The Project Gutenberg eBook of Abbreviations and Signs

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Abbreviations and Signs

Author: Frederick W. Hamilton

Release date: October 1, 2010 [eBook #33828]

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33828

Credits: Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Keith Edkins and

the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***

Transcriber's note:

A few typographical errors have been corrected. They appear in the text like this, and the explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked passage.

TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES—PART VI, NO. 37

A B B R E V I A T I O N S

A N D S I G N S

A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH

CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE

IN MOST COMMON USE

BY

FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.

EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR

UNITED TYPOTHETÆ OF AMERICA

PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA

1918

COPYRIGHT, 1918

UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA

CHICAGO, ILL.

PREFACE

The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable under certain conditions, one of which is that all such short cuts should be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person likely to read the printed matter in which they occur. Scientific and technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it. General readers are not particularly concerned with them.

The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well established rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue. An attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly and concisely and to illustrate their application.

Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of further information on these points will be found under the head of Supplementary Reading.

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

1

GENERAL RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS

3

DATES

3

TIME

5

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING NUMERALS

5

GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS, WITH LIST

7

ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES, WITH LIST

10

ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES, WITH LIST

12

SIZES OF BOOKS

18

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

19

FOOTNOTES

19

SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS

23

COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS

24

MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS

25

MONETARY SIGNS

35

MATHEMATICAL SIGNS

35

MEDICAL SIGNS

36

ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS

37

ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS

37

PROOFREADER'S SIGNS

38

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

40

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

41

REVIEW QUESTIONS

42

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS

INTRODUCTION

The use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets. In inscriptions and on coins and in other places where room is limited they have always been used in order to save space. The words GUILIELMUS QUARTUS DEI GRATIA REX BRITANNIARUM FIDEI DEFENSOR would hardly go around the circumference of a sixpence, three quarters of an inch in diameter. Therefore, we find them written GUILIELMUS IIII D: G: BRITANNIAR: REX F: D: In the manuscript period abbreviations were very extensively used. This was done partly to lighten the great labor of hand copying and partly to effect a double saving of expense, in labor and in costly material. Certain of these abbreviations were in common use and perfectly intelligible. Unfortunately the copyists did not limit their abbreviations to these, but devised others for their own use much to the discomfort of their readers, especially after the lapse of centuries.

The introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the extensive use of abbreviations, but the actual use continued much longer than one would think. The early printed books were reproductions of manuscripts. In some cases the earliest were almost forgeries, and were probably intended to be sold as manuscripts. The types were cut in imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied. An incidental result was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of letters. Habit dies hard, and even after the type founders had freed themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow the habits of the copyist. The saving of material and labor still continued to be considered. The methods of abbreviation in use in written matter continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter of the last century.

The result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded complaint about the difficulty of reading books thus printed. De Vinne gives the following astonishing example, said to be taken practically at random from a Latin copy of the Logic of Ockham printed at Paris in 1488.

"Sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a Deo g a e silr hic a n e g a n e pducibile a Deo."

These are the abbreviations for Sicut his est fallacia secundum quid ad simpliciter. A est producibile a Deo. Ergo A est. Et similiter hic. A non est. Ergo A non est producibile a Deo.

The best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly. Certain recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions, but generally only under constraint of limited space.

RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS

I. GENERAL RULES.

Use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room to print the words in full.

All legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter, but abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and in commercial work, where many brief forms and signs are used which are commonly understood and are as intelligible as words.

Certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports, sporting news, price lists, directories, telephone directories, and the like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs. These abbreviations are of very limited use and often of only temporary life. They are not intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the particular form of composition to which they pertain. De Vinne suggests that in the absence of printed authority (many of these abbreviations not appearing in the dictionary lists) every proofreader would do well to keep a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use repeatedly as a means of securing uniformity of form.

II. DATES.

Dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter; The Declaration of Independence was signed on July the fourth, 1776. The word the is sometimes omitted. The date might be written July fourth but never July four.

The abbreviations ult. inst. and prox. with a numeral (meaning the 25th of last month, the 25th of this month, the 25th of next month) are often used in letters, but should not be used in print unless the literal reproduction of a letter is intended.

Do not use st, d, rd, or th after a date given in figures; August the sixth, not August 6th.

The accepted abbreviations for the months are:

Jan.

Apr.

July

Oct.

Feb.

May

Aug.

Nov.

Mar.

June

Sept.

Dec.

The accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are:

Sun.

Tues.

Thurs.

Sat.

Mon.

Wed.

Fri.

The accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is given, but not when the month and year alone are given;

Jan. 15, 1916, but January 1916.

Some good authorities prefer the order day, month, year; 15 Jan., 1916, but this is a matter of office style. Generally speaking the more common order is the better quite regardless of the logical character because it requires less mental effort on the part of the reader. For example in writing addresses English speaking people put the number before the street, 59 Wall St., while others put the number after the street, Wall St., 59. This is the logical order, because one goes to the street and then finds the number, but it gives to the American reader a curious sensation of mentally standing on one's head.

There is another set of abbreviations, known as the Dewey dates, as follows:

Months

Days of Week

Ja.

Apr.

Ju.

O.

Su.

W.

S.

F.

My.

Ag.

N.

M.

Th.

Mr.

Je.

S.

D.

Tu.

F.

These may be used in tables and in other places where very great condensation is necessary, but not elsewhere.

In general, much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables, notes, and other condensed matter than in the body of the text.

III. TIME.

Statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading matter; at half past two o'clock in the afternoon. If the context makes it clear whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write:

at three, at seven o' clock.

This form is used statistically, in enumerations, in tables, and the like.

IV. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF NUMERALS.

The use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found treated at length in the Printer's Manual of Style (No. 42). As the use of the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may properly be given here.

1. Spell out ages;

eighty-two years and four months old.

in his eighty-third year.

children between the ages of six and fourteen.

2. Spell out references to decades;

in the early eighties.

The form in the '80s, is very objectionable.

3. Spell out numbers of centuries, of sessions of Congress, of military bodies, of political divisions, of Egyptian Dynasties, of streets, and the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation absolutely necessary.

Twentieth century.

Forty-second Congress.

One hundred and first Pennsylvania Infantry.

Eighteenth Dynasty.

Ninth Ward.

Fifth Avenue.

In case numerals are used, Egyptian Dynasties are always designated by Roman numerals. Writers on Egypt usually use this form:

XVIIIth Dynasty.

4. Spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter in isolated cases:

That press cost five thousand dollars.

When several such numbers occur close together, and in all statistical matter, use figures.

Those three presses cost $2,500, $3,600, and $5,000.

5. Spell out round numbers, that is, approximate numbers in units of 100 in numbers of less than 1000 and in units of 1000 if the numbers are more.

An army corps numbers forty thousand men.

The Fifth Corps numbers 37,462.

There are about five hundred officers.

Write fifteen hundred and the like when the phrase is in common use, not one thousand five hundred.

6. Spell out all numbers, no matter how high, when they begin a sentence.

Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers, 109 officers, and 10,000 civilians were surrendered with the fort.

7. Spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three digits, unless they are of a statistical or technical character or occur in groups of six or more in close connection.

There are sixty cities in the United States with a population of 100,000 or over.

a ninety-ton engine.

five pounds of butter.

He lived only two years, one month, and twenty days.

He spent 137 days in prison.

A ratio of 16 to 1.

The death rate varies from 1 in 15 to 1 in 65.

Send home:

2 pounds of butter

1 pound of sugar

½ pound of coffee

¼ pound of tea

2 pecks of potatoes

1 pound of salt pork

2 pounds of lard

1 quart of milk

Treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible, that is use either the long or the short form for all. If the largest contains three or more digits use figures for all.

They came in groups of 50, 80, 100, and even 200.

8. Express in figures as a rule decimals, degrees, dimensions, distances, enumerations, money, (but see 4 above), percentage, weights, and the like.

.542, 98°, 9 cubic yards, 37 miles, 24 pages, $1000,

6 per cent (or 6% but never six %), 175 pounds.

V. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS.

Geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter. The abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be used in lists, bibliographical matter, and elsewhere where condensation is desired.

UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES

Ala.

Alabama

N. D.

North Dakota

Alaska

Alaska

Neb.

Nebraska

Ariz.

Arizona

Nev.

Nevada

Ark.

Arkansas

N. H.

New Hampshire

Cal.

California

N. J.

New Jersey

Colo.

Colorado

N. M.

New Mexico

Conn.

Connecticut

N. Y.

New York

D. C.

District of Columbia

Ohio

Ohio

Del.

Delaware

Okla.

Oklahoma

Fla.

Florida

Ore.

Oregon

Ga.

Georgia

Pa.

Pennsylvania

H. I.

Hawaiian Islands

P. I.

Philippine Islands

Idaho

Idaho

P. R.

Porto Rico

Ill.

Illinois

R. I.

Rhode Island

Ind.

Indiana

Samoa

Samoa

Ia.

Iowa

S. C.

South Carolina

Kan.

Kansas

S. D.

South Dakota

Ky.

Kentucky

Tenn.

Tennessee

La.

Louisiana

Tex.

Texas

Me.

Maine

T. H.

Territory of Hawaii

Mass.

Massachusetts

Utah

Utah

Md.

Maryland

Vt.

Vermont

Mich.

Michigan

Va.

Virginia

Minn.

Minnesota

Wash.

Washington

Mo.

Missouri

Wis.

Wisconsin

Mont.

Montana

W. Va.

West Virginia

N. C.

North Carolina

Wyo.

Wyoming

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Aus.

Austria

Austral.

Australasia

B. A.

British America

Br. Col.

British Columbia

Can.

Canada

C. B.

Cape Breton

C. W.

Canada West (Ontario)

Den.

Denmark

E.

East (London Postal District)

East Isl.

Eastern Islands

E. C.

East Central (London Postal District)

E. I.

East Indies

Eng.

England, English

Fin.

Finland

G. B.

Great Britain

Glas.

Glasgow

Ire.

Ireland

It.

Italy

Jam.

Jamaica

Jap.

Japan

L. C.

Lower Canada

Man.

Manitoba

Mex.

Mexico

N.

North (London Postal District)

N. A.

North America

N. B.

New Brunswick, North Britain

N. E.

New England, Northeast (London Postal District)

Neth.

Netherlands

N. F.

Newfoundland

Norw.

Norway

N. S.

Nova Scotia

N. W.

Northwest (London Postal District)

N. Zeal.

New Zealand

Ont.

Ontario

Pal.

Palestine

P. D.

Postal District (London)

P. E. I.

Prince Edward Island

Per.

Persia

Port.

Portugal

Prus.

Prussia

Que.

Quebec

Russ.

Russia

S.

South (London Postal District)

S. A.

South America

Scot.

Scotland

Sc. Pen.

Scandinavian Peninsula

S. E.

Southeast (London Postal District)

Sic.

Sicily

S. Isl.

Sandwich Islands

Soc. Isl.

Society Islands

S. Lat.

South Latitude

Sp.

Spain

Sw.

Sweden

Switz.

Switzerland

Syr.

Syria

U. C.

Upper Canada (Ontario)

U. K.

United Kingdom

V.

Victoria

W.

Welsh, West. West (London Postal District)

W. C.

West Central (London Postal District)

W. I.

West Indies

W. lon.

West longitude

VI. NAMES.

1. Abbreviate Saint in names of persons, cities, streets, churches, etc.

St. John Chrysostom, St. Paul, St. Botolph Street,

The Church of SS (Saints) Peter and Paul.

The word Saint is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists, the apostles, or the church fathers.

The Gospel according to Luke.

Paul's doctrine of salvation.

Augustine's "City of God."

2. In technical matter (footnotes, references etc.) use Co., Bros., and ampersand (&) in firm names and names of corporations.

The Rand-McNalley Co.

Macmillan & Co.

Harper Bros.

New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad.

In text matter not of a technical character it is better not to abbreviate.

Harper Brothers have published.

It was printed by the Rand-McNalley Company.

The romantic history of the East India Company.

Do not use ampersand except with names of persons.

John Brown & Co.

The Brown Printing and Publishing Co.

When railroad names or other long names are abbreviated, use no spaces between the letters.

N.Y.N.H. & H.R.R.

U.T. & F.C. of A.

3. Do not abbreviate United States except:

(a) in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the army or navy.

Capt. John Smith, U.S.A.

Lieut. William Brown, U.S.N.

(b) When it is part of the name of an organization.

First Regiment, U.S.V.

(c) When preceding the name of a ship.

U.S.S. Texas.

4. Christian names should be spelled in full in text matter, except in an original signature or when following copy in a quotation.

The following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more common Christian names.

Alex.

Alexander

Fred.

Frederick

And.

Andrew

Geo.

George

Anth.

Anthony

Herbt.

Herbert

Ap.

Appius

Hos.

Hosea

Arch.

Archibald

Jas.

James

Aug.

August, Augustus

Jona.

Jonathan

Benj.

Benjamin

Jos.

Joseph

C.

Cæsar

Josh.

Joshua

Cæs. Aug.

Cæsar Augustus

Matt.

Matthew

Cath.

Catherine

Nath.

Nathaniel

Chas.

Charles

Pet.

Peter

Dan.

Daniel

Phil.

Philip, Philander

Eben.

Ebenezer

Phile.

Philemon

Edm.

Edmund

Reg.

Reginald

Edw.

Edward

Richd.

Richard

Eliz.

Elizabeth

Robt.

Robert

Esd.

Esdras

Sam.

Samuel

Esth.

Esther

Theo.

Theodore

Ez.

Ezra

Thos.

Thomas

Ezek.

Ezekiel

Tim.

Timothy

Ferd.

Ferdinand

Wm.

William

Fran.

Francis

Alex, Ben, Ed, Fred, Sam, and Tom are not always abbreviations and copy should be followed as regards the period. Any unusual abbreviations used by an individual should be followed in giving an original signature.

Go. Washington.

VII. TITLES.

1. As a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated except Mr., Messrs., Mrs. (French M., MM., Mme., Mlle.), Dr., Rev., and Hon.

Professor, Colonel, General and some others may be abbreviated when the initials of the name are used;

Professor Smith

Prof. J. T. Smith

General Grant

Gen. U. S. Grant

Hon. and Rev., which are similarly used, need special attention as they are often used wrongly. The following is the correct use;

The Reverend John Smith (formal reference)

The Rev. John Smith (quotation or correspondence)

Rev. Mr. Smith

Rev. John Smith

Rev. Smith is wrong and should never be used except as any illiterate form may be used in a quotation. When the names of sovereigns are mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full.

George the Fifth, William the Second.

When such names occur frequently, as in historical writing, they may be printed with Roman numerals without a period;

George V, William II

Other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the following list.

A.B. or B.A.

(Artium Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Arts

Abp.

Archbishop

A.C.

Archchancellor

A.D.

Archduke

A.D.C.

Aide-de-camp

Adjt.

Adjutant

Adm.

Admiral

Admr.

Administrator

Admx., Admrx.

Administratrix

Adv.

Advocate

Agt.

Agent

Aldm.

Alderman

A.M. or M.A.

(Artium Magister) Master of Arts

Amb.

Ambassador

A.P.A.

American Protective Association

Asst.

Assistant

A.T.

Archtreasurer

Atty.

Attorney

B.A. or A.B.

Bachelor of Arts

Bart.

Baronet

B.C.L.

Bachelor of Civil Law

B.D.

(Baccalaureus Divinitatis) Bachelor of Divinity

B.LL.

(Baccalaureus Legum) Bachelor of Laws

B.M.

(Baccalaureus Medicinæ) Bachelor of Medicine

Bp.

Bishop

B.R.

(Banco Regis or Reginæ) The King's or Queen's Bench

Brig.-Gen.

Brigadier-General

Bro(s).

Brother(s)

B.S.

Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery

B.V.

(Beata Virgo) Blessed Virgin

Cantab.

(Cantabrigia) Cambridge

Capt.

Captain

Capt.-Gen.

Captain-General

Cash.

Cashier

C.B.

Companion of the Bath

C.C.P.

Court of Common Pleas

C.E.

Civil Engineer

C.J.

Chief Justice

C.M.G.

Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George

Col.

Colonel

Com.

Commander, Commodore

Corp.

Corporal

Cor. Sec.

Corresponding Secretary

C.S.

Court of Sessions

C.S.

(Custos Sigilli) Keeper of the Seal

D.C.L.

Doctor of Civil Law

D. D.

Doctor of Divinity

D.D.S.

Doctor of Dental Surgery

Dea.

Deacon

Dep.

Deputy

D. F.

Defender of the Faith

D.M.

Doctor of Music

Dr.

Doctor

D.Sc.

Doctor of Science

D.T.

(Doctor Theologiæ) Doctor of Divinity

D.V.M or M.D.V.

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

E.

(after titles) Edinburgh

Esq.

Esquire

F.D.

(Fidei Defensor) Defender of the Faith

F.G.S.

Fellow of the Geological Society

Fr.

Father

F.R.G.S.

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society

F.R.S.

Fellow of the Royal Society

F.R.S.A.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts

F.S.A.

Fellow of the Society of Arts

G.C.B.

Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath

G.C.H.

Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover

G.C.M.G.

Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George

Gen.

General

Gov.

Governor

Govt.

Government

G.R.

(Georgius Rex) King George

H.B.M.

His or Her Britannic Majesty

H.M.

His or Her Majesty

H.M.S.

His or Her Majesty's Service

Hon.

Honorable

H.R.

House of Representatives

H.R.E.

Holy Roman Emperor

H.R.H.

His or Her Royal Highness

H.S.H.

His or Her Serene Highness

I.N.R.I

(Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

Insp.

Inspector

Insp. Gen.

Inspector General

I.O.O.F.

Independent Order of Odd Fellows

J.A.

Judge-Advocate

J.P.

Justice of the Peace

J. Prob.

Judge of the Probate

Jr. or Jun.

Junior

K.

King

K.A.

Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia

K.A.N.

Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia

K.B.

King's Bench; Knight of the Bath

K.B.A.

Knight of St. Bento d'Avis, in Portugal

K.B.E.

Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia

K.C.

Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey; King's Council

K.C.B.

Knight Commander of the Bath

K.C.H.

Knight Commander of Hanover

K.C.M.G.

Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George

K.C.S.

Knight of Charles III, in Spain

K.E.

Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark

K.F.

Knight of Ferdinand of Spain

K.F.M.

Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily

K.G.

Knight of the Garter

K.G.C.

Knight of the Grand Cross

K.G.C.B.

Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath

K.G.F

Knight of the Golden Fleece

K.G.H.

Knight of the Guelph of Hanover

K.G.V.

Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden

K.H.

Knight of Hanover

K.J.

Knight of St. Joachim

K.L.H.

Knight of the Legion of Honor

K.M.

Knight of Malta

K. Mess.

King's Messenger

K.M.H.

Knight of Merit, in Holstein

K.M.J.

Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria

K.M.T.

Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria

K.N.S.

Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden

K.P.

Knight of St. Patrick

K.R.E.

Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia

K.S.

Knight of the Sword, in Sweden

K.S.A.

Knight of St. Anne of Russia

K.S.E.

Knight of St. Esprit, in France

K.S.F.

Knight of St. Fernando of Spain

K.S.F.M.

Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples

K.S.G.

Knight of St. George of Russia

K.S.H.

Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria

K.S.J.

Knight of St. Januarius of Naples

K.S.L.

Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia

K.S.M. & S.G.

Knight of St. Michael and St. George, in the Ionian Isles

K.S.P.

Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland

K.S.S.

Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils, Knight of the Sword, in Sweden

K.S.W.

Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia

Kt.

Knight

K.T.

Knight of the Thistle

K.T.S.

Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal

K.W.

Knight of William of the Netherlands

K.W.E.

Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland

L.

(after titles) London

L.C.

Lord Chancellor

L.C.J.

Lord Chief Justice

Leg.

Legate

Legis.

Legislature

Lieut.

Lieutenant

Lieut.-Col.

Lieutenant-Colonel

Lieut.-Gen.

Lieutenant-General

Litt. D.

(Litterarum Doctor) Doctor of Literature

LL.B.

(Legum Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Laws

LL.D.

(Legum Doctor) Doctor of Laws

M.

Monsieur

M.A.

Master of Arts

Maj.

Major

Maj.-Gen.

Major-General

M.B.

(Medicinæ Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Medicine;

(Musicæ Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Music

M. C.

Member of Congress

M. D.

(Medicinæ Doctor) Doctor of Medicine

Messrs.

Messieurs

Mgr.

Manager; Monsignor

Min. Plen.

Minister Plenipotentiary

Mlle.

Mademoiselle

Mme.

Madame

M.P.

Member of Parliament

M.R.

Master of the Rolls

Mr.

Mister or Master

Mrs.

Mistress

Mus. Doc.

Doctor of Music

Oxon.

(Oxoniensis) Oxford

P.C.

(Patres Conscripti, Conscript Fathers) Senators; Privy Counsellor

Ph. D.

Doctor of Philosophy

Ph. G.

Graduate in Pharmacy

P.M.

Postmaster

P.M.G.

Postmaster-General

P.R.A.

President of the Royal Academy

Pres.

President

Prov.

Provost

P.R.S.

President of the Royal Society

Q.

Queen

Q.M.

Quartermaster

R.A.

Royal Academician

R.E.

Royal Engineers

Reg. Prof.

Regius Professor

Rev.

Reverend

R.M.

Royal Marines

R.N.

Royal Navy

R.N.O.

(Riddare of Nordstjerneorden) Knight of the Order of Polar Star

R.S.S.

(Regiæ Societatis Socius) Fellow of the Royal Society

Rt. Hon.

Right Honorable

Rt. Rev.

Right Reverend

Rt. Wpful.

Right Worshipful

R.W.

Right Worthy

R.W.O.

(Riddare of Wasa Order) Knight of the Order of Wasa

Sec.

Secretary

Sec. Leg.

Secretary of Legation

Serg.

Sergeant

Serg.-Maj.

Sergeant-Major

S.J.

Society of Jesus

S.J.C.

Supreme Judicial Court

Sol.

Solicitor

Sol. Gen.

Solicitor-General

Sr., Sen.

Senior

S.R.S.

(Societatis Regiæ Socius) Fellow of the Royal Society

S.T.D.

(Sacræ Theologiæ Doctor) Doctor of Divinity

S.T.P.

(Sacræ Theologiæ Professor) Professor of Divinity

St.

Saint, Street

Supt.

Superintendent

Tr(s).

Trustee(s)

Treas.

Treasurer

U.J.C.

(Utriusque Juris Doctor) Doctor of both Laws

V.C.

Vice-Chancellor

V.D.M.

(Verbi Dei Minister) Preacher of the Word

Vice-Pres.

Vice-President

Visc.

Viscount

W.S.

Writer to the Signet

VIII. SIZES OF BOOKS.

The shorter names for book sizes are usually written out;

folio, quarto, octavo.

Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral and mo, but without a period;

12 mo, 16 mo, etc.

IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when following a numeral;

1 m., 5 dm., 4 cm., 2 mm., c.m. (cubic meter), c.d., min. (minute), sec. (second), lb. (pound), oz. (ounce), yd., ft., in., A. (Anglestrom units), H.P. (Horse power), C. (Centigrade [Thermometer]).

X. FOOTNOTES.

Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order:

1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered.

2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.

Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.

3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No period.

4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this information should not be repeated in the footnotes. In books like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified.

Number of paragraph only

No. 68

Stanza only

st. 18

Page only

P. 213

Line only

l. 384

Paragraph only

¶ 34

Section only

§ 5

Chapter only

Canto only

xiv

Book only

iii

Book and chapter

Part and chapter

Book and line

Act and scene

iii 2

Act, scene, and line

iv. 3. 45

Chapter and verse

Number and page

Volume and page

II 34

Volume and chapter

IV. iv.

Part, book, and chapter

Part, canto, and stanza

II. iv. 12

Chapter, section, paragraph

vii. § 3, ¶ 4

Volume, part, section, paragraph

Book, chapter, section, paragraph

I. i. § 2, ¶ 6

In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of the book, play, or letter.

2 Kings II: 5

3 John 11

1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14

The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct Composition."

From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench

1 Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.

2 Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.

3 Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.

4 Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.

From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of 1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)

1 Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.

2 Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.

3 Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].

4 Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).

5 A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.

6 Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn].

From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)

1 Herbert, p. 431, 432.

4 Burnet, p. 322.

2 Collier, vol. ii. p. 176.

5 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i.

3 Stowe, p. 575.

6 Mémoires du Bellay, lib. x.

The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviation ch, p, and pp, may be made in notes, but not in text matter.

In lower-case text do not use &c, use etc.

By-laws are often printed with side-headings Art. 1, Sec. 2, etc. It is better to print the words, article and section in full in the paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the proper figure only.

Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the explanation.

Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period.

Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: Pages 24, 25, 57 not pp. 24-5, 57 nor 25-57. When the reference is to several pages continually set pages 24 to 32.

When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive years, set thus: 1846-7, 1861-5, when there is a lapse of a year or more, set thus: 1866-7-1869-70. Do not abbreviate into '66-'7-'69-'70.

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.

SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS

Old Testament (O.T.)

Gen.

Esth.

Joel

Exod.

Job

Amos

Lev.

Ps. (Pss.)

Obad.

Num.

Prov.

Jonah

Deut.

Eccles.

Mic.

Josh.

Song of Sol.

Nah.

Judg.

(or Cant.)

Hab.

Ruth

Isa.

Zeph.

I and II Sam.

Jer.

Hag.

I and II Kings

Lam.

Zech.

I and II Chron.

Ezek.

Mal.

Ezra

Dan.

Neh.

Hos.

New Testament (N.T.)

Matt.

Gal.

Philem.

Mark

Eph.

Heb.

Luke

Phil.

Jas.

John

Col.

I and II Pet.

Acts

I and II Thess.

I, II and III John

Rom.

I and II Tim.

Jude

I and II Cor.

Titus

Rev.

Apocrypha

I and II Esd.

Eccles.

Bel and Dragon

Tob.

Bar.

Pr. of Man

Jud.

Song of Three

I, II, III and IV

Rest of Esther

Children

Macc.

Wisd. of Sol.

Sus.

COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS

A1

Highest class or grade

Acct.

Account

Advt., Ad.

Advertisement

Agt.

Agent

Amt.

Amount

Anon.

Anonymous

Ans.

Answer

Art.

Article

Av., Ave.

Avenue

Bal.

Balance

Bd.

Bound

Bdl.

Bundle

Bds.

Boards

Bldg.

Building

B.O.

Buyer's Option

Bro(s).

Brother; Brothers

Chap.

Chapter

C.I.F.

Cost, insurance, freight

Co.

Company

C.O.D.

Cash on delivery

Cr.

Creditor

Dept.

Department

Do.

Ditto, the same

Dr.

Debtor

E.E.

Errors excepted

E.O.D.

Every other day

E. & O.E.

Errors and omissions excepted

Etc.

(Et cætera) and so forth

Ex., Exch.

Exchange

Exp.

Express

Fgt.

Freight

F.O.B.

Free on Board

H.

Hour

H.P.

Half pay, horse power

Incor.

Incorporated

Ins.

Insurance

K.D.

Knock down (of furniture, etc.)

L.P.

Large Paper

Memo.

Memorandum

Mfg.

Manufacturing

Mfr.

Manufacturer

Min.

Minute

No.

(numero) number

O.K.

All right

Payt.

Payment

Pd.

Paid

Per an.

(Per annum) by the year

Per cent

(Per centum) by the hundred

Pkg.

Package

Pl.

Plate, plates

Pref.

Preface

Rd.

Road

Rem.

Remarks

Rep.

Reports

R.R.

Railroad

Ry.

Railway

Ser.

Series

Sq.

Square

S.S.

Steamship, steamer

T.F.

Till forbidden

MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS

A.C.

(Ante Christum) before Christ

A.D.

(Anno Domini) in the year of our Lord

Ad lib.

(Ad libitum) at pleasure

Adj.

Adjective

Adv.

Adverb

Æt

(Ætatis) of age, aged

A.H.

(Anno Hegiræ) in the year of the Hegira

Alt.

Altitude

A.M.

(Anno Mundi) in the year of the world

An.

(Anno) in the year

An. A. C.

(Anno ante Christum) in the year before Christ

Anat.

Anatomy

Anc.

Ancient

Ang.-Sax.

Anglo-Saxon

Anom.

Anomalous

Anon.

Anonymous

Ap.

Apostle

Apo.

Apogee

Apoc.

Apocalypse, Apocrypha

A.R.

(Anno regni) in the year of the reign

Arch.

Architecture

A.R.R.

(Anno regni regis) in the year of the reign of the king

Arr.

Arrival

Art.

Article

Assoc., Assn.

Association

Astrol.

Astrology

Astron.

Astronomy

A.U.C.

(Anno urbis Conditæ) in the year of the building of the city of Rome

Auth. Ver.

or A.V.

Authorized Version of the Bible

Av.

Average

Ave.

Avenue

B.

(Basso) Bass; bay; born

B.C.

Before Christ

Boul.

Boulevard

B.V.

(Bene Vale) Farewell

C.

Cape

Cæt. par.

(Cæteris paribus) other things being equal

Cap.

(caput) Chapter

C. or Cent.

Centigrade

Cf.

(conferre) compare

Ch.

Child or children

C.H.

Court House

Chap.

Chapter

Circ.

Circle(s)

Cit.

Citizen

Col.

Column

Coll.

College

Comp.

Companion, comparative

Cong.

Congress

C.Q.D.

Marconi Distress signal

D.B.

Domesday Book

D.C.

(Da Capo) From the beginning; again

Dec.

Declination

Deg.

Degree(s)

Del.

(Delineavit) he drew it

Dem.

Democrat

D.G.

(Dei gratia) by the grace of God; (Deo gratias) thanks to God

D.V.

(Deo volente) God willing

E.

East, Eagle(s)

Ea.

Each

E.B.

English Bible (common)

Ed.

Editor, Edition

E.E.

Errors excepted

E.G.

(Exempli gratia) by way of example

Elec.

Electricity

E.N.E.

East-northeast

Ent.

Entomology

E.S.E.

East-southeast

Etal.

(Et alibi) and elsewhere; (et alii) and others

Etc.

(Et cætera) and so forth

Et seq.

(Et sequentia) the following

Ex.

Example

Exc.

Exception

F., Fahr.

Fahrenheit (thermometer)

Fec.

(Fecit) he made it

Fem. or f.

Feminine

Fig(s).

Figure(s)

Finn.

Finnish

Fol. or f., ff.

Folio(s)

For.

Foreign

Ft.

Fort

Gent.

Gentleman

Ger.

German

Goth.

Gothic

Gr.

Greek

H.

Husband

Hdkf.

Handkerchief

H.e.

(Hoc est) that is, or, this is

Hist.

History, Historical

H.J.S.

(Hic jacet sepultus) here lies buried

H.M.P.

(Hoc monumentum posuit) erected this monument

H.R.I.P.

(Hic requiescit in pace) here lies in peace

H.S.

(Hic situs) here lies

Ibid. Ib.

(Ibidem) in the same place

Id.

(Idem) the same

I.e.

(Id est) that is

I.H.S.

First letters of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, Greek for Jesus, or Iesus hominum salvator, Jesus the Savior of Mankind

Illus.

Illustrated

Imp.

Imperative (mood)

Incog.

(Incognito) Unknown

Indef.

Indefinite

Indic.

Indicative (mood)

Infin.

Infinitive (mood)

In lim.

(In limine) at the outset

In loc.

(In loco) in the place

Inst.

(instante) the current month

Int.

Interest

Interj.

Interjection

In trans.

(In transit) On the passage

Ion.

Ionic

Ir.

Irish

Irreg.

Irregular

Isl.

Island

Ital.

Italic

Itin.

Itinerary

J.H.S.

See I.H.S.

Jour.

Journal

Lat.

Latin, latitude

L.c.

(Loco citato) in the place cited

L.l.

(Loco laudato) in the place quoted

Long. or long.

Longitude

L.S.

(Locus sigilli) place of the seal

LXX

The Septuagint

M.

(Meridies) noon

M.

Married

Mem.

Memorandum, Memoranda

Mgr.

Manager

Misc.

Miscellaneous

Mo(s).

Month, months

M.S.

(Memoriæ sacrum) sacred to the memory

MS.

(Manuscriptum) manuscript

MSS.

Manuscripts

Mt.

Mount, Mont

Myth.

Mythology

N.

Noun, note(s)

Nat.

National

Naut.

Nautical

N.B.

(Nota Bene) note well

Nem. con or

nem. diss.

(Nemine contradicente or nemine dissentiente) none opposing

N.L.

(Non liquet) It does not appear

N. lat.

North latitude

N.N.E.

North-northeast

N.N.W.

North-northwest

Nom.

Nominative

Nol. Pros.

(Nol prosequi) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted

N.S.

New Style (After 1752)

N.T.

New Testament

N.u.

Name(s) unknown

N.V.M.

Nativity of the Virgin Mary

N.W.

Northwest

Ob.

(Obiit) he or she died

Obj.

Objective (case)

Obs.

Obsolete

O.F.

Odd Fellow(s)

O.H.M.S.

On His Majesty's Service

Olym.

Olympiad

Op.

Opposite

O.S.

Old Style (before 1752)

O.T.

Old Testament

P. or pp.

Page or pages

Par.

Paragraph

Par. pas.

Parallel passage(s)

Parl.

Parliament

Part.

Participle

Partic.

Particle

Pass.

Passive (voice)

Pen.

Peninsula

Pent.

Pentecost

Perf.

Perfect (tense)

Pers.

Person

Pers. pron.

Personal pronoun

Persp.

Perspective

Phil.

Philosophy

Pinx.

(Pinxit) he painted it

Pl.

Plate(s)

Plff.

Plaintiff

Plup.

Pluperfect

Plur.

Plural

P.M.

(Post Meridiem) afternoon to midnight

P.O.

Post-office

Pop.

Population

Posit.

Positive

P.p.

Past participle

P.P.C.

(Pour prendre congé) to take leave

P. pr.

Participle present

P.R.

(Populus Romanus) the Roman people

Pref.

Preface

Pret.

Preterite tense

Pron.

Pronoun

Pro tem.

(Pro tempore) for the time being

Pr. p.

Present participle

P.S.

Privy Seal

P.T.O.

Please turn over

Pt.

Point

Pub.

Publisher

Pub. Doc.

Public Documents

Q.

Question

Q.B.

Queen's Bench

Q.C.

Queen's College, Queen's Council

Q.d.

(Quasi dicat) as if he should say; (Quasi dictum) as if said; (Quasi dixisset) as if he had said

Q.E.

(Quod est) which is

Q.E.D.

(Quod erat demonstrandum) which was to be proved

Q.E.F.

(Quod erat faciendum) which was to be done

Q.l.

(Quantum libet) as much as you please

Q. Mess.

Queen's Messenger

Qm.

(Quomodo) by what means, how

Q.p. or q. pl.

(Quantum placet) as much as you please

Qr.

Quarter

Q.S.

(Quantum sufficit) a sufficient quantity

Q.v.

(Quantum vis) as much as you will

Q.v.

(Quod vide) which see

Qy.

Query

R.,

Reaum. Reaumur (thermometer)

R.A.

Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery

R.E.

Royal Engineers

Recd.

Received

Rect.

Rector

Ref.

Reformation, reformed

Ref. Ch.

Reformed Church

Ref.

Reference

Regr.

Registrar

Regt.

Regiment

Rel. pron.

Relative pronoun

Rep.

Representative

Repub.

Republican

R.M.

Royal Marines

R.N.

Royal Navy

Ro.

(Recto) Right-hand page

Rom. Cath.

Roman Catholic

R.P.

(Res Publica) Republic

Ru.

Runic

S.

Solo (In Italian Music); South

S. SS.

Section(s), Saint(s)

S.a.

(Secundum artem) According to Art

Sax.

Saxon

S.C.

(Senatus Consultum) A decree of the Senate

S.C.

(In Law) same case

Sch.

Schooner(s)

Schol.

(Scholium) a note

Sci.

Science

Sculp.

(Sculpsit) he engraved

S.E.

Southeast

Sen.

Senate, Senator

Seq. or sq.

(Sequente) and in what follows

Seqq. or sqq.

(Sequentibus) and in the following (places)

Ser.

Series

Shak.

Shakespeare

Sing.

Singular (number)

S.J.C.

Supreme Judicial Court

S. lat.

South latitude

S.O.S.

Marconi Distress Signal

S.P.

(Sine prole) without issue

Sp. gr.

Specific gravity

S.P.Q.R.

(Senatus Populusque Romanus) the Senate and the Roman people

S.R.I.

(Sacrum Romanum Imperium) The Holy Roman Empire

S.R.S.

(Societatis Regiæ Socius) Fellow of the Royal Society

S.S.

Sunday School

S.S.E.

South-southeast

S.S.W.

South-southwest

St.

Saint, Street

Stat.

Statute(s)

Ster.

Sterling

Subj.

Subjunctive

Subst.

Substantive

Su.-Goth.

Suio-Gothic

Super.

Superfine

Superl.

Superlative

S.W.

Southwest

T.

Tenor (in music); (Tutti) the whole orchestra after a solo

Ter.

Territory

Term.

Termination

Theor.

Theorem

Tr.

Translator, transpose

Um.

Unmarried

Univ.

University

U.S.A.

United States Army

U.S.M.

United States Mail

U.S.N.

United States Navy

U.S.S.

United States Ship

U.s.

(Ut supra) as above

Vat.

Vatican

V.a.

Verb active

V. aux.

Verb auxiliary

V. def.

Verb defective

V. dep.

Verb deponent

Ven.

Venerable

V.g.

(Verbi gratia) for example

V. imp.

Verb impersonal

V. in.

Verb intransitive

V. irr.

Verb irregular

V.n.

Verb neuter

Vo.

(verso) left-hand page

Voc.

Vocative

Vol.

Volume

V.r.

Verb reflexive

V. tr.

Verb transitive

V.

Vulgate (Version)

W.

West, wife

W. lon.

West longitude

W.N.W.

West-northwest

W.S.W.

West-southwest

Xmas

Christmas

Zool.

Zoology

SIGNS

In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the following lists.

MONETARY SIGNS

Dollar or dollars

cts.

Cents

Gn.

Guinea

£ (English)

Pound or pounds

/ or s

Shilling or shillings

d.

(Denarius) penny or pence

fr.

Franc or francs

c. (French)

Centime or centimes

m. (German)

Mark or marks

Pf. (German)

Pfennig or pfennigs

cr. (Austrian)

Crown or crowns

hr. (Austrian)

Heller or hellers

rub. (Russian)

Ruble or rubles

kop. (Russian)

Kopec or kopecs

kr. (Danish)

Crown or crowns

öro, öre

Oro or öre

£ (Italian)

Lira or lire

c. (Italian)

Centesimo or centesimi

MATHEMATICAL SIGNS

+

Plus

-

Minus

±

Plus or minus

Minus or plus

×

Multiplied by

÷

Divided by

=

Equal to

Not equal to

Identical with

Congruent to

>

Greater than

<

Less than

The difference between

Is equivalent to

: and ::

Proportion

Varies as

Approaches as a limit

∞

Infinity

Therefore

Because

. . .

Continuation

√

The radical sign

Perpendicular to

Parallel

Arc of circle

Degree of circle

′

Minute of circle

″

Second of circle

Angle

Right angle

Square

Rectangle

Triangle

MEDICAL SIGNS

ãã

(ava) of each

Drachm

(Recipe) take

Scruple

, i

Ounce, one ounce

O

(Octarius) Pint

ss

Half an ounce

Fluid ounce

iss

One ounce and a half

Fluid Drachm

ij

Two ounces

m

Minim or drop

ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS

Planets

Sun

Earth

Saturn

Mercury

Mars

Uranus

Venus

Jupiter

Neptune

Phases

New moon

first quarter

full moon

last quarter

Zodiacal

Aries, the ram

Libra, the scales

Taurus, the bull

Scorpio, scorpion

Gemini, the twins

Sagittarius, archer

Cancer, the crab

Capricornus, goat

Leo, the lion

Aquarius, waterman

Virgo, the virgin

Pisces, the fishes

Aspects and Nodes

Conjunction

opposition

Quadrature

or     quintile

Ascending node

sextile

Descending node

trine

ECCLESIASTICAL SIGNS

The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. It is also used in the service-books of that church to notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross. The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should not be used as a substitute.

Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign is not an entirely acceptable substitute.

Versicle in service-books.

indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.

PROOFREADER'S SIGNS

No ¶

No new paragraph.

Run in

Let there be no break in the reading.

¶

Make a new paragraph.

Correct uneven spacing of words.

Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.

Reverse this type.

#

More space where caret is marked,

Contract the spacing.

Take out all spacing.

[

Move this to the left.

]

Move this to the right.

Raise this line or letter.

Depress this line or letter.

||

Make parallel at the side with other lines.

Indent line an em.

Push down a space that blackens the proof.

x

Change this bruised type.

w.f.

Change this faulty type of wrong font.

tr.

Transpose words or letters underlined.

l.c.

Put in lower-case, or small letters.

s.c.

Put in small capitals.

caps.

Put in capitals.

Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are put over an inverted caret, as, etc.;

for inferior characters the caret is put in its usual position, as in .

rom.

Change from italic to roman.

ital.

Change from roman to italic.

Insert period.

, /

Insert comma.

; /

Insert semicolon.

: /

Insert colon.

=/

Insert hyphen.

One-em dash.

Two-em dash.

Take out cancelled character and close up.

Qu. or?

Is this right? See to it.

Insert letter or word marked in margin.

||||

Hair-space letters as marked.

Stet

Restore crossed-out word or letter.

. . . .

Dots put below the crossed word mean:

Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand as they were.

Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or for a logotype, as æ, ffi.

Straighten lines.

/////

Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square.

Out, see Copy

Here is an omission; see copy.

Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or "ringed."

Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

There are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the various sciences. Approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to the proper use of these.

In printing dialect, slang, and colloquialisms the only general rule is to follow copy.

Such abbreviations as I've, you'll, 't'was, 't'is n't, and the like are more clearly expressed when a thin space is put between the words.

Old Style contractions should follow the original even if special sorts have to be obtained for the purpose.

Abbreviations like dept, dep't, gov't, sec, sec'y, sect'y, pres't, and treas. are indefensible. Even in letter heads and the like it is better to spell out the words in two lines.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Correct Composition. By Theodore Low De Vinne. Oswald Publishing Co., New York.

The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt.

The list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal dictionaries may be studied with profit.

Scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the abbreviations and signs used in mathematics and the sciences.

QUESTIONS

1. How and why were abbreviations used before typography?

2. How did the early printers use abbreviations?

3. What is the best usage with regard to abbreviations?

4. What is the general rule for the use of abbreviations?

5. What is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds of printing?

6. What use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what may be done to make their use easier?

7. What are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates?

8. What are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the days of the week?

9. Give the Dewey dates.

10. What is the rule for ages?

11. How do we treat references to decades?

12. How do we treat numbers of centuries and the like?

13. What is the rule for sums of money?

14. What is the rule for round numbers?

15. How do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence?

16. What is the rule about numbers of less than three digits?

17. What classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures?

18. What is the usage with regard to geographical names?

19. What are the rules for names?

20. What is the usage in printing titles?

21. How do we treat names of book sizes?

22. How do we treat weights and measures?

23. Give the order of specification in footnotes.

24. Where is &c not used?

25. How are by-laws treated?

26. How are figures used with illustrations?

27. What is said of the use of the period in footnotes?

28. How do we treat page references in the text?

29. How do we treat references to series of years?

30. How do we print dialect, slang, and the like?

31. How do we print such abbreviations as I've, you've, and the like?

32. What is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them?

The teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these rules. Sentences containing matter which involves the use of abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil required to write them out and set them up. The pupil should be required to explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission of abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by the instructor with reference to the rules.

TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES

The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.

Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of the United States—employers, journeymen, and apprentices—with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.

The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 × 8 inches. Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list.

Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.

In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.

These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.

Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A.

PART I—Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials

1. Type: a Primer of Information By A. A. Stewart

Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.

2. Compositors' Tools and Materials By A. A. Stewart

A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary.

3. Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture By A. A. Stewart

A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary.

4. Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances By A. A. Stewart

Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.

5. Proof Presses By A. A. Stewart

A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; glossary.

6. Platen Printing Presses By Daniel Baker

A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.

7. Cylinder Printing Presses By Herbert L. Baker

Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions; glossary.

8. Mechanical Feeders and Folders By William E. Spurrier

The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

9. Power for Machinery in Printing Houses By Carl F. Scott

A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.

10. Paper Cutting Machines By Niel Gray, Jr.

A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper. 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.

11. Printers' Rollers By A. A. Stewart

A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.

12. Printing Inks By Philip Ruxton

Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.

13. How Paper is Made By William Bond Wheelwright

A primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 review questions; glossary.

14. Relief Engravings By Joseph P. Donovan

Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

15. Electrotyping and Sterotyping By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart

A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.

PART II—Hand and Machine Composition

16. Typesetting By A. A. Stewart

A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

17. Printers' Proofs By A. A. Stewart

The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

18. First Steps in Job Composition By Camille DeVéze

Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.

19. General Job Composition

How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

20. Book Composition By J. W. Bothwell

Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; glossary.

21. Tabular Composition By Robert Seaver

A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.

22. Applied Arithmetic By E. E. Sheldon

Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and exercises. 159 pp.

23. Typecasting and Composing Machines A. W. Finlay, Editor

Section I—The Linotype By L. A. Hornstein

Section II—The Monotype By Joseph Hays

Section III—The Intertype By Henry W. Cozzens

Section IV—Other Typecasting and Typesetting By Frank H. Smith

Machines

A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

PART III—Imposition and Stonework

24. Locking Forms for the Job Press By Frank S. Henry

Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

25. Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press By Frank S. Henry

Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

PART IV—Presswork

26. Making Ready on Platen Presses By T. G. McGrew

The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

27. Cylinder Presswork By T. G. McGrew

Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

28. Pressroom Hints and Helps By Charles L. Dunton

Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.

29. Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts By A. W. Elson

A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.

PART V—Pamphlet and Book Binding

30. Pamphlet Binding By Bancroft L. Goodwin

A primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

31. Book Binding By John J. Pleger

Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

PART VI—Correct Literary Composition

32. Word Study and English Grammar By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.

33. Punctuation By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions; glossary.

34. Capitals By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions; glossary.

35. Division of Words By F. W. Hamilton

Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.

36. Compound Words By F. W. Hamilton

A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.

37. Abbreviations and Signs By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.

38. The Uses of Italic By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions.

39. Proofreading By Arnold Levitas

The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking, revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.

40. Preparation of Printers' Copy By F. W. Hamilton

Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.

41. Printers' Manual of Style

A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition.

42. The Printer's Dictionary By A. A. Stewart

A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms explained. Illustrated.

PART VII—Design, Color, and Lettering

43. Applied Design for Printers By Harry L. Gage

A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing Treats of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary; bibliography.

44. Elements of Typographic Design By Harry L. Gage

Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions, glossary; bibliography.

45. Rudiments of Color in Printing By Harry L. Gage

Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary; bibliography.

46. Lettering in Typography By Harry L. Gage

Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

47. Typographic Design in Advertising By Harry L. Gage

The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

48. Making Dummies and Layouts By Harry L. Gage

A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

PART VIII—History of Printing

49. Books Before Typography By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; illustrated; 64 review questions.

50. The Invention of Typography By F. W. Hamilton

A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64 pp.; 62 review questions.

51. History of Printing—Part I By F. W. Hamilton

A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.

52. History of Printing—Part II By F. W. Hamilton

A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.

53. Printing in England By F. W. Hamilton

A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.

54. Printing in America By F. W. Hamilton

A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84 review questions.

55. Type and Presses in America By F. W. Hamilton

A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.

PART IX—Cost Finding and Accounting

56. Elements of Cost in Printing By Henry P. Porter

The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.

57. Use of a Cost System By Henry P. Porter

The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give Review questions. Glossary.

58. The Printer as a Merchant By Henry P. Porter

The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product. Review questions. Glossary.

59. Fundamental Principles of Estimating By Henry P. Porter

The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating. Review questions. Glossary.

60. Estimating and Selling By Henry P. Porter

An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.

61. Accounting for Printers By Henry P. Porter

A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.

PART X—Miscellaneous

62. Health, Sanitation, and Safety By Henry P. Porter

Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules for safety.

63. Topical Index By F. W. Hamilton

A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.

64. Courses of Study By F. W. Hamilton

A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the United States of America.

The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors, printers, and others identified with this work.

While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest.

The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.

The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,

UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA.

HENRY P. PORTER, Chairman,

E. LAWRENCE FELL,

A. M. GLOSSBRENNER,

J. CLYDE OSWALD,

TOBY RUBOVITS.

FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, Education Director.

CONTRIBUTORS

For Composition and Electrotypes

ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y.

S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass.

THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y.

R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill.

GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass.

EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich.

FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.

F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass.

STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill.

J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa.

THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York

THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass.

POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill.

EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va.

C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb.

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass.

For Composition

BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass.

WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y.

OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass.

TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill.

For Electrotypes

BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill.

FLOWER STEEL ELECTROTYPING CO., New York, N. Y.

C. J. PETERS & SON CO., Boston, Mass.

ROYAL ELECTROTYPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

H. C. WHITCOMB & CO., Boston, Mass.

For Engravings

AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., Boston, Mass.

C. B. COTTRELL & SONS CO., Westerly, R. I.

GOLDING MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin, Mass.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.

INLAND PRINTER CO., Chicago, Ill.

LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.

MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, New York, N. Y.

GEO. H. MORRILL CO., Norwood, Mass.

OSWALD PUBLISHING CO., New York, N. Y.

THE PRINTING ART, Cambridge, Mass.

B. D. RISING PAPER COMPANY, Housatonic, Mass.

THE VANDERCOOK PRESS, Chicago, Ill.

For Book Paper

AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass.

WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER CO., Mechanicville, N. Y.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

Table of Contents

A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D S I G N S

A PRIMER OF INFORMATION ABOUT ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, WITH CLASSIFIED LISTS OF THOSE IN MOST COMMON USE

FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL. D.

PREFACE

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS

RULES FOR THE USE OF ABBREVIATIONS

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

SIGNS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

QUESTIONS

TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE