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 5 (KU); 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, 1 (KU). SINALOA.—1 mi. S Pericos, 1 (KU). VERACRUZ.—Achotal, 1 (Chicago Mus.). YUCATAN.—Yaxcach, 1 (USNM). COSTA RICA.—Lajas, Villa Quesada, 1 (AMNH); San José, 1 (AMNH).

Additional records: CALIFORNIA: Palm Springs (Constantine, 1946:107). ARIZONA: Tucson (Cockrum, 1961:97). BAJA CALIFORNIA (Handley, 1960:474): Santa Ana; Miraflores. SINALOA: Escuinapa (Handley, 1960:475). DURANGO: Aguajequiroz, 12 mi. SSW Mapimí, 5000 ft. (Greer, 1960:511). SAN LUIS POTOSI (Dalquest, 1953:62): 1½ mi. E Río Verde; 19 km. SW Ebano; 4 mi. SSW Ajinche. QUINTANA ROO: 7 mi. N, 37 mi. E Puerto de Morelos (Ingles, 1959:384). HONDURAS: Tegucigalpa (Handley, 1960:474).

Lasiurus ega panamensis (Thomas)

1901.

Dasypterus ega panamensis Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:246, September, type from Bogava [= Bugaba], Chiriquí, 250 meters, Panamá.

1960.

Lasiurus ega panamensis, Handley, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 112:474, October 6.

Geographic distribution.—Panamá; also recorded by Handley (1960:474) from Venezuela.

Diagnosis.—"General colour dark brownish clay-color, something between Ridgway's 'raw-umber' and 'clay-color'. Fur black basally, then dull brownish buffy, the extreme tips black. Center of face similar to back, cheeks from eyes to lips contrasting black. Rump and hairy part of interfemoral verging toward brownish fulvous. Under surface similar to upper." (Thomas, 1901:246.) Forearm of holotype, 46.5.

Remarks.—Notes taken down by one of us (Hall) on July 16, 1958, at the British Museum, Natural History, contain the following: "Color accurately described by Thomas. The blackish stands out. The difference between the types of D. e. panamensis and D. e. xanthinus is tremendous."

Record of occurrence.—Specimen examined, one, the type (British Mus.).

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF LASIURUS

As suggested by Dalquest in 1953 (p. 62) and by Handley in 1959 (p. 119) and 1960 (p. 473), the yellow bats, Lasiurus ega (Gervais) and Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen, so closely resemble the hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois), and the red bats, Lasiurus borealis (Müller) and the seven related species listed below, that all are properly included in a single genus. Many of the common characteristics are enumerated above in the diagnosis of the genus (see also Handley, 1960:473).

Diagram of bones

FIG. 3. Diagram of bones of right arm and third finger (middle digit) including cartilage on distal end of terminal (3rd) phalanx. Percentages are in terms of the over-all length of the arm and third finger.

A listing of the differences between the species is less impressive than a listing of the resemblances. The yellow bats differ less from the red bats than does the hoary bat, L. cinereus, which differs from all of the others as follows: talonid on m3 larger; p4 single-rooted instead of double-rooted; hypocone on M1 and M2 smaller; coronoid process lower; ossified part of tympanic ring, which shields the petrosal, larger; humerus relatively shorter; forearm relatively longer; first phalanx of middle finger relatively shorter; presternum including keel longer than wide instead of vice versa. The differences in the sternum and proportions of the forelimb reflect the more rapid flight of the hoary bat. The yellow bats differ from the red bats and hoary bat in long rostrum, pronounced sagittal crest, high coronoid process, absence of the first upper premolar, long first phalanx of the third digit and short terminal (3rd) phalanx of the same digit. Features in which the red bats are extreme in the genus are short rostrum, short forearm, and relatively longer second phalanx of the third finger. The red bats differ only slightly one from another.

Next to nothing is known of extinct Tertiary ancestors of species of the genus Lasiurus. Also relatively little is known about Lasiurus in the Pleistocene. Consequently, evolution of the living species has to be inferred almost entirely from what is known about their structure, habits, and geographic distribution. Figure 4 presents some ideas concerning relationships.

Graph

FIG. 4. Postulated relationships of species of the genus Lasiurus.

LIST OF NAMED KINDS OF THE GENUS LASIURUS

The words "type from" indicate that a specimen or specimens served as basis for the name. The words "type locality" signify lack of knowledge as to whether a specimen was preserved.

Red Bats

Lasiurus borealis borealis (Müller), 1776, type from New York.

[Vespertilio] noveboracensis Erxleben, 1777, based, in part, on "Der Neujorker" of Müller (ante).

Vespertilio lasiurus Schreber, 1781, type locality, North America.

Vespertilio rubellus Palisot de Beauvois, 1796, type locality unknown.

Vespertilio rubra Ord, 1815, based on the red bat of Wilson, Amer. Ornith., 6:60.

Vespertilio tesselatus Rafinesque, 1818, type locality unknown.

Vespertilio monachus Rafinesque, 1818, type locality unknown.

Vespertilio rufus Warden, 1820, based on the red bat of Wilson, ibid.

Lasiurus funebris Fitzinger, 1870, type locality, Tennessee.

Myotis quebecensis Yourans, 1930, type from Anse-à-Wolfe, Quebec.

Lasiurus borealis frantzii (Peters), 1871, type from Costa Rica.

Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen), 1891, type probably from California.

Lasiurus borealis ornatus Hall, 1951, type from Penuela, Veracruz.

Lasiurus borealis varius (Poeppig), 1835, type from Antuco, Provincia de Bió-Bió, Chile.

Nycticeus poepingii Lesson, 1836, type from Chile.

Lasiurus borealis salinae Thomas, 1902, type from Cruz del Eje, Cordoba, Argentina.

Lasiurus borealis blossevillii Lesson and Garnot, 1826, type from Montevideo, Uruguay.

Vespertilio bonariensis Lesson, 1827, type from Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Lasiurus enslenii Lima, 1926, type from São Lourenço, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Lasiurus pfeifferi (Gundlach), 1861, type from Cuba.

Lasiurus degelidus Miller, 1931, type from Sutton's, District of Vere, Jamaica.

Lasiurus minor Miller, 1931, type from "Voute l'Eglise," 1350 ft., a cave near the Jacmel road a few kilometers N Trouin, Haiti.

Lasiurus seminolus (Rhoads), 1895, type from Tarpon Springs, Pinellas Co., Florida.

Lasiurus castaneus Handley, 1960, type from Tacarcuna Village, 3200 ft., Río Pucro, Darién, Panamá.

Lasiurus egregius (Peters), 1871, type from Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Lasiurus brachyotis (J. A. Allen), 1892, type from San Cristóbal Island, Galapagos Islands.

Yellow Bats

Lasiurus golliheri (Hibbard and Taylor), Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, 16:162, fig. 10F, July 1, 1960 [an extinct species], type from [a stratum of Late Pleistocene Age] "Below the caliche bed in the Kingsdown formation; Cragin Quarry local fauna, locality 1 (Sangamon age); Big Springs Ranch, SW ¼ sec. 17, T. 32 S., R. 28 W. (Kansas University Locality 6), Meade County, Kansas."

Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas), 1897, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California.

Lasiurus ega panamensis (Thomas), 1901, type from Bugaba, Chiriquí, Panamá.

Lasiurus ega fuscatus (Thomas), 1901, type from Río Cauquete, Colombia.

Dasypterus ega punensis J. A. Allen, 1914, type from Isla de Puná, Ecuador.

Lasiurus ega ega (Gervais), 1856, type from Ega, Estado de Amazonas, Brazil.

class="indent2" Lasiurus caudatus Tomes, 1857, type from Pernambuco, Brazil.

Lasiurus ega argentinus (Thomas), 1901, type from Goya, Province of Corrientes, Argentina.

Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen, 1862, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México.

Lasiurus intermedius floridanus (Miller), 1902, type from Lake Kissimmee, Osceola Co., Florida.

Lasiurus intermedius insularis Hall and Jones, 1961, type from Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba.

Hoary Bats

Lasiurus fossilis Hibbard, Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, 8(No.6): 134, fig. 5, June 20, 1950 [an extinct species], type from [an early Pleistocene or a late Pliocene deposit] "Rexroad formation, Rexroad fauna. Locality UM-K1-47, Fox Canyon, XI Ranch, Meade County, Kansas."

Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois), 1796, type from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Known from Late Pleistocene time as well as from Recent time (see Hibbard and Taylor, Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, 16:159, fig. 10A, July 1, 1960, for occurrence in Cragin Quarry local fauna, Sangamon Age, Meade County, Kansas).

Vespertilio pruinosus Say, 1823, type from Engineer Cantonment, Washington Co., Nebraska.

A[talapha]. mexicana Saussure, 1861, type from an unknown locality, probably from Veracruz, Puebla, or Oaxaca.

Lasiurus cinereus villosissimus É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806, type locality, Asunción, Paraguay.

Lasiurus grayi Tomes, 1857, type from Chile.

Atalapha pallescens Peters, 1871, type from Paramo de la Culata, Andes de Mérida, Venezuela.

Atalapha cinerea brasiliensis Pira, 1905, type from Ignape, São Paulo, Brazil.

Lasiurus cinereus semotus (H. Allen), 1890, type from Hawaii.

EXPLANATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Hall and Jones are jointly responsible for the accounts of the two species of yellow bats, but Hall alone assumes responsibility for the other parts of the paper. Thanks are extended to the National Science Foundation for financial support (Grant No. 56 G 103) of the study here reported on. We are grateful also to the following persons for the loan of specimens in their care: S. B. Benson, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California (MVZ); W. F. Blair, Department of Zoology, University of Texas (Univ. Texas); W. B. Davis, Dept. Wildlife Management, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (TAMC or Texas A & M); D. H. Johnson, C. O. Handley, Jr., and W. H. Setzer, U.S. National Museum (USNM); Barbara Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College (MCZ); J. N. Layne, Department of Biology, University of Florida (UF); G. H. Lowery, Jr., Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State University (LSU); P. J. H. van Bree, Department of Mammals, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam (AZM); and R. G. Van Gelder, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Thanks are extended also to E. T. Hooper and W. H. Burt, Mus. Zoology, University of Michigan (Univ. Mich.), to Philip Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural History Museum (Chicago Mus.), and to Peter Crowcroft, British Museum, Natural History, for permission to examine specimens there. Mr. Gilberto Silva Taboada arranged the loan of specimens from the Poey Museum, University of Havana and from the Ramsdem Museum, University of Oriente, both in Cuba. Mr. Silva Taboada and Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo of the Poey Museum graciously arranged an exchange of specimens whereby the holotype of L. i. insularis became the property of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. Specimens in the last mentioned institution are identified with the symbol KU.

LITERATURE CITED

ALLEN, H.

1862.

Descriptions of two new species of Vespertilionidae, and some remarks on the genus Antrozous. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 246-248, "April" but between May 27 and August 1.

1894.

A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 43:i-ix + 1-198, pls. 1-38, March 14.

BAKER, R. H., AND DICKERMAN, R. W.

1956.

Daytime roost of the yellow bat in Veracruz. Jour. Mamm., 37:443, September 11.

BLAIR, W. F.

1959.

Distributional patterns of vertebrates in the southern United States in relation to past and present environments. Pp. 443-468, in Hubbs, C. L. (ed.), Zoogeography, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 51:x + 509, January 16.

BORKHAUSEN, M. B.

1797.

Der Zoologe (Compendiose Bibliothek gemeinnützigsten Kenntnisse für alle Stände, pt. xxi), Heft iv-vii [including page 66; original not seen].

CABRERA, A.

1958.

Catalogo de los mamíferos de America del Sur. Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc., Nat. Cienc., Zool., 4(1):l-307, March 27.

COCKRUM, E. L.

1960.

Southern yellow bat from Arizona. Jour. Mamm., 42:97, February 20.

COLEMAN, R. H.

1940.

Dasypterus floridanus in South Carolina. Jour. Mamm., 21:90, February 15.

CONSTANTINE, D. G.

1946.

A record of Dasypterus ega xanthinus from Palm Springs, California. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., Los Angeles, 45:107, September 20.

1958.

Ecological observations on lasiurine bats in Georgia. Jour. Mamm., 39:64-70, 1 fig., February 20.

DALQUEST, W. W.

1953.

Mammals of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:1-229, 1 fig., December 28.

DAVIS, W. B.

1960.

The mammals of Texas. Game and Fish Comm., Bull. 41:1-252, 73 figs., 64 maps.

DE BEAUFORT, L. F.

1934.

Dasypterus intermedius H. Allen in Cuba. Jour. Mamm., 15:316, November 15.

EADS, R. B., MENZIES, G. C., AND WISEMAN, J. S.

1956.

New locality records for Texas bats. Jour. Mamm., 37:440, September 11.

FRYE, O. E., JR.

1948.

Extension of range of two species of bats in Florida. Jour. Mamm., 29:182, May 14.

GAUMER, G. F.

1917.

Monografía de los mamíferos de Yucatán. Dept. Talleres Gráficos Secretaría Fomento, México, xli + 331 pp., 57 pls., 2 photographs, 1 map.

GERVAIS, P.

1856.

In Castelnau, F. L. de Laporte. Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud ... pendant ... 1843 a 1847..., vol. for 1855 [part], pp. 25-88, pls. 7-15.

GRAY, J. E.

1831.

Descriptions of some new genera and species of bats. Zoological Miscellany, No. 1, pp. 37-38.

GREER, J. K.

1960.

Southern yellow bat from Durango, Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 41:511, November 11.

HALL, E. R., AND KELSON, K. R.

1959.

The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press Co., New York, 1280 pp., 1231 illustrations, March 31.

HAMILTON, W. J., JR.

1943.

The mammals of eastern United States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York, 432 pp., illustrated.

HANDLEY, C. O., JR.

1959.

A revision of American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 110:95-246, 27 figs., September 3.

1960.

Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 112:459-479, October 6.

INGLES, L. G.

1959.

Notas acerca de los mamíferos Mexicanos. An. Inst. Biol., 29:379-408, March 31.

IVEY, R. D.

1959.

The mammals of Palm Valley, Florida. Jour. Mamm., 40:585-591, November 20.

LOWERY, G. H., JR.

1936.

A preliminary report on the distribution of the mammals of Louisiana. Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 3:11-39, 2 text figs., 4 pls., March.

1943.

Check-list of the mammals of Louisiana and adjacent waters. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 13:213-257, 5 figs., November 22.

MILLER, G. S., JR.

1897.

Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:1-140, 3 pls., 40 figs., October 16.

1902.

Twenty new American bats. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:389-412, September 12.

1909.

The generic name Nycteris. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:90, April 17.

MOORE, J. C.

1949a.

Putnam County and other Florida mammal notes. Jour. Mamm., 30:57-66, February 14.

1949b.

Range extensions of two bats in Florida. Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci., 11:50, March 22.

PETERS, W.

1871.

"22 December Gesammtsitzung der Akademie ... eine monographische Übersicht der Chiropterengattungen Nycteris und Atalapha." Monatsberichte d. Konig. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin (for 1870), pp. 900-914, 1 pl.

RAFINESQUE, C. S.

1814.

Précis des decouvertes et travaux somiologiques. Palerme, pp. 1-55 + 3.

RAGEOT, R. H.

1955.

A new northeasternmost record of the yellow bat, Dasypterus floridanus. Jour. Mamm., 36:456, August 30.

SANBORN, C. C.

1954.

Bats of the United States. Public Health Reports, 69(1):17-28, illustrated, January.

SHERMAN, H. B.

1937.

A list of the Recent land mammals of Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. (for 1936), 1:102-128.

1945.

The Florida yellow bat, Dasypterus floridanus. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. (for 1944), 7:193-197, January 20.

TAYLOR, W. P., AND DAVIS, W. B.

1947.

The mammals of Texas. Bull. Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Comm., 27:1-79, illustrated, August.

THOMAS, O.

1897.

Descriptions of new bats and rodents from America. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544-553, December.

1901.

New Neotropical mammals, with a note on the species of Reithrodon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:246-254, September.

Transmitted June 30, 1961.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Yellow Bats,

'Dasypterus,' And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray, by E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN YELLOW BATS ***

***** This file should be named 31679-h.htm or 31679-h.zip *****

This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:

https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/6/7/31679/

Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no

one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation

(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without

permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,

set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to

copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to

protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project

Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you

charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you

do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the

rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose

such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and

research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do

practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is

subject to the trademark license, especially commercial

redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work

(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project

Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project

Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at

https://gutenberg.org/license).

Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to

and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property

(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all

the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy

all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.

If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the

terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or

entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who

agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few

things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See

paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement

and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the

collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an

individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are

located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from

copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative

works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg

are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project

Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by

freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of

this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with

the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by

keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project

Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern

what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in

a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check

the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement

before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or

creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project

Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning

the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United

States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate

access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently

whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the

phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project

Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,

copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is

posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied

and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees

or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work

with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the

work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1

through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the

Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or

1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution

must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional

terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked

to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the

permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this

work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without

prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with

active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project

Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,

compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any

word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or

distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than

"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version

posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),

you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a

copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon

request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other

form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works

unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided

that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from

the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method

you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is

owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he

has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the

Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments

must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you

prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax

returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and

sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the

address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies

you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he

does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License.  You must require such a user to return or

destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium

and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of

Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any

money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the

electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days

of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free

distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set

forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from

both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael

Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the

Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable

effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread

public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm

collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain

"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or

corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual

property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a

computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by

your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right

of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project

Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all

liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal

fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT

LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE

PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE

TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE

LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR

INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH

DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a

defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can

receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a

written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you

received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with

your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with

the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a

refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity

providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to

receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy

is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further

opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth

in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER

WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO

WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.

If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the

law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be

interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by

the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any

provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the

trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone

providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance

with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,

promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,

harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,

that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do

or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm

work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any

Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of

electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers

including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists

because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from

people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's

goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will

remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure

and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.

To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4

and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.

Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit

501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the

state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal

Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification

number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at

https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent

permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.

Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered

throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at

809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email

business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact

information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official

page at https://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:

Dr. Gregory B. Newby

Chief Executive and Director

gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide

spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of

increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be

freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest

array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations

($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt

status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United

States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a

considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up

with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations

where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To

SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any

particular state visit https://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we

have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition

against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who

approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from

outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation

methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other

ways including including checks, online payments and credit card

donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate

Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm

concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared

with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project

Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.

unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily

keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

https://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to

subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History

Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs. December 29, 1961

North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus," And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray

E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.

University of Kansas Lawrence 1961

University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs. Published December 29, 1961 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1961