Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México
Author: Robert J. Russell; Rollin H. Baker
Date: 2010-05-30T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Pocket gophers

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México

Author: Robert J. Russell

Rollin H. Baker

Release date: May 31, 2010 [eBook #32623]

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32623

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE POCKET GOPHER, CRATOGEOMYS CASTANOPS, IN COAHUILA, MÉXICO ***

Transcriber's Notes.

This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of two typographical errors that were corrected, removal of an annotation to Figure 1, and rejoining the text which was split by the tables in the printed version, the original text and copies of the included illustrations are presented.

Typographical Errors Corrected:

Page 603, Paragraph 2: subpecies => subspecies

Page 607, Paragraph 2: Aquanaval => Aguanaval

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608

March 15, 1955

Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México

BY
ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER

University of Kansas
Lawrence
1955

University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson

Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608
Published March 15, 1955

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1955

25-5679

Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México

By

Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker

The plateau pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, inhabits open lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosí and southeastern Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern Tamaulipas. This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet at Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of south-eastern Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:135-154, June 13, 1934) revised the genus Cratogeomys and decided that six subspecies of C. castanops occurred in Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four previously unknown subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the state two others recorded from there by Nelson and Goldman, and show that three others named previously from adjacent Mexican states do occur in Coahuila. This makes eleven subspecies now known from that state. From Coahuila Nelson and Goldman had 35 study specimens of C. castanops from seven localities and we have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. Consequently we have been able to define with greater certainty, than formerly was possible, the geographic distribution of C. castanops in this Mexican state and similarly analyze more completely the geographic variation.

Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of C. castanops. The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of populations of C. castanops because of the highly dissected topography and the variability of the soil. Cratogeomys castanops is a sedentary animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, preferably sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their elaborate underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture and rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for C. castanops, and the animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The Río Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing through steep-walled cañons, also seems to be a barrier that this fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and Goldman, op. cit.: 143). Smaller streams, such as the Río Salado, Río Nazas and Río Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of C. castanops seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unimportant in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods of C. castanops are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of low-growing forbs are eaten.

Three distinct habitats for C. castanops occur in Coahuila. The state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Cañon de Boquillas on the Río Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central border. This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated northeastern area which is an inland extension westward of the Coastal Plain and a more arid and higher western and southern area which is a part of the "Mesa del Norte" of the Mexican Plateau. In the extreme southeast the still higher elevated plains and intermontane valleys within the Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third habitat for populations of this species. The subspecies of these pocket gophers found in any one of these three habitats show greater affinity to each other than they do to any subspecies found in the other habitats.

Generally speaking, populations of C. castanops from northeastern Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from discontinuity of suitable soils rather than from topography. These pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which are found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. In western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both north-south and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the passage of C. castanops. Within this large area, pocket gophers occur in desert basins many of which are enclosed on two or more sides by mountains. Even so, with the exception of the smaller C. c. consitus of northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring at lower elevations in the western and southern part of the state show close relationships in color and cranial features. Those subspecies in the higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small size and dark color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an elevated habitat.

Males of C. castanops differ greatly from females of equal age; consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, are used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given age-group, females show less individual variation than do males, we have relied more on the characteristics of the females in this taxonomic study. Only specimens taken at approximately the same times of the year have been compared for color of pelage. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Specimens made available through the courtesy of the authorities of the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National Museum are indicated in the accounts of subspecies as BSC; other specimens listed are in the collection of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National Science Foundation.

In any one of the lists of "Specimens examined" beyond, the order of arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those localities listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map (Figure 1) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers two or more localities because the localities are close together. In any such instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type and the names of the other places follow in Italic type. Measurements in millimeters are given in table 1 for females and in table 2 for males.

Cratogeomys castanops convexus Nelson and Goldman

1934.

Cratogeomys castanops convexus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas [= Villa Acuña], Río Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Río, Texas).

Distribution.--Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the Serranías del Burro (see fig. 1).

Diagnosis.--Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult female, this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have five near topotypes of convexus (including two adult females and one adult male) and specimens assignable to this subspecies from several other localities. This subspecies may be characterized as follows: Size medium (see tables 1 and 2); dorsal profile of skull convex in females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; zygomata weakly constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth large.

Fig. 1. Geographic ranges of the subspecies of Cratogeomys castanops
found in Coahuila, México.

Click on ap to view larger sized.

Guide to subspecies | 4. | C. c. bullatus | 8. | C. c. subsimus
1. | C. c. convexus | 5. | C. c. ustulatus | 9. | C. c. goldmani
2. | C. c. consitus | 6. | C. c. jucundus | 10. | C. c. subnubilus
3. | C. c. sordidulus | 7. | C. c. excelsus | 11. | C. c. planifrons

Comparisons.--From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps Nelson and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Río Grande in Texas, convexus differs in: Body larger; upper parts more reddish, especially on sides; skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary teeth larger. For comparisons of convexus with the subspecies of C. castanops found to the west, south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow.

Remarks.--The geographic range of convexus is restricted, being bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially the Serranías del Burro, and on the north and east by the Río Grande. The range of the subspecies found to the southeast may not be continuous with that of convexus. At least, in the area between Villa Acuña and Piedras Negras, along the Río Grande, no specimens were obtained and no sign was observed. We suspect that in this area the species occurs only locally if at all.

A specimen taken near the Río Grande in Coahuila, opposite Samuels, Texas, and assigned to Cratogeomys castanops clarkii by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:140), has been examined by us and is referable to convexus. This specimen is typical of convexus except for the lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae. Conspicuous differences between convexus and angusticeps indicate that the Río Grande is an effective barrier to passage by these rodents.

Specimens examined.--Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Río Grande, 17 mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Río Grande, opposite Samuels, Val Verde Co., Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acuña, 5; Cañon del Cochino, 21 mi. E and 16 mi. N Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1.

Cratogeomys castanops bullatus new subspecies

Type.--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June 1952; obtained by Robert J. Russell, original number 276.

Distribution.--Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the Río Grande to as far southwestward as the Río Sabinas (see fig. 1).

Diagnosis.--Body medium for the species (see tables 1 and 2); tail long; hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; underparts white to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex in dorsal outline; zygomata widely flaring; palate short; rostrum short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small.

Comparisons.--From Cratogeomys castanops convexus, found to the north, bullatus differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in relation to length; rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, wider; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps, found across the Río Grande and upstream from localities where bullatus is known to occur, bullatus differs in: Body slightly smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic bullae more inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of bullatus with the subspecies of C. castanops found to the west and south, see accounts of the subspecies to follow.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops bullatus in small size resembles C. c. tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman of the lower Río Grande Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial features. Cratogeomys c. bullatus is smaller than convexus but these two subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial characters. Both have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic bullae, short nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of bullatus with angusticeps, which occurs across the Río Grande but not directly opposite the range of bullatus, indicates that these two subspecies are less closely related than bullatus is to tamaulipensis and convexus.

Cratogeomys castanops bullatus is especially common in sandy soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow irrigated fields and other open places between extensive live oak thickets. South and west of the Río Grande the animals were less abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet to as high as 2,000 feet.

Specimens examined.--Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., 2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., 1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., 8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and 11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2.

Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus new subspecies

Type.--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by W. Kim Clark, original number 1034.

Distribution.--Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of Presa Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo León in the valley of the Río Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the vicinity of Vallecillo (see fig. 1).

Diagnosis.--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); hind foot short; upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and Salmon-Buff strongly mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull large, especially in females, and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; palate long; rostrum broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not conspicuously inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large.

Comparisons.--From Cratogeomys castanops bullatus found to the north, ustulatus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous and less buffy; skull larger, especially in palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxillary teeth larger. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis found to the southeast, ustulatus differs in: Body larger; upper parts, in winter pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; underparts paler; skull larger, especially in palate, rostrum and nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel instead of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops subsimus, found to the southwest, ustulatus differs in: Tail shorter; hind foot smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull shorter; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; nasals shorter; incisors narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For comparison of ustulatus with the subspecies of C. castanops to the southwest, see account of that subspecies to follow.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus is a large-sized pocket gopher with a relatively larger, skull. In size of skull, ustulatus is exceeded only by C. c. subsimus found beyond the mountains in the southern part of Coahuila. In size, ustulatus differs so markedly from bullatus that the two can be distinguished easily by this feature alone. The skull of C. c. convexus approaches that of ustulatus in size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of rostrum.

This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Río Salado and its watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac [= Rodríques], Nuevo León, are preferred living places. This subspecies was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as 600 feet.

Specimens examined.--Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; base of Don Martin Dam, 2; 2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Río Salado, 2; 5 mi. SE Don Martin, 1.

Records from Nuevo León.--Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodríques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodríques], 5; 3 mi. N Lampazos, 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, 20 mi. S Río Salado, 1000 ft., 3.

Cratogeomys castanops jucundus new subspecies

Type.--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2051.

Distribution.--Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of east-central Coahuila (see fig. 1).

Diagnosis.--Body largest for the species (see table 1); tail long; hind foot large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in summer pelage Antimony Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull medium in size, broad; zygomata moderately flaring; palate medium in length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately long; maxillary teeth small.

Comparisons.--From Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus, found to the east, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging smaller; zygomata slightly less expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae less inflated, especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis, found to the southeast, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; tympanic bullae more inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomy castanops excelsus, found to the southwest, jucundus differs in: Body larger; hind foot averaging larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, especially in females; palate shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae more inflated; incisors narrower. From Cratogeomys castanops subsimus, found to the south, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less yellowish; skull smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From Cratogeomys castanops bullatus, found to the north, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail averaging longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more ochraceous and less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; squamosal breadth greater.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops jucundus is large, exceeding subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from subsimus in relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by jucundus is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the distinctive characteristics of jucundus compared with those of bullatus and ustulatus. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to tamaulipensis by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here referred to jucundus on the basis of cranial characters and size.

Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats.

Specimens examined.--Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; 1 mi. S Hermanas, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Ciénegas, 2; 5 mi. N and 2 mi. W Monclova, 1; 2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova, 1; Monclova, 2 (BSC); Hisachalo [= Huisachalo], 2.

Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus new subspecies

Type.--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164.

Distribution.--Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded for the most part by higher mountainous country (see fig. 1).

Diagnosis.--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); tail short; hind foot large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size and narrow; zygomata narrow; rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in length; basioccipital small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; tympanic bullae inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small.

Comparisons.--From Cratogeomys castanops jucundus, found beyond the mountains to the southeast, sordidulus differs in: Body smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less yellowish, with plumbeous bases of hairs more conspicuous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops excelsus, found to the south and southwest, sordidulus differs in: Body slightly smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less pinkish-buff; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull smaller and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel and not expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops consitus, found to the north and west, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; zygomata more widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops clarkii (Baird), found to the northwest, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; skull slightly smaller and narrower; rostrum narrower; nasals slightly shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly parallel instead of wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops convexus, found to the northeast, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts slightly darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; zygomata more nearly parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum narrower and longer; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops bullatus, found to the east, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus is limited to the Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three sides, west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which seems to bar the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this barrier extends north to the very banks of the Río Grande in the Cañon de Boquillas. This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with other populations of Cratogeomys only to the north and northwest. This subspecies is well characterized by size, color and cranial characteristics.

Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus is not abundant; groups of mounds constructed by one or a few individuals were found in widely separated places. Mounds were often small, appeared old and, in other ways, were inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals were taken at elevations as low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet.

Specimens examined.--Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, 4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1-1/2 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., 6; Ocampo, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro Ciénegas, 3250 ft., 1.

Cratogeomys castanops consitus Nelson and Goldman

1934.

Cratogeomys castanops consitus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., Chihuahua.

Distribution.--Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and southeast at least into northwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1).

Comparisons.--From Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis Nelson and Goldman, specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Río Grande in Texas, consitus differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less rufous; underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark buffy; skull decidedly smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops clarkii, found to the north along the Río Grande, consitus differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull markedly smaller, especially in palate and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; mastoid bullae less inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge-shaped. From Cratogeomys castanops convexus, found to the east, consitus differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or light buffy instead of pale ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum decidedly narrower and, relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops excelsus, found to the south, consitus differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously smaller, especially in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; incisors smaller; maxillary teeth relatively larger. For comparison of consitus with Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus, see previous account.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops consitus is a small pocket gopher (see tables 1 and 2); the largest adult available to us is much smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Specimens from Coahuila assigned to consitus compare favorably with topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An immature male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is tentatively assigned to consitus. This subspecies seems to be rare in northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered.

Cratogeomys castanops clarkii (Baird) may occur along the Río Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known from Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, Coahuila, in 1952.

Specimens examined.--Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1.

Cratogeomys castanops excelsus Nelson and Goldman

1934.

Cratogeomys castanops excelsus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna de Mayrán, Coahuila.

Distribution.--Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and northeastern Durango (see fig. 1).

Comparisons.--Cratogeomys castanops excelsus is characterized by large size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of C. castanops. Of adjacent subspecies, excelsus most closely resembles C. c. subsimus which occurs to the east and resembles least C. c. consitus, which occurs to the northwest.

From Cratogeomys castanops subsimus, found to the east, excelsus differs in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less yellowish; skull smaller; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row shorter. Compared with topotypes of C. c. goldmani, found to the south, excelsus differs in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and more inflated; maxillary teeth larger.

Specimens of excelsus from the vicinity of Torreón, in southwestern Coahuila, are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical examples of the subspecies. In small size, at least, these specimens show some resemblance to goldmani to the south. The range of excelsus approaches that of C. c. consitus in west-central Coahuila (see fig. 1), but no evidence of intergradation between these two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of excelsus with consitus, see account of the latter.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops excelsus lives in the deep soils of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas in, and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayrán. East of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and C. c. subsimus occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area.

Specimens examined.--Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos, 3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 (BSC); 1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft., 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreón, 12.

Cratogeomys castanops subsimus Nelson and Goldman

1934.

Cratogeomys castanops subsimus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila.

Distribution.--Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in south-central Coahuila (see fig. 1).

Comparisons.--From Cratogeomys castanops goldmani, found to the southwest, subsimus differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, having more prominent ridges and crests and deeper fossae for attachment of muscles; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; maxillary teeth larger. From C. c. subnubilus, found to the south, subsimus differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger in all respects. From C. c. planifrons, found at higher elevations to the southeast, subsimus differs in the same respects as subsimus differs from subnubilus. For comparisons between subsimus and subspecies to the west, north and northeast, see accounts above.

TABLE 1. Measurements of Adult Female Cratogeomys from
Coahuila, México

Table legend:

Column A: | No. av. or cat. no.
Column B: | Total length
Column C: | Length of tail
Column D: | Length of hind foot
Column E: | Condylobasal breadth
Column F: | Zygomatic breadth
Column G: | Length of palate
Column H: | Breadth of rostrum
Column I: | Length of nasals
Column J: | Squamosal breadth
Column K: | Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K

C. c. convexus, Villa Acuña
52259 | 260 | 86 | 37 | 50.6 | 31.7 | 33.8 | 11.7 | 16.7 | 29.1 | 9.3
52261 | 265 | 83 | 38 | 49.3 | 31.6 | 32.9 | 11.8 | 15.8 | 28.9 | 10.6
C. c. bullatus, vicinity of Nava
5 Av. | 256 | 80 | 36 | 47.4 | 30.6 | 32.6 | 10.7 | 17.1 | 27.9 | 9.5
Min. | 242 | 72 | 35 | 47.0 | 30.6 | 32.3 | 10.0 | 16.5 | 27.5 | 9.2
Max. | 263 | 85 | 37 | 47.7 | 31.1 | 32.9 | 11.6 | 17.8 | 28.2 | 9.8
C. c. ustulatus, vicinity of Don Martin
8 Av. | 273 | 74 | 36 | 51.4 | 33.5 | 35.4 | 11.8 | 18.8 | 30.1 | 10.0
Min. | 261 | 64 | 35 | 50.7 | 32.6 | 34.8 | 11.0 | 17.8 | 29.1 | 9.3
Max. | 280 | 83 | 38 | 52.1 | 34.1 | 36.5 | 12.5 | 19.2 | 30.8 | 10.6
C. c. jucundus, Hermanas
4 Av. | 296 | 85 | 39 | 50.9 | 33.0 | 34.6 | 11.5 | 18.0 | 29.6 | 9.4
Min. | 294 | 83 | 38 | 49.8 | 32.1 | 33.8 | 11.0 | 17.0 | 29.0 | 9.1
Max. | 298 | 86 | 39 | 51.8 | 33.8 | 35.0 | 11.6 | 18.6 | 30.1 | 9.6
C. c. sordidulus, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo
3 Av. | 276 | 79 | 37 | 50.4 | 31.7 | 34.6 | 10.9 | 18.2 | 30.0 | 9.1
Min. | 270 | 75 | 36 | 49.5 | 30.6 | 33.8 | 10.3 | 17.7 | 29.8 | 8.9
Max. | 288 | 85 | 39 | 51.4 | 32.4 | 35.2 | 11.4 | 18.5 | 30.1 | 9.2
C. c. consitus, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila
4 Av. | 229 | 74 | 32 | 43.8 | 28.1 | 29.6 | 9.7 | 16.0 | 26.2 | 8.9
Min. | 226 | 68 | 31 | 42.6 | 27.3 | 29.4 | 9.4 | 15.5 | 25.7 | 8.1
Max. | 232 | 78 | 32 | 45.8 | 28.8 | 29.9 | 9.9 | 16.2 | 26.9 | 9.2
C. c. excelsus, 4 mi. N Acatita
4 Av. | 284 | 82 | 37 | 51.4 | 34.1 | 35.4 | 11.6 | 18.9 | 31.2 | 9.5
Min. | 274 | 77 | 35 | 51.1 | 33.6 | 34.7 | 10.4 | 18.4 | 30.5 | 9.2
Max. | 291 | 86 | 38 | 51.6 | 34.9 | 36.1 | 12.1 | 20.1 | 31.7 | 9.9
C. c. subsimus, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras
34937 | 287 | 87 | 39 | 53.1 | 34.9 | 36.9 | 11.5 | 19.4 | 31.7 | 10.5
Jaral (BSC)
51049 | 295 | 104 | 40 | 53.2 | 34.1 | 36.9 | 12.6 | 18.7 | 29.7 | 10.0
C. c. goldmani, 1 mi. S Jimulco
55611 | 250 | 85 | 35 | 46.0 | 32.6 | 31.4 | 10.7 | 16.3 | 27.8 | 9.8
C. c. subnubilus, 1 mi. S Carneros
33128 | 220 | 65 | 29 | 40.8 | 27.9 | 27.2 | 8.7 | 12.7 | 24.7 | 8.1
2 mi. W San Miguel
33132 | 222 | 65 | 30 | 40.4 | 26.3 | 26.6 | 8.1 | 13.2 | 24.5 | 8.4
1 mi. N Agua Nueva
33127 | 220 | 74 | 29 | 41.8 | 24.6 | 28.4 | 8.3 | 14.2 | 23.9 | 8.4
8 mi. N La Ventura
34934 | 235 | 76 | 30 | 42.2 | 27.9 | 28.5 | 9.0 | 14.3 | 26.3 | 7.8
C. c. planifrons, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas
5 Av. | 244 | 66 | 32 | 43.7 | 28.0 | 29.1 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 26.2 | 8.6
Min. | 239 | 62 | 31 | 43.3 | 27.5 | 28.7 | 8.9 | 13.6 | 25.3 | 8.3
Max. | 247 | 69 | 33 | 44.3 | 28.5 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 15.3 | 26.8 | 8.9

TABLE 2. Measurements of Adult Male Cratogeomys from
Coahuila, México

Table legend:

Column A: | No. av. or cat. no.
Column B: | Total length
Column C: | Length of tail
Column D: | Length of hind foot
Column E: | Condylobasal breadth
Column F: | Zygomatic breadth
Column G: | Length of palate
Column H: | Breadth of rostrum
Column I: | Length of nasals
Column J: | Squamosal breadth
Column K: | Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K

C. c. convexus, Villa Acuña
52260 | 275 | 89 | 39 | 55.0 | 34.4 | 37.0 | 12.6 | 20.0 | 30.9 | 10.4
C. c. bullatus, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava
48500 | 261 | 80 | 36 | 49.7 | 35.3 | 34.4 | 12.4 | 17.1 | 29.2 | 9.5
La Gacha
57028 | 250 | 76 | 34 | 49.9 | 34.0 | 34.4 | 11.5 | 16.6 | 28.4 | 9.3
C. c. ustulatus, Don Martin
34587 | 280 | 75 | 37 | 54.6 | 37.3 | 38.2 | 13.7 | 20.6 | 31.8 | 10.3
C. c. jucundus, Hermanas
56605 | 311 | 80 | 42 | 56.9 | 38.7 | 40.1 | 13.3 | 21.0 | 32.3 | 9.9
C. c. sordidulus, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo
56733 | 307 | 88 | 37 | 57.5 | 49.6 | 40.3 | 13.6 | 22.1 | 33.1 | 10.3
C. c. consistus, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino
54547 | 289 | 94 | 36 | 53.8 | 32.6 | 37.1 | 12.7 | 18.8 | 29.5 | 9.6
C. c. excelsus, 2 mi. E Torreón
40224 | 315 | 97 | 41 | 54.7 | 37.8 | 37.6 | 12.1 | 19.5 | 31.4 | 9.8
C. c. subsimus, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito
35772 | 315 | 105 | 40 | 56.4 | 35.3 | 39.5 | 12.5 | 20.8 | 33.8 | 10.6
2 mi. N Santa Cruz
48517 | 316 | 89 | 40 | 58.2 | 37.9 | 40.3 | 14.1 | 21.7 | 34.8 | 10.3
C. c. goldmani, W foot Pico de Jimulco
55610 | 255 | 82 | 36 | 48.9 | 33.4 | 33.4 | 11.7 | 17.7 | 29.6 | 9.3
C. c. subnubilus, Carneros (BSC)
79484 | 247 | 86 | 34 | 45.3 | 30.9 | 30.8 | 9.6 | 15.7 | 28.4 | 8.5
8 mi. N La Ventura
34932 | 250 | 79 | 34 | 46.3 | 31.8 | 31.0 | 9.6 | 16.4 | 28.7 | 8.4
C. c. planifrons, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo
35779 | 254 | 76 | 34 | 48.0 | 32.2 | 32.6 | 9.8 | 16.6 | 28.0 | 8.6
35780 | 272 | 85 | 35 | 48.8 | 33.2 | 34.1 | 10.5 | 17.5 | 29.9 | 9.5
12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga
33122 | 255 | 72 | 35 | 47.0 | 32.3 | 31.2 | 10.5 | 15.5 | 28.7 | 9.0

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops subsimus is the largest known subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in size of body by C. c. jucundus to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, subsimus is the most closely related to excelsus and shows little or no relationship to the smaller and darker C. c. subnubilus and C. c. planifrons, which are found at higher elevations to the south and southeast, respectively. Movements by subsimus to the north, east, and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of subsimus from the northeastern part of its range are larger and darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult female, assigned to subsimus, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this subspecies.

Cratogeomys castanops subsimus occurs in scattered colonies in sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Río Salinas. Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains.

Specimens examined.--Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 3 mi. E Muralla, 3800 ft., 3; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, 4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 ft., 4 (BSC); Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and 5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 5000 ft., 1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6200 ft., 1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6500 ft., 1.

Cratogeomys castanops goldmani Merriam

1895. | Cratogeomys castanops goldmani Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, January 31, type from Cañitas, Zacatecas.

Distribution.--Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into extreme southwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1).

Comparisons.--Compared with Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus, found to the east, goldmani differs in: Body larger, tail and hind foot longer; color paler, more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate larger; rostrum broader; nasals longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with Cratogeomys castanops rubellus Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, goldmani differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller.

Remarks.--Records of goldmani given here extend the known range of this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. Specimens assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favorably with topotypes of goldmani (see tables 1 and 2) but are slightly paler, and in this respect show some relationship to excelsus. The ranges of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by mountainous country in southern Coahuila.

Specimens examined.--Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 ft., 1; Valley Río Aguanaval, 1 mi. S Jimulco, 4; 1-1/2 mi. N Parras, 1.

Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus Nelson and Goldman

1934.

Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 13, type from Carneros, 6800 ft., Coahuila.

Distribution.--Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern Coahuila and probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León (see fig. 1).

Comparisons.--Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus needs close comparison only with Cratogeomys castanops planifrons, found to the east and from which subnubilus differs in: Body, hind foot and skull smaller; upper parts, in summer pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and less dark russet; underparts paler, more whitish and less blackish; hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; zygomata more widely flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum broader, especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops rubellus Nelson and Goldman, found to the south in San Luis Potosí, subnubilus differs in: Body, hind foot and all parts of skull smaller; upper parts and underparts darker, more blackish and less rufous.

Remarks.--Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus is the smallest subspecies of C. castanops (see tables 1 and 2). This subspecies is dark and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep valley soils in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated plains. It is differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent subspecies of C. castanops than is usual in this species, and no intergrades between subnubilus and other subspecies have been taken. In the Sierra Guadalupe, subnubilus was trapped at 6700 feet within two miles of a place where subsimus was taken at 6500 feet.

Specimens examined.--Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., 1; Domingo Cañon, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W General Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); 1 mi. S Carneros, 6000 ft., 4; 2 mi. W San Miguel, 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, 6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 ft, 6 (BSC).

Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman

1934.

Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, 5000 ft., Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo León).

Distribution.--Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of extreme southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo León and Western Tamaulipas (see fig. 1).

Remarks.--Specimens from Coahuila assigned to planifrons compare favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see tables 1 and 2). This small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than subnubilus but in other ways is most closely related to subnubilus. Cratogeomys c. planifrons shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, including tamaulipensis, subsimus and rubellus, all of which are considerably larger and paler.

Cratogeomys castanops planifrons is found in both deep and shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high as 8700 feet.

Specimens examined.--Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, 7500 ft, 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas, 16; 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 ft., 11; 2 mi. E and 2 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft, 2.

Transmitted August 23, 1954.

25-5679

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE POCKET GOPHER, CRATOGEOMYS CASTANOPS, IN COAHUILA, MÉXICO ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

back

Table of Contents

- [591]
- [592]
- [593]
- [594]
- [595]
- [596]
- [597]
- [598]
- [599]
- [600]
- [601]
- [602]
- [603]
- [604]
- [605]
- [606]
- [608]
- [End]
- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE