Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary / Eighth Edition Revised
Date: 2010-11-14T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: English language -- Old English; ca. 450-1100 -- Readers; ca. 450-1100 -- Grammar

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Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

Author: Henry Sweet

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Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER, WITH GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY ***

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AN

ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER

WITH

GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY

BY

HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D.

Eighth Edition, Revised

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1905

PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. Vernon's Anglo-Saxon Guide was an admirable book for its time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my Anglo-Saxon Reader a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon. But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more.

My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible introduction to the study of Old-English.

Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the Gospels, Ælfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative singulars, and so on.

The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, for instance, whether to put the original of hear under ē, īe, ī or ȳ. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give Ælfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil.

It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. bundon and the subj. bunden, although the latter is often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are really 'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled state.

In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding.

In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader.

All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the beginner cannot have.

The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar.

On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from stęnt to standan, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him all this trouble by putting 'stęnt, 3 sg. pres. of standan, stand,' but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar at all—surely a most undesirable result.

Although I have given everything that I believe to be necessary, every teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils.

My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in correcting the proofs.

In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our Professors of and Examiners in the English language, most of whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of 'Anglo-Saxon'—a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more ambitious one.

HENRY SWEET.

Heath Street, Hampstead,

March 31, 1882.

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.

In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as seemed necessary.

If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam.

HENRY SWEET.

London,

October 15, 1884.

CONTENTS.

| Page
Grammar | 1
Texts | 55
Notes | 91
Glossary | 97

GRAMMAR.

The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.

There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the West-Saxon dialect in its earliest form.

SOUNDS.

VOWELS.

The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by (´), short vowels being left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (ˉ). The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):—

a | as in | mann (G.) | nama (name).
ā | ,, | father | stān (stone).
æ | ,, | man | glæd (glad).
ǣ | ,, | | dǣd (deed)[1].
e | ,, | été (F.) | ic ete[2] (I eat).
ē | ,, | see (G.) | hē (he).
ę | ,, | men | męnn (men).
i | ,, | fini (F.) | cwic (alive).
ī | ,, | sieh (G.) | wīn (wine).
ie | ,, | fin | ieldran (ancestors).
īe | ,, | | hīeran (hear).
o | ,, | beau (F.) | god (god).
ō | ,, | so (G.) | gōd (good).
u | ,, | sou (F.) | sunu (son).
ū | ,, | gut (G.) | nū (now).
y | ,, | vécu (F.) | synn (sin).
ȳ | ,, | grün (G.) | brȳd (bride).
ea | = | æ + a | eall (all).
ēa | = | ǣ + a | ēast (east).
eo | = | e + o | weorc (work).
ēo | = | ē + o | dēop (deep).
e and ę are both written e in the MSS.

The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element.

Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate pronunciation:—

a | as in | ask (short) | nama (năhmăh).
ā | ,, | father | stān (stahn).
æ | ,, | man | glæd (glad).
ǣ | ,, | there | ǣr (air).
e, ę | ,, | men | ete (etty), męnn (men).
ē | ,, | they | hē (hay).
i, ie | ,, | fin | cwic (quick), ieldran (ildrăhn).
ī, īe | ,, | see | wīn (ween), hīeran (heerăhn).
o | ,, | not | god (god).
ō | ,, | note | gōd (goad).
u | ,, | full | full (full).
ū | ,, | fool | nū (noo).
y | ,, | fin | synn (zin).
ȳ | ,, | see | brȳd (breed).
ea | = | ĕ-ăh | eall (ĕ-ăhl).
ēa | = | ai-ăh | ēast (ai-ăhst).
eo | = | ĕ-o | weorc (wĕ-ork).
ēo | = | ai-o | dēop (dai-op).

The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English.

CONSONANTS.

Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus sunu (son) must be distinguished from sunne (sun) in the same way as penny is distinguished from penknife. So also in (in) must be distinguished from inn (house); noting that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our in and inn both having the pronunciation of Old English inn, not of O.E. in.

c and g had each a back (guttural) and a front (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written ċ, ġ.

c = k, as in cēne (bold), cnāwan (know).

ċ = kj, a k formed in the j (English y) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of sky: ċiriċe (church), styċċe (piece), þęnċan (think).

g initially and in the combination ng was pron. as in 'get': gōd (good), lang (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after vowels and l, r) as in German sagen: dagas (days), burg (city), hālga (saint).

ġ initially and in the combination nġ was pronounced gj (corresponding to kj): ġē (ye), ġeorn (willing), spręnġan (scatter); otherwise = j (as in 'you'): dæġ (day), wrēġan (accuse), hęrġian (ravage). It is possible that ġ in ġe-boren (born) and other unaccented syllables was already pronounced j. ċġ = ġġ: sęċġan (say), hryċġ (back).

f had the sound of v everywhere where it was possible:—faran (go), of (of), ofer (over); not, of course, in oft (often), or when doubled, as in offrian (offer).

h initially, as in hē (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German ch in loch:—hēah (high), Wealh (Welshman), riht (right). hw, as in hwæt (what), hwīl (while), had the sound of our wh; and hl, hn, hr differed from l, n, r respectively precisely as wh differs from w, that is, they were these consonants devocalized, hl being nearly the same as Welsh ll:—hlāford (lord), hlūd (loud); hnappian (doze), hnutu (nut); hraþe (quickly), hrēod (reed).

r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:—rǣran (to raise), hēr (here), word (word).

s had the sound of z:—sēċan (seek), swā (so), wīs (wise), ā·rīsan (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard consonants, as in stān (stone), fæst (firm), rīċsian (rule), or when double, as in cyssan (kiss).

þ had the sound of our th (= dh) in then:—þū (thou), þing (thing), sōþ (true), hǣþen (heathen); except when in combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our th in thin, as in sēċþ (seeks). Note hæfþ (has) = hævdh.

w was fully pronounced wherever written:—wrītan (write), nīwe (new), sēow (sowed pret.).

STRESS.

The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not on the first syllable of a word, by (·) preceding the letter on which the stress begins. Thus for·ġiefan is pronounced with the same stress as that of forgive, andswaru with that of answer.

PHONOLOGY.

VOWELS.

Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the most important of which are mutation (German umlaut) and gradation (G. ablaut).

The following changes are mutations:—
a .. ę:—mann, pl. męnn; wand (wound prt.), węndan (to turn).

ea (= a) .. ie (= ę):—eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fielþ (falls).

ā .. ǣ:—blāwan (to blow), blǣwþ (bloweth); hāl (sound), hǣlan (heal).

u .. y:—burg (city), pl. byriġ; trum (strong), trymman (to strengthen).

o .. y:—gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss).

e .. i:—beran (to bear), bireþ (beareth); cweþan (speak), cwide (speech).

eo (= e) .. ie (= i):—heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); ċeorfan (cut), ċierfþ (cuts).

u .. o:—curon (they chose), ġe·coren (chosen).

ū .. ȳ:—cūþ (known), cȳþan (to make known); fūl (foul), ā·fȳlan (defile).

ō .. ē:—sōhte (sought prt.), sēċan (to seek); fōda (food), fēdan (to feed).

ēa .. īe:—hēawan (to hew), hīewþ (hews); tēam (progeny), tīeman (teem).

ēo .. īe:—stēor (rudder), stīeran (steer); ġe·strēon (possession), ġes·trīenan (gain).

Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations.

a, æ, ea. In O.E. original a is preserved before nasals, as in mann, lang, nama (name), and before a single consonant followed by a, u, or o, as in dagas (days), dagum (to days), faran (go), gafol (profit), and in some words when e follows, as in ic fare (I go), faren (gone). Before r, l, h followed by another consonant, and before x it becomes ea, as in heard (hard), eall (all), eald (old), eahta (eight), weaxan (to grow). Not in bærst (p. 7). In most other cases it becomes æ:—dæġ, (day), dæġes (of a day), fæst (firm), wær (wary).

e before nasals always becomes i: compare bindan (to bind), pret. band, with beran (to bear), pret. bær.

e before r (generally followed by a consonant) becomes eo:—eorþe (earth), heorte (heart). Not in berstan (p. 7). Also in other cases:—seolfor (silver), heofon (heaven).

i before r + cons. becomes ie:—bierþ (beareth) contr. from bireþ, hierde (shepherd) from heord (herd), wiersa (worse).

ę before r, or l + cons. often becomes ie:—fierd (army) from faran, bieldo (boldness) from beald, ieldra (elder) from eald.

By gradation the vowels are related as follows:—
e (i, eo) .. a (æ, ea) .. u (o):—
bindan (inf.), band (pret.), bundon (they bound). beran (inf.), bær (pret.), boren (past partic.). ċeorfan (cut), ċearf (pret.), curfon (they cut), corfen (past partic.). bęnd (bond) = mutation of band, byr-þen (burden) of bor-en.

a (æ, ea) .. ǣ:—spræc (spoke), sprǣcon (they spoke), sprǣċ (speech).

a .. ō:—faran (to go), fōr (pret.), fōr (journey). ġe·fēra (companion) mutation of fōr.

ī .. ā .. i:—wrītan, wrāt, writon, ġe·writ (writing, subst.). (be)·līfan (remain), lāf (remains), whence by mutation lǣfan (leave).

ēo (ū) .. ēa .. u (o):—ċēosan (choose), ċēas, curon, coren. cys-t (choice). (for)·lēosan (lose), lēas (loose), ā·līesan (release), losian (to be lost). būgan (bend), boga (bow).

We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. etymology.

It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two words. Thus lęċġan (lay) cannot be directly referred to liċġan (lie), but only to a form *lag-, preserved in the preterite læġ. So also blęndan (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the adjective blind through an intermediate *bland-. Again, the root-vowel of byrþen (burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive beran (bear), but only by the past participle ġe·boren. In the same way hryre (fall sb.) must be referred, not to the infinitive hrēosan, but to the preterite plural hruron.

The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation (1) feallan, fēoll, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other causes.

CONSONANTS.

s becomes r in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong verbs, as in curon, ġe·coren from ċēosan, wǣron pl. of wæs (was), and in other formations, such as hryre (fall) from hrēosan.

þ becomes d under the same conditions, as in wurdon, ġe·worden from weorþan (become), cwæþ (quoth), pl. cwǣdon, cwide (speech) from cweþan (infin.).

r is often transposed, as in iernan (run) from original *rinnan (cp. the subst. ryne), berstan (burst) from *brestan, bærst (burst pret.) from bræst, hors (horse) from *hross.

The combinations cæ-, gæ- become ċea-, ġea-, as in ċeaf (chaff) from *cæf, sċeal (shall) from *scæl, ġeaf (gave) = *gæf from ġiefan (cp. cwæþ from cweþan), ġeat (gate)—cp. fæt (vessel).

gǣ- often becomes ġēa-, as in ġēafon (they gave), with which compare cwǣdon (they said).

ge- becomes ġie, as in ġiefan, ġieldan (pay) from *gefan, *geldan—cp. cweþan, delfan. Not in the prefix ġe- and ġē (ye).

When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes h, as in hē līehþ (he lies) from lēogan (mentiri).

h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel being lengthened, thus Wealh (Welshman) has plural Wēalas.

INFLECTIONS.

NOUNS.

Gender. There are three genders in O.E.—masculine, neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly grammatical. By the natural gender names of male beings, such as se mann (the man), are masculine; of female beings, such as sēo dohtor (the daughter), are feminine; and of young creatures, such as þæt ċild (the child), neuter. Note, however, that þæt wīf (woman) is neuter.

Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all nouns ending in -a, such as se mōna (moon), are masculine, sēo sunne (sun) being feminine. Those ending in -dōm, -hād, and -sċipe are also masculine:—se wīsdōm (wisdom), se ċildhād (childhood), se frēondsċipe (friendship). Those in -nes, -o (from adjectives) -rǣden, and -ung are feminine:—sēo rihtwīsnes (righteousness), sēo bieldo (boldness) from beald, sēo mann-rǣden (allegiance), sēo scotung (shooting).

Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in þæt burg-ġeat (city-gate), from sēo burg and þæt ġeat. Hence also se wīf-mann (woman) is masculine.

The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student should learn each noun with its proper definite article.

Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with n, such as se mōna, plural mōnan; sēo sunne, genitive sing. þǣre sunnan. All the others, such as se dæġ, pl. dagas, þæt hūs (house), gen. sing. þæs hūses, are strong.

Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in -um.

STRONG MASCULINES.

(1) as-plurals.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom[3]. | stān (stone). | Nom. | stān-as.
Dat. | stān-e. | Dat. | stān-um.
Gen. | stān-es. | Gen. | stān-a.

So also dǣl (part), cyning (king), ċildhād (childhood).

dæġ (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):—dæġ, dæġe, dæġes; dagas, dagum, daga.

Nouns in -e have nom. and dat. sing. the same:—ęnde, (end), ęnde, ęndes; ęndas, ęndum, ęnda.

Nouns in -el, -ol, -um, -en, -on, -er, -or often contract:—ęnġel (angel), ęnġle, ęnġles; ęnġlas, ęnġlum, ęnġla. So also næġel (nail), þeġen (thane), ealdor (prince). Others, such as æcer (field), do not contract.

h after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in feorh (life), fēore, fēores. So also in Wealh (Welshman), plur. Wēalas.

There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each.

(2) e-plurals.

A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:—lēode (people), lēodum, lēoda. So also several names of nations:—Ęnġle (English), Dęne (Danes); Seaxe (Saxons), Mierċe (Mercians), have gen. plur. Seaxna, Mierċna.

(3) Mutation-plurals.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | fōt (foot). | Nom. | fēt.
Dat. | fēt. | Dat. | fōt-um.
Gen. | fōt-es. | Gen. | fōt-a.

So also tōþ (tooth). Mann (man), męnn, mannes; męnn, mannum, manna.

(4) u-nouns.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | sun-u (son). | Nom. | sun-a.
Dat. | sun-a. | Dat. | sun-um.
Gen. | sun-a. | Gen. | sun-a.

So also wudu (wood).

(5) r-nouns (including feminines).

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | mōdor (mother). | Nom. | mōdor.
Dat. | mēder. | Dat. | mōdr-um.
Gen. | mōdor. | Gen. | mōdr-a.

So also brōþor (brother); fæder (father), dohtor (daughter), have dat. sing. fæder, dehter.

(6) nd-nouns.

Formed from the present participle of verbs.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | frēond (friend). | Nom. | frīend.
Dat. | frīend. | Dat. | frēond-um.
Gen. | frēond-es. | Gen. | frēond-a.

So also fēond (enemy).

Those in -end inflect thus:—būend (dweller), būend, būendes; būend, būendum, būendra. So also Hǣlend (saviour). The -ra is an adjectival inflection.

STRONG NEUTERS.

(1) u-plurals.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | sċip (ship). | Nom. | sċip-u.
Dat. | sċip-e. | Dat. | sċip-um.
Gen. | sċip-es. | Gen. | sċip-a.

So all neuters with short final syllable, such as ġe·bed (prayer), ġe·writ (writing), ġeat (gate).

Fæt (vessel), fæte, fætes; fatu, fatum, fata (p. 5).

Rīċe (kingdom), rīċe, rīċes; rīċu, rīċum, rīċa. So also all neuters in e, except ēage and ēare (p. 13): ġe·þēode (language), styċċe (piece).

Those in -ol, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted:—dēofol (devil), dēofles, dēoflu. So also wǣpen (weapon), mynster (monastery), wundor (wonder).

(2) Unchanged plurals.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | hūs (house). | Nom. | hūs.
Dat. | hūs-e. | Dat. | hūs-um.
Gen. | hūs-es. | Gen. | hūs-a.

So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as bearn (child), folc (nation), wīf (woman).

Feoh (money) drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo:—feoh, fēo, fēos. So also bleoh (colour).

STRONG FEMININES.

(1) a-plurals.

| SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
(a) | Nom. | ġief-u (gift). | Nom. | ġief-a.
| Acc. | ġief-e. | Acc. | ġief-a.
| Dat. | ġief-e. | Dat. | ġief-um.
| Gen. | ġief-e. | Gen. | ġief-ena.

So also lufu (love), scamu (shame). Duru (door) is an u-noun: it has acc. duru, d., g. dura, g. pl. dura. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the u is dropped, and the noun falls under (b).

| SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
(b) | Nom. | sprǣċ (speech). | Nom. | sprǣċ-a.
| Acc. | sprǣċ-e. | Acc. | sprǣċ-a.
| Dat. | sprǣċ-e. | Dat. | sprǣċ-um.
| Gen. | sprǣċ-e. | Gen. | sprǣċ-a.

So also strǣt (street), sorg (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as dǣd, hand, miht.

Those in -ol, -er, -or, &c. contract:—sāwol (soul), sāwle, sāwla, sāwlum. So also ċeaster (city), hlǣdder (ladder).

Some in -en double the n in inflection:—byrþen (burden), byrþenne. So also those in -rǣden, such as hierdrǣden (guardianship). Those in -nes also double the s in inflection: gōdnes (goodness), gōdnesse.

(2) Mutation-plurals.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | bōc (book). | Nom. | bēċ.
Dat. | bēċ. | Dat. | bōc-um.
Gen. | bēċ. | Gen. | bōc-a.

Burg (city), byriġ, burge; byriġ, burgum, burga.

(3) Indeclinable.

SINGULAR.
Nom. | bieldo (boldness).
Dat. | bieldo.
Gen. | bieldo.

So also ieldo (age).

For r-nouns, see under Masculines.

WEAK MASCULINES.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | nam-a (name). | Nom. | nam-an.
Acc. | nam-an. | Acc. | nam-an.
Dat. | nam-an. | Dat. | nam-um.
Gen. | nam-an. | Gen. | nam-ena.

So also all nouns in -a:—ġe·fēra (companion), guma (man), ġe·lēafa (belief). Ieldran (elders) occurs only in the plural.

Ġe·fēa (joy) is contracted throughout:—ġefēa, ġefēan.

WEAK NEUTERS.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | ēag-e (eye). | Nom. | ēag-an.
Acc. | ēag-e. | Acc. | ēag-an.
Dat. | ēag-an. | Dat. | ēag-um.
Gen. | ēag-an. | Gen. | ēag-ena.

So also ēare 'ear.'

WEAK FEMININES.

SINGULAR. | PLURAL.
Nom. | sunn-e (sun). | Nom. | sunn-an.
Acc. | sunn-an. | Acc. | sunn-an.
Dat. | sunn-an. | Dat. | sunn-um.
Gen. | sunn-an. | Gen. | sunn-ena.

So also ċiriċe (church), fǣmne (virgin), heorte (heart).

Lēo (lion) has acc., &c. lēon.

PROPER NAMES.

Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:—Ælfred, gen. Ælfredes, dat. Ælfrede; Ēad-burg (fem.), gen. Ēadburge, &c.

Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus Crīst, Salomon have gen. Crīstes, Salomones, dat. Crīste, Salomone. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, especially those in -us, but often with a mixture of English endings, and the Latin endings are used somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. Cȳrus, gen. Cȳres, acc. Cȳrum, dat. Cȳrum (þǣm cyninge Cȳrum).

Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those taken from Latin, such as Breten (Britain), Cęnt (Kent), Ġermānia (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with land, such as Ęnġla-land (land of the English, England), Isr·ahēla-þēod (Israel). In both of these cases the first element is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as Scot-land, also occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for the country itself:—on Ēast-ęnġlum = in East-anglia, lit. 'among the East-anglians.' So also on Angel-cynne = in England, lit. 'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by Angelcynnes land.

Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find on Cęnt, tō Hierusalēm.

Ġermānia, Asia, and other foreign names in -a take -e in the oblique cases, thus gen. Ġermānie.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the masc. and neut. sing. they have an instrumental case, for which in the fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used.

STRONG ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take -u in the fem. sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it.

| | SINGULAR.
| | Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
(a) | Nom. | cwic (alive), | cwic, | cwic-u.
| Acc. | cwic-ne, | cwic, | cwic-e.
| Dat. | cwic-um, | cwic-um, | cwic-re.
| Gen. | cwic-es, | cwic-es, | cwic-re.
| Instr. | cwic-e, | cwic-e. | (cwicre).
| | PLURAL.
| Nom. | cwic-e, | cwic-u, | cwic-e.
| Dat. | | cwic-um.
| Gen. | | cwic-ra.

So also sum (some), fǣrlic (dangerous).

Those with æ, such as glæd (glad), change it to a in dat. gladum, &c.

Those in -e, such as blīþe (glad), drop it in all inflections:—blīþne, blīþu, blīþre.

Those in -ig, -el, -ol, -en, -er, -or often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel, as in hāliġ (holy), hālges, hālgum; miċel (great), miċlu, miċle. Not, of course, before consonants:—hāliġne, miċelne, miċelra.

Those in -u, such as ġearu (ready), change the u into a w before vowels:—ġearwes, ġearwe.

Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the u of the fem. and neuter:—

| | Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
(b) | Nom. Sing. | gōd (good), | gōd, | gōd.
| Plur. | gōde, | gōd, | gōde.

Fēa (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. fēam, gen. fēara.

Hēah (high) drops its second h in inflection and contracts:—hēare, nom. pl. hēa, dat. hēam, acc. sing. masc. hēanne.

Fela (many) is indeclinable.

WEAK ADJECTIVES.

The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:-

| SINGULAR.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
Nom. | gōd-a, | gōd-e, | gōd-e.
Acc. | gōd-an, | gōd-e, | gōd-an.
Dat. | gōd-an, | gōd-an, | gōd-an.
Gen. | gōd-an, | gōd-an, | gōd-an.
| PLURAL.
Nom. | | gōd-an.
Dat. | | gōd-um.
Gen. | | gōd-ra.

The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension.

COMPARISON.

The comparative is formed by adding -ra, and is declined like a weak adjective:—lēof (dear), lēofra masc., lēofre fem., lēofran plur., etc.; mǣre (famous), mǣrra. The superlative is formed by adding -ost, and may be either weak or strong:—lēofost (dearest).

The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in -est (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):—

eald (old), | ieldra, | ieldest.
lang (long), | lęnġra, | lęnġest.
nēah (near), | (nēar), | nīehst.
hēah (high), | hīerra, | hīehst.

The following show different roots:—

gōd (good), | bętera, | bętst.
yfel (evil), | wiersa, | wierrest.
miċel (great), | māra (mā), | mǣst.
lȳtel (little), | lǣssa (lǣs), | lǣst.

The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from adverbs:—

ǣr (formerly), | ǣrra (ǣror), | ǣrest.
fore (before), | . . . | forma, fyrmest.
ūt (out), | ȳterra, | ȳtemest.

NUMERALS.

CARDINAL. | ORDINAL.
ān, | one. | forma (first).
twā, | two. | ōþer.
þrēo, | three. | þridda.
fēower, | four. | fēorþa.
fīf, | five. | fīf-ta.
siex, | six. | siex-ta.
seofon, | seven. | seofoþa.
eahta, | eight. | eahtoþa.
nigon, | nine. | nigoþa.
tīen, | ten. | tēoþa.
ęndlufon, | eleven. | ęndlyf-ta.
twęlf, | twelve. | twe,lf-ta.
þrēo-tīene, | thirteen. | þrēo-tēoþa.
fēower-tīene, | fourteen.
fīf-tīene, | fifteen.
siex-tīene, | sixteen.
seofon-tīene, | seventeen.
eahta-tīene, | eighteen.
nigon-tīene, | nineteen.
twęn-tiġ, | twenty.
þri-tiġ, | thirty.
fēower-tiġ, | forty.
fīf-tiġ, | fifty.
siex-tiġ, | sixty.
hund-·seofon-tiġ, | seventy.
hund-·eahta-tiġ, | eighty.
hund-·nigon-tiġ, | ninety.

hund |
hund-·tēontiġ,

hundred.

hund-·ęndlufontiġ, | hundred and ten.
hund-·twęlftiġ, | hundred and twenty.
þūsend, | thousand.

Ān is declined like other adjectives.

Twā is declined thus:—

| Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
Nom. | twēġen, | twā, | twā.
Dat. | | twǣm.
Gen. | | twēġra.

So also bēġen (both), bā, bǣm, bēġra.

Þrēo is declined thus:—

| Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
Nom. | þrīe, | þrēo, | þrēo.
Dat. | | þrim.
Gen. | | þrēora.

The others up to twęntiġ are generally indeclinable. Those in -tiġ are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives they govern the genitive.

Hund and þūsend are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, always taking a genitive:—eahta hund mīla (eight hundred miles), fēower þūsend wera (four thousand men).

Units are always put before tens:—ān and twęntiġ (twenty-one).

The ordinals are always weak, except ōþer, which is always strong.

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL.

SINGULAR.
Nom. | iċ (I), | þū (thou).
Acc. | mē, | þē.
Dat. | mē, | þē.
Gen. | mīn, | þīn.
DUAL.
Nom. | wit (we two), | ġit (ye two).
Acc. | unc, | inc.
Dat. | unc, | inc.
Gen. | uncer, | incer.
PLURAL.
Nom. | wē (we), | ġē (ye).
Acc. | ūs, | ēow.
Dat. | ūs, | ēow.
Gen. | ūre, | ēower.

| SINGULAR.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
Nom. | hē (he), | hit (it), | hēo (she).
Acc. | hine, | hit, | hīe.
Dat. | him, | him, | hiere.
Gen. | his, | his, | hiere.
| PLURAL.
Nom. | | hīe (they).
Dat. | | him.
Gen. | | hiera.

There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary personal pronouns are used instead:—hīe ġe·samnodon hīe (they collected themselves, assembled); hīe ā·bǣdon him wīf (they asked for wives for themselves). Self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun:—swā swā hīe wȳsċton him selfum (as they wished for themselves).

POSSESSIVE.

Mīn (my), þīn (thy), ūre (our), ēower (your), and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other adjectives. The genitives his (his, its), hiere (her), hiera (their) are used as indeclinable possessives.

INTERROGATIVE.

Masc. and Fem. | Neut.
Nom. | hwā (who), | hwæt (what).
Acc. | hwone, | hwæt.
Dat. | hwǣm, | hwǣm.
Gen. | hwæs, | hwæs.
Instr. | hwȳ, | hwȳ.

Hwelc (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a noun and an adjective.

DEMONSTRATIVE.

| SINGULAR.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
Nom. | se (that, the), | þæt, | sēo.
Acc. | þone, | þæt, | þā.
Dat. | þǣm, | þǣm, | þǣre.
Gen. | þæs, | þæs, | þǣre.
Instr. | þȳ, þon, | þȳ, | (þǣre).
| PLURAL.
Nom. | | þā.
Dat. | | þǣm.
Gen. | | þāra.

Se is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a personal pronoun:—hē ġe·hīerþ mīn word, and wyrċþ þā (he hears my words, and does them). Sē as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel long.

| SINGULAR.
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem.
Nom. | þes (this), | þis, | þēos.
Acc. | þisne, | þis, | þās.
Dat. | þissum, | þissum, | þisse.
Gen. | þisses, | þisses, | þisse.
Instr. | þȳs, | þȳs. | (þisse).
| PLURAL.
Nom. | | þās.
Dat. | | þissum.
Gen. | | þissa.

Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are se ilca (same), which is always weak, swelc (such), which is always strong.

RELATIVE.

The regular relative is the indeclinable þe, as in ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ (each of those who hears these my words). It is often combined with sē, which is declined:—sē þe = who, masc., sēo þe, fem., &c. Sē alone is also used as a relative:—hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic ġe·ċēas (here is my servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':—hēr þū hæfst þæt þīn is (here thou hast that which is thine).

INDEFINITE.

Indefinites are formed with swā and the interrogative pronouns, thus:—swā hwā swā, swā hwelċ swā (whoever), swā hwæt swā (whatever).

Ān and sum (some) are used in an indefinite sense:—ān mann, sum mann = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed.

Ǣlċ (each), ǣniġ (any), nǣniġ (no, none), are declined like other adjectives.

Ōþer (other) is always strong:—þā ōþre męnn.

Man, another form of mann, is often used in the indefinite sense of 'one,' French on:—his brōþor Horsan man of·slōg (they killed his brother Horsa).

VERBS.

There are two classes of verbs in O.E., strong and weak. The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of d (-ode, -ede, -de) to the root-syllable.

The following is the conjugation of the strong verb bindan (bind), which will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:—

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. bind-e, | bind-e.
| 2. bind-est, bintst, | bind-e.
| 3. bind-eþ, bint, | bind-e.
plur. | bind-aþ, | bind-en.
Pret. sing. | 1. band, | bund-e.
| 2. bund-e, | bund-e.
| 3. band, | bund-e.
plur. | bund-on, | bund-en.
Imper. sing. bind; plur. bind-aþ.          Infin. bind-an.
Partic. pres. bind-ende; pret. ġe-·bund-en.
Gerund. tō bind-enne.

For the plural bindaþ, both indicative and imperative, binde is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after the verb:—wē bindaþ (we bind), but binde wē (let us bind); so also gāþ! (go plur.), but gā ġē! (go ye).

The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension when used as a noun is given above, p. 10.

The past participle generally prefixes ġe-, as in ġe·bunden, ġe·numen from niman (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in ġe·hīeran (hear), ġe·hīered. It is sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No ġe is added if the verb has another prefix, such as ā-, be-, for-; thus for·ġiefan (forgive) has the past participle for·ġiefen. The past participle may be declined like an adjective.

Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form hāt-te from hātan (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':—se munuc hātte Abbo (the monk's name was Abbo).

STRONG VERBS.

In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. (ic band, wē bundon). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative (þū bunde, ic bunde, wē bunden.)

The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the root-vowel, thus:—

a | becomes | ę | as in (hē) | stęnt | from | standan (stand).
ea | ,, | ie | ,, | fielþ | ,, | feallan (fall).
e | ,, | i | ,, | cwiþþ | ,, | cweþan (say).
eo | ,, | ie | ,, | wierþ | ,, | weorþan (happen).
ā | ,, | ǣ | ,, | hǣtt | ,, | hātan (command).
ō | ,, | ē | ,, | grēwþ | ,, | grōwan (grow).
ēa | ,, | īe | ,, | hīewþ | ,, | hēawan (hew).
ēo | ,, | īe | ,, | ċīest | ,, | ċēosan (choose).
ū | ,, | ȳ | ,, | lȳcþ | ,, | lūcan (close).

The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is -eþ, which is generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:—

-teþ | becomes | -tt | as in | lǣtt | from | lǣtan (let).
-deþ | ,, | -tt | ,, | bītt | ,, | bīdan (wait).
-ddeþ | ,, | -tt | ,, | bitt | ,, | biddan (pray).
-þeþ | ,, | -þþ | ,, | cwiþþ | ,, | cweþan (say).
-seþ | ,, | -st | ,, | ċīest | ,, | ċēosan (choose).
-ndeþ | ,, | -nt | ,, | bint | ,, | bindan (bind).

Double consonants become single, as in hē fielþ from feallan.

Before the -st of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in þū cwist from cweþan, þū ċīest from ċēosan; and d becomes t, as in þū bintst from bindan.

For the changes between s and r, þ and d, g and h, see p. 7.

Some verbs, such as sēon (see), drop the h and contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel:—ic sēo, wē sēoþ, tō sēonne; but hē sihþ.

There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with several others of the commoner ones.

I. 'Fall'-conjugation.

The pret. sing. and pl. has ēo or ē, and the past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive.

(a) ēo-preterites.
ea:—
INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
feallan (fall) | fielþ | fēoll | fēollon | feallen
healdan (hold) | hielt | hēold | hēoldon | healden
wealdan (wield) | wielt | wēold | wēoldon | wealden
weaxan (grow) | wiext | wēox | wēoxon | weaxen
ā:—
blāwan (blow) | blǣwþ | blēow | blēowon | blāwen
cnāwan (know) | cnǣwþ | cnēow | cnēowon | cnāwen
sāwan (sow) | sǣwþ | sēow | sēowon | sāwen
ē:—
wēpan (weep) | wēpþ | wēop | wēopon | wōpen

Wēpan has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original ō
re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the inflection.

ō:—
flōwan (flow) | flēwþ | flēow | flēowon | flōwen
grōwan (grow) | grēwþ | grēow | grēowon | grōwen
rōwan (row) | rēwþ | rēow | rēowon | rōwen
ēa:—
bēatan (beat) | bīett | bēot | bēoton | bēaten
hēawan (hew) | hīewþ | hēow | hēowon | hēawen
hlēapan (leap) | hlīepþ | hlēop | hlēopon | hlēapen
(b) ē-preterites.
ā:—
hātan (command) | hǣtt | hēt | hēton | hāten
ǣ:—
lǣtan (let) | lǣtt | lēt | lēton | lǣten
ō:—
fōn (seize) | fēhþ | fēng | fēngon | fangen
hōn (hang) | hēhþ | hēng | hēngon | hangen

II. 'Shake'-conjugation.

Verbs in a (ea) and ę (ie). Ō in pret. sing, and pl., a (æ) in partic. pret. Standan drops its n in the pret. The partic. pret. of swęrian is irregular.

a:—
INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
faran (go) | færþ | fōr | fōron | faren
sacan (quarrel) | sæcþ | sōc | sōcon | sacen
scacan (shake) | scæcþ | scōc | scōcon | scacen
standan (stand) | stęnt | stōd | stōdon | standen
The following shows contraction of original ea:—
slēan (strike) | sliehþ | slōg | slōgon | slæġen
ę:—
hębban (lift) | hęfþ | hōf | hōfon | hafen
sċieppan (create) | sċiepþ | scōp | scōpon | scapen
swęrian (swear) | swęreþ | swōr | swōron | sworen

The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative sing. is hęfe and swęre, like that of węnian (p. 32). Swęrian has indic. swęrige, swęrest, like węnian; hębban has hębbe, hęfst, &c. like hīeran (p. 30).

III. 'Bind'-conjugation.

I (ie, e, eo) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (l, r) or nasal (m, n) in the infin., a (æ, ea) in pret. sing., u in pret. pl., u (o) in ptc. pret. Findan has a weak preterite.

i:—
INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
bindan (bind) | bint | band | bundon | bunden
drincan (drink) | drincþ | dranc | druncon | druncen
findan (find) | fint | funde | fundon | funden
ġieldan (pay) | ġielt | ġeald | guldon | golden
(on)ġinnan (begin) | -ġinþ | -gann | -gunnon | -gunnen
grindan (grind) | grint | grand | grundon | grunden
iernan (run) [p. 7] | iernþ | arn | urnon | urnen
ġe-·limpan (happen) | -limpþ | -lamp | -lumpon | -lumpen
scrincan (shrink) | scrincþ | scranc | scruncon | scruncen
springan (spring) | springþ | sprang | sprungon | sprungen
swincan (toil) | swincþ | swanc | swuncon | swuncen
windan (wind) | wint | wand | wundon | wunden
winnan (fight) | winþ | wann | wunnon | wunnen
e:—
berstan (burst) | bierst | bærst | burston | borsten
breġdan (pull) | ... | bræġd | brugdon | brogden
delfan (dig) | dilfþ | dealf | dulfon | dolfen
sweltan (die) | swilt | swealt | swulton | swolten
eo:—
beorgan (protect) | bierhþ | bearg | burgon | borgen
beornan (burn) [p. 7] | biernþ | barn | burnon | burnen
ċeorfan (cut) | ċierfþ | ċearf | curfon | corfen
feohtan (fight) | fieht | feaht | fuhton | fohten
weorpan (throw) | wierpþ | wearp | wurpon | worpen
weorþan (become) | wierþ | wearþ | wurdon | worden

IV. 'Bear'-conjugation.

Verbs in e (i), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or nasal; in brecan the liquid precedes the vowel. A (æ) in pret. sing., ǣ (ā) in pret. pl., o (u) in ptc. pret. Cuman is irregular.

i:—
INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
niman (take) | nimþ | nam | nāmon | numen
e:—
beran (bear) | bierþ | bær | bǣron | boren
brecan (break) | bricþ | bræc | brǣcon | brocen
sċeran (shear) | sċierþ | sċear | sċēaron | scoren
stelan (steal) | stilþ | stæl | stǣlon | stolen
teran (tear) | .. | tær | tǣron | toren
u:—
cuman (come) | cymþ | cōm | cōmon | cumen

V. 'Give'-conjugation.

Verbs in e (i, eo, ie) followed by single consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive.

e:—
INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
cweþan (say) | cwiþþ | cwæþ | cwǣdon | cweden
etan (eat) | itt | ǣt | ǣton | eten
sprecan (speak) | spricþ | spræc | sprǣcon | sprecen
wrecan (avenge) | wricþ | wræc | wrǣcon | wrecen
i:—
biddan (pray) | bitt | bæd | bǣdon | beden
liċġan (lie) | līþ | læġ | lǣgon | leġen
sittan (sit) | sitt | sæt | sǣton | seten
þiċġan (receive) | þiġeþ | þeah | þǣgon | þeġen

All these have weak presents:—imper. bide, liġe, site, þiġe.
Their is are mutations of the e which appears in their past partic.

ie:—
ġiefan (give) | ġiefþ | ġeaf | ġēafon | ġiefen
(on)ġietan (understand) | -ġiett | -ġeat | -ġēaton | -ġieten
The following is contracted in most forms:—
sēon (see) | sihþ | seah | sāwon | sewen

VI. 'Shine'-conjugation.

Verbs in ī, with pret. sing, in ā, pl. i, ptc. pret. i.

INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
bīdan (wait) | bītt | bād | bidon | biden
bītan (bite) | bītt | bāt | biton | biten
drīfan (drive) | drīfþ | drāf | drifon | drifen
(be)līfan (remain) | -līfþ | -lāf | -lifon | -lifen
rīdan (ride) | rītt | rād | ridon | riden
rīpan (reap) | rīpþ | rāp | ripon | ripen
(ā)rīsan (rise) | -rīst | -rās | -rison | -risen
sċīnan (shine) | sċīnþ | scān | sċinon | sċinen
snīþan (cut) | snīþþ | snāþ | snidon | sniden
stīgan (ascend) | stīġþ | stāg | stigon | stiġen
(be)swīcan (deceive) | -swīcþ | -swāc | -swicon | -swicen
ġe·wītan (depart) | -wītt | wāt | -witon | -witen
wrītan (write) | wrītt | wrāt | writon | writen

VII. 'Choose'-conjugation.

Verbs in ēo and ū, with pret. sing. ēa, pl. u, ptc. pret. o. Flēon and tēon contract.

INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. SING. | PRET. PL. | PTC. PRET.
bēodan (offer) | bīett | bēad | budon | boden
brēotan (break) | brīett | brēat | bruton | broten
ċēosan (choose) | ċīest | ċēas | curon | coren
flēogan (fly) | flīehþ | flēag | flugon | flogen
flēon (flee) | flīehþ | flēah | flugon | flogen
flēotan (float) | flīett | flēat | fluton | floten
hrēosan (fall) | hrīest | hrēas | hruron | hroren
hrēowan (rue) | hrīewþ | hrēaw | hruwon | hrowen
for·lēosan (lose) | -līest | -lēas | -luron | -loren
sċēotan (shoot) | sċīett | sċēat | scuton | scoten
smēocan (smoke) | smīecþ | smēac | smucon | smocen
tēon (pull) | tīehþ | tēah | tugon | togen
ā-þrēotan (fail) | -þrīett | -þrēat | -þruton | -þroten
ū:—
brūcan (enjoy) | brȳcþ | brēac | brucon | brocen
būgan (bow) | bȳhþ | bēag | bugon | bogen
lūcan (lock) | lȳcþ | lēac | lucon | locen
lūtan (bow) | lȳtt | lēat | luton | loten
scūfan (push) | scȳfþ | sċēaf | scufon | scofen

WEAK VERBS.

There are three conjugations of weak verbs—(1) in -an, pret. -de (hīeran, hīerde, 'hear'); (2) in -ian, pret. -ede (węnian, węnede, 'wean'); (3) in -ian, pret. -ode (lufian, lufode, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third conjugation very seldom have.

I. an-verbs.

This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding -de and -ed respectively, with the following consonant changes.

-ndde | becomes | -nde | as in | sęnde | from | sęndan (send).
-llde | ,, | -lde | ,, | fylde | ,, | fyllan (fill).
-tde | ,, | -tte | ,, | mētte | ,, | mētan (find).
-pde | ,, | -pte | ,, | dypte | ,, | dyppan (dip).
-cde | ,, | -hte | ,, | tǣhte | ,, | tǣċan (show).

The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:—sęnd, mētt, tǣht, but some of them often retain the uncontracted forms:—fylled, dypped. When declined like adjectives they drop their e where practicable:—fylled, plur. fylde; hīered, hīerde.

The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs.

(a) 'Hear'-class.

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. hīer-e (hear), | hīer-e.
| 2. hīer-st, | hīer-e.
| 3. hīer-þ, | hīer-e.
plur. | hīer-aþ, | hīer-en.
Pret. sing. | 1. hīer-de, | hīer-de.
| 2. hīer-dest, | hīer-de.
| 3. hīer-de, | hīer-de.
plur. | hīer-don, | hīer-den.
Imper. sing. hīer; plur. hīer-aþ.           Infin. hīer-an.
Ptc. pres. hīer-ende; pret. hīer-ed.
Gerund. tō hīer-enne.

Further examples of this class are:—

INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. | PARTIC. PRET.
æt·īewan (show) | -īewþ | -īewde | -īewed.
cȳþan (make known) | cȳþþ | cȳþde | cȳþed, cȳdd
fyllan (fill) | fylþ | fylde | fylled
(nēa)lǣċan (approach) | -lǣċþ | -lǣhte | -lǣht
lǣdan (lead) | lǣtt | lǣdde | lǣdd
lęċġan (lay) | lęġþ | lęġde | lęġd
ġe·līefan (believe) | -līefþ | -līefde | -līefed
nęmnan (name) | nęmneþ | nęmnde | nęmned
sęndan (send) | sęnt | sęnde | sęnd
sęttan (set) | sętt | sętte | sętt
smēan (consider) | smēaþ | smēade | smēad
tǣċan (show) | tǣċþ | tǣhte | tǣht
węndan (turn) | węnt | węnde | węnd

(b) 'Seek'-class.

In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs.

Those in double consonants (and ċġ) simplify them in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:—sęlle, sęlst, sęlþ; sęċ[,g]e, sęġst, sęġþ; also in the imperative, which is formed as in Conj. II:—sęle, sęġe, byġe, &c.

ę:—
INFINITIVE. | THIRD PRES. | PRET. | PARTIC. PRET.
cwęllan (kill) | cwęlþ | cwealde | cweald
ręċċan (tell) | ręċþ | reahte | reaht
sęċġan (say) | sęġþ | sæġde | sæġd
sęllan (give) | sęlþ | sealde | seald
węċċan (wake) | węċþ | weahte | weaht
þęnċan (think) | þęnċþ | þōhte | þōht
i:—
bringan (bring) | bringþ | brōhte | brōht
y:—
byċġan (buy) | byġþ | bohte | boht
þynċan (appear) | þynċþ | þūhte | þūht
wyrċan (work) | wyrċþ | worhte | worht
ē:—
rēċan (care) | rēċþ | rōhte | rōht
sēċan (seek) | sēċþ | sōhte | sōht

II. 'Wean'-conjugation.

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. węn-iġe (wean), | węn-iġe.
| 2. węn-est, | węn-iġe.
| 3. węn-eþ, | węn-iġe.
plur. | węn-iaþ, | węn-ien.
Pret. sing. | 1. węn-ede, | węn-ede.
| 2. węn-edest, | węn-ede.
| 3. węn-ede, | węn-ede.
plur. | węn-edon, | węn-eden.
Imper. węn-e, węn-iaþ.           Infin. węn-ian.
Partic. pres. węn-iende; pret. węn-ed.
Gerund. tō węn-ienne.

So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such as fęrian (carry), węrian (defend), ġe·byrian (befit). There are not many of them.

III. 'Love'-conjugation.

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. luf-iġe (love), | luf-iġe.
| 2. luf-ast, | luf-iġe.
| 3. luf-aþ, | luf-iġe.
plur. | luf-iaþ, | luf-ien.
Pret. sing. | 1. luf-ode, | luf-ode.
| 2. luf-odest, | luf-ode.
| 3. luf-ode, | luf-ode.
plur. | luf-odon, | luf-oden.
Imper. luf-a, luf-iaþ.           Infin. luf-ian.
Partic. pres. luf-iende: pret. luf-od. Gerund. tō luf-ienne.

So also āscian (ask), macian (make), weorþian (honour), and many others.

Irregularities.

Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are habban (have) and libban (live).

Habban has pres. indic. hæbbe, hæfst, hæfþ; habbaþ, subj. hæbbe, hæbben, pret. hæfde, imper. hafa, habbaþ, particc. habbende, hæfd.

Libban has pres. libbe, leofast, leofaþ; libbaþ, subj. libbe, pret. leofode, imper. leofa, libbaþ, particc. libbende, lifiende; leofod.

Fętian (fetch) has pret. fętte.

STRONG-WEAK VERBS.

The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person sing. in t.

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. wāt (know), | wite.
| 2. wāst, | wite.
| 3. wāt, | wite.
plur. | witon, | witen.
Pret. | wiste.
Imper. wite, witaþ. Infin. witan.
Partic. pres. witende; pret. witen.

The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and 2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not exist.

Āh (possess), āge, āgon; āhte; āgen (only as adjective)[4].

Cann (know) canst, cunnon; cūþe; cunnan; cūþ (only as adjective.)

Dearr (dare), durre, durron; dorste.

Ġe·man (remember), -manst; -munde; -munan.

Mæġ (can), miht, magon, mæġe (subj.); mihte.

Mōt (may), mōst, mōton; mōste.

Sċeal (shall), sċealt, sculon, scyle (subj.); scolde.

Þearf (need), þurfon, þyrfe (subj.); þorfte; þurfan.

ANOMALOUS VERBS.

(1) Willan (will) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. sing.:—

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. wile, | wile.
| 2. wilt, | wile.
| 3. wile, | wile.
plur. | willaþ, | willen.
Pret. | wolde, etc.

Similarly nyllan (will not):—

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. nyle, | nyle.
| 2. nylt, | nyle.
| 3. nyle, | nyle.
plur. | nyllaþ, | nyllen.
Pret. | nolde, etc.

(2) Wesan (be).

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. eom; bēo, | sīe; bēo.
| 2. eart; bist, | sīe; bēo.
| 3. is; biþ, | sīe; bēo.
plur. | sind; bēoþ, | sīen; bēon.
Pret. sing. | 1. wæs, | wǣre.
| 2. wǣre, | wǣre.
| 3. wæs, | wǣre.
plur. | wǣron, | wǣren.
Imper. wes, wesaþ; bēo, bēoþ.           Infin. wesan; bēon.
Partic. pres. wesende.

The contracted negative forms are:—neom, neart, nis; næs, nǣre, nǣron; nǣre, nǣren.

(3) Dōn (do).

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. dō, | dō.
| 2. dēst, | dō.
| 3. dēþ, | dō.
plur. | dōþ, | dōn.
Pret. | dyde, etc.
Imper. dō, dōþ.           Infin. dōn.
Partic. pres. dōnde; pret. ġe·dōn.

(4) Gān (go).

| INDICATIVE. | SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sing. | 1. gā, | gā.
| 2. gǣst, | gā.
| 3. gǣþ, | gā.
plur. | gāþ, | gān.
Pret. | ēode, | ēode.
Imper. gā, gāþ.           Infin. gān.
Partic. pres. gangende; pret. ġe·gān.

DERIVATION.

PREFIXES.

The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are verbal, being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some nominal, being confined to nouns and adjectives.

ā- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in ā·rīsan, 'rise forth,' 'arise'; ā·faran, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as in ā·cwęllan (kill), ā·hrēosan (fall).

(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, as in ā-hwǣr (anywhere), ā-wiht (anything).

ǣġ- from ā-ġe-, the ā being mutated and the e dropped, has a similar meaning, as in ǣġ-hwelc (each), ǣġþer = ǣġ-hwæþer (either).

be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition be), (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in be·sęttan (beset, surround), be·sċieran (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in be·þęnċan (consider) from þęnċan (think); (3) gives a privative meaning, as in be·hēafdian (behead). In some words, such as be·cuman (come), it is practically unmeaning.

for- (which is distinct from the preposition for) generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in for·dōn (destroy), for·weorþan (perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in for·brēotan (break up, break), for·scrincan (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad sense generally, as in for·sēon (despise), or negatives, as in for·bēodan (forbid).

ġe- originally meant 'together,' as in ġe·fēra (fellow-traveller, companion) from fēran (travel). With verbs it often signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in ġe·gān (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' ġe·winnan (win) from winnan (fight). Hence generally prefixed to hīeran and sēon, ġe·hīeran and ġe·sēon strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), where it originally gave the meaning of completion—ġe·lufod = 'completely loved.'

mis- = 'mis,' as in mis-dǣd (misdeed).

n- = ne (not), as in nā (not), literally 'never,' nǣfre (never), næs (was not) = ne wæs.

on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition on. It properly signifies 'separation,' as in on·lūcan (open) from lūcan (lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in on·ġinnan (begin).

or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in orsorg (unconcerned) from sorg (sorrow).

tō- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition tō (which occurs in tō·gædre, 'together,' &c.), but signifies 'separation,' as in tō·berstan (burst asunder), tō·breġdan (shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in tō·cwīesan (crush to pieces, bruise).

un- negatives, as in un-ġesǣliġ (unhappy).

ENDINGS.

(a) Nouns.

Personal.

-end, from the present participle -ende, = '-er':—Hǣlend (healer, Saviour), būend (dweller).

-ere = '-er':—sāwere (sower), mynetere (money-changer, minter) from mynet (coin).

-ing, patronymic, æþeling (son of a noble, prince) from æþele (noble).

Abstract.

-nes, fem. from adjectives:—gōd-nes (goodness), rihtwīsnes (righteousness).

-uþ, -þo, fem., generally from adjectives:—ġēoguþ (youth), stręnġþo (strength) from strang.

-ung, fem. from verbs:—scotung (shooting, shot), hęrgung (ravaging), from scotian, hęrgian.

The following are also independent words:—

-dōm, masc.:—wīs-dōm (wisdom), þēow-dōm (servitude).

-hād, masc.:—ċild-hād (childhood).

-rǣden, fem.:—ġe·cwid-rǣden (agreement) from cwide (speech); mann-rǣden (allegiance).

-sċipe, masc.:—frēond-sċipe (friendship). Concrete in wæter-sċipe (piece of water, water).

(b) Adjectives.

-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':—gylden (golden), stǣnen (of stone), hǣþen (heathen) from hǣþ (heath). In seolcen (silken) there is no mutation.

-feald = '-fold':—hund-feald (hundred-fold).

-iġ:—miht-iġ (mighty); hāl-iġ (holy) from hāl (whole).

-isc, with mutation:—Ęnġlisc (English) from Angel; męnn-isc (human) from mann.

-ol:—swic-ol (deceitful).

-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':—stǣn-iht (stony).

-sum = 'some':—hīer-sum (obedient).

The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:—

-fæst:—sōþ-fæst (truthful).

-full:—sorg-full (sorrowful), ġe·lēaf-full (believing, pious).

-lēas = '-less':—ār-lēas (dishonoured, wicked).

-lic (cp. ġe·līc) = '-ly':—folc-lic (popular), heofon-lic (heavenly).

-weard = '-ward':—sūþan-weard (southward).

Verbs.

-lǣċan:—ān-lǣċan (unite), ġe·þwǣr-lǣċan (agree).

Adverbs.

-e, the regular adverb-termination:—lange (long), ġe·līce (similarly) from lang, ġe·līc. Sometimes -līce (from -lic) is used to form adverbs, as blīþe-līce (gladly) from blīþe.

DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES.

Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):—

-nes:—for·ġiefen-nes (forgiveness), ġe·ręċed-nes (narrative), welwillend-nes (benevolence).

-lic:—unārīmed-lic (innumerable).

-līce:—welwillend-līce (benevolently).

SYNTAX.

Gender.

When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:—hīe ġe·samnodon hīe, ealle þā hēafod-męnn, and ēac swelce wīf-menn ... and þā hīe blīþost wǣron ... (they gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they were most merry ...). Here blīþost is in the neuter plur.

Cases.

Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with lǣran (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of the thing:—hīe hine ne dorston ǣniġ þing āscian (they durst not ask him anything); wē magon ēow rǣd ġe·lǣran (we can teach you a plan).

The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: hwȳ stande ġē hēr ealne dæġ īdle? (why stand ye here all the day idle?)

Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and (2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two.

(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with verbs of giving, &c., as in hē sealde ǣlcum ānne pęning (he gave each a penny); addressing, as in ic ēow sęċġe (I say to you), hē þancode his Dryhtne (he thanked his Lord); but also with many verbs of benefiting, influencing, &c., as in ne dō ic þē nānne tēonan (I do thee no injury), hīe noldon him līefan (they would not allow them to do so); þǣm rēþum stīerde (restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in byċġaþ ēow ele (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: hīe ġe·sōhton Bretene Brettum tō fultume (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains—to help them); hē clipode Crīst him tō fultume (he called Christ to his help).

The dative is also used with adjectives of nearness, likeness, &c.:—Ēadmund cyning clipode ānne biscop þe him ġe·hęndost wæs (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm mangere þe sōhte þæt gōde męregrot (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought the good pearl).

(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the instrument and manner of an action: hē ġe·ęndode yflum dēaþe (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in sċēafmǣlum (sheafwise). It also signifies time when:—þrim ġēarum ǣr þǣm þe hē forþ·fērde (three years before he died), which is also expressed by the instrumental itself:—sēo wolde ęfsian ǣlce ġēare þone sanct (she used to cut the saint's hair every year); þȳ fēorþan ġēare his rīċes (in the fourth year of his reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the ablative absolute in Latin: Hubba be·lāf on Norþhymbra-lande, ġe·wunnenum siġe mid wælhrēownesse (H. remained in Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty).

Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:—his fēonda sum (one of his enemies); hiera fīf wǣron dysiġe (five of them were foolish). Hence it is generally used with fela, as in fela wundra (many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18).

The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of various emotions and mental states, such as joy, desire, remembering:—hīe þæs fæġnodon swīþe (they rejoiced at it greatly); mē lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte fēolle wiþ þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan (it would be pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) their country); ic þæs ġe·wilniġe (I desire that); ġif hē his fēores rōhte (if he cared about his life); hē wæs þæs Hǣlendes ġe·myndiġ (he was mindful of—he remembered the Saviour).

Some of these verbs, such as biddan (ask), take an accusative of the person and a genitive of the thing:—hē hine hlāfes bitt (he asks him for bread).

Verbs of depriving, restraining, &c., have the same construction:—nis Angel-cynn be·dǣled Dryhtnes hālgena (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints).

Some verbs of giving, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of the person:—him wæs of·togen ǣlces fōdan (they were deprived of all food).

The genitive is often used to define an adjective or noun:—þū eart wierþe slęġes (thou art worthy of death); on þǣm ġēare þe Ælfred æþeling ān and twęntiġ ġēara wæs (in the year when Prince Alfred was twenty-one).

Concord.

Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (gōde męnn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either predicatively or in apposition:—þā męnn sind gōde; hē ġe·seah ōþre īdle standan (he saw others standing idle); hīe cōmon mid langum sċipum, nā manigum (they came with long ships, not many).

Apposition.

In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put in the genitive, but the two are simply put in apposition, both being declined separately:—Breten īeġland, on Bretene (þǣm) īeġlande. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the same way:—Ælfred æþeling (prince Alfred); on Æþelredes cyninges dæġe (in the days of king Æþelred).

There is a similar apposition with the adjective sum followed by a noun or pronoun, as in sume þā męnn (some of the men); þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weġ (while he sowed, some of them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in þā bǣdon hīe sume þæt Samson mōste him macian sum gamen (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them).

Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of it:—hīe ġe·sǣton sūþanwearde Bretene ǣrest (they occupied the south of Britain first); sūþanweard hit (= þæt land) hæfdon Peohtas (the Picts had the south part of it).

ADJECTIVES.

The weak forms are used:

(1) after the definite article:—se æþela cyning (the noble king); þæs æþelan cyninges, þæt gōde męregrot, þā gōdan męregrotu.

(2) after þis:—þās earman landlēode (these poor people, pl.); þes hālga cyning (this holy king), þisses hālgan cyninges.

(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and often after possessive pronouns:—þīne dīeglan gold-hordas (thy hidden treasures).

(4) in the vocative:—þū yfla þēow and slāwa! (thou bad and slothful servant); ēalā þū lēofa cyning! (oh, thou dear king).

Note that ōþer always keeps the strong form: þā ōþru dēor (the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: þās mīn word (these my words). Ān in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong form to distinguish it from the weak āna = 'alone': þæt ān dēorwierþe męregrot (the one precious pearl).

ARTICLES.

The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as God, and also before Dryhten (the Lord), Dēofol (the Devil), although se Dēofol also occurs, and names of nations:—Bretta cyning (king of the Britons).

It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where it is omitted in Modern English also, as in siġefæst on sǣ and on lande (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: ġewęnde tō wuda on·ġēan (went back to the wood); se flothęre fērde eft tō sċipe (the army of pirates went back to their ships); hē fēng tō rīċe (he took the government—came to the throne).

The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would not be in Modern E., as in se mann = 'man' (men in general).

The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:—þæt dyde unhold mann (an enemy did that); hē be·stealcode on land swā swā wulf (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by sum: on þǣm lande wæs sum mann, Lēofrīċ ġe·hāten (in that country was a man called L.). Or by ān, as in Modern English:—ān wulf wearþ ā·sęnd tō be·węrienne þæt hēafod wiþ þā ōþru dēor (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).

PRONOUNS.

Hwæt is used interrogatively of persons where we should use 'who':—hē nyste hwæt hīe wǣron (he did not know who they were).

VERBS.

Number.

After ǣlc þāra þe (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., agreeing not with þāra þe but with ǣlc:—ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ (each of those who hear these my words).

When þæt or þis is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:—þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe Angel-cynnes land ġe·sōhton (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race).

Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a genitive of the thing.

Others, such as þynċan (appear), take a dative of the person:—wæs him ġe·þūht þæt hīe be·hȳdden þæt hēafod (they thought they (the Danes) had hidden the head).

Tenses.

There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used instead:—ne ā·bȳhþ nǣfre Eādmund Hinguare (Edmund will never submit to H.); gā ġē on mīnne wīnġeard, and ic sęlle ēow þæt riht biþ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use bēon in a future sense. Another example is ġif ic bēo ġe·bunden mid seofon rāpum, sōna ic bēo ġe·wield (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by will and shall, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites wolde and scolde:—

Hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon þe hine ā·bītan wolde (he seized a lion that was going to devour him); hīe wēndon þæt hīe scolden māre on·fōn (they expected to receive more).

The preterite has the meaning of the modern

(1) Preterite and imperfect:—se sāwere ūt ēode his sǣd tō sāwenne, and þā þā hē sēow ... (the sower went out to sow his seed, and while he was sowing ...).

(2) Perfect:—hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic ġeċēas (here is my servant, whom I have chosen);—ūre cyning cōm nū hēr tō lande (our king has just landed here).

(3) Pluperfect:—þā þā ġe·cōmon þe ymb þā ęndlyftan tīd cōmon (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour).

Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by hæbbe and hæfde with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in nū ic hæbbe ġestrīened ōþru twā pund (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by habban: hīe hæfdon hiera cyning ā·worpenne (they had deposed their king).

The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb ǣr (before):—his swēora, þe ǣr wæs for·slæġen (his neck, which had been cut through).

The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with wesan:—siþþan hīe ā·farene wǣron (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected.

The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of duration, &c.:—ān mann wæs eardiende on Israhēla þēode, Manuē ġe·hāten (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue).

Passive.

The passive is formed with wesan or weorþan with the past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorþan an action.

wearþ ġe·lufod is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: ān wulf wearþ ā·sęnd (a wolf was sent); mīne lēofe þeġnas, þe on hiera będdum wurdon of·slæġene (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their beds).

wæs ġe·lufod, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in meaning:—se ǣrendraca sæġde his hlāforde hū him ġe·andwyrd wæs (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered).

Subjunctive.

The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, conditions, doubt, &c.

A. In principal sentences.

Wish and command (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):—þæs him sīe wuldor and lof ā būtan ęnde (therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end); ne hē ealu ne drince nǣfre oþþe wīn (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).

B. In dependent sentences.

The chief cases are the following:—

(1) In indirect narrative and question: sēo cwēn sæġde þæt hiere nǣre be healfum dǣle ġe·sæġd be Salomones mǣrþo (the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); ic āsciġe hwǣr sēo offrung sīe (I ask where the offering is); męnn woldon sċēawian hū hē lǣġe (men wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is put in the indicative:—hē hiere sæġde on hwǣm his miht wæs (he told her what his strength consisted in).

(2) After verbs of desiring and commanding:—
þæs ic ġe·wilniġe and ġe·wysċe mid mōde þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum lēofum þeġnum (that I desire and wish with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes).

(3) To express purpose:—þȳ lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien (lest ye root up the wheat);—Dryhten ās·tāg niþer, tō bǣm þæt hē ġe·sāwe þā burg (the Lord descended, in order that he might see the city).

(4) To express result:—þū næfst þā mihte þæt þū mæġe him wiþ·standan (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him).

(5) To express hypothetical comparison (as if):—se wulf folgode forþ mid þǣm hēafde, swelce hē tam wǣre (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon, and tō·bræġd hīe tō styċċum, swelce hē tō·tǣre tiċċen (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid).

(6) In conditional clauses, generally with ġif or būtan, and in concessive clauses with þēah, þēah þe:—God wāt þæt ic nyle ā·būgan fram his bīgęngum ǣfre, swelte ic, libbe ic (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); þās flotmęnn cumaþ, and þē cwicne ġe·bindaþ, būtan þū mid flēame þīnum fēore ġe·beorge (these pirates will come and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); God hielt Ēadmund hālne his līchaman oþ þone miċlan dæġ, þēah þe hē on moldan cōme (God will keep Edmund with his body whole until the great day, although he has come to earth—been buried). Sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:—clipiaþ tō þissum ġieftum swā hwelce swā ġē ġe·mēten (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = if ye meet any one); hīe be·hēton hiere sċeattas wiþ þǣm þe hēo be·swice Samson (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...).

When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, where if I were ... implies I am not.... The modern distinction between if I were and if I had been, the former corresponding to the present indicative I am not, the latter to the preterite I was not, is not made in Old English, which uses gif ic wǣre in both instances. Sometimes the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:—mē lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte fēolle wiþ þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan (I would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as ġif hit swā bēon mihte (if it might be so—if it were possible to save my people by my death).

(7) In clauses dependant on a negative sentence:—nis nān þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as in se hālga is mǣrra þonne męnn mæġen ā·smēan (the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it).

(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: þīn rīċe ġe·wītt fram þē, oþ þæt þū wite þæt God ġe·wielt manna rīċa (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the kingdoms of men); uton weorþian ūrne naman, ǣr þǣm þe wē sīen tō·dǣlde ġeond ealle eorþan! (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth).

The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by should and would with an infinitive, as in Modern English.

Scolde is used after verbs of desiring, requesting and commanding:—biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt hē him ārian scolde (praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of commanding is understood from the noun ǣrende:—hē sęnde tō þæm cyninge bēotlic ǣrende, þæt hē ā·būgan scolde tō his mannrǣdenne, ġif hē his fēores rōhte (he sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared about his life).

Wolde is used after verbs of purpose:—se cyning ēode inn þæt he wolde ġe·sēon þā þe þǣr sǣton (the king went in to see those who were sitting there).

Infinitive.

After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense:—hīe hēton him sęndan māran fultum (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, &c.:—þæt mǣste wæl þe wē sęċġan hīerdon (the greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.

Gerund.

The gerund is used—

(1) to express purpose:—ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne (the sower went forth to sow his seed).

(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): hit is scandlic ymb swelc tō sprecenne (it is shameful to speak of such things).

PREPOSITIONS.

Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as þurh (through), ymbe (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as æfter (after), ǣr (before), æt (at), be (by), binnan (within), būtan (without), for (for), fram (from), of (of), tō (to).

Some govern both accusative and dative, such as ofer (over), on (on, in), under (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus on with the accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in hē his hūs ġe·timbrode ofer stān (he built his house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in hīe fēollon on stǣnihte (they fell on stony ground).

As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that in is very seldom used, its place being supplied by on, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by ofer, as in the passage just quoted.

When a thing is referred to, þǣr is substituted for hit, the preposition being joined on to the þǣr, so that, for instance, þǣr-tō corresponds to tō him; hīe lǣddon þone cyning tō ānum trēowe, and tīeġdon hine þǣr-tō (they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also hēr-beēastan is equivalent to 'east of this (country).'

Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, sometimes with other words intervening: hīe scuton mid gafelocum him tō (they shot at him with missiles); hīe cwǣdon him be·twēonan (they said among themselves); þǣm Ælmihtigan tō lofe, þe hīe on ġe·līefdon (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they believed), where on refers to the indeclinable þe. So also in þæt hūs þe hē inne wunode (the house he dwelt in).

Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the preposition becomes an adverb: se cyning sęnde his hęre tō, and for·dyde þā mannslagan (the king sent his army to the place, and destroyed the murderers).

Negation.

The negative particle is ne, which drops its e before some common verbs and pronouns, as in nis = ne is, nān = ne ān. The negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which admit the contracted forms:—tō·cwīesed hrēod hē ne for·brīett (he breaks not the bruised reed), hit nā ne fēoll (it did not fall); nān mann nyste nān þing (no man knew anything). So also with ne ... ne = 'neither ... nor': ne flītt hē ne hē ne hrīemþ (he neither disputes nor cries out).

Correlation.

Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as in þā þā męnn slēpon, þā cōm his fēonda sum = 'when the men slept, then came one of his enemies.' In þā þā = 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:—þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weġ = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction þæt is correlative with the pronoun þæt:—þæs ic ġe·wilniġe þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum lēofum þeġnum—'that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:—hē ġe·brōhte hine þǣr hē hine ǣr ġe·nam (he brought him to the place where he took him from).

Word-Order.

The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, though it is not so strict, thus:—

The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence:—þā cwæþ se cyning (then said the king); ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Brettas (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); on his dagum cōmon ǣrest þrēo sċipu (in his days three ships first came); þæt bǣron olfendas (camels carried it); mǣre is se God þe Daniēl on be·līefþ (great is the God that Daniel believes in).

The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; wē magon ēow rǣd ġe·lǣran (we can teach you a plan).

The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe Angel-cynnes land ġe·sōhton (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); þæt mǣste wæl þe wē sęċġan hīerdon oþ þisne andweardan dæġ (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day); þæt hīe þone Godes mann ā·bitan scolden (in order that they should devour the man of God).

There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, or, at least, to bring it near the end: hiene man of·slōg (they killed him); hīe þǣr siġe nāmon (they got the victory there).

GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.

| NOUNS.
| STRONG. | WEAK.
| M. | N. | F. | M. | N. | F.
Sg. N. | — | — | -(u) | -a | -e | -e
A. | — | — | -(e) | -an | -e | -an
D. | -e | -e | -e | -an | -an | -an
G. | -es | -es | -e | -an | -an | -an
Pl. N. | -as | -(u) | -a | | -an
D. | -um | -um | -um | | -um
G. | -a | -a | -(en)a | | -ena
| ADJECTIVES.
Sg. N. | — | — | -(u) | -a | -e | -e
A. | -ne | — | -(e) | -an | -e | -an
D. | -um | -um | -re | -an | -an | -an
G. | -es | -es | -re | -an | -an | -an
I. | -e | -e | (-re) | (-an | -an | -an)
Pl. N. | -e | -(u) | -e |
| | | -an
D. | | -um | | | -um
G. | | -ra | | | -ra

VERBS.
| PRESENT. | PRETERITE.
| Indic. | Subj. | Indic. | Subj.
Sg. 1. | -e; | -iġe | -(iġ)e | - ; | -de | -e; | -de
2. | -(e)st; | -ast | -(iġ)e | -e; | -dest | -e; | -de
3. | -(e)þ; | -aþ | -(iġ)e | - ; | -de | -e; | -de
Pl. | -aþ; | -iaþ | -(i)en | -on; | -don | -en; | -den
Imper. sg. -(a); pl. -(i)aþ.          Infin. -(i)an.
Partic. pres. -(i)ende; pret. -en, -ed, -od. Ger. (i)enne.

TEXTS.

I.

SENTENCES.

Ān on-ġinn is ealra þinga, þæt is God æl-mihtiġ. Se
ġe·lēafa þe biþ būtan gōdum weorcum, sē is dēad; þis sind
þāra apostola word. Ic eom gōd hierde: se gōda hierde
sęlþ his āgen līf for his sċēapum. Ūre Ā·līesend is se gōda

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hierde, and wē crīstene męnn sind his sċeap. Se mōna his
leoht ne sęlþ, and steorran of heofone feallaþ. Swā swā
wæter ā·dwǣsċþ fȳr, swā ā·dwǣsċþ sēo ælmesse synna.

Ealle ġe·sċeafta, heofonas and ęnġlas, sunnan and mōnan,
steorran and eorþan, eall nīetenu and ealle fuglas, sǣ and

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ealle fiscas God ġe·scōp and ġe·worhte on siex dagum; and
on þǣm seofoþan dæġe hē ġe·ęndode his weorc; and hē
be·hēold þā eall his weorc þe hē ġe·worhte, and hīe wǣron
eall swīþe gōd. Hē fērde ġeond manigu land, bodiende

Godes ġe·lēafan. Hē for·lēt eall woruld-þing. Se cyning

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be·bēad þæt man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn sċipu wyrċan;
and hiera wæs swā fela swā nǣfre ǣr ne wæs on nānes
cyninges dæġe. Se cyning hēt of·slēan ealle þā Dęniscan
męnn þe on Angel-cynne wǣron.

Þā ne mihton hīe him nān word and-swarian, ne nān

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mann ne dorste hine nān þing māre āscian. Hīe fuhton
on þā burg ealne dæġ, and þōhton þæt hīe hīe scolden
ā·brecan. Se eorl ġe·węnde west tō Īr-lande, and wæs þǣr
ealne þone winter. Æþelred cyning and Ælfred his brōþor
fuhton wiþ ealne þone hęre on Æsces-dūne.

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Se mann is ēċe on ānum dǣle, þæt is, on þǣre sāwle;
hēo ne ġe·ęndaþ nǣfre. Ġif se biscop dēþ be his āgnum
willan, and wile bindan þone un-scyldigan, and þone scyldigan
ā·līesan, þonne for·līest hē þā miht þe him God
for·ġeaf. Þēod winþ on·ġēan þēode, and rīċe on·ġēan rīċe.

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Ealle męnn ēow hatiaþ for mīnum naman. Hē ġe·worhte
fela wundra binnan þǣm fierste þe hē biscop wæs. Hē
ġe·hǣlde sum wīf mid hālgum wætre. Se cyning wearþ
of·slæġen fram his āgnum folce. On þǣm ilcan ġēare wæs
se miċla hungor ġeond Angel-cynn. Se mæsse-prēost āscaþ

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þæt ċild, and cwiþþ: 'Wiþ·sæcst þū dēofle?' Þonne andwyrt
se god-fæder, and cwiþþ: 'Ic wiþ·sace dēofle.' God
ælmihtiga, ġe·miltsa mē synn-fullum! Æþelred cyning cōm
hām tō his āgenre þēode, and hē glædlīce fram him eallum
on·fangen wearþ.

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Crīst, ūre Dryhten, be·bēad his leornung-cnihtum þæt
hīe scolden tǣċan eallum þēodum þā þing þā hē self him
tǣhte. Ġif ġē for·ġiefaþ mannum hiera synna, þonne for·giefþ
ēower se heofonlica Fæder ēowre synna. Ne mæġ nān
mann twǣm hlāfordum þēowian: oþþe hē ānne hataþ and

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ōþerne lufaþ, oþþe hē biþ ānum ġe·hīersum and ōþrum unġehīersum.

Se cyning nam þæs eorles sunu mid him tō Ęnġla-lande.

Męnn be·hōfiaþ gōdre lāre on þissum tīman, þe is ġe·ęndung
þisse worulde. Se līchama, þe is þǣre sāwle rēaf, andbīdaþ

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þæs miċlan dōmes; and þēah hē bēo tō dūste for·molsnod,

God hine ā·rǣrþ, and ġe·bringþ tō·gædre sāwle and
līchaman tō þǣm ēċan līfe. Hwelc fæder wile sęllan his
ċilde stān, ġif hit hine hlāfes bitt? Ā·ġiefaþ þǣm cāsere þā
þing þe þæs cāseres sind, and Gode þā þing þe Godes sind.

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Sēo sāwol and-bīdaþ þæs ēċan ǣristes.

Hē wæs cyning ofer eall Ęnġla-land twęntiġ wintra. God
ælmihtiġ is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hlāforda hlāford.

Dēofol is ealra un-riht-wīsra manna hēafod, and þā
yflan męnn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna dēaþ is yfel and

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earmlic, for þǣm þe hīe faraþ of þissum scortan līfe tō ēċum
wītum. Hū fela hlāfa hæbbe ġē? Seofon, and fēa fisca.

Ne ġe·wilna þū ōþres mannes ǣhta!

On þǣm landum eardodon Ęnġle, ǣr þǣm þe hīe hider on
land cōmon. Hīe fuhton on þā burg ealne dæġ, ac hīe ne

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mihton hīe ā·brecan. Þā ēodon hīe tō hiera sċipum. Þǣr
bēoþ swīþe maniġe byriġ on þǣm lande, and on ǣlcre byriġ
biþ cyning.

God cwæþ tō Noē: 'Ic wile for·dōn eall mann-cynn mid
wætre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile ġe·healdan þē, and þīn

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wīf, and þīne þrīe suna.' Ān mann hæfde twēġen suna; þā
cwæþ hē tō þǣm ieldran: 'gā and wyrċ tō·dæġ on mīnum
wīn-ġearde.' Þā cwæþ hē: 'ic nyle:' ēode þēah siþþan tō
þǣm wīnġearde. Hē dyde his fæder willan. Se prēost
cwæþ tō þǣm folce: 'Ic ēow blētsiġe on naman þæs Fæder,

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þæs Suna, and þæs Hālgan Gāstes.' Āra þīnum fæder and
þīnre mēder! Sum wīf cōm tō Crīste, and bæd for hiere
dehter. Sēo dohtor wearþ ġe·hǣled þurh ġe·lēafan þǣre
mōdor.

Bēoþ ġe·myndiġe þāra twēġra worda þe Dryhten cwæþ on

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his god-spelle! Hē cwæþ: 'For·ġiefaþ, and ēow biþ for·ġiefen;
sęllaþ, and ēow biþ ġe·seald.'

Twēġen męnn ēodon intō Godes temple hīe tō ġe·biddenne.

Ælfred cyning fōr mid þrim sċipum ūt on sǣ, and
ġe·feaht wiþ fēower sċip-hlæstas Dęniscra manna, and þāra

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sċipa twā ġe·nam, and þā męnn of·slæġene wǣron þe
þǣr-on wǣron. Þā cōmon þrēo sċipu. Þā ġe·fēngon hīe
þāra þrēora sċipa twā, and þˉa męnn of·slōgon, ealle būtan
fīfum. Se wītega ā·wrāt be þǣm fēower nīetenum þe him
æt·īewdu wǣron, þæt hīe hæfden ēagan him on ǣlce healfe.

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Ān þāra nīetena wæs on męnniscre onsīene him æt·īewed,
ōþer on lēon onsīene, þridde on ċealfes, fēorþe on earnes.

God þone ǣrestan mann rihtne and gōdne ġe·scōp, and
eall mann-cynn mid him. Ælfred Æþelwulfing wæs cyning
ofer eall Angel-cynn būtan þǣm dǣle þe under Dęna onwealde

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wæs. Ǣlc gōd trēow bierþ gōde wæstmas, and ǣlc
yfel trēow bierþ yfle wæstmas; ne mæġ þæt gōde trēow
beran yfle wæstmas, ne þæt yfle trēow gōde wæstmas.

Ēadigu sind ēowru ēagan, for þǣm þe hīe ġe·sēoþ, and
ēowru ēaran, for þǣm þe hīe ġe·hīeraþ. Swā hwā swā sęlþ

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ānum þurstigum męnn ċeald wæter on mīnum naman, ne
for·līest hē his mēde. Ne fare ġē on hǣþenra manna weġe!

Gōd mann of gōdum gold-horde bringþ gōd forþ; and yfel
mann of yflum goldhorde bringþ yfel forþ.

Gregōrius se hālga pāpa is rihtlīce ġe·cweden Ęnġliscre

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þēode apostol. Þā hē ġe·seah þæt se mǣsta dǣl þǣre þēode
his lāre for·sāwon, þā for·lēt hē hīe, and ġe·ċēas þā hǣþnan
lēode. Ġif se blinda blindne lǣtt, hīe feallaþ bēġen on ānne
pytt. Se Hālga Gāst is lufu and willa þæs Fæder and þæs

Suna; and hīe sind ealle ġe·līce mihtiġe. Bętere is sēo

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sāwol þonne se męte, and bętera se līchama þonne his scrūd.

Sēo sāwol is gāst, and be eorþlicum męttum ne leofaþ.

Be·healdaþ þās flēogendan fuglas, þe ne sāwaþ ne ne rīpaþ,
ac se heofonlica Fæder hīe ā·fētt. Hē cwæþ, 'Ic neom
ōþrum mannum ġe·līc;' swelce hē cwǣde, 'Ic āna eom rihtwīs,

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and þā ōþre sind synn-fulle.'

Þā se Hǣlend þanon fōr, þā folgodon him twēġen blinde,
cweþende: 'Ġe·miltsa unc, Davīdes sunu!' Hē cwæþ tō
him: 'Ġe·līefe ġit þæt ic inc mæġe ġe·hælan?' Hē cwæþ:

'Sīe inc æfter incrum ġe·lēafan.' Æþelstān cyning fōr

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inn on Scot-land, ǣġþer ġe mid land-hęre ġe mid sċip-hęre,
and his miċel ofer·hęrgode. Se mann þe God for·ġiett, God
for·ġiett ēac hine. Faraþ, and lǣraþ ealle þēoda! Lǣraþ
hīe þæt hīe healden eall þā þing þe ic ēow be·bēad! Sume
męnn sæġdon be him þæt hē wǣre Ælfredes sunu cyninges.

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Se Hǣlend āscode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone sęċġaþ
męnn þæt sīe mannes Sunu?' Hwæt sęċġe ġē þæt ic sīe?

Þū eart þæs libbendan Godes sunu. Crīst cwæþ be his

Fæder: 'Ġē sęċġaþ þæt hē ēower God sīe, and ġē hine ne
on·cnēowon.' Ġif hīe þone hālgan Fæder on·cnēowen,

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þonne under·fēngen hīe mid ġe·lēafan his Sunu, þe hē ā·sęnde
tō middan-ġearde. Se weġ is swīþe nearu and sticol
sē þe lǣtt tō heofona rīċe; and se weġ is swīþe brād and
smēþe sē þe lǣtt tō hęlle wĭte. Dysiġ biþ se weġ-fērenda
mann sē þe nimþ þone smēþan weġ þe hīne mis-lǣtt, and

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for·lǣtt þone sticolan þe hine ġe·bringþ tō þǣre byriġ. Þæt
ic ēow sęċġe on þēostrum, sęċġaþ hit on leohte; and þæt
ġē on ēare ġe·hīeraþ, bodiaþ uppan hrōfum. Hīe scufon ūt
hiera sċipu, and ġe·węndon him be·ġeondan sǣ.

Healdaþ and dōþ swā hwæt swā hīe sęċġaþ; and ne dō

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ġē nā, æfter hiera weorcum: hīe sęċġaþ, and ne dōþ. Eall
hiera weorc hīe dōþ þæt męnn hīe ġe·sēon. Hīe lufiaþ þæt
man hīe grēte on strǣtum. Ēalā ġē nǣddran and nǣddrena
cynn, hū flēo ġē fram hęlle dōme?

Wē sind ealle cuman on þissum and-weardan līfe, and

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ūre eard nis nā hēr; ac wē sind hēr swelce weġ-fērende
męnn: ān cymþ, ōþer færþ. Hwelc mann sęlþ his bearne
nǣddran, ġif hit fisces bitt? Ǣlc þāra þe bitt, hē on·fēhþ;
and sē þe sēċþ, hē hit fint. Ne gǣþ ǣlc þāra on heofona
rīċe þe cwiþþ tō mē, 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac sē þe wyrċþ

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mīnes Fæder willan þe on heofonum is, sē gǣþ on heofona
rīċe. Nis hit nā gōd þǣt man nime bearna hlāf and hundum
weorpe. Ic hæbbe þeġnas under mē: and ic cweþe tō
þissum, 'gā,' and hē gǣþ; and tō ōþrum, 'cum,' and hē
cymþ, and tō mīnum þēowe, 'wyrċ þis,' and hē wyrċþ.

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Se Hǣlend ġe·nam þā fīf hlāfas, and blētsode, and tō·bræc,
and tō·dǣlde be·twix þǣm sittendum; swā ġe·līce ēac
þā fiscas tō·dǣlde; and hīe ealle ġe·nōg hæfdon. Þā þe
þǣr ǣton wǣron fēower þūsend manna, būtan ċildum and
wīfum. Hīe cōmon tō him, and tō him ġebǣdon, and þus

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cwǣdon: 'Sōþlīce þū eart Godes sunu.' Ne wēne ġē þæt
ic cōme sibbe on eorþan to sęndenne: ne cōm ic sibbe tō
sęndenne, ac sweord. Hē be·bēad þæt hīe sǣten ofer þǣre
eorþan. Hē sæġde þæt Norþ-manna land wǣre swīþe lang
and swīþe smæl.

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Hīe ealle on þone cyning wǣron feohtende, oþ þæt hīe
hine ofslæġenne hæfdon. Ǣlc mann þe ōþre męnn for·sihþ
biþ fram Gode for·sewen. Sē þe ēaran hæbbe tō ġe·hiērenne,
ġe·hīere. Gōd is ūs hēr tō bēonne.

God cwæþ tō ānum wītegan, sē wæs Ionas ġe·hāten:

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'Far tō þǣre byriġ, and boda þǣr þā word þe ic þē sęċġe.'

Lufiaþ ēowre fīend, and dōþ wel þǣm þe ēow yfel dōþ.

Lufa Dryhten þīnne God on ealre þīnre heortan, and on
ealre þīnre sawle, and on eallum þīnum mōde. Sē þe ne
lufaþ his brōþor, þone þe hē ġe·sihþ, hū mæġ hē lufian God,

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þone þe hē ne ġe·sihþ līcham-līce? Sęġe ūs hwonne þās
þing ġe·weorþen, and hwelc tācen sīe þīnes tō-cymes and
worulde ġe·ęndunge.

Se Hǣlend cwæþ tō ānum his leornung-cnihta, sē wæs
hāten Philippus: 'Mid hwǣm magon wē byċġan hlāf þissum

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folce?' Wel wiste Crīst hwæt hē dōn wolde, and hē wiste
þæt Philippus þæt nyste. God mæġ dōn eall þing; wē
sculon wundrian his mihte, and ēac ġe·līefan. Crīst ā·rǣrde

Lazarum of dēaþe, and cwæþ tō his leornung-cnihtum: 'Tō·līesaþ
his bęndas, þæt hē gān mæġe.' God is ælmihtiġ,

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and mæġ dōn eall þæt hē wile. Ġē nyton on hwelcre tīde
ēower hlāford cuman wile. For þǣm bēo ġē ġearwe; for
þǣm þe mannes Sunu wile cuman on þǣre tīde þe ġē nyton.

Se Hǣlend cwæþ be his Fæder: 'Ic hine cann, and ġif ic
sęċġe þæt ic hine ne cunne, þonne bēo ic lēas, ēow ġe·līc.'

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Se dēofol cwæþ tō Crīste: 'Ġif þū sīe Godes sunu, cweþ
tō þissum stānum þæt hīe bēon ā·węnde tō hlāfum.' Þā
and-wyrde se Hǣlend, and cwæþ: 'Hit is ā·writen, "ne
leofaþ se mann nā be hlāfe ānum, ac leofaþ be eallum þǣm
wordum þe gāþ of Godes mūþe."' Se Hǣlend cōm tō him,

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þǣr hīe wǣron ġe·gadrode, and cwæþ: 'Sīe sibb be·twix
ēow; ic hit eom; ne bēo ġē nā ā·fyrhte.' Fæder ūre, þū þe
eart on heofonum, sīe þīn nama ġe·hālgod. Wē syngodon,
wē dydon un-rihtlīce; sęle ūs for·ġiefnesse: hwæt sculon wē
dōn?

II.

FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

VII. 24-7.

Ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ, and þā wyrċþ, biþ
ġe·līc þǣm wīsan were, sē his hūs ofer stān ġet·imbrode.

Þā cōm þǣr reġen and miċel flōd, and þǣr blēowon windas,
and ā·hruron on þæt hūs, and hit nā ne fēoll: sōþlīce hit

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wæs ofer stān ġe·timbrod.

And ǣlc þāra þe ġe·hīerþ þās mīn word, and þā ne wyrċþ,
sē biþ ġe·līc þǣm dysigan męnn, þe ġe·timbrode his hūs ofer
sand-ċeosol. Þā rīnde hit, and þǣr cōm flōd, and blēowon
windas, and ā·hruron on þǣt hūs, and þæt hūs fēoll; and

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his hryre wæs miċel.

XII. 18-21.

Hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic ġe·ċēas; mīn ġe·corena, on þǣm
wel ġe·līcode mīnre sāwle: ic ā·sętte mīnne gāst ofer hine,
and dōm hē bodaþ þēodum. Ne flītt hē, ne hē ne hriemþ,
ne nān mann ne ġe·hīerþ his stefne on strǣtum. Tō·cwīesed

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hrēod hē ne for·brīett, and smēocende fleax hē ne ā·dwǣscþ,
ǣr þǣm þe hē ā·weorpe dōm tō siġe. And on his naman
þēoda ġe·hyhtaþ.

XIII. 3-8.

Sōþlīce ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne. And þā
þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weġ, and fuglas cōmon

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and ǣton þā. Sōþlīce sumu fēollon on stǣnihte, þǣr hit
næfde miċle eorþan, and hrædlīce ūp sprungon, for þǣm þe
hīe næfdon pǣre eorþan dīepan; sōþlīce, ūp sprungenre
sunnan, hīe ā·drūgodon and for·scruncon, for þǣm þe hīe
næfdon wyrtruman. Sōþlīce sumu fēollon on þornas, and

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þā þornas wēoxon, and for·þrysmdon þā. Sumu sōþlīce
fēollon on gōde eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hund-fealdne,
sum siextiġ-fealdne, sum þritiġ-fealdnę.

XIII. 24-30.

Heofona rīċe is ġe·worden þǣm męnn ġe·līc þe sēow gōd
sǣd on his æcere. Sōþlīce, þā þā męnn slēpon, þā cōm his

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fēonda sum, and ofer·sēow hit mid coccele on·middan þǣm
hwǣte, and fērde þanon. Sōþlīce, þā sēo wyrt wēox, and
þone wæstm brōhte, þā æt·īewde se coccel hine. Þā ēodon
þæs hlāfordes þēowas and cwǣdon: 'Hlāford, hū, ne sēowe
þū gōd sǣd on þīnum æcere? hwanon hæfde hē coccel?'

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Þā cwæþ hē: 'þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þā cwǣdon þā
þēowas: 'Wilt þū, wē gāþ and gadriaþ hīe?' Þā cwæp
hē: 'Nese: þȳ lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien, þonne ġē
þone coccel gadriaþ. Lǣtaþ ǣġþer weaxan oþ rīp-tīman;
and on pǣm rīptīman ic sęċġe þǣm rīperum: "gadriaþ

40
ǣrest þone coccel, and bindaþ sċēaf-mǣlum tō for·bærnenne;
and gadriaþ þone hwǣte intō mīnum bęrne."'

XIII. 44-8.

Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc ġe·hȳddum gold-horde on þǣm
æcere. Þone be·hȳtt se mann þe hine fint, and for his blisse
gǣþ, and sęlþ eall þæt hē āh, and ġe·byġþ þone æcer.

45

Eft is heofona rīċe ġe·līc þǣm mangere þe sōhte þæt gōde
męre-grot. Þā hē funde þæt ān dēor-wierþe męregrot, þā
ēode hē, and sealde eall þæt hē āhte, and bohte þæt męregrot.

Eft is heofona rīċe ġe·līc ā·sęndum nętte on þā sǣ, and of

50
ǣlcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Þā hīe þā þæt nętt ūp
ā·tugon, and sǣton be þǣm strande, þā ġe·curon hīe þā
gōdan on hiera fatu, and þā yflan hīe ā·wurpon ūt.

XVIII. 12-14.

Ġif hwelc mann hæfþ hund sċēapa, and him losaþ ān of
þǣm, hū, ne for·lǣtt hē þā nigon and hund·nigontiġ on þǣm

55
muntum, and gǣþ, and sēċþ þæt ān þe for·wearþ? And ġif
hit ġe·limpþ þæt hē hit fint, sōþlīce ic ēow sęċġe þæt hē
swīþor ġe·blissaþ for þǣm ānum þonne for þǣm nigon and
hund·nigontigum þe nā ne losodon.

XX. 1-16.

Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm hīredes ealdre, þe on ǣrnemerġen

60
ūt ēode ā·hȳran wyrhtan on his wīn-ġeard. Ġe·wordenre
ġe·cwid-rǣdenne þǣm wyrhtum, hē sealde ǣlcum ānne
þęning wiþ his dæġes weorce, and ā·sęnde hīe on his wīnġeard.

And þā hē ūt ēode ymbe undern-tīd, hē ġe·seah
oþre on strǣte īdle standan. Þā cwæþ hē: 'Gā ġē on

65
mīnne wīnġeard, and ic sęlle ēow þæt riht biþ.' And hīe þā
fērdon. Eft hē ūt ēode ymbe þā siextan and nigoþan
tīd, and dyde þǣm swā ġe·līce. Þā ymbe þā ęndlyftan
tīd hē ūt ēode, and funde ōþre standende, and þā sæġde hē:

'Hwȳ stande ġē hēr ealne daeġ īdle?' Þā cwǣdon hīe:

70

'For þǣm þe ūs nān mann ne hȳrde.' Þā cwæþ hē: 'And
gā ġē on mīnne wīnġeard.'

Sōþlīce þā hit wæs ǣfen ġe·worden, þā sæġde se wīnġeardes
hlāford his ġe·rēfan: 'Clipa þā wyrhtan, and ā·ġief him
hiera mēde; on·ġinn fram þǣm ȳt·emestan oþ þone fyrmestan.'

75

Eornostlīce þā þā ġe·cōmon þe ymbe þā ęndlyftan
tīd cōmon, þā on·fēngon hīe ǣlc his pęning. And þā þe
þǣr ǣrest cōmon, wēndon þæt hīe scolden māre on·fōn; þā
on·fēngon hīe syndriġe þęningas. Þa on·gunnon hīe murcnian
on·ġēan þone hīredes ealdor, and þus cwǣdon: 'Þās

80
ȳtemestan worhton āne tīd, and þū dydest hīe ġe·līce ūs,
þe bǣron byrþenna on þisses dæġes hǣtan.' Þā cwæþ hē
and-swariende hiera ānum: 'Ēalā þū frēond, ne dō ic þē
nānne tēonan; hū, ne cōme þū tō mē tō wyrċenne wiþ
ānum pęninge? Nim þæt þīn is, and gā; ic wile þissum

85
ȳtemestum sęllan eall swā miċel swā þē. Oþþe ne mōt ic
dōn þæt ic wile? Hwæþer þe þīn ēage mānfull is for þǣm
þe ic gōd eom? Swā bēoþ þa fyrmestan ȳtemeste, and þā
ȳtemestan fyrmeste; sōþlīce maniġe sind ġe·clipode, and
fēa ġe·corene.'

XXII. 2-14.

90

Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm cyninge þe macode his suna
ġiefta, and sęnde his þēowas, and clipode þā ġe·laþodan tō
þǣm ġieftum. Þā noldon hīe cuman. Þā sęnde hē eft ōþre
þēowas, and sæġde þǣm ġe·laþodum: 'Nū ic ġe·ġearwode
mīne feorme: mīne fearras and mīne fuglas sind of·slæġene,

95
and eall mīn þing sind ġearu; cumaþ tō þǣm ġieftum.' Þā
for·gīemdon hīe þæt, and fērdon, sum tō his tūne, sum tō
his mangunge. And þā ōþre nāmon his þēowas, and mid
tēonan ġe·swęnċton, and of·slōgon. Þā se cyning þæt ġe·hierde,
þā wæs hē ierre, and sęnde his hęre tō, and for·dyde

100
þā mann-slagan, and hiera burg for·bærnde.

Þā cwæþ hē tō his þēowum: 'Witodlīce þās ġiefta sind
ġearwe, ac þā þe ġe·laþode wǣron ne sind wierþe. Gāþ nū
tō wega ġelǣtum, and clipiaþ tō þissum ġieftum swā hwelce
swā ġē ġe·mēten.' Þā ēodon þā þēowas ūt on þā wegas,

105
and ġe·gadrodon ealle þā þe hīe ġe·mētton, gōde and yfle;
þā wǣron þā ġieft-hūs mid sittendum mannum ġefyldu.

Þā ēode se cyning inn, þæt hē wolde ġe·sēon þā þe þǣr
sǣton, and þā ġe·seah hē þǣr ānne mann þe næs mid ġieftlicum
rēafe ġescrȳdd. Þā cwæþ hē: 'Lā, frēond, hūmeta

110
ēodest þū inn, and næfdest ġieftlic rēaf?' Þa swīgode hē.

And se cyning cwæþ tō his þeġnum: 'Ġe·bindaþ his handa
and his fēt, and weorpaþ hine on þā ȳterran þēostru; þǣr biþ
wōp and tōþa grīst-bītung.' Witodlīce maniġe sind ġe·laþode,
and fēa ġe·corene.

XXV. 1-13.

115

Þonne biþ heofona rīċe ġe·līc þǣm tīen fǣmnum, þe þā
leoht-fatu nāmon, and fērdon on·ġēan þone brȳd-guman and
þā brȳd. Hiera fīf wǣron dysiġe, and fīf glēawe. And þā fīf
dysigan nāmon leohtfatu, and ne nāmon nānne ele mid him;
þā glēawan nāmon ele on hiera fatum mid þǣm leohtfatum.

120

Þā se brȳdguma ielde, þā hnappodon hīe ealle, and slēpon.

Witodlīce tō middre nihte man hrīemde, and cwæþ: 'Nū se
brȳdguma cymþ, faraþ him tō·ġēanes.' Þā ā·rison ealle þā
fǣmnan, and glęnġdon hiera leohtfatu. Þā cwǣdon þā
dysigan to pǣm wīsum: 'Sęllaþ ūs of ēowrum ele, for þǣm

125
ūre leohtfatu sind ā·cwęnċtu.' Þā and·swarodon þā glēawan,
and cwǣdon: 'Nese; þȳ lǣs þe wē and ġē næbben ġenōg:

gāþ tō þǣm ċīependum, and byċġaþ ēow ele.' Witodlīce,
þā hīe fērdon, and woldon byċġan, þā cōm se brȳdguma;
and þā þe ġearwe wǣron ēodon inn mid him tō þǣm

130
ġieftum; and sēo duru wæs be·locen. Þā æt nīehstan cōmon
þa ōþre fǣmnan, and cwǣdon: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, lǣt ūs
inn.' Þā and-swarode hē him, and cwæþ: 'Sōþ ic ēow
sęċġe, ne cann ic ēow.' Witodlīce, waciaþ, for þǣm þe ġē
nyton ne þone dæġ ne þā tīd.

XXV. 14-30.

135

Sum mann fērde on ęlþēodiġnesse, and clipode his
þēowas, and be·tǣhte him his ǣhta. And ānum hē sealde
fīf pund, sumum twā, sumum ān: ǣġhwelcum be his āgnum
mæġne; and fērde sōna.

Þā fērde sē þe þā fīf pund under·fēng, and ġe·strīende

140
ōþru fīf. And eall-swā sē þe þā twā under·feng, ġe·strīende
ōþru twā. Witodlīce sē þe þæt ān under·fēng, fērde, and
be·dealf hit on eorþan, and be·hȳdde his hlāfordes feoh.

Witodlīce æfter miċlum fierste cōm þāra þēowa hlāford,
and dihte him ġe·rad. Þā cōm sē þe þā fīf pund under·fēng,

145
and brōhte ōþru fīf, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, fīf pund þū sealdest
mē; nū ic ġe·strīende ōþru fīf.' Þā cwæp his hlāford tō
him: 'Bēo blīþe, þū gōda þēow and ġe·trēowa: for þǣm
þe þū wǣre ġe·trēowe ofer lȳtlu þing, ic [.]ge·sętte þē ofer
miċlu; gā intō þīnes hlāfordes blisse.' Þā cōm sē þe þā

150
twā pund under·fēng, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, twā pund þū
mē sealdest; nū ic hæbbe ġe·strīened ōþru twā.' Þā cwæþ
his hlāford tō him: 'Ġe·blissa, þū gōda þēow and ġetrēowa:

for þǣm þe þū wǣre ġe·trēowe ofer fēa, ofer fela ic þē
ġe·sętte; gā on þīnes hlāfordes ġe·fēan.' Þā cōm sē þe þæt

155
ān pund under·fēng, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, ic wāt þæt
þū eart heard mann: þū rīpst þǣr þū ne sēowe, and
gaderast þǣr þū ne spręnġdest. And ic fērde of·drǣdd,
and be·hȳdde þīn pund on eorþan; hēr þū hæfst þæt þīn
is.' Þā andswarode his hlāford him, and cwæþ: 'þū yfla

160
þēow and slāwa, þū wistest þæt ic rīpe þǣr ic ne sēowe,
and ic gadriġe þǣr ic ne strēdde: hit ġe·byrede þæt þū
be·fæste mīn feoh myneterum, and ic nāme, þonne ic cōme,
þæt mīn is, mid þǣm gafole. Ā·nimaþ þæt pund æt him, and
sęllaþ þǣm þe mē þā tīen pund brōhte. Witodlīce ǣlcum

165
þāra þe hæfþ man sęlþ, and hē hæfþ ġe·nōg; þǣm þe næfþ,
þæt him þynċþ þæt hē hæbbe, þæt him biþ æt·brogden. And
weorpaþ þone un·nyttan þēow on þā ȳterran þēostru; þǣr
biþ wōp and tōþa grist·bītung.'

III.

OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

I.

Æfter þǣm sōþlīce ealle męnn sprǣcon āne sprǣċe. Þā
þā hīe fērdon fram Ēast-dǣle, hīe fundon ānne feld on

Sennaār-lande, and wunodon þǣr-on.

Þā cwǣdon hīe him be·twēonan: 'Uton wyrċan ūs tiġelan,

5
and ǣlan hīe on fȳre!' Witodlīce hīe hæfdon tiġelan for
stān and tierwan for weal-līm. And hīe cwǣdon: 'Uton
timbrian ūs ċeastre, and stīepel oþ heofon hēanne! uton
weorþian ūrne naman, ǣr þ[æ]m þe wē sīen tō·dǣlde ġeond
ealle eorþan!'

10

Witodlīce Dryhten ā·stāg niþer, tō þǣm þæt hē ġe·sāwe
þā burg and þone stīepel, þe Adāmes bearn ġe·timbrodon.

And hē cwæþ: 'þis is ān folc, and ealle hīe sprecaþ ān
læden, and hīe be·gunnon þis tō wyrċenne: ne ġe·swīcaþ hīe
ǣr þǣm þe hit ġearu sīe; sōþlīce uton cuman and tō·dǣlan

15
hiera sprǣċe!'

Swā Dryhten hīe tō·dǣlde of þǣre stōwe ġeond ealle eorþan.

And for þǣm man nęmnde þā stōwe Babēl for þǣm þe þǣr
wǣron tō·dǣlde ealle sprǣċa.

II.

God wolde pā fandian Abrahāmes ġe·hīersumnesse, and

20
clipode his naman, and cwæþ him þus tō: 'Nim þīnne
ān-cęnnedan sunu Isaāc, þe þū lufast, and far tō þǣm
lande Visionis hraþe, and ġe·offra hine þǣr uppan ānre
dūne.'

Abrahām þā ā·rās on þǣre ilcan nihte, and fērde mid

25
twǣm cnapum tō þǣm fierlenum lande, and Isaāc samod,
on assum rīdende.

Þā on þǣm þriddan dæġe, þā hīe þā dūne ġe·sāwon, þǣr
þǣr hīe tō scoldon tō of·slēanne Isaāc, þā cwæþ Abrahām
tō þǣm twǣm cnapum þus: 'Andbīdiaþ ēow hēr mid þǣm

30
assum sume hwīle! ic and þǣt ċild gāþ unc tō ġe·biddenne,
and wit siþþan cumaþ sōna eft tō ēow.'

Abrahām þā hēt Isaāc beran þone wudu tō þǣre stōwe,
and hē self bær his sweord and fȳr. Isaāc þa āscode Abrahām
his fæder: 'Fæder mīn, ic āsciġe hwǣr sēo offrung sīe;

35
hēr is wudu and fȳr.' Him andwyrde se fæder: 'God foresċēawaþ,
mīn sunu, him self þā offrunge.'

Hīe cōmon þā tō þǣre stōwe þe him ġe·sweotolode God;
and hē þǣr weofod ā·rǣrde on þā ealdan wīsan, and þone
wudu ġe·lōgode swā swā hē hit wolde habban tō his suna

40
bærnette, siþþan hē of·slæġen wurde. Hē ġe·band þā his
sunu, and his sweord ā·tēah, þæt hē hine ġe·offrode on þā
ealdan wīsan.

Mid þǣm þe hē wolde þǣt weorc be·ġinnan, þā clipode

Godes ęnġel arodlīce of heofonum: 'Abrahām!' Hē andwyrde

45
sōna. Se ęnġel him cwæþ tō: 'Ne ā·cwęle þū
þæt ċild, ne þīne hand ne ā·stręċe ofer his swēoran! Nū ic
on·cnēow sōþlīce þæt pū on·drǣtst swīþe God, nū pū pīnne
ān-cęnnedan sunu woldest of·slēan for him.'

Þā be·seah Abrahām sōna under bæc, and ġe·seah þǣr

50
ānne ramm be·twix þǣm brēmlum be þǣm hornum ġe·hæftne,
and hē hæfde þone ramm tō þǣre offrunge, and hine þǣr
of·snāþ Gode tō lāce for his sunu Isaāc. Hē hēt þā stōwe

Dominus videt, þæt is 'God ġe·sihþ,' and ġiet is ġe·sæġd
swā, In monte Dominus videbit, þæt is, 'God ġe·sihþ on dūne.'

55

Eft clipode se ęnġel Abrahām, and cwæþ: 'Ic sæġde
þurh mē selfne, sæġde se Ælmihtiga, nū þū noldest ārian
þīnum āncęnnedum suna, ac þē wæs mīn ęġe māre þonne
his līf, ic þē nū blētsiġe, and þīnne of-spring ge·maniġ-fielde
swā swā steorran on heofonum, and swā swā sand-ċeosol

60
on sǣ; þīn ofspring sċeal āgan hiera fēonda ġeatu. And on
þīnum sǣde bēoþ ealle þēoda ġe·blētsode, for þǣm þe þū
ġe·hīersumodest mīnre hǣse þus.'

Abrahām þā ġe·ċierde sōna tō his cnapum, and fērdon him
hām sōna mid heofonlicre blētsunge.

III.

65

Sum cwēn wæs on sūþ-dǣle, Saba ġe·hāten, snotor and
wīs. Þā ġe·hīerde hēo Salomones hlīsan, and cōm fram
þǣm sūþernum ġe·mǣrum to Salomone binnan Hierusalēm
mid miċelre fare, and hiere olfendas bǣron sūþerne wyrta,
and dēor-wierþe ġimm-stānas, and un-ġerīm gold. Sēo cwēn

70
þā hæfde sprǣċe wiþ Salomon, and sæġde him swā hwæt
swā hēo on hiere heortan ġe·þōhte. Salomon þā hīe lǣrde,
and hiere sæġde ealra þāra worda andġiet þe hēo hine āscode.

Þā ġe·seah sēo cwēn Salomones wīsdōm, and þæt mǣre
tempel þe hē ġe·timbrod hæfde, and þā lāc þe man Gode

75
offrode, and þæs cyninges maniġ-fealde þeġnunga, and wæs
tō þǣm swīþe of·wundrod þæt hēo næfde furþor nānne gāst,
for þǣm þe hēo ne mihte nā furþor smēan. Hēo cwæþ þā
tō þǣm cyninge: 'Sōþ is þæt word þe ic ġe·hīerde on
mīnum earde be þē and be þīnum wīsdōme, ac ic nolde

80
ġe·līefan ǣr þǣm þe ic self hit ġe·sāwe. Nū hæbbe ic ā·fandod
þæt mē næs be healfum dǣle þīn mǣrþo ġe·cȳped. Māre
is þīn wīsdōm and þīn weorc þonne se hlīsa wǣre þe ic
ġe·hīerde. Ēadige sind þīne þeġnas and þīne þēowas, þe
simle æt·foran þē standaþ, and þīnne wīsdōm ġe·hīeraþ.

85

Ġe·blētsod sīe se ælmihtiga God, þe þē ġe·ċēas and ġe·sętte
ofer Israhēla rīċe, þæt þū dōmas sętte and riht-wīsnesse,'

Hēo for·ġeaf þǣem cyninge þā hund·twęlftiġ punda goldes,
and unġerīm dēorwierþra wyrta and dēorwierþra ġimmstāna.

Salomon ēac for·ġeaf þǣre cwēne swā hwæs swā hēo ġiernde

90
æt him; and hēo ġe·węnde on·ġeān tō hiere ēþle mid hiere
þeġnum. Salomon þā wæs ġe·mǣrsod ofer eallum eorþlicum
cyningum, and ealle þēoda ġe·wilnodon þæt hīe hine ġe·sāwen,
and his wīsdōm ġe·hīerden, and hīe him maniġfeald lāc
brōhton.

95

Sēo cwēn hæfde ġe·tācnunge þǣre hālgan ġe·laþunge ealles
crīstenes folces, þe cōm tō þǣm ġe·sibbsuman Crīste tō
ġe·hīerenne his wīsdōm and þā god-spellican lāre þa hē
ā·stealde, and be on·liehtunge þæs sōþan ġe·lēafan, and be
þǣm tōweardan dōme, be ūrre sāwle un-dēadlicnesse, and be

100
hyhte and wuldre þæs ġe·mǣnelican ǣristes.

Sēo cwēn cōm tō Salomone mid miċlum lācum on golde
and on dēorwierþum ġimmstānum and wyrt-brǣþum; and
þæt bǣron olfendas. Sēo ġe·lēaffulle ġe·laþung, þe cymþ
of ǣlcum earde tō Crīste, bringþ him þās fore-sæġdan lāc

105
æfter gāstlicum andġiete. Hēo offraþ him gold þurh sōþne
ġe·lēafan, and wyrtbrǣþas þurh ġe·bedu, and dēorwierþe
ġimmas þurh fæġernesse gōdra þēawa and hāliġra mæġna.

Be þisse ġe·laþunge cwæþ se wītega tō Gode: Adstitit
regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate,

110
þæt is, 'sēo cwēn stęnt æt þīnre swīþran, on ofergyldum
ġierlan, ymb·scrȳdd mid maniġfealdre fāgnesse.' Sēo gāstlice
cwēn, Godes ġe·laþung, is ġe·glęnġed mid dēorwierþre
frætwunge and maniġfealdum blēo gōdra drohtnunga and
mihta.

115

Hēo sæġde Salomone ealle hiere dīegolnessa, and sēo
ġe·laþung ġe·openaþ Crīste hiere inn-ġehyġd and þa dīeglan
ġe·þōhtas on sōþre andetnesse.

Olfendas bǣron þā dēorwierþan lāc mid þǣre cwēne
intō Hierusalēm; for þǣm þe þā hǣþnan, þe ǣr wǣron

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ġe·hoferode þurh ġītsunge and atollice þurh leahtras, bǣron,
þurh hiera ġe·ċierrednesse and ġe·lēafan, þā gāstlican lāc
tō Crīstes handum.

Sēo cwēn wundrode Salomones wīsdōmes, and his ġe·timbrunga,
and þeġnunga; and sēo ġe·laþung wundraþ Crīstes

125
wīsdōmes, for þǣm þe hē is sōþ wīsdōm, and eall wīsdōm is
of him. Hē ġe·timbrode þā hēalican heofonas and ealne
middanġeard, and ealle ġe·sceafta ġe·sętte on þrim þingum,
in mensura, et pondere, et numero, þæt is, on ġe·mete, and
on hęfe, and on ġe·tele. Crīstes þeġnung is ūre hǣlo and

130
folca ā·līesednes, and þā sind ġe·sǣliġe þe him þeġniaþ tō
ġe·cwēmednesse on þǣm gāstlicum ġe·rȳnum.

Sēo cwēn sæġde þæt hiere nǣre be healfum dǣle ġe·sæġd
be Salomones mǣrþo, and sēo gāstlice cwēn, Godes ġe·laþung,
oþþe ġe·hwelc hāliġ sāwol, þonne hēo cymþ tō þǣre heofonlican

135

Hierusalēm, þonne ġe·sihþ hēo miċle māran mǣrþo
and wuldor þonne hiere ǣr on līfe þurh wītegan oþþe apostolas
ġe·cȳdd wǣre. Ne mæġ nān ēage on þissum līfe
ġe·sēon, ne nān ēare ġe·hīeran, ne nānes mannes heorte
ā·smēan þā þing þe God ġearcaþ þǣm þe hine lufiaþ. Þā

140
þing wē magon be·ġietan, ac wē ne magon hīe ā·smēan,
ne ūs nǣfre ne ā·þrīett þāra gōda ġe·nyhtsumnes.

Crīst is ealra cyninga cyning, and swā swā ealle þēoda
woldon ġe·sēon þone ġe·sibbsuman Salomon, and his wīsdōm
ġe·hīeran, and him mislicu lāc brōhton, swā ēac nū of eallum

145
þēodum ġe·wilniaþ męnn tō ġe·sēonne þone ġe-sibbsuman

Crīst þurh ġe·lēafan, and þone godspellican wīsdōm ġe·hīeran,
and hīe him dæġ-hwǣmlīce þā gāstlican lāc ġe·offriaþ on
maniġfealdum ġe·metum.

IV.

On Cȳres dagum cyninges wrēġdon þā Babilōniscan þone

150
wītegan Daniēl, for þǣm þe hē tō·wearp hiera dēofol-ġield,
and cwǣdon ān-mōdlīce tō þǣm fore-sæġdan cyninge Cȳrum:

'Betǣċ ūs Daniēl, þe ūrne god Bēl tō·wearp, and þone dracan
ā·cwealde þe wē on be·līefdon; ġif þū hine for·stęntst, wē
for·dilgiaþ þē and þīnne hīred.'

155

Þā ġe·seah se cyning þæt hīe ān-mōde wǣron, and nīedunga
þone wītegan him tō handum ā·sċēaf. Hīe þā hine
ā·wurpon intō ānum sēaþe, on þǣm wǣron seofon lēon, þǣm
man sealde dæġhwǣmlīce twā hrīþeru and twā sċēap, ac him
wæs þā of·togen ǣlces fōdan siex dagas, þæt hīe þone Godes

160
mann ā·bītan scolden.

On þǣre tīde wæs sum ōþer wītega on Jūdēa-lande, his
nama waes Abacuc, sē bær his rifterum męte tō æcere. Þā
cōm him tō Godes ęnġel, and cwæþ: 'Abacuc, ber þone
męte tō Babilōne, and sęle Daniēle, sē þe sitt on þāra lēona

165
sēaþe.' Abacuc andwyrde þǣm ęnġle: 'Lā lēof, ne ġe·seah
ic nǣfre þā burg, ne ic þone sēaþ nāt.'

Þā se ęnġel ġe·lǣhte hine be þǣm feaxe, and hine bær
tō Babilōne, and hine sętte bufan þǣm sēaþe. Þā clipode se

Abacuc: 'þū Godes þēow, Daniēl, nim þās lāc þe þē God

170
sęnde!' Daniēl cwæþ: 'Mīn Dryhten Hǣlend, sīe þē lof
and weorþ-mynd þæt þū mē ġe·mundest.' And hē þā þǣre
sande brēac. Witodlīce Godes ęnġel þǣr-rihte mid swiftum
flyhte ġe·brōhte þone disc-þeġn, Abacuc, þǣr hē hine
ǣr ġe·nam.

175

Se cyning þā Cȳrus on þǣm seofoþan dæġe ēode drēoriġ
tō þāra lēona sēaþe, and inn be·seah, and efne þā Daniēl
sittende wæs ġe·sundfull on·middan þǣm lēonum. Þā clipode
se cyning mid miċelre stefne: 'Mǣre is se God þe Daniēl
on be·līefþ.' And hē þā mid þǣm worde hine ā·tēah of þǣm

180
scræfe, and hēt inn weorpan þā þe hine ǣr for·dōn woldon.

Þæs cyninges hǣs wearþ hrædlīce ġe·fręmmed, and þæs
wītegan ēhteras wurdon ā·scofene be·twix þā lēon, and hīe
þǣr-rihte mid grǣdigum ċeaflum hīe ealle tō·tǣron. Þā
cwæþ se cyning: 'Forhtien and on·drǣden ealle eorþ-būend

185

Daniēles God, for þǣm þe hē is Ā·līesend and Hǣlend,
wyrċende tācnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorþan.'

V.

Nabochodonosor, se hǣþena cyning, ġe·hęrgode on Godes
folce, on Jūdēa-lande, and for hiera mān-dǣdum God þæt
ġe·þafode. Þā ġe·nam hē þā māþm-fatu, gyldenu and silfrenu,

190
binnan Godes temple, and tō his lande mid him
ġe·lǣdde. Hit ġe·lamp eft siþþan þæt hē on swefne āne
ġe·sihþe be him selfum ġe·seah, swā swā him siþþan ā·ēode.

Æfter þissum ymb twelf mōnaþ, ēode se cyning binnan
his healle mid ormǣtre ūp-āhafennesse, hęriende his weorc

195
and his miht, and cwæþ: 'Hū, ne is þis sēo miċle Babilōn,
þe ic self ġe·timbrode tō cyne-stōle and tō þrymme, mē
selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid mīnum āgnum mæġne
and stręnġþo?' Ac him clipode þǣrrihte tō swīþe ęġeslic
stefn of heofonum, þus cweþende: 'Þū Nabochodonosor,

200
þīn rīċe ġe·wītt fram þē, and þū bist fram mannum ā·worpen,
and þīn wunung biþ mid wildēorum, and þū itst gærs, swā
swā oxa, seofon ġēar, oþ þæt þū wite þæt se hēalica

God ġe·wielt manna rīċa, and þæt hē for·ġiefþ rīċe þǣm
þe hē wile.'

205

Witodlīce on þǣre ilcan tīde wæs þēos sprǣċ ġe·fylled
ofer Nabochodonosor, and hē arn tō wuda, and wunode mid
wildēorum, leofode be gærse, swā swā nīeten, oþ þæt his
feax wēox swā swā wīf-manna, and his næġlas swā swā
earnes clawa.

210

Eft siþþan him for·ġeaf se ælmihtiga Wealdend his ġe·witt,
and hē cwæþ: 'Ic Nabochodonosor ā·hōf mīn ēagan ūp tō
heofonum, and mīn andġiet mē wearþ for·ġiefen, and ic þā
blētsode þone hīehstan God, and ic hęrede and wuldrode
þone þe leofaþ on ēċnesse, for þǣm þe his miht is ēċe, and

215
his rīċe stęnt on mǣġþe and on mǣġþe. Ealle eorþ-būend
sind tō nāhte ġe·tealde on his wiþ·metennesse. Æfter his
willan hē dēþ ǣġþer ġe on heofone ġe on eorþan, and nis
nān þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande, oþþe him tō cweþe 'hwȳ
dēst þū swā?' On þǣre tīde mīn andġiet ġe·węnde tō mē,

220
and ic be·cōm tō weorþ-mynde mīnes cyne-rīċes, and mīn
męnnisce hīw mē be·cōm. Mīne witan mē sōhton, and mīn
mǣrþo wearþ ġe·ēacnod. Nū eornostlīce ic mǣrsiġe and
wuldriġe þone heofonlican cyning, for þǣm þe eall his weorc
sind sōþ, and his wegas riht-wīse, and hē mæġ ġe·ēaþ-mēdan

225
þā þe on mōdiġnesse faraþ.'

Þus ġe·ēaþmēdde se ælmihtiga God þone mōdigan cyning

Nabochodonosor.

IV.

SAMSON.

Ān mann wæs eardiende on Israhēla þēode, Manuē
ġe·hāten, of þǣre mǣġþe Dan; his wīf wæs un-tīemend, and
hīe wunodon būtan ċilde. Him cōm þā gangende tō Godes
ęnġel, and cwæþ þæt hīe scolden habban sunu him

5
ġe·mǣnne; 'ne hē ealu ne drince nǣfre oþþe wīn, ne nāht
fūles ne þiċġe; sē biþ Gode hāliġ fram his ċildhāde; and
man ne mōt hine ęfsian oþþe be·sċieran, for þǣm þe hē
on·ġinþ tō ā·līesenne his folc, Israhēla þēode, of Philistēa
þēowte.'

10

Hēo ā·cęnde þā sunu, swā swā hiere sæġde se ęnġel, and
hēt hine Samson; and hē swīþe wēox; and God hine blētsode,
and Godes gāst wæs on him. Hē wearþ þā mihtiġ on
miċelre stręnġþo, swā þæt hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon be weġe, þe
hine ā·bītan wolde, and tō·bræġd hīe tō styċċum, swelce he

15
tō·tǣre sum ēaþelic tiċċen.

Hē be·gann þā tō winnenne wiþ þā Philistēos, and hiera
fela of·slōg and tō scame tūcode, þēah þe hīe onweald hæfden
ofer hīs lēode. Þā fērdon þā Philistēi forþ æfter Samsone,
and hēton his lēode þæt hīe hine ā·ġēafen tō hiera onwealde,

20
þæt hīe wrecan mihten hiera tēon-rǣdenne mid tintregum
on him. Hīe þā hine ġe·bundon mid twǣm bæstenum rāpum
and hine ġe·lǣddon tō þǣm folce. And þā Philistēiscan þæs
fæġnodon swīþe; urnon him tō·ġēanes ealle hlȳdende; woldon
hine tintreġian for hiera tēonrǣdenne. Þā tō·bræġd

25

Samson bēġen his earmas, þæt þā rāpas tō-burston þe hē mid
ġe·bunden wæs. And hē ġe·lǣhte þ a sōna sumes assan
ċinn-bān þe hē þǣr funde, and ġe·feaht wiþ hīe, and of·slōġ
ān þūsend mid þæs assan ċinnbāne. Hē wearþ þā swīþe
of·þyrst for þǣm wundorlican slęġe, and bæd þone heofonlican

30

God þæt hē him ā·sęnde drincan, for þǣm þe on þǣre
nēawiste næs nān wætersċipe. Þā arn of þǣn ċinnbāne
of ānum tēþ wæter; and Samson þā dranc, and his Dryhtne
þancode.

Æfter þissum hē fērde tō Philistēa lande, intō ānre byriġ

35
on hiera onwealde, Gaza ġe·hāten. And hīe þæs fæġnodon;
be·sętton þā þǣt hūs þe hē inne wunode; woldon hine
ġe·niman mid þǣm þe hē ūt ēode on ǣrne-merġen, and hine
of·slēan. Hwæt þā Samson hiera sierwunga under·ġeat; and
ā·rās on middre nihte tō·middes his fēondum, and ġe·nam

40
þā burg-ġeatu, and ġe·bær on his hryċġe mid þǣm postum,
swā swā hīe be·locenu wǣron, ūp tō ānre dūne tō ufeweardum
þǣm cnolle; and ēode swā or-sorg of hiera ġe·sihþum.

Hine be·swāc swā·þēah siþþan ān wīf, Dalila ġe·hāten, of

45
þǣm hǣþnan folce, swā þæt hē hiere sæġde, þurh hiere swīcdōm
be·pǣht, on hwǣm his stręnġþo wæs and his wundorlicu
miht. Þā hǣþnan Philistēi be·hēton hiere sċeattas wiþ þǣm
þe hēo be·swice Samson þone strangan. Þā āscode hēo
hine ġeorne mid hiere ōlǣċunge on hwǣm his miht wǣre;

50
and hē hiere andwyrde: 'Ġif ic bēo ġe·bunden mid seofon
rāpum, of sinum ġeworhte, sōna ic bēo ġe·wield.' Þæt
swicole wīf þā be·ġeat þā seofon rāpas, and hē þurh sierwunge
swā wearþ ġe·bunden. And him man cȳþde þæt
þǣr cōmon his fīend; þā tō·bræc hē sōna þā rāpas, swā

55
swā hęfel-þrǣdas; and þæt wīf nyste on hwǣm his miht
wæs. Hē wearþ eft ġe·bunden mid eall-nīwum rāpum; and
hē þā tō·bræc, swā swā þā ōþre.

Hēo be·swāc hine swā·þēah, þæt hē hiere sæġde æt
nīehstan: 'Ic eom Gode ġe·hālgod fram mīnum ċildhāde; and

60
ic næs nǣfre ġe·ęfsod, ne nǣfre be·scoren; and ġif ic bēo
be·scoren, þonne bēo ic un-mihtiġ, ōþrum mannum ġe·līc;'

and hēo lēt þā swā.

Hēo þā on sumum dæġe, þā þā hē on slǣpe læġ, for·ċearf
his seofon loccas, and ā·weahte hine siþþan; þā wæs

65
hē swā unmihtiġ swā swā ōþre męnn. And þā Philistēi
ġe·fēngon hine sōna, swā swā hēo hine be·lǣwde, and ġe·lǣddon
hine on·weġ; and hēo hæfde þone sċeatt, swā swā
him ġe·wearþ.

Hīe þā hine ā·blęndon, and ġe·bundenne lǣddon on

70
heardum racentēagum hām tō hiera byriġ, and on cwearterne
be·lucon tō langre fierste: hēton hine grindan æt
hiera hand-cweorne. Þā wēoxon his loccas and his miht
eft on him. And þā Philistēi full·blīþe wǣron: þancodon
hiera Gode, Dagon ġe·hāten, swelce hīe þurh his fultum

75
hiera fēond ġe·wielden.

Þā Philistēi þā miċle feorme ġe·worhton, and ġe·samnodon
hīe on sumre ūp-flōra, ealle þā hēafod-męnn, and
ēac swelce wīf-męnn, þrēo þūsend manna on miċelre blisse.

And þā þā hīe blīþost wǣron, þā bǣdon hīe sume þæt Samson

80
mōste him macian sum gamen; and hine man sōna
ġe·fętte mid swīþlicre wāfunge, and hēton hine standan
be·twix twǣm stǣnenum swēorum. On þǣm twǣm swēorum
stōd þæt hūs eall ġe·worht. And Samson þā plegode
swīþe him æt·foran; and ġe·lǣhte þā swēoras mid swīþlicre

85
mihte, and slōg hīe tō·gædre þæt hīe sōna tō·burston; and
þæt hūs þā ā·fēoll eall, þǣm folce tō dēaþe, and Samson
forþ mid, swā þæt hē miċle mā on his dēaþe ā·cwealde
þonne hē ǣr cwic dyde.

V.

FROM THE CHRONICLE.

Breten īeġ-land is eahta hund mīla lang, and twā hund
mīla brād; and hēr sind on þǣm īeġlande fīf ġe·þēodu:

Ęnġlisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and Bōc-læden.

Ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Brettas. Þā cōmon

5
of Armenia, and ġe·sǣton sūþan-wearde Bretene ǣrest. Þā
ġe·lamp hit þæt Peohtas cōmon sūþan of Scithian mid
langum sċipum, nā manigum; and þā cōmon ǣrest on

Norþ-ibernian ūp; and þǣr bǣdon Scottas þæt hīe þǣr
mōsten wunian. Ac hīe noldon him līefan, for þǣm þe hīe

10
cwǣdon þæt hīe ne mihten ealle æt·gædre ġe·wunian þǣr.

And þā cwǣdon þā Scottas: 'Wē magon ēow hwæþre rǣd
ġe·lǣran: wē witon ōþer īeġland hēr-be·ēastan; þǣr ġē
magon eardian, ġif ġē willaþ; and ġif hwā ēow wiþ·stęnt,
wē ēow fultumiaþ þæt ġē hit mæġen ġe·gān.'

15

Þā fērdon þā Peohtas, and ġefērdon þis land norþan-weard;
sūþan-weard hit hæfdon Brettas, swā swā wē ǣr cwǣdon.

And þā Peohtas him ā·bǣdon wīf æt Scottum on þā ġe·rād
þæt hīe ġe·curen hiera cyne-cynn ā on þā wīf-healfe. Þæt
hīe hēoldon swā lange siþþan.

20

And þā ġe·lamp ymbe ġēara ryne þæt Scotta sum dǣl
ġe·wāt of Ibernian on Bretene, and þæs landes sumne dǣl
ġe·ēodon; and wæs hiera hęre-toga Rēoda ġe·hāten: fram
þæm hīe sind ġe·nęmnede Dālrēodi.

Anno 449. Hēr Martiānus and Valentīnus on·fēngon rīċe,

25
and rīċsodon seofon winter.

And on hiera dagum, Hęnġest and Horsa, fram Wyrtġeorne
ġe·laþode, Bretta cyninge, ġe·sōhton Bretene on þǣm
stęde þe is ġe·nęmned Ypwines-flēot, ǣrest Brettum tō fultume,
ac hīe eft on hīe fuhton.

30

Se cyning hēt hīe feohtan on·ġēan Peohtas; and hīe swā
dydon, and siġe hæfdon swā hwǣr swā hīe cōmon.

Hīe þā sęndon tō Angle, and hēton him sęndan māran
fultum; and hēton him sęċġan Bret-wēala nāhtnesse and þæs
landes cysta. Hīe þā sęndon him māran fultum. Þā cōmon

35
þā męnn of þrim mǣġþum Ġermānie: of Eald-seaxum, of

Ęnġlum, of Īotum.

Of Īotum cōmon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware—þæt is sēo
mǣġþ þe nū eardaþ on Wiht—and þæt cynn on West-seaxum
þe man nū·ġiet hǣtt 'Īotena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum

40
cōmon Ēast-seaxe, and Sūþ-seaxe, and West-seaxe.

Of Angle cōmon—sē ā siþþan stōd wēste be·twix Īotum and

Seaxum—Ēast-ęnġle, Middel-ęnġle, Mierċe, and ealle Norþhymbre.

455. Hēr Hęnġest and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtġeorne

45
þǣm cyninge in þǣre stōwe þe is ġe·cweden Æġles-þrep;
and his brōþor Horsan man of·slōg. And æfter þǣm Hęnġest
fēng tō rīċe, and Æsc his sunu.

457. Hēr Hęnġest and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þǣre
stōwe þe is ġe·cweden Cręċġan-ford, and þǣr of·slōgon

50
fēower þūsend wera. And þā Brettas þā for·lēton Cęnt-land,
and mid miċle ęġe flugon tō Lunden-byriġ.

473. Hēr Henġest and Æsc ġe·fuhton wiþ Wēalas, and
ġe·nāmon un-ārīmedlicu hęre-rēaf, and þā Wēalas flugon
þā Ęnġle swā swā fȳr.

55

787. Hēr nam Beorht-rīċ cyning Offan dohtor Ēad-burge.

And on his dagum cōmon ǣrest þrēo sċipu; and þā se
ġe·rēfa þǣr tō rād, and hīe wolde drīfan tō þæs cyninges
tūne, þȳ hē nyste hwæt hīe wǣron; and hine man of·slōg.

Þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe Angel-cynnes

60
land ġe·sōhton.

851. Hēr Ċeorl ealdor-mann ġe·feaht wiþ hǣþne męnn
mid Defena-sċīre æt Wiċġan-beorge, and þǣr miċel wæl
ġe·slōgon, and siġe nāmon.

And þȳ ilcan ġēare Æþelstān cyning and Ealhhęre dux

65
miċelne hęre of·slōgon æt Sand-wīc on Cęnt; and nigon
sċipu ġe·fēngon, and þā ōþru ġe·flīemdon; and hǣþne męnn
ǣrest ofer winter sǣton.

And þȳ ilcan ġēare cōm fēorþe healf hund sċipa on

Tęmese-mūþan, and brǣcon Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg,

70
and ġe·flīemdon Beorhtwulf Mierċna cyning mid his
fierde; and fērdon þā sūþ ofer Tęmese on Sūþriġe; and
him ġe·feaht wiþ Æþelwulf cyning and Æþelbeald his
sunu æt Āc-lēa mid West-seaxna fierde, and þǣr þæt mǣste
wæl ġe·slōgon on hǣþnum hęre þe wē sęċġan hīerdon oþ

75
þisne andweardan dæġ, and þǣr siġe nāmon.

867. Hēr fōr se hęre of Ēast-ęnġlum ofer Humbre-mūþan
tō Eoforwīc-ċeastre on Norþ-hymbre. And þǣr wæs miċel
un-ġeþwǣrnes þǣre þēode be·twix him selfum, and hīe
hæfdon hiera cyning ā·worpenne Ōsbryht, and un-ġecyndne

80
cyning under·fēngon Ællan. And hīe late on ġēare tō þǣm
ġe·ċierdon þæt hīe wiþ þone hęre winnende wǣron; and hīe
þēah miċle fierd ġe·gadrodon, and þone hęre sōhton æt

Eoforwīc-ċeastre; and on þā ċeastre brǣcon, and hīe sume
inne wurdon; and þǣr wæs un-ġemetlic wæl ge·slæġen Norþanhymbra,

85
sume binnan, sume būtan, and þā cyningas
bēġen ofslæġene; and sēo lāf wiþ þone hęre friþ nam.

VI.

KING EDMUND.

Sum swīþe ġe·lǣred munuc cōm sūþan ofer sǣ fram sancte

Benedictes stōwe, on Æþelredes cyninges dæġe, to Dūnstāne
ærċe-biscope, þrim ġēarum ǣr þǣm þe hē forþ·fērde,
and se munuc hātte Abbo. Þā wurdon hīe æt sprǣċe, oþ

5
þæt Dūnstān reahte be sancte Ēadmunde, swā swā Ēadmundes
sweord-bora hit reahte Æþelstāne cyninge, þā þā

Dūnstān ġēong mann wæs, and se sweord-bora wæs for·ealdod
mann. Þā ġe·sętte se munuc ealle þā, ġe·ręċednesse on
ānre bēc, and eft, þā þā sēo bōc cōm tō ūs, binnan fēam

10
ġēarum, þā ā·węndon wē hit on Ęnġlisc, swā swā hit hēr·æfter
stęnt. Se munuc þā Abbo binnan twǣm ġēarum ġe·węnde
hām tō his mynstre, and wearþ sōna tō abbode
ġe·sętt on þǣm ilcan mynstre.

Ēadmund se ēadiga, Ēast-ęnġla cyning, wæs snotor and

15
weorþfull, and weorþode simle mid æþelum þēawum þone
ælmihtigan God. Hē wæs ēaþ-mōd and ġe·þungen, and
swā ān-rǣd þurh·wunode þæt hē nolde ā·būgan tō bismerfullum
leahtrum, ne on nāwþre healfe hē ne ā·hielde his
þēawas, ac wæs simle ġe·myndiġ þǣre sōþan lāre: 'Ġif þū

20
eart tō hēafod-męnn ġe·sętt, ne ā·hęfe þū þē, ac bēo be·twix
mannum swā swā ān mann of him.' Hē wæs
cystiġ wǣdlum and widewum swā swā fæder, and mid
wel-willendnesse ġe·wissode his folc simle tō riht-wīsnesse,
and þǣm rēþum stīerde, and ġe·sǣliġlīce leofode on sōþum

25
ġe·lēafan.

Hit ġe·lamp þā æt nīehstan þæt þā Dęniscan lēode fērdon
mid sċip-hęre, hęrgiende and slēande wīde ġeond land, swā
swā hiera ġe·wuna is. On þǣm flotan wǣron þā fyrmestan
hēafod-męnn, Hinguar and Hubba, ġe·ānlǣhte þurh dēofol,

30
and hīe on Norþhymbra-lande ġe·lęndon mid æscum, and
ā·wēston þæt land, and þā lēode of·slōgon. Þā ġe·węnde

Hinguar ēast mid his sċipum, and Hubba be·lāf on Norþhymbra-lande,
ġe·wunnenum siġe mid wæl-hrēownesse.

Hinguar þā be·cōm tō Ēast-ęnġlum rōwende on þǣm ġēare

35
þe Ælfred æþeling ān and twęntiġ ġēara wæs, sē þe West-seaxna
cyning siþþan wearþ mǣre. And se fore-sæġda

Hinguar fǣrlīce, swā swā wulf, on lande be·stealcode, and
þā lēode slōg, weras and wīf, and þā unġewittigan ċīld,
and to bismere tūcode þā bilewītan Crīstenan. Hē sęnde

40
þā siþþan sōna tō þǣm cyninge bēotlic ǣrende, þæt hē
ā·būgan scolde tō his mann-rǣdenne, ġif hē his fēores rōhte.

Se ǣrend-raca cōm þā tō Ēadmunde cyninge, and Hinguares
ǣrende him arodlīce ā·bēad: 'Hinguar ūre cyning, cēne
and siġefæst on sǣ and on lande, hæfþ fela þēoda ġe·weald,

45
and cōm nū mid fierde fǣrlīce hēr tō lande, þæt
hē hēr winter-setl mid his werode hæbbe. Nū hǣtt hē þē
dǣlan þīne dīeglan gold-hordas and þīnra ieldrena ġe·strēon
arodlīce wiþ hine, and þū bēo his under-cyning, ġif þū
cwic bēon wilt, for þǣm þe þū næfst þā miht þæt þū mæġe

50
him wiþ·standan.'

Hwæt þā Ēadmund cyning clipode ānne biscop þe him
þā ġe·hęndost wæs, and wiþ hine smēade hū hē þǣm
rēþan Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Þā forhtode se biscop
for þǣm fǣrlican ġe·limpe, and for þæs cyninges līfe,

55
and cwæþ þæt him rǣd þūhte þæt hē tō þǣm ġe·buge þe
him bēad Hinguar. Þā swīgode se cyning, and be·seah
tō þǣre eorþan, and cwæþ þā æt nīehstan cynelīce him
tō: 'Ēalā þū biscop, tō bismere sind ġe·tāwode þās earman
land-lēode, and mē nū lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte

60
fēolle wiþ þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan.'

And se biscop cwæþ: 'Ēalā þū lēofa cyning, þīn folc
līþ of·slæġen, and þū næfst þone fultum þæt þū feohtan
mæġe, and þās flot-męnn cumaþ, and þē cwicne ġe·bindaþ,
būtan þū mid flēame þīnum fēore ġe·beorge, oþþe þū þē swā

65
ġe·beorge þæt þū būge tō him.' Þā cwæþ Ēadmund cyning,
swā swā hē full·cēne wæs: 'þæs ic ġe·wilniġe and ġe·wȳsċe
mid mōde þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum lēofum þeġnum,
þe on hiera będdum wurdon mid bearnum and wīfum fǣrlīce
of·slæġene fram þissum flot-mannum. Næs mē nǣfre ġe·wunelic

70
þæt ic worhte flēames, ac ic wolde swīþor sweltan,
ġif ic þorfte, for mīnum āgnum earde, and se ælmihtiga God
wāt þæt ic nyle ā·būgan fram his bī-gęnġum ǣfre, ne fram
his sōþre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'

Æfter þissum wordum hē ġe·węnde tō þǣm ǣrend-racan þe

75

Hinguar him tō sęnde, and sæġde him un·forht: 'Witodlīce
þū wǣre nū wierþe slęġes, ac ic nyle ā·fȳlan on þīnum fūlum
blōde mīne clǣnan handa, for þǣm þe ic Crīste folgiġe, þe
ūs swā ġe·bȳsnode; ac ic blīþelīce wile bēon of·slæġen
þurh ēow, ġif hit swā God fore-sċēawaþ. Far nū swīþe hraþe,

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and sęġe þīnum rēþan hlāforde, "ne ā·bȳhþ nǣfre Ēadmund

Hinguare on līfe, hǣþnum hęre-togan, būtan hē to Hǣlende

Crīste ǣrest mid ġe·lēafan on þissum lande ġe·būge."'

Þā ġe·węnde se ǣrend-raca arodlīce on·weġ, and ġe·mētte
be weġe þone wæl-hrēowan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde

85
fūse to Ēadmunde, and sæġde þǣm ārleasan hū him ġe·andwyrd
wæs. Hinguar bebēad þā mid bieldo þǣm sċip-hęre
þæt hīe þæs cyninges ānes ealle cēpan scolden, þe his hǣse
for·seah, and hine sōna bindan.

Hwæt þā Ēadmund cyning, mid þǣm þe Hinguar cōm,

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stōd innan his healle, þæs Hǣlendes ġe·myndiġ, and ā·wearp
his wǣpnu: wolde ġe·efenlǣċan Crīstes ġe·bȳsnungum, þe
for·bēad Petre mid wǣpnum tō winnenne wiþ þā wælhrēowan

Iūdēiscan. Hwæt þā ārlēasan þā Ēadmund ġe·bundon, and
ġe·bismrodon huxlīce, and bēoton mid sāglum, and swā

95
siþþan lǣddon þone ġe·lēaffullan cyning tō ānum eorþ-faestan
trēowe, and tīeġdon hine þǣr-tō mid heardum bęndum,
and hine eft swungon langlīce mid swipum; and hē
simle clipode be·twix þǣm swinglum mid sōþum ġe·lēafan tō

Hǣlende Crīste; and þā hǣþnan þā for his ġe·lēafan wurdon

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wōdlīce ierre, for þǣm þe hē clipode Crīst him tō fultume:

hīe scuton þā mid gafelocum him tō, swelce him to gamene,
oþ þæt hē eall wæs be·sętt mid hiera scotungum, swelce īles
byrsta, swā swā Sebastiānus wæs. Þā ġe·seah Hinguar, se
ārlēasa flotmann, þæt se æþela cyning nolde Crīste wiþ·sacan,

105
ac mid ānrǣdum ġe·lēafan hine ǣfre clipode: hēt hine þā
be·hēafdian, and þā hǣþnan swā dydon. Be·twix þǣm þe hē
clipode tō Crīste þā·ġiet, þā tugon þā hǣþnan þone hālgan
tō slęġe, and mid ānum swęnġe slōgon him of þæt hēafod,
and his sāwol sīþode ġe·sǣliġ tō Crīste. Þǣr wæs sum

110
mann ġe·hęnde ġe·healden, þurh God be·hȳdd þǣm hǣþnum,
þe þis ġe·hīerde eall, and hit eft sæġde, swā swā wē hit
sęċġaþ hēr.

Hwæt þā se flot-hęre fērde eft tō sċipe, and be·hȳddon þæt
hēafod þæs hālgan Ēadmundes on þǣm þiċċum brēmlum,

115
þæt hit be·byrġed ne wurde. Þā æfter fierste siþþan hīe
ā·farene wǣron, cōm þæt land-folc tō, þe þǣr tō lāfe wæs,
þǣr hiera hlāfordes līc læġ būtan hēafde, and wurdon swiþe
sāriġe for his slęġe on mōde, and hūru þæt hīe næfden þæt
hēafod tō þǣm bodiġe. Þā sæġde se sċēawere þe hit ǣr

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ġe·seah, þæt þā flotmęnn hæfden þæt hēafod mid him; and
wæs him ġe·þūht, swā swā hit wæs full·sōþ, þæt hīe behȳdden
þæt hēafod on þǣm holte for·hwega.

Hīe ēodon þā ęndemes ealle tō þǣm wuda, sēċende ġe·hwǣr,
ġeond þȳflas and brēmlas, ġif hīe ā-hwǣr mihten

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ġe·mētan þæt hēafod. Wæs ēac miċel wundor þæt ān wulf
wearþ ā·sęnd, þurh Godes wissunge, tō be·węrienne þæt
hēafod wiþ þā ōþru dēor ofer dæġ and niht. Hīe ēodon þā
sēċende and simle clipiende, swā swā hit ġe·wunelic is þǣm
þe on wuda gāþ oft, 'hwǣr eart þū nū, ġe·fēra?' And him

130
andwyrde þæt hēafod, 'hēr, hēr, hēr;' and swā ġe·lōme
clipode andswariende him eallum, swā oft swā hiera ǣniġ
clipode, oþ þæt hīe ealle be·cōmon þurh þā clipunge him tō.

Þā læġ se grǣga wulf þe be·wiste þæt hēafod, and mid his
twǣm fōtum hæfde þæt hēafod be·clypped, grǣdiġ and hungriġ,

135
and for Gode ne dorste þæs hēafdes on·byrġan, ac
hēold hit wiþ dēor. Þā wurdon hīe of·wundrode þæs
wulfes hierd-rǣdenne, and þæt hāliġe hēafod hām fęredon
mid him, þanciende þǣm Ælmihtigan ealra his wundra.

Ac se wulf folgode forþ mid þǣm hēafde, oþ þæt hīe tō

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tūne cōmon, swelce hē tam wære, and ġe·węnde eft siþþan
tō wuda on·ġēan.

Þā land-lēode þā siþþan lęġdon þæt hēafod tō þǣm hālgan
bodiġe, and be·byriġdon swā hīe sēlest mihton on swelcre
hrædunge, and ċiriċan ā·rǣrdon sōna him on·uppan. Eft

145
þā on fierste, æfter fela ġēarum, þā sēo hęrgung ġe·swāc,
and sibb wearþ for·ġiefen þǣm ġe·swęnċtan folce, þā fēngon
hīe tō·gædre, and worhton āne ċiriċan weorþlīce þǣm hālgan,
for þǣm þe ge·lōme wundru wurdon æt his byrġenne, æt
þǣm ġe·bed-hūse þǣr hē be·byrġed wæs. Hīe woldon þā

150
fęrian mid folclicre weorþmynde þone hālgan līchaman, and
lęċġan innan þǣre ċiriċan. Þā wæs miċel wundor þæt hē
wæs eall swā ġe·hāl swelce hē cwic wǣre, mid clǣnum līchaman,
and his swēora wæs ġe·hǣled, þe ǣr wæs for·slæġen, and
wæs swelce ān seolcen þrǣd ymbe his swēoran, mannum tō

155
sweotolunge hū hē ofs·læġen wæs. Ēac swelce þā wunda,
þe þā wælhrēowan hǣþnan mid ġe·lōmum scotungum on his
līce macodon, wǣron ġe·hǣlde þurh þone heofonlican God;
and hē; līþ swā onsund oþ þisne and-weardan dæġ, and-bīdiende
ǣristes and þæs ēċan wuldres. His līchama ūs

160
cȳþþ, þe līþ un-formolsnod, þæt hē būtan for·liġre hēr on
worulde leofode, and mid clǣnum līfe tō; Crīste sīþode.

Sum widewe wunode, Ōswyn ġe·hāten, æt þæs hālgan
byrġenne, on ġe·bedum and fæstennum manigu ġēar siþþan.

Sēo wolde ęfsian ǣlce ġēare þone sanct, and his næġlas

165
ċeorfan sīeferlīce mid lufe, and on scrīne healdan tō hāliġ-dōme
on weofode. Þa weorþode þæt land-folc mid ġe·lēafan þone
sanct, and Þēodred biscop þearle mid ġiefum on golde and
on seolfre, þǣm sancte tō weorþmynde.

Þā cōmon on sumne sǣl un-ġesǣlige þēofas eahta on

170
ānre nihte tō þǣm ār-weorþan hālgan: woldon stelan þā
māþmas þe męnn þider brōhton, and cunnodon mid cræfte
hū hīe inn cuman mihten. Sum slōg mid slęċġe swīþe þā
hæspan, sum hiera mid fēolan fēolode ymb·ūtan, sum ēac
under·dealf þā duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hlǣddre wolde

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on·lūcan þǣt ēag-þȳrel; ac hīe swuncon on īdel, and earmlīce
fērdon, swā þæt se hālga wer hīe wundorlīce ġe·band,
ǣlcne swā hē stōd strūtiendne mid tōle, þæt hiera nān ne
mihte þæt morþ ġe·fręmman ne hīe þanon ā·styrian; ac
stōdon swā oþ merġen. Męnn þā þæs wundrodon, hū þā

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weargas hangodon, sum on hlǣddre, sum lēat tō ġe·delfe,
and ǣlc on his weorce wæs fæste ġe·bunden. Hīe wurdon
þā ġe·brōhte tō þǣm biscope ealle, and hē hēt hīe ā·hōn on
hēam ġealgum ealle; ac hē næs nā ġe·myndiġ hū se mildheorta

God clipode þurh his wītegan þās word þe hēr standaþ:

185

Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses, 'þā þe man lǣtt
tō dēaþe ā·līes hīe ūt simle.' And ēac þā hālgan canōnes
bēc ġe·hādodum for·bēodaþ ġe biscopum ġe prēostum tō
bēonne ymbe þēofas, for þǣm þe hit ne ġe·byreþ þǣm þe
bēop ġe·corene Gode to þeġnienne þæt hīe ġe·þwǣrlǣċan

190
scylen on ǣniġes mannes dēaþe, ġif hīe bēoþ Dryhtnes
þeġnas. Eft þā Þēodred biscop sċēawode his bēc, hē siþþan
be·hrēowsode mid ġēomrunge þæt hē swā rēþne dōm sętte
þǣm unġesǣligum þēofum, and hit be·sārgode ǣfre oþ his
līfes ęnde, and þā lēode bæd ġeorne þæt hīe him mid fæsten

195
fullīce þrīe dagas, biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt hē him
ārian scolde.

On þǣm lande wæs sum mann, Lēofstān ġe·hāten, rīċe
for worulde, un-ġewittiġ for Gode; sē rād tō þǣm hālgan
mid rīċetere swīþe, and hēt him æt·īewan orgellīce swīþe

200
þone hālgan sanct, hwæþer hē ġe·sund wǣre; ac swā hraþe
swā hē ġe·seah þæs sanctes līchaman, þā ā·wēdde hē sōna,
and wæl-hrēowlīce grymetode, and earmlīce ġe·ęndode yflum
dēaþe. Þis is þǣm ġe·līc þe se ġe·lēaffulla pāpa Gregōrius
sæġde on his ġesętnesse be þǣm hālgan Laurentie, þe līþ on

205

Rōme-byriġ, þæt męnn wolden sċēawian hū hē lǣġe ġe
gōde ġe yfle; ac God hīe ġe·stilde swā þæt þǣr swulton
on þǣre sċēawunge seofon męnn æt·gædre; þā ġeswicon
þā ōþre tō sċēawienne þone martyr mid męnniscum ġe·dwylde.

210

Fela wundra wē ġe·hīerdon on folclicre sprǣċe be þǣm
hālgan Ēadmunde, þe wē hēr nyllaþ on ġe·write sęttan, ac hīe
wāt ġe·hwā. On þissum hālgan is sweotol, and on swelcum
ōþrum, þæt God ælmihtiġ mæġ þone mann ā·rǣran eft on
dōmes dæġe onsundne of eorþan, sē þe hielt Ēadmund hālne

215
his līchaman oþ þone mīċlan dæġ, þēah þe hē on moldan cōme.

Wierþe wǣre sēo stōw for þǣm weorþfullan hālgan þæt hīe
man weorþode and wel ġe·lōgode mid clǣnum Godes þēowum
tō Crīstes þēowdōme; for þǣm þe se hālga is mǣrra þonne
męnn mæġen ā·smēan. Nis Angel-cynn be·dǣled Dryhtnes

220
hālgena, þonne on Ęnġla-lande liċġaþ swelce hālgan swelce
þes hālga cyning, and Cūþberht se ēadiga and sancte

Æþelþrȳþ on Ēliġ, and ēac hiere sweostor, onsund on līchaman,
ġe·lēafan tō trymmunge. Sind ēac fela ōþre on

Angel-cynne hālgan, þe fela wundra wyrċaþ, swā swā hit

225
wīde is cūþ, þǣm Ælmihtigan tō lofe, þe hīe on ġe·līefdon.

Crīst ġe·sweotolaþ mannum þurh his mǣre hālgan þæt hē is
ælmihtiġ God þe wyrċþ swelc wundru, þēah þe þā earman

Iūdēiscan hine eallunga wiþ·sōcen, for þǣm þe hīe sind
ā·wierġde, swā swā hīe wȳsċton him selfum. Ne bēoþ nān

230
wundru ġe·worht æt hiera byrġennum, for þǣm þe hīe ne
ġe·līefaþ on þone lifiendan Crīst; ac Crīst ġe·sweotolaþ
mannum hwǣr se gōda ġe·lēafa is, þonne hē swelc wundru
wyrċþ þurh his hālgan wīde ġeond þās eorþan, þæs him sīe
wuldor and lof ā mid his heofonlicum Fæder and þǣm Hālgan

235

Gāste, ā būtan ęnde.

NOTES.

The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar.

I. SENTENCES.

Line 2. sē. Gr. 21. 1.

þis sind. Gr. 45. 2.

l. 6. sęlþ. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 7. sēo ælmesse. Gr. 44. 3.

l. 12. ġeworhte. Gr. 46. (3).

l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3.

nǣfre ... ne ... nānes. Gr. 52. 2. ne wæs is usually contracted into næs; the full form is used here because the wæs is emphatic.

l. 17. hēt ofslēan. Gr. 50. 4.

l. 23. Æþelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6.

l. 24. Æsces-dūn, sf. Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.'

l. 27. wile here denotes repetition, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52.

l. 28. þonne is correlative with gif (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3.

l. 37. ælmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4).

l. 43. ēower se heofonlica Fæder. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent.

l. 50. bēo. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 52. tō, for.

l. 56. twęntiġ wintra. Gr. 18.

l. 58. Dēofol. Gr. 44. 1.

l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2).

l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 63. pǣm, those.

hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.

l. 74. blētsian. The older form of this word is bledsian. It is a derivative of blōd, like rīċsian from rīċe, with mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.

l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably gōdspell = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek euaggélion. Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant-group, or else god was directly substituted for gōd, as giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic (guðspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries.

biþ. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 82. hīe. Gr. 19.

l. 89. him on ǣlce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on every side (of themselves).

l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5.

l. 93. Æþelwulf-ing. Gr. 38.

l. 101. fare ġē. Gr. 22. 7.

l. 106. forsāwon. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages.

l. 107. ġif se blinda blindne lǣtt. ġif here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wiþstęnt) is assumed as certain, and VI. 19.

l. 114. cwǣde. Gr. 48. (5).

l. 118. mæġe. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 119. sīe. Gr. 47. (A).

l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below.

l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2).

l. 124. wǣre. Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 132. sē þe. Gr. 21.

l. 135. þæt. Gr. 21; 52. 3.

l. 137. on ēare. Gr. 51. 2.

l. 138. ġewęndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion.

l. 139. dō ġē. Gr. 22.

l. 142. grēte. Compare Gr. 49. (8).

l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.'

l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 161. cōme. Compare mæġe, l. 118 above.

l. 166. ofslæġenne. Gr. 46. 5.

l. 176. ġeweorþan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.)

l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 191. bēon. Gr. 48. (2).

II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

l. 1. þās mīn word. Gr. 43. 8.

l. 16. āweorpe. Gr. 49. (8).

l. 20. hit refers back to sǣd, l. 18.

l. 22. ūp sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2.

l. 28. is ġeworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin factum est.

l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19.

l. 40. tō forbærnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1).

l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137.

l. 60. ġewordenre ġecwidrǣenne þǣm wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' þǣm wyrhtum is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. 41).

l. 67. dyde þǣm swā ġelīce. The Latin has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the swā being pleonastic.

l. 86. þæt. Gr. 21.

l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.'

l. 106. ġiefthūs. hūs must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural hūs is regularly used to denote the group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called eldhūs (fire-house).

l. 107. þæt hē wolde gesēon. This clause is due to a confusion of two constructions, (1) hē wolde ġesēon, (2) þæt (in order that) hē ġe·sāwe.

III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

The first two pieces are taken from Ælfric's translation of the Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa—Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Ælfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)—ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.

l. 4. him betwēonan. Gr. 51. 5.

l. 13. læden. This word is the Latin latina (= lingua latina) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally.

l. 17. for þǣm ... for þǣm þe, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative.

l. 28. tō scoldon. This use of sċeal with a verb of motion understood is very common.

l. 36. him self. him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to God—literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern himself, themselves.

ll. 46, 47. nū ... nū, correlative, = now ... now that, the second nū being almost causal (since).

l. 51. hæfde ... tō, took ... for.

l. 52. Gode tō lāce. Gr. 40. (1).

l. 57. mīn ęġe, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.'

māre, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.'

l. 81. māre. Cp. l. 57.

l. 82. wǣre. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 89. hwæs is governed by ġiernde, by 'attraction.'

l. 135. miċle, adverb.

l. 137. wǣre. Gr, 49. (7).

l. 153. belīefan is a later form for ġelīefan.

l. 156. tō handum. Cp. l. 122 above.

l. 174. ǣr ġenam. Gr. 46. 6.

l. 200. fram mannum. fram here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions.

l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8).

IV. SAMSON.

From Ælfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch.

l. 8. onġinþ tō ālīesenne, will release, onġinnan is often used pleonastically in this way.

l. 35. Gaza ġehāten. When a name together with ġehāten is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6).

l. 41. swā swā hīe belocenu wǣron, locked as they were.

ufeweardum þǣm cnolle. Gr. 43. 2.

l. 46. wæs, consisted.

l. 51. ġeworhte. We should expect ġeworhtum (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause—þe of sinum ġeworhte sind.

l. 74. Dagon ġehāten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground that'—'because (as they said).'

l. 81. hēton. Compare l. 106.

l. 87. forþ is often used pleonastically in this way with mid.

V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.

l. 2. hēr sind, there are here. hēr is here used analogously to þǣr, as in II. 3 and the modern E. there are. Cp. also l. 12 below.

ġeþēodu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle.

l. 5. Armenia is an error for Armorica.

l. 6. Scithie, Scythia.

l. 8. Norþibernie, North of Ireland.

l. 24. hēr, at this date—at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle.

l. 26. Wyrtġeorn is the regular development of an earlier *Wurtigern from the British Vortigern.

l. 28. Ypwinesflēot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet.

l. 45. Æġlesþrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford.

l. 49. Cręċġanford, Crayford.

l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem.

l. 61. hǣþne męnn, Danes.

l. 62. mid Defena-sċīre, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'

l. 64. dux is here written instead of ealdormann. So also we find rex for cyning.

l. 65. Sandwīc, Sandwich.

l. 68. fēorþe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German viertehalb.

l. 71. Sūþriġe, Surrey.

l. 73. Āclēa, Ockley.

l. 76. se hęre, the Danish army. hęre got a bad sense, through its association with hęrgian (to harry), and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws hęre is defined as a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called fierd, l. 71, 3 above.

Humbremūþa, mouth of the Humber.

l. 77. Eoforwīc, York; a corruption of Eboracum.

l. 84. inne wurdon, got in.

l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51.

VI. KING EDMUND.

From Ælfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, in his Analecta Anglosaxonica from a very late MS. It is here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7.

It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The alliteration is easily discernible:—cōm sūþan ofer sǣ fram sancte Benedictes stōwe; dæġe, tō Dūnstāne, &c.

l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive sancti.

l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, sanct having been made into a substantive.

l. 39. bilewīt = *bile-hwīt (with the regular change of hw into w between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle,' 'simple.'

l. 70. worhte flēames. This construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent.

l. 76. wǣre, subj. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 85. fūse. The correct reading is probably fūsne, but the plural fūse may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively.

l. 149. ġebedhūs. The Welsh bettws, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged.

l. 176. swā þæt does not denote result here, but is explanatory—'namely by being bound....'

l. 178. hīe, reflexive.

l. 179. þæs ... hū, correlative.

l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.'

l. 200. hwæþer, (that he might see) whether ...

l. 215. līchaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining.

l. 222. Ēliġ = ǣl-īeg 'eel-island.'

GLOSSARY.

The order is strictly alphabetical (þ following t) except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the letter that follows the ge (gebed under b, &c.).

The following abbreviations are used :—

sm., sn., sf. masc., neut., fem. substantive.

sv. strong verb.

wv. weak verb.

swv. strong-weak verb (preterito-present).

The others require no explanation.

The numbers after sv. refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar.

Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the phonetic laws given in the grammar.

Ā, av. ever, always.

abbod, sm. abbot [Latin abbatem].

ā-·bēodan, sv. 7, w. dat. (offer), announce.

ā-·biddan, sv. 5, ask for, demand.

ā-·bītan, sv. 6, devour.

ā-·blęndan, wv. blind [blind].

ā-·brecan, sv. 4, break into, take (city).

ā-·būgan, sv. 7, bend; swerve, turn.

ac, cj. but.

ā-·cęnnan, wv. bring forth, bear (child).

ā-·cwęllan, wv. kill.

ā-·cwęnċan, wv. extinguish.

ā-·drūgian, wv. dry up, intr. [drȳġe].

ā-·dwǣsċan, wv. extinguish.

æcer, sm. field.

æþele, aj. noble, excellent.

æþeling, sm. prince.

ǣfen, sm. evening.

ǣfre, av. ever, always.

æfter, av., prep. w. dat. after—æfter þǣem, after that, afterwards; according to, by.

ǣġ-hwelc, prn. each.

ǣġþer, prn. either, each—cj. ǣġþer ġe ... ġe, both ... and [ = ǣġ hwæþer].

ǣht, sf. property [āhte, āgan].

ǣlan, wv. burn.

ǣlċ, aj. each.

ælmesse, sf. alms, charity [Greek eleēmosúnē].

æl-mihti[g.], aj. almighty.

ǣniġ, aj. any [ān].

ǣr, prep. w. dat. before (of time), ǣr þǣm þe, cj. before.

ǣr, av. formerly, before; superl. ǣrest, adj. and adv., first.

ærċe-biscop, sm. archbishop [Latin archiepiscopus].

ǣrende, sn. errand, message.

ǣrend-raca, sm. messenger.

ǣ-rist, sfm. (rising again), resurrection [ārīsan].

ǣrne-mergen, sm. early morning.

æsc, sm. (ash-tree); war-ship.

æt, prp. w. dat. at; deprivation, from; origin, source—ābǣdon wīf æt him, 'asked for wives from them;' specification, defining—wurdon æt sprǣċe, 'fell into conversation.'

æt-·breġdan, sv. 3 (snatch away), deprive of.

æt-·foran, prp. w. dat. before.

æt-·gædre, av. together.

æt-īewan, wv. w. dat. show.

ǣton, see etan.

ā-·fandian, wv. experience, find out [findan].

ā-·faran, sv. 2, go away, depart.

ā-·feallan, sv. 1, fall.

ā-·fēdan, wv. feed.

ā-·fȳlan, wv. defile [fūl].

ā-fyrht, aj. frightened [past partic. of ā·fyrhtan from forht].

āgan, swv. possess.

ā-·gān, sv. happen.

āgen, aj. own [originally past partic. of āgan].

ā-·ġiefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, render.

āh, see āgan.

ā-·hębban, sv. 2, raise, exalt.

ā-·hieldan, wv. incline.

ā-·hōn, sv. 1, hang, trans.

ā-·hrēosan, sv. 7, fall.

āhte, see āgan.

ā-hwǣr, av. anywhere.

ā-·hȳran, wv. hire.

ā-·līesan, wv. (loosen), release; redeem [lēas].

ā-·līesed-nes, sf. redemption.

ā-līesend, sm. redeemer.

ān, aj. one (always strong); a certain one, certain; alone (generally weak); gen. pl. ānra in ānra ge-hwelċ, 'each one.'

ān-cęnned, aj. (past partic.) (only-born), only (child).

and, cj. and.

and-bīdian, wv. w. gen. wait, expect [bīdan].

andet-nes, sf. confession.

andettan, wv. confess.

and-ġiet, sn. sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence.

and-swarian, wv. w. dat. answer [andswaru].

and-swaru, sf. answer [swęrian].

and-weard, aj. present.

and-wyrdan, wv. w. dat. answer [word].

Angel, sm. Anglen (a district in Slesvig).

Angel-cynn, sn. English nation, England.

ā-·niman, sv. 4, take away.

ān-lǣċan, wv. unite.

ān-mōd, aj. unanimous.

ān-mōd-līce, av. unanimously.

ān-rǣd, aj. (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute.

apostol, sm. apostle.

ār, sf. mercy; honour.

ā-·rǣran, wv. raise, build [ārīsan].

ārian, wv. w. dat. honour; spare, have mercy on [ār].

ā-·rīsan, sv. 6, arise.

ār-lēas, aj. wicked.

arn, see iernan.

arod, aj. quick, bold.

arod-līce, av. quickly, readily, boldly.

ār-weorþ, adj. worthy of honour, venerable.

āscian, wv. ask.

ā-·scūfan, sv. 7, thrust.

ā-·sęndan, wv. send.

ā-·sęttan, wv. set, place.

ā-·smēan, wv. consider, think of, conceive.

assa, sm. ass.

ā-·stęllan, wv. institute.

ā-·stīgan, sv. 6, ascend, descend.

ā-·stręċċan, wv. stretch out, extend.

ā-·styrian, wv. stir, move.

ā-·tēon, sv. 7, draw out, draw, take.

atol-lic, aj. deformed.

ā-·þrēotan, sv. 7, fail, run short.

ā-·węċċan, wv. awake, arouse [wacian].

ā-·wēdan, wv. go mad [wōd].

ā-·węndan, wv. turn; translate.

ā-·weorpan, sv. 3, throw, throw away; depose (king).

ā-·wēstan, wv. lay waste, ravage.

ā-·wierġed, aj. cursed, accursed, [past. partic. of āwierġan, from wearg].

ā-wiht, prn. aught, anything.

ā-·wrītan, sv. 6, write.

ā-·wyrtwalian, wv. root up.

B.

Bæc, sn. back—under bæc, behind.

bæd, see biddan.

bǣdon, see biddan.

bærnan, wv. burn, trans. [beornan].

bærnett, sn. burning.

bǣron, see beran.

bæst, sm. bast.

bæsten, aj. of bast.

be, prep. w. dat. by; about, concerning.

beald, aj. bold.

bearn, sn. child [beran].

bēatan, sv. 1, beat.

be-·bēodan, sv. 7, w. dat. bid, command.

be-·byrġan, wv. bury.

bēċ, see bōc.

be-·clyppan, wv. embrace, encompass, hold.

be-·cuman, sv. 4, come.

ġe·bed, sn. prayer [biddan].

be-·dǣlan, wv. w. gen. deprive of [dǣl].

będd, sn. bed.

be-·delfan, sv. 3; (hide by digging), bury.

ġe·bed-hūs, sn. oratory, chapel.

be-·fæstan, wv. (make fast); w. dat. commit, entrust to.

be-·foran, prp. w. dat. before.

bēġen, prn. both.

be-·ġeondan, prp. w. acc. beyond.

be-·ġietan, sv. 5, get, obtain.

be-·ġinnan, sv. 3, begin.

be-·hātan, sv. 1, w. dat. promise.

be-·hēafdian, wv. behead [hēafod].

be-·healdan, sv. 1, behold.

be-·hōfian, wv. w. gen. require.

be-·hrēowsian, wv. repent [hrēowan].

be-·hȳdan, wv. hide.

be-·lǣwan, wv. betray.

be-·līefan, wv. believe.

be-·līfan, sv. 6, remain [lāf].

be-·lūcan, sv. 7, lock, close.

bęnd, smfn. bond [bindan].

bēodan, sv. 7, w. dat. offer.

bēon, v. be—bēon ymbe, have to do with.

beorg, sm. hill, mountain.

ġebeorgan, sv. 3, w. dat. save, protect.

beornan, sv. 3, burn, intrans.

bēot-lic, aj. boastful.

be-·pǣċan, wv. deceive.

beran, sv. 4, bear, carry; (ġeberan, bring forth).

bęrn, sn. barn.

berstan, sv. 3, burst.

be-·sārgian, wv. lament [sāriġ].

be-·sċieran, sv. 4, shear, cut hair.

be-·sēon, sv. 5, see, look.

be-·sęttan, wv. set about, surround, cover.

be-·stealcian, wv. go stealthily, steal.

be-·swīcan, sv. 6, deceive, circumvent, betray.

be-·tǣċan, wv. commit, entrust, give up.

bętera, bętst, see gōd.

be·twēonan, prp. w. dat. between, among.

be-·twix, prep. w. acc. and dat. between, among; of time, during—betwix þǣm þe, cj. while.

be-·węrian, wv. defend.

be-·witan, swv. watch over, have charge of.

bīdan, sv. 6, wait.

biddan, sv. 5, ask, beg.

ġe·biddan, sv. 5, refl. pray.

bieldo, sf. (boldness), arrogance [beald].

bī-gęng, sm. worship [bi, by, and gęnġ from gān].

bile-wīt, aj. simple, innocent.

bindan, sv. 3, bind.

binnan, av. inside; prp. w. dat. within, in [ = be-innan].

biscop, sm. bishop [Latin episcopus].

bi-smer, snm. insult, ignominy.

bismer-full, aj. ignominious, shameful.

bismerian, wv. treat with ignominy, insult [bismer].

bītan, sv. 6, bite.

biþ, see bēon.

blāwan, sv. 1, blow.

bleoh, sn. colour.

blēow, see blāwan.

blētsian, wv. bless.

blind, aj. blind.

bliss, sf. merriment, joy.

blissian, wv. rejoice.

blīþe, aj. glad, merry.

blīþe-līce, av. gladly.

blōd, sn. blood.

bōc, sf. book, scripture.

Bōc-læden, sn. book Latin, Latin.

bodian, wv. announce, preach [bēodan].

bodiġ, sm. body.

bohte, see byċġan.

brād, aj. broad.

brǣþ, sm. vapour, odour.

brecan, sv. 4, break; take (city).

breġdan, sv. 3, pull.

brēmel, sm. bramble.

Breten, sf. Britain.

Brettas, smpl. the British.

Brettisc, aj. British [Brettas].

bringan, wv. bring.

brōhte, see bringan.

brōþor, sm. brother.

brūcan, sv. 7, w. gen. enjoy, partake of.

brȳd, sf. bride.

brȳd-guma, sm. bridegroom [literally bride-man].

būan, wv. dwell.

būend, smpl. dwellers [pres. partic. of būan].

bufan, prp. w. dat. and acc. over, above, on.

būgan, sv. 7, bend, incline.

bundon, see bindan.

burg, sf. city.

burg-ġeat, sn. city-gate.

būtan, av. outsīde; prp. w. dat. without, except, besides [ = be-ūtan].

būtan, cj. unless, except.

byċġan, wv. buy.

byrþen, sf. burden [beran].

byrġen, sf. tomb [bebyrġan].

ġebyrian, wf. be due, befit.

byriġ, see burg.

byrst, sf. bristle.

ġe·bȳsnian, wv. give example, illustrate.

ġe·bȳsnung, sf. example.

C.

Cann, see cunnan.

canōn, sm. canon; canōnes bēc, canonical books.

Cantwara-burg, sf. Canterbury [Cantwara, gen. of Cantware].

Cant-ware, pl. Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [Lat. Cantia and ware].

cāsere, sm. emperor [Latin Caesar].

ċeaflas, smpl. jaws.

ċeald, aj. cold.

ċealf, sn. calf.

ċēap, sn. purchase.

ċēas, see ċēosan.

ċeaster, sf. city [Latin castra].

cēne, aj. brave, bold.

cęnnan, wv. bring forth, bear child.

Cęnt, sf. Kent [Cantia].

Cęnt-land, sn. Kent.

ċeorfan, sv. 3, cut.

ċēosan, sv. 7, choose.

cēpan, wv. w. gen. attend, look out for.

ċīepan, wv. trade, sell [ċēap].

ċīepend, sm. seller [pres. partic. of ċīepan].

ċierr, sm. turn.

ċierran, wv. turn, return, go—ċierran tō, take to.

ġe·ċierred-nes, sf. conversion.

ċild, sn. child.

ċild-hād, sm. childhood.

ċinn-bān, sn. jawbone.

ċiriċe, sf. church.

clǣne, aj. clean, pure.

clawu, sf. claw.

clipian, wv. call, summon.

clipung, sf. calling.

clyppan, wv. clip, embrace.

cnapa, sm. (boy, youth), servant.

cnoll, sm. top, summit.

coccel, sm. corn-cockle.

cōm, see cuman.

coren, see ċēosan.

cræft, sm. skill, cunning.

crīsten, aj. Christian.

cuma, sm. stranger [cuman].

cuman, sv. 4, come; cuman ūp, land.

cunnan, swv. know.

cunnian, wv. try [cunnan].

curon, see ċēosan.

cūþ, aj. known [originally past partic. of cunnan].

cwǣdon, see cweþan.

cwaeþ, see cweþan.

cweartern, sn. prison.

cwēman, wv. please, gratify.

ġe·cwēmednes, sf. pleasing.

cwēn, sf. queen.

cweþan, sv. 5, say, speak; name, call.

cwic, aj. alive.

cwide, sm. speech, address [cweþan].

ġecwīd-rǣden, sf. agreement.

cwiþþ, see cweþan.

cymþ, see cuman.

cyne-cynn, sn. royal family.

cyne-līc, aj. royal.

cyne-līce, av. like a king, royally.

cyne-stōl, sm. throne.

cyning, sm. king.

cynn, sn. race, kind.

cyst, sf. excellence [ċēosan].

cystiġ, aj. (excellent), charitable.

cȳþan, wv. make known, tell [cūþ].

D.

Dǣd, sf. deed.

dæġ, sm. day.

dæġ-hwǣm-līce, av. daily.

dǣl, sm. part—be healfum dǣle, by half.

dǣlan, wv. divide, share.

dēad, aj. dead.

dēaþ, sm. death.

Defena-sċīr, sf. Devonshire [Devonia].

dehter, see dohtor.

ġedelf, sn. digging.

delfan, sv. 3, dig.

Dęne, smpl. Danes.

Dęnisc, aj. Danish.

dēofol, sum. devil [Latin diabolus].

dēofol-ġield, sn. idol.

dēop, aj. deep.

dēor, sn. wild beast.

dēore, aj. dear, precious.

dēor-wierþe, aj. precious.

dīegol, aj. hidden, secret.

dīegol-nes, sf. secret.

dīepe, sf. depth [dēop].

dihtan, wv. appoint [Latin dictare].

disc-þeġn, sm. (dish-thane), waiter.

dohtor, sf. daughter.

dōm, sm. doom, judgment, sentence.

dōn, sv. do, act.

dorste, see durran.

draca, sm. dragon.

dranc, see drincan.

drēoriġ, aj. sad.

drīfan, sv. 6, drive.

drinca, sm. drink.

drincan, sv. 3, drink.

drohtnian, wv. live, continue, behave.

drohtnung, sf. conduct.

drȳġe, aj. dry.

Dryhten, sm. Lord,
dūn, sf. hill, down.

durran, swv. dare.

duru, sf. door.

dūst, sn. dust.

ġe·dwyld, sn. error.

dyde, see dōn.

dyppan, wv. dip.

dysiġ, aj. foolish.

E.

Ēac, av. also; ēac swelce, also.

ēacnian, wv. increase.

ēadiġ, aj. (prosperous), blessed.

ēage, sn. eye.

ēag-þȳrel, sn. (eye-hole), window.

eahta, num. eight.

ēa-lā, interj. oh!

eald, aj. old—cp. ieldra.

Eald-seaxe, smpl. Old Saxons.

ealdor, sm. chief, master.

ealdor-mann, sm. chief, officer.

eall, aj. all.

eall, av. quite ; eall swā miċel swā, (quite) as much as.

eall-nīwe, aj. quite new.

eallunga, av. entirely.

ealu, sn. ale.

eard, sm. country, native land.

eardian, wv. dwell.

ēare, sn. ear.

earm, sm. arm.

earm, aj. poor, wretched, despicable.

earm-lic, aj. miserable.

earm-līce, av. miserably, wretchedly.

earn, sm. eagle.

eart, see wesan.

ēast, av. eastwards.

ēast-dǣl, sm. east part, the East.

Ēast-ęnġle, smpl. East-Anglians.

Ēast-seaxe, smpl. East-Saxons.

ēaþe-lic, aj. insignificant, weak.

ēaþ-mēdan, wv. humble [ēaþmōd].

ēaþ-mōd, aj. humble.

ēċe, aj. eternal.

ēċ-nes, sf. eternity.

efen, aj. even.

ġe·efen-lǣċan, wv. imitate.

efne, av. behold, lo! [efen].

ęfsian, wv. clip, shear.

eft, av. again; afterwards, then; back.

ęġe, sm. fear.

ęġesa, sm. fear [eġe].

ęġes-lic, aj. fearful, awful.

ēhtere, sm. persecutor.

ele, sm. oil.

ęl-þēodiġ-nes, sf. foreign land.

ęnde, sm. end.

ęndemes, av. together.

ġe·ęndian, wv. end; die.

ęndlufon, num. eleven.

ęndlyfta, aj. eleventh.

ġe·ęndung, sf. ending, end.

ęnġel, sm. angel [Latin angelus].

Ęnġla-land, sn. England [Ęnġla gen. pl. of Ęnġle].

Ęnġle, smpl. the English [Angel].

Ęnġlisc, aj. English—sn. English language [Ęnġle].

ēode, see gān.

eom, see wesan.

eorl, sm. earl.

eorþ-būend, sm. earth-dweller.

eorþe, sf. earth.

eorþ-fæst, aj. firm in the earth.

eorþ-lic, aj. earthly.

eornost, sf. earnest.

eornost-līce, av. in truth, indeed.

ēow, see þū.

etan, sv. 5, eat.

ēþel, sm. country, native land.

F.

Fæder, sm. father.

fæġen, aj. glad.

fæġer, aj. fair.

fæġer-nes, sf. fairness, beauty.

fæġnian, wv. w. gen. rejoice.

fǣmne, sf. virgin.

fǣr, sf. danger.

fǣr-lic, aj. sudden.

fǣr-līce, av. suddenly.

fæst, aj. fast, firm.

fæstan, wv. fast.

fæsten, sf. fasting.

fæt, sn. vessel.

fāg-nes, sf. variegation, various colours.

fandian, wv. w. gen. try, test, tempt [findan].

faran, sv. 2, go.

faru, sf. procession, retinue, pomp.

fēa, aj. pl. few.

ġe·fēa, sm. joy.

feallan, sv. 1, fall.

fearr, sm. bull; ox.

feax, sn. hair of head.

fēdan, wv. feed [fōda].

fela, aj. pl. w. gen. many.

feld, sm. field.

feoh, sn. money, property.

ġe·feoht, sn. fight.

feohtan, sv. 3, fight.

fēole, sf. file.

fēolian, wv. file.

fēoll, see feallan.

fēond, sm. enemy.

feorh, snm. life.

feorm, sf. (food); feast, banquet.

feorr, av. far.

fēorþa, num. fourth.

fēower, num. four.

ġe·fēra, sm. companion [fōr].

fēran, wv. go, fare [fōr].

ġe·fēran, wv. (go over), take possession of.

fęrian, wv. carry [faran].

fēt, see fōt.

fętian, wv. fetch—pret. ġefętte.

ġe·fętte, see fętian.

fīend, see fēond.

fierd, sf. army [faran].

fierlen, aj. distant [feorr].

fierst, sm. period, time.

fīf, num. five.

findan, sv. 3 (pret. funde), find.

fisc, sm. fish.

fisc-cynn, sn. fish-kind.

flēam, sm. flight [flēon].

fleax, sn. flax.

flēogan, sv. 7, fly.

flēon, sv. 7, flee.

flēotan, sv. 7, float.

flītan, sv. 6, quarrel, dispute.

ġe·flīeman, wv. put to flight [flēam].

flōd, sm. flood.

flota, sm. fleet [flēotan].

flot-hęre, sm. naval army, army of pirates.

flot-mann, sm. sailor, pirate.

flōwan, sv. 1, flow.

flugon, see flēon.

flyht, sm. flight [flēogan].

fōda, sm. food.

folc, sn. people, nation.

folc-lic, aj. popular.

folgian, wv. w. dat. follow; obey.

fōn, sv. 1, seize, take, capture; fēng tō rīċe, came to the throne; tōgædre fēngon, joined together.

for, prep. w. dat. before—rīċe for worulde, in the eyes of the world; causal, for, because of, for the sake of—ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God—for þǣm, therefore, for þǣem (þe), because; w. acc., instead of, for.

fōr, sf. journey [faran].

fōr, see faran.

for-·bærnan, wv. burn up, burn, trans.

for-·bēodan, sv. 7, forbid.

for-·brēotan, sv. 7, break.

for-·ċeorfan, sv. 3, cut off.

for-·dilgian, wv. destroy.

for-·dōn, sv. destroy.

for-·ealdod, aj. aged [past partic. of forealdian, grow old].

fore-sċēawian, wv. pre-ordain, decree, appoint.

fore-sęċġan, wv. say before—se foresæġda, the aforesaid.

for-·ġiefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, grant; forgive.

for-·ġief-nes, sf. forgiveness.

for-·ġīeman, wv. neglect.

for-·ġietan, sv. forget.

forht, aj. afraid.

forhtian, wv. be afraid.

for-·hwega, av. somewhere.

for-·lǣtan, sv. 1, leave, abandon.

for-·lēosan, sv. 7, lose.

for-·liġer, sn. wantonness, immorality.

forma, aj. first—superl. fyrmest, first.

for-·molsnian, wv. crumble, decay.

for-·scrincan, sv. 3, shrink up.

for-sēon, sv. 5, despise.

for-·slēan, sv. 2, cut through.

for-·standan, sv. 2, (stand before), protect.

forþ, av. forth, forwards, on.

forþ-·fēran, wv. depart, die.

for-·þrysman, wv. suffocate, choke.

for-·weorþan, sv. 3, perish.

fōt, sm. foot.

frætwian, wv. adorn.

frætwung, sf. ornament.

fram, prep. w. dat. from; agent. w. pass. hīe wǣron fram Wyrtġeorne ġelaþode, invited by.

fręmman, wv. perform, do.

frēond, sm. friend.

friþ, sm. peace—friþ niman, make peace.

fugol, sm. bird.

fuhton, see feohtan.

fūl, aj. foul, impure.

full, aj. full.

full-·blīþe, aj. very glad.

full-·cēne, aj. very brave.

ful-līce, av. fully.

full-·sōþ, aj. very true.

fultum, sm. help; forces, troops.

fultumian, wv. w. dat. help.

funde, see findan.

furþor, av. further, more [forþ].

fūs, aj. hastening.

fyllan, wv. fill, fulfil [full].

fȳr, sn. fire.

fyrmest, see forma.

G.

Gadrian, wv. gather.

gærs, sn. grass.

gafeloc, sm. missile, spear.

gafol, sn. interest, profit.

gamen, sn. sport.

gān, sv. go.

ġe·gān, sv. gain, conquer.

gangende, see gān.

gāst, sm. spirit; se hālga gāst, the Holy Ghost.

gāst-lic, aj. spiritual.

ġe, cj. and—ġe ... ġe, both ... and.

ġē, see þū.

ġealga, sm. gallows.

ġēar, sn. year.

ġearcian, wv. prepare [ġearo].

ġeard, sm. yard, court.

ġearu, aj. ready.

ġearwian, wv. prepare.

ġeat, sn. gate.

ġēoguþ, sf. youth.

ġēomrung, sf. lamentation.

ġeond, prp. w. acc. through, throughout.

ġēong, aj. young.

ġeorn, aj. eager.

ġeorne, av. eagerly, earnestly.

ġiefan, sv. 5, give.

ġiefta, sfpl. marriage, wedding [ġiefan].

ġieft-hūs, sn. wedding-hall.

ġieft-lic, aj. wedding.

ġiefu, sf. gift; grace (of God) [ġiefan].

ġierla, sm. dress [ġearu].

ġiernan, wv. w. gen. yearn, desire; ask [ġeorn].

ġiet, av. yet; further, besides.

ġif, cj. if.

ġimm, sm. gem, jewel [Latin gemma].

ġimm-stān, sm. gem, jewel.

ġit, see þū.

ġītsian, wv. covet.

ġītsung, sf. covetousness, avarice.

glæd, aj. glad.

glæd-līce, av. gladly.

glēaw, aj. prudent, wise.

glęnġan, wv. adorn; trim (lamp).

god, sm. God.

god-fæder, sm. godfather.

god-spell, sn. gospel.

godspel-lic, aj. evangelical.

gōd, aj. good—compar. bętera. superl. bętst.

gōd, sn. good thing, good.

gold, sn. gold.

gold-hord, sn. treasure.

grǣdiġ. aj. greedy.

grǣġ, aj. grey.

grētan, wv. greet, salute.

grindan, sv. 3, grind.

grīst-bītung, sf. gnashing of teeth.

grymetian, wv. grunt, roar.

gyldan, wv. gild [gold].

gylden, aj. golden [gold].

H.

Habban, wv. have; take.

hād, sm. rank, condition.

ġe·hādod, aj. ordained, in orders, clerical [past partic. of hādian, ordain].

hæfde, hæfþ, see habban.

hæftan, wv. hold fast, hold [habban].

hǣlan, wv. heal [hāl].

hǣlend, sm. Saviour [pres. partic. of hǣlan].

hǣlo, sf. salvation [hāl].

hǣs, sf. command.

hæspe, sf. hasp.

hǣte, sf. heat [hāt].

hǣþ, sf. heath.

hǣþen, aj. heathen [hǣþ].

hāl, aj. whole, sound.

ġe·hāl, aj. whole, uninjured.

hālga, sm. saint.

hālġian, wv. hallow, consecrate.

hāliġ, aj. holy.

hāliġ-dōm, sm. holy object, relic.

hām, av. homewards, home.

hand, sf. hand.

hand-cweorn, sf. hand-mill.

hangian, wv. hang, intr. [hōn].

hāt, aj. hot.

hātan, sv. 1, command, ask—w. inf. in passive sense, hēton him sęċġan, bade them be told ; name—passive, hātte.

hatian, wv. hate.

hātte, see hātan.

hē, prn. he.

hēafod, sn. head.

hēafod-mann, sm. head-man, ruler, chief.

hēah, aj. high—superl. hīehst.

healdan, sv. 1, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep.

healf, aj. half.

healf, sf. side.

hēa-lic, aj. lofty [hēah].

heall, sf. hall.

heard, aj. hard ; strong; severe.

hębban, sv. 2, raise.

hęfel-þrǣd, sm. web-thread, thread.

hęfe, sm. weight [hębban].

hęfiġ, aj. heavy [hęfe].

hęll, sf. hell.

ġe·hęnde, aj. w. dat. near [hand].

hēo, see hē.

heofon, sm. heaven—often in plur., heofona rīċe.

heofon-lic, aj. heavenly.

hēold, see healdan.

heord, sf. herd.

heorte, sf. heart.

hēr, av. here; hither—hēr·æfter, &c., hereafter.

hēr-be-·ēastan, av. east of this.

hęre, sm. army.

hęre-rēaf, sn. spoil.

hęre-toga, sm. army-leader, general, chief [toga from tēon].

hęrgian, wv. ravage, make war [hęre].

hęrgung, sf. (ravaging), warfare, war.

hęrian, wv. praise.

hēt, see hātan.

hider, av. hither.

hīe, see hē.

hīehst, see hēah.

hiera, see hē.

ġe·hīeran, wv. hear.

hierde, sm. shepherd [heord].

hierd-rǣden, sf. guardianship.

hiere, see hē.

ġe·hīer-sum, aj. w. dat. obedient [hīeran].

ġe·hīersum-nes, sf. obedience.

him, hine, see hē.

hīred, snm. family, household.

his, see hē.

hit, see hē.

hīw, sn. hue, form.

hlǣdder, sf. ladder.

hlæst, sm. load.

hlāf, sm. bread, loaf of bread.

hlāford, sm. lord.

hlīsa, sm. fame.

hlūd, aj. loud.

hlȳdan, wv. make a noise, shout [hlūd].

hnappian, wv. doze.

ġe·hoferod, aj. (past partic.), hump-backed.

holt, sn. wood.

hōn, sv. 1, hang [hangian].

horn, sm. horn.

hræd-līce, av. quickly.

hrædung, sf. hurry.

hraþe, av. quickly—swā hraþe swā, as soon as.

hrēod, sn. reed.

hrēowan, sv. 7, rue, repent.

hrīeman, wv. cry, call.

hrīþer, sn. ox.

hrōf, sn. roof.

hryċġ, sm. back.

hryre, sm. fall [hrēosan].

hū, av. how.

hū-meta, av. how.

hund, sn. w. gen. hundred.

hund, sm. dog.

hund-feald, aj. hundredfold.

hund-·nigontiġ, num. ninety.

hund-·twęlftiġ, num. hundred and twenty.

hungor, sm. hunger; famine.

hungriġ, aj. hungry.

hūru, av. especially.

hūs, sn. house.

hux-līce, av. ignominiously.

hwā, prn. who.

ġe·hwā, prn. every one.

hwǣm, see hwā.

hwǣr, av. where—swā hwǣr swā, wherever.

ġe·hwǣr, av. everywhere.

hwæs, hwæt, see hwā.

hwæt, interj. what! lo! well.

hwǣte, sm. wheat.

hwæþer, av. cj. whether—hwæþer þe, to introduce a direct question.

hwæþre, av. however.

hwanon, av. whence.

hwelċ, prn. which; any one, any—swā hwelċ swā, whoever.

ġe·hwelċ, prn. any, any one.

hwīl, sf. while, time.

hwone, see hwā.

hwonne, av. when.

hwȳ, av. why.

hȳdan, wv. hide.

hyht, sf. hope.

ġe·hyhtan, wv. hope.

hȳran, wv. hire.

I.

Iċ, prn. I.

īdel, aj. idle; useless, vain—on īdel, in vain.

īeġ-land, sn. island.

ieldan, wv. delay [eald].

ieldra, see eald.

ieldran, smpl. ancestors [originally compar. of eald].

iernan, sv. 3, run; flow.

ierre, aj. angry.

īl, sm. hedgehog.

ilca, prn. same (always weak, and with the definite article).

in, prp. w. dat. and acc. in, into.

inc, see þū.

inn, av. in (of motion).

innan, prp. w. dat. (av.) within.

inne, av. within, inside.

inn-ġehyġd, sn. inner thoughts, mind.

in-tō, prp. w. dat. into.

Īotan, smpl. Jutes.

Īr-land, sn. Ireland.

Iūdēisc, aj. Jewish—þā Iūdēiscan, the Jews.

L.

Lā, interj. lo!—lā lēof! Sir!

lāc, sn. gift; offering, sacrifice.

ġe·lǣċan, wv. seize.

lǣdan, wv. lead; carry, bring, take.

læden, sn. Latin; language.

læġ, see liċġan.

lǣran, wv. w. double acc. teach; advise, suggest [lār].

ġe·lǣred, aj. learned [past partic. of lǣran].

lǣs, av. less—þȳ lǣs (þe), cj. w. subj. lest.

lǣtan, sv. 1, let; leave—hēo lēt þā swā, she let the matter rest there.

ġe·lǣte, sn.—wega ġelǣtu, pl. meetings of the roads.

lāf, sf. remains—tō lāfe bēon, remain over, be left [(be)līfan].

ġe·lamp, see ġelimpan.

land, sn. land, country.

land-folc, sn. people of the country.

land-hęre, sm. land-army.

land-lēode, smpl. people of the country.

lang, aj. long.

lange, av. for a long time, long.

lang-līce, av. for a long time, long.

lār, sf. teaching, doctrine.

late, av. slowly, late—late on ġēare, late in the year.

ġe·laþian, wv. invite.

ġe·laþung, sf. congregation.

lēaf, sf. leave.

ġe·lēafa, sm. belief, faith.

ġe·lēaf-full, aj. believing, pious.

leahtor, sm. crime, vice.

lēas, aj. without (expers), in compos.—less; false.

lēat, see lūtan.

lęċġan, wv. lay [liċġan].

ġe·lęndan, wv. land [land].

lēo, smf. lion.

lēode, smpl. people.

lēof, aj. dear, beloved; pleasant—mē wǣre lēofre, I would rather—[lufu].

leofode, see libban.

leoht, sn. light.

leoht-fæt, sn. (light-vessel), lamp.

leornian, wv. learn.

leornung-cniht, sm. disciple.

lēt, see lǣtan.

libban, wv. live.

līc, sn. body, corpse.

ġe·līc, aj. w. dat. like.

ġe·līce, av. in like manner, alike, equally.

liċġan, sv. 5, lie.

līc-hama, sm. body.

līcham-līce, av. bodily.

ġelīcian, wv. w. dat. please.

līefan, wv. w. dat. allow [lēaf].

ġe·līefan, wv. believe [gelēafa].

līf, sn. līfe.

lifiend, see libban.

lim, sn. limb, member.

ġe·limp, sn. event, emergency, calamity.

ġe·limpan, sv. 3, happen.

līþ, see liċġan.

locc, sm. lock of hair.

lof, sn. praise; glory.

ġe·lōgian, place; occupy, furnish.

ġe·lōm, aj. frequent, repeated.

ġe·lōme, av. often, repeatedly.

losian, wv. w. dat. be lost—him losaþ, he loses [(for)lēosan].

lūcan, sv. 7, close.

lufian, wv. love.

lufu, sf. love [lēof].

Lunden-burg, sf. London [Lundonia].

lūtan, sv. 7, stoop.

lȳtel, aj. little.

M.

Mā, see micel.

macian, wv. make.

mæġ, swv. can, be able.

mæġen, sn. strength, capacity; virtue [mæġ].

mǣġþ, sf. family; tribe, nation; generation.

ġe·mǣne, aj. common.

ġe·mǣnelic, aj. common, general.

mǣre, aj. famous, glorious, great (metaphorically).

ġe·mǣre, sn. boundary, territory.

mǣrsian, wv. extol, celebrate [mǣre].

mǣrþo, sf. glory [mǣre].

mæsse, sf. mass [Latin missa].

mæsse-prēost, sm. mass-priest.

mǣst, see miċel.

magon, see mæġ.

man, indef. one [mann].

mān, sn. wickedness.

mān-dǣd, sf. wicked deed.

mān-full, aj. wicked.

mangere, sm. merchant.

mangung, sf. trade, business.

maniġ, aj. many.

manīġ-feald, aj. manifold.

maniġ-fieldan, wv. multiply [maniġfeald].

mann, sm. man; person.

mann-cynn, sn. mankind.

mann-rǣden, sf. allegiance.

mann-slaga, sm. manslayer, murderer [slēan, slęġe].

māre, see miċel.

martyr, sm. martyr.

māþm, sm. treasure.

māþm-fæt, sn. precious vessel.

mē, see ic.

mearc, sf. boundary.

mēd, sf. reward, pay.

mēder, see mōdor.

męnn, see mann.

męnnisc, aj. human [mann].

męre-grot, sr. pearl [margarita].

merġen, sm. morning [morgen].

ġe·met, sn. measure; manner, way.

metan, sv. 5, measure.

ġe·mētan, wv. meet; find [ġemōt].

męte, sm. food—pl. męttas.

miċel, aj. great, much—comp. māre, mā (adv., sn., aj.), sup. mǣst.

miċle, av. greatly, much.

mid, prp. w. dat. (instr.) with—mid þǣm þe, cj. when.

middan-ġeard, sm. world [literally middle enclosure].

midde, aj. mid, middle (only of time).

middel, sn. middle.

Middel-ęnġle, smpl. Middle-Angles.

Mierċe, smpl. Mercians [mearc].

miht, sf. might, strength; virtue [mæġ].

mihte, see mæġ.

mihtiġ, aj. mighty, strong.

mīl, sf. mile [Latin milia (passuum)].

mild-heort, aj. mild-hearted, merciful.

ġe·miltsian, wv. w. dat. have mercy on, pity [milde].

mīn, see ic.

mis-lǣdan, wv. mislead, lead astray.

mis-lic, aj. various.

mōd, sn. heart, mind.

mōdig, aj. proud.

mōdiġ-nes, sf. pride.

mōdor, sf. mother.

molde, sf. mould, earth.

mōna, sm. moon.

mōnaþ, sm. month—pl. mōnaþ [mōna].

morgen, sm. morning.

morþ, sn. (murder), crime.

mōste, see mōtan.

ġe·mōt, sn. meeting.

mōtan, swv. may; ne mōt, must not.

ġe·munan, swv. remember.

munt, sm. mountain, hill [Latin montem].

munuc, sm. monk [Latin monachus].

murcnian, wv. grumble, complain.

mūþ, sm. mouth.

mūþa, sm. mouth of a river [mūþ].

ġe·mynd, sf. memory, mind [ġemunan].

ġe·myndiġ, aj. w. gen. mindful.

mynet, sf. coin [Latin moneta].

mynetere, sm. money-changer.

mynster, sn. monastery [Latin monasterium].

N.

Nā, av. not, no [ = ne ā].

nabban = ne habban.

nǣddre, sf. snake.

næfde, næfst, = ne hæfde, ne hæfst.

nǣfre, av. never [ = ne ǣfre].

næġel, sm. nail.

næs = ne wæs.

nāht, prn. w. gen. naught, nothing [ = nān wiht].

nāht-nes, sf. worthlessness, cowardice.

nam, see niman.

nama, sm. name.

nāmon, see niman.

nān, prn. none, no [ = ne ān].

nāt = ne wāt.

nāwþer, prn. neither [ = ne āhwæþer (either)].

ne, av. not—ne ... ne, neither ... not.

nēah, av. near; superl. nīehst—æt nīehstan, next, immediately, afterwards.

nearu, aj. narrow.

nēa-wist, sfm. neighbourhood [wesan].

nęmnan, wv. name [nama].

neom = ne eom.

nese, av. no.

nętt, sn. net.

nīed, sf. need.

nīedunga, av. needs, by necessity.

nīehst, see nēah.

nīeten, sn. animal.

nigon, num. nine.

nigoþa, aj. ninth.

niht, sf. night.

niman, sv. 4, take, capture; take in marriage, marry.

nis = ne is.

niþer, av. down.

nīwe, aj. new.

ġe·nōg, aj. enough.

nolde = ne wolde.

norþ, av. north.

Norþhymbra-land, sn. Northumberland.

Norþ-hymbre, smpl. Northumbrians [Humbra].

norþan-weard, aj. northward.

Norþ-męnn, pl. Norwegians.

nū, av. now, just now; cj. causal, now that, since.

nū·ġiet, av. still.

ġe·nyht-sum-nes, sf. sufficience, abundance.

nyle, = ne wile.

nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon.

O.

Of, prp. w. dat. of, from of place, origin, privation, release, &c.; partitive, sęllaþ ūs of ēowrum ele, some of your oil.

of-·drǣdd, aj. afraid [past partic. of ofdrǣdan, dread].

ofer, prp. w. dat. and acc. over; on; of time, during, throughout, over.

ofer-gyld, aj. (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold.

ofer-·hęrgian, wv. ravage, over-run.

ofer-·sāwan, sv. 2, sow over.

offrian, wv. offer, sacrifice [Latin offerre].

offrung, sf. offering, sacrifice.

of-·slēan, sv. 2, slay.

of-·snīþan, sv. 6, kill [snīþan, cut].

of-spring, sm. offspring [springan].

oft, av. often.

of-·tēon, sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, deprive.

of-·þyrst, aj. thirsty [past partic. of ofþyrstan, from þurst].

of-·wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder.

ō-lǣċung, sf. flattery.

olfend, sm. camel [Latin elephas].

on, prp. w. dat. and acc. on; in; hostility, against, on hīe fuhton; of time, in.

on-·byrġan, wv. taste.

on-·cnāwan, sv. 1, know, recognize.

on·drǣdan, sv. 1, wv. dread, fear.

on-·fōn, sv. 1, receive.

on-·ġēan, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; hostility, against.

on-·ġēan, av. back—ġewęnde on-ġēan, returned.

on-ġinn, sn. beginning.

on-·ġinnan, sv. 3, begin.

on-·liehtan, wv. illuminate, enlighten [leoht].

on·liehtung, sf. illumination, light.

on-·lūcan, sv. 7, unlock.

on-·middan, prp. w. dat. in the midst of.

on-sīen, sf. appearance, form.

on-sund, aj. sound, whole.

on-·uppan, prp. w. dat. upon.

on-weald, sm. rule, authority, power; territory.

on-·weġ, av. away.

open, aj. open.

openian, wv. open, reveal, disclose.

orgel-līce, av. proudly.

or-mǣte, aj. immense, boundless [metan].

or-sorg, aj. unconcerned, careless.

oþ, prp. w. acc. until—oþ þæt, cj. until; up to, as far as.

ōþer, prn. (always strong), second; other.

oþþe, cj. or—oþþe ... oþþe, either ... or.

oxa, sm. ox.

P.

Pāpa, sm. pope [Latin papa].

pęning, sm. penny.

Peohtas, smpl. Picts.

Philistēisc, aj. Philistine.

Pihtisc, aj. Pictish [Peohtas].

plegian, wv. play.

post, sm. post [Latin postis].

prēost, sm. priest [Latin presbyter].

pund, sn. pound [Latin pondus].

pytt, sm. pit [Latin puteus].

R.

Racentēag, sf. chains.

rād, see rīdan.

ġe·rād, sn. reckoning, account; on þā ġerād þæt, on condition that.

rǣd, sm. advice; what is advisable, plan of action—him rǣd þūhte, it seemed advisable to him.

ramm, sm. ram.

rāp, sm. rope.

rēaf, sn. robe, dress.

reahte, see reċċan.

rēċan, wv. w. gen. reck, care.

ręċċan, wv. tell, narrate.

ġe·ręċednes, sf. narrative.

ġe·rēfa, sm. officer, reeve, bailiff.

reġen, sm. rain.

rēþe, aj. fierce, cruel.

rīċe, aj. powerful, of high rank.

rīċe, sn. kingdom, sovereignty, government.

rīċetere, sn. (ambition), pomp.

rīċsian, wv. rule.

rīdan, sv. 6, ride.

riftere, sm. reaper.

riht, aj. right; righteous.

riht-līce, av. rightly, correctly.

riht-wīs, aj. righteous.

riht-wīsnes, sf. righteousness.

rīm, sm. number.

rīman, wv. count.

rīnan, wv. rain [reġen].

rīpan, sv. 6, reap.

rīpere, sm. reaper.

rīp-tīma, sm. reaping-time, harvest.

rōhte, see rēċan.

Rōme-burg, sf. city of Rome.

rōwan, sv. 1, row.

ryne, sm. course.

ġe·rȳne, sn. mystery.

S.

Sǣ, sf. sea—dat. sǣ.

sǣd, sn. seed.

sæġde, see sęċġan.

sǣl, sm. time, occasion.

ġe·sǣliġ, aj. happy, blessed.

ġe·sǣliġ-līce, av. happily, blessedly.

sæt, sǣton, see sittan.

sagol, sm. rod, staff.

ġe·samnian, wv. collect, assemble.

samod, av. together, with.

sanct, sm. saint [Latin sanctus].

sand, sf. dish of food [sęndan].

sand-ċeosol, sm. sand (literally sand-gravel).

sār, sn. grief.

sār, aj. grievous.

sāriġ, aj. sorry, sad.

sāwan, sv. 1, sow.

sāwere, sm. sower.

sāwol, sf. soul.

scamu, sf. shame.

scand, sf. disgrace.

scand-lic, aj. shameful.

sċēaf, sm. sheaf [scūfan].

sċēaf-mǣlum, av. sheafwise.

ġe·sċeaft, sf. creature, created thing. sċeal, swv. ought to, must; shall.

sċēap, sn. sheep.

sċeatt, sm. (tribute); money.

sċēawere, sm. spy, witness.

sċēawian, wv. see; examine; read.

sċēawung, sf. seeing, examination.

sċēotan, sv. 7, shoot.

sċieppan, sv. 2, create.

sċieran, sv. 4, shear.

sċip, sn. ship.

sċip-hęre, sm. fleet.

sċip-hlæst, sm. (shipload), crew.

sċīr, sf. shire.

scolde, see sceal.

scōp, see sċieppan.

scort, aj. short.

scotian, wv. shoot [sċēotan].

Scot-land, sn. Ireland.

Scottas, smpl. the Irish.

scotung, sf. shot.

scræf, sn. cave.

scrīn, sn. shrine [Latin scrinium].

scrincan, sv. 3, shrink.

scrūd, sn. dress.

scrȳdan, wv. clothe [scrūd].

scūfan, sv. 7, push—scūfan ūt, launch (ship).

sculon, see sċeal.

scuton, see sċēotan.

scyld, sf. guilt [sculon, sceal].

scyldig, aj. guilty.

scylen, see sceal.

Scyttisc, aj. Scotch [Scottas].

se, sē, prn. that; the; he; who.

ġeseah, see ġesēon.

sealde, see sęllan.

sēaþ, sm. pit.

Seaxe, smpl. Saxons.

sēċan, wv. seek; visit, come to; attack.

sęċġan, wv. say.

self, prn. self.

sęllan, wv. give; sell.

sēlest, av. superl. best.

sęndan, wv. send, send message [sand].

sēo, see se.

seofon, num. seven.

seofoþa, aj. seventh.

seolc, sf. silk.

seolcen, aj. silken.

seolfor, sn. silver.

ġe·sēon, sv. 5, see.

sēow, see sāwan.

ġe·sętnes, sf. narrative [sęttan].

sęttan, wv. set; appoint, institute—dōm sęttan w. dat. pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan].

sibb, sf. peace.

ġe·sibb-sum, aj. peaceful.

sīe, see wesan.

sīefer-līce, av. purely.

sīefre, aj. pure.

sierwung, sf. stratagem.

siex, num. six.

siexta, aj. sixth.

siextiġ, num. sixty.

siextiġ-feald, aj. sixtyfold.

siġe, sm. victory—siġe niman, gain the victory.

siġe-fæst, aj. victorious.

ġe·sihþ, sf. sight; vision, dream [ġesēon].

sifren, aj. silver.

simle, av. always.

sind, see wesan.

sinu, sf, sinew.

sittan, sv. 5, sit; settle, stay.

ġe·sittan, sv. 5, take possession of.

sīþ, sm. journey.

sīþian, wv. journey, go.

siþþan, av. since, afterwards; cj. when.

slǣp, sm. sleep.

slǣpan, sv. 1, sleep,
slaga, sm. slayer. [slēan, past. partic. ġeslæġen].

slāw, aj. slow, slothful, dull.

slēan, sv. 2, strike; slay, kill.

slęċġ, sm. hammer [slaga, slēan].

slęġe, sm. killing [slaga, slēan].

slēp, see slǣpan.

slōg, see slēan.

smæl, aj. narrow.

smēan, wv. consider, think; consult.

smēocan, sv. 7, smoke.

smēþe, aj. smooth.

snotor, aj. wise, prudent.

sōna, av. soon; then.

sorg, sf. sorrow.

sōþ, aj. true.

sōþ, sn. truth.

sōþ-līce, av. truly, indeed.

spade, wf. spade [Latin spatha].

sprǣċ, sf. speech, language; conversation [sprecan].

sprecan, sv. 5, speak.

spręnġan, wv. (scatter); sow [springan].

springan, sv. 3, spring.

sprungen, see springan.

stǣnen, aj. of stone [stān].

stǣniht, sn. stony ground [originally adj. 'stony,' from stān].

stān, sm. stone; brick.

standan, sv. 2, stand.

stēap, aj. steep.

stęde, sm. place.

stefn, sf. voice.

stelan, sv. 4, steal.

stęnt, see standan.

stēor, sf. steering, rudder.

steorra, sm. star.

sticol, aj. rough.

stīepel, sm. steeple [stēap].

stīeran, wv. w. dat. restrain [stēor].

ġe·stillan, wv. stop, prevent.

stille, aj. still, quiet.

stōd, see standan.

stōl, sm. seat.

stōw, sf. place.

strǣt, sf. street, road [Latin strata via].

strand, sm. shore.

strang, aj. strong.

strēdan, wv. (scatter), sow.

stręnġþo, sf. strength [strang].

ġe·strēon, sn. possession.

ġe·strīenan, wv. gain [ġestrēon].

strūtian, wv. strut.

styċċe, sn. piece.

sum, prn. some, a certain (one), one; a.

ġe·sund, aj. sound, healthy.

ġe·sund-full. aj. safe and sound.

sundor, av. apart.

sunne, sf. sun.

sunu, sm. son.

sūþ, av. south, southwards.

sūþan, av. from the south.

sūþan-weard, aj. southward.

sūþ-dǣl, sm. the South.

sūþerne, aj. southern.

Sūþ-seaxe, smpl. South-Saxons.

swā, av. so; swā, swā, as, like—swā ... swā, so ... as.

swāc, see swīcan.

swā-·þēah, av. however.

swefn, sn. sleep; dream.

swelċ, prn. such.

swelċe, av. as if, as it were, as, like.

sweltan, sv. 3, die.

swęnċan, wv. afflict, molest [swincan].

swęnġ, sm. stroke, blow [swingan].

swēor, sm. pillar.

swēora, sm. neck.

sweord, sn. sword.

sweord-bora, sm. sword-bearer [beran].

sweotol, aj. clear, evident.

sweotolian, wv. display, show, indicate.

sweotolung, sf. manifestation, sign.

swęrian, sv. 2, swear.

swīc, sm. deceit.

ġe·swīcan, sv. 6 (fail, fall short); cease (betray).

swīc-dōm, sm. deceit [swīcan].

swicol, aj. deceitful, treacherous.

swicon, see swīcan.

swift, aj. swift.

swīgian, wv. be silent.

swincan, sv. 3, labour, toil.

swingan, sv. 3, beat.

swingle, sf. stroke [swingan].

swipe, sm. whip.

swīþe, av. very, much, greatly, violently—cp. swīþor, rather, more.

swīþ-lic, aj. excessive, great.

swīþre, sf. right hand [cp. of swīþe with hand understood].

swulton, see sweltan.

swuncon, see swincan.

swungon, see swingan.

syndriġ, aj. separate [sundor].

syn-full, aj. sinful.

syngian, wv. sin.

synn, sf. sin.

T.

Tācen, sn. sign, token; miracle.

tācnian, wv. signify.

ġe·tācnung, sf. signification, type.

tǣċan, wv. w. dat. show; teach.

talu, sf. number [getel].

tam, aj. tame.

tāwian, wv. ill-treat.

tēam, sm. progeny [tēon].

ġe·tel, sn. number.

tęllan, wv. count, account—tęllan tō nāhte, count as naught [talu].

Tęmes, sf. Thames [Tamisia].

tempel, sn. temple [Latin templum].

tēon, sv. 7, pull, drag.

tēona, sm. injury, insult.

tēon-rǣden, sf. humiliation.

tēþ, see tōþ.

tiċċen, sn. kid.

tīd, sf. time; hour.

tīeġan, wv. tie.

tīeman, wv. teem, bring forth [tēam].

tīen, num. ten.

tierwe, sf. tar.

tiġele, wf. tile [Latin tegula].

tīma, sm. time.

timbrian, wv. build.

ġe·timbrung, sf. building.

tintreġ, sn. torture.

tintregian, wv. torture.

tō, prp. w. dat. (av.) to—tō abbode ġesętt, made abbot; time, at—tō langum fierste, for a long time; adverbial, tō scande, ignominiously; fitness, purpose, for—þǣm folce (dat.) tō dēaþe, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; tō þǣm þæt, cj. in order that—tō þæm (swīþe) ... þæt, so (greatly) ... that.

tō, av. too.

tō-·berstan, sv. 3, burst, break asunder.

tō-·brecan, sv. 4, break in pieces, break through.

tō-·breġdan, sv. 3, tear asunder.

tō-·cwīesan, wv. crush, bruise.

tō-cyme, sm. coming [cuman].

tō-·dæġ, av. to-day.

tō-·dǣlan, wv. disperse; separate, divide.

tō-·gædre, av. together.

tō-·ġēanes, prp. w. dat. towards—him tōġēanes, to meet him.

tōl, sn. tool.

tō-·līesan, wv. loosen [lēas].

tō-·middes, prp. w. dat. in the midst of.

tō-·teran, sv. 4, tear to pieces.

tōþ, sm. tooth.

tō-weard, aj. future.

tō-·weorpan, sv. 3, overthrow, destroy.

trēow, sn. tree.

ġe·trēowe, aj. true, faithful.

trum, aj. strong.

trymman, wv. strengthen [trum].

trymmung, sf. strengthening, encouragement.

tūcian, wv. ill-treat.

tugon, see tēon.

tūn, sm. village, town.

twā, twǣm, see twēġen.

twēġen, num. two.

twęlf, num. twelve.

twęntiġ, num. w. gen. twenty.

Þ.

Þā, av. cj. then; when—þā þā, when, while—correlative þā ... þā, when ... (then).

þā, þǣm, &c., see se.

þǣr, av. there—þǣrtō, &c. thereto, to it; where—þǣr þǣr, correl. where.

þǣre, see se.

þǣr-rihte, av. immediately.

þæs, av. therefore; wherefore.

þæs, þæt, see se.

þæt, cj. that.

ġe·þafian, wv. allow, permit.

þā-·ġiet, av. still, yet.

þanc, sm. thought; thanks.

þancian, wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person, thank.

þanon, av. thence, away.

þās, see þis.

þe, rel. prn. who—sē þe, who; av. when.

þē, see þū.

þēah, av. cj. though, yet, however—þēah þe, although.

þearf, swv. need.

þearle, av. very, greatly.

þēaw, sm. custom, habit; þēawas, virtues, morality.

þeġen, sm. thane; servant.

þeġnian, wv. w. dat. serve.

þeġnung, sf. service, retinue.

þęnċan, wv. think, expect [þanc].

þēod, sf. people, nation.

ġe·þēode, sn. language.

þēof, sm. thief.

þēos, see þes.

þēostru, spl. darkness.

þēow, sm. servant.

þēow-dōm, sm. service.

þēowian, wv. w. dat. serve.

þēowot, sn. servitude.

þes, prn. this.

þiċċe, aj. thick.

þiċġan, sv. 5, take, receive; eat, drink.

þīn, see þū.

þing, sn. thing.

þis, þissum, &c., see þes.

ġe·pōht, sm. thought.

þōhte, see þęnċan.

þone, see se.

þonne, av. cj. then; when; because.

þonne, av. than.

þorfte, see þearf.

þorn, sm. thorn.

þrǣd, sm. thread.

þrēo, see þrīe.

þridda, aj. third.

þrīe, num. three.

þrim, see þrīe.

þritiġ, num. thirty.

þritiġ-feald, aj. thirtyfold.

þrymm, sm. glory.

þū, prn. thou.

þūhte, see þynċan.

ġe·þungen, aj. excellent, distinguished.

þurh, prp. w. acc. through; causal, through, by.

þurh-·wunian, wv. continue.

þurst, sm. thirst.

þurstiġ, aj. thirsty.

þus, av. thus.

þūsend, sn. thousand.

ġe·þwǣr-lǣċan, wv. agree.

þȳ, instr. of se; av. because.

þȳfel, sm. bush.

þȳ·lǣs, cj. lest.

þynċan, wv. impers. w. dat. mē þynċþ, methinks [þęnċan].

þȳrel, sn. hole [þurh].

U.

Ufe-weard, aj. upward, at the top of.

un-ārīmed-lic, aj. innumerable.

unc, see ic.

un-ġecynd, aj. strange, of alien family.

un-dēad-lic-nes, sf. immortality.

under, prp. w. dat. and acc. under.

under-cyning, sm. under-king.

under-·delfan, sv. dig under.

under-·fōn, sv. 1, receive, take.

under-·ġietan, sv. 5, understand.

undern-tīd, sf. morning-time.

un-forht, aj. dauntless.

un-for-molsnod, aj. (past partic.) undecayed.

un-ġehīersum, aj. w. dat. disobedient.

un-hold, aj. hostile.

un-ġemetlic, aj. immense.

un-mihtiġ, aj. weak.

un-nytt, aj. useless.

un-rihtlīce, av. wrongly.

un-rihtwīs, aj. unrighteous.

un-ġerīm, sn. countless number or quantity.

un-ġerīm, aj. countless.

un-ġesǣliġ, aj. unhappy, accursed.

un-scyldiġ, aj. innocent.

un-tīemend, aj. barren [from pres. partic. of tīeman].

un-ġeþwǣr-nes, sf. discord.

un-ġewittiġ, aj. foolish.

ūp, av. up.

ūp-āhafen-nes, sf. conceit, arrogance.

ūp-flōr, sf. (dat. sing. -a) upper floor, upper story.

uppan, prp. w. dat. on, upon.

urnon, see iernan.

ūs, see ic.

ūt, av. out.

ūtan, av. outside.

uton, defect. verb, w. infin. let us—uton gān, let us go!

W.

Wacian, wv. be awake, watch.

wǣdla, sm. poor man.

wæl, sn. slaughter—wæl ġe·slēan, make a slaughter.

wæl-hrēow, aj. cruel.

wælhrēow-līce, av. cruelly, savagely.

wælhrēownes, sf. cruelty.

wǣpen, sn. weapon.

wær, aj. wary.

wǣron, wæs, see wesan.

wæstm, sm. (growth); fruit.

wæter, sn. water.

wæter-sċipe, sm. piece of water, water.

wāfung, sf. (spectacle), display.

-ware, pl. (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [originally defenders, cp. węrian].

wāt, see witan.

ġewāt, see ġewītan.

wē, see ic.

ġe·weald, sn. power, command.

wealdan, sv. 1, w. gen. rule.

Wealh, sm. (pl. Wēalas), sm. Welshman, Briton (originally foreigner).

weall, sm. wall.

weall-līm, sm. (wall-lime), cement, mortar.

wearg, sm. felon, criminal [originally wolf, then proscribed man, outlaw].

weaxan, sv. 1, grow, increase.

weġ, sm. way, road.

weġ-fērende, aj. (pres. partic.) way-faring.

wel, av. well.

wel-willend-nes, sf. benevolence.

wēnan, wv. expect, think.

ġe·węndan, wv. turn; go [windan].

węnian, wv. accustom, wean [ġewuna].

weofod, sn. altar.

weorc, sn. work.

weorpan, sv. 3, throw.

weorþ, sn. worth.

weorþ, aj. worth, worthy.

weorþan, sv. 3, happen; become—w. æt sprǣċe, enter into conversation.

ġe·weorþan, sv. 3, impers. w. dat.—him ġewearþ, they agreed on.

weorþ-full, aj. worthy.

weorþian, wv. honour, worship; make honoured, exalt.

weorþ-līce, aj. honourably.

weorþ-mynd, sf. honour.

wēox, see weaxan.

wēpan, sv. 1, weep.

wer, sm. man.

węrian, wv. defend [wær].

werod, sn. troop, army.

wesan, sv. be.

west, av. west.

West-seaxe, smpl. West-saxons.

wēste, aj. waste, desolate.

wīd, aj. wide.

wīde, av. widely, far and wide.

widewe, sf. widow.

ġe·wieldan, wv. overpower, conquer [wealdan].

wierþe, aj. w. gen. worthy [weorþ].

wīf, sn. woman; wife.

wīf-healf, sf. female side.

wīf-mann, sm. woman.

wiht, sf. wight, creature, thing.

Wiht, sf. Isle of Wight [Vectis].

Wiht-ware, pl. Wight-dwellers.

wilde, aj. wild.

wildēor, sn. wild beast.

willa, sm. will.

willan, swv. will, wish; of repetition, be used to.

ġe·wilnian, wv. w. gen. desire.

wīn, sn. wine.

wind, sm. wind.

windan, sv. 3, wind.

wīn-ġeard, sm. vineyard.

winnan, sv. 3, fight.

ġe·winnan, sv. 3, win, gain.

winter, (pl. winter), sm. winter; in reckoning = year.

winter-setl, sn. winter-quarters.

wīs, aj. wise.

wīs-dōm, sm. wisdom.

wīse, sf. (wise), way.

ġe·wiss, aj. certain.

ġe·wissian, wv. guide, direct.

ġe·wissung, sf. guidance, direction.

wiste, see witan.

wit, see ic.

wita, sm. councillor, sage.

witan, swv. know.

ġe·wītan, sv. 6, depart.

wīte, sn. punishment; torment.

wītega, sm. prophet.

witod-līce, av. truly, indeed, and [witan].

ġe·witt, sn. wits, intelligence, understanding [witan].

wiþ, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; along—wiþ weġ, by the road; hostility, against—fuhton wiþ Brettas, fought with the Britons; association, sharing, &c., with; defence, against; exchange, price, for—wiþ þǣm þe, in consideration of, provided that.

wiþ-·meten-nes, sf. comparison.

wiþ-·sacan, sv. 2, w. dat. deny.

wiþ-·standan, sv. 2, w. dat. withstand, resist.

wlite, sm. beauty.

wōd, aj. mad.

wōd-līce, av. madly.

wolde, see willan.

wōp, sm. weeping [wēpan].

word, sn. word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report.

ġeworden, see weorþan.

worhte, see wyrċan.

woruld, sf. world.

woruld-þing, sn. worldly thing.

wrecan, sv. 5, avenge.

wrēġan, wv. accuse.

ġe·writ, sn. writing [wrītan].

wrītan, sv. 6, write.

wudu, sm. wood.

wuldor, sn. glory.

wuldrian, wv. glorify, extol.

wulf, sm. wolf.

ġe·wuna, sm. habit, custom [wunian].

wund, sf. wound.

wundor, sn. wonder; miracle.

wundor-lic, aj. wonderful, wondrous.

wundor-līce, av. wonderfully, wondrously.

wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder.

ġe·wunelic, aj. customary.

wunian, wv. dwell, stay, continue [ġewuna].

wunung, sf. dwelling.

ġewunnen, see ġewinnan.

wyrċan, wv. work, make; build; do, perform [weorc].

wyrhta, sm. worker.

wyrt, sf. herb, spice; crop.

wyrt-brǣþ, sm. spice-fragrance, fragrant spice.

wyrtruma, sm. root.

wȳsċan, wv. wish.

Y.

Yfel, aj. evil, bad.

yfel, sn. evil.

ymbe, prp. w. acc. around; of time, about, at.

ymb-·scrȳdan, wv. clothe, array.

ymb-·ūtan, av. round about.

ȳterra, aj. comp. outer; superl. ȳtemest, outermost, last [ūt].

THE END.

Notes

[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened.

[2] Both vowels.

[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom.

[4] So also nāh = ne (not) āh.

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Table of Contents

- AN
- ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER
- GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY

- HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D.

- Eighth Edition, Revised

- OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1905

- PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

- PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.

- CONTENTS.

- GRAMMAR.

- SOUNDS.

- PHONOLOGY.

- INFLECTIONS.

- ADJECTIVES.

- PRONOUNS.

- VERBS.

- DERIVATION.

- SYNTAX.

- GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.

- TEXTS.

- I.

- II.

- III.

- IV.

- V.

- VI.

- NOTES.

- Notes

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE