Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 3 of 4: N-R)
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Date: 2012-01-28T00:00:00+00:00
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Title: Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 3 of 4: N-R)

Editor: Thomas Davidson

Release date: January 28, 2012 [eBook #38699]
Most recently updated: May 4, 2026

Language: English

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CHAMBERS'S
TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in its alphabetical order, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings of Darkness are obtained by prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of Dark.

Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary.

The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, no consonant being employed that has more than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in thick, but in italics when sounded as in then. Unmarked vowels have always their short sounds, as in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The marked vowels are shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:—
fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

The vowel u when marked thus, ü, has the sound heard in Scotch bluid, gude, the French du, almost that of the German ü in Müller. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted.

The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:—the dropping of the final or inflexional silent e; the restoration of the historical -t after breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as in traveler, &c.; the discarding of ue in words like demagogue and catalogue; the uniform levelling of the agent -our into -or; the making of ea = ĕ short into e and the long ie into ee; the restoration of some, come, tongue, to their old English forms, sum, cum, tung; a more extended use of z in the body of words, as chozen, praize, raize; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, as foreign, scent, scythe, ache, debt, people, parliament, court, would, sceptic, phthisis, queue, schedule, twopence-halfpenny, yeoman, sieve, gauge, barque, buoy, yacht, &c.

Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of -or for -our, as color, labor, &c.; of -er for -re, as center, meter, &c.; -ize for -ise, as civilize, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, as traveler for traveller; the adoption of e for œ or æ in hemorrhage, diarrhea, &c.

The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases like Clerk, Livery, Marshal, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.

The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus, Ban, Base, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign—is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

aor. | aorist. | geol. | geology. | perh. | perhaps.
abbrev. | abbreviation. | geom. | geometry. | pers. | person.
abl. | ablative. | ger. | gerundive. | pfx. | prefix.
acc. | according. | gram. | grammar. | phil., philos. | philosophy.
accus. | accusative. | gun. | gunnery. | philol. | philology.
adj. | adjective. | her. | heraldry. | phon. | phonetics.
adv. | adverb. | hist. | history. | phot. | photography.
agri. | agriculture. | hort. | horticulture. | phrenol. | phrenology.
alg. | algebra. | hum. | humorous. | phys. | physics.
anat. | anatomy. | i.e. | that is. | physiol. | physiology.
app. | apparently. | imit. | imitative. | pl. | plural.
arch. | archaic. | imper. | imperative. | poet. | poetical.
archit. | architecture. | impers. | impersonal. | pol. econ. | political economy.
arith. | arithmetic. | indic. | indicative. | poss. | possessive.

astrol.

astrology.

infin.

infinitive.

Pr.Bk.

Book of Common

astron. | astronomy. | inten. | intensive. | Prayer.
attrib. | attributive. | interj. | interjection. | pr.p. | present participle.
augm. | augmentative. | interrog. | interrogative. | prep. | preposition.
B. | Bible. | jew. | jewellery. | pres. | present.
biol. | biology. | lit. | literally. | print. | printing.
book-k. | book-keeping. | mach. | machinery. | priv. | privative.
bot. | botany. | masc. | masculine. | prob. | probably.
c. (circa) | about. | math. | mathematics. | Prof. | Professor.

c., cent.

century.

mech.

mechanics.

pron.

pronoun;

carp.

carpentry.

med.

medicine.

pronounced;

cf. | compare. | metaph. | metaphysics. | pronunciation.
chem. | chemistry. | mil. | military. | prop. | properly.
cog. | cognate. | Milt. | Milton. | pros. | prosody.
coll., colloq. | colloquially. | min. | mineralogy. | prov. | provincial.
comp. | comparative. | mod. | modern. | q.v. | which see.
conch. | conchology. | Mt. | Mount. | R.C. | Roman Catholic.
conj. | conjunction. | mus. | music. | recip. | reciprocal.
conn. | connected. | myth. | mythology. | redup. | reduplication.
contr. | contracted. | n., ns. | noun, nouns. | refl. | reflexive.
cook. | cookery. | nat. hist. | natural history. | rel. | related; relative.
corr. | corruption. | naut. | nautical. | rhet. | rhetoric.
crystal. | crystallography. | neg. | negative. | sculp. | sculpture.
dat. | dative. | neut. | neuter. | Shak. | Shakespeare.
demons. | demonstrative. | n.pl. | noun plural. | sig. | signifying.
der. | derivation. | n.sing. | noun singular. | sing. | singular.
dial. | dialect, dialectal. | N.T. | New Testament. | spec. | specifically.
Dict. | Dictionary. | obs. | obsolete. | Spens. | Spenser.
dim. | diminutive. | opp. | opposed. | subj. | subjunctive.
dub. | doubtful. | opt. | optics. | suff. | suffix.
eccles. | ecclesiastical history. | orig. | originally. | superl. | superlative.
e.g. | for example. | ornith. | ornithology. | surg. | surgery.
elect. | electricity. | O.S. | old style. | term. | termination.
entom. | entomology. | O.T. | Old Testament. | teleg. | telegraphy.
esp. | especially. | p., part. | participle. | Tenn. | Tennyson.
ety. | etymology. | p.adj. | participial adjective. | Test. | Testament.
fem. | feminine. | paint. | painting. | theat. | theatre; theatricals.
fig. | figuratively. | paleog. | paleography. | theol. | theology.
fol. | followed; following. | paleon. | paleontology. | trig. | trigonometry.
fort. | fortification. | palm. | palmistry. | ult. | ultimately.
freq. | frequentative. | pa.p. | past participle. | v.i. | verb intransitive.
fut. | future. | pass. | passive. | voc. | vocative.
gen. | genitive. | pa.t. | past tense. | v.t. | verb transitive.
gener. | generally. | path. | pathology. | vul. | vulgar.
geog. | geography. | perf. | perfect. | zool. | zoology.

Amer. | American. | Fris. | Frisian. | Norw. | Norwegian.
Ar. | Arabic. | Gael. | Gaelic. | O. Fr. | Old French.
A.S. | Anglo-Saxon. | Ger. | German. | Pers. | Persian.
Austr. | Australian. | Goth. | Gothic. | Peruv. | Peruvian.
Bav. | Bavarian. | Gr. | Greek. | Pol. | Polish.
Beng. | Bengali. | Heb. | Hebrew. | Port. | Portuguese.
Bohem. | Bohemian. | Hind. | Hindustani. | Prov. | Provençal.
Braz. | Brazilian. | Hung. | Hungarian. | Rom. | Romance.
Bret. | Breton. | Ice. | Icelandic. | Russ. | Russian
Carib. | Caribbean. | Ind. | Indian. | Sans. | Sanskrit.
Celt. | Celtic. | Ion. | Ionic. | Scand. | Scandinavian.
Chal. | Chaldean. | Ir. | Irish. | Scot. | Scottish.
Chin. | Chinese. | It. | Italian. | Singh. | Singhalese.
Corn. | Cornish. | Jap. | Japanese. | Slav. | Slavonic.
Dan. | Danish. | Jav. | Javanese. | Sp. | Spanish.
Dut. | Dutch. | L. | Latin. | Sw. | Swedish.
Egypt. | Egyptian. | Lith. | Lithuanian. | Teut. | Teutonic.
Eng. | English. | L. L. | Low or Late Latin. | Turk. | Turkish.
Finn. | Finnish. | M. E. | Middle English. | U.S. | United States.
Flem. | Flemish. | Mex. | Mexican. | W. | Welsh.
Fr. | French. | Norm. | Norman. | |

CHAMBERS'S
TWENTIETH CENTURY
DICTIONARY.

the fourteenth letter and eleventh consonant of our alphabet, a nasal-dental: (chem.) the symbol for nitrogen: (math.) an indefinite constant whole number, esp. the degree of a quantic or an equation: as a numeral, formerly, N=90, and (N)=90,000.

Na, nä, a Scotch form of no.

Nab, nab, v.t. to seize suddenly:—pr.p. nab′bing; pa.p. nabbed. [Sw. nappa; Dan. nappe, to catch.]

Nab, nab, n. a hill-top: the projecting cavity fixed to the jamb of a door to receive the latch or bolt: (obs.) a hat. [For knab=knap.]

Nabatæan, nab-a-tē′an, adj. of or pertaining to a once powerful Arab people who formerly dwelt on the east and south-east of Palestine, identified by some with the Nebaioth of Isa. lx. 7, the Nabathites of 1 Maccab. v. 25.—Also Nabathē′an.

Nabk, nabk, n. one of the plants in the crown of thorns (Zizyphus Spina-Christi). [Prob. Ar.]

Nabob, nā′bob, n. a deputy or governor under the Mogul Empire: a European who has enriched himself in the East: any man of great wealth. [Corr. of Hind. nawwâb, a deputy, from Ar. nawwāb, pl. (used as sing.) of nāib, a deputy.]

Nacarat, nak′a-rat, n. a light-red colour, scarlet: a fabric of this colour. [Fr.]

Nacket, nak′et, n. (Scot.) a small cake, luncheon.

Nacre, nā′kr, n. mother-of-pearl.—adj. iridescent.—adj. Nā′creous, consisting of nacre: having a pearly lustre. [Fr.,—Ar. nakīr, hollowed.]

Nadir, nā′dir, n. the point of the heavens diametrically opposite to the zenith: the lowest point of anything. [Fr.,—Ar. nazīr, from nazara, to be like.]

Nævus, nē′vus, n. a birth-mark: a congenital growth strictly on a part of the skin, whether a pigmentary nævus or mole, or a vascular naevus or overgrowth of capillary blood-vessels—also Mother-spot or Birth-mark—also Næve, Neve:—pl. Næ′vī.—adjs. Næ′void, Næ′vous, Næ′vose. [L.]

Nag, nag, n. a horse, but particularly a small one—(Scot.) Naig: (Shak.) a jade. [M. E. nagge—Mid. Dut. negge, negghe (mod. Dut. negge); cf. Neigh.]

Nag, nag, v.t. to worry or annoy continually: to tease or vex: to find fault with constantly:—pr.p. nag′ging; pa.p. nagged.—n. Nag′ger. [Cf. Gnaw.]

Naga, nä′ga, n. the name of deified serpents in Hindu mythology.

Nagari. See Deva-nagari.

Naiad, nā′yad, n. a water-nymph or a goddess, presiding over rivers and springs:—pl. Nai′ades. [L. and Gr. naias, naiados, from naein, to flow.]

Naiant, nā′yant, adj. floating: (her.) swimming, as a fish placed horizontally across a shield. [L. nans, nantis, pr.p. of natāre, to swim.]

Naïf, nä-ēf′, Naïve, nä-ēv′, adj. with natural or unaffected simplicity, esp. in thought, manners, or speech: artless: ingenuous.—adv. Naïve′ly.—n. Naïveté (nä-ēv-tā′), natural simplicity and unreservedness of thought, manner, or speech. [Fr. naïf, fem, naïve—L. nativus, native—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Nail, nāl, n. one of the flattened, elastic, horny plates placed as protective coverings on the dorsal surface of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes: the claw of a bird or other animal: a thin pointed piece of metal for fastening wood: a measure of length (2¼ inches):—v.t. to fasten with nails: to make certain: to confirm, pin down, hold fast: to catch or secure through promptitude; to trip up or expose.—ns. Nail′-brush, a small brush for cleaning the nails; Nail′er, one whose trade is to make nails; Nail′ery, a place where nails are made.—adj. Nail′-head′ed, having a head like that of a nail: formed like nail-heads, said of ornamental marks on cloth and on certain kinds of mouldings (dog-tooth).—n. Nail′-rod, a strip cut from an iron plate to be made into nails: a trade name for a strong kind of manufactured tobacco.—Nail to the counter, to expose publicly as false, from the habit of nailing a counterfeit coin to a shop counter.—Drive a nail in one's coffin (see Coffin); Hit the nail on the head, to touch the exact point; On the nail, on the spot: immediately: without delay. [A.S. nægel; Ger. nagel.]

Nainsell, nān′sel, n. own self—Highland Scotch.

Nainsook, nān′sōōk, n. a kind of muslin like jaconet, both plain and striped. [Hind.]

Naissant, nās′sant, adj. (her.) rising or coming forth, as an animal newly born or about to be born. [Fr., pr.p. of naître—L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

Naïve. See Naïf.

Naked, nā′ked, adj. without clothes: uncovered: open to view: unconcealed: evident: unarmed: defenceless: unprovided: without addition or ornament: simple: artless: (bot.) without the usual covering.—adv. Nā′kedly.—n. Nā′kedness.—Naked eye, the eye unassisted by glasses of any kind; Naked lady, the meadow-saffron.—Stark naked, entirely naked. [A.S. nacod; Ger. nackt.]

Naker, nā′ker, n. a kettledrum. [O. Fr.,—Ar.]

Nam, nam, n. an obsolete law term for distraint.—n. Namā′tion. [A.S. niman, pa.t. nam, to take.]

Namby-pamby, nam′bi-pam′bi, n. silly talking or writing.—adj. sentimental, affectedly pretty.—v.t. to coddle. [H. Carey's nickname for Ambrose Philips (1671-1749), from his childish odes to children.]

Name, nām, n. that by which a person or a thing is known or called: a designation: that which is said of a person: reputed character: reputation: fame: celebrity: remembrance: a race or family: appearance, not reality: authority: behalf: assumed character of another: (gram.) a noun.—v.t. to give a name to: to designate: to speak of or to call by name: to mention for a post or office: to nominate: to mention formally by name a person in the House of Commons as guilty of disorderly conduct.—adjs. Nam′able, Name′able; Name′less, without a name: undistinguished: indescribable; Name′worthy, distinguished.—adv. Name′lessly.—n. Name′lessness.—adv. Name′ly, by name: that is to say.—ns. Name′-plate, a plate of metal having on it the name of a person, usually affixed to a door or a gate; Nam′er; Name′sake, one bearing the same name as another for his sake.—Name the day, to fix a day, esp. for a marriage.—Call names, to nickname; Christian name (see Christian); In name of, on behalf of: by the authority of; Proper name, a name given to a particular person, place, or thing; Take a name in vain, to use a name lightly or profanely. [A.S. nama; Ger. name; L. nomen.]

Nancy, nan′si, n. an effeminate young man, often a 'Miss Nancy.'—Nancy Pretty, a corruption of none so pretty, the Saxifraga umbrosa.

Nandine, nan′din, n. a small West African paradoxure, with spotted sides.

Nandu, Nandoo, nan′dōō, n. the South American ostrich.

Nanism, nā′nizm, n. dwarfishness.—n. Nanisā′tion, the artificial dwarfing of trees.—adj. Nā′noid. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. nanos, a dwarf.]

Nankeen, nan-kēn′, n. a buff-coloured cotton cloth first made at Nankin in China: (pl.) clothes, esp. breeches, made of nankeen.—Also Nankin′.

Nanny, nan′i, n. a female goat.—Also Nann′y-goat.

Nap, nap, n. a short sleep.—v.i. to take a short sleep: to feel drowsy and secure:—pr.p. nap′ping; pa.p. napped.—Catch napping, to come upon unprepared. [A.S. hnappian; cf. Ger. nicken, to nod.]

Nap, nap, n. the woolly substance on the surface of cloth: the downy covering of plants.—v.t. to raise a nap on.—ns. Nap′-mē′ter, a machine for testing the wearing strength of cloth; Nap′piness.—adj. Nap′py. [M. E. noppe: the same as knop.]

Nap, nap, n. a game of cards—Napoleon (q.v.).

Nap, nap, v.t. to seize, to take hold of, steal.

Nape, nāp, n. the back upper part of the neck, perhaps so called from the knob or projecting point of the neck behind. [Knap, knob.]

Napery, nā′per-i, n. linen, esp. for the table: table-cloths, napkins, &c. [O. Fr.,—Low L. naparia—napa, a cloth—L. mappa, a napkin.]

Naphtha, naf′tha, or nap′tha, n. a clear, inflammable liquid distilled from petroleum, wood, coal-tar, &c.: rock-oil.—n. Naph′thalene, a grayish-white, inflammable substance obtained by the distillation of coal-tar.—adj. Naphthal′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, naphthalene.—v.t. Naph′thalise.—ns. Naph′thol, Naphthyl′amine. [L.,—Gr.,—Ar. naft.]

Napierian, nā-pē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to John Napier of Merchiston (1550-1617), the inventor of logarithms.—Napier's bones, or rods, an invention of Napier's for performing mechanically the operations of multiplication and division, by means of sets of rods.

Napiform, nāp′i-form, adj. shaped like a turnip: large and round above and slender below.—adj. Napifō′lious, with leaves like the turnip. [L. napus, a turnip.]

Napkin, nap′kin, n. a cloth for wiping the hands: a handkerchief.—n. Nap′kin-ring, a ring in which a table-napkin is rolled. [Dim. of Fr. nappe.]

Napless, nap′les, adj. without nap: threadbare.

Naples-yellow, nā′plz-yel′lō, n. a light-yellow pigment consisting of antimoniate of lead, originally made in Italy by a secret process.

Napoleon, na-pō′lē-on, n. a French gold coin worth 20 francs, or about 15s. 10½d.: a French modification of the game of euchre, each player receiving five cards and playing for himself: a kind of rich iced cake.—adj. Napoleon′ic, relating to Napoleon I. or III., the Great or the Little.—ns. Napō′leonism; Napō′leonist.—Go nap, to declare all five tricks—success rewarded by double payment all round.

Nappy, nap′i, adj. heady, strong: tipsy.—n. strong ale. [Prob. from nap, a sleep.]

Nappy, nap′i, adj. (Scot.) brittle. [Cf. Knap.]

Napron, nap′ron, n. (Spens.) an apron.

Narcissus, nar-sis′us, n. a genus of plants of the Amaryllis family, comprising the daffodils. [L.,—Gr. narkissos—narkē, torpor.]

Narcolepsy, nar′kō-lep-si, n. a nervous disorder marked by frequent short attacks of irresistible drowsiness.

Narcotic, nar-kot′ik, adj. having power to produce torpor, sleep, or deadness.—n. a medicine producing sleep or stupor.—n. Narcō′sis, the stupefying effect of a narcotic.—adv. Narcot′ically.—n. Nar′cotine, one of the organic bases or alkaloids occurring in opium.—v.t. Nar′cotise.—n. Nar′cotism, the influence of narcotics, or the effects produced by their use. [Fr.,—Gr. narkē, torpor.]

Nard, närd, n. an aromatic plant usually called Spikenard: an ointment prepared from it.—adj. Nard′ine. [Fr.,—L. nardus—Gr. nardos—Pers. nard—Sans. nalada, from Sans. nal, to smell.]

Nardoo, när-dōō′, n. an Australian cryptogamic plant whose spore-cases are eaten by the natives.

Nardus, när′dus, n. a genus of grasses, having but one species, Nardus stricta, mat-grass.

Narghile, när′gi-le, n. an Eastern tobacco-pipe, in which the smoke is passed through water.—Also Nar′gile, Nar′gileh, Nar′gili. [Pers.]

Naris, nā′ris, n. a nostril:—pl. Nā′res.—adjs. Nar′ial, Nar′ine.—n. Nar′icorn, the horny nasal sheath of the beak of some birds.—adj. Nar′iform. [L.]

Narrate, na-rāt′, or nar′-, v.t. to tell, to give an account of.—adj. Narr′able, capable of being told.—n. Narrā′tion, act of telling: that which is told: an orderly account of what has happened.—adj. Narr′ative, narrating: giving an account of any occurrence: inclined to narration: story-telling.—n. that which is narrated: a continued account of any occurrence: story.—adv. Narr′atively.—n. Narrā′tor, one who narrates: one who tells or states facts, &c.—adj. Narr′atory, like narrative: consisting of narrative. [Fr.,—L. narrāre, -ātum—gnārus, knowing.]

Narre, när, adj. (Spens.) an older form of near.

Narrow, nar′ō, adj. of little breadth: of small extent from side to side: limited: contracted in mind: bigoted: not liberal: selfish: within a small distance: almost too small: close: accurate: careful.—n. (oftener used in the pl.) a narrow passage, channel, or strait.—v.t. to make narrow: to contract or confine.—v.i. to become narrow: to reduce the number of stitches in knitting.—adj. Narr′ow-gauge, denoting a railroad of less width than 4 ft. 8½ in.—n. Narr′owing, the act of making less in breadth: the state of being contracted: the part of anything which is made narrower.—adv. Narr′owly.—adj. Narr′ow-mind′ed, of a narrow or illiberal mind.—ns. Narr′ow-mind′edness; Narr′owness.—adjs. Narr′ow-pry′ing (Shak.), scrutinising closely, inquisitive; Narr′ow-souled, illiberal.—Narrow cloth, cloth, esp. woollen, of less than 54 inches in width; Narrow work, in mining, the making of passages, air-shafts, &c. [A.S. nearu; not conn. with near, but prob. with nerve, snare.]

Narthex, nar′theks, n. a former genus of umbelliferous plants, now included in Ferula: a portico or lobby in an early Christian or Oriental church or basilica. [L.,—Gr., narthēx.]

Narwhal, när′hwal, Narwal, när′wal, n. the sea-unicorn, a mammal of the whale family with one large projecting tusk. [Dan. narhval—Ice. náhvalr, 'corpse-whale,' from the creature's pallid colour (Ice. nár, corpse).]

Nary, ner′i, a provincial corruption of ne'er a, never a.

Nas, nas, an obsolete corruption of ne has; of ne was.

Nasal, nā′zal, adj. belonging to the nose: affected by, or sounded through, the nose.—n. a letter or sound uttered through the nose: the nose-piece in a helmet.—n. Nasalisā′tion, the act of uttering with a nasal sound.—v.i. Nā′salise, to render nasal, as a sound: to insert a nasal letter into.—n. Nasal′ity.—adv. Nā′sally, by or through the nose.—adjs. Nā′sicorn, having a horn on the nose, as a rhinoceros; Nā′siform, nose-shaped.—n. Nā′sion, the median point of the naso-frontal suture.—adjs. Nasobā′sal, pertaining to the nose and base of the skull; Nasoc′ular, pertaining to the nose and eye, nasorbital; Nasofron′tal, pertaining to the nasal bone and the frontal bone; Nasolā′bial, pertaining to the nose and the upper lip; Nasolac′rymal, pertaining to the nose and to tears, as the duct which carries tears from the eyes to the nose; Nasopal′atine, pertaining to the nose and to the palate or palate-bones. [Fr.,—L. nasus, the nose.]

Nasard, naz′ard, n. a mutation-stop in organ-building.—Also Nas′arde.

Nascent, nas′ent, adj. springing up: arising: beginning to exist or to grow.—n. Nas′cency, the beginning of production: birth or origin. [L. nascens, -entis, pr.p. of nasci, natus, to be born.]

Naseberry, nāz′ber-i, n. an American tropical tree.—Also Nees′berry, Nis′berry. [Sp. níspero—L. mespilus, medlar.]

Nasturtium, nas-tur′shi-um, n. the water-cress. [L., nasus, the nose, torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Nasty, nas′ti, adj. dirty: filthy: obscene: disagreeable to the taste or smell: difficult to deal with: ill-natured: nauseous.—adv. Nas′tily.—n. Nas′tiness. [Old form nasky, soft; cf. prov. Swed. snaskig, nasty, Low Ger. nask, nasty.]

Nasute, nā-sūt′, adj. having a long snout: keen-scented.

Natal, nā′tal, adj. pertaining to the nates or buttocks.—n.pl. Nā′tes, the buttocks.—adj. Nat′iform. [L. natis, the rump.]

Natal, nā′tal, adj. pertaining to birth: native: presiding over birthdays.—adj. Natali′tial, pertaining to a birthday.—n. Natal′ity, birth-rate. [Fr.,—L. natalis—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Natant, nā′tant, adj. floating on the surface, as leaves of water-plants: (her.) in a horizontal position, as if swimming.—n. Natā′tion, swimming.—n.pl. Natatō′res, the swimming-birds.—adj. Natatō′rial, swimming: adapted to swim.—n. Natatō′rium, a swimming-school.—adj. Nā′tatory, pertaining to swimming: having the habit of swimming. [L. natans, -antis, pr.p. of natāre, inten. of nāre, to swim.]

Natch, nach, n. (prov.) the rump.

Natch, nach, n. a provincial form of notch.

Nathless, nath′les, adj. not the less: nevertheless.—Also Nathe′less. [A.S. ná thý læs, not the less.]

Nathmore, nath′mōr, adv. (Spens.) not or never the more.—Also Nath′moe. [A.S. ná thý mára.]

Nation, nā′shun, n. a body of people born of the same stock: the people inhabiting the same country, or under the same government: a race: a great number: a division of students in a university for voting purposes at Aberdeen and Glasgow. [Fr.,—L. nation-em,—nasci, natus, to be born.]

National, nash′un-al, adj. pertaining to a nation: public: general: attached to one's own country.—n. Nationalisā′tion, the act of nationalising, as of railways, private property, &c.: the state of being nationalised.—v.t. Nat′ionalise, to make national: to make a nation of.—ns. Nat′ionalism; Nat′ionalist, one who strives after national unity or independence, esp. as in Ireland for more or less separation from Great Britain: an advocate of nationalism: National′ity, birth or membership in a particular country: separate existence as a nation: a nation, race of people: national character.—adv. Nat′ionally.—n. Nat′ionalness.—National air, anthem, the popular song by which a people's patriotic feelings are expressed; National Church, the church established by law in a country; National Convention, the sovereign assembly which sat from Sept. 21, 1792, to Oct. 26, 1795, after the abolition of monarchy in France; National debt, money borrowed by the government of a country and not yet paid; National flag, or ensign, the principal flag of a country; National guard, a force which took part in the French Revolution, first formed in 1789.

Native, nā′tiv, adj. arising or appearing by birth: produced by nature: pertaining to the time or place of birth: belonging by birth, hereditary, natural, original: occurring uncombined with other substances, as metals.—n. one born in any place: an original inhabitant: (pl.) oysters raised in artificial beds.—adv. Nā′tively.—ns. Nā′tiveness; Nā′tivism, the belief that the mind possesses some ideas or forms of thought that are inborn, and not derived from sensation: the disposition to favour the natives of a country in preference to immigrants; Nā′tivist.—adj. Nativis′tic.—n. Nativ′ity, state or fact of being born: time, place, and manner of birth: the birth of Christ, hence the festival of His birth, Christmas—also a picture representing His birth: state or place of being produced: a horoscope.—Native rock, stone not yet quarried. [Fr.,—L. nativus—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Natrix, nā′triks, n. a genus of colubrine snakes. [L.,—natāre, to swim.]

Natrolite, nat′ro-līt, n. one of the most common of the group of minerals known as Zeolites.

Natron, nā′trun, n. native carbonate of sodium, or mineral alkali, the nitre of the Bible.—n. Natrom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of soda in salts of potash and soda. [Fr.,—L. nitrum—Gr. nitron.]

Natter, nat′ėr, v.t. and v.i. (prov.) to find fault.—adjs. Natt′ered, Natt′ery, peevish.

Natterjack, nat′ėr-jak, n. a common European toad. [Cf. Adder.]

Nattes, nats, n.pl. surface decoration or diaper resembling plaited or interlaced work. [Fr.]

Natty, nat′i, adj. trim, tidy, neat, spruce.—adv. Natt′ily.—n. Natt′iness. [Allied to neat.]

Natural, nat′ū-ral, adj. pertaining to, produced by, or according to nature: inborn: not far-fetched: not acquired: tender: unaffected: in a state of nature, unregenerate: (math.) having 1 as the base of the system, of a function or number: illegitimate: (mus.) according to the usual diatonic scale.—n. an idiot: (mus.) a character () which removes the effect of a preceding sharp or flat: a white key in keyboard musical instruments.—adj. Nat′ural-born, native.—n.pl. Naturā′lia, the sexual organs.—n. Naturalisā′tion.—v.t. Nat′uralise, to make natural or easy: to adapt to a different climate or to different conditions of life: to grant the privileges of natural-born subjects to.—ns. Nat′uralism, mere state of nature: a close following of nature, without idealisation, in painting, sculpture, fiction, &c.: the belief that natural religion is of itself sufficient; Nat′uralist, one who studies nature, more particularly zoology and botany: a believer in naturalism.—adj. Naturalist′ic, pertaining to, or in accordance with, nature: belonging to the doctrines of naturalism.—adv. Nat′urally.—n. Nat′uralness.—Natural history, originally the description of all that is in nature, now used of the sciences that deal with the earth and its productions—botany, zoology, and mineralogy, esp. zoology; Natural law, the sense of right and wrong which arises from the constitution of the mind of man, as distinguished from the results of revelation or legislation; Natural numbers, the numbers 1, 2, 3, and upwards; Natural order, in botany, an order or division belonging to the natural system of classification, based on a consideration of all the organs of the plant; Natural philosophy, the science of nature, of the physical properties of bodies: physics; Natural scale, a scale of music written without sharps or flats; Natural science, the science of nature, as distinguished from that of mind (mental and moral science), and from pure science (mathematics); Natural selection, a supposed operation of the laws of nature, the result of which is the 'survival of the fittest,' as if brought about by intelligent design; Natural system, a classification of plants and animals according to real differences in structure; Natural theology, or Natural religion, the body of theological truths discoverable by reason without revelation.

Nature, nā′tūr, n. the power which creates and which regulates the material world: the power of growth: the established order of things, the universe: the qualities of anything which make it what it is: constitution: species: conformity to nature, truth, or reality: inborn mind, character, instinct, or disposition: vital power, as of man or animal: course of life: nakedness: a primitive undomesticated condition.—adj. Nā′tured, having a certain temper or disposition: used in compounds, as good-natured.—ns. Nā′ture-dē′ity, a deity personifying some force of physical nature; Nā′ture-myth, a myth symbolising natural phenomena; Nā′ture-print′ing, the process of printing in colours from plates that have been impressed with some object of nature, as a plant, leaf, &c.; Nā′ture-wor′ship, Nā′turism, worship of the powers of nature.—n. Nā′turist.—adj. Naturist′ic.—Debt of nature, death; Ease, or Relieve, nature, to evacuate the bowels. [Fr.,—L. natura—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Naught, nawt, n. no-whit, nothing.—adv. in no degree.—adj. of no value or account: worthless: bad.—Be naught, an obsolete form of malediction; Come to naught, to come to nothing, to fail; Set at naught, to treat as of no account, to despise. [Another form of nought. A.S. náht, náwiht—ná, not, wiht, a whit.]

Naughty, nawt′i, adj. bad in conduct or speech: mischievous: perverse: disagreeable.—adv. Naught′ily.—n. Naught′iness.

Naumachy, naw′ma-ki, n. a sea-fight: a show representing a sea-fight.—Also Naumach′ia. [Gr. naus, a ship, machē, a fight.]

Nauplius, naw′pli-us, n. a stage of development of low Crustaceans, as cirripeds, &c.:—pl. Nau′plii.—adjs. Nau′pliiform, Nau′plioid. [L., a kind of shell-fish—Gr. Nauplios, a son of Poseidon, naus, a ship, plein, to sail.]

Nauropometer, naw-rō-pom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring a ship's heeling or inclination at sea. [Gr. naus, a ship, hropē, inclination, metron, measure.]

Nauscopy, naw′skop-i, n. the art of sighting ships at great distances. [Gr. naus, a ship, skopein, to see.]

Nausea, naw′she-a, n. sea-sickness: any sickness of the stomach, with a tendency to vomit: loathing.—adj. Nau′seant, producing nausea.—n. a substance having this quality.—v.i. Nau′seāte, to feel nausea or disgust.—v.t. to loathe: to strike with disgust.—n. Nauseā′tion.—adjs. Nau′seātive, causing nausea or loathing; Nau′seous, producing nausea: disgusting: loathsome.—adv. Nau′seously.—n. Nau′seousness. [L.,—Gr. nausia, sea-sickness—naus, a ship.]

Nautch, nawch, n. a kind of ballet-dance performed by professional dancers known as Nautch′-girls in India: any form of stage entertainment with dancing. [Hind. nāch, dance.]

Nautical, naw′tik-al, adj. of or pertaining to ships, to sailors, or to navigation: naval: marine.—adv. Nau′tically.—Nautical almanac, an almanac giving information specially useful to sailors; Nautical mile, one-sixtieth of a degree measured at the Equator (=about 2025 yards). [L. nauticus—Gr. nautikos—naus; cog. with L. navis, a ship.]

Nautilus, naw′ti-lus, n. a Cephalopod found in the southern seas, once believed to sail by means of the expanded tentacular arms: a kind of diving-bell sinking or rising by means of condensed air:—pl. Nau′tiluses, or Nau′tili.—adjs. Nau′tiliform, Nau′tiloid.—Paper nautilus, any species of Argonauta. [L.,—Gr. nautilos, a sailor.]

Naval, nā′val, adj. pertaining to ships: consisting of, or possessing, ships: marine: nautical: belonging to the navy.—Naval brigade, a body of seamen so arranged as to be able to serve on land; Naval officer, an officer on board a man-of-war: a custom-house officer of high rank in the United States; Naval tactics, the science and methods of managing and moving squadrons of ships. [Fr.,—L. navalis—navis, a ship.]

Nave, nāv, n. the middle or main body of a church, distinct from the aisles or wings.—n. Nā′varch, a Greek admiral. [Fr. nef—L. navis, a ship.]

Nave, nāv, n. the hub or piece of wood, &c., in the centre of a wheel, through which the axle passes.—v.t. to form as a nave. [A.S. nafu, nave; cf. Dut. naaf, Ger. nabe.]

Navel, nāv′l, n. the mark or depression in the centre of the lower part of the abdomen, at first a small projection.—n. Nāv′el-string, the umbilical cord. [A.S. nafela, dim. of nafu, nave.]

Navew, nā′vū, n. the wild turnip.

Navicular, nav-ik′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to small ships or boats: (bot.) boat-shaped: scaphoid.—n. a bone in man and animals, so called from its shape.—n. Navic′ula, an incense-boat.—Navicular disease, an inflammation, often rheumatic, of the small bone—the navicular—in horses, below which passes the strong flexor tendon of the foot. [L. navicularis—navicula, dim. of navis, a ship.]

Navigate, nav′i-gāt, v.t. to steer or manage a ship in sailing: to sail upon.—v.i. to go in a vessel or ship: to sail.—ns. Navigabil′ity, Nav′igableness.—adj. Nav′igable, that may be passed by ships or vessels.—adv. Nav′igably.—ns. Navigā′tion, the act, science, or art of sailing ships: shipping generally: a canal or artificial waterway; Nav′igator, one who navigates or sails: one who directs the course of a ship.—Navigation laws, the laws passed from time to time to regulate the management and privileges of ships, and the conditions under which they may sail or carry on trade.—Aerial navigation, the management of balloons in motion; Inland navigation, the passing of boats, &c., along rivers and canals. [L. navigāre, -ātum—navis, a ship, agĕre, to drive.]

Navvy, nav′i, n. a labourer—originally a labourer on a navigation or canal: a machine for digging out earth, &c.—called also French navvy:—pl. Navv′ies. [A contr. of navigator.]

Navy, nā′vi, n. a fleet of ships: the whole of the ships-of-war of a nation: the officers and men belonging to the warships of a nation.—ns. Nā′vy-list, a list of the officers and ships of a navy, published from time to time; Nā′vy-yard, a government dockyard. [O. Fr. navie—L. navis, a ship.]

Nawab, na-wab′, n. a nabob.

Nay, nā, adv. no: not only so, but: yet more: in point of fact.—n. a denial: a vote against.—n. Nay′ward (Shak.), tendency to denial: the negative side. [M. E. nay, nai—Ice. nei, Dan. nei; cog. with no.]

Nayword, nā′wurd, n. (Shak.) a proverbial reproach, a byword, a watchword.

Nazarene, naz′ar-ēn, n. an inhabitant of Nazareth, in Galilee: a follower of Jesus of Nazareth, originally used of Christians in contempt: one belonging to the early Christian sect of the Nazarenes, which existed from the 1st to the 4th cent. A.D.—Also Nazarē′an. [From Nazareth, the town.]

Nazarite, naz′ar-īt, n. a Jew who vowed to abstain from strong drink, &c.—also Naz′irite.—n. Naz′aritism, the vow and practice of a Nazarite. [Heb. nāzar, to consecrate.]

Naze, nāz, n. a headland or cape. [Scand., as in Dan. næs; a doublet of ness.]

Nazir, na-zēr′, n. a native official in an Anglo-Indian court who serves summonses, &c. [Ar.]

Ne, ne, adv. not: never. [A.S. ne; cf. Nay.]

Neaf, nēf, n. the fist—(Scot.) Neive. [M. E. nefe—Ice. hnefi, nefi; cf. Sw. näfve, the fist.]

Neal, nēl, v.t. to temper by heat.—v.i. to be tempered by heat. [Cf. Anneal.]

Nealogy, nē-al′o-ji, n. the description of the morphological correlations of the early adolescent stages of an animal.—adj. Nealog′ic. [Gr. neos, young, logia—legein, to speak.]

Neanderthaloid, nē-an′dėr-tal-oid, adj. like the low type of skull found in 1857 in a cave in the Neanderthal, a valley between Düsseldorf and Elberfeld.

Neap, nēp, adj. low, applied to the lowest tides.—n. a neap-tide: the lowest point of the tide.—adj. Neaped, left aground from one high tide to another. [A.S. nép, orig. hnép; Dan. knap, Ice. neppr, scanty.]

Neapolitan, nē-a-pol′i-tan, adj. pertaining to the city of Naples or its inhabitants.—n. a native or inhabitant of Naples.—Neapolitan ice, a combination of two different ices. [L. Neapolitanus—Gr. Neapolis, Naples—neos, new, polis, city.]

Near, nēr, adj. nigh: not far away in place or time: close in kin or friendship: dear: following or imitating anything closely: close, narrow, so as barely to escape: short, as a road: greedy, stingy: on the left in riding or driving.—adv. at a little distance: almost: closely,—prep. close to.—v.t. and v.i. to approach: to come nearer.—adjs. Near′-by, adjacent; Near′-hand (Scot.), near—also adv. nearly.—adv. Near′ly, at no great distance: closely: intimately: pressingly: almost: stingily.—n. Near′ness, the state of being near: closeness: intimacy: close alliance: stinginess.—adj. Near′-sight′ed, seeing distinctly only when near, myopic, short-sighted.—n. Near′-sight′edness.—Near point, the nearest point the eye can focus. [A.S. neár, comp. of neáh, nigh; Ice. nær; Ger. näher.]

Nearctic, nē-ark′tik, adj. of or pertaining to the northern part of the New World—embracing temperate and arctic North America.

Neat, nēt, adj. belonging to the bovine genus.—n. black-cattle: an ox or cow.—ns. Neat′-herd, one who herds, or has the care of, neat or cattle; Neat′-house, a building for the shelter of neat-cattle.—Neat's-foot oil, an oil obtained from the feet of oxen; Neat's leather, leather made of the hides of neat-cattle. [A.S. neát, cattle, a beast—neótan, niótan, to use; cf. Scot. nowt, black-cattle.]

Neat, nēt, adj. trim: tidy: clean: well-shaped: without mixture or adulteration: finished, adroit, clever, skilful.—adj. Neat′-hand′ed, dexterous.—adv. Neat′ly.—n. Neat′ness. [Fr. net—L. nitidus, shining—nìtēre, to shine.]

Neb, neb, n. the beak of a bird: the nose: the sharp point of anything.—adj. Nebb′y (Scot.), saucy. [A.S. nebb, the face; cog. with Dut. neb, beak.]

Nebbuk, neb′uk, n. a shrub, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, one of the thorns of Christ's crown.

Nebel, neb′el, n. a Hebrew stringed instrument.

Neb-neb, neb′-neb, n. the dried pods of a species of acacia found in Africa, which are much used in Egypt for tanning—called also Bablah.

Nebris, neb′ris, n. a fawn-skin worn in imitation of Bacchus by his priests and votaries.

Nebula, neb′ū-la, n. a little cloud: a faint, misty appearance in the heavens produced either by a group of stars too distant to be seen singly, or by diffused gaseous matter:—pl. Neb′ulæ.—adjs. Neb′ular, pertaining to nebulæ: like nebulæ; Nebulé (neb-ū-lā′), curved in and out (her.); Neb′ulose, Neb′ulous, misty, hazy, vague: relating to, or having the appearance of, a nebula.—ns. Nebulos′ity, Neb′ulousness.—Nebular hypothesis, the theory of Laplace and Sir W. Herschel that nebulæ form the earliest stage in the formation of stars and planets. [L.; Gr. nephelē, cloud, mist.]

Necessary, nes′es-sar-i, adj. that must be: that cannot be otherwise: unavoidable: indispensable: under compulsion: not free.—n. that which cannot be left out or done without (food, &c.)—used chiefly in pl.: a privy.—ns. Necessā′rian, one who holds the doctrine of necessity; Necessā′rianism, the doctrine that the will is not free, but subject to causes without, which determine its action.—adv. Nec′essarily.—n. Nec′essariness, the state or quality of being necessary.—Necessary truths, such as cannot but be true. [Fr.,—L. necessarius.]

Necessity, ne-ses′i-ti, n. state or quality of being necessary: that which is necessary or unavoidable: compulsion: great need: poverty.—ns. Necessitā′rian; Necessitā′rianism, necessarianism.—v.t. Necess′itāte, to make necessary: to render unavoidable: to compel.—n. Necessitā′tion.—adjs. Necess′itied (Shak.), in a state of want; Necess′itous, in necessity: very poor: destitute.—adv. Necess′itously.—n. Necess′itousness.—Natural necessity, the condition of being necessary according to the laws of nature; Logical or Mathematical, according to those of human intelligence; Moral, according to those of moral law; Works of necessity, work so necessary as to be allowable on the Sabbath. [L. necessitas.]

Neck, nek, n. the part of an animal's body between the head and trunk: anything that resembles the neck: a long narrow part or corner: (fig.) life: the flesh of the neck and adjoining parts.—v.t. to break the neck or cut off the head.—ns. Neck′atee, a neckerchief; Neck′-band, the part of a shirt encircling the neck; Neck′-bear′ing, that part of a shaft which rotates in the bearing proper, a journal; Neck′beef, the coarse flesh of the neck of cattle; Neck′cloth, a piece of folded cloth worn round the neck by men as a band or cravat, the ends hanging down often of lace.—adj. Necked, having a neck of a certain kind.—ns. Neck′erchief, a kerchief for the neck; Neck′lace, a lace or string of beads or precious stones worn on the neck by women; Neck′let, a simple form of necklace; Neck′-mould, a small moulding surrounding a column at the junction of the shaft and capital; Neck′-piece, the part of a suit of armour that protects the neck: an ornamental frill round the neck of a gown; Neck′tie, a tie or cloth for the neck; Neck′verse, the verse (usually Ps. li. 1) in early times placed before a prisoner claiming benefit-of-clergy, in order to test his ability to read, which, if he could do, he was burned in the hand and set free (see Benefit).—n. Stiff′neck (see Stiff).—Neck and crop, completely; Neck and neck, exactly equal: side by side; Neck or nothing, risking everything.—Harden the neck, to grow more obstinate; Tread on the neck of, to oppress or tyrannise over. [A.S. hnecca; Ger. nacken.]

Necrolatry, nek-rol′a-tri, n. worship of the dead.—ns. Necrobiō′sis, degeneration of living tissue; Necrog′rapher, one who writes an obituary notice.—adjs. Necrolog′ic, -al, pertaining to necrology.—ns. Necrol′ogist, one who gives an account of deaths; Necrol′ogy, an account of those who have died, esp. of the members of some society: a register of deaths; Nec′romancer, one who practises necromancy: a sorcerer; Nec′romancy, the art of revealing future events by calling up and questioning the spirits of the dead: enchantment.—adjs. Necroman′tic, -al, pertaining to necromancy: performed by necromancy.—adv. Necroman′tically.—adj. Necroph′agous, feeding on carrion.—ns. Necroph′ilism, a morbid love for the dead; Necrophō′bia, a morbid horror of corpses.—adj. Necroph′orous, carrying away and burying dead bodies, esp. of beetles of the genus Necrophorus.—n. Necrop′olis, a cemetery.—adjs. Necroscop′ic, -al.—n. Nec′roscopy, a post-mortem examination, autopsy—also Nec′ropsy.—adjs. Necrosed′, Necrō′tic.—ns. Necrō′sis, the mortification of bone: (bot.) a disease of plants marked by small black spots; Necrot′omist; Necrot′omy, dissection of dead bodies. [Gr. nekros, dead.]

Nectar, nek′tar, n. the name given by Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, &c. to the beverage of the gods, giving life and beauty: a delicious beverage: the honey of the glands of plants.—adjs. Nectā′real, Nectā′rean, pertaining to, or resembling, nectar: delicious; Nec′tared, imbued with nectar: mingled or abounding with nectar; Nectā′reous, Nec′tarous, pertaining to, containing, or resembling nectar: delicious.—adv. Nectā′reously, in a nectareous manner.—n. Nectā′reousness, the quality of being nectareous.—adjs. Nectā′rial; Nectarif′erous, producing nectar or honey: having a nectary; Nec′tarine, sweet as nectar.—n. a variety of peach with a smooth fruit.—n. Nec′tary, the part of a flower which secretes the nectar or honey. [L.,—Gr. nektar; ety. dub.]

Nectocalyx, nek′to-kā-liks, n. the swimming-bell of a medusa:—pl. Nectocā′lyces.

Neddy, ned′i, n. a donkey. [From Ned=Edward.]

Née, nā, adj. born: placed before a married woman's maiden-name, to show her own family, as Rebecca Crawley, née Sharp. [Fr., fem. of né, pa.p. of naître, to be born—L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

Need, nēd, n. want of something which one cannot do without: necessity: a state that requires relief: want of the means of living.—v.t. to have occasion for: to want.—ns. Need′-be, a necessity; Need′er; Need′fire, fire produced by friction, to which a certain virtue is superstitiously attached: a beacon generally.—adj. Need′ful, full of need: having need: needy: necessary: requisite.—adv. Need′fully.—n. Need′fulness.—adv. Need′ily.—n. Need′iness.—adj. Need′less (Shak.), having no need: not needed: unnecessary.—adv. Need′lessly.—n. Need′lessness.—adv. Need′ly (Shak.), necessarily.—n. Need′ment, something needed.—adv. Needs, of necessity: indispensably—often used with must, as 'needs must.'—adj. Need′y, very poor: requisite.—n. Need′yhood.—The needful (slang), ready money. [A.S. néd, niéd, nýd; Dut. nood, Ger. noth.]

Needle, nēd′l, n. a small, sharp-pointed steel instrument, with an eye for a thread—(Shak.) Neeld, Neele: any slender, pointed instrument like a needle, as the magnet or movable bar of a compass, or for knitting, etching, &c.: anything sharp and pointed, like a pinnacle of rock, &c.: an aciform crystal: a temporary support used by builders to sustain while repairing, being a strong beam resting on props: the long, narrow, needle-like leaf of a pine-tree.—v.t. to form into a shape like a needle, as crystals: to work with a needle.—v.i. to become of the shape of needles, as crystals.—ns. Need′le-book, a number of pieces of cloth, leather, &c. arranged like a book, for holding needles; Need′le-case, a case for holding needles; Need′le-fish, a pipe-fish: a garfish or belonid; Need′leful, as much thread as fills a needle; Need′le-gun, a gun or rifle loaded at the breech, the cartridge of which is exploded by the impact of a needle or spike at its base.—adjs. Need′le-point′ed, pointed like a needle: without a barb, as a fish-hook; Need′le-shaped, shaped like a needle: applied to the long, slender, sharp-pointed leaves of pines, firs, and other trees.—ns. Need′le-tel′egraph, a telegraph the receiver of which gives its messages by the deflections of a magnetic needle; Need′lewoman, a woman who makes her living by her needle, a seamstress; Need′lework, work done with a needle: the business of a seamstress.—adj. Need′ly, thorny. [A.S. nǽdl; Ger. nadel; cog. with Ger. nähen, to sew, L. nēre, to spin.]

Neep, a Scotch form of turnip.

Ne'er, nār, adv. contr. of never.—adj. and n. Ne'er′-do-well, past all well-doing: one who is good for nothing.

Neese, nēz, v.i. an old form of sneeze.—n. Nees′ing, sneezing.

Nef, nef, n. a cadenas.

Nefandous, nē-fan′dus, adj. bad to execration, abominable. [L.,—ne, not, fandus, fāri, to speak.]

Nefarious, nē-fā′ri-us, adj. impious: extremely wicked: villainous.—adv. Nefā′riously.—n. Nefā′riousness.—adj. Nēfast′, abominable. [L. nefarius, contrary to divine law—ne, not, fas, divine law, prob. from fāri, to speak.]

Negation, ne-gā′shun, n. act of saying no: denial: (logic) the absence of certain qualities in anything. [Fr.,—L. negation-em-—negāre, -ātum, to say no—nec, not, aio, I say yes.]

Negative, neg′a-tiv, adj. that denies or refuses—opp. to Affirmative: implying absence: that stops, hinders, neutralises—opp. to Positive: in photography, exhibiting the reverse, as dark for light, light for dark: (logic) denying the connection between a subject and a predicate: (algebra) noting a quantity to be subtracted.—n. a word or statement by which something is denied: the right or act of saying 'no,' or of refusing assent: the side of a question or the decision which denies what is affirmed: in photography, an image on glass or other medium, in which the lights and shades are the opposite of those in nature, used for printing positive impressions from on paper, &c.: (gram.) a word that denies.—v.t. to prove the contrary: to reject by vote.—adv. Neg′atively.—ns. Neg′ativeness, Neg′ativism, Negativ′ity.—adj. Neg′atory, expressing denial.—Negative bath, a silver solution in which photographic negatives are placed to be sensitised; Negative electricity, electricity with a relatively low potential, electricity such as is developed by rubbing resinous bodies with flannel, opposite to that obtained by rubbing glass; Negative quantity (math.), a quantity with a minus sign ( - ) before it, indicating that it is either to be subtracted, or reckoned in an opposite direction from some other with a plus sign; Negative sign, the sign ( - or minus) of subtraction. [L. negativus—negāre, to deny.]

Negātur, v. it is denied. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. pass. of negāre, to deny.]

Neglect, neg-lekt′, v.t. to treat carelessly, pass by without notice: to omit by carelessness.—n. disregard: slight: omission.—adj. Neglect′able, that may be neglected.—ns. Neglect′edness; Neglect′er.—adj. Neglect′ful, careless: accustomed to omit or neglect things: slighting.—adv. Neglect′fully.—n. Neglect′fulness.—adj. Neglect′ible.—adv. Neglect′ingly, carelessly: heedlessly. [L. negligĕre, neglectum—nec, not, legĕre, to gather.]

Negligée, neg-li-zhā′, n. easy undress: a plain, loose gown: a necklace, usually of red coral.—adj. carelessly or unceremoniously dressed: careless. [Fr., fem. of négligé—négliger, to neglect.]

Negligence, neg′li-jens, n. fact or quality of being negligent: want of proper care: habitual neglect: a single act of carelessness or neglect, a slight: carelessness about dress, manner, &c.: omission of duty, esp. such care for the interests of others as the law may require—(Shak.) Neglec′tion.—adj. Neg′ligent, neglecting: careless: inattentive: disregarding ceremony or fashion.—adv. Neg′ligently.—adj. Neg′ligible.—adv. Neg′ligibly. [Fr.,—L. negligentia—negligens, -entis, pr.p. of negligĕre, to neglect.]

Negotiable, ne-gō′shi-a-bl, adj. that may be transacted: that can be transferred to another with the same rights as belonged to the original holder, as a bill of exchange.—n. Negotiabil′ity.

Negotiate, ne-gō′shi-āt, v.i. to carry on business: to bargain: to hold intercourse for the purpose of mutual arrangement.—v.t. to arrange for by agreement: to manage: to transfer to another with all the rights of the original holder: to pass, as a bill: to sell.—ns. Negotiā′tion, act of negotiating: the treating with another on business; Negō′tiator; Negō′tiatrix.—adj. Negotiā′tory, of or pertaining to negotiation. [L. negotiāri, -ātus—negotium, business—nec, not, otium, leisure.]

Negrito, ne-grē′to, n. the Spanish name for certain tribes of negro-like diminutive people in the interior of some of the Philippine Islands—also Aëtas or Itas: in a wider sense, the Papuans and all the Melanesian peoples of Polynesia.

Negro, nē′grō, n. one of the black-skinned woolly-haired race in the Soudan and central parts of Africa, also their descendants in America.—adj. of or pertaining to the race of black men:—fem. Nē′gress.—ns. Nē′gro-corn, the name given in the West Indies to the plant durra or Indian millet; Nē′grohead, tobacco soaked in molasses and pressed into cakes, so called from its blackness.—adj. Nē′groid.—n. Nē′grōism, any peculiarity of speech noticeable among negroes, esp. in the southern United States. [Sp. negro—L. niger, black.]

Negus, nē′gus, n. a beverage of either port or sherry with hot water, sweetened and spiced. [Said to be so called from Colonel Negus, its first maker, in the reign of Queen Anne.]

Negus, nē′gus, n. the title of the kings of Abyssinia.

Neif, nēf, n. (Shak.) the fist.

Neigh, nā, v.i. to utter the cry of a horse:—pr.p. neigh′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. neighed (nād).—n. the cry of a horse—(Scot.) Nich′er. [A.S. hnǽgan; Ice. hneggja.]

Neighbour, nä′bur, n. a person who dwells, sits, or stands near another: one who is on friendly terms with another.—adj. (B.) neighbouring.—v.i. to live near each other.—v.t. to be near to.—n. Neigh′bourhood, state of being neighbours, kindly feeling: adjoining district or the people living in it: a district generally, esp. with reference to its inhabitants.—adj. Neigh′bouring, being near: adjoining.—n. Neigh′bourliness.—adjs. Neigh′bourly, like or becoming a neighbour: friendly: social—also adv.; Neigh′bour-stained (Shak.), stained with neighbours' blood. [A.S. neáhbúr, neáhgebúr—A.S. neáh, near, gebúr or búr, a farmer.]

Neist, nēst, a dialectic form of next.

Neither, nē′thėr, or nī′thėr, adj. and pron. not either.—conj. not either: and not: nor yet.—adv. not at all: in no case. [A.S. náther, náwther, abbrev. of náhwæther—ne, not, áhwæther, áwther, either.]

Neivie-nick-nack, nē′vi-nik′-nak, n. a Scotch children's game of guessing in which hand a thing is held while the holder repeats a rhyme beginning with these words.

Nelumbo, nē-lum′bō, n. a genus of water-lilies including the Egyptian Bean of Pythagoras, and the Hindu Lotus.—Also Nelum′bium. [Ceylon name.]

Nemalite, nem′a-līt, n. a fibrous hydrate of magnesia. [Gr. nēma, a thread, lithos, a stone.]

Nemathecium, nem-a-thē′si-um, n. a wart-like elevation on the surface of the thallus of certain florideous algæ. [Gr. nēma, a thread, thēkion, thēkē, case.]

Nemathelminthes, nem-a-thel-min′thez, n.pl. a name applied to the thread-worms or nematodes (as Ascaris, Guinea-worm, Trichina), to the somewhat distinct Gordiidæ or hair-eels, and to the more remotely allied Acanthocephala or Echinorhynchus.—Also Nemathelmin′tha.—adjs. Nemathel′minth, -ic. [Gr. nēma, a thread, helmins, -minthos, worm.]

Nematocerous, nem-a-tos′e-rus, adj. having long thready antennæ, as a dipterous insect. [Gr. nēma, a thread, keras, a horn.]

Nematocyst, nem′a-tō-sist, n. a cnida, one of the offensive organs of Cœlenterates, as jellyfish. [Gr. nēma, a thread, kystis, a bladder.]

Nematoid, nem′a-toid, adj. thread-like—also Nem′atode.—n.pl. Nematoi′dea, a class of Vermes, with mouth, alimentary canal, and separate sexes, usually parasitic. [Gr. nēma, thread, eidos, form.]

Nemean, nē′mē-an, adj. pertaining to Nemea, a valley of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, famous for its public games held in the second and fourth of each Olympiad.

Nemertea, nē-mer′tē-a, n.pl. a class of Vermes, mostly marine, unsegmented, covered with cilia, often brightly coloured, with protrusile proboscis, and usually distinct sexes.—adj. Nemer′tean. [Gr. Nēmertēs, a nereid's name.]

Nemesis, nem′e-sis, n. (myth.) the goddess of vengeance: retributive justice.—adj. Nemes′ic. [Gr.,—nemein, to distribute.]

Nemo, nē′mo, n. nobody: a nobody. [L.]

Nemocerous, nē-mos′e-rus, adj. having filamentous antennæ.

Nemoral, nem′o-ral, adj. pertaining to a wood or grove.—n. Nemoph′ilist.—adjs. Nemoph′ilous, fond of woods, inhabiting woods; Nem′orose, growing in woodland; Nem′orous, woody. [L. nemus, -ŏris, a grove.]

Nempt, nemt (Spens.), named, called.

Nenuphar, nen′ū-far, n. the great white water-lily. [Fr.,—Ar.]

Neo-Catholic, nē-ō-kath′o-lik, adj. pertaining to the short-lived school of liberal Catholicism that followed Lamennais, Lacordaire, and Montalembert about 1830: pertaining to a small party within the Anglican Church, who think they have outgrown Keble and Pusey and the great Caroline divines, and are more noisy than intelligent in their avowal of preference for Roman doctrine, ritual, and discipline.

Neo-Christian, nē-ō-kris′tyan, adj. and n. of or pertaining to so-called Neo-Christianity, which merely means old Rationalism.

Neocomian, nē-ō-kō′mi-an, adj. and n. (geol.) of or pertaining to the lower division of the Cretaceous system, including the Lower Greensand and the Wealden of English geologists. [Græcised from Neuchâtel, near which is its typical region; Gr. neos, new, kōmē, a village.]

Neocosmic, nē-ō-koz′mik, adj. pertaining to the present condition of the universe, esp. its races of men. [Gr. neos, new, kosmos, the universe.]

Neocracy, nē-ok′ra-si, n. government by upstarts.

Neogamist, nē-og′a-mist, n. a person recently married.

Neogrammarian, nē-ō-gra-mā′ri-an, n. one of the more recent school in the study of Indo-European grammar and philology, who attach vast importance to phonetic change, and the laws governing it.—adj. Neogrammat′ical.

Neohellenism, nē-ō-hel′en-izm, n. the modern Hellenism inspired by the ancient: the devotion to ancient Greek ideals in literature and art, esp. in the Italian Renaissance.

Neo-Kantian, nē-ō-kan′ti-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Kant as taught by his successors.

Neo-Latin, nē-ō-lat′in, n. Latin as written by modern writers: new Latin, as in the Romance languages sprung from the Latin.

Neolite, nē′ō-līt, n. a dark-green silicate of aluminium and magnesium. [Gr. neos, new, lithos, a stone.]

Neolithic, nē-ō-lith′ik, adj. applied to the more recent implements of the stone age—opp. to Palæolithic. [Gr. neos, new, lithos, a stone.]

Neology, nē-ol′o-ji, n. the introduction of new words, or new senses of old words, into a language: (theol.) new doctrines, esp. German rationalism.—n. Neolō′gian.—adjs. Neolog′ic, -al, pertaining to neology: using new words.—adv. Neolog′ically.—v.i. Neol′ogise, to introduce new words or doctrines.—ns. Neol′ogism, a new word, phrase, or doctrine: the use of old words in a new sense; Neol′ogist, one who introduces new words or senses: one who introduces new doctrines in theology.—adjs. Neologis′tic, -al. [Gr. neos, new, logos, word.]

Neonomianism, nē-ō-nō′mi-an-izm, n. the doctrine that the gospel is a new law, and that faith has abrogated the old moral obedience.—n. Neonō′mian. [Gr. neos, new, nomos, law.]

Neonomous, nē-on′o-mus, adj. having a greatly modified biological structure, specialised according to recent conditions of environment. [Gr. neos, new, nomos, law.]

Neontology, nē-on-tol′o-ji, n. the science and description of extant, as apart from extinct, animals.—n. Neontol′ogist. [Gr. neos, new, on, ontos, being, logia—legein, to speak.]

Neo-paganism, nē-ō-pā′gan-izm, n. a revival of paganism, or its spirit—a euphemism for mere animalism.—v.t. Neo-pā′ganīse, to imbue with this spirit.

Neophobia, nē-ō-fō′bi-a, n. dread of novelty. [Gr. neos, new, phobia—phebesthai, to fear.]

Neophron, nē′ō-fron, n. a genus of vultures, having horizontal nostrils. [Gr.,—neos, new, phren, mind.]

Neophyte, nē′ō-fīt, n. a new convert, one newly baptised or admitted to the priesthood, or to a monastery, a novice: a tyro or beginner.—adj. newly admitted or entered on office.—n. Nē′ophytism. [L. neophytus—Gr. neos, new, phytos, grown—phyein, to produce.]

Neoplasm, nē′ō-plazm, n. a morbid new growth or formation of tissue.—adj. Neoplas′tic.

Neoplatonism, nē-ō-plā′to-nizm, n. a system of philosophy combining Platonic and Oriental elements, originating with Ammonius Saccas at Alexandria in the 3d century, developed by Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus, &c.—adj. Neoplaton′ic.—n. Neoplā′tonist.

Neoteric, -al, nē-ō-ter′ik, -al, adj. of recent origin, modern.—v.i. Neot′erise.—n. Neot′erism, the introduction of new things, esp. new words. [Gr.,—neōteros, comp. of neos, new.]

Neotic, nē-ot′ik, adj. addressed to the understanding.

Neotropical, nē-ō-trop′i-kal, adj. applied to the part of the New World including tropical and South America and the adjacent islands.

Neozoic, nē-ō-zō′ik, adj. denoting all rocks from the Trias down to the most recent formations, as opposed to Palæozoic. [Gr. neos, new, zoē, life.]

Nep, nep, n. (prov.) a knot in a fibre of cotton.

Nepenthes, ne-pen′thēz, n. (med.) a drug that relieves pain—also Nepen′the: a genus of plants having a cup or pitcher attached to the leaf, often filled with a sweetish liquid, the pitcher-plant. [Gr.,—nē, neg., penthos, grief.]

Nephalism, nef′a-lizm, n. total abstinence from alcoholic drinks.—n. Neph′alist, a bigoted teetotaler. [Gr. nēphalios, sober; nēphein, to be sober.]

Nepheline, nef′e-lin, n. a rock-forming mineral, colourless, usually crystallising in hexagonal prisms, occurring in various volcanic rocks, as in certain basalts. [Gr. nephelē, a cloud.]

Nepheloid, nef′e-loid, adj. cloudy, turbid.—ns. Nephelom′eter, a supposititious instrument for measuring cloudiness; Neph′eloscope, an apparatus for illustrating the formation of cloud; Neph′elosphere, an atmosphere of cloud surrounding a planet, &c. [Gr. nephelē, cloud.]

Nephew, nev′ū, or nef′ū, n. the son of a brother or sister: (orig.) a grandson (so in New Test.):—fem. Niece. [O. Fr. neveu—L. nepos, nepotis, grandson, nephew; A.S. nefa, Ger. neffe, nephew.]

Nephralgia, ne-fral′ji-a, n. pain or disease of the kidneys—also Nephral′gy.—ns. Neph′rite, a mineral usually called Jade, an old charm against kidney disease; Nephrit′ic, a medicine for the cure of diseases of the kidneys.—adjs. Nephrit′ic, -al, pertaining to the kidneys: affected with a disease of the kidneys: relieving diseases of the kidneys.—ns. Nephrī′tis, inflammation of the kidneys; Neph′rocele, hernia of the kidney; Nephrog′raphy, a description of the kidneys.—adj. Neph′roid, kidney-shaped.—ns. Nephrol′ogy, scientific knowledge of the kidneys; Nephrot′omy, the operation of excising the kidneys. [Gr. nephros, a kidney, algos, pain.]

Nepotism, nep′o-tizm, n. undue favouritism to one's relations, as in the bestowal of patronage.—adjs. Nepot′ic, Nepō′tious.—n. Nep′otist, one who practises nepotism. [L. nepos, nepotis, a grandson.]

Neptune, nep′tūn, n. (Rom. myth.) the god of the sea, identified with the Greek Poseidon, represented with a trident in his hand: (astron.) the outermost planet of the solar system, discovered in 1846.—adj. Neptū′nian, pertaining to the sea: (geol.) formed by water: applied to stratified rocks or to those due mainly to the agency of water, as opposed to Plutonic or Igneous.—n. Nep′tūnist, one who holds the Neptunian theory in geology—also adj. [L. Neptunus.]

Nereid, nē′rē-id, n. (Gr. myth.) a sea-nymph, one of the daughters of the sea-god Nereus, who attended Neptune riding on sea-horses: (zool.) a genus of marine worms like long myriapods.—ns. Nē′rēis, a nereid; Nē′rēite, a fossil annelid related to the nereids. [L.,—Gr.]

Nerine, nē-rī′nē, n. a genus of ornamental South African plants of the Amaryllis family, with scarlet or rose-coloured flowers.—The Guernsey Lily is the Nerine Sarniensis.

Nerite, nē′rīt, n. a gasteropod of the genus Nerita or the family Neritidæ.—adj. Neritā′cean.

Nerium, nē′ri-um, n. a genus of Mediterranean shrubs, with fragrant and showy pink, white, or yellowish flowers, the oleander.

Nero, nē′ro, n. the last emperor of the family of the Cæsars, at Rome (54-68 A.D.): any cruel and wicked tyrant.—adj. Nerō′nian.

Nero-antico, nā-rō-an-tē′ko, n. a deep-black marble found in Roman ruins. [It.]

Nerve, nėrv, n. bodily strength, firmness, courage: (anat.) one of the fibres which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain: (bot.) one of the fibres or ribs in the leaves of plants: a trade term for a non-porous quality of cork, slightly charred: (pl.) hysterical nervousness.—v.t. to give strength or vigour to: to arm with force.—adj. Nerv′al.—ns. Nervā′tion, the arrangement or distribution of nerves, esp. those of leaves; Nerve′-cell, any cell forming part of the nervous system, esp. one of those by means of which nerve-fibres are connected with each other; Nerve′-cen′tre, a collection of nerve-cells from which nerves branch out.—adj. Nerved, furnished with nerves, or with nerves of a special character, as 'strong-nerved.'—n. Nerve′-fī′bre, one of the essential thread-like units of which a nerve is composed.—adj. Nerve′less, without strength.—n. Nerve′lessness.—adj. Nerv′ine, acting on the nerves: quieting nervous excitement.—n. a medicine that soothes nervous excitement.—adjs. Nerv′ous, having nerve: sinewy: strong, vigorous, showing strength and vigour: pertaining to the nerves: having the nerves easily excited or weak; Nerv′ous, Nervose′, Nerved (bot.) having parallel fibres or veins.—adv. Nerv′ously.—n. Nerv′ousness.—adj. Nerv′ūlar.—ns. Nerv′ūle, a small nerve, a small vein of an insect's wing—also Nervulet, Veinlet, Venule; Nerv′ure, one of the nerves or veins of leaves: one of the horny tubes or divisions which expand the wings of insects: one of the ribs in a groined vault: a projecting moulding.—adj. Nerv′y, strong, vigorous.—Nervous system (anat.), the brain, spinal cord, and nerves collectively: the whole of the nerves and nerve-centres of the body considered as related to each other, and fitted to act together. [Fr.,—L. nervus; Gr. neuron, a sinew.]

Nescience, nesh′ens, n. want of knowledge.—adj. Nesc′ient. [L. nescientia—nescīre, to be ignorant—ne, not, scīre, to know.]

Nesh, nesh, adj. (prov.) soft, crumbly: tender.—v.t. Nesh′en, to make tender.

Neshamah, nesh′a-mä, n. the highest degree of the soul in the cabbalistic system.

Nesiote, nē′si-ōt, adj. insular. [Gr. nēsos, an island.]

Neski, nes′ki, n. the cursive hand generally used in Arabic.—Also Nesh′ki. [Ar.]

Nesogæan, nē-sō-jē′an, adj. pertaining to Nesogæa—Polynesia or Oceania, New Zealand excepted, with regard to the distribution of its animals. [Gr. nēsos, an island, gaia, the earth.]

Ness, nes, n. a promontory or headland. [A.S. næss; a doublet of naze, prob. conn. with nose.]

Nest, nest, n. the bed formed by a bird for hatching her young: the place in which the eggs of any animal are laid and hatched: a comfortable residence: a number of persons haunting one place for a bad purpose: the place itself: a number of baskets or boxes each fitting inside the next larger.—v.t. to form a nest for.—v.i. to build and occupy a nest.—n. Nest′-egg, an egg left in the nest to keep the hen from forsaking it: something laid up as the beginning of an accumulation.—Feather one's nest, to provide for one's self, esp. from other people's property of which one has had charge. [A.S. nest; Ger. nest, L. nīdus.]

Nestle, nes′l, v.i. to lie close or snug as in a nest: to settle comfortably.—v.t. to cherish, as a bird does her young.—adj. Nest′ling, being in the nest, newly hatched.—n. act of making a nest: a young bird in the nest—also Nest′ler. [A.S. nestlian—nest.]

Nestor, nes′tor, n. a Greek hero at Troy, remarkable for eloquence and wisdom gained through long life and varied experience: any one who possesses those qualities, a counsellor, adviser.—adj. Nestō′rian.

Nestorian, nes-tō′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Christological doctrine of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to his condemnation and deposition at the general council of Ephesus in 431; he held the true divinity and humanity of Christ, but denied their union in a single self-conscious personality, that union being merely moral or sympathetic—thus the personality was broken up into a duality.—n. a follower of Nestorius.—n. Nestō′rianism.

Net, net, n. an open fabric of twine, &c., knotted into meshes for catching birds, fishes, &c.: anything like a net for keeping out insects, &c.: a meshed bag for holding a woman's hair: machine-made lace of various kinds: a snare: a difficulty.—adj. made of netting or resembling it, reticulate: caught in a net.—v.t. to form into network: to take with a net: to protect with a net, to veil.—v.i. to form network:—pr.p. net′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. net′ted.—ns. Net′-fish, any fish, like the herring, caught in nets—opp. to Trawl-fish and Line-fish; Net′-fish′ery, a place for net-fishing, the business of such fishing; Net′-fish′ing, the method or the industry of fishing with nets.—p.adj. Net′ted, made into a net, reticulated: caught in a net.—ns. Net′ting, act or process of forming network: a piece of network: any network of ropes or wire, esp. for use on shipboard; Net′ting-need′le, a kind of shuttle used in netting.—adjs. Net′ty, like a net; Net′-veined, in entomology, having a great number of veins or nervures like a network on the surface, as in the wings of many Orthoptera; Net′-winged, having net-veined wings.—n. Net′work, any work showing cross lines or open spaces like the meshes of a net. [A.S. net, nett; Dut. net, Ger. netz.]

Net, Nett, net, adj. clear of all charges or deductions—opp. to Gross: lowest, subject to no further deductions.—v.t. to produce as clear profit:—pr.p. net′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. net′ted. [Neat.]

Nethelesse, neth′les, adv.=Nathless.

Nether, neth′ėr, adj. beneath another, lower: infernal.—n. Neth′erlander, an inhabitant of Holland.—adj. Neth′erlandish, Dutch.—n.pl. Neth′erlings, stockings.—adjs. Neth′ermore, lower; Neth′ermost, lowest.—n.pl. Neth′erstocks (Shak.), short stockings or half-hose for the leg, as distinguished from trunk hose for the thigh.—advs. Neth′erward, -s, downward. [A.S. neothera, a comp. adj. due to adv. nither, downward; Ger. nieder, low.]

Nethinim, neth′in-im, n.pl. (B.) servants of the old Jewish temple, set apart to assist the Levites. [Heb.]

Netsuke, net′su-kā, n. a small toggle or button, carved or inlaid, on Japanese pipe-cases, pouches, &c.

Nettle, net′l, n. a common plant covered with hairs which sting sharply.—v.t. to fret, as a nettle does the skin: to irritate.—ns. Nett′le-cloth, thick japanned cotton cloth used for leather; Nett′le-fish, a jelly-fish, sea-nettle; Nett′lerash, a kind of fever characterised by a rash or eruption on the skin; Nett′le-tree, a genus of trees, with simple and generally serrated leaves, the fruit a fleshy, globose, one-celled drupe; Nett′le-wort, any plant of the nettle family. [A.S. netele; Ger. nessel.]

Nettling, net′ling, n. the joining of two ropes, end to end, without seam: the tying in pairs of yarns in a ropewalk to prevent tangling. [Knittle.]

Neume, nūm, n. a succession of notes to be sung to one syllable, a sequence: an old sign for a tone or a phrase. [O. Fr.,—Gr. pneuma, breath.]

Neural, nū′ral, adj. pertaining to the nerves—also Neur′ic.—ns. Neuric′ity, nerve-force; Neuril′ity, the function of the nervous system—that of conducting stimuli.—Neural arch, the arch of a vertebra protecting the spinal cord. [Gr. neuron, a nerve.]

Neuralgia, nū-ral′ji-a, n. pain of a purely nervous character, occurring in paroxysms, usually unaccompanied by inflammation, fever, or any appreciable change of structure in the affected part—(obs.) Neural′gy.—adjs. Neural′gic, Neural′giform. [Gr. neuron, nerve, algos, pain.]

Neurasthenia, nū-ras-the-nī′a, n. nervous debility.—adj. Neurasthen′ic—also n. one suffering from this. [Gr. neuron, a nerve, astheneia, weakness.]

Neuration, nū-rā′shun, n. Same as Nervation.

Neurilemma, nū-ri-lem′a, n. the external sheath of a nerve-fibre.

Neuritis, nū-rī′tis, n. inflammation of a nerve.

Neurohypnology, nū-rō-hip-nol′o-ji, n. the study of hypnotism: the means employed for inducing the hypnotic state.—ns. Neurohypnol′ogist; Neurohyp′notism, hypnotism. [Gr. neuron, nerve, hypnos, sleep, logia, discourse.]

Neurology, nū-rol′o-ji, n. the science of the nerves.—adj. Neurolog′ical.—n. Neurol′ogist, a writer on neurology. [Gr. neuron, nerve, logia, science.]

Neuron, nū′ron, n. the cerebro-spinal axis in its entirety: a nervure of an insect's wing.

Neuropath, nū′ro-path, n. one who takes nervous conditions solely or mostly into account in his pathology.—adjs. Neuropath′ic, -al.—adv. Neuropath′ically.—ns. Neuropathol′ogy, the sum of knowledge of the diseases of the nervous system; Neurop′athy, nervous disease generally. [Gr. neuron, nerve, pathos, suffering.]

Neuroptera, nū-rop′tėr-a, n.pl. an order of insects which have generally four wings marked with a network of many nerves:—sing. Neurop′teron; also Neurop′ter, Neurop′teran.—adjs. Neurop′teral, Neurop′terous, nerve-winged. [Gr. neuron, nerve, ptera, pl. of pteron, a wing.]

Neurose, nū′rōs, adj. nerved: having many nervures or veins, of an insect's wing, &c.

Neurotic, nū-rot′ik, adj. relating to, or seated in, the nerves.—n. a disease of the nerves: a medicine useful for diseases of the nerves.—adj. Neurō′sal.—n. Neurō′sis, a nervous disease, esp. without lesion of parts, as epilepsy, &c.

Neurotomy, nū-rot′om-i, n. the cutting or dissection of a nerve.—adj. Neurotom′ical. [Gr. neuron, a nerve, tomē, cutting.]

Neurotonic, nū-ro-ton′ik, n. a medicine intended to strengthen the nervous system.

Neuter, nū′tėr, adj. neither: taking no part with either side: (gram.) neither masculine nor feminine: neither active nor passive: (bot.) without stamens or pistils: (zool.) without sex.—n. one taking no part in a contest: (bot.) a plant having neither stamens nor pistils: (zool.) a sexless animal, esp. the working bee. [L., 'neither'—ne, not, uter, either.]

Neutral, nū′tral, adj. being neuter, indifferent: taking no part on either side: unbiassed: neither very good nor very bad, of no decided character: having no decided colour, bluish or grayish: (chem.) neither acid nor alkaline.—n. a person or nation that takes no part in a contest.—n. Neutralisā′tion.—v.t. Neu′tralise, to declare by convention any nation permanently neutral or neutral during certain hostilities: to make inert: to render of no effect.—ns. Neu′traliser; Neutral′ity, state of taking no part on either of two sides: those who are neutral.—adv. Neu′trally.—Neutral tint, a dull grayish colour; Neutral vowel, the vowel-sound heard in but, firm, her, &c., and commonly in unaccented syllables.—Armed neutrality, the condition of a neutral power ready to repel aggression from either belligerent. [L. neutralis—neuter, neither.]

Névé, nā-vā′, n. the same as firn or glacier snow. [Fr.,—L. nix, nivis, snow.]

Nevel, nev′el, v.t. (Scot.) to beat with the fists.

Never, nev′ėr, adv. not ever: at no time: in no degree: not.—adv. Nev′ermore, at no future time.—conj. Nevertheless′, notwithstanding: in spite of that (earlier Natheless).—adv. Neverthemore′ (Spens.), none the more. [A.S. nǽfre—ne, not, ǽfre, ever.]

New, nū, adj. lately made: having happened lately: recent, modern: not before seen or known: strange, different: recently commenced: changed for the better: not of an ancient family: as at first: unaccustomed: fresh from anything: uncultivated or only recently cultivated.—adjs. New′born (Shak.), recently born; New′come, recently arrived.—n. New′-com′er, one who has lately come.—v.t. New′-create′ (Shak.), to create for the first time.—adjs. New′-fash′ioned, made in a new way or fashion: lately come into fashion; New′-fledged, having just got feathers; New′ish, somewhat new: nearly new.—adv. New′ly.—adj. New′-made (Shak.), recently made.—v.t. New′-mod′el, to model or form anew.—n. the Parliamentary army as remodelled by Cromwell after the second battle of Newbury, which gained a conclusive victory at Naseby (1645).—n. New′ness.—adj. New′-sad (Shak.), recently made sad.—New birth (see Regeneration); New chum, a new arrival from the old country in Australia; New Church, New Jerusalem Church, the Swedenborgian Church; New Covenant (see Covenant); New departure (see Departure); New Englander, a native or resident in any of the New England states; New Jerusalem, the heavenly city; New Learning (see Renaissance); New Light, a member of a relatively more advanced religious school—applied esp. to the party within the 18th-century Scottish Secession Church which adopted Voluntary views of the relations of Church and State, also sometimes to the Socinianising party in the Church of Scotland in the 18th century, &c.; New Red Sandstone (geol.), the name formerly given to the great series of red sandstones which occur between the Carboniferous and Jurassic systems; New style (see Style); New woman, a name humorously applied to such modern women as rebel against the conventional restrictions of their sex, and ape men in their freedom, education, pursuits, amusements, clothing, manners, and sometimes morals; New World, North and South America; New-year's Day, the first day of the new year. [A.S. níwe, neówe; Ger. neu, Ir. nuadh, L. novus, Gr. neos.]

Newel, nū′el, n. (archit.) the upright column about which the steps of a circular staircase wind. [O. Fr. nual (Fr. noyau), stone of fruit—Low L. nucalis, like a nut—L. nux, nucis, a nut.]

Newel, nū′el, n. (Spens.) a new thing: a novelty.

Newfangled, nū-fang′gld, adj. fond of new things: newly devised, novel.—adv. Newfang′ledly.—ns. Newfang′ledness, Newfang′leness. [Corr. from M. E. newefangel—newe (A.S. níwe), new, fangel (A.S. fangen—fón), ready to catch.]

Newfoundland, nū-fownd′land, n. a large dog of great intelligence, a strong swimmer, black without any white markings, first brought from Newfoundland.

Newgate, nū′gāt, n. a famous prison in London.—Newgate Calendar, a list of Newgate prisoners, with their crimes; Newgate frill, or fringe, a beard under the chin and jaw.

Newmarket, nū′mar-ket, n. a card-game for any number of persons, on a table on which duplicates of certain cards have been placed face up: a close-fitting coat, originally a riding-coat, a long close-fitting coat for women.

News, nūz, n.sing. something heard of that is new: recent account: first information of something that has just happened or of something not formerly known: intelligence.—v.t. to report.—ns. News′agent, one who deals in newspapers; News′boy, News′man, a boy or man who delivers or sells newspapers; News′-house, a printing-office for newspapers only; News′letter, an occasional letter or printed sheet containing news, the predecessor of the regular newspaper; News′monger, one who deals in news: one who spends much time in hearing and telling news; News′paper, a paper published periodically for circulating news, &c.—the first English newspaper was published in 1622; News′paperdom; News′paperism.—adj. News′papery, superficial.—ns. News′room, a room where newspapers, magazines, &c. lie to be read; News′vender, a seller of newspapers; News′-writ′er, a reporter or writer of news.—adj. News′y, gossipy. [Late M. E., an imit. of Fr. nouvelles.]

Newt, nūt, n. a genus of amphibious animals like small lizards. [Formed with initial n, borrowed from the article an, from ewt—A.S. efeta.]

Newtonian, nū-tō′ni-an, adj. relating to, formed, or discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, the celebrated philosopher (1642-1727)—also Newton′ic.—Newtonian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope.

Next, nekst, adj. (superl. of Nigh) nearest in place, time, &c.—adv. nearest or immediately after.—prep. nearest to.—n. Next′ness.—Next door to (see Door); Next to nothing, almost nothing at all. [A.S. néhst, superl. of néh, neáh, near; Ger. nächst.]

Nexus, nek′sus, n. a tie, connecting principle, bond: (Rom. law) a person who had contracted a nexum or obligation of such a kind that, if he failed to pay, his creditor could compel him to serve until the debt was paid. [L.—nectĕre, to bind.]

Nib, nib, n. something small and pointed: a point, esp. of a pen: the bill of a bird: the handle of a scythe-snath.—v.t. to furnish with a nib: to point.—adj. Nibbed, having a nib. [Neb.]

Nibble, nib′l, v.t. to bite by small bits: to eat by little at a time.—v.i. to bite gently: to find fault.—n. act of nibbling: a little bit.—ns. Nibb′ler; Nibb′ling.—adv. Nibb′lingly. [Freq. of nip.]

Nibelungen, nē′bel-ōōng-en, n.pl. a supernatural race in German mythology guarding a treasure wrested from them by Siegfried, the hero of the Nibelungenlied, an epic of c. 1190-1210.

Niblick, nib′lik, n. a golf-club with cup-shaped head.

Nice, nīs, adj. foolishly simple: over-particular: hard to please: fastidious: marking or taking notice of very small differences: done with great care and exactness, accurate: easily injured: delicate: dainty: agreeable: delightful.—adv. Nice′ly.—ns. Nice′ness, quality of being nice: exactness: scrupulousness: pleasantness; Nic′ety, quality of being nice: delicate management: exactness of treatment: fineness of perception: fastidiousness: that which is delicate to the taste: a delicacy.—To a nicety, with great exactness. [O. Fr. nice, foolish, simple—L. nescius, ignorant—ne, not, scīre, to know.]

Nicene, nī′sēn, adj. pertaining to the town of Nice or Nicæa, in Bithynia, Asia Minor, where an ecumenical council was held in 325 for the purpose of defining the questions raised in the Arian controversy—it promulgated the Nicene Creed. A second council, the seventh general council, held here in 787, condemned the Iconoclasts.

Niche, nich, n. a recess in a wall for a statue, vase, &c.: a person's proper place or condition in life or public estimation, one's appointed or appropriate place.—v.t. to place in a niche.—adj. Niched, placed in a niche. [Fr.,—It. nicchia, a niche, nicchio, a shell—L. mytilus, mitulus, a sea-mussel.]

Nick, nik, n. a notch cut into something: a score for keeping an account: the precise moment of time: a lucky throw at hazard.—v.t. to cut in notches: to hit the precise time: to strike as if making a nick: to cheat: catch in the act: to cut short: (Scot.) to cut with a single snip, as of shears: to make a cut with the pick in the face of coal to facilitate blasting or wedging.—adj. Nick′-eared, crop-eared.—n. Nick′er, one who, or that which, nicks: a woodpecker: a street-ruffian in the early part of the 18th century.—Nick a horse's tail, to make a cut at the root of the tail, making the horse carry it higher. [Another spelling of nock, old form of notch.]

Nick, nik, n. the devil, esp. Old Nick. [Prob. a corr. of St Nicholas, or from A.S. nicor, a water-spirit; Ice. nykr, Ger. nix, nixe.]

Nickel, nik′el, n. a grayish-white metal related to cobalt, very malleable and ductile.—v.t. to plate with nickel.—ns. Nick′elage, Nick′elure, the art of nickel-plating.—adjs. Nick′elic, Nick′elous; Nickelif′erous, containing nickel.—ns. Nick′eline, Nic′colite, native nickel arsenide.—v.t. Nick′elise, to plate with nickel.—ns. Nick′el-plat′ing, the plating of metals with nickel; Nick′el-sil′ver, German silver (see German). [Sw. koppar-nickel (Ger. kupfernickel), koppar, copper, nickel, a word corresponding to Ger. nickel, the devil (cf. Cobalt and Kobold), or to Ice. hnikill, a lump.]

Nicker, nik′ėr, v.i. to neigh: to snigger.—n. a neigh: a loud laugh—(obs.) Nich′er.

Nicknack, nik′nak, n. a trifle—dim. Nick′nacket.—n. Nick′nackery. [Same as Knick-knack.]

Nickname, nik′nām, n. a name given in contempt or sportive familiarity.—v.t. to give a nickname to. [M. E. neke-name, with intrusive initial n from eke-name, surname; from eke and name.]

Nicotine, nik′o-tin, n. a poisonous, volatile, alkaloid base, obtained from tobacco.—adj. Nicō′tian, pertaining to tobacco, from Jean Nicot (1530-1600), the benefactor who introduced it into France in 1560.—n. a smoker of tobacco.—n.pl. Nicotiā′na, the literature of tobacco.—n. Nic′otinism, a morbid state induced by excessive misuse of tobacco.

Nictate, nik′tāt, v.i. to wink—also Nic′titate.—ns. Nic′tātion, Nictitā′tion.—Nictitating membrane, a thin movable membrane covering the eyes of birds. [L. nictāre, -ātum.]

Nidder, nid′ėr, v.t. (Scot.) to keep under: to pinch with cold or hunger: to molest.

Niddle-noddle, nid′l-nod′l, adj. vacillating.—v.i. to wag the head.

Niderling, nid′ėr-ling, n. a wicked fellow—also Nid′ering, Nith′ing.—n. Nidd′ering, a noodle.

Nidge, nij, v.t. to dress the face of (a stone) with a sharp-pointed hammer.

Nidging, nij′ing, adj. trifling.—n. Nidg′et, a fool.

Nidification, nid-i-fi-kā′shun, n. the act or art of building a nest, and the hatching and rearing of the young.—adj. Nidament′al, pertaining to nests or what protects eggs.—n. Nidament′um, an egg-case.—vs.i. Nid′ificate, Nid′ify.—adjs. Nid′ulant, Nid′ulate, lying free in a cup-shaped body, or in pulp.—n. Nidulā′tion, nest-building. [L. nidus, a nest, facĕre, to make.]

Nidor, nī′dor, n. odour, esp. of cooked food.—adjs. Nī′dorose, Nī′dorous, Nī′dose. [L.]

Nidus, nī′dus, n. a place, esp. in an animal body, in which a germ lodges and begins to develop. [L.]

Niece, nēs, n. (fem. of Nephew) the daughter of a brother or sister: (orig.) a granddaughter. [O. Fr.,—Low L. nepta—L. neptis, a granddaughter, niece.]

Niello, ni-el′lo, n. a method of ornamenting silver or gold plates by engraving the surface, and filling up the lines with a black composition, to give clearness and effect to the incised design: a work produced by this method: an impression taken from the engraved surface before the incised lines have been filled up: the compound used in niello-work.—v.t. to decorate with niello.—n. Niell′ure, the process, also the work done. [It. niello—Low L. nigellum, a black enamel—L. nigellus, dim. of niger, black.]

Niersteiner, nēr′stī-ner, n. a variety of Rhine wine, named from Nierstein, near Mainz.

Niffer, nif′ėr, v.t. (Scot.) to barter.—n. an exchange.

Niffle, nif′l, v.t. (prov.) to pilfer.—n. Niff′naff, a trifle.—adj. Niff′naffy, fastidious.

Niflheim, nifl′hīm, n. (Scand. myth.) a region of mist, ruled over by Hel.

Nifty, nif′ti, adj. (slang) stylish.

Nigella, nī-jel′a, n. a genus of ranunculaceous plants, with finely dissected leaves, and whitish, blue, or yellow flowers, often almost concealed by their leafy involucres—Nigella damascena, called Love-in-a-mist, Devil-in-a-bush, and Ragged Lady.

Niggard, nig′ard, n. a person who is unwilling to spend or give away: a miser.—adjs. Nigg′ard, Nigg′ardly, having the qualities of a niggard: miserly; Nigg′ardish, rather niggardly.—n. Nigg′ardliness, meanness in giving or spending—(Spens.) Nigg′ardise.—adv. Nigg′ardly. [Ice. hnöggr, stingy; Ger. genau, close.]

Nigger, nig′ėr, n. a black man, a negro: a native of the East Indies or one of the Australian aborigines: a black caterpillar: a Cornish holothurian.—v.t. to exhaust soil by cropping it year by year without manure.—n. Nigg′erdom, niggers collectively.—adjs. Nigg′erish, Nigg′ery.—ns. Nigg′er-kill′er, a scorpion; Nigg′erling, a little nigger.

Niggle, nig′l, v.i. to trifle, busy one's self with petty matters: to cramp.—v.t. to fill with excessive detail: to befool.—n. small cramped handwriting.—ns. Nigg′ler, one who trifles; Nigg′ling, fussiness, finicking work.—adj. mean: fussy. [Freq. of nig, which may be a variant of nick.]

Nigh, nī, adj. near: not distant in place or time: not far off in degree, kindred, &c.: close.—adv. nearly: almost.—prep. near to: not distant from.—adv. Nigh′ly, nearly: within a little.—n. Nigh′ness, the state or quality of being nigh: nearness. [A.S. néah, néh; Dut. na, Ger. nahe.]

Night, nīt, n. the end of the day: the time from sunset to sunrise: darkness: ignorance, affliction, or sorrow: death.—ns. Night′-bell, a bell for use at night—of a physician, &c.; Night′-bird, a bird that flies only at night, esp. the owl: the nightingale, as singing at night; Night′-blind′ness, inability to see in a dim light, nyctalopia; Night′-brawl′er, one who raises disturbances in the night; Night′cap, a cap worn at night in bed (so Night′dress, -shirt, &c.): a dram taken before going to bed: a cap drawn over the face before hanging; Night′-cart, a cart used to remove the contents of privies before daylight; Night′-chair, a night-stool; Night′-churr, or -jar, the British species of goat-sucker, so called from the sound of its cry.—n.pl. Night′-clothes, garments worn in bed.—ns. Night′-crow, a bird that cries in the night; Night′-dog (Shak.), a dog that hunts in the night.—adj. Night′ed, benighted: (Shak.) darkened, clouded.—ns. Night′fall, the fall or beginning of the night: the close of the day: evening; Night′faring, travelling by night; Night′fire, a fire burning in the night: a will-o'-the-wisp; Night′-fish′ery, a mode of fishing by night, or a place where this is done; Night′-fly, a moth that flies at night; Night′-foe, one who makes his attack by night; Night′-foss′icker, one who robs a digging by night.—adj. Night′-foun′dered, lost in the night.—ns. Night′-fowl, a night-bird; Night′-glass, a spy-glass with concentrating lenses for use at night; Night′-gown, a long loose robe for sleeping in, for men or women; a loose gown for wearing in the house; Night′-hag, a witch supposed to be abroad at night; Night′-hawk, a species of migratory goat-sucker, common in America; Night′-her′on, a heron of nocturnal habit; Night′-house, a tavern allowed to be open during the night; Night′-hunt′er, a degraded woman who prowls about the streets at night for her prey; Night′-lamp, or -light, a light left burning all night.—adj. Night′less, having no night.—n. Night′-line, a fishing-line set overnight.—adj. and adv. Night′long, lasting all night.—adj. Night′ly, done by night: done every night.—adv. by night: every night.—ns. Night′-man, a night-watchman or scavenger; Night′-owl, an owl of exclusively nocturnal habits: one who sits up very late; Night′-pal′sy, a numbness of the lower limbs, incidental to women; Night′piece, a picture or literary description of a night-scene: a painting to be seen best by artificial light; Night′-por′ter, a porter in attendance during the night at hotels, railway stations, &c.; Night′-rail, a night-gown: a 17th-century form of head-dress; Night′-rav′en (Shak.), a bird that cries at night, supposed to be of ill-omen; Night′-rest, the repose of the night; Night′-rule (Shak.), a frolic at night.—adv. Nights (obs.), by night.—ns. Night′-school, a school held at night, esp. for those at work during the day; Night′-sea′son, the time of night; Night′shade, a name of several plants of the genus Solanum, having narcotic properties, often found in damp shady woods; Night′-shriek, a cry in the night; Night′-side, the dark, mysterious, or gloomy side of anything; Night′-sing′er, any bird like the nightingale, esp. the Irish sedge-warbler; Night′-soil, the contents of privies, cesspools, &c., generally carried away at night; Night′-spell, a charm against accidents by night; Night′-steed, one of the horses in the chariot of Night; Night′-stool, a close-stool for use in a bedroom; Night′-tā′per, a night-light burning slowly.—n.pl. Night′-terr′ors, the sudden starting from sleep of children in a state of fright.—p.adj. Night′-trip′ping (Shak.), tripping about in the night.—ns. Night′-wak′ing, watching in the night; Night′-walk, a walk in the night; Night′-walk′er, one who walks in his sleep at night, a somnambulist: one who walks about at night for bad purposes, esp. a prostitute; Night′-walk′ing, walking in one's sleep, somnambulism: roving about at night with evil designs; Night′-wan′derer, one who wanders by night.—adjs. Night′-war′bling, singing in the night; Night′ward, toward night.—ns. Night′-watch, a watch or guard at night: time of watch in the night; Night′-watch′man, one who acts as a watch during the night; Night′-work, work done at night. [A.S. niht; Ger. nacht, L. nox.]

Nightingale, nīt′in-gāl, n. a small sylviine bird, of the Passerine family, widely distributed in the Old World, celebrated for the rich love-song of the male heard chiefly at night. [A.S. nihtegale—niht, night, galan, to sing; Ger. nachtigall.]

Nightingale, nīt′in-gāl, n. a kind of flannel scarf with sleeves, worn by invalids when sitting up in bed. [From the famous Crimean hospital nurse, Florence Nightingale, born 1820.]

Nightmare, nīt′mār, n. a dreadful dream accompanied with pressure on the breast, and a feeling of powerlessness to move or speak—personified as an incubus or evil-spirit.—adj. Night′marish. [A.S. niht, night, mara, a nightmare; cf. Old High Ger. mara, incubus, Ice. mara, nightmare.]

Nigrescent, nī-gres′ent, adj. growing black or dark: approaching to blackness.—n. Nigresc′ence. [L., nigrescĕre, to grow black—niger, black.]

Nigrite, nig′rīt, n. an insulating composition consisting of the impure residuum obtained in the distillation of paraffin. [L. niger, black.]

Nigritian, ni-grish′an, adj. pertaining to Nigritia, Upper Guinea, Senegambia, and the Soudan region generally, the home of the true negroes.—n. a native of this region, a negro.

Nigritude, nig′ri-tūd, n. blackness. [L. nigritudo—niger, black.]

Nigrosine, nig′rō-sin, n. a coal-tar colour prepared from the hydrochloride of violaniline. [L. niger, black.]

Nihil, nī′hil, n. nothing.—ns. Nī′hilism, belief in nothing, extreme scepticism: in Russia, a revolutionary socialistic movement aiming at the overturn of all the existing institutions of society in order to build it up anew on different principles; Nī′hilist, one who professes Nihilism.—adj. Nihilist′ic.—ns. Nihil′ity, nothingness; Nil, nothing. [L.]

Nike, nī′kē, n. the goddess of victory. [Gr.]

Nilgau. See Nyl-ghau.

Nill, nil, v.t. (Spens.) to refuse, to reject.—v.i. to be unwilling. [A.S. nillan—ne, not, willan, to will.]

Nilometer, nī-lom′e-tėr, n. a gauge for measuring the height of water in the river Nile: any river-gauge—also Nī′loscope.—adj. Nilot′ic.

Nim, nim, v.t. to steal, pilfer. [A.S. niman, to take.]

Nimble, nim′bl, adj. light and quick in motion: active: swift.—adjs. Nim′ble-fing′ered, skilful with the fingers, thievish; Nim′ble-foot′ed, swift of foot.—ns. Nim′bleness, Nim′bless (Spens.), quickness of motion either in body or mind.—adj. Nim′ble-wit′ted, quick-witted.—adv. Nim′bly. [M. E. nimel—A.S. niman, to catch; cf. Ger. nehmen.]

Nimbus, nim′bus, n. the raincloud: (paint.) the disc or halo, generally circular or semicircular, which encircles the head of the sacred person represented.—adj. Nimbif′erous, bringing clouds. [L.]

Nimiety, ni-mī′e-ti, n. (rare) state of being too much. [L. nimietas—nimis, too much.]

Niminy-piminy, nim′i-ni-pim′i-ni, adj. affectedly fine or delicate.—n. affected delicacy. [Imit.]

Nimrod, nim′rod, n. the founder of Babel (see Gen. x. 8-10): any great hunter.

Nincompoop, nin′kom-poop, n. a simpleton. [Corr. of L. non compos (mentis), not of sound mind.]

Nine, nīn, adj. and n. eight and one.—n. Nine′-eyes, a popular name for the young lampreys found in rivers.—adj. Nine′fold, nine times folded or repeated.—ns. Nine′holes, a game in which a ball is to be bowled into nine holes in the ground or a board; Nine′pins, a game at bowls, a form of skittles, so called from nine pins being set up to be knocked down by a ball.—adj. Nine′-score, nine times twenty.—n. the number of nine times twenty.—adj. and n. Nine′teen, nine and ten.—adj. Nine′teenth, the ninth after the tenth: being one of nineteen equal parts.—n. a nineteenth part.—adj. Nine′tieth, the last of ninety: next after the eighty-ninth.—n. a ninetieth part.—adj. and n. Nine′ty, nine tens.—adj. Ninth, the last of nine: next after the eighth.—n. one of nine equal parts.—adv. Ninth′ly, in the ninth place.—Nine days' wonder (see Wonder); Nine men's morris (see Morris); Nine worthies, Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar, Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus, Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon; The nine, the nine muses (see Muse); To the nines, to perfection, fully, elaborately. [A.S. nigon; Dut. negen, L. novem, Gr. ennea, Sans. navan.]

Ninny, nin′i, n. a simpleton.—Also Ninn′y-hamm′er. [It. ninno, child; Sp. niño, infant.]

Niobe, nī′o-bē, n. daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. Proud of her many children, she gloried over Latona, who had but two, Artemis and Apollo. But these killed them all, on which the weeping mother was turned into stone by Zeus.—adj. Niobē′an.

Niobium, nī-ō′bi-um, n. a rare metal, steel-gray in colour, discovered in the mineral Tantalite—sometimes called Columbium.

Nip, nip, n. a sip, esp. of spirits—also Nip′per (U.S.).—v.i. to take a dram.—n. Nip′perkin, a small measure of liquor. [Dut. nippen, to sip.]

Nip, nip, v.t. to pinch: to press between two surfaces: to cut off the edge: to check the growth or vigour of: to destroy: to bite, sting, satirise:—pr.p. nip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. nipped.—n. a pinch: a seizing or closing in upon: a cutting off the end: a blast: destruction by frost: (min.) a more or less gradual thinning out of a stratum: (naut.) a short turn in a rope, the part of a rope at the place bound by the seizing or caught by jambing.—ns. Nip′-cheese, a stingy fellow: (naut.) the purser's steward; Nip′per, he who, or that which, nips: one of various tools or implements like pincers: one of a pair of automatically locking handcuffs: a chela or great claw, as of a crab: the young bluefish: a boy who attends on navvies: (obs.) a thief: one of the four fore-teeth of a horse: (pl.) small pincers.—v.t. to seize (two ropes) together.—adv. Nip′pingly.—Nip in the bud, to cut off in the earliest stage. [From root of knife; Dut. knijpen, Ger. kneipen, to pinch.]

Nipperty-tipperty, nip′ėr-ti-tip′ėr-ti, adj. (Scot.) silly, frivolous.

Nipple, nip′l, n. the pap by which milk is drawn from the breasts of females: a teat: a small projection with an orifice, as the nipple of a gun.—v.t. to furnish with a nipple.—ns. Nipp′le-shield, a defence for the nipple worn by nursing women; Nipp′le-wort, a small, yellow-flowered plant of remedial use. [A dim. of neb or nib.]

Nippy, nip′i, adj. (Scot.) sharp in taste: curt: parsimonious.

Nipter, nip′tėr, n. the ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet—the same as maundy. [Gr. niptēr, a basin—niptein, to wash.]

Nirles, Nirls, nirlz, n. herpes.

Nirvana, nir-vä′na, n. the cessation of individual existence—the state to which a Buddhist aspires as the best attainable. [Sans., 'a blowing out.']

Nis, nis (Spens.), is not. [A contr. of ne is.]

Nis, nis, n. a hobgoblin. [Same as Nix.]

Nisan, nī′san, n. the name given after the Captivity to the Jewish month Abib. [Heb.]

Nisi, nī′sī, conj. unless, placed after the words 'decree' or 'rule,' to indicate that the decree or rule will be made absolute unless, after a time, some condition referred to be fulfilled.—Nisi prius, the name usually given in England to the sittings of juries in civil cases—from the first two words of the old Latin writ summoning the juries to appear at Westminster unless, before the day appointed, the judges shall have come to the county.

Nisus, nī′sus, n. effort, attempt.—Nisus formativus (biol.), formative effort. [L.]

Nit, nit, n. the egg of a louse or other small insect.—adj. Nit′ty, full of nits. [A.S. hnitu; Ger. niss.]

Nithing, nī′thing, adj. wicked, mean.—n. a wicked man. [A.S. níthing; Ger. neiding.]

Nithsdale, niths′dāl, n. a hood which can be drawn over the face. [From the Jacobite Earl of Nithsdale who escaped from the Tower in women's clothes brought in by his wife, in 1716.]

Nitid, nit′id, adj. shining: gay.—n. Nī′tency, brightness. [L. nitidus—nitēre, to shine.]

Nitre, nī′tėr, n. the nitrate of potash—also called Saltpetre.—n. Nī′trāte, a salt of nitric acid.—adjs. Nī′trāted, combined with nitric acid; Nī′tric, pertaining to, formed from, or containing or resembling nitre.—n. Nī′tric ac′id, an acid got by distilling a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitrate of sodium—it acts powerfully on metals, and is known by the name of Aqua-fortis.—adj. Nitrif′erous, nitre-bearing.—n. Nitrificā′tion.—v.t. Nī′trify, to convert into nitre.—v.i. to become nitre:—pr.p. nī′trifying; pa.t. and pa.p. nī′trified.—ns. Nī′trite, a salt of nitrous acid; Nī′tro-ben′zol, a yellow oily fluid, obtained by treating benzol with warm fuming nitric acid—used in perfumery and known as Essence of mirbane; Nī′tro-glyc′erine, a powerfully explosive compound produced by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine—sometimes used in minute doses as a medicine.—adjs. Nitrose′, Nī′trous, resembling, or containing, nitre.—n. Nī′trous ox′ide, a combination of oxygen and nitrogen, called also Laughing gas, which causes, when breathed, insensibility to pain.—adj. Nī′try, of or producing nitre.—Cubic nitre, nitrate of soda, so called because it crystallises in cubes. [Fr.,—L. nitrum—Gr. nitron, natron, potash, soda—Ar. nitrún, natrún.]

Nitrogen, nī′tro-jen, n. a gas forming nearly four-fifths of common air, a necessary constituent of every organised body, so called from its being an essential constituent of nitre.—adjs. Nitrogen′ic, Nitrog′enous.—v.t. Nitrog′enise, to impregnate with nitrogen.—n. Nitrom′eter, an apparatus for estimating nitrogen in some of its combinations. [Gr. nitron, and gennaein, to generate.]

Nitter, nit′ėr, n. a bot-fly, the horse-bot.

Nittings, nit′ingz, n.pl. small particles of coal or refuse of any ore.

Nival, nī′val, adj. snowy, growing among snow.—adj. Niv′eous, snowy, white.—n. Nivôse (nē-vōz′), the 4th month of the French revolutionary calendar, Dec. 21-Jan. 19. [L. niveus—nix, nivis, snow.]

Nix, niks, n. (Teut. myth.) a water-spirit, mostly malignant.—Also Nix′ie, Nix′y. [Ger. nix; cf. Nicker.]

Nix, niks, n. nothing: (U.S.) in the postal service, anything unmailable because addressed to places which are not post-offices or to post-offices not existing in the States, &c., indicated in the address—usually in pl. [Ger. nichts, nothing.]

Nix, niks, interj. a roughs' street-cry of warning at the policeman, &c.

Nizam, ni-zam′, n. the title of the sovereign of Hyderabad in India, first used in 1713: sing. and pl. the Turkish regulars, or one of them. [Hind., contr. of Nizam-ul-Mulk=Regulator of the state.]

No, nō, adv. the word of refusal or denial: not at all: never: not so: not.—n. a denial: a vote against or in the negative:—pl. Noes (nōz).—adj. not any: not one: none.—advs. Nō′way, in no way, manner, or degree—also Nō′ways; Nō′wise, in no way, manner, or degree.—No account, worthless; No doubt, surely; No go (see Go); No joke, not a trifling matter. [A.S. ná, compounded of ne, not, and á ever; nay, the neg. of aye, is Scand.]

Noachian, nō-ā′ki-an, adj. pertaining to the patriarch Noah, or to his time—also Noach′ic.—Noah's ark, a child's toy in imitation of the ark of Noah and its inhabitants.

Nob, nob, n. the head: a knobstick.—One for his nob, a blow on the head in boxing: a point at cribbage by holding the knave of trumps. [Knob.]

Nob, nob, n. a superior sort of person.—adv. Nob′bily.—adj. Nob′by, smart, fashionable: good, capital. [A contr. of nobleman.]

Nobble, nob′l, v.t. (slang) to get hold of dishonestly, to steal: to baffle or circumvent dexterously: to injure, destroy the chances of, as a racer.—n. Nobb′ler, a finishing-stroke: a thimble-rigger's confederate: a dram of spirits.

Nobility, no-bil′i-ti, n. the quality of being noble: high rank: dignity: excellence: greatness of mind or character: antiquity of family: descent from noble ancestors: the persons holding the rank of nobles.—adj. Nobil′iary, pertaining to the nobility.—v.t. Nobil′itate, to ennoble.—n. Nobilitā′tion.

Noble, nō′bl, adj. illustrious: high in rank or character: of high birth: magnificent: generous: excellent.—n. a person of exalted rank: a peer: an obsolete gold coin=6s. 8d. sterling.—n. Nō′bleman, a man who is noble or of rank: a peer: one above a commoner.—adj. Nō′ble-mind′ed, having a noble mind.—ns. Nōble-mind′edness; Nō′bleness, the quality of being noble: excellence in quality: dignity: greatness by birth or character: ingenuousness: worth; Nobless′, Noblesse′ (Spens.), nobility: greatness: the nobility collectively; Nō′blewoman, the fem. of Nobleman.—adv. Nō′bly.—Noble art, boxing; Noble metals (see Metal).—Most noble, the style of a duke. [Fr.,—L. nobilis, obs. gnobilis—noscĕre (gnoscĕre), to know.]

Nobody, nō′bod-i, n. no body or person: no one: a person of no account, one not in fashionable society.

Nocake, nō′kāk, n. meal made of parched corn, once much used by North American Indians on the march. [Amer. Ind. nookik, meal.]

Nocent, nō′sent, adj. (obs.) hurtful: guilty.—n. one who is hurtful or guilty.—adv. Nō′cently. [L. nocēre, to hurt.]

Nock, nok, n. the forward upper end of a sail that sets with a boom: a notch, esp. that on the butt-end of an arrow for the string. [Cf. Notch.]

Noctambulation, nok-tam-bū-lā′shun, n. walking in sleep.—ns. Noctam′bulism, sleep-walking; Noctam′bulist, one who walks in his sleep. [L. nox, noctis, night, ambulāre, -ātum, to walk.]

Noctilio, nok-til′i-ō, n. a genus of American bats.

Noctiluca, nok-ti-lū′ka, n. a phosphorescent marine Infusorian, abundant around the British coasts, one of the chief causes of the phosphorescence of the waves.—adjs. Noctilū′cent, Noctilū′cid, Noctilū′cous, shining in the dark. [L. nox, noctis, night, lucēre, to shine.]

Noctivagant, nok-tiv′a-gant, adj. wandering in the night.—n. Noctivagā′tion.—adj. Noctiv′agous. [L. nox, noctis, night, vagāri, to wander.]

Noctograph, nok′to-graf, n. a writing-frame for the blind: an instrument for recording the presence of a night-watchman on his beat.—n. Nocturn′ograph, an instrument for recording work done in factories, &c., during the night. [L. nox, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Noctua, nok′tū-a, n. a generic name variously used—giving name to the Noctū′idæ, a large family of nocturnal lepidopterous insects, strong-bodied moths.—n. Noc′tuid.—adjs. Noctū′idous; Noc′tuiform; Noc′tuoid.

Noctuary, nok′tū-ā-ri, n. an account kept of the events or thoughts of night.

Noctule, nok′tūl, n. a vespertilionine bat. [Fr.,—L. nox, noctis, night.]

Nocturn, nok′turn, n. in the early church, a service of psalms and prayers at midnight or at daybreak: a portion of the psalter used at nocturns. [Fr. nocturne—L. nocturnus—nox, noctis, night.]

Nocturnal, nok-tur′nal, adj. pertaining to night: happening by night: nightly.—n. an instrument for observations in the night.—adv. Noctur′nally.

Nocturne, nok′turn, n. a painting showing a scene by night: a piece of music of a dreamy character suitable to evening or night thoughts: a serenade: a reverie. [Fr.; cf. Nocturn.]

Nocuous, nok′ū-us, adj. hurtful.—adv. Noc′uously. [L. nocuus—nocēre, to hurt.]

Nod, nod, v.i. to give a quick forward motion of the head: to bend the head in assent: to salute by a quick motion of the head: to let the head drop in weariness.—v.t. to incline: to signify by a nod:—pr.p. nod′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. nod′ded.—n. a bending forward of the head quickly: a slight bow: a command.—ns. Nod′der; Nod′ding.—adj. inclining the head quickly: indicating by a nod: acknowledged by a nod merely, as a nodding acquaintance: (bot.) having the flower looking downwards.—Land of Nod, the state of sleep. [M. E. nodden, not in A.S.; but cf. Old High Ger. hnōton, to shake, prov. Ger. notteln, to wag.]

Noddle, nod′l, n. properly, the projecting part at the back of the head: the head.—v.i. to nod repeatedly. [A variant of knot; cf. Old Dut. knodde, a knob, Ger. knoten, a knot.]

Noddy, nod′i, n. one whose head nods from weakness: a stupid fellow: a sea-fowl—easily taken: a four-wheeled carriage with a door at the back: an upright flat spring with a weight on the top, forming an inverted pendulum, indicating the vibration of any body to which it is attached. [Nod.]

Node, nōd, n. a knot: a knob: a knot or entanglement: (astron.) one of the two points in which the orbit of a planet intersects the plane of the ecliptic: (bot.) the joint of a stem: the plot of a piece in poetry: (math.) a point at which a curve cuts itself, and through which more than one tangent to the curve can be drawn: a similar point on a surface, where there is more than one tangent-plane.—adjs. Nod′al, pertaining to nodes; Nodāt′ed, knotted.—ns. Nodā′tion, the act of making knots: the state of being knotted; Node′-coup′le, a pair of points on a surface at which one plane is tangent; Node′-cusp, a peculiar kind of curve formed by the union of a node, a cusp, an inflection, and a bitangent.—adjs. Nod′ical, pertaining to the nodes: from a node round to the same node again; Nodif′erous (bot.), bearing nodes; Nō′diform; Nod′ose, full of knots: having knots or swelling joints: knotty.—n. Nodos′ity.—adjs. Nod′ular, of or like a nodule; Nod′ulāted, having nodules.—ns. Nod′ule, Nod′ulus, a little knot: a small lump.—adjs. Nod′uled, having nodules or little knots or lumps; Nodulif′erous; Nod′uliform; Nod′ulose, Nod′ulous (bot.), having nodules or small knots: knotty.—ns. Nod′ulus:—pl. Nod′ulī; Nō′dus:—pl. Nō′dī. [L. nodus (for gnodus), allied to Knot.]

Noël, nō′el, n. Christmas.—Same as Nowel (q.v.).

Noematic, -al, nō-ē-mat′ik, -al, adj. intellectual—also Noet′ic, -al.—adv. Noemat′ically.—n.pl. Noem′ics, intellectual science. [Gr. noēma—noein, to perceive.]

Noetian, nō-ē′shi-an, adj. pertaining to Noë′tus or Noë′tianism, a form of Patripassianism taught by Noëtus of Smyrna about 200 A.D.

Nog, nog, n. a mug, small pot: a kind of strong ale.

Nog, nog, n. a tree nail driven through the heels of the shores, to secure them: one of the pins in the lever of a clutch-coupling: a piece of wood in an inner wall: a cog in mining.

Noggin, nog′in, n. a small mug or wooden cup, or its contents, a dram suitable for one person. [Ir. noigin, Gael. noigean.]

Nogging, nog′ging, n. a partition of wooden posts with the spaces between filled up with bricks: brick-building filling up the spaces between the wooden posts of a partition.

Nohow, nō′how, adv. not in any way, not at all: (coll.) out of one's ordinary way, out of sorts.

Noiance, noi′ans, n. (Shak.). Same as Annoyance.

Noils, noilz, n.pl. short pieces of wool separated from the longer fibres by combing.

Noint, noint, v.t. (Shak.). Same as Anoint.

Noise, noiz, n. sound of any kind: any over-loud or excessive sound, din: frequent or public talk: (Shak.) report: a musical band.—v.t. to spread by rumour.—v.i. to sound loud.—adjs. Noise′ful, noisy; Noise′less, without noise: silent.—adv. Noise′lessly.—n. Noise′lessness.—Make a noise in the world, to attract great notoriety. [Fr. noise, quarrel; prob. from L. nausea, disgust; but possibly from L. noxa, hurt—nocēre, to hurt.]

Noisette, nwo-zet′, n. a variety of rose. [Fr.]

Noisome, noi′sum, adj. injurious to health: disgusting to sight or smell.—adv. Noi′somely.—n. Noi′someness. [M. E. noy, annoyance. Cf. Annoy.]

Noisy, noiz′i, adj. making a loud noise or sound: attended with noise: clamorous: turbulent.—adv. Nois′ily.—n. Nois′iness.

Nokes, nōks, n. a simpleton.

Nolens volens, nōlens vol′ens, unwilling (or) willing: willy-nilly.—n. Noli-me-tangere (nō′lī-mē-tan′je-rē), the wild cucumber: lupus of the nose: a picture showing Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene, as in John xx.—Nolle prosequi (nol′e pros′e-kwī), a term used in English law to indicate that the plaintiff does not intend to go on with his action. [L. nolle, to be unwilling, velle, to be willing, tangĕre, to touch, prosequi, to prosecute.]

Noll, nol, n. the head.

Nom, nong, n. name.—Nom de plume, 'pen-name:' the signature assumed by an author instead of his own name—not a Fr. phrase, but one of Eng. manufacture from Fr. nom, a name, de, of, plume, a pen.

Nomad, Nomade, nom′ad, n. one of a tribe that wanders about in quest of game, or of pasture for their flocks.—adj. Nomad′ic, of or for the feeding of cattle: pastoral: pertaining to the life of nomads: wandering: unsettled: rude.—adv. Nomad′ically.—v.i. Nom′adise, to lead a nomadic or vagabond life.—n. Nom′adism, the state of being nomadic: habits of nomads. [Gr. nomas, nomados—nomos, pasture—nemein, to drive to pasture.]

Nomancy, nō′man-si, n. divination from the letters in a name.

No-man's-land, nō′-manz-land, n. a region to which no one possesses a recognised claim.

Nomarch, nom′ärk, n. the ruler of a Nome, or division of a province, as in modern Greece.—n. Nom′archy, the district governed by a nomarch. [Gr. nomos, district, archē, rule.]

Nombril, nom′bril, n. (her.) the navel-point.

Nome, nōm, n. See Nomarch.

Nomen, nō′men, n. a name, esp. of the gens or clan, as Caius Julius Cæsar. [L.]

Nomenclator, nō′men-klā-tor, n. one who gives names to things:—fem. Nō′menclatress.—adjs. Nomenclatō′rial, Nō′menclātory, Nō′menclātūral.—n. Nō′menclāture, a system of naming: a list of names: a calling by name: the peculiar terms of a science. [L.,—nomen, a name, calāre, to call.]

Nomial, nō′mi-al, n. (alg.) a single name or term.

Nomic, nom′ik, adj. customary, applied to the common mode of spelling—opp. to Glossic and Phonetic. [Gr. nomos, custom.]

Nominal, nom′in-al, adj. pertaining to a name: existing only in name: having a name.—ns. Nom′inalism, the doctrine that general terms have no corresponding reality either in or out of the mind, being mere words; Nom′inalist, one of a sect of philosophers who held the doctrine of nominalism.—adj. Nominalist′ic, pertaining to nominalism.—adv. Nom′inally. [L. nominalis—nomen, -ĭnis, a name.]

Nominate, nom′in-āt, v.t. to name: to mention by name: to appoint: to propose by name, as for an office or for an appointment.—adv. Nom′inātely, by name.—ns. Nom′inātion, the act or power of nominating: state of being nominated; Nom′inātion-game, in billiards, a game in which the player has to name beforehand what stroke he is leading.—adjs. Nominātī′val; Nom′inātive, naming: (gram.) applied to the case of the subject.—n. the naming case, the case in which the subject is expressed.—adv. Nom′inātively.—n. Nom′inātor, one who nominates.—Nominative absolute, a grammatical construction in which we have a subject (noun or pronoun) combined with a participle, but not connected with a finite verb or governed by any other words, as 'All being well, I will come.' [L. nomināre, -ātum, to name—nomen.]

Nominee, nom-in-ē′, n. one who is nominated by another: one on whose life an annuity or lease depends: one to whom the holder of a copyhold estate surrenders his interest.

Nomistic, nō-mis′tik, adj. pertaining to laws founded on a sacred book. [Gr. nomos, a law.]

Nomocracy, nō-mok′ra-si, n. a government according to a code of laws. [Gr. nomos, law, kratia—kratein, to rule.]

Nomogeny, nō-moj′e-ni, n. the origination of life according to natural law, not miracle—opp. to Thaumatogeny. [Gr. nomos, law, geneia—genēs, producing.]

Nomography, nō-mog′ra-fi, n. the art of drawing up laws in proper form.—n. Nomog′rapher, one versed in this art. [Gr. nomos, law, graphein, to write.]

Nomology, no-mol′ō-ji, n. the science of the laws of the mind.—adj. Nomolog′ical.—n. Nomol′ogist. [Gr. nomos, law, logia, discourse—legein, to speak.]

Nomos, nom′os, n. in modern Greece, a nome.

Nomothetic, nom-ō-thet′ik, adj. legislative: founded on a system of laws, or by a lawgiver. [Gr. nomothetēs, a lawgiver, one of a body of heliasts or jurors in ancient Athens, charged with the decision as to any proposed change in legislation.]

Non, non, adv. not, a Latin word used as a prefix, as in ns. Non-abil′ity, want of ability; Non-accept′ance, want of acceptance: refusal to accept; Non-ac′cess (law), absence of opportunity for marital commerce; Non-acquaint′ance, want of acquaintance; Non-acquiesc′ence, refusal of acquiescence; Non-admiss′ion, refusal of admission: failure to be admitted; Non-alienā′tion, state of not being alienated: failure to alienate; Non-appear′ance, failure or neglect to appear, esp. in a court of law; Non-arrī′val, failure to arrive; Non-attend′ance, a failure to attend: absence; Non-atten′tion, inattention; Non′-claim, a failure to make claim within the time limited by law; Non-com′batant, any one connected with an army who is there for some other purpose than that of fighting, as a surgeon, &c.: a civilian in time of war.—adjs. Non-commiss′ioned, not having a commission, as an officer in the army below the rank of commissioned officer—abbrev. Non-com′.; Non-commit′tal, unwilling to commit one's self to any particular opinion or course of conduct, free from any declared preference or pledge.—ns. Non-commū′nicant, one who abstains from joining in holy communion, or who has not yet communicated; Non-commūn′ion; Non-complī′ance, neglect or failure of compliance.—adj. Non-comply′ing.—n. Non-concur′rence, refusal to concur.—adj. Non-conduct′ing, not conducting or transmitting: not allowing a fluid or a force to pass along, as glass does not conduct electricity.—n. Non-conduct′or, a substance which does not conduct or transmit certain properties or conditions, as heat or electricity.—adj. Nonconform′ing, not conforming, esp. to an established church.—n. and adj. Nonconform′ist, one who does not conform: esp. one who refused to conform or subscribe to the Act of Uniformity in 1662—abbrev. Non-con′.—n. Nonconform′ity, want of conformity, esp. to the established church.—adj. Non-contā′gious, not infectious.—ns. Non′-content, one not content: in House of Lords, one giving a negative vote; Non-deliv′ery, failure or neglect to deliver.—adj. Non-effect′ive, not efficient or serviceable: unfitted for service.—n. a member of a force who is not able, for some reason, to take part in active service.—adj. Non-effic′ient, not up to the mark required for service.—n. a soldier who has not yet undergone the full number of drills.—n. Non-ē′go, in metaphysics, the not-I, the object as opposed to the subject, whatever is not the conscious self.—adjs. Non-egois′tical; Non-elas′tic, not elastic; Non-ēlect′, not elect.—n. one not predestined to salvation.—n. Non-ēlec′tion, state of not being elected.—adjs. Non-elec′tric, -al, not conducting the electric fluid; Non-emphat′ic; Non-empir′ical, not empirical, not presented in experience; Non-epis′copal.—n. Non-episcopā′lian.—adj. Non-essen′tial, not essential: not absolutely required.—n. something that may be done without.—n. Non-exist′ence, negation of existence: a thing that has no existence.—adj. Non-exist′ent.—n. Non-exportā′tion.—adj. Non-for′feiting, of a life insurance policy not forfeited by reason of non-payment.—ns. Non-fulfil′ment; Non-importā′tion.—adj. Non-import′ing.—ns. Non-interven′tion, a policy of systematic non-interference by one country with the affairs of other nations; Non-intru′sion, in Scottish Church history, the principle that a patron should not force an unacceptable clergyman on an unwilling congregation; Non-intru′sionist.—adj. Non-iss′uable, not capable of being issued: not admitting of issue being taken on it.—n. Non-join′der (law), the omitting to join all the parties to the action or suit.—adj. Nonjur′ing, not swearing allegiance.—n. Nonjur′or, one of the clergy in England and Scotland who would not swear allegiance to William and Mary in 1689, holding themselves still bound by the oath they had taken to the deposed king, James II.—adjs. Non-lū′minous; Non-manufact′uring; Non-marr′ying, not readily disposed to marry; Non-metal′lic, not consisting of metal: not like the metals; Non-mor′al, involving no moral considerations; Non-nat′ural, not natural: forced or strained.—n. in ancient medicine, anything not considered of the essence of man, but necessary to his well-being, as air, food, sleep, rest, &c.—ns. Non-obē′dience; Non-observ′ance, neglect or failure to observe; Non-pay′ment, neglect or failure to pay; Non-perform′ance, neglect or failure to perform.—adjs. Non-placent′al; Non-pon′derous.—n. Non-produc′tion.—adj. Non-profess′ional, not done by a professional man, amateur: not proper to be done by a professional man, as unbecoming conduct in a physician, &c.—ns. Non-profic′ient, one who has made no progress in the art or study in which he is engaged; Non-regard′ance, want of due regard; Non-res′idence, failure to reside, or the fact of not residing at a certain place, where one's official or social duties require one to reside.—adj. Non-res′ident, not residing within the range of one's responsibilities.—n. one who does not do so, as a landlord, clergyman, &c.—n. Non-resist′ance, the principle of not offering opposition: passive or ready obedience.—adjs. Non-resist′ant, Non-resist′ing; Non-sex′ual, sexless, asexual; Non-socī′ety, not belonging to a society, esp. of a workman not attached to a trades-union, or of a place in which such men are employed.—n. Non-solū′tion.—adjs. Non-sol′vent; Non-submis′sive.—n. Non′suit, a legal term in England, which means that where a plaintiff in a jury trial finds he will lose his case, owing to some defect or accident, he is allowed to be nonsuited, instead of allowing a verdict and judgment to go for the defendant.—v.t. to record that a plaintiff drops his suit.—n. Non′-term, a vacation between two terms of a law-court.—adj. Non-un′ion (see Non-society).—ns. Non-ū′sager (see Usage); Non-ū′ser (law), neglect of official duty: omission to take advantage of an easement, &c.—adj. Non-vī′able, not viable, of a fœtus too young for independent life.

Nonage, non′āj, n. legal infancy, minority: time of immaturity generally.—adj. Non′aged. [L. non, not, and age.]

Nonagenarian, non-a-je-nā′ri-an, n. one who is ninety years old.—adj. relating to ninety.—adj. Nonages′imal, belonging to the number ninety.—n. that point of the ecliptic 90 degrees from its intersection by the horizon. [L. nonagenarius, containing ninety—nonaginta, ninety.]

Nonagon, non′a-gon, n. (math.) a plane figure having nine sides and nine angles. [L. novem, nine, nonus, ninth, gōnia, angle.]

Nonce, nons, n. (only in phrase 'for the nonce') the present time, occasion.—Nonce-word, a word specially coined, like Carlyle's gigmanity. [The substantive has arisen by mistake from 'for the nones,' originally for then ones, meaning simply 'for the once.']

Nonchalance, non′shal-ans, n. unconcern: coolness: indifference.—adj. Nonchalant (non′sha-lant).—adv. Non′chalantly. [Fr., non, not, chaloir, to care for—L. calēre, to be warm.]

Nondescript, non′de-skript, adj. novel: odd.—n. anything not yet described or classed: a person or thing not easily described or classed. [L. non, not, descriptus, describĕre, to describe.]

None, nun, adj. and pron. not one: not any: not the smallest part.—adv. in no respect: to no extent or degree.—n. None′-so-prett′y, or London Pride, Saxifraga umbrosa, a common English garden-plant.—adj. None′-spar′ing (Shak.), all-destroying. [M. E. noon, non—A.S. nán—ne, not, án, one.]

Nonentity, non-en′ti-ti, n. want of entity or being: a thing not existing: a person of no importance.

Nones, nōnz, n.pl. in the Roman calendar, the ninth day before the Ides (both days included)—the 5th of Jan., Feb., April, June, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec., and the 7th of the other months: the Divine office for the ninth hour, or three o'clock. [L. nonæ—nonus for novenus, ninth—novem, nine.]

Non est, non est, adj. for absent, being a familiar shortening of the legal phrase non est inventus=he has not been found (coll).

Nonesuch, nun′such, n. a thing like which there is none such: an extraordinary thing.

Nonet, nō-net′, n. (mus.) a composition for nine voices or instruments.

Non-feasance, non-fē′zans, n. omission of something which ought to be done, distinguished from Misfeasance, which means the wrongful use of power or authority. [Pfx. non, not, O. Fr. faisance, doing—faire—L. facĕre, to do.]

Nonillion, nō-nil′yun, n. the number produced by raising a million to the ninth power.

Nonino. See Nonny.

Nonny, non′i, n. a meaningless refrain in Old English ballads, &c., usually 'hey, nonny'—often repeated nonny-nonny, nonino, as a cover for obscenity.

Nonpareil, non-pa-rel′, n. a person or thing without equal or unique: a fine apple: a printing-type forming about twelve lines to the inch, between emerald (larger) and ruby (smaller).—adj. without an equal: matchless. [Fr.,—non, not, pareil, equal—Low L. pariculus, dim. of par, equal.]

Nonplus, non′plus, n. a state in which no more can be done or said: great difficulty.—v.t. to perplex completely, to puzzle:—pr.p. non′plussing; pa.t. and pa.p. non′plussed. [L. non, not, plus, more.]

Non possumus, non pos′ū-mus, we are not able: we cannot, a plea of inability. [L., 1st pl. pres. ind. of posse, to be able.]

Nonsense, non′sens, n. that which has no sense: language without meaning: absurdity: trifles.—adj. Nonsens′ical, without sense: absurd.—ns. Nonsensical′ity, Nonsens′icalness.—adv. Nonsens′ically.—Nonsense name, an arbitrarily coined name, for mnemonic purposes, &c.; Nonsense verses, verses perfect in form but without any connected sense, being merely exercises in metre, &c.: verses intentionally absurd, like that of the Jabberwock in Through the Looking-glass.

Non sequitur, non sek′wi-tur, it does not follow: a wrong conclusion: one that does not follow from the premises. [L. non, not, and 3d sing. pres. ind. of sequi, to follow.]

Noodle, nōōd′l, n. a simpleton: a blockhead.—n. Nood′ledom. [Noddy.]

Noodle, nōōd′l, n. dried dough of wheat-flour and eggs, used in soup or as a baked dish.

Nook, nōōk, n. a corner: a narrow place formed by an angle: a recess: a secluded retreat.—adjs. Nook′-shot′ten, full of nooks and corners; Nook′y. [Gael. and Ir. niuc; Scot. neuk.]

Noology, no-ol′o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of the mind, or of the facts of intellect. [Gr. noos, the mind, logia, discourse.]

Noon, nōōn, n. the ninth hour of the day in Roman and ecclesiastical reckoning, three o'clock P.M.: afterwards (when the church service for the ninth hour, called Nones, was shifted to midday) midday: twelve o'clock: middle: height.—adj. belonging to midday: meridional.—v.i. to rest at noon.—n. Noon′day, midday: the time of greatest prosperity.—adj. pertaining to midday: meridional.—ns. Noon′ing, a rest about noon: a repast at noon; Noon′tide, the tide or time of noon: midday.—adj. pertaining to noon: meridional. [A.S. nón-tíd (noontide)—L. nona (hora), the ninth (hour).]

Noose, nōōs, or nōōz, n. a running knot which ties the firmer the closer it is drawn: a snare or knot generally.—v.t. to tie or catch in a noose. [Prob. O. Fr. nous, pl. of nou (Fr. nœud)—L. nodus, knot.]

Nor, nor, conj. and not, a particle introducing the second part of a negative proposition—correlative to neither. [Contr. of nother=neither.]

Noria, nō′ri-a, n. a water-raising apparatus in Spain, Syria, and elsewhere, by means of a large paddle-wheel having fixed to its rim a series of buckets, a flush-wheel. [Sp.,—Ar.]

Norimon, nor′i-mon, n. a kind of sedan-chair used in Japan. [Jap. nori, ride, mono, thing.]

Norland, nor′land, n. the same as Northland.

Norm, norm, n. a rule: a pattern: an authoritative standard: a type or typical unit.—n. Nor′ma, a rule, model: a square for measuring right angles.—adj. Nor′mal, according to rule: regular: exact: perpendicular.—n. a perpendicular.—ns. Normalisā′tion, Normal′ity.—v.t. Nor′malise.—adv. Nor′mally.—adj. Nor′mative, establishing a standard.—Normal school, a training-college for teachers in the practice of their profession. [L. norma, a rule.]

Norman, nor′man, n. a native or inhabitant of Normandy: one of that Scandinavian race which settled in northern France about the beginning of the 10th century, founded the Duchy of Normandy, and conquered England in 1066—the Norman Conquest.—adj. pertaining to the Normans or to Normandy.—v.t. Nor′manise, to give a Norman character to.—Norman architecture, a round-arched style, a variety of Romanesque, prevalent in England from the Norman Conquest (1066) till the end of the 12th century, of massive simplicity, the churches cruciform with semicircular apse and a great tower rising from the intersection of nave and transept, deeply recessed doorways, windows small, round-headed, high in wall; Norman French, a form of French spoken by the Normans, which came into England at the Norman Conquest, modified the spelling, accent, and pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon, and enriched it with a large infusion of new words relating to the arts of life, &c. [Northmen.]

Norman, nor′man, n. (naut.) a bar inserted in a windlass, on which to fasten or veer a rope or cable.

Norn, norn, n. (Scand. myth.) one of the three fates—Urd, Verdande, and Skuld.—Also Norn′a.

Norroy, nor′roi, n. (her.) the third of the three English kings-at-arms, or provincial heralds, whose jurisdiction lies north of the Trent. [Fr. nord, north, roy, roi, king.]

Norse, nors, adj. pertaining to ancient Scandinavia.—n. the language of ancient Scandinavia—also Old Norse.—n. Norse′man, a Scandinavian or Northman. [Ice. Norskr; Norw. Norsk.]

North, north, n. the point opposite the sun at noon: one of the four cardinal points of the horizon: the side of a church to the left of one facing the principal altar: that portion of the United States north of the former slave-holding states—i.e. north of Maryland, the Ohio, and Missouri.—adv. to or in the north.—ns. North′-cock, the snow bunting; North′-east, the point between the north and east, equidistant from each.—adj. belonging to or from the north-east.—n. North′-east′er, a wind from the north-east.—adjs. North′-east′erly, toward or coming from the north-east; North′-east′ern, belonging to the north-east: being in the north-east, or in that direction.—adv. North′-east′ward, toward the north-east.—ns. North′er (th), a wind or gale from the north, esp. applied to a cold wind that blows in winter over Texas and the Gulf of Mexico; North′erliness (th), state of being toward the north.—adj. North′erly (th), being toward the north: coming from the north.—adv. toward or from the north.—adj. North′ern (th), pertaining to the north: being in the north or in the direction toward it: proceeding from the north.—n. an inhabitant of the north.—n. North′erner (th), a native of, or resident in, the north, esp. of the northern United States.—adjs. North′ernmost (th), North′most, situate at the point farthest north.—ns. North′ing, motion, distance, or tendency northward: distance of a heavenly body from the equator northward: difference of latitude made by a ship in sailing northward: deviation towards the north; North′man, one of the ancient Scandinavians; North′-pole, the point in the heavens, or beneath it on the earth's surface, ninety degrees north of the equator; North′-star, the north polar star; Northum′brian, a native of the modern Northumberland, or of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria, stretching from the Humber to the Forth: that variety of English spoken in Northumbria before the Conquest—also adj.—adjs. North′ward, North′wardly, being toward the north.—adv. toward the north—also North′wards.—n. North′-west, the point between the north and west, equidistant from each.—adj. pertaining to or from the north-west.—adjs. North′-west′erly, toward or coming from the north-west; North′-west′ern, belonging to the north-west: pertaining to, or being in, the north-west or in that direction.—North water, the space of open sea left by the winter pack of ice moving southward.—North-east Passage, a passage for ships along the north coasts of Europe and Asia to the Pacific, first made by Nordenskiöld in 1878-79; Northern lights, the aurora borealis (q.v.); North-west Passage, a sea-way for ships from the Atlantic into the Pacific along the northern coast of America, first made by Sir Robert M‘Clure, 1850-54. [A.S. north; cf. Ger. nord.]

Norwegian, nor-wē′ji-an, adj. pertaining to Norway—(Shak.) Norwē′yan.—n. a native of Norway: a kind of fishing-boat on the Great Lakes.

Nose, nōz, n. the organ of smell: the power of smelling: sagacity: the projecting part of anything resembling a nose, as the spout of a kettle, &c.: a drip, a downward projection from a cornice: (slang) an informer.—v.t. to smell: to oppose rudely face to face: to sound through the nose.—ns. Nose′bag, a bag for a horse's nose, containing oats, &c.; Nose′-band, the part of the bridle coming over the nose, attached to the cheek-straps.—adjs. Nosed, having a nose—used in composition, as bottle-nosed, long-nosed, &c.; Nose′-led, led by the nose, ruled and befooled completely; Nose′less, without a nose.—ns. Nose′-leaf, a membranous appendage on the snouts of phyllostomine and rhinolophine bats, forming a highly sensitive tactile organ; Nose′-of-wax, an over-pliable person or thing; Nose′-piece, the outer end or point of a pipe, bellows, &c.: the extremity of the tube of a microscope to which the objective is attached: a nose-band: the nasal in armour; Nose′-ring, an ornament worn in the septum of the nose or in either of its wings; Nos′ing, the projecting rounded edge of the step of a stair or of a moulding.—Aquiline nose, a prominent nose, convex in profile; Bottle nose, a name given to certain species of cetaceans: an eruption on the nose such as is produced by intemperate drinking; Pug nose, a short turned-up nose; Roman nose, an aquiline nose.—Hold, Keep, or Put one's nose to the grindstone (see Grindstone); Lead by the nose, to cause to follow blindly; Put one's nose out of joint, to bring down one's pride or sense of importance: to push out of favour; Thrust one's nose into, to meddle officiously with anything; Turn up one's nose (at), to express contempt for a person or thing. [A.S. nosu; Ger. nase, L. nasus.]

Nosegay, nōz′gā, n. a bunch of fragrant flowers: a posy or bouquet. [From nose and gay (adj.).]

Nosocomial, nos-ō-kō′mi-al, adj. relating to a hospital. [Gr. nosos, sickness, komein, to take care of.]

Nosography, nō-sog′ra-fi, n. the description of diseases.—adj. Nosograph′ic. [Gr. nosos, disease, graphein, to write.]

Nosology, nos-ol′o-ji, n. the science of diseases: the branch of medicine which treats of the classification of diseases.—adj. Nosolog′ical.—n. Nosol′ogist. [Gr. nosos, disease, logia, discourse.]

Nosonomy, nō-son′o-mi, n. the classification of diseases. [Gr. nosos, a disease, onoma, a name.]

Nosophobia, nos-o-fō′bi-a, n. morbid dread of disease. [Gr. nosos, a disease, phobia, fear.]

Nostalgia, nos-tal′ji-a, n. home-sickness, esp. when morbid.—adj. Nostal′gic. [Gr. nostos, a return, algos, pain.]

Nostoc, nos′tok, n. a genus of Algæ, found in moist places.—Also Witches' butter, Spittle of the stars, Star-jelly, &c. [Ger. nostoch.]

Nostology, nos-tol′o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of extreme old age or senility in which there is ever seen a return to the characteristics of the youthful stage.—adj. Nostolog′ic. [Gr. nostos, return, logia—legein, to speak.]

Nostradamus, nos-tra-dā′mus, n. any quack doctor or charlatan—from the French astrologer (1503-66).

Nostril, nos′tril, n. one of the openings of the nose. [M. E. nosethirl—A.S. nosthyrl—nosu, nose, thyrel, opening. Cf. Drill, to pierce, and Thrill.]

Nostrum, nos′trum, n. any secret, quack, or patent medicine: any favourite remedy or scheme. [L., 'our own,' from nos, we.]

Not, not, adv. a word expressing denial, negation, or refusal.—Not in it (coll.), having no part in some confidence or advantage. [Same as Naught, from A.S. ná, wiht, a whit.]

Notable, nō′ta-bl, adj. worthy of being known or noted: remarkable: memorable: distinguished: notorious: capable, clever, industrious.—n. a person or thing worthy of note, esp. in pl. for persons of distinction and political importance in France in pre-Revolution times.—n.pl. Notabil′ia, things worthy of notice: noteworthy sayings.—ns. Notabil′ity, the being notable: a notable person or thing; Nō′tableness.—adv. Nō′tably.

Notæum, nō-tē′um, n. the upper surface of a bird's trunk—opp. to Gastræum: a dorsal buckler in some gasteropods. [Gr. nōtos, the back.]

Notalgia, nō-tal′ji-a, n. pain in the back.—adj. Notal′gic. [Gr. nōtos, the back, algos, pain.]

Notanda, nō-tan′da, n.pl. something to be specially noted or observed:—sing. Notan′dum. [L. pl. ger. of notāre, to note.]

Notary, nō′ta-ri, n. an officer authorised to certify deeds, contracts, copies of documents, affidavits, &c.—generally called a Notary public—anciently one who took notes or memoranda of others' acts.—adj. Notā′rial.—adv. Notā′rially.—Apostolical notary, the official who despatches the orders of the Pope; Ecclesiastical notary, in the early church, a secretary who recorded the proceedings of councils, &c. [L. notarius.]

Notation, nō-tā′shun, n. the act or practice of recording by marks or symbols: a system of signs or symbols.—adj. Nō′tate (bot.), marked with coloured spots or lines.—Chemical notation (see Chemistry). [L.,—notāre, -ātum, to mark.]

Notch, noch, n. a nick cut in anything: an indentation, incision, incisure: a narrow pass in a rock, or between two mountains.—v.t. to cut a hollow into.—n. Notch′-board, the board which receives the ends of the steps of a staircase—also Bridge-board.—adjs. Notch′-eared, having emarginate ears, as the notch-eared bat; Notched, nicked.—n. Notch′ing, a method of joining framing-timbers, by halving, scarfing, or caulking. [From a Teut. root, as in Old Dut. nock. Cf. Nick, a notch.]

Notchel, Nochel, noch′el, v.t. (prov.) to repudiate.

Note, nōt, n. that by which a person or thing is known: a mark or sign calling attention: a brief explanation: a short remark: a brief report, a catalogue, a bill: a memorandum: a short letter: a diplomatic paper: a small size of paper used for writing: (mus.) a mark representing a sound, also the sound itself, air, tune, tone, also a digital or key of the keyboard: a paper acknowledging a debt and promising payment, as a bank-note, a note of hand: notice, heed, observation: reputation: fame.—v.t. to make a note of: to notice: to attend to: to record in writing: to furnish with notes.—n. Note′-book, a book in which notes or memoranda are written: a bill-book.—adj. Not′ed, marked: well known: celebrated: eminent: notorious.—adv. Not′edly.—n. Not′edness.—adj. Note′less, not attracting notice.—ns. Note′-pā′per, folded writing-paper for letters (commercial, 5 × 8 in.; octavo, 4½ × 7; billet, 4 × 6; queen, 3½ × 5⅜; packet, 5½ × 9; Bath, 7 × 8); Not′er, one who notes or observes: one who makes notes, an annotator; Note′-shav′er (U.S.), a money-lender.—adj. Note′worthy, worthy of note or of notice.—Note a bill, to record on the back of it a refusal of acceptance, as a ground of protest. [Fr.,—L. nota, noscĕre, notum, to know.]

Note, nōt (Spens.), wot or knew not (a contr. of ne wot): could not (a contr. of ne mote).

Nothing, nuth′ing, n. no thing: non-existence: absence of being: a low condition: no value or use: not anything of importance, a trifle: utter insignificance, no difficulty or trouble: no magnitude: a cipher.—adv. in no degree: not at all.—adj. and n. Nothingā′rian, believing nothing.—ns. Nothingā′rianism; Noth′ing-gift (Shak.), a gift of no value; Noth′ingism, nihility; Noth′ingness, state of being nothing or of no value: a thing of no value.—Nothing but, no more than: only; Nothing less than, equal to: as much as.—Come to nothing, to have no result: to turn out a failure; Make nothing of, to consider as of no difficulty or importance; Neck or nothing (see Neck); Next to nothing, almost nothing. [No and thing.]

Notice, nōt′is, n. act of noting or observing: attention: observation: information: warning: a writing containing information: public intimation: civility or respectful treatment: remark.—v.t. to mark or see: to regard or attend to: to mention: to make observations upon: to treat with civility.—adj. Not′iceable, that can be noticed: worthy of notice: likely to be noticed.—adv. Not′iceably.—n. Not′ice-board, a board on which a notice is fixed.—Give notice, to warn beforehand: to inform. [Fr.,—L. notitia—noscĕre, notum, to know.]

Notify, nō′ti-fī, v.t. to make known: to declare: to give notice or information of:—pa.t. and pa.p. nō′tified.—adj. Nō′tifiable, that must be made known.—n. Notificā′tion, the act of notifying: the notice given: the paper containing the notice. [Fr.,—L. notificāre, -ātum—notus, known, facĕre, to make.]

Notion, nō′shun, n. the art of forming a conception in the mind of the various marks or qualities of an object: the result of this act, a conception: opinion: belief: judgment: a caprice or whim: any small article ingeniously devised or invented, usually in pl.—adj. Nō′tional, of the nature of a notion: ideal: fanciful.—adv. Nō′tionally, in notion or mental apprehension: in idea, not in reality.—n. Nō′tionist, one who holds ungrounded opinions. [Fr.,—L. notion-em—noscĕre, notum, to know.]

Notitia, nō-tish′i-a, n. a roll, list, register: a catalogue of public functionaries, with their districts: a list of episcopal sees. [L.; cf. Notice.]

Notobranchiate, nō-tō-brang′ki-āt, adj. and n. having dorsal gills, belonging to Notobranchiā′ta, an order of worms having such. [Gr. nōtos, the back, brangchia, gills.]

Notochord, nō′tō-kord, n. a simple cellular rod, the basis of the future spinal column, persisting throughout life in many lower vertebrates, as the amphioxus, &c.—adj. Nō′tochordal. [Gr. nōtos, the back, chordē, a string.]

Notodontiform, nō-tō-don′ti-form, adj. resembling a tooth-back or moth of the family Notodontidæ. [Gr. nōtos, back, odous, tooth, L. forma, form.]

Notonectal, nō-tō-nek′tal, adj. swimming on the back, as certain insects: related to the Notonectidæ, a family of aquatic bugs, the boat-flies or water-boatmen. [Gr. nōtos, the back, nēktēs, a swimmer.]

Notopodal, nō-top′ō-dal, adj. pertaining to the Notop′oda, a division of decapods, including the dromioid crabs, &c.—Also Notop′odous. [Gr. nōtos, the back, pous, podos, the foot.]

Notopodium, nō-tō-pō′di-um, n. the dorsal or upper part of the parapodium of an annelid, a dorsal oar.—adj. Notopō′dial. [Gr. nōtos, the back, pous, podos, the foot.]

Notorious, no-tō′ri-us, adj. publicly known (now used in a bad sense): infamous.—n. Notorī′ety, state of being notorious: publicity: public exposure.—adv. Notō′riously.—n. Notō′riousness. [Low L. notorius—notāre, -ātum, to mark—noscĕre.]

Notornis, nō-tor′nis, n. a genus of gigantic ralline birds, with wings so much reduced as to be incapable of flight, which have within historical times become extinct in New Zealand, &c. [Gr. nōtos, the south, ornis, a bird.]

Nototherium, nō-tō-thē′ri-um, n. a genus of gigantic fossil kangaroo-like marsupials, found in Australia. [Gr. nōtos, the south, thērion, a wild beast.]

Nototrema, nō-tō-trē′ma, n. the pouch-toads, a genus of Hylidæ.—adj. Nototrem′atous. [Gr. nōtos, the back, trēma, a hole.]

Notour, no-tōōr′, adj. (Scot.) well known, notorious.

Nott-headed, not′-hed′ed, adj. (Shak.) having the hair cut bare.—Nott′-pat′ed. [A.S. hnot, shorn.]

Notum, nō′tum, n. the dorsal aspect of the thorax in insects. [Gr. nōtos, the back.]

Notus, nō′tus, n. the south or south-west wind. [L.]

Notwithstanding, not-with-stand′ing, prep. in spite of.—conj. in spite of the fact that, although.—adv. nevertheless, however, yet. [Orig. a participial phrase in nominative absolute=L. non obstante.]

Nougat, nōō-gä′, n. a confection made of a sweet paste filled with chopped almonds or pistachio-nuts. [Fr. (cf. Sp. nogado, an almond-cake)—L. nux, nucis, a nut.]

Nought, nawt, n. not anything: nothing.—adv. in no degree.—Set at nought, to despise. [Same as Naught.]

Noul, nōl, n. (Spens.) the top of the head. [A.S. hnoll, top or summit.]

Nould, nōōld (Spens.), would not. [A contr. of ne would.]

Noumenon, nōō′me-non, n. an unknown and unknowable substance or thing as it is in itself—opp. to Phenomenon, or the form through which it becomes known to the senses or the understanding:—pl. Nou′mena.—adj. Nou′menal. [Gr. noumenon, pa.p. of noein, to perceive—nous, the mind.]

Noun, nown, n. (gram.) the name of any person or thing.—adj. Noun′al. [O. Fr. non (Fr. nom)—L. nomen, name.]

Nourice, nur′is, n. (Spens.) a nurse. [Nurse.]

Nourish, nur′ish, v.t. to suckle: to feed or bring up: to support: to help forward growth in any way: to encourage: to cherish: to educate.—adjs. Nour′ishable, able to be nourished.—n. Nour′isher.—adj. Nour′ishing, giving nourishment.—n. Nour′ishment, the act of nourishing or the state of being nourished: that which nourishes: nutriment. [O. Fr. norir (Fr. nourrir)—L. nutrīre, to feed.]

Noursle, nurs′l, v.t. to nurse: to bring up.—Also Nous′le. [Nuzzle.]

Nous, nows, n. intellect: talent: common-sense. [Gr.]

Novaculite, nō-vak′ū-līt, n. a hone-stone.

Novalia, nō-vā′li-a, n.pl. (Scots law) waste lands newly reclaimed.

Novatian, nō-vā′shi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Novatianus, who had himself ordained Bishop of Rome in opposition to Cornelius (251), and headed the party of severity against the lapsed in the controversy about their treatment that arose after the Decian persecution.—ns. Novā′tianism; Novā′tianist.

Novation, nō-vā′shun, n. the substitution of a new obligation for the one existing: innovation.

Novel, nov′el, adj. new: unusual: strange.—n. that which is new: a new or supplemental constitution or decree, issued by certain Roman emperors, as Justinian, after their authentic publications of law (also Novell′a): a fictitious prose narrative or tale presenting a picture of real life, esp. of the emotional crises in the life-history of the men and women portrayed.—n. Novelette′, a small novel.—v.t. Nov′elise, to change by introducing novelties: to put into the form of novels.—v.i. to make innovations.—n. Nov′elist, a novel-writer: an innovator.—adj. Novelist′ic.—n. Nov′elty, newness: unusual appearance: anything new, strange, or different from anything before:—pl. Nov′elties. [O. Fr. novel (Fr. nouveau)—L. novellus—novus.]

November, nō-vem′bėr, n. the eleventh month of our year. [The ninth month of the Roman year; L., from novem, nine.]

Novena, nō-vē′na, n. a devotion lasting nine days, to obtain a particular request, through the intercession of the Virgin or some saint. [L. novenus, nine each, novem, nine.]

Novenary, nov′en-a-ri, adj. pertaining to the number nine.—adj. Novene′, going by nines. [L. novenarius—novem, nine.]

Novennial, nō-ven′yal, adj. done every ninth year. [L. novennis—novem, nine, annus, a year.]

Novercal, nō-vėr′kal, adj. pertaining to or befitting a stepmother. [L. novercalis—noverca, a stepmother.]

Noverint, nov′e-rint, n. a writ—beginning with the words noverint universi—let all men know. [3d pers. pl. perf. subj. of noscĕre, to know.]

Novice, nov′is, n. one new in anything: a beginner: one newly received into the church: an inmate of a convent or nunnery who has not yet taken the vow.—ns. Nov′iceship; Novi′ciate, Novi′tiate, the state of being a novice: the period of being a novice: a novice. [Fr.,—L. novitius—novus, new.]

Novum, nō′vum, n. (Shak.) a certain game at dice, in which the chief throws were nine and five.

Novus homo, nov′us hom′o, n. a new man: one who has risen from a low position to a high dignity.

Now, now, adv. at the present time: at this time or a little before.—conj. but: after this: things being so.—n. the present time.—advs. Now′adays, in days now present.—Now—now, at one time—at another time. [A.S. nú; Ger. nun, L. nunc, Gr. nun.]

Nowel, Noël, nō′el, n. Christmas: a joyous shout or song at Christmas: a Christmas carol. [O. Fr. nowel, noel (mod. Fr. noël; cf. Sp. natal, It. natale)—L. natalis, belonging to one's birthday.]

Nowhere, nō′hwār, adv. in no where or place: at no time.—adv. Nō′whither, not any whither: to no place: in no direction: nowhere.

Nowl, nowl, n. (Shak.). Same as Noul.

Nowt, nowt, n. (Scot.) cattle.—Also Nout. [Neat.]

Nowy, now′i, adj. (her.) having a convex curvature near the middle.—Also Nowed. [O. Fr. noue—L. nudatus, knotted.]

Noxious, nok′shus, adj. hurtful: unwholesome: injurious: destructive: poisonous.—adj. Nox′al, relating to wrongful injury.—adv. Nox′iously.—n. Nox′iousness. [L. noxius—noxa, hurt—nocēre, to hurt.]

Noy, noi, v.t. (Spens.). Same as Annoy.

Noyade, nwa-yad′, n. an infamous mode of drowning by means of a boat with movable bottom, practised by Carrier at Nantes, 1793-94. [Fr.,—noyer, to drown.]

Noyance, noi′ans, n. Same as Annoyance.

Noyau, nwo-yō′, n. a liqueur flavoured with kernels of bitter almonds or of peach-stones. [Fr., the stone of a fruit—L. nucalis, like a nut—nux, nucis, a nut.]

Noyous, noi′us, adj. (Spens.) serving to annoy: troublesome: hurtful. [Annoy.]

Noysome, noi′sum, adj. (Spens.) noisome (q.v.).

Nozzle, noz′l, n. a little nose: the snout: the extremity of anything: the open end of a pipe or tube, as of a bellows, &c. [Dim. of nose.]

Nuance, nū-ans′, n. a delicate degree or shade of difference perceived by any of the senses, or by the intellect. [Fr.,—L. nubes, a cloud.]

Nub, nub, v.t. (prov.) to push: beckon: hang.

Nub, nub, n. a knob, knot: point, gist.—adjs. Nub′bly, full of knots; Nub′by, lumpy, dirty.

Nubble, nub′l, v.t. to beat with the fist.

Nubecula, nū-bek′ū-la, n. a light film on the eye: a cloudy appearance in urine:—pl. Nubec′ulæ.

Nubiferous, nū-bif′e-rus, adj. bringing clouds.—adjs. Nūbig′enous, produced by clouds; Nū′bilous, cloudy, overcast—(obs.) Nū′bilose.

Nubile, nū′bil, adj. marriageable.—n. Nubil′ity. [L. nubilis—nubĕre, to veil one's self, hence to marry.]

Nucellus, nū-sel′us, n. the nucleus of the ovule.

Nuchal, nū′kal, adj. pertaining to the Nū′cha or nape.

Nuciform, nūs′i-form, adj. nut-shaped.—adj. Nucif′erous, nut-bearing. [L. nux, nucis, nut, forma, form.]

Nucifraga, nū-sif′ra-ga, n. a genus of corvine birds, between crows and jays, the nutcrackers.

Nucleus, nū′klē-us, n. the central mass round which matter gathers: (astron.) the head of a comet:—pl. Nuclei (nū′klē-ī).—adjs. Nū′clēal, Nū′clēar, pertaining to a nucleus.—v.t. Nū′clēāte, to gather into or around a nucleus.—adjs. Nū′clēate, -d, having a nucleus; Nū′clēiform.—ns. Nū′clēin, a colourless amorphous proteid, a constituent of cell-nuclei; Nū′cleobranch, one of an order of molluscs which have the gills packed in the shell along with the heart:—pl. Nucleobranchiă′ta; Nū′clēōle, a little nucleus: a nucleus within a nucleus—also Nuclē′olus:—pl. Nuclē′oli. [L.,—nux, nucis, a nut.]

Nucule, nūk′ūl, n. a little nut: in Characeæ the female sexual organ. [L. nucula, dim. of nux, nucis, a nut.]

Nude, nūd, adj. naked: bare: without drapery, as a statue: void, as a contract.—n. Nūdā′tion, act of making bare.—adv. Nūde′ly.—ns. Nūde′ness, Nū′dity, nakedness: want of covering: anything laid bare.—adjs. Nudiflō′rous, having the flowers destitute of hairs, glands, &c.; Nūdifō′lious, having bare or smooth leaves; Nūdiros′trate, having the rostrum naked.—n.pl. Nū′dities, naked parts: figures divested of drapery.—The nude, the undraped human figure as a branch of art. [L. nudus, naked.]

Nudge, nuj, n. a gentle push.—v.t. to push gently. [Cf. Knock, Knuckle; Dan. knuge.]

Nudibranch, nū′di-brangk, n. one of an order of gasteropods having no shell, and with the gills exposed on the surface of the body:—pl. Nudibranchiā′ta. [L. nudus, naked, branchiæ, gills.]

Nugatory, nū′ga-tor-i, adj. trifling: vain: insignificant: of no power: ineffectual. [L. nugatorius,—nugæ, jokes, trifles.]

Nugget, nug′et, n. a lump or mass, as of a metal. [Prob. ingot, with the n of the article.]

Nuisance, nū′sans, n. that which annoys or hurts: that which troubles: that which is offensive.—n. Nū′isancer. [Fr.,—L. nocēre, to hurt.]

Null, nul, adj. of no legal force: void: invalid: of no importance.—n. something of no value or meaning, a cipher: a bead-like raised work.—v.t. to annul, nullify.—v.i. to kink: to form nulls, or into nulls, as in a lathe.—Nulled work, woodwork turned by means of a lathe so as to form a series of connected knobs—for rounds of chairs, &c. [L. nullus, not any, from ne, not, ullus, any.]

Nullah, nul′a, n. a dry water-course.

Nulla-nulla, nul′a-nul′a, n. an Australian's hard-wood club.

Nullifidian, nul-i-fid′i-an, adj. having no faith.—n. a person in such a condition. [L. nullus, none, fides, faith.]

Nullify, nul′i-fī, v.t. to make null: to annul: to render void or of no force:—pr.p. null′ifying; pa.t. and pa.p. null′ified.—ns. Nullificā′tion, a rendering void or of none effect, esp. (U.S.) of a contract by one of the parties, or of a law by one legislature which has been passed by another; Null′ifier; Null′ity, the state of being null or void: nothingness: want of existence, force, or efficacy.

Nullipara, nul-lip′a-ra, n. a woman who has never given birth to a child, esp. if not a virgin.—adj. Nullip′arous.

Nullipennate, nul-i-pen′āt, adj. having no flight-feathers, as a penguin.

Nullipore, nul′i-pōr, n. a small coral-like seaweed.—adj. Null′iporous.

Numb, num, adj. deprived of sensation or motion: powerless to feel or act: stupefied: motionless: (Shak.) causing numbness.—v.t. to make numb: to deaden: to render motionless:—pr.p. numbing (num′ing); pa.p. numbed (numd).—adj. Numb′-cold (Shak.), numbed with cold: causing numbness.—n. Numb′ness, state of being numb: condition of living body in which it has lost the power of feeling: torpor. [A.S. numen, pa.p. of niman, to take; so Ice. numinn, bereft.]

Number, num′bėr, n. that by which things are counted or computed: a collection of things: more than one: a unit in counting: a numerical figure: the measure of multiplicity: sounds distributed into harmonies: metre, verse, esp. in pl.: (gram.) the difference in words to express singular or plural: (pl.) the fourth book of the Old Testament.—v.t. to count: to reckon as one of a multitude: to mark with a number: to amount to.—n. Num′berer.—adj. Num′berless, without number: more than can be counted.—ns. Numerabil′ity, Nū′merableness.—adj. Nū′merable, that may be numbered or counted.—adv. Nū′merably.—adj. Nū′meral, pertaining to, consisting of, or expressing number.—n. a figure or mark used to express a number, as 1, 2, 3, &c.: (gram.) a word used to denote a number.—adv. Nū′merally, according to number.—adj. Nū′merary, belonging to a certain number: contained within or counting as one of a body or a number—opp. to Supernumerary.—v.t. Nū′merāte, to point off and read as figures: (orig.) to enumerate, to number.—ns. Nūmerā′tion, act of numbering: the art of reading numbers, and expressing their values; Nū′merātor, one who numbers: the upper number of a vulgar fraction, which expresses the number of fractional parts taken.—adjs. Nūmer′ic, -al, belonging to, or consisting in, number: the same both in number and kind.—adv. Nūmer′ically.—n. Nūmeros′ity, numerousness: harmonious flow.—adj. Nū′merous, great in number: being many.—adv. Nū′merously.—n. Nū′merousness. [Fr. nombre—L. numerus, number.]

Numbles, num′bls, n.pl. the entrails of a deer. See Umbles.

Numerotage, nū-me-rō-täzh′, n. the numbering of yarns so as to denote their fineness. [Fr.]

Numismatic, nū-mis-mat′ik, adj. pertaining to money, coins, or medals.—n.sing. Nūmismat′ics, the science of coins and medals.—ns. Nūmis′matist, one having a knowledge of coins and medals; Nūmismatog′raphy, description of coins; Numismatol′ogist, one versed in numismatology; Nūmismatol′ogy, the science of coins and medals in relation to history. [L. numisma—Gr. nomisma, current coin—nomizein, to use commonly—nomos, custom.]

Nummary, num′a-ri, adj. relating to coins or money.—adjs. Numm′iform, shaped like a coin; Numm′ūlar, Numm′ūlary, Numm′ūlāted, Numm′ūline, pertaining to coins: like a coin in shape; Numm′ūliform.—n. Numm′ūlite, a fossil shell resembling a coin.—adj. Nummulit′ic. [L. nummus, a coin.]

Numskull, num′skul, n. a stupid fellow: a blockhead.—adj. Num′skulled. [From numb and skull.]

Nun, nun, n. a female who, under a vow, secludes herself in a religious house, to give her time to devotion: (zool.) a kind of pigeon with the feathers on its head like the hood of a nun.—ns. Nun′-buoy, a buoy somewhat in the form of a double cone; Nun′nery, a house for nuns.—adj. Nun′nish.—ns. Nun′nishness; Nun's′-veil′ing, a woollen cloth, soft and thin, used by women for veils and dresses. [A.S. nunne—Low L. nunna, nonna, a nun, an old maiden lady, the orig. sig. being 'mother;' cf. Gr. nannē, aunt, Sans. nanā, a child's word for 'mother.']

Nunc dimittis, nungk di-mit′tis, n. 'now lettest thou depart:' the name given to the song of Simeon (Luke, ii. 29-32) in the R.C. Breviary and the Anglican evening service—from the opening words.

Nuncheon, nun′shun, n. a luncheon. [Prob. a corr. of luncheon, with some reference to noon.]

Nuncio, nun′shi-o, n. a messenger: one who brings tidings: an ambassador from the Pope to an emperor or a king.—n. Nun′ciātūre, the office of a nuncio. [It.,—L. nuncius, a messenger, one who brings news—prob. a contr. of noventius; cf. novus, new.]

Nuncle, nung′kl, n. (Shak.) a contr. of mine uncle.

Nuncupative, nung′kū-pā-tiv, adj. declaring publicly or solemnly: (law) verbal, not written, as a will—also Nun′cūpātory.—v.t. and v.i. Nun′cupate, to declare solemnly: to declare orally.—n. Nuncūpā′tion. [Fr.,—Low L. nuncupativus, nominal—L. nuncupāre, to call by name—prob. from nomen, name, capĕre, to take.]

Nundinal, nun′di-nal, adj. pertaining to a fair or market.—Also Nun′dinary. [L. nundinæ, the market-day, properly the ninth day—i.e. from the preceding market-day, both days inclusive—novem, nine, dies, a day.]

Nuphar, nū′fär, n. a genus of yellow water-lilies, the Nymphæa.

Nuptial, nup′shal, adj. pertaining to marriage: constituting marriage.—n.pl. Nup′tials, marriage: wedding ceremony. [Fr.,—L. nuptialis—nuptiæ, marriage—nubĕre, nuptum, to marry.]

Nur, nur, n. a knot or knob in wood. See Knurr.

Nurl, nurl, v.t. to mill or indent on the edge.—ns. Nurl′ing, the milling of a coin: the series of indentations on the edge of some screw-heads: zigzag ornamental engraving; Nurl′ing-tool.

Nurse, nurs, n. a woman who nourishes an infant: a mother while her infant is at the breast: one who has the care of infants or of the sick: (hort.) a shrub or tree which protects a young plant.—v.t. to tend, as an infant or a sick person: to bring up: to cherish: to manage with care and economy: to play skilfully, as billiard-balls, in order to get them into the position one wants.—adj. Nurse′like (Shak.), like or becoming a nurse.—ns. Nurse′maid, a girl who takes care of children; Nurs′er, one who nurses: one who promotes growth; Nurs′ery, place for nursing: an apartment for young children: a place where the growth of anything is promoted: (hort.) a piece of ground where plants are reared; Nurs′ery-gov′erness; Nurs′erymaid, a nurse-maid; Nurs′eryman, a man who owns or works a nursery: one who is employed in cultivating plants, &c., for sale; Nurs′ing-fa′ther (B.), a foster-father; Nurs′ling, that which is nursed: an infant. [O. Fr. norrice (Fr. nourrice)—L. nutrix—nutrīre, to nourish.]

Nurture, nurt′ūr, n. act of nursing or nourishing: nourishment: education: instruction.—v.t. to nourish: to bring up: to educate.—n. Nurt′urer. [O. Fr. noriture (Fr. nourriture)—Low L. nutritura—L. nutrīre, to nourish.]

Nut, nut, n. the name popularly given to all those fruits which have the seed enclosed in a bony, woody, or leathery pericarp, not opening when ripe: (bot.) a one-celled fruit, with a hardened pericarp, containing, when mature, only one seed: often the hazel-nut, sometimes the walnut: a small block of metal for screwing on the end of a bolt.—v.i. to gather nuts:—pr.p. nut′ting; pa.p. nut′ted.—adj. Nut′-brown, brown, like a ripe old nut.—ns. Nut′cracker, an instrument for cracking nuts: a genus of birds of the family Corvidæ; Nut′-gall, an excrescence, chiefly of the oak; Nut′hatch, a genus of birds of the family Sittidæ, agile creepers—also Nut′jobber, Nut′pecker; Nut′-hook, a stick with a hook at the end for pulling down boughs that the nuts may be gathered: a bailiff, a thief who uses a hook; Nut′meal, meal made from the kernels of nuts; Nut′-oil, an oil obtained from walnuts; Nut′-pine, one of several pines with large edible seeds; Nut′shell, the hard substance that encloses the kernel of a nut: anything of little value; Nut′ter, one who gathers nuts; Nut′tiness; Nut′ting, the gathering of nuts; Nut′-tree, any tree bearing nuts, esp. the hazel.—adj. Nut′ty, abounding in nuts: having the flavour of nuts.—n. Nut′-wrench, an instrument for fixing on nuts or removing them from screws.—A nut to crack, a difficult problem to solve; Be nuts on (slang), to be very fond of; In a nutshell, in small compass. [A.S. hnutu; Ice. hnot, Dut. noot, Ger. nuss.]

Nutant, nū′tant, adj. nodding: (bot.) having the top of the stem of the flower-cluster bent downward.—n. Nūtā′tion, a nodding: (astron.) a periodical and constant change of the angle made by the earth's axis, with the ecliptic, caused by the attraction of the moon on the greater mass of matter round the equator: (bot.) the turning of flowers towards the sun. [L. nutāre, to nod.]

Nutmeg, nut′meg, n. the aromatic kernel of an East Indian tree, much used as a seasoning in cookery.—adj. Nut′megged; Nut′meggy. [M. E. notemuge, a hybrid word formed from nut, and O. Fr. muge, musk—L. muscus, musk.]

Nutria, nū′tri-a, n. the fur of the coypou, a South American beaver. [Sp.,—L. lutra, an otter.]

Nutriment, nū′tri-ment, n. that which nourishes: that which helps forward growth or development: food.—adj. Nū′trient, nourishing.—n. anything nourishing.—adj. Nū′trimental, having the quality of nutriment or food: nutritious.—n. Nūtri′tion, act of nourishing: process of promoting the growth of bodies: that which nourishes: nutriment.—adjs. Nūtri′tional; Nūtri′tious, nourishing: promoting growth.—adv. Nūtri′tiously.—n. Nūtri′tiousness.—adjs. Nū′tritive, Nū′tritory, nourishing: concerned in nutrition.—adv. Nū′tritively.—ns. Nū′tritiveness; Nūtritō′rium, the nutritive apparatus. [L. nutrimentum—nutrīre, to nourish.]

Nux vomica, nuks vom′ik-a, n. the seed of an East Indian tree, from which the powerful poison known as strychnine is obtained. [L. nux, a nut, vomicus, from vomĕre, to vomit.]

Nuzzer, nuz′ėr, n. a present made to a superior. [Ind.]

Nuzzle, nuz′l, v.i. to rub the nose against: to fondle closely, to cuddle: to nurse or rear.—v.t. to touch with the nose: to go with the nose toward the ground.—Also Nous′le. [A freq. verb from nose.]

Nyanza, ni-an′za, n. a sheet of water, marsh, the river feeding a lake. [Afr.]

Nyas. See Eyas.

Nyctala, nik′ta-la, n. a genus of owls of family Strigidæ.

Nyctalopia, nik-ta-lō′pi-a, n. the defective vision of persons who can see in a faint light but not in bright daylight: sometimes applied to the opposite defect, inability to see save in a strong daylight—also Nyc′talopy.—n. Nyc′talops, one affected with nyctalopia. [Gr. nyktalōps, seeing by night only—nyx, nyktos, night, ōps, vision.]

Nyctitropism, nik′ti-trō-pizm, n. the so-called sleep of plants, the habit of taking at night certain positions unlike those during the day.—adj. Nyctitrop′ic. [Gr. nyx, night, tropos, a turn.]

Nylghau, nil′gaw, n. a large species of antelope, in North Hindustan, the males of which are of a bluish colour. [Pers. níl gáw—níl, blue, gáw, ox, cow.]

Nymph, nimf, n. a young and beautiful maiden: (myth.) one of the beautiful goddesses who inhabited mountains, rivers, trees, &c.—adjs. Nymph′al, relating to nymphs; Nymphē′an, pertaining to nymphs: inhabited by nymphs; Nymph′ic, -al, pertaining to nymphs; Nymph′ish, Nymph′ly, nymph-like; Nymph′-like.—ns. Nymph′olepsy, a species of ecstasy or frenzy said to have seized those who had seen a nymph; Nymph′olept, a person in frenzy.—adj. Nympholept′ic.—ns. Nymphomā′nia, morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women; Nymphomā′niac, a woman affected with the foregoing.—adjs. Nymphomā′niac, -al. [Fr.,—L. nympha—Gr. nymphē, a bride.]

Nymph, nimf, Nympha, nimf′a, n. the pupa or chrysalis of an insect.—n.pl. Nymphæ (nimf′ē), the labia minora.—adj. Nymphip′arous, producing pupæ.—ns. Nymphī′tis, inflammation of the nymphæ; Nymphot′omy, the excision of the nymphæ.

Nymphæa, nim-fē′a, n. a genus of water-plants, with beautiful fragrant flowers, including the water-lily, Egyptian lotus, &c. [L. nympha, a nymph.]

Nys, nis (Spens.), none is. [Ne, not, and is.]

Nystagmus, nis-tag′mus, n. a spasmodic, lateral, oscillatory movement of the eyes, found in miners, &c. [Gr., nystazein, to nap.]

Nyula, ni-ū′la, n. an ichneumon.

the fifteenth letter and fourth vowel of our alphabet, its sound intermediate between a and u—with three values in English, the name-sound heard in note, the shorter sound heard in not, and the neutral vowel heard in son: as a numeral, 'nothing,' or 'zero' (formerly O=11, and (Ō)=11,000): (chem.) the symbol of oxygen: anything round or nearly so (pl. O's, Oes, pron. ōz).

O, oh, ō, interj. an exclamation of wonder, pain, desire, fear, &c. The form oh is the more usual in prose.—O hone! Och hone! an Irish exclamation of lamentation. [A.S. eá.]

O, usually written o', an abbrev. for of and on.

Oaf, ōf, n. a foolish or deformed child left by the fairies in place of another: a dolt, an idiot.—adj. Oaf′ish, idiotic, doltish. [Elf.]

Oak, ōk, n. a tree of about 300 species, the most famous the British oak, valued for its timber in shipbuilding, &c.—ns. Oak′-app′le, a spongy substance on the leaves of the oak, caused by insects—also Oak′leaf-gall; Oak′-bark, the bark of some species of oak used in tanning.—adjs. Oak′-cleav′ing (Shak.), cleaving oaks; Oak′en, consisting or made of oak.—ns. Oak′-gall, a gall produced on the oak; Oak′-leath′er, a fungus mycelium in the fissures of old oaks; Oak′ling, a young oak; Oak′-pā′per, paper for wall-hangings veined like oak.—adj. Oak′y, like oak, firm.—Oak-apple Day, the 29th of May, the anniversary of the Restoration in 1660, when country boys used to wear oak-apples in commemoration of Charles II. skulking in the branches of an oak (the Royal Oak) from Cromwell's troopers after Worcester.—Sport one's oak, in English university slang, to signify that one does not wish visitors by closing the outer door of one's rooms; The Oaks, one of the three great English races—for mares—the others being the Derby and St Leger. [A.S. ác; Ice. eik, Ger. eiche.]

Oaker, ōk′ėr, n. (Spens.) ochre.

Oakum, ōk′um, n. old ropes untwisted and teased into loose hemp for caulking the seams of ships. [A.S. ácumba, ǽcemba—cemban, to comb.]

Oar, ōr, n. a light pole with a flat feather or spoon-shaped end (the blade) for propelling a boat: an oar-like appendage for swimming, as the antennæ of an insect or crustacean, &c.: an oarsman.—v.t. to impel by rowing.—v.i. to row.—n. Oar′age, oars collectively.—adj. Oared, furnished with oars.—ns. Oar′lap, a rabbit with its ears standing out at right-angles to the head; Oar′-lock, a rowlock; Oars′man, one who rows with an oar; Oars′manship, skill in rowing.—adj. Oar′y, having the form or use of oars.—Boat oars, to bring the oars inboard; Feather oars, to turn the blades parallel to the water when reaching back for another stroke; Lie on the oars, to cease rowing without shipping the oars: to rest, take things easily: to cease from work; Put in one's oar, to give advice when not wanted; Ship, or Unship, oars, to place the oars in the rowlocks, or to take them out. [A.S. ár.]

Oarium, ō-ā′ri-um, n. an ovary or ovarium.

Oasis, ō-ā′sis, n. a fertile spot in a sandy desert: any place of rest or pleasure in the midst of toil and gloom:—pl. Oases (ō-ā′sēz). [L.,—Gr. oasis, an Egyptian word; cf. Coptic ouahe.]

Oast, ōst, n. a kiln to dry hops or malt.—n. Oast′-house. [A.S. ást.]

Oat, ōt (oftener in pl. Oats, ōts), n. a well-known grassy plant, the seeds of which are much used as food: its seeds: a musical pipe of oat-straw: a shepherd's pipe, pastoral song generally.—n. Oat′cake, a thin broad cake made of oatmeal.—adj. Oat′en, consisting of an oat stem or straw: made of oatmeal.—ns. Oat′-grass, two species of oat, useful more as fodder than for the seed; Oat′meal, meal made of oats.—Sow one's wild oats, to indulge in the usual youthful dissipations. [A.S. áta, pl. átan.]

Oath, ōth, n. a solemn statement with an appeal to God as witness, and a calling for punishment from Him in case of falsehood or of failure, also the form of words in which such is made—oath of abjuration, allegiance, &c.: an irreverent use of God's name in conversation or in any way: any merely exclamatory imprecation, &c.:—pl. Oaths (ōthz).—adj. Oath′able (Shak.), capable of having an oath administered to.—n. Oath′-break′ing (Shak.), the violation of an oath, perjury.—Upon one's oath, sworn to speak the truth. [A.S. áth; Ger. eid, Ice. eithr.]

Ob., for objection, just as sol. for solution, on the margins of old books of controversial divinity.—n. Ob′-and-sol′er, a disputant, polemic.

Obang, ō-bang′, n. an old Japanese oblong gold coin.

Obbligato, ob-li-gä′to, adj. that cannot be done without.—n. a musical accompaniment, itself of independent importance, esp. that of a single instrument to a vocal piece.—Also Obliga′to. [It.]

Obconic, -al, ob-kon′ik, -al, adj. inversely conical.

Obcordate, ob-kor′dāt, adj. (bot.) inversely heart-shaped, as a leaf.

Obdurate, ob′dū-rāt, adj. hardened in heart or in feelings: difficult to influence, esp. in a moral sense: stubborn: harsh.—n. Ob′dūracy, state of being obdurate: invincible hardness of heart.—adv. Ob′dūrately.—ns. Ob′dūrateness, Obdūrā′tion.—adj. Obdūred′, hardened. [L. obdurāre, -ātum—ob, against, durāre, to harden—durus, hard.]

Obeah. See Obi.

Obedience, ō-bē′di-ens, n. state of being obedient: willingness to obey commands: dutifulness: the collective body of persons subject to any particular authority: a written instruction from the superior of an order to those under him: any official position under an abbot's jurisdiction.—adjs. Obē′dient, willing to obey; Obēdien′tial, submissive: obligatory.—adv. Obē′diently.—Canonical obedience, the obedience, as regulated by the canons, of an ecclesiastic to another of higher rank; Passive obedience, unresisting and unquestioning obedience to authority, like that taught by some Anglican divines as due even to faithless and worthless kings like Charles II. and James II.

Obeisance, ō-bā′sans, or ō-bē′sans, n. obedience: a bow or act of reverence: an expression of respect.—adj. Obē′isant. [Fr.,—obéir—L. obedīre, to obey.]

Obelion, ō-bē′li-on, n. a point in the sagittal suture of the skull, between the two parietal foramina. [Gr. obelos, a spit.]

Obelisk, ob′e-lisk, n. a tall, four-sided, tapering pillar, usually of one stone, finished at the top like a flat pyramid: (print.) a dagger ( † ).—adj. Ob′eliscal.—v.t. Ob′elise, to mark with an obelisk, to condemn as spurious, indelicate, &c.—n. Ob′elus, a mark ( — or ÷ ) used in ancient MSS. to mark suspected passages, esp. in the Septuagint to indicate passages not in the Hebrew:—pl. Ob′eli. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. obeliskos, dim. of obelos, a spit.]

Oberhaus, ō′ber-hows, n. the upper house in those German legislative bodies that have two chambers. [Ger. ober, upper, haus, house.]

Oberland, ō′ber-lant, n. highlands, as the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland.

Oberon, ō′ber-on, king of the fairies, husband of Titania.

Obese, ō-bēs′, adj. fat: fleshy.—ns. Obese′ness, Obes′ity, fatness: abnormal fatness. [L. obesus—ob, up, edĕre, esum, to eat.]

Obex, ō′beks, n. a barrier: a thickening at the calamus scriptorius of the medulla oblongata. [L., objicĕre, to throw before.]

Obey, ō-bā′, v.t. to do as told by: to be ruled by: to yield to: to carry out or perform.—v.i. to submit to power, &c.: (B.) to yield obedience (followed by to).—n. Obey′er.—adv. Obey′ingly, obediently. [Fr. obéir—L. obedīre—ob, near, audīre, to hear.]

Obfuscate, ob-fus′kāt, v.t. to darken: to confuse.—n. Obfuscā′tion. [L. obfuscāre, -ātum—ob, inten., fuscus, dark.]

Obi, ō′bi, n. a kind of sorcery practised by obeah-men and obeah-women among the negroes of the West Indies and United States, a survival of African magic: a fetish or charm—also O′bea, O′beah, O′by.—n. O′biism. [Prob. Afr.]

Obi, ō′bi, n. a broad, gaily embroidered sash worn by Japanese women. [Jap.]

Obit, ō′bit, or ob′it, n. death: the fact or the date of death: funeral ceremonies: the anniversary of a person's death, or a service at such time.—adj. Obit′ual, pertaining to obits.—adv. Obit′uarily.—n. Obit′uarist, a writer of obituaries.—adj. Obit′uary, relating to the death of a person or persons.—n. a register of deaths (orig.) in a monastery: an account of a deceased person, or a notice of his death. [Fr.,—L. obitus—obīre—ob, to, īre, to go.]

Object, ob-jekt′, v.t. to place before the view: to throw in the way of: to offer in opposition: to oppose.—v.i. to oppose: to give a reason against.—n. Objectificā′tion.—v.t. Object′ify, to make objective.—n. Objec′tion, act of objecting: anything said or done in opposition: argument against.—adj. Objec′tionable, that may be objected to: requiring to be disapproved of.—adv. Objec′tionably, in an objectionable manner or degree.—adj. Object′ive, relating to an object: being exterior to the mind: substantive, self-existent: setting forth what is external, actual, practical, apart from the sensations or emotions of the speaker: as opposed to Subjective, pertaining to that which is real or exists in nature, in contrast with what is ideal or exists merely in thought: (gram.) belonging to the case of the object.—n. (gram.) the case of the object: in microscopes, &c., the lens which brings the rays to a focus: the point to which the operations of an army are directed.—adv. Object′ively.—ns. Object′iveness; Object′ivism.—adj. Objectivist′ic.—ns. Objectiv′ity, state of being objective; Object′or. [Fr.,—L. objectāre, a freq. of objicĕre, -jectum—ob, in the way of, jacĕre, to throw.]

Object, ob′jekt, n. anything perceived or set before the mind: that which is sought after, or that toward which an action is directed: end: motive: (gram.) that toward which the action of a transitive verb is directed.—ns. Ob′ject-find′er, a device in microscopes for locating an object in the field before examination by a higher power; Ob′ject-glass, the glass at the end of a telescope or microscope next the object; Ob′jectist, one versed in the objective philosophy.—adj. Ob′jectless, having no object: purposeless.—ns. Ob′ject-less′on, a lesson in which the object to be described, or a representation of it, is shown; Ob′ject-soul, a vital principle attributed by the primitive mind to inanimate objects.

Objure, ob-jōōr′, v.i. to swear.—n. Objurā′tion, act of binding by oath.

Objurgation, ob-jur-gā′shun, n. act of chiding: a blaming, reproof: reprehension.—v.t. Objur′gate, to chide.—adj. Objur′gatory, expressing blame or reproof. [Fr.,—L.,—ob, against, jurgāre, to sue at law—jus, law, agĕre, to drive.]

Oblanceolate, ob-lan′se-o-lāt, adj. (bot.) shaped like the head of a lance reversed, as a leaf.

Oblate, ob-lāt′, n. a secular person devoted to a monastery, but not under its vows, esp. one of the Oblate Fathers or Oblate Sisters: one dedicated to a religious order from childhood, or who takes the cowl in anticipation of death: a loaf of altar-bread before its consecration.—n. Oblā′tion, act of offering: anything offered in worship or sacred service, esp. a eucharistic offering: an offering generally.—Great oblation, the solemn offering or presentation in memorial before God of the consecrated elements, as sacramentally the body and blood of Christ; Lesser oblation, the offertory. [L. oblatus, offered up.]

Oblate, ob-lāt′, adj. flattened at opposite sides or poles: shaped like an orange.—ns. Oblate′ness, flatness at the poles; Oblate′-spher′oid, a spherical body flattened at the poles. [L. oblatus, pa.p. of offerre, to offer—ob, against, ferre, to bring.]

Obligato. See Obbligato.

Oblige, ō-blīj′, v.t. to bind or constrain: to bind by some favour rendered, hence to do a favour to.—adj. Ob′ligable, that can be held to a promise or an undertaking: true to a promise or a contract.—n. Ob′ligant, one who binds himself to another to pay or to perform something.—v.t. Ob′ligāte, to constrain: to bind by contract or duty:—pr.p. ob′ligāting; pa.p. ob′ligāted.—n. Obligā′tion, act of obliging: the power which binds to a promise, a duty, &c.: any act which binds one to do something for another: that to which one is bound: state of being indebted for a favour: (law) a bond containing a penalty in case of failure.—adv. Ob′ligatorily.—n. Ob′ligatoriness.—adj. Ob′ligātory, binding: imposing duty.—ns. Obligee (ob-li-jē′), the person to whom another is obliged; Oblige′ment, a favour conferred.—adj. Oblig′ing, disposed to confer favours: ready to do a good turn.—adv. Oblig′ingly.—ns. Oblig′ingness; Ob′ligor (law), the person who binds himself to another. [Fr.,—L. obligāre, -ātum—ob, before, ligāre, to bind.]

Oblique, ob-lēk′, adj. slanting: not perpendicular: not parallel: not straightforward: obscure: (geom.) not a right-angle: (gram.) denoting any case except the nominative.—v.i. to deviate from a direct line or from the perpendicular, to slant: to advance obliquely by facing half right or left and then advancing.—ns. Obliquā′tion, Oblique′ness, Obliq′uity, state of being oblique: a slanting direction: error or wrong: irregularity.—adv. Oblique′ly.—adj. Obliq′uid (Spens.), oblique.—Oblique cone or cylinder, one whose axis is oblique to the plane of its base; Oblique narration or speech (L. oratio obliqua), indirect narration, the actual words of the speaker, but, as related by a third person, having the first person in pronoun and verb converted into the third, adverbs of present time into the corresponding adverbs of past time, &c.; Oblique sailing, the reduction of the position of a ship from the various courses made good, oblique to the meridian or parallel of latitude; Obliquity of the ecliptic, the angle between the plane of the earth's orbit and that of the earth's equator. [Fr.,—L. obliquus—ob, before, liquis, slanting.]

Obliterate, ob-lit′ėr-āt, v.t. to blot out, so as not to be readable: to wear out: to destroy: to reduce to a very low state.—n. Obliterā′tion, act of obliterating: a blotting or wearing out: extinction.—adj. Oblit′erātive. [L. obliterāre, -ātum—ob, over, litera, a letter.]

Oblivion, ob-liv′i-un, n. act of forgetting or state of being forgotten: remission of punishment.—adj. Obliv′ious, forgetful: prone to forget: causing forgetfulness.—adv. Obliv′iously.—ns. Obliv′iousness; Oblivisc′ence. [Fr.,—L. oblivion-em—oblivisci, to forget.]

Oblong, ob′long, adj. long in one way: longer than broad.—n. (geom.) a rectangle longer than broad: any oblong figure.—adj. Ob′longish.—adv. Ob′longly.—n. Ob′longness. [Fr.,—L. ob, over, longus, long.]

Obloquy, ob′lo-kwi, n. reproachful language: censure: calumny: disgrace. [L. obloquium—ob, against, loqui, to speak.]

Obmutescence, ob-mū-tes′ens, n. loss of speech, dumbness. [L. obmutescĕre, to become dumb.]

Obnoxious, ob-nok′shus, adj. liable to hurt or punishment: exposed to: guilty: blameworthy: offensive: subject: answerable.—adv. Obnox′iously.—n. Obnox′iousness. [L.,—ob, before, noxa, hurt.]

Obnubilation, ob-nū-bi-lā′shun, n. the act of making dark or obscure.—v.t. Obnū′bilāte. [Low L. obnubilare, to cloud over—L. ob, over, nubilus, cloudy.]

Oboe, ō′bō-e, n. a treble reed musical instrument, usually with fifteen keys, with a rich tone, giving the pitch to the violin in the orchestra: a treble stop on the organ, its bass being the bassoon—also Hautboy.—n. O′bōist, a player on the oboe.—Oboe d'Amore, an obsolete alto oboe; Oboe di Caccia, an obsolete tenor oboe, or rather tenor bassoon. [Fr. hautbois.]

Obol, ob′ol, n. in ancient Greece, a small coin, worth rather more than three-halfpence: also a weight, the sixth part of a drachma—also Ob′olus:—pl. Ob′oli (ī).—adj. Ob′olary, consisting of obols: extremely poor. [Gr. obelos, a spit.]

Obovate, ob-ō′vāt, adj. (bot.) egg-shaped, as a leaf, with the narrow end next the leaf-stalk.—adv. Obō′vātely.—adj. Obō′void, solidly obovate.

Obreption, ob-rep′shun, n. obtaining of gifts of escheat by falsehood—opp. to Subreption (q.v.).—adj. Obreptit′ious.

Obscene, ob-sēn′, adj. offensive to chastity: unchaste: indecent: disgusting: ill-omened.—adv. Obscene′ly.—ns. Obscene′ness, Obscen′ity, quality of being obscene: lewdness. [L. obscenus.]

Obscure, ob-skūr′, adj. dark: not distinct: not easily understood: not clear, legible, or perspicuous: unknown: humble: unknown to fame: living in darkness.—v.t. to darken: to make less plain: to render doubtful.—ns. Obscū′rant, one who labours to prevent enlightenment or reform; Obscū′rantism, opposition to inquiry or reform; Obscū′rantist, an obscurant.—adj. pertaining to obscurantism.—n. Obscūrā′tion, the act of obscuring or state of being obscured.—adv. Obscūre′ly.—ns. Obscūre′ment; Obscūre′ness; Obscū′rer; Obscū′rity, state or quality of being obscure: darkness: an obscure place or condition: unintelligibleness: humility. [Fr.,—L. obscurus.]

Obsecrate, ob′se-krāt, v. to beseech: to implore.—n. Obsecrā′tion, supplication: one of the clauses in the Litany beginning with by.—adj. Ob′secrātory, supplicatory. [L. obsecrāre, -ātum, to entreat; ob, before, sacrāre—sacer, sacred.]

Obsequies, ob′se-kwiz, n.pl. funeral rites and solemnities:—sing. Ob′sequy (Milt.)—rarely used.—adj. Obsē′quial. [Fr. obsèques—L. obsequiæ—ob, before, upon, sequi, to comply.]

Obsequious, ob-sē′kwi-us, adj. compliant to excess: meanly condescending.—adv. Obsē′quiously.—n. Obsē′quiousness. [Fr.,—L. obsequiosus, compliant, obsequium, compliance.]

Observe, ob-zėrv′, v.t. to keep in view: to notice: to subject to systematic observation: to regard attentively: to remark, refer to in words: to comply with: to heed and to carry out in practice: to keep with proper ceremony: to keep or guard.—v.i. to take notice: to attend: to remark.—adj. Observ′able, that may be observed or noticed: worthy of observation: remarkable: requiring to be observed.—n. Observ′ableness.—adv. Observ′ably.—ns. Observ′ance, act of observing or paying attention to: performance: attention: that which is to be observed: rule of practice, a custom to be observed: reverence: homage; Observ′ancy, observance: obsequiousness.—adj. Observ′ant, observing: having powers of observing and noting: taking notice: adhering to: carefully attentive.—n. (Shak.) an obsequious attendant: one strict to comply with a custom, &c.; or Observ′antine, one of those Franciscan monks of stricter rule who separated from the Conventuals in the 15th century.—adv. Observ′antly.—n. Observā′tion, act of observing: habit of seeing and noting: attention: the act of recognising and noting phenomena as they occur in nature, as distinguished from experiment: that which is observed: a remark: performance: the fact of being observed.—adj. Observā′tional, consisting of, or containing, observations or remarks: derived from observation, as distinguished from experiment.—adv. Observā′tionally.—adj. Obser′vative, attentive.—ns. Ob′servātor, one who observes: a remarker; Observ′atory, a place for making astronomical and physical observations, usually placed in some high and stable place; Observ′er.—adj. Observ′ing, habitually taking notice: attentive.—adv. Observ′ingly. [Fr.,—L. observāre, -ātum—ob, before, servāre, to keep.]

Obsession, ob-sesh′un, n. persistent attack, esp. of an evil spirit upon a person: the state of being so molested from without—opp. to Possession, or control by an evil spirit from within. [L. obsession-em—obsidēre, to besiege.]

Obsidian, ob-sid′i-an, n. a natural glass—the vitreous condition of an acid lava. [From Obsidius, who, according to Pliny, discovered it in Ethiopia.]

Obsidional, ob-sid′i-ō-nal, adj. pertaining to a siege.—Also Obsid′ionary.

Obsignate, ob-sig′nāt, v.t. to seal, confirm.—n. Obsignā′tion.

Obsolescent, ob-so-les′ent, adj. going out of use.—n. Obsolesc′ence.—adj. Ob′solete, gone out of use: antiquated: (zool.) obscure: not clearly marked or developed: rudimental.—adv. Ob′soletely.—ns. Ob′soleteness; Obsolē′tion (rare); Ob′soletism. [L. obsolescens, -entis, pr.p. of obsolescĕre, obsoletum—ob, before, solēre, to be wont.]

Obstacle, ob′sta-kl, n. anything that stands in the way of or hinders progress: obstruction.—Obstacle race, a race in which obstacles have to be surmounted or circumvented. [Fr.,—L. obstaculum—ob, in the way of, stāre, to stand.]

Obstetric, -al, ob-stet′rik, -al, adj. pertaining to midwifery.—ns. Obstetric′ian, one skilled in obstetrics; Obstet′rics, the science of midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed; Obstet′rix, a midwife. [L. obstetricius—obstetrix, -icis, a midwife—ob, before, stāre, to stand.]

Obstinate, ob′sti-nāt, adj. blindly or excessively firm: unyielding: stubborn: not easily subdued or remedied.—ns. Ob′stinacy, Ob′stinateness, the condition of being obstinate: excess of firmness: stubbornness: fixedness that yields with difficulty, as a disease.—adv. Ob′stinately. [L. obstināre, -ātum—ob, in the way of, stāre, to stand.]

Obstipation, ob-sti-pā′shun, n. extreme costiveness.

Obstreperous, ob-strep′ėr-us, adj. making a loud noise: clamorous: noisy.—v.i. Obstrep′erāte (Sterne).—adv. Obstrep′erously.—n. Obstrep′erousness. [L. obstreperus—ob, before, strepĕre, to make a noise.]

Obstriction, ob-strik′shun, n. obligation. [L. obstringĕre, obstrictum, to bind up.]

Obstropulous, ob-strop′ū-lus, adj. a vulgar form of obstreperous.

Obstruct, ob-strukt′, v.t. to block up, to hinder from passing, to retard.—ns. Obstruc′ter, Obstruc′tor, one who obstructs; Obstruc′tion, act of obstructing: that which hinders progress or action: opposition, esp. in a legislative assembly; Obstruc′tionist.—adj. Obstruc′tive, tending to obstruct: hindering.—n. one who opposes progress.—adv. Obstruct′ively.—adj. Ob′struent, obstructing: blocking up.—n. (med.) anything that obstructs, esp. in the passages of the body. [L. obstruĕre, obstructum—ob, in the way of, struĕre, structum, to pile up.]

Obtain, ob-tān′, v.t. to lay hold of: to hold: to procure by effort: to gain: to keep possession of.—v.i. to be established: to continue in use: to become customary or prevalent: to hold good: (rare) to succeed.—adj. Obtain′able, that may be obtained, procured, or acquired.—ns. Obtain′er; Obtain′ment; Obten′tion, procurement.—Obtain to (Bacon), to attain to. [Fr.,—L. obtinēre—ob, upon, tenēre, to hold.]

Obtected, ob-tek′ted, adj. covered, protected by a chitonous case, as the pupæ of most flies. [L. obtegĕre, obtectum, to cover over.]

Obtemper, ob-tem′per, v.t. to yield obedience to (with to, unto). [L. obtemperāre.]

Obtend, ob-tend′, v.t. (obs.) to oppose: to allege. [L. obtendĕre, to stretch before.]

Obtest, ob-test′, v.t. to call upon, as a witness: to beg for.—v.i. to protest.—n. Obtestā′tion, act of calling to witness: a supplication. [L. obtestāri, to call as a witness—ob, before, testis, a witness.]

Obtrude, ob-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust in upon when not wanted: to urge upon against the will of.—v.i. to thrust one's self or be thrust upon.—ns. Obtrud′er; Obtrud′ing, Obtru′sion, a thrusting in or upon against the will of.—adj. Obtrus′ive, disposed to thrust one's self among others.—adv. Obtrus′ively.—n. Obtrus′iveness. [L. obtrudĕre—ob, before, trudĕre, trusum, to thrust.]

Obtruncate, ob-trung′kāt, v.t. to cut or lop off. [L. obtruncāre, -ātum—ob, before, truncāre, cut off.]

Obtund, ob-tund′, v.t. to dull or blunt, to deaden.—adj. Obtund′ent, dulling.—n. an oily mucilage for sores: an application to deaden the nerve of a tooth. [L. obtundĕre, to strike upon.]

Obturate, ob′tū-rāt, v.t. to close or stop up.—ns. Obturā′tion, the act of stopping up, esp. in gunnery, of a hole to prevent the escape of gas; Ob′tūrātor, that which stops or closes up, as a device of this kind in gunnery, &c.: in surgery, an artificial plate for closing an abnormal aperture or fissure, as with cleft palate, &c., or for distending an opening, as in lithotomy: any structure that shuts off a cavity or passage, esp. in anatomy, the membrane vessels, &c., closing the obturator foramen, or thyroid foramen, a large opening or fenestra in the anterior part of the hip-bone. [L. obturāre, -ātum, to stop up.]

Obturbinate, ob-tur′bi-nāt, adj. inversely top-shaped.

Obtuse, ob-tūs′, adj. blunt: not pointed: (bot.) blunt or rounded at the point, as a leaf: stupid: not shrill: (geom.) greater than a right angle.—adjs. Obtuse′-ang′led, Obtuse′-ang′ular, having an angle greater than a right angle.—adv. Obtuse′ly.—ns. Obtuse′ness, Obtus′ity. [Fr.,—L. obtusus—obtundĕre, to blunt—ob, against, tundĕre, to beat.]

Obumbrate, ob-um′brāt, v.t. to overshadow, to darken.—adj. lying under some projecting part, as the abdomen of certain spiders.—adj. Obum′brant, overhanging. [L. obumbrāre, -ātum, to overshadow.]

Obvallate, ob-val′āt, adj. walled up. [L. obvallāre, -ātum, to wall round.]

Obvelation, ob-vē-lā′shun, n. concealment.

Obvention, ob-ven′shun, n. (obs.) any incidental occurrence, or advantage, esp. an offering.

Obverse, ob-vėrs′, adj. turned towards one: bearing the head, as one face of a coin—opp. to Reverse: a second or complemental aspect of the same fact, a correlative proposition identically, implying another: (bot.) having the base narrower than the top.—n. Ob′verse, the side of a coin containing the head, or principal symbol.—adv. Obverse′ly.—n. Obver′sion, the act of turning toward the front of anything: in logic, a species of immediate inference—viz. the predicating of the original subject, the contradictory of the original predicate, and changing the quality of the proposition—e.g. to infer from all A is B that no A is not B—also called Permutation and Equipollence.—v.t. Obvert′, to turn towards the front. [L. obversus—ob, towards, vertĕre, to turn.]

Obviate, ob′vi-āt, v.t. to meet on the way, hence to remove, as difficulties. [L. obviāre, -ātum—ob, in the way of, viāre, viātum, to go—via, a way.]

Obvious, ob′vi-us, adj. meeting one in the way: easily discovered or understood: evident.—adv. Ob′viously.—n. Ob′viousness. [L. obvius.]

Obvolute, -d, ob′vo-lūt, -ed, adj. rolled or turned in, as two leaves in a bud, one edge of each out and the other in, as in the poppy.—adj. Obvol′vent, curved downward or inward. [L. obvolutus—ob, before, volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Ocarina, ok-a-rē′na, n. a kind of musical instrument with a whistling sound, made of terra-cotta, with finger-holes and a mouthpiece. [It.]

Occamism, ok′am-mizm, n. the doctrine of the nominalist schoolman, William of Occam or Ockham (c. 1270-1349).—n. Occ′amist, a follower of Occam.

Occamy, ok′a-mi, n. a silvery alloy. [Alchemy.]

Occasion, o-kā′zhun, n. a case of something happening: a special time or season: a chance of bringing about something desired: an event which, although not the cause, determines the time at which another happens: a reason or excuse: opportunity: requirement, business: a special ceremony.—v.t. to cause indirectly: to influence.—adj. Occā′sional, falling in the way or happening: occurring only at times: resulting from accident: produced on some special event.—ns. Occā′sionalism, the philosophical system of the Cartesian school for explaining the action of mind upon matter, or the combined action of both by the direct intervention of God, who on the occasion of certain modifications in our minds, excites the corresponding movements of body, and on the occasion of certain changes in our body, awakens the corresponding feelings in the mind; Occā′sionalist; Occasional′ity.—adv. Occā′sionally.—n. Occā′sioner.—On occasion, in case of need: as opportunity offers, from time to time; Take occasion, to take advantage of an opportunity. [Fr.,—L. occasion-em—occidĕre—ob, in the way of, cadĕre, casum, to fall.]

Occident, ok′si-dent, n. the western quarter of the sky where the sun goes down or sets: the west generally.—adj. Occiden′tal, noting the quarter where the sun goes down or sets: western: relatively less precious, as a gem.—n. a native of some occidental country—opp. to Oriental.—v.t. Occiden′talise, to cause to conform to western ideas or customs.—ns. Occiden′talism, habits, &c., of occidental peoples; Occiden′talist, a student of occidental languages—opp. to Orientalist: an individual belonging to an oriental country who favours western ideas, customs, &c.—adv. Occiden′tally. [Fr.,—L. occidens, -entis, pr.p. of occidĕre, to fall down.]

Occiput, ok′si-put, n. the back part of the head or skull.—adj. Occip′ital, pertaining to the occiput or back part of the head.—n. the occipital bone.—adv. Occip′itally.—adjs. Occip′ito-ax′ial, of or pertaining to the occipital bone and to the axis or second cervical vertebra; Occip′ito-front′al, pertaining to the occiput and to the forehead; Occip′ito-tem′poral, pertaining to the occipital and temporal regions. [L.,—ob, over against, caput, head.]

Occlude, o-klōōd′, v.t. to absorb, as a gas by a metal.—adj. Occlu′dent, serving to close.—n. Occlu′sion, a closing of an opening, passage, or cavity: the act of occluding or absorbing.—adj. Occlu′sive, serving to close.—n. Occlu′sor, that which closes, esp. an organ for closing an opening in a body. [L. occludĕre,—ob, before, claudĕre, to shut.]

Occult, ok-kult′, adj. covered over: escaping observation: hidden: not discovered without test or experiment: secret, unknown, transcending the bounds of natural knowledge.—n. Occultā′tion, a concealing, esp. of one of the heavenly bodies by another: state of being hid.—adj. Occult′ed (Shak.), hidden, secret: (astron.) concealed, as by a body coming between.—ns. Occult′ism, the doctrine or study of things hidden or mysterious—theosophy, &c.; Occult′ist, one who believes in occult things.—adv. Occult′ly.—n. Occult′ness.—Occult sciences, alchemy, astrology, magic, &c. [Fr.,—L. occulĕre, occultum, to hide.]

Occupy, ok′ū-pī, v.t. to take or hold possession of: to take up, as room, &c.: to fill, as an office: to employ: (B.) to use: to trade with: (Shak.) to possess, enjoy.—v.i. to hold possession: (B.) to trade:—pa.t. and pa.p. occ′ūpied.—ns. Occ′upancy, the act of occupying, or of taking or holding possession: possession: the time during which one occupies; Occ′upant, one who takes or has possession.—v.t. Occ′upāte (Bacon), to hold: to possess:—pr.p. occ′ūpāting; pa.p. occ′ūpāted.—n. Occupā′tion, the act of occupying or taking possession: possession: state of being employed or occupied: that which occupies or takes up one's attention: employment.—adj. Occupā′tive.—n. Occ′upier, one who takes or holds possession of: an occupant: (B.) a trader. [Fr.,—L. occupāre, -ātum—ob, to, on, capĕre, to take.]

Occur, o-kur′, v.i. to come or be presented to the mind: to happen: to appear: to be found here and there: to coincide in time:—pr.p. occur′ring; pa.p. occurred′.—ns. Occur′rence, anything that occurs: an event, esp. one unlooked for or unplanned: occasional presentation; Occur′rent, one who comes to meet another: (B.) an occurrence or chance.—adj. (B.) coming in the way. [Fr.,—L. occurrĕre—ob, towards, currĕre, to run.]

Ocean, ō′shan, n. the vast expanse of salt water that covers the greater part of the surface of the globe: one of its five great divisions (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic): any immense expanse or vast quantity.—adj. pertaining to the great sea.—n. O′cean-bā′sin, the depression of the earth's surface in which the waters of an ocean are contained.—adjs. Ocean′ian, pertaining to Oceania, which includes Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australasia, and Malaysia; Ocean′ic, pertaining to the ocean: found or formed in the ocean or high seas, pelagic: wide like the ocean.—ns.pl. Ocean′ic-is′lands, islands far from the mainland, situated in the midst of the ocean; Ocean′ides, marine molluscs or sea-shells.—ns. O′cean-lane (see Lane); Oceanog′rapher, one versed in oceanography.—adj. Oceanograph′ic.—ns. Oceanog′raphy, the scientific description of the ocean; Oceanol′ogy, the science of the ocean: a treatise on the ocean. [Fr.,—L. oceanus—Gr. ōkeanos, perh. from ōkys, swift.]

Ocellate, -d, ō′sel-lāt, -ed, adj. resembling an eye: marked with spots resembling eyes, as the feathers of a peacock.—adjs. Ocel′lar, Oc′ellary, ocellate, pertaining to ocelli; Ocellif′erous, Ocellig′erous, bearing spots like small eyes.—n. Ocel′lus, a little eye, an eye-spot: one of the round spots of varied colour in the tail of a peacock, &c.:—pl. Ocel′lī. [L. ocellatus—ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye.]

Ocelot, ō′se-lot, n. the name of several species of animals in tropical America allied to the leopard, but much smaller.—adj. O′celoid. [Mex.]

Ocher, Ocherous. See Ochre.

Och hone, oh hōn, an exclamation of lamentation. [Ir.]

Ochidore, ok′i-dōr, n. a shore-crab.

Ochlesis, ok-lē′sis, n. an unhealthy condition due to overcrowding.—adj. Ochlet′ic. [Gr. ochlos, a crowd.]

Ochlocracy, ok-lok′ra-si, n. mob-rule: government by the populace.—adjs. Ochlocrat′ic, -al.—adv. Ochlocrat′ically. [Gr. ochlokratia—ochlos, the mob, kratia, rule.]

Ochre, ō′kėr, n. a fine clay, mostly pale yellow, used for colouring walls, &c.: (slang) money, esp. gold.—adjs. O′cherous, Ochrā′ceous, O′chreous, O′chroid, O′chry, consisting of, containing, or resembling ochre. [Fr.,—L. ochra—Gr. ōchra—ōchros, pale yellow.]

Ocrea, ō′kre-a, n. (bot.) a sheath formed of two stipules united round a stem:—pl. O′chreæ, O′creæ.—adj. O′chreāte. [L. ochrea, a legging.]

Octachord, ok′ta-kord, n. a musical instrument with eight strings: a diatonic series of eight tones.

Octagon, ok′ta-gon, n. a plane figure of eight sides and eight angles.—adj. Octag′onal. [Gr. oktō, eight, gōnia, an angle.]

Octahedron, ok-ta-hē′dron, n. a solid bounded by eight faces.—adj. Octahē′dral. [Gr. oktō, eight, hedra, a base.]

Octandrous, ok-tan′drus, adj. (bot.) having eight stamens.—n.pl. Octan′dria.—adj. Octan′drian. [Gr. oktō, eight, anēr, andros, a man.]

Octangular, ok-tang′gū-lar, adj. having eight angles.

Octant, ok′tant, n. the eighth part of a circle: an instrument for measuring angles: the aspect of two planets when 45°, or one-eighth of a circle, apart.—Also Oc′tile. [L. octans, octantis—octo, eight.]

Octapla, ok′ta-pla, n. something eightfold: a Bible in eight languages. [Gr. oktaplous, eightfold.]

Octapody, ok-tap′ō-di, n. (pros.) a metre or verse of eight feet.—adj. Octapod′ic.—n. Oc′tastich, a strophe of eight verses or lines—also Octas′tichon.—adj. Octastroph′ic, consisting of eight strophes.

Octastyle. See Octostyle.

Octave, ok′tāv, adj. eight: consisting of eight.—n. an eighth: that which consists of eight: the eighth day after a church festival, counting the feast-day itself as the first: the period between a festival and its octave: (mus.) an eighth, or an interval of twelve semitones: the eighth part of a pipe of wine. [Fr.,—L. octavus, eighth—octo, eight.]

Octavo, ok-tā′vō, adj. having eight leaves to the sheet.—n. a book printed on sheets folded into eight leaves, contracted 8vo—usually meaning a medium octavo, 6×9½ inches. Smaller octavos are—post 8vo, 5½×8½ in.; demy 8vo, 5¼×8 in.; crown 8vo, 5×7½ in.; cap 8vo, 4½×7 in. Larger octavos are—royal 8vo, 6½×10 in.; super-royal 8vo, 7×11 in.; imperial 8vo, 8¼×11 in.:—pl. Octā′vos.

Octennial, ok-ten′i-al, adj. happening every eighth year: lasting eight years.—adv. Octenn′ially.—n. Octocen′tenary, the 800th anniversary of an event. [L. octennis—octo, eight, annus, a year.]

Octillion, ok-til′yun, n. the number produced by raising a million to the eighth power, expressed by a unit with forty-eight ciphers: in France and the United States, one thousand raised to the ninth power, expressed by a unit with twenty-seven ciphers. [L. octo, eight, million.]

October, ok-tō′bėr, n. the eighth month of the Roman year, which began in March: the tenth month in our calendar. [L. octo, eight.]

Octobrachiate, ok-tō-brā′ki-āt, adj. having eight brachia, arms, or rays.

Octocerous, ok-tos′e-rus, adj. having eight arms or rays.

Octodecimo, ok-tō-des′i-mō, adj. having eighteen leaves to the sheet, contracted 18mo.—adj. Octodec′imal (crystal.), having eighteen faces. [L. octodecim, eighteen—octo, eight, decem, ten.]

Octodentate, ok-tō-den′tāt, adj. having eight teeth.

Octofid, ok′tō-fid, adj. (bot.) cleft into eight segments.

Octogenarian, ok-tō-je-nā′ri-an, n. and adj. one who is eighty years old, or between eighty and ninety.—adj. Octog′enary.

Octogynous, ok-toj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) having eight pistils or styles. [Gr. oktō, eight, gynē, wife.]

Octohedron=Octahedron.

Octolateral, ok-tō-lat′e-ral, adj. having eight sides.

Octonary, ok′tō-nā-ri, adj. consisting of eight.

Octonocular, ok-tō-nok′ū-lar, adj. having eight eyes.

Octopede, ok′tō-pēd, n. an eight-footed animal.

Octopetalous, ok-tō-pet′a-lus, adj. having eight petals.

Octopod, ok′tō-pod, adj. eight-footed or eight-armed—also Octop′odous.—n. an octopus.

Octopus, ok′tō-pus, n. a widely distributed genus of eight-armed cuttle-fishes, covered with suckers, a devil-fish. [Gr. oktō, eight, pous, podos, foot.]

Octoradiate, -d, ok-tō-rā′di-āt, -ed, adj. having eight rays.

Octoroon, ok-tō-rōōn′, n. the offspring of a quadroon and a white person: one who has one-eighth negro blood. [L. octo, eight.]

Octosepalous, ok-tō-sep′a-lus, adj. having eight sepals.

Octospermous, ok-tō-sper′mus, adj. having eight seeds.

Octosporous, ok-tō-spō′rus, adj. eight-spored.

Octostichous, ok-tos′ti-kus, adj. (bot.) eight-ranked.

Octostyle, ok′tō-stīl, n. an edifice or portico with eight pillars in front.

Octosyllabic, ok-tō-sil-lab′ik, adj. consisting of eight syllables.—n. Oc′tosyllable, a word of eight syllables.

Octroi, ok-trwä′, n. a grant of the exclusive right of trade: a toll or tax levied at the gates of a city on articles brought in: the place where such taxes are paid. [Fr.,—octroyer, to grant—L. auctorāre, to authorise—auctor, author.]

Octuple, ok′tū-pl, adj. eightfold.—n. Oc′tūplet (mus.), a group of eight notes to be played in the time of six.

Octyl, ok′til, n. a hypothetical organic radical, known only in combination—also Capryl.—n. Oc′tylēne, a hydrocarbon obtained by heating octylic alcohol with sulphuric acid.—adj. Octyl′ic.

Ocular, ok′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the eye: formed in, or known by, the eye: received by actual sight.—adv. Oc′ularly.—adjs. Oc′ulāte, -d, having eyes, or spots like eyes; Oculau′ditory, representing an eye and an ear together; Oculif′erous, Oculig′erous, bearing an eye or eyes; Oc′uliform, ocular in form; Oc′ulimōtor, -y, ocular and motory.—n. Oc′ulist, one skilled in diseases of the eye. [L. ocularius—oculus, the eye.]

Od, ōd, or od, n. a peculiar force acting on the nervous system, assumed by Reichenbach to exist in light, heat, electricity, living bodies, and all material substances whatever, and to produce the phenomena of mesmerism.—adj. O′dic.—ns. Od′-force, od; O′dism, belief in od. [Gr. hodos, a way.]

Od, od, n. for God—sometimes Odd.—interjs. Od's-bodikins, God's body; Od's life, God's life; Od's-pitikins (Shak.), a corr. of God's pity.

Odal, Odaller, same as Udal, Udaller.

Odalisque, Odalisk, ō′da-lisk, n. a female slave in a harem. [Fr.,—Turk. oda, a chamber.]

Odd, od, adj. not paired with another: not even: left over after a round number has been taken: additional to a certain amount in round numbers: not exactly divisible by two: strange: unusual in kind or appearance: trifling: remote: (Shak.) at variance.—ns. Odd′-come-shortly, an early day, any time; Odd′fellow, a member of a secret benevolent society called Oddfellows; Odd′ity, the state of being odd or singular: strangeness: a singular person or thing.—adj. Odd′-look′ing, having a singular appearance.—adv. Odd′ly.—ns. Odd′ment, something remaining over: one of a broken set—often used in the plural; Odd′ness.—n.pl. Odds (odz), inequality: difference in favour of one against another: more than an even wager: the amount or proportion by which the bet of one exceeds that of another: advantage: dispute: scraps, miscellaneous pieces, as in the phrase Odds and ends (lit. 'points' and ends).—At odds, at variance. [Scand., Ice. oddi, a triangle, odd number—Ice. oddr, point; cf. A.S. ord, point.]

Ode, ōd, n. a song: a poem written to be set to music: the music written for such a poem.—adj. O′dic.—n. O′dist, a writer of odes. [Fr. ode—Gr. ōdē, contr. from aoidē—aeidein, to sing.]

Odeum, ō-dē′um, n. in ancient Greece a theatre for musical contests, &c., sometimes applied to a modern music-hall.—Also Odē′on. [Gr.]

Odin, ō′din, n. the chief of the gods in Norse mythology.

Odious, ō′di-us, adj. hateful: offensive: repulsive: causing hatred.—adv. O′diously.—ns. O′diousness; O′dium, hatred: offensiveness: blame: quality of provoking hate.—Odium theologicum, the proverbial hatred of controversial divines for each other's errors—and persons. [L.,—odi, to hate.]

Odometer=Hodometer (q.v.).

Odontoglossum, ō-don-tō-glos′um, n. a genus of tropical American orchids with showy flowers.

Odontoid, o-don′toid, adj. tooth-shaped: tooth-like.—ns. Odontal′gia, Odontal′gy, toothache.—adj. Odontal′gic.—n. Odontī′asis, the cutting of the teeth.—adj. Odon′tic, dental.—n. Odon′toblast, a cell by which dentine is developed.—adjs. Odon′tocete, toothed, as a cetacean; Odontogen′ic.—ns. Odontog′eny, the origin and development of teeth; Odontog′raphy, description of teeth.—adjs. Odontolog′ic, -al.—ns. Odontol′ogist, one skilled in odontology; Odontol′ogy, the science of the teeth; Odontolox′ia, irregularity of teeth; Odontō′ma, a small tumour composed of dentine.—adjs. Odon′tomous, pertaining to odontoma; Odontoph′oral, Odontoph′oran.—n. Odon′tophore, the radula, tongue, or lingual ribbon of certain molluscs.—adjs. Odontoph′orous, bearing teeth; Odontostom′atous, having jaws which bite like teeth.—ns. Odontotherapī′a, the treatment or care of the teeth; Odon′trypy, the operation of perforating a tooth to draw off purulent matter from the cavity of the pulp. [Gr. odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Odour, ō′dur, n. smell: perfume: estimation: reputation.—adj. Odorif′erous, bearing odour or scent: diffusing fragrance: perfumed.—adv. Odorif′erously.—n. Odorif′erousness, the quality of being odoriferous.—adj. O′dorous, emitting an odour or scent: sweet-smelling: fragrant.—adv. O′dorously.—n. O′dorousness, the quality of exciting the sensation of smell.—adjs. O′doured, perfumed; O′dourless, without odour.—Odour of sanctity (see Sanctity); In bad odour, in bad repute. [Fr.,—L. odor.]

Odyle, ō′dil, n. Same as Od (1).

Odyssey, od′is-si, n. a Greek epic poem, ascribed to Homer, describing the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war, and esp. of Odysseus (Ulysses) to Ithaca after ten years' wanderings.

Œcology, ē-kol′ō-ji, n. the science of animal and vegetable economy.—n. Œ′cium, the household common to the individuals of a compound organism.—adj. Œcolog′ical.

Œconomy, Œcumenic, -al, &c. See Economy, Ecumenic.

Œdema, ē-dē′ma, n. (med.) the swelling occasioned by the effusion or infiltration of serum into cellular or areolar structures, usually the subcutaneous cellular tissue. [Gr. oidēma, swelling.]

Œdemia, ē-dē′mi-a, n. a genus of Anatidæ, the scoters, surf-ducks, or sea-coots. [Gr. oidēma.]

Œillade, ėl-yad′, n. (Shak.) a glance or wink given with the eye.—ns. Œil-de-bœuf, a round or oval opening for admitting light: a small, narrow window, or bull's-eye:—pl. Œils-de-bœuf; Œil-de-perdrix, a small, round figure in decorative art, a dot. [Fr. œillade—œil, eye.]

Œnanthic, ē-nan′thik, adj. having or imparting the characteristic odour of wine.—ns. Œnol′ogy, the science of wines; Œ′nomancy, divination from the appearance of wine poured out in libations; Œnomā′nia, dipsomania; Œnom′eter, a hydrometer for measuring the alcoholic strength of wines; Œnoph′ilist, a lover of wine. [Gr. oinos wine.]

Œnomel, ē′no-mel, n. wine mixed with honey: mead. [Gr. oinos, wine, and meli, honey.]

Œnothera, ē-nō-thē′ra, n. a genus of leafy branching plants, with yellow or purplish flowers, called also Evening, or Tree, primrose. [Gr. oinos, wine, and perh. thēran, to hunt.]

O'er, ōr, contracted from over.

O'ercome, owr′kum, n. (Scot.) the burden of a song: overplus.—n. O'er′lay, a large cravat.

Oes, ōz, n. (Bacon) circlets of gold or silver.

Œsophagus, Esophagus, ē-sof′a-gus, n. the gullet, a membranous canal about nine inches in length, extending from the pharynx to the stomach, thus forming part of the alimentary canal.—n. Œsophagal′gia, pain, esp. neuralgia, in the œsophagus.—adj. Œsophageal (-faj′-).—ns. Œsophagec′tomy, excision of a portion of the œsophagus; Œsophagis′mus, œsophageal spasm; Œsophagī′tis, inflammation of the œsophagus; Œsophag′ocele, hernia of the mucous membrane of the œsophagus through its walls; Œsophagodyn′ia, pain in the œsophagus; Œsophagop′athy, disease of the œsophagus; Œsophagoplē′gia, paralysis of the œsophagus; Œsophagorrhā′gia, hemorrhage from the œsophagus; Œsoph′agoscope, an instrument for inspecting the interior of the œsophagus; Œsophagospas′mus, spasm of the œsophagus; Œsophagostenō′sis, a constriction of the œsophagus. [Gr.]

Œstrum, ēs′trum, n. violent desire.—adj. Œs′trual, in heat, rutting.—v.i. Œs′truāte, to be in heat.—ns. Œstruā′tion; Œs′trus, a gadfly. [L.]

Of, ov, prep. from or out from: belonging to: out of: among: proceeding from, so in the Litany and Nicene Creed: owing to: with: over: concerning: during: (B. and Pr. Bk.) sometimes=by, from, on, or over.—Of purpose (B.), intentionally. [A.S. of; Dut. af, Ger. ab, also L. ab, Gr. apo.]

Off, of, adv. from: away from: on the opposite side of a question.—adj. most distant: on the opposite or farther side: on the side of a cricket-field right of the wicket-keeper and left of the bowler: not devoted to usual business, as an Off day.—prep. not on.—interj. away! depart!—adj. and adv. Off′-and-on′, occasional.—adj. Off′-col′our, of inferior value: indisposed.—n. Off′-come (Scot.), an apology, pretext: any exhibition of temper, &c.—adv. Off′-hand, at once: without hesitating.—adj. without study: impromptu: free and easy.—adj. Off′ish, reserved in manner.—ns. Off′-print, a reprint of a single article from a magazine or other periodical—the French tirage à part, German Abdruck; Off′-reck′oning, an allowance formerly made to certain British officers from the money appropriated for army clothing.—v.t. Off′saddle, to unsaddle.—ns. Off′scouring, matter scoured off: refuse: anything vile or despised; Off′-scum, refuse or scum; Off′set (in accounts), a sum or value set off against another as an equivalent: a short lateral shoot or bulb: a terrace on a hillside: (archit.) a horizontal ledge on the face of a wall: in surveying, a perpendicular from the main line to an outlying point.—v.t. (in accounts) to place against as an equivalent.—n. Off′shoot, that which shoots off from the main stem, stream, &c.: anything growing out of another.—adv. Off′shore, in a direction from the shore, as a wind: at a distance from the shore.—adj. from the shore.—ns. Off′side, the right-hand side in driving: the farther side; Off′spring, that which springs from another: a child, or children: issue: production of any kind.—Off one's chump, head, demented; Off one's feed, indisposed to eat.—Be off, to go away quickly; Come off, Go off, Show off, Take off, &c. (see Come, Go, Show, Take, &c.); Ill off, poor or unfortunate; Tell off, to count: to assign, as for a special duty; Well off, rich, well provided. [Same as Of.]

Offal, of′al, n. waste meat: the part of an animal which is unfit for use: refuse: anything worthless. [Off and fall.]

Offend, of-fend′, v.t. to displease or make angry: to do harm to: to affront: (B.) to cause to sin.—v.i. to sin: to cause anger: (B.) to be made to sin.—n. Offence′, any cause of anger or displeasure: an injury: a crime: a sin: affront: assault.—adjs. Offence′ful (Shak.) giving offence or displeasure: injurious; Offence′less (Milt.), unoffending: innocent.—ns. Offend′er, one who offends or injures: a trespasser: a criminal:—fem. Offend′ress; Offense′, &c., same as Offence, &c.—adj. Offens′ive, causing offence, displeasure, or injury: used in attack: making the first attack.—n. the act of the attacking party: the posture of one who attacks.—adv. Offens′ively.—n. Offens′iveness.—Offensive and defensive, requiring all parties to make war together, or to defend each other if attacked.—Give offence, to cause displeasure; Take offence, to feel displeasure, be offended. [Fr.,—L. ob, against, fendĕre, to strike.]

Offer, of′ėr, v.t. to bring to or before: to hold out for acceptance or rejection: to make a proposal to: to lay before: to present to the mind: to attempt: to propose to give, as a price or service: to present in worship.—v.i. to present itself: to be at hand: to declare a willingness.—n. act of offering: first advance: that which is offered: proposal made.—adj. Off′erable, that may be offered.—ns. Off′erer; Off′ering, act of making an offer: that which is offered: a gift: (B.) that which is offered on an altar: a sacrifice: (pl.) in Church of England, certain dues payable at Easter; Off′ertory, act of offering, the thing offered: the verses or the anthem said or sung while the offerings of the congregation are being made and the celebrant is placing the unconsecrated elements on the altar: the money collected at a religious service: anciently a linen or silken cloth used in various ceremonies connected with the administration of the eucharist. [L. offerre—ob, towards, ferre, to bring.]

Office, of′is, n. settled duty or employment: a position imposing certain duties or giving a right to exercise an employment: business: act of worship: order or form of a religious service, either public or private: that which a thing is designed or fitted to do: a place where business is carried on: (pl.) acts of good or ill: service: the apartments of a house in which the domestics discharge their duties.—ns. Off′ice-bear′er, one who holds office: one who has an appointed duty to perform in connection with some company, society, &c.; Off′icer, one who holds an office: a person who performs some public duty: a person entrusted with responsibility in the army or navy.—v.t. to furnish with officers: to command, as officers.—adj. Offic′ial, pertaining to an office: depending on the proper office or authority: done by authority.—n. one who holds an office: a subordinate public officer: the deputy of a bishop, &c.—ns. Offic′ialism, official position: excessive devotion to official routine and detail; Official′ity, Offic′ialty, the charge, office, or jurisdiction of an official: the official headquarters of an ecclesiastical or other deliberative and governing body.—adv. Offic′ially.—n. Offic′iant, one who officiates at a religious service, one who administers a sacrament.—v.i. Offic′iāte, to perform the duties of an office: (with for) to perform official duties in place of another.—n. Offic′iātor.—Give the office (slang), to suggest, supply information; Holy office, the Inquisition. [Fr.,—L. officium.]

Officinal, of-fis′i-nal, adj. belonging to, or used in, a shop: denoting an approved medicine kept prepared by apothecaries. [Fr.,—L. officina, a workshop—opus, work, facĕre, to do.]

Officious, of-fish′us, adj. too forward in offering services: overkind: intermeddling.—adv. Offic′iously.—n. Offic′iousness. [Fr.,—L. officiosus—officium.]

Offing, of′ing, n. the part of the sea more than half-way between the shore and the horizon.

Oft, oft, Often, of′n, adv. frequently: many times.—adj. Oft′en (B.), frequent.—n. Oft′enness, frequency.—advs. Oft′times, Oft′entimes, many times: frequently. [A.S. oft; Ger. oft, Goth. ufta.]

Ogee, ō-jē′, n. a wave-like moulding formed of a convex curve continued or followed by a concave one. [Fr. ogive.]

Ogham, Ogam, og′am, n. an ancient Irish writing, in straight lines crossing each other; one of the characters, twenty in number, of which it is formed.—adjs. Ogh′amic, Og′amic.

Ogive, ō′jiv, n. (archit.) a pointed arch or window.—adj. Ogī′val. [Fr.,—Sp.,—Ar. áwj, summit.]

Ogle, ō′gl, v.t. to look at fondly with side glances.—v.i. to cast amorous glances.—ns. O′gle; O′gler; O′gling. [Dut. oogen—ooge, the eye.]

Ogre, ō′gėr, n. a man-eating monster or giant of fairy tales:—fem. O′gress.—adj. O′greish. [Fr. ogre—Sp. ogro—L. orcus, the lower world.]

Ogygian, ō-jij′i-an, adj. pertaining to the mythical Attic king Ogўges, prehistoric, primeval.

Oh, ō, interj. denoting surprise, pain, sorrow, &c.

Ohm, ōm, n. the unit by which electrical resistance is measured, being nearly equal to that caused by a thousand feet of copper wire one-tenth of an inch in diameter.—Ohm's law (see Law). [Georg Simon Ohm, a German electrician, 1787-1854.]

Oidium, ō-id′i-um, n. a genus of parasitic fungi, including the vine-mildew, &c. [Gr. ōon, an egg.]

Oil, oil, n. the juice from the fruit of the olive-tree: any greasy liquid.—v.t. to smear or anoint with oil.—ns. Oil′bag, a bag or cyst in animals containing oil; Oil′cake, a cake made of flax seed from which the oil has been pressed out; Oil′cloth, a painted floorcloth; Oil′-col′our, a colouring substance mixed with oil; Oil′er, one who, or that which, oils: an oil-can: (coll.) a coat of oilskin; Oil′ery, the commodities of an oil-man; Oil′-gas, illuminating gas or heating gas made by distilling oil in closed retorts; Oil′iness; Oil′-man, one who deals in oils; Oil′-mill, a grinding-mill for expressing oil from seeds, nuts, &c.; Oil′nut, the butter-nut of North America; Oil′-paint′ing, a picture painted in oil-colours: the art of painting in oil-colours; Oil′-palm, a palm whose fruit-pulp yields palm-oil; Oil′-press, a machine for expressing oils from seeds or pulp; Oil′skin, cloth made waterproof by means of oil: a garment made of oilskin; Oil′-spring, a spring whose water contains oily matter: a fissure or area from which petroleum, &c. oozes; Oil′stone, a fine-grained kind of stone used, when wetted with oil, for sharpening tools; Oil′-well, a boring made for petroleum.—adj. Oil′y, consisting of, containing, or having the qualities of oil: greasy.—Strike oil (see Strike). [O. Fr. oile (Fr. huile)—L. oleum—Gr. elaion—elaia, the olive.]

Ointment, oint′ment, n. anything used in anointing: (med.) any greasy substance applied to diseased or wounded parts: (B.) a perfume. [O. Fr.,—L. unguentum—ungĕre, to smear.]

Okapi, ō′ka-pi, n. a giraffe-like animal of the Semliki forests of Central Africa.

Oke, ōk, n. a Turkish weight of 2¾ lb. avoirdupois.

Old, ōld, adj. advanced in years: having been long in existence: worn out: out of date, old-fashioned: ancient, former, antique, early: (coll.) great, high: having the age or duration of: long practised: sober, wise.—n. Old-clothes′man, one who buys cast-off garments.—v.i. Old′en, to grow old, to become affected by age.—adj. old, ancient.—adj. Old-fash′ioned, of a fashion like that used long ago: out of date: clinging to old things and old styles: with manners like those of a grown-up person (said of a child).—n. Old-fash′ionedness.—adjs. Old-fō′gyish, like an old fogy; Old-gen′tlemanly, characteristic of an old gentleman; Old′ish, somewhat old; Old′-light, denoting those of the Seceders from the Church of Scotland who continued to hold unchanged the principle of the connection between church and state—the position maintained by the first Seceders in 1733.—n. one of this body.—ns. Old-maid′hood, Old-maid′ism.—adj. Old-maid′ish, like the conventional old maid, prim.—ns. Old′ness; Old′ster (coll.), a man getting old: a midshipman of four years' standing, a master's mate.—adj. Old′-time, of or pertaining to times long gone by: of long standing: old-fashioned.—n. Old′-tim′er, one who has lived in a place or kept a position for a long time.—adjs. Old-wom′anish, like an old woman; Old′-world, belonging to earlier times, antiquated, old-fashioned.—n. the Eastern Hemisphere.—Old age, the later part of life; Old bachelor, an unmarried man somewhat advanced in years; Old English (see English): the form of black letter used by 16th-century English printers; Old gold, a dull gold colour like tarnished gold, used in textile fabrics; Old Harry, Nick, One, &c., the devil; Old Hundred, properly Old Hundredth, a famous tune set in England about the middle of the 16th century to Kethe's version of the 100th Psalm, marked 'Old Hundredth' in Tate and Brady's new version in 1696; Old maid, a woman who has not been married, and is past the usual age of marriage: a simple game played by matching cards from a pack from which a card (usually a queen) has been removed; Old man, unregenerate human nature: (coll.) one's father, guardian, or employer (usually with 'the'); Old Red Sandstone (see Sand); Old salt, an experienced sailor; Old school, of, or resembling, earlier days, old-fashioned; Old song, a mere trifle, a very small price; Old squaw, a sea-duck of the northern hemisphere—also Old wife; Old Style (often written with a date O.S.), the mode of reckoning time before 1752, according to the Julian calendar or year of 365¼ days; Old Testament (see Testament); Old Tom, a strong kind of English gin; Old wife, a prating old woman, or even a man: a chimney-cap for curing smoking.—Of old, long ago, in ancient times, or belonging to such. [A.S. eald; Dut. oud; Ger. alt.]

Oleaginous, ō-lē-aj′in-us, adj. oily: (bot.) fleshy and oily: unctuous, sanctimonious, fawning.—n. Oleag′inousness. [L. oleaginus—oleum, oil.]

Oleander, ō-lē-an′dėr, n. an evergreen shrub with lance-shaped leathery leaves and beautiful red or white flowers, the Rose Bay or Rose Laurel. [Fr., a corr. of Low L. lorandrum. Cf. Rhododendron.]

Oleaster, ō-lē-as′tėr, n. the wild olive. [L.,—olea, an olive-tree—Gr. elaia.]

Olecranon, ō-lē-krā′non, n. a process forming the upper end of the ulna.—adj. Olecrā′nal. [Gr.]

Olein, ō′lē-in, n. a natural fat, found in the fatty oils of animals and vegetables.—n. O′leāte, a salt of oleic acid.—adj. Olefī′ant, producing oil.—ns. Olefī′ant-gas, ethylene; O′lefine, any one of a group of hydrocarbons homologous with ethylene.—adjs. O′leic; Oleif′erous, producing oil, as seeds.—ns. Oleomar′garine, artificial butter at first made from pure beef-fat, now from oleo-oil, neutral lard, milk, cream, and pure butter, worked together, with a colouring matter; Oleom′eter, an instrument for determining the density of oils; O′leon, a liquid obtained from the distillation of olein and lime; Oleores′in, a native compound of an essential oil and a resin: a preparation of a fixed or volatile oil holding resin in solution; Oleosac′charum, a mixture of oil and sugar.—adjs. O′leōse, O′leous, oily. [L. oleum, oil.]

Olent, ō′lent, adj. smelling. [L. olēre, to smell.]

Oleograph, ō′lē-ō-graf, n. a print in oil-colours to imitate an oil-painting.—n. Oleog′raphy, the art of preparing such. [L. oleum, oil, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Oleraceous, ol-e-rā′shus, adj. of the nature of a pot-herb, for kitchen use. [L.]

Olfactory, ol-fak′tor-i, adj. pertaining to, or used in, smelling. [L. olfactāre, to smell—olēre, to smell, facĕre, to make.]

Olibanum, ō-lib′a-num, n. a gum-resin flowing from incisions in several species of Boswellia in Somaliland and southern Arabia—the Lebonah of the Hebrews, Libanos and Libanōtos of the Greeks.

Oligæmia, ol-i-jē′mi-a, n. abnormal deficiency of blood.

Oligarchy, ol′i-gärk-i, n. government by a small exclusive class: a state governed by such: a small body of men who have the supreme power of a state in their hands.—n. Ol′igarch, a member of an oligarchy.—adjs. Oligarch′al, Oligarch′ic, -al, pertaining to an oligarchy. [Fr.,—Gr., oligos, few, archein, to rule.]

Oligist, ol′i-jist, n. a crystallised variety of hematite.

Oligocene, ol′i-gō-sēn, adj. (geol.) pertaining to a division of the Tertiary series, the rocks chiefly of fresh and brackish water origin, with intercalations of marine beds. [Gr. oligos, little, kainos, new.]

Oligochrome, ol′i-gō-krōm, adj. and n. painted in few colours. [Gr. oligos, few, chrōma, colour.]

Oligoclase, ol′i-gō-klās, n. a soda-lime triclinic feldspar.

Olio, ō′li-ō, n. a savoury dish of different sorts of meat and vegetables: a mixture: a medley, literary miscellany. [Sp. olla—L. olla, a pot.]

Oliphant, ol′i-fant, n. an ancient ivory hunting-horn: an obsolete form of elephant.

Olitory, ol′i-tō-ri, adj. and n. pertaining to kitchen-vegetables:—pl. Ol′itories. [L. olitor, gardener.]

Olive, ol′iv, n. a tree cultivated round the Mediterranean for its oily fruit: its fruit: peace, of which the olive was the emblem: a colour like the unripe olive.—adj. of a brownish-green colour like the olive.—adjs. Olivā′ceous, olive-coloured: olive-green; Ol′ivary, like olives.—ns. Ol′ivenite, a mineral consisting chiefly of arsenic acid and protoxide of iron; Ol′ive-oil, oil pressed from the fruit of the olive; Ol′ive-yard, a piece of ground on which olives are grown; Ol′ivine, chrysolite.—Olive branch, a symbol of peace: (pl.) children (Ps. cxxviii. 4; Pr. Bk.). [Fr.,—L. oliva—Gr. elaia.]

Oliver, ol′i-vėr, n. a forge-hammer worked by foot.

Oliverian, ol-i-vē′ri-an, adj. an adherent of the great Protector, Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658).

Olivet, ol′i-vet, n. an imitation pearl manufactured for trade with savages.

Olivetan, ol′i-vet-an, n. one of an order of Benedictine monks founded in 1313, the original house at Monte Oliveto, near Siena.

Olla, ol′la, n. a jar or urn.—n. Ol′la-podrida (-po-drē′da), a Spanish mixed stew or hash of meat and vegetables: any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous collection. [Sp.,—L. olla, a pot.]

Ollam, ol′am, n. a doctor or master among the ancient Irish.—Also Oll′amh. [Ir.]

Ology, ol′ō-ji, n. a science whose name ends in -ology, hence any science generally.

Olpe, ol′pē, n. a small Greek even-rimmed spoutless vase or jug. [Gr.]

Olympiad, ō-lim′pi-ad, n. in ancient Greece, a period of four years, being the interval from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, used in reckoning time (the date of the first Olympiad is 776 B.C.).—adjs. Olym′pian, Olym′pic, pertaining to Olympia in Elis, where the Olympic games were celebrated, or to Mount Olympus in Thessaly, the seat of the gods.—n. a dweller in Olympus, one of the twelve greater gods of Greek mythology.—ns.pl. Olym′pics, Olym′pic games, games celebrated every four years at Olympia, dedicated to Olympian Zeus; Olym′pus, the abode of the gods, supposed to have been Mount Olympus in Thessaly. [Gr. olympias, -ados, belonging to Olympia in Elis.]

Omadhaun, om′a-dawn, n. a stupid, silly creature. [Ir.]

Omasum, ō-mā′sum, n. a ruminant's third stomach, the psalterium or manyplies.—adj. Omā′sal.

Ombre, om′bėr, n. a game of cards played with a pack of forty cards, usually by three persons. [Fr.,—Sp. hombre—L. homo, a man.]

Ombrometer, om-brom′e-tėr, n. a rain-gauge.

Omega, ō′meg-a, or ō-mē′ga, n. the last letter of the Greek alphabet: (B.) the end.—Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end: the chief point or purpose (Rev. i. 8). [Gr. ō mega, the great or long O.]

Omelet, Omelette, om′e-let, n. a pancake chiefly of eggs, beaten up with flour, &c., and fried in a pan. [O. Fr. amelette (Fr. omelette), which through the form alemette is traced to alemelle, the O. Fr. form of Fr. alumelle, a thin plate, a corr. of lemelle—L. lamella, lamina, a thin plate.]

Omen, ō′men, n. a sign of some future event, either good or evil: a foreboding.—v.i. and v.t. to prognosticate: to predict.—adj. O′mened, containing omens, mostly with prefixes, as ill-omened. [L. for osmen, that which is uttered by the mouth—L. os; or for ausmen, that heard—audīre, to hear.]

Omentum, ō-men′tum, n. a fold of peritoneum, proceeding from one of the abdominal viscera to another:—pl. Omen′ta.—adj. Omen′tal.—Great omentum, the epiploon. [L.]

Omer, ō′mėr, n. a Hebrew dry measure containing about half a gallon, 1⁄10 ephah.

Omicron, ō-mī′kron, n. the short o in the Greek alphabet.

Ominous, om′in-us, adj. pertaining to, or containing, an omen: foreboding evil: inauspicious.—adv. Om′inously.—n. Om′inousness.

Omit, ō-mit′, v.t. to leave out: to neglect: to fail: to make no use of:—pr.p. omit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. omit′ted.—adj. Omiss′ible, that may be omitted.—n. Omiss′ion, act of omitting: the neglect or failure to do something required: that which is left out.—adj. Omiss′ive, omitting or leaving out.—n. Omit′tance, the act of omitting: the state of being omitted: forbearance. [L. omittĕre, omissum—ob, away, mittĕre, to send.]

Omlah, om′la, n. a staff of native clerks or officials in India. [Ar.]

Omni-, om′ni, from L. omnis, all, a combining form, as in adjs. Omnifā′rious, of all varieties or kinds; Omnif′erous, bearing or producing all kinds; Omnif′ic, all-creating; Om′niform, of, or capable of, every form.—n. Omniform′ity.—v.t. Om′nify (rare), to make universal.—adj. Omnig′enous, consisting of all kinds.—n. Omnipar′ity, general equality.—adjs. Omnip′arous, producing all things; Omnipā′tient, enduring all things.—ns. Omnip′otence, Omnip′otency, unlimited power—an attribute of God.—adj. Omnip′otent, all-powerful, possessing unlimited power.—adv. Omnip′otently.—n. Omnipres′ence, quality of being present everywhere at the same time—an attribute of God.—adj. Omnipres′ent, present everywhere at the same time.—n. Omnisc′ience, knowledge of all things—an attribute of God.—adj. Omnisc′ient, all-knowing: all-seeing: infinitely wise.—adv. Omnisc′iently.—adj. Omniv′orous, all-devouring: (zool.) feeding on both animal and vegetable food.—The Omnipotent, God.

Omnibus, om′ni-bus, adj. including all: covering many different cases or objects, as 'an omnibus clause.'—n. a large four-wheeled vehicle for passengers, chiefly between two fixed points:—pl. Om′nibuses. [Lit. 'for all,' L. dative pl. of omnis, all.]

Omnium, om′ni-um, n. a Stock Exchange term for the aggregate value of the different stocks in which a loan is funded.—n. Om′nium-gath′erum (coll.), a miscellaneous collection of things or persons. [L., 'of all;' gen. pl. of omnis, all.]

Omohyoid, ō-mō-hī′oid, adj. pertaining to the shoulder-blade, and to the lingual or hyoid bone—also Omohyoi′dean.—n. Omoi′deum, the pterygoid bone. [Gr. ōmos, the shoulder.]

Omophagous, ō-mof′a-gus, adj. eating raw flesh—also Omophag′ic.—n. Omophā′gia. [Gr. ōmos, raw, phagein, to eat.]

Omophorion, ō-mō-fō′ri-on, n. an eastern ecclesiastical vestment like the western pallium, worn over the phenolion by bishops and patriarchs at the eucharist, &c. [Gr. ōmos, the shoulder, pherein, to carry.]

Omoplate, ō′mō-plāt, n. the shoulder-blade or scapula.—n. Omoplatos′copy, scapulimancy. [Gr. ōmoplatē.]

Omosternum, ō-mō-ster′num, n. a median ossification of the coraco-scapular cartilages of a batrachian. [Gr. ōmos, the shoulder, sternon, the chest.]

Omphacite, om′fa-sīt, n. a grass-green granular variety of pyroxene, one of the constituents of eclogite.—adj. Om′phacine, pertaining to unripe fruit.

Omphalos, om′fal-us, n. the navel: a raised central point: a boss.—adj. Omphal′ic.—ns. Om′phalism, tendency to place the capital of a country at its geographical centre, or to increase the powers of central at the expense of local government; Omphalī′tis, inflammation of the umbilicus; Om′phalocele, umbilical hernia.—adj. Om′phaloid.—ns. Om′phalomancy, divination from the number of knots in the navel-string as to how many children the mother will bear; Omphalop′agus, a double monster united at the umbilicus; Omphalot′omy, cutting of the umbilical cord at birth. [Gr., the navel.]

On, on, prep., in contact with the upper part of: to and toward the surface of: upon or acting by contact with: not off: at or near: at or during: in addition to: toward, for: at the peril of: in consequence: immediately after: (B.) off.—adv. above, or next beyond: forward, in succession: in continuance: not off.—interj. go on! proceed!—adj. denoting the part of the field to the left of a right-handed batter, and to the right of the bowler—opp. to Off. [A.S. on; Dut. aan, Ice. á, Ger. an.]

On, on, prep. (Scot.) without.

Onager, on′ā-jėr, n. the wild ass of Central Asia. [L.,—Gr. onagros—onos, an ass, agros, wild.]

Onanism, ō′nan-izm, n. self-pollution.—n. O′nanist.—adj. Onanist′ic. [See Gen. xxxviii. 9.]

Once, ons, n. Same as Ounce, the animal.

Once, wuns, adv. a single time: at a former time: at any time or circumstances.—n. one time.—Once and again, more than once: repeatedly; Once for all, once only and not again; Once in a way, on one occasion only: very rarely.—At once, without delay: alike: at the same time; For once, on one occasion only. [A.S. ánes, orig. gen. of án, one, used as adv.]

Oncidium, on-sid′i-um, n. a widely-spread American genus of orchids. [Gr. ogkos, a hook.]

Oncology, ong-kol′o-ji, n. the science of tumours.—n. Oncot′omy, incision into, or excision of, a tumour.

Oncome, on′kum, n. (prov.) a sudden fall of rain or snow: the beginning of attack by some insidious disease.—n. On′coming, approach.

Oncometer, ong-com′e-tėr, n. an instrument for recording variations in volume, as of the kidney, &c.—n. On′cograph, an apparatus for recording such. [Gr. ogkos, bulk, metron, measure.]

Oncost, on′kost, n. all charges for labour in getting mineral, other than the miners' wages: payment to the collier in addition to the rate per ton.—n.pl. On′costmen, men who work in or about a mine at other work than cutting coal. [On and cost.]

Ondine, on′din, n. a water-spirit, an undine.

Onding, on′ding, n. a sudden fall of rain or snow.

One, wun, pron. a person (indefinitely), as in 'one says:' any one: some one.—n. a single person or thing: a unit. [A special use of the numeral one; not conn. with Fr. on—L. homo, a man.]

One, wun, adj. single in number, position, or kind: undivided: the same: a certain, some, implying a name unknown or denoting insignificance or contempt, as 'one Guy Fawkes, a Spaniard!'—adjs. One′-eyed, having but one eye: limited in vision; One′-hand′ed, single-handed; One′-horse, drawn by a single horse: petty, mean, inferior; One′-idea'd, entirely possessed by one idea.—ns. One′ness, singleness, unity; Oner (wun′ėr), one possessing some special skill, an adept (slang).—pron. Oneself′, one's self: himself or herself.—adj. One′-sid′ed, limited to one side: partial: (bot.) turned to one side.—adv. One′-sid′edly.—n. One′-sid′edness.—One another, each other; One by one, singly: in order; One day, on a certain day: at an indefinite time.—All one, just the same: of no consequence; At one, of one mind. [A.S. an; Ice. einn, Ger. ein.]

Oneiromancy, ō-nī′rō-man-si, n. the art of divining by dreams.—ns. Oneirocrit′ic, Onirocrit′ic, one who interprets dreams.—adjs. Oneirocrit′ic, -al.—ns. Oneirodyn′ia, nightmare; Oneirol′ogy, the doctrine of dreams; Onei′roscopist, an interpreter of dreams. [Gr. oneiros, a dream, manteia, divination.]

Onely, ōn′li, adv. (Spens.) only.

Onerous, on′ėr-us, adj. burdensome: oppressive.—adj. On′erary, fitted or intended for carrying burdens: comprising burdens.—adv. On′erously.—n. On′erousness. [L. onerosus—onus.]

Oneyer, wun′yėr, n. (1 Hen. IV., II. i. 84) probably a person that converses with great ones—hardly, as Malone explains, an accountant of the exchequer, a banker. [No doubt formed from one, like lawyer, sawyer, &c. Malone over-ingeniously refers to the mark o.ni., an abbreviation of the Latin form oneretur, nisi habeat sufficientem exonerationem ('let him be charged unless he have a sufficient discharge'), or explains as a misprint for moneyer.]

Ongoing, on′gō-ing, n. a going on: course of conduct: event: (pl.) proceedings, behaviour.

Onicolo, ō-nik′ō-lō, n. a variety of onyx for cameos, a bluish-white band on the dark ground. [It.]

Onion, un′yun, n. the name given to a few species of genus Allium, esp. Allium cepa, an edible biennial bulbous root.—adj. On′ion-eyed (Shak.), having the eyes full of tears.—n. On′ion-skin, a very thin variety of paper.—adj. On′iony. [Fr. oignon—L. unio, -onis—unus, one.]

Onlooker, on′lōōk-ėr, n. a looker on, observer.—adj. On′looking.

Only, ōn′li, adj. single in number or kind: this above all others: alone.—adv. in one manner: for one purpose: singly: merely: barely: entirely.—conj. but: except that.—n. On′liness. [A.S. ánlíc (adj.)—án, one, líc, like.]

Onocentaur, on-o-sen′tawr, n. a kind of centaur, half-man, half-ass.

Onoclea, on-ō-klē′a, n. a genus of aspidioid ferns, with contracted fertile fronds. [Gr. onos, a vessel, kleiein, to close.]

Onology, ō-nol′ō-ji, n. foolish talk.

Onomantic, on-ō-man′tik, adj. pertaining to On′omancy or (obs.) Onomat′omancy, divination by names. [Gr. onoma, a name, manteia, divination.]

Onomastic, on-ō-mas′tik, adj. pertaining to a name, esp. pertaining to the signature to a paper written in another hand.—n. Onomas′ticon, a list of words: a vocabulary. [Gr., from onoma, a name.]

Onomatology, on-ō-ma-tol′o-ji, n. the science of, or a treatise on, the derivation of names.—n. Onomatol′ogist, one versed in such. [Gr. onoma, onomatos, name, logia—legein, to discourse.]

Onomatopœia, on-ō-mat-o-pē′ya, n. the formation of a word so as to resemble the sound of the thing of which it is the name: such a word itself, also the use of such a word, as 'click,' 'cuckoo'—also Onomatopoē′sis, or Onomatopoiē′sis.—adjs. Onomatopœ′ic, Onomatopoet′ic. [Gr. onoma, -atos, a name, poiein, to make.]

Onset, on′set, n. violent attack: assault: storming. [On and set.]

Onshore, on′shōr, adj. toward the land.

Onslaught, on′slawt, n. an attack or onset: assault. [A.S. on, on, sleaht, a stroke.]

Onst, wunst, adv. a vulgar form of once.

Onstead, on′sted, n. (Scot.) a farmstead, the farm buildings. [M. E. wone—A.S. wunian, to dwell, stead, place.]

Ontogenesis, on-tō-jen′e-sis, n. the history of the individual development of an organised being as distinguished from phylogenesis and biogenesis—also Ontog′eny.—adjs. Ontogenet′ic, -al, Ontogen′ic.—adv. Ontogenet′ically. [Gr. onta, things being, neut. pl. of ōn, pr.p. of einai, to be, genesis, generation.]

Ontology, on-tol′o-ji, n. the science that treats of the principles of pure being: that part of metaphysics which treats of the nature and essence of things.—adjs. Ontolog′ic, -al.—adv. Ontolog′ically.—n. Ontol′ogist, one versed in ontology. [Gr. ōn, ontos, being pr.p. of einai, to be, logia—legein, to discourse.]

Onus, ō′nus, n. burden: responsibility.—Onus probandī, the burden of proving. [L. onus, burden.]

Onward, on′ward, adj. going on: advancing: advanced.—adv. (also On′wards) toward a point on or in front: forward.

Onym, on′im, n. (zool.) the technical name of a species or other group.—adjs. On′ymal, Onymat′ic.—v.i. On′ymise.—n. On′ymy, the use of onyms.

Onyx, on′iks, n. (min.) an agate formed of layers of chalcedony of different colours, used for making cameos.—ns. Onych′ia, suppurative inflammation near the finger-nail; Onychī′tis, inflammation of the soft parts about the nail; Onych′ium, a little claw; On′ychomancy, divination by means of the finger-nails; Onychonō′sos, disease of the nails.—adj. Onychopath′ic, affected with such.—n. Onychō′sis, disease of the nails. [L.,—Gr. onyx, onychos, a finger-nail.]

Oodles, ōō′dlz, n. (U.S.) abundance.—Also Ood′lins.

Oof, ōōf, n. (slang) money.

Oögenesis, ō-ō-jen′e-sis, n. the genesis and development of the ovum—also Oög′eny.—adj. Oögenet′ic.

Oöidal, ō-oi′dal, adj. egg-shaped.

Oölite, ō′o-līt, n. (geol.) a kind of limestone, composed of grains like the eggs or roe of a fish.—adjs. Oölit′ic; Oölitif′erous. [Gr. ōon, an egg, lithos, stone.]

Oölogy, ō-ol′o-ji, n. the science or study of birds' eggs.—n. O′ögraph, a mechanical device for drawing the outline of a bird's egg.—adjs. Oölog′ic, -al.—adv. Oölog′ically.—ns. Oöl′ogist, one versed in oology; Oöm′eter, an apparatus for measuring eggs.—adj. Oömet′ric.—n. Oöm′etry, the measurement of eggs. [Gr. ōon, an egg.]

Oolong, ōō′long, n. a variety of black tea, with the flavour of green.—Also Ou′long.

Oorie, Ourie, ōō′ri, adj. (Scot.) feeling cold or chill, shivering.

Ooze, ōōz, n. soft mud: gentle flow, as of water through sand or earth: a kind of mud in the bottom of the ocean: the liquor of a tan vat.—v.i. to flow gently: to percolate, as a liquid through pores or small openings.—adj. Ooz′y, resembling ooze: slimy. [M. E. wose—A.S. wase, mud; akin to A.S. wos, juice, Ice. vas, moisture.]

Opacity, ō-pas′i-ti, n. opaqueness: obscurity.

Opacous, ō-pā′kus, adj. Same as Opaque.

Opah, ō′pa, n. a sea-fish of the Dory family—also called Kingfish.

Opal, ō′pal, n. a precious stone of a milky hue, remarkable for its changing colours.—n. Opalesc′ence.—adjs. Opalesc′ent, reflecting a milky or pearly light from the interior; O′paline, relating to, or like, opal.—v.t. O′palise. [Fr. opale—L. opalus.]

Opaque, ō-pāk′, adj. shady: dark: that cannot be seen through: not transparent.—adv. Opaque′ly.—n. Opaque′ness, quality of being opaque: want of transparency. [Fr.,—L. opacus.]

Ope, ōp, v.t. and v.i. (poet.) short for open.

Opeidocope, ō-pī′dō-skōp, n. an instrument for illustrating sound by means of light.

Open, ō′pn, adj. not shut: allowing one to pass out or in: free from trees: not fenced: not drawn together: spread out: not frozen up: not frosty: free to be used, &c.: public: without reserve: frank: easily understood: generous: liberal: clear: unbalanced, as an account: attentive: free to be discussed.—v.t. to make open: to remove hinderances: to bring to view: to explain: to begin.—v.i. to become open: to unclose: to be unclosed: to begin to appear: to begin.—n. a clear space.—n. O′pener.—adjs. O′pen-eyed (Shak.), watchful; O′pen-hand′ed, with an open hand: generous: liberal.—n. O′pen-hand′edness.—adj. O′pen-heart′ed, with an open heart: frank: generous.—ns. O′pen-heart′edness, liberality: generosity: frankness: candour; O′pening, an open place: a breach: an aperture: beginning: first appearance: opportunity.—adv. O′penly.—adj. O′pen-mind′ed, free from prejudice: ready to receive and consider new ideas.—n. O′pen-mind′edness.—adj. O′pen-mouthed, gaping: greedy: clamorous.—ns. O′penness; O′pen-ses′ame, a form of words which makes barriers fly open—from the story of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments; O′pen-steek (Scot.), a kind of open-work stitching; O′pen-work, any work showing openings through it for ornament.—adj. open-cast, of mining work in open air.—Open verdict (see Verdict). [A.S. open—up, up; cf. Dut. open—op, Ice. opinn—upp, and Ger. offen—auf.]

Opera, op′ėr-a, n. a musical drama: a place where operas are performed.—adj. used in or for an opera, as an opera-glass, &c.—ns. Op′era-cloak, a cloak of elegant form and material for carrying into the auditorium of a theatre or opera-house as a protection against draughts; Op′era-danc′er, one who dances in ballets introduced into operas; Op′era-glass, a small glass or telescope for use at operas, theatres, &c.; Op′era-hat, a hat which can be made flat by compression and expanded again to its full size; Op′era-house, a theatre where operas are represented; Op′era-sing′er.—adjs. Operat′ic, -al, pertaining to or resembling the opera. [It.,—L. opera. Cf. Operate.]

Opera-bouffe, op′ėr-a-bōōf, n. a comic opera. [Fr.,—It. opera-buffa. Cf. Buffoon.]

Operate, op′ėr-āt, v.i. to work: to exert strength: to produce any effect: to exert moral power: (med.) to take effect upon the human system: (surg.) to perform some unusual act upon the body with the hand or an instrument.—v.t. to effect: to produce by agency.—n. Operam′eter, an instrument for indicating the number of movements made by a part of a machine.—adj. Op′erant, operative.—n. an operator.—n. Operā′tion, art or process of operating, or of being at work: that which is done or carried out: agency: influence: method of working: action or movements: surgical performance.—adj. Op′erātive, having the power of operating or acting: exerting force: producing effects: efficacious.—n. a workman in a manufactory: a labourer.—adv. Op′erātively.—ns. Op′erātiveness; Op′erātor, one who, or that which, operates or produces an effect: (math.) a letter, &c., signifying an operation to be performed. [L. operāri, -ātus—opera, work, closely conn. with opus, operis, work.]

Operculum, ō-pėr′kū-lum, n. (bot.) a cover or lid: (zool.) the plate over the entrance of a shell: the apparatus which protects the gills of fishes:—pl. Oper′cula.—adjs. Oper′cular, belonging to the operculum; Oper′culate, -d, having an operculum; Operculif′erous; Oper′culiform; Operculig′enous; Operculig′erous. [L.,—operīre, to cover.]

Operetta, op-ėr-et′a, n. a short, light musical drama. [It., dim. of opera.]

Operose, op′ėr-ōz, adj. laborious: tedious.—adv. Op′erosely.—ns. Op′eroseness, Operos′ity.

Ophicleide, of′i-klīd, n. a large bass trumpet, with a deep pitch. [Fr.; coined from Gr. ophis, a serpent, kleis, kleidos, a key.]

Ophidian, o-fid′i-an, n. one of the true serpents, in which the ribs are the only organs of locomotion.—adjs. Ophid′ian, Ophid′ious, pertaining to serpents: having the nature of a serpent.—ns. Ophidiā′rium, a place where serpents are confined; Ophiog′raphy, the description of serpents; Ophiol′ater, a serpent-worshipper.—adj. Ophiol′atrous.—n. Ophiol′atry, serpent-worship.—adjs. Ophiolog′ic, -al.—ns. Ophiol′ogist, one versed in ophiology; Ophiol′ogy, the study of serpents; Oph′iomancy, divination by serpents.—adjs. Ophiomor′phic, Ophiomor′phous, having the form of a serpent; Ophioph′agous, feeding on serpents.—n. Oph′ite, one of a Gnostic sect who worshipped the serpent. [Gr. ophidion, dim. of ophis, opheōs, a serpent.]

Ophiura, of-i-ū′ra, n. a genus of sand-stars.—ns. and adjs. Ophiū′ran; Ophiū′roid. [Gr. ophis, serpent, oura, tail.]

Ophthalmia, of-thal′mi-a, n. inflammation of the eye—also Ophthal′my.—adj. Ophthal′mic, pertaining to the eye.—ns. Ophthal′mist, Ophthalmol′ogist, one skilled in ophthalmology; Ophthalmī′tis, inflammation of the eyeball; Ophthalmodyn′ia, pain, esp. rheumatic pain, of the eye; Ophthalmog′raphy, a description of the eye.—adjs. Ophthalmolog′ic, -al.—ns. Ophthalmol′ogy, the science of the eye, its structure and functions; Ophthalmom′eter, an instrument for eye-measurements; Ophthalmom′etry, the making of such; Ophthalmoplē′gia, paralysis of one or more of the muscles of the eye; Ophthal′moscope, an instrument for examining the interior of the eye.—adjs. Ophthalmoscop′ic, -al.—adv. Ophthalmoscop′ically.—ns. Ophthal′moscopy, examination of the interior of the eye with the ophthalmoscope; Ophthalmot′omy, dissection of the eye: an incision into the eye. [Gr.,—ophthalmos, eye.]

Opiate, ō′pi-āt, n. a drug containing opium to induce sleep: that which dulls sensation, physical or mental.—adj. inducing sleep.—adj. O′piated.

Opine, o-pīn′, v.i. to suppose.—adj. Opin′able, capable of being thought.—ns. Opī′nant, one who forms an opinion; Opin′icus (her.), a half-lion, half-dragon. [Fr.,—L. opināri, to think.]

Opinion, ō-pin′yun, n. one's belief, judgment: favourable estimation: (Shak.) opinionativeness.—adjs. Opin′ionable, that may be matter of opinion; Opin′ionāted, Opin′ioned, firmly adhering to one's own opinions.—adv. Opin′ionātely (obs.).—adj. Opin′ionātive, unduly attached to one's own opinions: stubborn.—adv. Opin′ionātively.—ns. Opin′ionātiveness; Opin′ionist. [L.]

Opisometer, op-i-som′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring curved lines on a map. [Gr. opisō, backward, metron, measure.]

Opisthobranchiate, ō-pis-thō-brang′ki-āt, adj. having the gills behind the heart—n. Opisthobranch′ism.

Opisthocœlian, ō-pis-thō-sē′li-an, adj. hollow or concave behind, as a vertebra.—Also Opisthocœ′lous.

Opisthocomous, op-is-thok′ō-mus, adj. having an occipital crest.

Opisthodomos, op-is-thod′ō-mos, n. a rear-chamber or treasury at the back of the cella in some temples. [Gr.]

Opisthodont, ō-pis′thō-dont, adj. having back teeth only.

Opisthogastric, ō-pis-thō-gas′trik, adj. behind the stomach.

Opisthognathous, op-is-thog′nā-thus, adj. having retreating jaws or teeth.

Opisthograph, ō-pis′thō-graf, n. a manuscript or a slab inscribed on the back as well as the front.—adj. Opisthograph′ic, written on both sides.—n. Opisthog′raphy.

Opium, ō′pi-um, n. the narcotic juice of the white poppy.—n. O′pium-eat′er, one who makes a habitual use of opium. [L.,—Gr. opion, dim. from opos, sap.]

Opobalsam, op-ō-bal′sam, n. a resinous juice, balm of Gilead.

Opodeldoc, op-ō-del′dok, n. a solution of soap in alcohol, with camphor and essential oils, soap-liniment. [Fr., perh. from Gr. opos, juice.]

Opopanax, ō-pop′a-naks, n. a gum-resin used in perfumery and formerly in medicine. [Gr., opos, juice, panax, a plant, panakēs, all-healing.]

Oporice, ō-por′i-sē, n. a medicine prepared from quinces, pomegranates, &c.

Opossum, o-pos′um, n. a small American marsupial mammal, nocturnal, mainly arboreal, with prehensile tail: an Australian marsupial. [West Indian.]

Oppidan, op′i-dan, n. at Eton, a student who is not a foundationer or colleger. [L. oppidanus—oppidum, town.]

Oppilation, op-i-lā′shun, n. stoppage.—v.t. Opp′ilate, to crowd together.—adj. Opp′ilātive, obstructive. [L.]

Opponent, ō-pō′nent, adj. opposing in action, speech, &c.: placed in front.—n. one who opposes.

Opportune, op-or-tūn′, adj. present at a proper time: timely: convenient.—adv. Opportune′ly.—ns. Opportune′ness; Opportun′ism, practice of regulating principles by favourable opportunities without regard to consistency; Opportun′ist, a politician who waits for events before declaring his opinions: a person without settled principles; Opportun′ity, an opportune or convenient time: a good occasion or chance. [Fr.,—L. opportunus—ob, before, portus, a harbour.]

Oppose, o-pōz′, v.t. to place before or in the way of: to set against: to place as an obstacle: to resist: to check: to compete with.—v.i. to make objection.—n. Opposabil′ity.—adjs. Oppos′able, that may be opposed; Oppose′less (Shak.), not to be opposed, irresistible.—n. Oppos′er, one who opposes.—v.t. and v.i. Oppos′it, to negative. [Fr.,—L. ob, Fr. poser, to place.]

Opposite, op′ō-zit, adj. placed over against: standing in front: situated on opposite sides: contrasted with: opposed to: of an entirely different nature.—n. that which is opposed or contrary: an opponent.—adv. Opp′ositely.—n. Opp′ositeness.—Be opposite with (Shak.), to be perverse and contradictory in dealing with. [Fr.,—L. oppositus—ob, against, ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Opposition, op-ō-zish′un, n. state of being placed over against: position over against: repugnance: contrariety: contrast: act or action of opposing: resistance: that which opposes: obstacle: (logic) a difference of quantity or quality between two propositions having the same subject and predicate: the party that opposes the ministry or existing administration: (astron.) the situation of heavenly bodies when 180 degrees apart.—n. Opposi′tionist, one who belongs to an opposing party, esp. that opposed to the government. [Opposite.]

Oppress, o-pres′, v.t. to press against or upon: to use severely: to burden: to lie heavy upon: to constrain: to overpower: to treat unjustly: to load with heavy burdens.—n. Oppress′ion, act of oppressing or treating unjustly or harshly: severity: cruelty: state of being oppressed: misery: hardship: injustice: dullness of spirits: (Shak.) pressure.—adj. Oppress′ive, tending to oppress: overburdensome: treating with severity or injustice: heavy: overpowering: difficult to bear.—adv. Oppress′ively.—ns. Oppress′iveness; Oppress′or, one who oppresses. [Fr.,—L. opprimĕre, oppressum—ob, against, premĕre, to press.]

Opprobrious, o-prō′bri-us, adj. expressive of opprobrium or disgrace: reproachful: infamous: despised.—adv. Opprō′briously.—ns. Opprō′briousness; Opprō′brium, reproach expressing contempt or disdain: disgrace: infamy. [L.,—ob, against, probrum, reproach.]

Oppugn, o-pūn′, v.t. to fight against, esp. by argument: to oppose: to resist.—n. Oppugn′er. [Fr.,—L. oppugnāre, to fight against—ob, against, pugna, a fight.]

Oppugnancy, o-pug′nan-si, n. (Shak.) opposition, resistance.—adj. Oppug′nant, opposing: hostile.—n. an opponent. [L. oppugnans, -antis, pr.p. of oppugnāre.]

Opsimathy, op-sim′a-thi, n. learning obtained late in life. [Gr.,—opse, late, mathein, to learn.]

Opsiometer, op-si-om′e-tėr, n. an optometer.

Opsonium, op-sō′ni-um, n. anything eaten with bread as a relish, esp. fish.—ns. Opsomā′nia, any morbid love for some special kind of food; Opsomā′niac, one who manifests the foregoing. [Gr. opsōnion—opson, strictly boiled meat, any relish.]

Optative, op′ta-tiv, or op-tā′tiv, adj. expressing desire or wish.—n. (gram.) a mood of the verb expressing wish.—adv. Op′tatively. [L. optativus—optāre, -ātum, to wish.]

Optic, -al, op′tik, -al, adj. relating to sight, or to optics.—n. Op′tic (Pope), an organ of sight: an eye.—adv. Op′tically.—ns. Optic′ian, one skilled in optics: one who makes or sells optical instruments; Op′tics (sing.), the science of the nature and laws of vision and light; Optim′eter, Optom′eter, an instrument for measuring the refractive powers of the eye; Optom′etry, the measurement of the visual powers.—Optic axis, the axis of the eye—that is, a line going through the middle of the pupil and the centre of the eye. [Fr. optique—Gr. optikos.]

Optime, op′ti-mē, n. in the university of Cambridge, one of those in the second or third rank of honours (senior and junior optimes respectively), next to the wranglers.—n.pl. Optimā′tes, the Roman aristocracy. [L. optimus, best.]

Optimism, op′ti-mizm, n. the doctrine that everything is ordered for the best: a disposition to take a hopeful view of things—opp. to Pessimism.—v.i. Op′timise, to take the most hopeful view of anything.—n. Op′timist, one who holds that everything is ordered for the best.—adj. Optimist′ic.—adv. Optimist′ically.—n. Op′timum (bot.), that point of temperature at which metabolic—i.e. vegetative and fructificative processes are best carried on. [L. optimus, best.]

Option, op′shun, n. act of choosing: power of choosing or wishing: wish.—adj. Op′tional, left to one's option or choice.—adv. Op′tionally.—n. Op′tions, a mode of speculating, chiefly in stocks and shares, which is intended to limit the speculator's risk. It consists in paying a sum down for the right to put (make delivery) or call (call for delivery) a given amount of stock at a fixed future date, the price also being fixed at the time the contract is entered into.—Local option (see Local). [L. optio, optionis—optāre, to choose.]

Optometer, Optometry. See Optic.

Opulent, op′ū-lent, adj. wealthy.—n. Op′ulence, means: riches: wealth.—adv. Op′ulently. [Fr.,—L. op-ulentus.]

Opuntia, ō-pun′shi-a, n. a genus of cacti.

Opus, ō′pus, n. work, a work.—Opus magnum, the great work of one's life; Opus operantis (theol.), the effect of a sacrament ascribed chiefly, if not exclusively, to the spiritual disposition of the recipient, the grace flowing ex opere operantis—the Protestant view; Opus operatum, the due celebration of a sacrament necessarily involving the grace of the sacrament, which flows ex opere operato from the sacramental act performed independent of the merit of him who administers it—the R.C. view.

Opuscule, ō-pus′kūl, n. a little work.—Also Opus′cle, Opus′culum. [L. opusculum, dim. of opus, work.]

Or, or, adv. ere, before. [Ere.]

Or, or, conj. marking an alternative, and sometimes opposition [short for other, modern Eng. either].—prep. (B.) before. [In this sense a corr. of ere.]

Or, or, n. (her.) gold. [Fr.,—L. aurum, gold.]

Orach, Orache, or′ach, n. one of several European plants used as spinach. [Fr. arroche.]

Oracle, or′a-kl, n. the answer spoken or uttered by the gods: the place where responses were given, and the deities supposed to give them: a person famed for wisdom: a wise decision: (B.) the sanctuary: (pl.) the revelations made to the prophets: the word of God.—adj. Orac′ular, delivering oracles: resembling oracles: grave: venerable: not to be disputed: ambiguous: obscure—also Orac′ulous.—ns. Oracular′ity, Orac′ularness.—adv. Orac′ularly. [Fr.,—L. ora-culum, double dim. from orāre, to speak—os, oris, the mouth.]

Oragious, ō-rā′jus, adj. stormy. [Fr.]

Oraison, or′i-zun, n. (Shak.). Same as Orison.

Oral, ō′ral, adj. uttered by the mouth: spoken, not written.—adv. O′rally. [L. os, oris, the mouth.]

Orale, or-ā′le, n. a white silk veil, with coloured stripes, sometimes worn by the Pope.

Orang, ō-rang′, n. See Orang-outang.

Orange, or′anj, n. a delightful gold-coloured fruit with a thick, rough skin, within which are usually from eight to ten juicy divisions: the tree on which it grows: a colour composed of red and yellow.—adj. pertaining to an orange: orange-coloured.—ns. Orangeāde′, a drink made with orange juice; Or′ange-bloss′om, the white blossom of the orange-tree, worn by brides.—adj. Or′ange-col′oured, having the colour of an orange.—ns. Or′ange-lil′y, a garden-plant with large orange flowers; Or′ange-peel, the rind of an orange separated from the pulp; Or′angery, a plantation of orange-trees: an orange-garden.—adj. Or′ange-taw′ny (Shak.), of a colour between orange and brown.—n. the colour itself.—n. Or′ange-wife (Shak.), a woman who sells oranges. [Fr.,—It. arancio—Pers. naranj, the n being dropped; it was thought to come from L. aurum, gold, hence Low L. aurantium.]

Orangeman, or′anj-man, n. a member of a society instituted in Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestantism, or the cause of William of Orange—a secret society since its formal suppression in 1835 after a protracted parliamentary inquiry.—adj. Or′ange.—n. Or′angeism. [From the principality of Orange (L. Arausio), near Avignon, ruled by its own sovereigns from the 11th to the 16th century, passing by the last heiress in 1531 to the Count of Nassau, father of William the Silent.]

Orang-outang, ō-rang′-ōō-tang′, n. an anthropoid ape, found only in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo, reddish-brown, arboreal in habit.—Also Orang′ and Orang′-utan′. [Malay, 'man of the woods.']

Orant, ō′rant, n. a worshipping figure in ancient Greek and early Christian art.

Orarian, ō-rā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the coast. [L. ora, the shore.]

Orarion, ō-rā′ri-on, n. a deacon's stole in the Eastern Church.

Orarium, ō-rā′ri-um, n. a linen neckcloth or handkerchief: a scarf attached to a bishop's staff. [L. os, oris, the mouth.]

Orarium, ō-rā′ri-um, n. a collection of private devotions. [L. orāre, to pray.]

Oration, ō-rā′shun, n. a public speech of a formal character: an eloquent speech.—n. Oratiun′cle, a brief speech. [Fr.,—L. oratio—orāre, to pray.]

Orator, or′a-tor, n. a public speaker: a man of eloquence: a spokesman or advocate:—fem. Or′atress, Or′atrix.—v.i. Or′āte, to deliver an oration.—adjs. Oratō′rial; Orator′ical, pertaining to oratory: becoming an orator.—adv. Orator′ically.—n. Or′atory, the art of speaking well, or so as to please and persuade, esp. publicly: the exercise of eloquence: an apartment or building for private worship: one of various congregations in the R.C. Church, esp. the Fathers of the Oratory, established by St Philip Neri (1515-95): a religious house of theirs.

Oratorio, or-a-tō′ri-ō, n. a sacred story set to music, which, as in the opera, requires soloists, chorus, and full orchestra for its performance, the theatrical adjuncts, however, of scenery, costumes, and acting bring dispensed with. [It., so called because first performed in the Oratory of the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, near Rome, under the care of St Philip Neri (1571-94).]

Orb, orb, adj. (obs.) bereft, esp. of children. [L. orbus.]

Orb, orb, n. a circle: a sphere: a celestial body: a wheel: any rolling body: the eye: (archit.) a blank window or panel: the globe forming part of regalia, the monde or mound: the space within which the astrological influence of a planet operates.—v.t. to surround: to form into an orb.—adjs. Or′bate; Orbed, in the form of an orb; circular; Orbic′ular, having the form of an orb or sphere: spherical: round.—n. Orbiculā′ris, a muscle surrounding an opening.—adv. Orbic′ularly.—n. Orbic′ularness.—adjs. Orbic′ulate, -d, made in the form of an orb.—n. Orbiculā′tion.—adj. Or′by, orbed. [L. orbis, circle.]

Orbilius, or-bil′i-us, n. a flogging schoolmaster—from Horace's master.

Orbit, or′bit, n. the path in which one of the heavenly bodies, as a planet, moves round another, as the sun: the hollow in the bone in which the eyeball rests—also Or′bita: the skin round the eye.—adjs. Or′bital, Or′bitary. [L. orbita—orbis, a ring.]

Orc, ork, n. any whale, the grampus. [L. orca.]

Orcadian, or-kā′di-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Orkney Islands.—n. an inhabitant or a native of the Orkneys. [L. Orcades.]

Orchard, or′chard, n. a garden of fruit-trees, esp. of apple-trees, also the enclosure containing such.—ns. Or′chard-house, a glass house for cultivating fruits without artificial heat; Or′charding; Or′chardist. [A.S. orceard—older form ort-geard.]

Orchella-weed=Archil (q. v.).

Orcheocele, or-ke-o-sēl′, n. a tumour or inflammation of the testicle.—ns. Orchial′gia, pain, esp. neuralgia, in a testicle; Orchidec′tomy, Orchot′omy, the excision of a testicle; Orchiodyn′ia, pain in a testicle; Orchī′tis, inflammation of a testicle.—adj. Orchit′ic. [Gr. orchis, a testicle, kēlē, a tumour.]

Orchestra, or′kes-tra, n. in the Greek theatre, the place where the chorus danced: now the part of a theatre or concert-room in which the musicians are placed: the performers in an orchestra.—ns. Orchē′sis, the art of dancing or rhythmical movement of the body; Orchesog′raphy, the theory of dancing.—adjs. Or′chestral, Orches′tric, of or pertaining to an orchestra: performed in an orchestra.—v.t. Or′chestrāte, to arrange for an orchestra.—ns. Orchestrā′tion, the arrangement of music for an orchestra: instrumentation; Orches′trion, a musical instrument of the barrel-organ kind, designed to imitate an orchestra. [L.,—Gr. orchēstra—orchesthai, to dance.]

Orchid, or′kid, n. a plant with a rich, showy, often fragrant flower, frequently found growing, in warm countries, on rocks and stems of trees.—adjs. Orchidā′ceous, Orchid′ēous, pertaining to the orchids.—ns. Orchidol′ogy, the knowledge of orchids; Or′chis, a genus containing ten of the British species of orchids. [Gr. orchis, a testicle.]

Orchil, or′kil, n. the colouring matter derived from archil (q.v.).

Orcine, or′sin, n. a colouring matter obtained from orchella-weed and other lichens.

Ordain, or-dān′, v.t. to put in order: to appoint: to dispose or regulate: to set apart for an office: to invest with ministerial functions.—adj. Ordain′able.—ns. Ordain′er; Ordain′ment.—adj. Or′dinal, showing order or succession.—n. a number noting order or place among others: a body of regulations, a book containing forms and rules for ordination.—n. Or′dinance, that which is ordained by authority: a law: a religious practice or right established by authority.—adj. Or′dinant (Shak.), ordaining, decreeing.—n. one who ordains, as a bishop—opp. to Or′dinand, or one who is to be ordained.—n. Ordinā′tion, the act of ordaining: admission to the Christian ministry by the laying on of hands of a bishop or a presbytery: established order. [O. Fr. ordener (Fr. ordonner)—L. ordināre, -ātum—ordo.]

Ordeal, or′de-al, n. a dealing out or giving of just judgment: an ancient form of referring a disputed question to the judgment of God, by lot, fire, water, &c.: any severe trial or examination. [A.S. or-dél, or-dál; cf. Dut. oor-deel, Ger. ur-theil.]

Order, or′dėr, n. regular arrangement, method: degree, rank, or position: rule, regular system or government: command: a class, a society of persons of the same profession, &c.: a religious fraternity: a dignity conferred by a sovereign, &c., giving membership in a body, after the medieval orders of knighthood, also the distinctive insignia thereof: social rank generally: a number of genera having many important points in common: a commission to supply, purchase, or sell something: (archit.) one of the different ways in which the column, with its various parts and its entablature, are moulded and related to each other: due action towards some end, esp. in old phrase 'to take order:' the sacerdotal or clerical function: (pl.) the several degrees or grades of the Christian ministry.—v.t. to arrange: to conduct: to command.—v.i. to give command.—ns. Or′der-book, a book for entering the orders of customers, the special orders of a commanding officer, or, the motions to be put to the House of Commons; Or′derer; Or′dering, arrangement: management: the act or ceremony of ordaining, as priests or deacons.—adj. Or′derless, without order: disorderly.—n. Or′derliness.—adj. Or′derly, in good order: regular: well regulated: of good behaviour: quiet: being on duty.—adv. regularly: methodically.—n. a non-commissioned officer who carries official messages for his superior officer, formerly the first sergeant of a company.—adj. Or′dinate, in order: regular.—n. the distance of a point in a curve from a straight line, measured along another straight line at right angles to it—the distance of the point from the other of the two lines is called the abscissa, and the two lines are the axes of co-ordinates.—adv. Or′dinately.—Order-in-Council, a sovereign order given with advice of the Privy Council; Order-of-battle, the arrangement of troops or ships at the beginning of a battle; Order-of-the-day, in a legislative assembly, the business set down to be considered on any particular day: any duty assigned for a particular day.—Close order, the usual formation for soldiers in line or column, the ranks 16 inches apart, or for vessels two cables'-length (1440 ft.) apart—opp. to Extended order; Full orders, the priestly order; Minor orders, those of acolyte, exorcist, reader, and doorkeeper; Open order, a formation in which ships are four cables'-length (2880 ft.) apart; Sailing orders, written instructions given to the commander of a vessel before sailing; Sealed orders, such instructions as the foregoing, not to be opened until a certain specified time; Standing orders or rules, regulations for procedure adopted by a legislative assembly.—In order, and Out of order, in accordance with regular and established usage of procedure, in subject or way of presenting it before a legislative assembly, &c., or the opposite; In order to, for the end that; Take order (Shak.), to take measures. [Fr. ordre—L. ordo, -inis.]

Ordinaire, or-din-ār′, n. wine for ordinary use—usually vin ordinaire: a soldier's mess: a person of common rank.

Ordinary, or′di-na-ri, adj. according to the common order: usual: of common rank: plain: of little merit: (coll.) plain-looking.—n. a judge of ecclesiastical or other causes who acts in his own right: something settled or customary: actual office: a bishop or his deputy: a place where regular meals are provided at fixed charges: the common run or mass: (her.) one of a class of armorial charges, called also honourable ordinaries, figures of simple outline and geometrical form, conventional in character—chief, pale, fess, bend, bend-sinister, chevron, cross, saltire, pile, pall, bordure, orle, tressure, canton, flanches.—adv. Or′dinarily.—Ordinary of the mass, the established sequence or fixed order for saying mass.—In ordinary, in regular and customary attendance.

Ordnance, ord′nans, n. great guns: artillery: (orig.) any arrangement, disposition, or equipment.—Ordnance survey, a preparation of maps and plans of Great Britain and Ireland, or parts thereof, undertaken by government and carried out by men selected from the Royal Engineers—so called because in earlier days the survey was carried out under the direction of the Master-general of the Ordnance. [Ordinance.]

Ordonnance, or′do-nans, n. co-ordination, esp. the proper disposition of figures in a picture, parts of a building, &c.

Ordure, or′dūr, n. dirt: dung: excrement: also fig. anything unclean.—adj. Or′durous. [Fr.,—O. Fr. ord, foul—L. horridus, rough.]

Ore, ōr, n. metal as it comes from the mine: metal mixed with earthy and other substances. [A.S. ór, another form of ár, brass; Ice. eir, L. æs, ær-is, bronze.]

Oread, ō′rē-ad, n. (myth.) a mountain nymph:—pl. O′reads, or Orē′ades. [Gr. oreias, oreiados—oros, a mountain.]

Oreog′raphy=Orography.

Organ, or′gan, n. an instrument or means by which anything is done: a part of a body fitted for carrying on a natural or vital operation: a means of communication, or of conveying information or opinions from one to another of two parties, as an ambassador, a newspaper, &c.: a musical wind instrument consisting of a collection of pipes made to sound by means of compressed air from bellows, and played upon by means of keys: a system of pipes in such an organ, having an individual keyboard, a partial organ: a musical instrument having some mechanism resembling the pipe-organ, as the barrel-organ, &c.—ns. Or′gan-build′er, one who constructs organs; Or′gan-grind′er, a fellow who plays a hand-organ by a crank; Or′gan-harmō′nium, a large harmonium used instead of a pipe-organ.—adjs. Organ′ic, -al, pertaining to an organ: organised: instrumental.—adv. Organ′ically.—n. Organ′icalness.—v.t. Organ′ify, to add organic matter to.—n. Organisabil′ity.—adj. Organis′able, that may be organised.—n. Organisā′tion, the act of organising: the state of being organised.—v.t. Or′ganīse, to supply with organs: to form several parts into an organised whole, to arrange.—ns. Or′ganīser; Or′ganism, organic structure, or a body exhibiting such: a living being, animal or vegetable.—adj. Or′ganismal.—ns. Or′ganist, one who plays on an organ; Or′gan-loft, the loft where an organ stands; Organog′eny, Organogen′esis, history of the development of living organs; Organog′raphy, a description of the organs of plants or animals; Organol′ogy, the study of structure and function; Or′gan-pipe, one of the sounding pipes of a pipe-organ (flue-pipes and reed-pipes); Or′gan-point, a note sustained through a series of chords, although only in harmony with the first and last; Or′ganry, the music of the organ; Or′gan-screen, an ornamental stone or wood screen, on which a secondary organ is sometimes placed in cathedrals; Orguinette′, a mechanical musical instrument, with reeds and exhaust-bellows.—Organic chemistry, the chemistry of substances of animal or vegetable origin, prior to 1828 supposed to be capable of formation only as products of vital processes: the chemistry of the compounds of carbon; Organic disease, a disease accompanied by changes in the structures involved; Organic remains, fossil remains of a plant or animal.—Hydraulic organ, one whose bellows is operated by a hydraulic motor. [Fr. organe—L. organum—Gr. organon.]

Organon, or′ga-non, n. an instrument: a system of rules and principles for scientific investigation: a system of thought: the logic of Aristotle—also Or′ganum:—pl. Or′gana. [Gr., from ergon, a work.]

Organzine, or′gan-zin, n. a silk thread of several twisted together, a fabric of the same. [Fr.]

Orgasm, or′gasm, n. immoderate excitement or action.—adj. Orgas′tic. [Gr. orgasmos, swelling.]

Orgeat, or′zhat, n. a confectioner's syrup made from almonds, sugar, &c. [Fr. orge—L. hordeum, barley.]

Orgulous, or′gū-lus, adj. (Shak.) haughty.

Orgy, or′ji, n. any drunken or riotous rite or revelry, esp. by night—(rare) Orge:—pl. Or′gies, riotous secret rites observed in the worship of Bacchus.—v.i. Orge, to indulge in riotous jollity.—n. Or′giast.—adjs. Orgias′tic, Or′gic. [Fr.,—L. orgia—Gr.]

Orichalc, or′i-kalk, n. (Spens.) a gold-coloured alloy resembling brass.—adj. Orichal′ceous. [Fr., from Gr. oreichalkos, mountain copper—oros, a mountain, chalkos, copper.]

Oriel, ō′ri-el, n. a portico or recess in the form of a window built out from a wall, supported on brackets or corbels—distinguished from a bay window. [O. Fr. oriol, a porch—Low L. oriolum, a highly ornamented recess—L. aureolus, gilded—aurum, gold.]

Orient, ō′ri-ent, adj. rising, as the sun: eastern: bright or pure in colour.—n. the part where the sun rises: the east, or the countries of the east: purity of lustre, as in a pearl.—v.t. to set so as to face the east: to build, as a church, with its length from east to west.—adj. Orien′tal, eastern: pertaining to, in, or from the east.—n. a native of the east.—v.t. Orien′talise.—ns. Orien′talism, an eastern word, expression, or custom; Orien′talist, one versed in the eastern languages: an oriental; Oriental′ity.—v.t. and v.i. Orien′tāte.—ns. Orientā′tion, the act of turning or state of being turned toward the east, the process of determining the east in taking bearings: the situation of a building relative to the points of the compass: the act of making clear one's position in some matter: the homing instinct, as in pigeons; O′rientātor, an instrument for orientating. [L. oriens, -entis, pr.p. of orīri, to rise.]

Orifice, or′i-fis, n. something made like a mouth or opening. [Fr.,—L. orificium—os, oris, mouth, facĕre, to make.]

Oriflamme, or′i-flam, n. a little banner of red silk split into many points, borne on a gilt staff—the ancient royal standard of France. [Fr.,—Low L. auriflamma—L. aurum, gold, flamma, a flame.]

Origan, or′i-gan, n. wild marjoram.—Also Orig′anum. [Fr.,—L. origanum.—Gr. origanon—oros, mountain, ganos, brightness.]

Origenist, or′ij-en-ist, n. a follower of Origen (c. 186-254 A.D.), his allegorical method of scriptural interpretation, or his theology, esp. his heresies—the subordination though eternal generation of the Logos, pre-existence of all men, and universal restoration, even of the devil.—n. Or′igenism.—adj. Origenist′ic.

Origin, or′i-jin, n. the rising or first existence of anything: that from which anything first proceeds: (math.) the fixed starting-point: cause: derivation.—adjs. Orig′inable; Orig′inal, pertaining to the origin or beginning: first in order or existence: in the author's own words or from the artist's own pencil: not copied: not translated: having the power to originate, as thought.—n. origin: first copy: the precise language used by a writer: an untranslated tongue: a person of marked individuality.—ns. Original′ity, Orig′inalness, quality or state of being original or of originating ideas.—adv. Orig′inally.—v.t. Orig′ināte, to give origin to: to bring into existence.—v.i. to have origin: to begin.—n. Originā′tion, act of originating or of coming into existence: mode of production.—adj. Orig′inātive, having power to originate or bring into existence.—n. Orig′inātor. [Fr. origine—L. origo, originis—orīri, to rise.]

Orillon, o-ril′lon, n. a semicircular projection at the shoulder of a bastion intended to cover the guns and defenders on the flank. [Fr.,—oreille, an ear—L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.]

Oriole, ōr′i-ōl, n. the golden thrush. [O. Fr. oriol—L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden—aurum, gold.]

Orion, ō-rī′on, n. (astron.) one of the constellations containing seven very bright stars, three of which, in a straight line, form Orion's belt. [Orion, a hunter placed among the stars at his death.]

Orismology, or-is-mol′ō-ji, n. the science of defining technical terms.—adjs. Orismolog′ic, -al. [Gr. horismos—horizein, to bound.]

Orison, or′i-zun, n. a prayer. [O. Fr. orison (Fr. oraison)—L. oratio, -ōnis—orāre, to pray.]

Orle, orl, n. (archit.) a fillet under the ovolo of a capital—also Or′let: (her.) a border within a shield at a short distance from the edge. [O. Fr., border, from Low L. orlum, dim. of L. ora, border.]

Orleanist, or′lē-an-ist, n. one of the family of the Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of France: a supporter of the claims of this family to the throne of France.—adj. favourable to the claims of the Orleans family.—ns. Or′leanism; Or′leans, a wool and cotton cloth for women's dresses.

Orlop, or′lop, n. the deck below the berth-deck in a ship where the cables, &c., are stowed. [Dut. overloop, the upper deck—overlopen, to run over.]

Ormer, or′mėr, n. an ear-shell or sea-ear.

Ormolu, or′mo-lōō, n. an alloy of copper, zinc, and tin: gilt or bronzed metallic ware: gold-leaf prepared for gilding bronze, &c. [Fr. or—L. aurum, gold, moulu, pa.p. of moudre, to grind—L. molāre, to grind.]

Ormuzd, or′muzd, n. the name of the chief god of the ancient Persians: the creator and lord of the whole universe: (later) the good principle, as opposed to Ahriman, the bad. [A corr. of Pers. Ahura-Mazdâh=the Living God or Lord (ahu='the living,' 'life,' or 'spirit,' root ah='to be'), the Great Creator (maz+dâ=Sans. mahâ+dhâ), or the Wise One.]

Ornament, or′na-ment, n. anything that adds grace or beauty: additional beauty: a mark of honour: (pl., Pr. Bk.) all the articles used in the services of the church.—v.t. to adorn: to furnish with ornaments.—adj. Ornament′al, serving to adorn or beautify.—adv. Ornament′ally.—ns. Ornamentā′tion, act or art of ornamenting: (archit.) ornamental work; Or′namenter; Or′namentist.—adj. Ornate′, ornamented: decorated: highly finished, esp. applied to a style of writing.—adv. Ornate′ly.—n. Ornate′ness. [Fr. ornement—L. ornamentum—ornāre, to adorn.]

Ornis, or′nis, n. the birds collectively of a region, its avifauna.—adj. Ornith′ic.—ns. Ornithich′nite (geol.), the footmark of a bird found impressed on sandstone, &c.; Ornithodel′phia, the lowest of the three sub-classes of mammals, same as Monotremata—from the ornithic character of the urogenital organs.—adjs. Ornithodel′phian (also n.), Ornithodel′phic, Ornithodel′phous; Or′nithoid, somewhat ornithic.—ns. Ornith′olite (geol.), the fossil remains of a bird: a stone occurring of various colours and forms bearing the figures of birds.—adj. Ornitholog′ical, pertaining to ornithology.—adv. Ornitholog′ically.—ns. Ornithol′ogist, one versed in ornithology, or who makes a special study of birds; Ornithol′ogy, the science and study of birds; Or′nithomancy, divination by means of birds, by observing their flight, &c.—adjs. Ornithoman′tic; Ornithoph′ilous, bird-fertilised; Or′nithopod, Ornithop′odous, having feet like a bird.—ns. Ornithorhyn′chus, an animal in Australia, with a body like an otter and a snout like the bill of a duck, also called Duck-bill; Ornithos′copy, observation of birds or of their habits; Ornithot′omy, the act of dissecting birds. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird.]

Orography, or-og′ra-fi, n. the description of mountains—also Orol′ogy.—n. Orog′eny, the origin and formation of mountains.—adjs. Orograph′ic, -al; Orolog′ical, of or pertaining to orology.—ns. Orol′ogist, one versed in orology; Orom′eter, a mountain-barometer. [Gr. oros, a mountain.]

Oroide, ō′rō-īd, n. an alloy of copper, tin, and other metals used for watch-cases, cheap jewellery, &c.—Also O′rēide. [Fr. or—L. aurum, gold, Gr. eidos, form.]

Orotund, ō′rō-tund, adj. full, clear, and musical, as speech.—n. full, clear, and musical speech, as when directly from the larynx. [L. os, oris, the mouth, rotundus, round.]

Orphan, or′fan, n. a child bereft of father or mother, or of both.—adj. bereft of parents.—v.t. to bereave of parents.—ns. Or′phanage, the state of being an orphan: a house for orphans; Or′phan-asy′lum; Or′phanhood, Or′phanism; Orphanot′rophy, the supporting of orphans. [Gr. orphanos, akin to L. orbus, bereaved.]

Orpharion, or-fā′ri-on, n. a large lute with six to nine metal strings.—Also Orpheō′reon.

Orphean, or′fē-an, adj. pertaining to Orpheus, a poet who could move inanimate objects by the music of his lyre.—adj. Or′phic, pertaining to Orpheus, or the mysteries connected with the cult of Bacchus.—v.i. Or′phise.—n. Or′phism.

Orphrey, or′fri, n. gold or other rich embroidery attached to vestments, esp. chasuble and cope. [Fr. orfroi—or—L. aurum, gold, Fr. fraise, fringe.]

Orpiment, or′pi-ment, n. arsenic trisulphide, giving king's yellow and realgar (red).—ns. Or′pine, Or′pin, a deep-yellow colour: the Sedum Telephium, a popular vulnerary. [Fr.,—L. auripigmentum—aurum, gold, pigmentum, paint.]

Orra, or′a, adj. (Scot.) odd: not matched: left over: doing odd pieces of work: worthless.

Orrery, or′ėr-i, n. an apparatus for illustrating, by balls mounted on rods and moved by clockwork around a centre, the size, positions, motions, &c. of the heavenly bodies. [From Charles Boyle, fourth Earl of Orrery (1676-1731).]

Orris, or′is, n. a species of iris in the south of Europe, the dried root of which has the smell of violets, used in perfumery.—Also Orr′ice.

Orris, or′is, n. a peculiar kind of gold or silver lace: upholsterers' galloon and gimp. [Orphrey.]

Orseille, or-sāl′, n. a colouring matter (cf. Archil and Litmus).—adj. Orsel′lic. [Fr.]

Ort, ort, n. a fragment, esp. one left from a meal—usually pl. [Low Ger. ort, refuse of fodder.]

Orthocephaly, or-thō-sef′a-li, n. the character of a skull in which the ratio between the vertical and transverse diameters is from 70 to 75.—adj. Orthocephal′ic.

Orthoceras, or-thos′e-ras, n. a genus of fossil cephalopods, having the shell straight or but slightly curved.

Orthochromatic, or-thō-krō-mat′ik, adj. correct in rendering the relation of colours, without the usual photographic modifications. [Gr. orthos, right, chrōma, colour.]

Orthoclase, or′tho-klāz, n. common or potash feldspar.—adj. Orthoclas′tic. [Gr. orthos, straight, klasis, a fracture.]

Orthodox, or′tho-doks, adj. sound in doctrine: believing the received or established opinions, esp. in religion: according to the received doctrine.—adv. Or′thodoxly.—ns. Or′thodoxness; Or′thodoxy, soundness of opinion or doctrine: belief in the commonly accepted opinions, esp. in religion. [Through Fr. and Late L. from Gr. orthodoxos—orthos, right, doxa, opinion—dokein, to seem.]

Orthodromic, or-thō-drom′ik, adj. pertaining to Or′thodromy, the art of sailing on a great circle or in a straight course.

Orthoëpy, or′tho-e-pi, n. (gram.) correct pronunciation of words.—adjs. Orthoëp′ic, -al.—adv. Orthoëp′ically.—n. Or′thoëpist, one versed in orthoëpy. [Gr. orthos, right, epos, a word.]

Orthogamy, or-thog′a-mi, n. (bot.) direct or immediate fertilisation.

Orthognathous, or-thog′nā-thus, adj. straight-jawed—also Orthognath′ic.—n. Orthog′nathism. [Gr. orthos, straight, gnathos, the jaw.]

Orthogon, or′tho-gon, n. (geom.) a figure with all its angles right angles.—adj. Orthog′onal, rectangular.—adv. Orthog′onally. [Gr. orthos, right, gōnia, angle.]

Orthographer, or-thog′ra-fėr, n. one who spells words correctly—also Orthog′raphist.—adjs. Orthograph′ic, -al, pertaining or according to orthography: spelt correctly.—adv. Orthograph′ically.—n. Orthog′raphy (gram.), the art or practice of spelling words correctly. [Gr. orthographia—orthos, right, graphein, to write.]

Orthometry, or-thom′et-ri, n. the art of constructing verse correctly.

Orthopædia, or-thō-pē-dī′a, n. the art or process of curing deformities of the body, esp. in childhood—also Or′thopædy, Or′thopedy.—adjs. Orthopæ′dic, -al, Orthoped′ic, -al.—ns. Orthopæ′dics, Orthoped′ics, orthopædic surgery; Or′thopædist, Or′thopedist, one skilled in the foregoing. [Gr. orthos, straight, pais, paidos, a child.]

Orthophony, or′thō-fō-ni, n. the art of correct speaking: the proper culture of the voice. [Gr. orthos, straight, phōnein, to speak—phōnē, voice.]

Orthopnœa, or-thop-nē′a, n. dyspnœa.—n. Orthop′nic, one who can breathe in an upright posture only. [Gr. orthos, straight, pnein, to breathe.]

Orthopraxy, or′thō-prak-si, n. correct practice or procedure.

Orthoptera, or-thop′tėr-a, n. an order of insects with wing-covers, that overlap at the top when shut, under which are the true wings, which fold lengthwise like a fan.—ns. Orthop′ter, Orthop′teran, an insect of the order orthoptera; Orthopterol′ogy.—adj. Orthop′terous, pertaining to the orthoptera. [Gr. orthos, straight, ptera, pl. of pteron, wing.]

Orthoscopic, or-thō-skop′ik, adj. seeing correctly: appearing normal to the eye. [Gr. orthos, straight, skopein, to see.]

Orthostyle, or′thō-stīl, n. (archit.) an arrangement of columns or pillars in a straight line. [Gr. orthos, straight, stylos, a column.]

Orthotonic, or-thō-ton′ik, adj. retaining an accent in certain positions, but not in others—also Or′thotone.—n. Orthotonē′sis, accentuation of a proclitic or enclitic—opp. to Enclisis. [Gr. orthos, straight, tonos, accent.]

Orthotropism, or-thot′rō-pizm, n. vertical growth in plants.—adjs. Orthot′ropal, Orthotrop′ic, Orthot′ropous. [Gr. orthos, straight, trepein, to turn.]

Orthotypous, or′thō-tī-pus, adj. in mineralogy, having a perpendicular cleavage.

Orthros, or′thros, n. one of the Greek canonical hours, corresponding to the Western lauds. [Gr. orthros, dawn.]

Ortive, or′tiv, adj. rising: eastern.

Ortolan, or′tō-lan, n. a kind of bunting, common in Europe, and considered a great table delicacy. [Fr.,—It. ortolano—L. hortulanus, belonging to gardens—hortulus, dim. of hortus, a garden.]

Orvietan, or-vi-ē′tan, n. a supposed antidote or counter-poison.—n. Orviē′to, an esteemed still white wine.

Oryctics, ō-rik′tiks, n. the branch of geology relating to fossils.—adjs. Oryctograph′ic, -al.—n. Oryctozoöl′ogy, palæontology. [Gr. oryctos, fossil.]

Oryx, or′iks, n. a genus of antelopes. [Gr., a pick-axe.]

Oryza, ō-rī′za, n. a small tropical genus of true grasses, including rice.

Os, os, n. a bone. [L.]

Oscan, os′kan, n. and adj. one of an ancient Italic race in southern Italy: a language closely akin to Latin, being a ruder and more primitive form of the same central Italic tongue.

Oscheal, os′kē-al, adj. pertaining to the scrotum.—ns. Oscheī′tis, inflammation of the scrotum; Os′cheocele, a scrotal hernia; Os′cheoplasty, plastic surgery of the scrotum. [Gr. oschē, the scrotum.]

Oscillate, os′sil-lāt, v.i. to move backwards and forwards like a pendulum: to vary between certain limits.—n. Os′cillancy, a swinging condition.—adj. Os′cillāting.—n. Oscillā′tion, act of oscillating: a swinging like a pendulum: variation within limits.—adjs. Os′cillātive, having a tendency to vibrate; Os′cillātory, swinging: moving as a pendulum does. [L. oscillāre, -ātum, to swing—oscillum, a swing.]

Oscines, os′si-nēz, n.pl. a sub-order of birds of the order Passeres.—adj. Os′cine—also n. [L. oscen, oscinis, a singing-bird.]

Oscitancy, os′si-tan-si, n. sleepiness, stupidity.—adj. Os′citant.—adv. Os′citantly.—v.i. Os′citate, to yawn.—n. Oscitā′tion, act of yawning or gaping from sleepiness. [L. oscitāre, to yawn.]

Osculant, os′kū-lant, adj. kissing: adhering closely: (biol.) situated between two other genera, and partaking partly of the character of each.—v.t. Os′culāte, to kiss: to touch, as two curves: to form a connecting-link between two genera.—adj. of or pertaining to kissing.—n. Osculā′tion.—adj. Os′culātory, of or pertaining to kissing: (geom.) having the same curvature at the point of contact.—n. a tablet with a picture of the Virgin or of Christ, which was kissed by the priest and then by the people.—ns. Os′cule, a little mouth: a small bilabiate aperture; Os′cūlum, a mouth in sponges: one of the suckers on the head of a tapeworm. [L. osculāri, -ātus—osculum, a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os, mouth.]

Osier, ō′zhėr, n. the popular name for those species of willow whose twigs are used in making baskets, &c.—adj. made of or like osiers.—adj. O′siered, adorned with willows.—n. O′siery, a place where osiers are grown. [Fr.; perh. from Gr. oisos.]

Osiris, ō-sī′ris, n. the greatest of Egyptian gods, son of Seb and Nut, or Heaven and Earth, married to Isis, slain by Set but avenged by his son Horus, judge of the dead in the nether-world.

Osite, os′īt, n. Sombrero guano.

Osmanli, os-man′li, adj. of or belonging to Turkey.—n. a member of the reigning family of Turkey: a subject of the emperor of Turkey. [Osman or Othman, who founded the Turkish empire in Asia, and reigned 1288-1326.]

Osmeterium, os-mē-tē′ri-um, n. an organ devoted to the production of an odour, esp. the forked process behind the head of certain butterfly-larvæ:—pl. Osmetē′ria.

Osmidrosis, os-mi-drō′sis, n. the secretion of strongly smelling perspiration.—Also Bromidrosis. [Gr. osmē, smell, hidrōsis, sweat.]

Osmium, ōs′mi-um, n. a gray-coloured metal found in platinum ore, the oxide of which has a disagreeable smell.—adjs. Os′mic, Os′mious. [Gr. osmē, smell, orig. od-mē—ozein, to smell.]

Osmose, os′mōs, n. the tendency of fluids to mix or become equally diffused when in contact, even through an intervening membrane or porous structure—also Osmō′sis.—adj. Osmot′ic, pertaining to, or having, the property of osmose.—adv. Osmot′ically. [Gr. ōsmos=ōsis, impulse—ōthein, to push.]

Osmunda, os-mun′da, n. a genus of ferns, the chief species being Osmunda regalis, the royal fern—also called Bog-onion, King-fern, &c.

Osnaburg, oz′na-burg, n. a coarse kind of linen, originally brought from Osnaburg in Germany.

Osprey, os′prā, n. the fish-hawk, a species of eagle very common on the coast of North America. [Corr. from ossifrage, which see.]

Osseous, os′ē-us, adj. bony: composed of, or resembling, bone: of the nature or structure of bone.—ns. Ossā′rium, an ossuary; Oss′ēin, the organic basis of bone; Oss′elet, a hard substance growing on the inside of a horse's knee; Oss′icle, a small bone.—adjs. Ossif′erous, producing bone: (geol.) containing bones; Ossif′ic.—n. Ossificā′tion, the process or state of being changed into a bony substance.—v.t. Oss′ify, to make into bone or into a bone-like substance.—v.i. to become bone:—pa.p. oss′ified.—adj. Ossiv′orous, devouring or feeding on bones.—ns. Os′teoblast, a cell concerned in the formation of bone; Os′teoclast, an apparatus for fracturing bones; Osteocol′la, a deposited carbonate of lime encrusted on the roots and stems of plants; Osteoden′tine, one of the varieties of dentine, resembling bone; Osteogen′esis, the formation or growth of bone—also Osteog′eny; Osteog′rapher; Osteog′raphy, description of bones.—adj. Os′teoid, like bone: having the appearance of bone.—ns. Osteol′epis, a genus of fossil ganoid fishes peculiar to the Old Red Sandstone, so called from the bony appearance of their scales; Osteol′oger, Osteol′ogist, one versed in osteology.—adjs. Osteolog′ic, -al, pertaining to osteology.—adv. Osteolog′ically.—ns. Osteol′ogy, the science of the bones, that part of anatomy which treats of the bones; Osteomalā′cia, a disease in which the earthy salts disappear from the bones, which become soft and misshapen; Os′teophyte, an abnormal bony outgrowth.—adjs. Osteophyt′ic; Osteoplast′ic.—ns. Os′teoplasty, a plastic operation by which a loss of bone is remedied; Osteosarcō′ma, a tumour composed of intermingled bony and sarcomatous tissue; Os′teotome (surg.), a saw-like instrument for cutting bones; Osteot′omy, the division of, or incision into, a bone; Ostī′tis, inflammation of bone. [L. osseus—os, ossis, bone; Gr. osteon, bone.]

Ossianic, os-i-an′ik, adj. pertaining to Ossian or the poems dubiously attributed to him.

Ossifrage, os′i-frāj, n. the sea or bald eagle, common in the United States: (B.) the bearded vulture, the largest of European birds. [L. ossifragus, breaking bones—os, frag, root of frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Ossuary, os′ū-ar-i, n. a place where the bones of the dead are deposited: a charnel-house. [L. ossuarium, a charnel-house—os, a bone.]

Ostensible, os-tens′i-bl, adj. that may be shown: declared: put forth as real: apparent.—n. Ostensibil′ity.—adv. Ostens′ibly.—adj. Ostens′ive, showing: exhibiting.—adv. Ostens′ively.—ns. Osten′sory, a monstrance; Os′tent (Shak.), appearance, manner: token: portent, prodigy; Ostentā′tion, act of making a display: ambitious display: display to draw attention or admiration: boasting.—adj. Ostentā′tious, given to show: fond of self-display: intended for display.—adv. Ostentā′tiously.—n. Ostentā′tiousness. [L. ostendĕre, ostensum, to show.]

Ostiary, os′ti-ar-i, n. the doorkeeper of a church.

Ostium, os′ti-um, n. an opening: the mouth of a river.—n. Ostiō′le, a small orifice.—adjs. Os′tiolar; Os′tiolāte, furnished with an ostiole. [L.]

Ostler, os′lėr. Same as Hostler.

Ostmen, ost′men. n.pl. the Danish settlers in Ireland.

Ostracea, os-trā′sē′a, n.pl. the oyster family.—adjs. Ostrā′cean, Ostrā′ceous.—ns. Os′tracite, a fossil oyster; Os′trēa, the typical genus of the oyster family; Ostrēicul′ture, oyster-culture; Ostrēicul′turist.

Ostracise, os′tra-sīz, v.t. in ancient Greece, to banish by the vote of the people written on an earthenware tablet: to banish from society.—n. Os′tracism, banishment by ostracising: expulsion from society. [Gr. ostrakizein—ostrakon, an earthenware tablet.]

Ostrich, os′trich, n. the largest of birds, found in Africa, remarkable for its speed in running, and prized for its feathers.—n. Os′trich-farm, a place where ostriches are bred and reared for their feathers. [O. Fr. ostruche (Fr. autruche)—L. avis-, struthio, ostrich—Gr. strouthiōn, an ostrich, strouthos, a bird.]

Ostrogoth, os′trō-goth, n. an eastern Goth: one of the tribe of east Goths who established their power in Italy in 493, and were overthrown in 555.—adj. Os′trogothic.

Otacoustic, ot-a-kows′tik, adj. assisting hearing.—n. an instrument to assist hearing—also Otacous′ticon. [Gr. akoustikos—akouein, to hear—ous, ōtos, ear.]

Otalgia, ō-tal′ji-a, n. earache—also Otal′gy.—ns. Otog′raphy, descriptive anatomy of the ear; Otorrhē′a, a purulent discharge from the ear; O′toscope, an instrument for viewing the interior of the ear.

Otary, ō′tar-i, n. a genus of seals with an external ear:—pl. O′taries.—adj. Ot′arine. [Gr. ōtaros, large-eared—ous, ōtos, ear.]

Other, uth′ėr, adj. and pron. different, not the same: additional: second of two.—adj. Oth′erguess=Othergates.—n. Oth′erness.—advs. Oth′erwhere, elsewhere; Oth′erwhile, Oth′erwhiles, at other times: sometimes; Oth′erwise, in another way or manner: by other causes: in other respects.—conj. else: under other conditions.—Every other, each alternate; Rather ... than otherwise, rather than not; The other day, on some day not long past, quite recently. [A.S. other; cf. Ger. ander, L. alter.]

Othergates, uth′ėr-gātz, adv. (obs.) in another way—also adj. [Other, and gate, way, manner.]

Otic, ō′tik, adj. of or pertaining to the ear.—ns. Otī′tis, inflammation of the internal ear; Ot′ocyst, an auditory vesicle; Ot′olith, a calcareous concretion within the membranous labyrinth of the ear; Otol′ogist, one skilled in otology; Otol′ogy, knowledge of the ear. [Gr. ous, ōtos, ear.]

Otiose, o′shi-ōs, adj. unoccupied: lazy: done in a careless way, perfunctory, futile.—n. Otios′ity, ease, idleness. [L. otiosus—otium, rest.]

Otoscope. See under Otalgia.

Ottava, ot-tä′vä, n. an octave.—Ottava rima, an Italian form of versification consisting of eight lines, the first six rhyming alternately, the last two forming a couplet—used by Byron in Don Juan. [It.]

Otter, ot′ėr, n. a large kind of weasel living entirely on fish. [A.S. otor, oter; cf. Dut. and Ger. otter.]

Otto, ot′o, Ottar, ot′ar (better Att′ar), n. a fragrant oil obtained from certain flowers, esp. the rose. [Ar. ‛itr—‛atira, to smell sweetly.]

Ottoman, ot′o-man, adj. pertaining to the Turkish Empire, founded by Othman or Osman about 1299.—n. a Turk (Shak. Ott′omite): a cushioned seat for several persons sitting with their backs to one another: a low, stuffed seat without a back: a variety of corded silk. [Fr.]

Oubit, ōō′bit, n. a hairy caterpillar. [Prob. the A.S. wibba, a crawling thing.]

Oubliette, ōō-bli-et′, n. a dungeon with no opening but at the top: a secret pit in the floor of a dungeon into which a victim could be precipitated. [Fr.,—oublier, to forget—L. oblivisci.]

Ouch, owch, n. a jewel or ornament, esp. one in the form of a clasp: the socket of a precious stone. [O. Fr. nouche, nosche, from Teut., cf. Old High Ger. nusca, a clasp.]

Oudenarde, ōō′de-närd, n. a kind of decorative tapestry, representing foliage, &c., once made at Oudenarde in Belgium.

Ought, awt, n. (same as Aught) a vulgar corr. of nought.—adv. (Scot.) Ought′lings, at all, in any degree.

Ought, awt, v.i. to be under obligation: to be proper or necessary.—n. Ought′ness, rightness. [A.S. áhte, pa.t. of ágan, to owe.]

Ouistiti, wis′ti-ti, n. a wistit or marmoset.

Ounce, owns, n. the twelfth part of a pound troy=480 grains: 1⁄16 of a pound avoirdupois=437½ troy grains. [O. Fr. unce—L. uncia, the twelfth part.]

Ounce, owns, n. a carnivorous animal of the cat kind, found in Asia, allied to the leopard—(obs.) Once. [Fr. once, prob. Pers. yúz, a panther.]

Oundy, own′di, adj. wavy: scalloped: (her.) undé.

Ouphe, ōōf, n. (Shak.). Same as Oaf.

Our, owr, adj. and pron. pertaining or belonging to us—prov. Ourn.—prons. Ours, possessive of We; Ourself′, myself (as a king or queen would say):—pl. Ourselves (-selvz′), we, not others: us. [A.S. úre, gen. pl. of wé, we.]

Ourang-outang. Same as Orang-outang.

Ourology, Ouroscopy, &c. See Urology under Urine.

Ousel. See Ouzel.

Oust, owst, v.t. to eject or expel.—n. Oust′er (law), ejection: dispossession. [O. Fr. oster (Fr. ôter), to remove; acc. to Diez, from L. haurīre, haustum, to draw (water).]

Out, owt, adv. without, not within: gone forth: abroad: to the full stretch or extent: in a state of discovery, development, &c.: in a state of exhaustion, extinction, &c.: away from the mark: completely: at or to an end: to others, as to hire out: freely: forcibly: at a loss: unsheltered: uncovered.—prep. forth from: outside of: exterior: outlying, remote.—n. one who is out, esp. of office—opp. to In: leave to go out, an outing.—v.i. to go or come out.—interj. away! begone!—n. Out′-and-out′er, a thoroughgoer, a first-rate fellow.—adjs. Out′-of-door, open-air; Out-of-the-way′, uncommon: singular: secluded.—Out and away, by far; Out and out, thoroughly: completely—also as adj. thorough, complete; Out-at-elbows, worn-out, threadbare; Out of character, unbecoming: improper; Out of course, out of order; Out of date, unfashionable: not now in use; Out of favour, disliked; Out of hand, instantly; Out of joint, not in proper connection: disjointed; Out of one's mind, mad; Out of pocket, having spent more than one has received; Out of print, not to be had for sale, said of books, &c.; Out of sorts, or temper, unhappy: cross-tempered; Out of the common, unusual, pre-eminent; Out of the question, that cannot be at all considered; Out of time, too soon or too late: not keeping time in music; Out with, away with: (Scot.) outside of: say, do, &c., at once. [A.S. úte, út; Goth. ut, Ger. aus, Sans. ud.]

Outask, owt-ask′, v.t. to ask or proclaim, as to be married, in church for the last time.

Outbalance, owt-bal′ans, v.t. to exceed in weight or effect: to outweigh.

Outbar, owt-bär′, v.t. (Spens.) to bar out, esp. to shut out by fortifications.

Outbargain, owt-bär′gin, v.t. to get the better of in a bargain.

Outbid, owt-bid′, v.t. to offer a higher price than another.

Outblush, owt-blush′, v.t. to exceed in rosy colour.

Outbluster, owt-blus′tėr, v.t. to exceed in blustering: to get the better of in this way.

Outbound, owt′bownd, adj. bound for a distant port.

Outbounds, owt′bowndz, n.pl. (Spens.) boundaries.

Outbrag, owt-brag′, v.t. to surpass in bragging or boasting: to surpass in beauty or splendour.

Outbrave, owt-brāv′, v.t. (Shak.) to excel in bravery or boldness, to defy.

Outbreak, owt′brāk, n. a breaking out: eruption: a disturbance of the peace.—v.i. Outbreak′, to burst forth.—ns. Out′breaker, a wave which breaks on the shore or on rocks; Out′breaking.

Outbreathe, owt-brēth′, v.t. (Spens.) to breathe out as breath or life: to exhaust or deprive of breath.—v.i. to be breathed out: (Shak.) to expire.

Outbud, owt-bud′, v.i. (Spens.) to sprout forth.

Outbuilding, owt′bild-ing, n. a building separate from, but used in connection with, a dwelling-house or a main building: an outhouse.

Outburn, owt-burn′, v.t. to exceed in burning.—v.i. to burn away.

Outburst, owt′burst, n. a bursting out: an explosion.

Outby, owt′bī, adv. (Scot.) out of doors: (min.) towards the shaft—opp. to Inby.—Also Out′bye.

Outcast, owt′kast, adj. exiled from home or country: rejected.—n. a person banished: a vagabond: an exile: (Scot.) a quarrel: the amount of increase in bulk of grain in malting.

Outcome, owt′kum, n. the issue: consequence: result.

Outcrafty, owt-kraft′i, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in craft.

Outcrop, owt′krop, n. the appearance, at the surface, of a layer of rock or a vein of metal, caused by tilting or inclination of the strata: the part of a layer which appears at the surface of the ground.—v.i. to appear at the surface.

Outcry, owt′krī, n. a loud cry of distress: a confused noise: a public auction.—v.t. to cry louder than.

Outdare, owt-dār′, v.t. to surpass in daring: to defy.

Outdistance, owt-dis′tans, v.t. to distance, leave far behind in any competition.

Outdo, owt-dōō′, v.t. to surpass: excel.

Outdoor, owt′dōr, adj. outside the door or the house: in the open air.—adv. Out′doors, out of the house: abroad.—Outdoor relief, help given to a pauper who does not live in the workhouse.

Outdwell, owt-dwel′, v.t. (Shak.) to dwell or stay beyond.—n. Out-dwell′er, one who owns land in a parish but lives outside it.

Out-edge, owt′-ej, n. the farthest bound.

Outer, owt′ėr, adj. more out or without: external—opp. to Inner.—n. the part of a target outside the rings, a shot striking here.—adj. Out′ermost, most or farthest out: most distant.—Outer bar, the junior barristers who plead outside the bar in court, as distinguished from King's Counsel and others who plead within the bar. [Comp. of out.]

Outface, owt-fās′, v.t. to stare down: to bear down by bravery or impudence: to confront boldly.

Outfall, owt′-fawl, n. the place of discharge of a river, sewer, &c.: (prov.) a quarrel.

Outfield, owt′fēld, n. (Scot.) arable land continually cropped without being manured—opp. to Infield: any open field at a distance from the farm-steading: any undefined district or sphere: at cricket and baseball, the players collectively who occupy the outer part of the field.—n. Out′fielder, one of such players.

Outfit, owt′fit, n. the act of making ready everything required for a journey or a voyage: complete equipment: the articles or the expenses for fitting out: the means for an outfit.—v.t. to fit out, equip.—ns. Out′fitter, one who furnishes outfits; Out′fitting, an outfit: equipment for a voyage.

Outflank, owt-flangk′, v.t. to extend the flank of one army beyond that of another: to get the better of.

Outflash, owt-flash′, v.t. to outshine.

Outfling, owt′fling, n. a sharp retort or gibe.

Outflow, owt-flō′, v.i. to flow out.—n. issue.

Outflush, owt′flush, n. any sudden glow of heat.

Outfly, owt-flī′, v.t. to surpass in flying: to fly faster than: to escape by swiftness of flight.

Outfoot, owt-fōōt′, v.i. to outsail.

Outfrown, owt-frown′, v.t. (Shak.) to frown down.

Outgarth, owt′gärth, n. an outer yard or garden.

Outgaze, owt-gāz′, v.t. to stare out of countenance: to gaze farther than.

Outgeneral, owt-jen′ėr-al, v.t. to outdo in generalship: to prove a better general than.

Outgive, owt-giv′, v.t. and v.i. to surpass in liberality.

Outgo, owt-gō′, v.t. to advance before in going: to surpass: to overreach.—v.i. to go out: to come to an end.—ns. Out′go, that which goes out: expenditure—opp. to Income; Out′goer; Out′going, act or state of going out: extreme limit: expenditure.—adj. departing—opp. to Incoming, as a tenant.

Outgrow, owt-grō′, v.t. to surpass in growth: to grow out of.—n. Out′growth, that which grows out of a thing: growth to excess.

Outguard, owt′gärd, n. a guard at a distance or at the farthest distance from the main body.

Outgush, owt-gush′, v.i. to issue with force.—n. Out′gush, a gushing out.

Outhaul, owt′hawl, n. a rope for hauling out the clew of a sail.—Also Out′hauler.

Out-Herod, owt-her′od, v.t. to surpass (Herod) in cruelty: to exceed, esp. in anything bad.

Outhire, owt-hīr′, v.t. to hire or let out.

Outhouse, owt′hows, n. a small building outside a dwelling-house.

Outing, owt′ing, n. the act of going out, or the distance gone out: an excursion or airing.

Outjest, owt-jest′, v.t. (Shak.) to overpower by jesting: to excel in jesting.

Outjet, owt′jet, n. that which projects from anything.—n. Outjut′ting, a projection.

Outland, owt′land, n. land beyond the limits of cultivation.—adj. (Tenn.) foreign.—n. Out′lander, a foreigner, a person not naturalised.—adj. Outland′ish, belonging to an out or foreign land: foreign: not according to custom: strange: rustic: rude: vulgar.—adv. Outland′ishly.—n. Outland′ishness.

Outlash, owt′lash, n. any sudden outburst.

Outlast, owt-last′, v.t. to last longer than.

Outlaw, owt′law, n. one deprived of the protection of the law: a robber or bandit.—v.t. to place beyond the law: to deprive of the benefit of the law: to proscribe.—n. Out′lawry, the act of putting a man out of the protection of the law: state of being an outlaw. [A.S. útlaga; cf. Ice. útlági—út, out, lög, law.]

Outlay, owt′lā, n. that which is laid out: expenditure.—v.t. to lay out to view.

Outleap, owt′lēp, n. a sally, flight.

Outlearn, owt-lėrn′, v.t. to learn: to excel in learning: to get beyond the instruction of.

Outlet, owt′let, n. the place or means by which anything is let out: the passage outward, vent.

Outlier, owt′lī-ėr, n. (geol.) a portion of a stratum: anything, as detached from the principal mass, and lying some distance from it.—v.t. Outlie′, to beat in lying.—v.i. to live in the open air.

Outline, owt′līn, n. the outer line: the lines by which any figure is bounded: a sketch showing only the main lines: a draft: a set-line in fishing.—v.t. to draw the exterior line of: to delineate or sketch.—adj. Outlin′ear, like an outline.

Outlive, owt-liv′, v.t. to live longer than: to survive.—n. Outliv′er.

Outlodging, owt′loj-ing, n. a lodging outside a college bounds at Oxford and Cambridge.

Outlook, owt′lōōk, n. vigilant watch: view obtained by looking out: prospect, or (fig.) one's prospects: a watch-tower.—v.t. to face courageously.

Outlustre, owt-lus′tėr, v.t. to excel in brightness.

Outlying, owt′lī-ing, adj. lying out or beyond: remote: on the exterior or frontier: detached.

Outman, owt-man′, v.t. to outdo in manliness: to outnumber in men.

Outmanœuvre, owt-ma-nū′vėr, v.t. to surpass in manœuvring.

Outmantle, owt-man′tl, v.t. to excel in dress or ornament.

Outmarch, owt-märch′, v.t. to march faster than: to leave behind by marching.

Outmate, owt-māt′, v.t. to outmatch.

Outmeasure, owt-mezh′ūr, v.t. to exceed in extent.

Outmost, owt′mōst. Same as Outermost.

Outmove, owt-mōōv′, v.t. to move faster than.

Outname, owt-nām′, v.t. to surpass in name, reputation, or importance.

Outness, owt′nes, n. state of being out, externality to the perceiving mind, objectiveness.

Outnumber, owt-num′bėr, v.t. to exceed in number.

Outpace, owt-pās′, v.t. to walk faster than.

Out-paramour, owt-par′a-mōōr, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in number of mistresses.

Outparish, owt′par-ish, n. a rural parish, as distinguished from an urban one.

Outpart, owt′part, n. a part remote from the centre.

Outpassion, owt-pash′un, v.t. (Tenn.) to go beyond in passionateness.

Outpatient, owt′pā-shent, n. a patient who receives aid from a hospital, but lives outside of it.

Outpeer, owt-pēr′, v.t. (Shak.) to surpass or excel.

Out-pensioner, owt′-pen′shun-ėr, n. a non-resident pensioner.

Outport, owt′pōrt, n. a port out of or remote from the chief port: a place of export.

Outpost, owt′pōst, n. a post or station beyond the main body of an army: the troops placed there.

Outpour, owt-pōr′, v.t. to pour out: to send out in a stream.—ns. Outpour′; Outpour′er; Out′pouring, a pouring out: an abundant supply.

Outpower, owt-pow′ėr, v.t. to surpass in power.

Outpray, owt-prā′, v.t. to exceed in earnestness of prayer.

Outprize, owt-prīz′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in the value set upon it.

Output, owt′pōōt, n. the quantity of metal made by a smelting furnace, or of coal taken from a pit, within a certain time, production generally.

Outquarters, owt-kwär′tėrz, n.pl. quarters situated away from headquarters.

Outquench, owt-kwensh′, v.t. (Spens.) to extinguish.

Outrage, owt′rāj, n. violence beyond measure: excessive abuse: wanton mischief.—v.t. to treat with excessive abuse: to injure by violence, esp. to violate, to ravish.—v.i. to be guilty of outrage.—adj. Outrā′geous, violent: furious: turbulent: atrocious: enormous, immoderate.—adv. Outrā′geously.—n. Outrā′geousness. [O. Fr. oultrage (mod. outrage)—Low L. ultragium—L. ultra, beyond.]

Outrance, owt′rans, n. the utmost extremity: the bitter end.—À outrance, to the bitter end of a combat—usually in Eng. use, À l'outrance. [Fr.]

Outré, ōōt-rā′, adj. beyond what is customary or proper: extravagant: overstrained. [Fr. pa.p. of outrer—outre—L. ultra, beyond.]

Outreach, owt-rēch′, v.t. to reach or extend beyond: to cheat or overreach.

Outredden, owt-red′n, v.t. (Tenn.) to grow redder than.

Outreign, owt-rān′, v.t. (Spens.) to reign longer than: to reign through the whole of (a period).

Outremer, ōōtr-mār′, n. the region beyond sea. [Fr.]

Outride, owt-rīd′, v.t. to ride beyond: to ride faster than.—n. Out′rider, one who rides abroad: a servant on horseback who attends a carriage.

Outrigger, owt′rig-ėr, n. a projecting spar for extending sails or any part of the rigging: a projecting contrivance ending in a float fixed to the side of a canoe against capsizing: an iron bracket fixed to the outside of a boat carrying a rowlock at its extremity to increase the leverage of the oar: a light racing-boat with projecting rowlocks.

Outright, owt′rīt, adv. immediately: at once: completely.—adj. free from reserve: positive, undisguised.

Outrival, owt-rī′val, v.t. to surpass, excel.

Outroad, owt′rōd, n. (obs.) a foray into an enemy's country, a hostile attack—opp. to Inroad.

Outroar, owt-rōr′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in roaring.—n. Out′roar, an uproar.

Outroot, owt-rōōt′, v.t. to root out.

Outroper, owt-rō′pėr, n. formerly an officer in London who seized the goods of foreigners sold elsewhere than in the public market.

Outrun, owt-run′, v.t. to go beyond in running: to exceed: to get the better of or to escape by running.—n. Out′runner.

Outrush, owt-rush′, v.i. to rush out:—n. a rushing out.

Outsail, owt-sāl′, v.t. to leave behind in sailing.

Outscold, owt-skōld′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in scolding.

Outscorn, owt-skorn′, v.t. to bear down or confront by contempt: to disregard or despise.

Outscouring, owt′skowr-ing, n. substance washed or scoured out.

Outsell, owt-sel′, v.t. to sell for a higher price than: to exceed in the number or amount of sales.

Out-sentry, owt′-sen-tri, n. a sentry who guards the entrance to a place at a distance.—n. Out′scout, an advance scout.

Outset, owt′set, n. a setting out: beginning.—Also Out′setting.

Outsettlement, owt′set′l-ment, n. a settlement away from the main one.

Outshine, owt-shīn′, v.i. to shine out or forth.—v.t. to excel in shining: to be brighter than.

Outshot, owt′shot, n. (Scot.) a projection in a building: (pl.) in paper-making, rags of second quality.

Outside, owt′sīd, n. the outer side: the farthest limit: the surface: the exterior: one who is without, as a passenger on a coach, &c.: the outer or soiled sheets of a package of paper.—adj. on the outside: exterior: superficial: external: extreme, beyond the limit.—adv. on the outside: not within.—prep. beyond.—ns. Out′side-car, an Irish jaunting-car; Out′sider, one not admitted to a particular company, profession, &c., a stranger, a layman: a racehorse not included among the favourites in the betting: (pl.) a pair of nippers for turning a key in a keyhole from the outside.—Outside country, districts beyond the line of settlements in Australia; Outside of, outside: (coll.) besides.—Get outside of (vulgar), to comprehend: to eat or drink.

Outsight, owt′sīt, n. power of seeing things, outlook.—Outsight plenishing (Scot.), outdoor movables.

Outsit, owt-sit′, v.t. to sit beyond the time of.

Outskirt, owt′skėrt, n. the outer skirt: border: suburb—often used in pl.

Outsleep, owt-slēp′ v.t. (Shak.) to sleep longer than.

Outslide, owt-slīd′, v.t. to slide forward.

Outsoar, owt-sōr′, v.t. to soar beyond.

Outsole, owt′sōl, n. the outer sole of a boot or shoe which rests on the ground.

Outspan, owt-span′, v.t. and v.i. to unyoke or unharness draught-oxen, &c., from a vehicle, to encamp—opp. to Inspan.

Outspeak, owt-spēk′, v.t. to say aloud: to speak more, louder, or longer than.—v.i. to speak boldly, to speak up.—adj. Outspō′ken, frank or bold of speech: uttered with boldness.—n. Outspō′kenness.

Outspeckle, owt′spek'l, n. (Scot.) a laughing-stock.

Outspent, owt-spent′, adj. thoroughly tired out.

Outsport, owt-sport′, v.t. (Shak.) to outdo in sporting.

Outspread, owt-spred′, v.t. to spread out or over.—adj. Outspread′ing.

Outspring, owt′spring, n. the outcome, result, or issue.

Outstand, owt-stand′, v.t. to resist or withstand: to stand beyond the proper time.—v.i. to stand out or project from a mass: to remain unpaid or unsettled in any way.—adj. Outstand′ing, prominent: uncollected: remaining unpaid.

Outstare, owt′stār, v.t. (Shak.) to stare down or abash with effrontery.

Outstay, owt-stā′, v.t. (Shak.) to stay beyond.

Outstep, owt-step′, v.t. to step beyond, overstep.

Outstretch, owt-strech′, v.t. to spread out, extend.

Outstrike, owt-strīk′, v.t. to exceed in striking, so as to overpower.

Outstrip, owt-strip′, v.t. to outrun: to leave behind: to escape beyond one's reach.

Outsum, owt-sum′, v.t. to outnumber.

Outswear, owt-swār′, v.t. to exceed in swearing.

Outsweeten, owt-swēt′n, v.t. to excel in sweetness.

Outswell, owt-swel′, v.t. (Shak.) to overflow.

Outtalk, owt-tawk′, v.t. to talk down.

Outtongue, owt-tung′, v.t. (Shak.) to bear down by talk or noise.

Outtop, owt-top′, v.t. to reach higher than: to excel.

Out-travel, owt-trav′el, v.t. to surpass in travelling, to go more swiftly than.

Outvalue, owt-val′ū, v.t. to exceed in value.

Outvenom, owt-ven′um, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in poison.

Outvie, owt-vī′, v.t. to go beyond in vying with: to exceed: to surpass.

Outvillain, owt-vil′ān, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in villainy.

Outvoice, owt-vois′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in clamour or noise: to drown the voice of.

Outvote, owt-vōt′, v.t. to defeat by a greater number of votes.

Outwalk, owt-wawk′, v.t. to walk farther, longer, or faster than.

Outwall, owt′wawl, n. the outside wall of a building: (Shak.) external appearance.

Outward, owt′ward, adj. toward the outside: external: exterior: not inherent, adventitious: (theol.) worldly, carnal—opp. to Inward or spiritual: (B.) public.—adv. toward the exterior: away from port: to a foreign port: superficially—also Out′wards.—n. Out′ward (Shak.), external form: the outside.—adj. Out′ward-bound, bound outwards or to a foreign port.—adv. Out′wardly, in an outward manner: externally: in appearance.—n. Out′wardness.—adj. Out′ward-saint′ed, appearing outwardly to be a saint.

Outward, owt-wawrd′, n. a ward in a detached building connected with a hospital.

Outwatch, owt-wawch′, v.t. to watch longer than.

Outwear, owt-wār′, v.t. to wear out: to spend tediously: to last longer than: to consume.

Outweary, owt-wē′ri, v.t. to weary out completely.

Outweed, owt-wēd′, v.t. (Spens.) to root out.

Outweigh, owt-wā′, v.t. to exceed in weight or importance: to overtask.

Outwell, owt-wel′, v.t. and v.i. to pour or well out.

Outwent, owt-went′, v.t. went faster than, outstripped.

Outwin, owt-win′, v.t. (Spens.) to get out of.

Outwind, owt-wīnd′, v.t. to extricate by winding, to unloose.

Outwing, owt-wing′, v.t. to outstrip in flying: to outflank.

Outwit, owt-wit′, v.t. to surpass in wit or ingenuity: to defeat by superior ingenuity:—pr.p. outwit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. outwit′ted.

Outwith, owt′with, prep. (Scot.), without, outside of.

Outwork, owt′wurk, n. a work outside the principal wall or line of fortification: work done in the fields, out of doors, as distinguished from indoor work.—v.t. Outwork′ (Shak.), to surpass in work or labour: to work out or bring to an end: to finish.—n. Out′worker, one who works out of doors, or who takes away work to do at home.

Outworth, owt-wurth′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in value.

Outwrest, owt-rest′, v.t. (Spens.) to extort by violence.

Ouvrage, ōōv′razh, n. work.—ns. (masc.) Ouvrier (ōōv′ri-ā), (fem.) Ouvrière (ōōv′ri-ār), a working man or woman.—adj. working. [Fr.]

Ouzel, ōō′zl, n. a kind of thrush—also Ou′sel. [A.S. ósle; cog. with Ger. amsel.]

Oval, ō′val, adj. having the shape of an egg.—n. anything oval, a plot of ground, &c.: an ellipse.—adv. O′vally. [Fr. ovale—L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovary, ō′var-i, n. the part of the female animal in which the egg of the offspring is formed, the female genital gland: (bot.) the part of the pistil which contains the seed.—n.pl. O′va, eggs.—adjs. Ovā′rial, Ovā′rian, of or pertaining to the ovary.—ns. Ovā′riōle; Ovariot′omist; Ovariot′omy (surg.), the removal of a diseased tumour from the ovary.—adj. Ovā′rious, consisting of eggs.—n. Ovarī′tis, inflammation of the ovary. [Low L. ovaria.]

Ovate, ō′vāt, n. an Eisteddfodic graduate who is neither a bard nor a druid. [W. ofydd, a philosopher.]

Ovate, -d, ō′vāt, -ed, adj. egg-shaped.

Ovation, ō-vā′shun, n. an outburst of popular applause, an enthusiastic reception: in ancient Rome, a lesser triumph. [Fr.,—L.,—ovāre, -ātum, to shout.]

Oven, uv′n, n. an arched cavity over a fire for baking, heating, or drying: any apparatus used as an oven.—ns. Ov′en-bird, a South American tree-creeper which builds an oven-shaped nest; Ov′en-tit, the willow-warbler; Ov′en-wood, brushwood.—Dutch oven, a baking-pot, heated by heaping coals round it. [A.S. ofen; Ger. ofen.]

Over, ō′vėr, prep. higher than in place, rank, value, &c.: across: on the surface of: upon the whole surface of: through: concerning: on account of: longer than.—adv. on the top: above: across: from one side, person, &c. to another: above in measure: too much: in excess: left remaining: at an end: completely.—adj. upper or superior (often used as a prefix, as in overcoat, overlord, &c.): beyond: past.—n. the number of balls delivered at cricket between successive changes of bowlers: an excess, overplus.—v.t. to go, leap, or vault over.—v.i. to go over.—Over again, afresh, anew; Over against, opposite; Over and above, in addition to: besides; Over and over, several times: repeatedly; Over head and ears, beyond one's depth: completely; Over seas, to foreign lands.—All over, completely: at an end. [A.S. ofer; Ger. über, L. super, Gr. huper.]

Overact, ō-vėr-akt′, v.t. to act overmuch, to overdo any part.—v.i. to act more than necessary.

Over-all, ō′vėr-awl, adv. (Spens.) everywhere, all over.—n.pl. O′veralls, loose trousers of canvas, &c., worn over the others to keep them sound or clean, waterproof leggings.

Over-anxious, ō-vėr-angk′shus, adj. anxious beyond what is right or reasonable.—n. Over-anxī′ety.—adv. Over-anx′iously.

Overarch, ō-vėr-ärch′, v.t. to arch over.—v.i. to hang over like an arch.

Overawe, ō-vėr-aw′, v.t. to restrain by fear or by superior influence.

Overbalance, ō-vėr-bal′ans, v.t. to exceed in weight, value, or importance: to cause to lose (one's) balance.—n. excess of weight or value.

Overbattle, ō-vėr-bat′tl, adj. (obs.) too fertile.

Overbear, ō-vėr-bār′, v.t. to bear down or overpower: to overwhelm.—adj. Overbear′ing, inclined to domineer, esp. in manner or conduct: haughty and dogmatical: imperious.—adv. Overbear′ingly.—n. Overbear′ingness.

Overbid, ō-vėr-bid′, v.t. to offer a price greater than.—v.i. offer more than the value of.

Overblow, ō-vėr-blō′, v.i. to blow over or to be past its violence: to blow with too much violence.—v.t. to blow away: to blow across.—adj. Overblown′, blown over or past, at an end: burnt by an excessive blast, in the Bessemer steel process.

Overblow, ō-vėr-blō′, v.t. to cover with blossoms or flowers.—adj. Overblown′, past the time of flower, withered.

Overboard, ō′vėr-bōrd, adv. over the board or side: from on board: out of a ship.—Thrown overboard, deserted, discarded, betrayed.

Overbody, ō-vėr-bod′i, v.t. to give too much body to.

Overboil, ō′vėr-boil′, v.i. and v.t. to boil excessively.

Overbold, ō-vėr-bōld′, adj. (Shak.) excessively bold: impudent.—adv. Overbold′ly.

Overbridge, ō′vėr-brij, n. a bridge over a road.

Overbrim, ō-vėr-brim′, v.t. to fill to overflowing.—v.i. to be so full as to overflow.—adj. Overbrimmed′, having too large a brim.

Overbrood, ō-vėr-brōōd′, v.t. to brood over.

Overbrow, ō-vėr-brow′, v.t. to overhang like a projecting brow.

Overbuild, ō-vėr-bild′, v.t. to build over: to build more than is needed.—v.i. to build beyond one's means.

Overbulk, ō-vėr-bulk′, v.t. (Shak.) to oppress by bulk.

Overburden, ō-vėr-bur′dn, v.t. to burden overmuch.—n. alluvial soil overlying a bed of ore.

Overburn, ō-vėr-burn′, v.t. to burn too much.—v.i. to be too zealous.

Overbusy, ō-vėr-biz′i, adj. too busy, over-officious.

Overbuy, ō-vėr-bī′, v.t. to buy at too dear a rate: to buy more than is needed.

Overby, ō-vėr-bī′, adv. a little way over—(Scot.) Owerby′, O'erby′.

Overcanopy, ō-vėr-kan′o-pi, v.t. (Shak.) to cover as with a canopy.

Overcareful, ō-vėr-kār′fool, adj. careful to excess.

Overcarry, ō-vėr-kar′i, v.t. to carry too far, to go beyond.—v.i. to go to excess.

Overcast, ō-vėr-kast′, v.t. to cast over: to cloud: to cover with gloom: to sew over or stitch the edges (of a piece of cloth) slightly.—v.i. to grow dull or cloudy.—n. Overcast′ing, the action of the verb overcast: in bookbinding, a method of oversewing single leaves in hem-stitch style to give the pliability of folded double leaves.

Overcatch, ō-vėr-kach′, v.t. (Spens.) to overtake.

Overcharge, ō-vėr-chärj′, v.t. to load with too great a charge: to charge too great a price.—n. O′vercharge, an excessive load or burden: too great a charge, as of gunpowder or of price.

Overcheck, ō-vėr-chek′, n. a check-rein passing over a horse's head between the ears.

Overcloud, ō-vėr-klowd′, v.t. to cover over with clouds: to cause gloom or sorrow to.

Overcloy, ō-vėr-kloi′, v.t. (Shak.) to fill beyond satiety.

Overcoat, ō′vėr-kōt, n. an outdoor coat worn over all the other dress, a top-coat.—n. O′vercoating, cloth from which such is made.

Overcold, ō′vėr-kōld, adj. too cold.

Overcolour, ō-vėr-kul′ur, v.t. to colour to excess, to exaggerate.

Overcome, ō-vėr-kum′, v.t. to get the better of: to conquer or subdue: (obs.) to spread over, surcharge.—v.i. to be victorious.

Over-confident, ō-vėr-kon′fi-dent, adj. too confident.—n. Over-con′fidence.—adv. Over-con′fidently.

Overcount, ō-vėr-kownt′, v.t. to outnumber.

Overcover, ō-vėr-kuv′ėr, v.t. to cover completely.

Overcredulous, ō-vėr-kred′ū-lus, adj. too easily persuaded to believe.

Overcrow, ō-vėr-krō′, v.t. to crow over, insult.

Overcrowd, ō-vėr-krowd′, v.t. to fill or crowd to excess.

Overdaring, ō-vėr-dār′ing, adj. foolhardy.

Overdate, ō′vėr-dāt, v.t. to post-date.

Over-develop, ō-vėr-de-vel′op, v.t. in photography, to develop a plate too much, as by too long a process or by too strong a developer.—n. Over-devel′opment.

Overdight, ō-vėr-dīt′, adj. (Spens.) dight or covered over: overspread.

Overdo, ō-vėr-dōō′, v.t. to do overmuch: to carry too far: to harass, to fatigue: to cook too much: to excel.—n. Overdo′er.—adj. Overdone′, overacted: fatigued: cooked too much.

Overdose, ō-vėr-dōs′, v.t. to dose overmuch.—n. an excessive dose.

Overdraw, ō-vėr-draw′, v.t. to draw overmuch: to draw beyond one's credit: to exaggerate.—n. O′verdraft, the act of overdrawing, the amount by which the cheque, &c., exceeds the sum against which it is drawn: a current of air passing over, not through, the ignited fuel in a furnace: an arrangement of flues by which the kiln is heated from the top toward the bottom—also O′verdraught.

Overdress, ō-vėr-dres′, v.t. to dress too ostentatiously.—n. O′verdress, any garment worn over another.

Overdrive, ō-vėr-drīv′, v.t. to drive too hard.

Overdrop, ō-vėr-drop′, v.t. to drop over: to overhang.

Overdue, ō-vėr-dū′, adj. due beyond the time: unpaid at the right time.

Overdye, ō-vėr-dī′, v.t. to dye too deeply.

Overearnest, ō′vėr-ėr′nest, adj. too earnest.

Overeat, ō-vėr-ēt′, v.t. to surfeit with eating (generally reflexive): (Shak.) to eat over again.

Overentreat, ō-vėr-en-trēt′, v.t. to entreat to excess.

Overestimate, ō-vėr-es′tim-āt, v.t. to estimate too highly.—n. an excessive estimate.—n. Overestimā′tion.

Overexcite, ō′vėr-ek-sīt′, v.t. to excite unduly.—n. Overexcite′ment.

Over-exertion, ō′vėr-eg-zėr′shun, n. too great exertion.

Over-exposure, ō′vėr-eks-pō′zhūr, n. excessive exposure: (photography) the exposure to light for too long a time of the sensitive plate.—v.t. Over-expose′.

Over-exquisite, ō′vėr-eks′kwi-zit, adj. excessively exquisite: over exact or nice: too careful.

Overeye, ō-vēr-ī′, v.t. (Shak.) to overlook or superintend: (Shak.) to observe or remark.

Overfall, ō′vėr-fawl, n. a rippling or race in the sea, where, by the peculiarities of bottom, the water is propelled with immense force, esp. when the wind and tide, or current, set strongly together.

Overfar, ō-vėr-fär′, adv. (Shak.) to too great an extent.

Overfast, ō-vėr-fast′, adj. too fast: at too great speed.

Overfeed, ō-vėr-fēd′, v.t. and v.i. to feed to excess.

Overfill, ō-vėr-fil′, v.t. to fill to excess.

Overfineness, ō′vėr-fīn′nes, n. excessive fineness.

Overfired, ō-vėr-fīrd′, adj. overheated in firing.

Overfish, ō-vėr-fish′, v.t. to fish to excess: to diminish unduly the stock of fish.

Overflourish, ō′vėr-flur′ish, v.t. to make excessive flourish of: to decorate superficially.

Overflow, ō-vėr-flō′, v.t. to flow over: to flood: to overwhelm: to cover, as with numbers.—v.i. to run over: to abound.—n. O′verflow, a flowing over: that which flows over: a pipe or channel for spare water, &c.: an inundation: superabundance: abundance: copiousness.—adj. flowing over: over full: abundant.—adj. Overflow′ing, exuberant, very abundant.—adv. Overflow′ingly.—Overflow meeting, a supplementary meeting of those unable to find room in the main meeting.

Overfly, ō′vėr-flī′, v.t. to soar beyond.

Overfold, ō′vėr-fōld, n. (geol.) a reflexed or inverted fold in strata.

Overfond, ō-vėr-fond′, adj. fond to excess.—adv. Overfond′ly.

Overforward, ō-vėr-for′wärd, adj. too forward or officious.—n. Overfor′wardness.

Overfreight, ō-vėr-frāt′, v.t. to overload.

Overfull, ō-vėr-fool′, adj. (Shak.) too full.—n. Overfull′ness.

Overgaze, ō-vėr-gāz′, v.t. to gaze or look over.

Overget, ō-vėr-get′, v.t. (obs.) to reach, overtake: to get over.

Overgive, ō-vėr-giv′, v.t. (Spens.) to give over or surrender.—v.i. to give too lavishly.

Overglance, ō-vėr-glans′, v.t. (Shak.) to look hastily over.

Overglaze, ō-vėr-glāz′, v.t. to glaze over: decorate superficially.—adj. suitable for painting on glazed articles.—n. O′verglaze, an additional glaze given to porcelain, &c.

Overgloom, ō-vėr-glōōm′, v.t. to cover with gloom.

Overgo, ō-vėr-gō′, v.t. to exceed: excel: to go over: to cover.—v.i. to go over: to pass away.

Overgorge, ō-vėr-gorj′, v.t. (Shak.) to gorge to excess.

Overgrain, ō-vėr-grān′, v.t. and v.i. to grain over a surface already grained.—n. Overgrain′er, a long-bristled brush used in graining wood.

Overgrassed, ō-vėr-grast′, adj. (Spens.) overstocked or overgrown with grass.

Overgreedy, ō-vėr-grēd′i, adj. excessively greedy.

Overgreen, ō-vėr-grēn′, v.t. (Shak.) to cover over so as to hide blemishes.

Overground, ō′vėr-grownd, adj. being above ground.

Overgrow, ō-vėr-grō′, v.t. to grow beyond: to rise above: to cover with growth.—v.i. to grow beyond the proper size.—adj. Overgrown′, grown beyond the natural size.—n. O′vergrowth.

Overhail, ō-vėr-hāl′, v.t. Same as Overhaul.

Overhair, ō′vėr-hār, n. the long hair overlying the fur of many animals.

Overhand, ō′vėr-hand, adj. having the hand raised above the elbow or over the ball at cricket (also O′verhanded): above the shoulder at baseball: (min.) done from below upward.—adv. with the hand over the object.—v.t. to sew over and over.

Overhandle, ō-vėr-han′dl, v.t. (Shak.) to handle or mention too often.

Overhang, ō-vėr-hang′, v.t. to hang over: to project over: to impend: to overlade with ornamentation.—v.i. to hang over.—n. O′verhang, a projecting part, the degree of projection, of roofs, &c.—adj. Overhung′, covered over, adorned with hangings.

Overhappy, ō-vėr-hap′i, adj. excessively or too happy.

Overhasty, ō-vėr-hās′ti, adj. too hasty or rash.—adv. Overhas′tily.—n. Overhas′tiness.

Overhaul, ō-vėr-hawl′, v.t. to haul or draw over: to turn over for examination: to examine: to re-examine: (naut.) to overtake in a chase.—n. O′verhaul, a hauling over: examination: repair.—Overhaul a ship, to overtake a ship: to search her for contraband goods.

Overhead, ō′vėr-hed, adv. over the head: aloft: in the zenith: per head.—adj. situated above.

Overhear, ō-vėr-hēr′, v.t. to hear what was not intended to be heard: to hear by accident: (Shak.) to hear over again.

Overheat, ō-vėr-hēt′, v.t. to heat to excess.—n. O′verheat, extreme heat.

Overhend, ō-vėr-hend′, v.t. (Spens.) to overtake.

Overhold, ō-vėr-hōld′, v.t. (Shak.) to overvalue.

Overhours, ō′vėr-owrz, n.pl. time beyond the regular number of hours: overtime in labour.

Overhouse, ō′vėr-hows, adj. stretched along the roofs, rather than on poles or underground.

Overinform, ō-vėr-in-form′, v.t. to animate too much.

Overissue, ō-vėr-ish′ū, v.t. to issue in excess, as bank-notes or bills of exchange.—n. O′verissue, any excessive issue.

Overjoy, ō-vėr-joi′, v.t. to fill with great joy: to transport with delight or gladness.—n. O′verjoy, joy to excess: transport.

Overjump, ō-vėr-jump′, v.t. to jump beyond: to pass by: neglect.

Overkind, ō-vėr-kīnd′, adj. excessively kind.—n. Overkind′ness.

Overking, ō′vėr-king, n. a king holding sway over inferior kings or princes.

Overknee, ō′vėr-nē, adj. reaching above the knee, as waders, &c.

Overlabour, ō-vėr-lā′bur, v.t. to labour excessively over: to be too nice with: to overwork.

Overlade, ō-vėr-lād′, v.t. to load with too great a burden.

Overlaid, ō-vėr-lād′, adj. (her.) lapping over.

Overland, ō′vėr-land, adj. passing entirely or principally by land, as a route, esp. that from England to India by the Suez Canal, rather than by the Cape of Good Hope.

Overlap, ō-vėr-lap′, v.t. to lap over: to lay so that the edge of one rests on that of another.—n. O′verlap (geol.), a disposition of strata where the upper beds extend beyond the bottom beds of the same series.

Overlaunch, ō-vėr-lawnsh′, v.t. to unite timbers by long splices or scarfs.

Overlay, ō-vėr-lā′, v.t. to spread over or across: to cover completely: to smother by lying on (for overlie): to use overlays in printing: to cloud: to overwhelm or oppress: to span by means of a bridge.—ns. O′verlay, a piece of paper pasted on the impression-surface of a printing-press, so as to increase the impression in a place where it is too faint: (Scot.) a cravat; Overlay′ing, a superficial covering: that which overlays: plating.

Overleaf, ō′vėr-lēf, adv. on the other side of the leaf of a book.

Overleap, ō-vėr-lēp′, v.t. to leap over: to pass over without notice.—Overleap one's self, to make too much effort in leaping: to leap too far.

Overleather, ō′vėr-leth-ėr, n. (Shak.) the upper part of a shoe or boot.

Overleaven, ō-vėr-lev′n, v.t. to leaven too much: to mix too much with.

Overlie, ō-vėr-lī′, v.t. to lie above or upon: to smother by lying on.

Overlive, ō-vėr-liv′, v.t. (B.) to live longer than: to survive.—v.i. to live too long: to live too fast, or so as prematurely to exhaust the fund of life.

Overload, ō-vėr-lōd′, v.t. to load or fill overmuch.—n. an excessive load.

Overlock, ō-vėr-lok′, v.t. to make the bolt of a lock go too far.

Overlong, ō-vėr-long′, adj. too long.

Overlook, ō-vėr-look′, v.t. to look over: to see from a higher position: to view carefully: to neglect by carelessness or inadvertence: to pass by without punishment: to pardon: to slight: to bewitch by looking upon with the Evil Eye.—n. Overlook′er.

Overlord, ō-vėr-lawrd′, n. a lord over other lords: a feudal superior.—n. Overlord′ship.

Overlusty, ō-vėr-lust′i, adj. (Shak.) too lusty.

Overly, ō′vėr-li, adv. (coll.) excessively, too.

Overlying, ō′vėr-lī′ing, adj. lying on the top.

Overman, ō′vėr-man, n. in mining, the person in charge of the work below ground.

Overman, ō-vėr-man′, v.t. to keep more men than necessary on a ship, farm, &c.

Overmantel, ō′vėr-man-tl, n. a frame containing shelves and other decorations, and often a mirror, set on a mantel-shelf.

Overmasted, ō-vėr-mast′ed, adj. furnished with a mast or masts too long or too heavy.

Overmaster, ō-vėr-mas′tėr, v.t. to subdue, to govern: to get and keep in one's power.

Overmatch, ō-vėr-mach′, v.t. to be more than a match for: to conquer.—n. O′vermatch, one who is more than a match: one who cannot be overcome.

Overmeasure, ō′vėr-mezh-ūr, n. something given over the due measure.—v.t. to measure too largely.

Overmellow, ō-vėr-mel′lō, adj. (Tenn.) excessively or too mellow.

Overmount, ō-vėr-mownt′, v.t. to surmount: to go higher than.—n. O′vermount, a piece of cardboard cut in proper shape, to prevent the glass of the frame from lying too closely upon an engraving or a picture.

Overmuch, ō-vėr-much′, adj. and adv. too much.

Overmultitude, ō-vėr-mul′ti-tūd, v.t. (Milt.) to outnumber.—v.t. Overmul′tiply, to repeat too often.—v.i. to increase to excess.

Overname, ō-vėr-nām′, v.t. (Shak.) to name over: to name in a series, to recount.—n. O′vername, a surname, nickname.

Overneat, ō-vėr-nēt′, adj. unnecessarily neat.

Overnet, ō-vėr-net′, v.t. to cover with a net.

Overnice, ō-vėr-nīs′, adj. fastidious.—adv. Overnice′ly.

Overnight, ō′vėr-nīt, n. the forepart of the evening, esp. that of the day just past.—adv. during the night: on the evening of the day just past.

Overoffice, ō-vėr-of′is, v.t. (Shak.) to lord it over by virtue of an office.

Overpart, ō-vėr-part′ v.t. to assign too difficult a part to.

Overpass, ō-vėr-pas′, v.t. to pass over: to pass by without notice.—pa.p. Overpast′ (B.), that has already passed.

Overpay, ō-vėr-pā′, v.t. to pay too much: to be more than an ample reward for.—n. Overpay′ment.

Overpeer, ō-vėr-pēr′, v.t. (Shak.) to overlook: to look down on: to hover above.

Overpeople, ō-vėr-pē′pl, v.t. to fill with too many inhabitants.—Also Overpop′ulate.

Overperch, ō-vėr-pėrch′, v.t. (Shak.) to perch or fly over.

Overpersuade, ō-vėr-pėr-swād′, v.t. to persuade a person against his inclination.

Overpicture, ō-vėr-pik′tūr, v.t. to exceed the picture of: to exaggerate.

Overplate, ō′vėr-plāt, n. in armour, a large pauldron protecting the shoulder, or a cubitière protecting the elbow.

Overplus, ō′vėr-plus, n. that which is more than enough: surplus.

Overply, ō-vėr-plī′, v.t. to ply to excess.

Overpoise, ō′vėr-poiz, v.t. to outweigh.—n. O′verpoise, a weight sufficient to weigh another down.

Overpost, ō-vėr-post′, v.t. (Shak.) to hasten over quickly.

Overpower, ō-vėr-pow′ėr, v.t. to have or gain power over: to subdue, defeat: to overwhelm.—adj. Overpow′ering, excessive in degree or amount: irresistible.—adv. Overpow′eringly.

Overpraise, ō-vėr-prāz′, v.t. to praise too much.—n. Overprais′ing, excessive praise.

Overpress, ō-vėr-pres′, v.t. to overwhelm, to crush: to overcome by importunity.—n. Overpress′ure, excessive pressure.

Overprize, ō-vėr-prīz′, v.t. to value too highly: to surpass in value.

Overproduction, ō′vėr-pro-duk-shun, n. the act of producing a supply of commodities in excess of the demand.

Overproof, ō′vėr-proof, adj. containing more than a certain amount of alcohol, stronger than proof-spirit, the standard by which all mixtures of alcohol and water are judged—containing 57.27 per cent. by volume, and 49.50 per cent. by weight, of alcohol.

Overproud, ō-vėr-prowd′, adj. too proud.

Overpurchase, ō-vėr-pur′chās, n. a dear bargain.—v.i. (obs.) to pay too dear a price.

Overrack, ō-vėr-rak′, v.t. to torture beyond bearing.

Overrake, ō-vėr-rāk′, v.t. to sweep over, as a vessel by a wave.

Overrank, ō-vėr-rangk′, adj. too rank or luxurious.

Overrate, ō-vėr-rāt′, v.t. to rate or value too high.—n. O′verrate, an excessive estimate or rate.

Overreach, ō-vėr-rēch′, v.t. to reach or extend beyond: to cheat or get the better of.—v.i. to strike the hindfoot against the forefoot, as a horse.

Overread, ō-vėr-rēd′, v.t. (Shak.) to read over, to peruse.—adj. Overread (ō-vėr-red′), having read too much.

Over-reckon, ō-vėr-rek′n, v.t. and v.i. to compute too highly.

Overred, ō-vėr-red′, v.t. (Shak.) to smear with a red colour.

Overrefine, ō-vėr-rē-fīn′, v.i. to refine too much.—n. Overrefine′ment, any over subtle or affected refinement.

Overrent, ō-vėr-rent′, v.i. to exact too high a rent.

Override, ō-vėr-rīd′, v.t. to ride too much: to pass on horseback: to trample down or set aside.—Override one's commission, to act with too high a hand: to stretch one's authority too far.

Overripen, ō-vėr-rīp′n, v.t. (Shak.) to make too ripe.—adj. Overripe′, too ripe, more than ripe.

Overroast, ō-vēr-rōst′, v.t. to roast too much.

Overrule, ō-vėr-rōōl′, v.t. to rule over: to influence or to set aside by greater power: (law) to reject or declare to be invalid.—v.i. to prevail.—n. Overrul′er.—adv. Overrul′ingly.

Overrun, ō-vėr-run′, v.t. to run or spread over: to grow over: to spread over and take possession of: to crush down: (B.) to run faster than: to pass in running: to extend composed types beyond their first limit.—v.i. to run over: to extend beyond the right length, as a line or page in printing.—n. Overrun′ner, one that overruns.

Overscore, ō-vėr-skōr′, v.t. to score or draw lines over anything: to erase by this means.

Overscrupulous, ō-vėr-skroop′ū-lus, adj. scrupulous to excess.—n. Overscrup′ulousness.

Overscutched, ō-vėr-skucht′, adj. (Shak.) over switched or whipped, or more probably worn out in the service.

Oversea, ō′vėr-sē, adj. foreign, from beyond the sea.—adv. to a place beyond the sea, abroad.—Also O′verseas.

Overseam, ō′vėr-sēm, n. a seam in which the thread is at each stitch passed over the edges sewn together.—n. O′verseaming, the foregoing kind of sewing.

Oversee, ō-vėr-sē′, v.t. to see or look over, to superintend.—n. Oversē′er, one who oversees: a superintendent: an officer who has the care of the poor, and other duties, such as making out lists of voters, of persons who have not paid rates, &c.: one who manages a plantation of slaves: (obs.) a critic.—Overseers of the poor, officers in England who manage the poor-rate.—Be overseen (obs.), to be deceived: to be fuddled.

Oversell, ō-vėr-sel′, v.t. and v.i. to sell too dear: to sell more than exists, of stock, &c.

Overset, ō-vėr-set′, v.t. to set or turn over: to upset: to overthrow.—v.i. to turn or be turned over.

Overshade, ō-vėr-shād′, v.t. to throw a shade over.

Overshadow, ō-vėr-shad′ō, v.t. to throw a shadow over: to shelter or protect.

Overshine, ō-vėr-shīn′, v.t. (Shak.) to shine upon, illumine: to outshine.

Overshoe, ō′vėr-shōō, n. a shoe, esp. of waterproof, worn over another.

Overshoot, ō-vėr-shōōt′, v.t. to shoot over or beyond, as a mark: to pass swiftly over.—v.i. to shoot or fly beyond the mark.—adj. O′vershot, having the water falling on it from above, as a water-wheel: surpassed: fuddled.—Overshoot one's self, to venture too far, to overreach one's self.

Overside, ō-vėr-sīd′, adj. acting over the side.—adv. over the side.

Oversight, ō′vėr-sīt, n. a failing to notice: mistake: omission: (orig.) superintendence.

Oversize, ō-vėr-sīz′, v.t. (Shak.) to cover with any gluey matter: to plaster over.

Overskip, ō-vėr-skip′, v.t. to skip, leap, or pass over: (Shak.) to fail to see or find: to escape.

Overslaugh, ō-vėr-slaw′, v.t. (U.S.) to pass over in favour of another: to supersede: to hinder: to oppress. [Dut. overslaan (cf. Ger. überschlagen), to skip over.]

Oversleep, ō-vėr-slēp′, v.t. and v.i. to sleep beyond one's usual time.

Overslip, ō-vėr-slip′, v.t. to pass without notice.

Oversman, ō′vėrz-man, n. an overseer: (Scot.) an umpire appointed to decide between the differing judgment of two arbiters.

Oversoul, ō′vėr-sōl, n. the divine principle forming the spiritual unity of all being.

Oversow, ō-vėr-sō′, v.t. to sow too much seed on: to sow over.

Overspent, ō-vėr-spent′, adj. excessively fatigued.

Overspread, ō-vėr-spred′, v.t. to spread over: to scatter over.—v.i. to be spread over.

Overstain, ō-vėr-stān′, v.t. to besmear the surface of.

Overstand, ō-vėr-stand′, v.t. to stand too strictly on the conditions of.

Overstare, ō-vėr-stār′, v.t. to outstare.

Overstate, ō-vėr-stāt′, to state over and above: to exaggerate.—n. Overstate′ment.

Overstay, ō-vėr-stā′, v.t. to stay too long.

Overstep, ō-vėr-step′, v.t. to step beyond: to exceed.

Overstock, ō-vėr-stok′, v.t. to stock overmuch: to fill too full.—n. superabundance.

Overstrain, ōvėr-strān′, v.t. and v.i. to strain or stretch too far.—n. too great strain.—adj. Overstrained′, strained to excess: exaggerated.

Overstream, ō-vėr-strēm′, v.t. to stream or flow over.

Overstretch, ō-vėr-strech′, v.t. to stretch to excess: to exaggerate.

Overstrew, ō-vėr-strōō′, v.t. to scatter over.

Overstrung, ō-vėr-strung′, adj. too highly strung.

Oversupply, ō′vėr-sup-plī, n. an excessive supply.

Oversway, ō-vėr-swā′, v.t. to overrule, to bear down.

Overswell, ō-vėr-swel′, v.t. (Shak.) to swell or rise above: to overflow.

Overt, ō′vėrt, adj. open to view: public: apparent.—adv. O′vertly.—Overt act, something actually done in execution of a criminal intent.—Market overt, open or public market. [Fr. ouvert, pa.p. of ouvrir, to open; acc. to Diez, from O. Fr. a-ovrir, through Prov. adubrir, from L. de-operīre, to uncover—de=un-, and operīre, to cover; acc. to Littré, from L. operīre, to cover, confounded in meaning with aperīre, to open.]

Overtake, ō-vėr-tāk′, v.t. to come up with: to catch: to come upon: to take by surprise.—p.adj. Overtā′ken, fuddled.

Overtask, ō-vėr-task′, v.t. to task overmuch: to impose too heavy a task on.

Overtax, ō-vėr-taks′, v.t. to tax overmuch.

Overtedious, ō-vėr-tē′di-us, adj. (Shak.) too tedious.

Overthrow, ō-vėr-thrō′, v.t. to throw down: to upset: to bring to an end: to demolish: to defeat utterly.—ns. O′verthrow, act of overthrowing or state of being overthrown: ruin: defeat: a throwing of a ball beyond the player; O′verthrower.

Overthrust, ō′vėr-thrust, adj. (geol.) belonging to earlier strata, pushed by faulting over later and higher strata.

Overthwart, ō-vėr-thwawrt′, v.t. to lie athwart: to cross.—adj. opposite, transverse: contrary, perverse.—prep. across, on the other side of.

Overtilt, ō-vėr-tilt′, v.t. to upset.

Overtime, ō′vėr-tīm, n. time employed in working beyond the regular hours.

Overtoil, ō-vėr-toil′, v.i. to overwork one's self.

Overtone, ō′vėr-tōn, n. a harmonic, because heard above its fundamental tone.

Overtop, ō-vėr-top′, v.t. to rise over the top of: to make of less importance: to surpass: to obscure.

Overtower, ō-vėr-tow′er, v.t. to tower above.—v.i. to soar too high.

Overtrade, ō-vėr-trād′, v.i. to trade overmuch or beyond capital: to buy in more than can be sold or paid for.—n. Overtrad′ing, the buying of a greater amount of goods than one can sell or pay for.

Overtrip, ō-vėr-trip′, v.t. to trip nimbly over.

Overture, ō′vėr-tūr, n. a proposal, an offer for acceptance or rejection: (mus.) a piece introductory to a greater piece or ballet: a discovery or disclosure: the method in Presbyterian usage of beginning legislation and maturing opinion by sending some proposition from the presbyteries to the General Assembly, and vice versâ, also the proposal so sent.—v.t. to lay a proposal before. [Fr.]

Overturn, ō-vėr-turn′, v.t. to throw down or over: to subvert: to conquer: to ruin.—ns. O′verturn, state of being overturned; Overturn′er.

Overvalue, ō-vėr-val′lū, v.t. to set too high a value on.—n. Overvaluā′tion, an overestimate.

Overveil, ō-vėr-vāl′, v.t. to veil or cover.

Overview, ō′vėr-vū, n. (Shak.) an inspection.

Overwash, ō′vėr-wawsh, adj. (geol.) carried by glacier-streams over a frontal moraine, or formed of material so carried.

Overwatch, ō-vėr-wawch′, v.t. to watch excessively: to overcome with long want of rest.

Overwear, ō-vėr-wār′, v.t. to wear out: to outwear, outlive.—n. O′verwear, clothes for wearing out of doors.

Overweather, ō-vėr-weth′ėr, v.t. (Shak.) to batter by violence of weather.

Overween, ō-vėr-wēn′, v.i. (Shak.) to think too highly or favourably, esp. of one's self.—adj. Overween′ing, thinking too highly of: conceited, vain.—n. conceit: presumption.—adv. Overween′ingly.

Overweigh, ō-vėr-wā′, v.t. to be heavier than: to outweigh.—n. O′verweight, weight beyond what is required or what is just.—v.t. Overweight′, to weigh down: to put too heavy a burden on.

Overwhelm, ō-vėr-hwelm′, v.t. to overspread and crush by something heavy or strong: to flow over and bear down: to overcome.—p.adj. Overwhel′ming, crushing with weight, &c.: irresistible.—adv. Overwhel′mingly.

Overwind, ō-vėr-wīnd′, v.t. to wind too far.

Overwise, ō-vėr-wīz′, adj. wise overmuch: affectedly wise.—adv. Overwise′ly.

Overwork, ō-vėr-wurk′, v.t. and v.i. to work overmuch or beyond the strength: to tire.—n. O′verwork, excess of work: excessive labour.

Overworn, ō-vėr-wörn′, adj. worn out: subdued by toil: spoiled by use: worn or rubbed till threadbare.

Overwrest, ō-vėr-rest′, v.t. (Shak.) to wrest or twist from the proper position.

Overwrestle, ō-vėr-res′l, v.t. (Spens.) to overcome by wrestling.

Overwrite, ō-vėr-rīt′, v.t. to cover over with other writing.

Overwrought, ō-vėr-rawt′, pa.p. of Overwork, worked too hard: too highly excited: worked all over: overdone.

Overyear, ō-vėr-yēr′, adj. (prov.) kept over from last year.

Ovidian, ō-vid′i-an, adj. belonging to, or resembling the style of, the Latin poet Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.).

Oviduct, ō′vi-dukt, n. a duct or passage for the egg in animals, from the ovary.

Oviferous, ō-vif′ėr-us, adj. egg-bearing.—n. O′vifer, a small wire cage on a solid base, for carrying an egg safely. [L. ovum, an egg, ferre, to bear.]

Oviform, ō′vi-form, adj. having the form of an oval or egg. [L. ovum, an egg.]

Oviform, ō′vi-form, adj. like a sheep: ovine. [L. ovis, a sheep.]

Ovigerous, ov-ij′ėr-us, adj. egg-bearing. [L. ovum, an egg, gerĕre, to bear.]

Ovine, ō′vīn, adj. pertaining to the Ovinæ, sheep-like.—n. Ovinā′tion, inoculation of sheep with ovine virus against sheep-pox.

Oviparous, ō-vip′a-rus, adj. bringing forth or laying eggs instead of fully formed young.—n.pl. Ovip′ara, animals that lay eggs.—ns. Ovipar′ity, Ovip′arousness. [L. ovum, egg, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Ovipositor, ō-vi-poz′i-tor, n. the organ at the extremity of the abdomen of many insects, by which the eggs are deposited.—v.i. Ovipos′it, to deposit eggs with an ovipositor.—n. Oviposit′ion. [L. ovum, egg, positor—ponĕre, to place.]

Ovisac, ōv′i-sak, n. the cavity in the ovary which immediately contains the ovum. [L. ovum, an egg, and sac.]

Ovoid, -al, ō′void, -al, adj. oval: egg-shaped.—n. an egg-shaped body. [L. ovum, egg, Gr. eidos, form.]

Ovolo, ō′vō-lō, n. (archit.) a moulding with the rounded part composed of a quarter of a circle, or of an arc of an ellipse with the curve greatest at the top. [It.,—L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovoviviparous, ō-vō-vi-vip′ar-us, adj. producing eggs which are hatched in the body of the parent. [L. ovum, an egg, vivus, living, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Ovule, ōv′ūl, n. a little egg: the seed of a plant in its rudimentary state, growing from the placenta.—adj. Ov′ular.—ns. Ovulā′tion, the formation of ova, or the period when this takes place; Ov′ulite, a fossil egg. [Dim. of L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovum, ō′vum, n. an egg: (biol.) the egg-cell, in all organisms the starting-point of the embryo, development beginning as soon as it is supplemented by the male-cell or spermatozoon:—pl. O′va. [L.]

Owche, owch, n. Same as Ouch.

Owe, ō, v.t. to possess or to be the owner of: to have what belongs to another: to be bound to pay: to be obliged for.—v.i. to be in debt.—Be owing, to be due or ascribed (to). [A.S. ágan, pres. indic. áh, pret. áhte, pa.p. ágen; Ice. eiga, Old High Ger. eigan, to possess.]

Owelty, ō′el-ti, n. equality. [O. Fr. oelte.]

Owenite, ō′en-īt, n. a disciple of Robert Owen (1771-1858), a social reformer, who proposed to establish society on a basis of socialistic co-operation.

Ower, ow′ėr (Scot. for over).—ns. Ow′ercome, Ow′erword, the refrain of a song.

Owing, ō′ing, adj. due: that has to be paid (to): happening as a consequence of: imputable to.

Owl, owl, n. a carnivorous bird that seeks its food by night, noted for its howling or hooting noise.—v.i. to smuggle contraband goods.—ns. Owl′ery, an abode of owls: (Carlyle) an owl-like character; Owl′et, a little or young owl.—adj. Owl′-eyed, having blinking eyes like an owl.—n. Owl′-glass, a malicious figure in a popular German tale, translated into English about the end of the 16th century—the German Tyll Eulenspiegel—also Owle′glass, Howle′glass, Owl′spiegle.—adj. Owl′ish, like an owl: stupid: dull-looking.—n. Owl′ishness. [A.S. úle; Ger. eule, L. ulula; imit.]

Own, ōn, v.t. to grant: to allow to be true: concede: acknowledge. [A.S. unnan, to grant; Ger. gönnen, to grant.]

Own, ōn, v.t. to possess: to be the rightful owner of. [A.S. ágnian, with addition of casual suffix—ágen, one's own; cf. Own (adj.).]

Own, ōn, adj. possessed: belonging to one's self and to no other: peculiar.—ns. Own′er, one who owns or possesses; Own′ership, state of being an owner: right of possession. [A.S. ágen, pa.p. of ágan, to possess. Cf. Owe.]

Owre, owr, n. (Spens.). Same as Aurochs. [A.S. úr.]

Owsen, ow′sen, n.pl. a dialectic form of oxen.

Ox, oks, n. a well-known animal that chews the cud, the female of which supplies the chief part of the milk used as human food: the male of the cow, esp. when castrated:—pl. Ox′en, used for both male and female.—ns. Ox′-bot, Ox′-war′bler, a bot-fly or its larva, found under the skin of cattle; Ox′eye, a common plant in meadows, with a flower like the eye of an ox.—adj. Ox′-eyed, having large, full, ox-like eyes.—ns. Ox′-goad (see Goad); Ox′-peck′er, Ox′-bird, an African bird, which eats the parasites infesting the skins of cattle—also Beefeater; Ox′-tail-soup, a kind of soup made of several ingredients, one of which is an oxtail cut in joints.—Have the black ox tread on one's foot, to experience sorrow or misfortune. [A.S. oxa, pl. oxan; Ice. uxi; Ger. ochs, Goth. auhsa, Sans. ukshan.]

Oxalate, oks′a-lāt, n. a salt formed by a combination of oxalic acid with a base.—n. Ox′alite, a yellow mineral composed of oxalate of iron.

Oxalis, oks′a-lis, n. wood-sorrel: (bot.) a genus of plants having an acid taste.—adj. Oxal′ic, pertaining to or obtained from sorrel. [Gr.,—oxys, acid.]

Oxford clay, oks′ford klā, n. (geol.) the principal member of the Middle Oolite series.—Oxford movement (see Tractarianism).

Oxgang, oks′gang, n. as much land as can be tilled by the use of an ox (averaging about 15 acres)—called also Ox′land or Ox′gate.

Ox-head, oks′-hed, n. (Shak.) blockhead, dolt.

Oxide, oks′īd, n. a compound of oxygen and some other element or organic radical. Oxides are of three kinds—acid-forming, basic, and neutral.—n. Oxidabil′ity.—adj. Ox′idable, capable of being converted into an oxide.—v.t. Ox′idate (same as Oxidise).—ns. Oxidā′tion, Oxidise′ment, act or process of oxidising; Ox′idātor, a contrivance for drawing a current of air to the flame of a lamp.—adj. Oxidis′able, capable of being oxidised.—v.t. Ox′idise, to convert into an oxide.—v.i. to become an oxide.—n. Oxidis′er.

Oxlip, oks′lip, n. a species of primrose, having its flowers in an umbel on a stalk like the cowslip.

Oxonian, oks-ō′ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to Oxford or to its university.—n. an inhabitant or a native of Oxford: a student or graduate of Oxford.

Oxter, oks′tėr, n. (Scot.) the armpit.—v.t. to hug with the arms: to support by taking the arm.

Oxygen, oks′i-jen, n. a gas without taste, colour, or smell, forming part of the air, water, &c., and supporting life and combustion.—n. Oxychlō′ride, a chemical compound containing both chlorine and oxygen in combination with some other element.—v.t. Ox′ygenāte, to unite, or cause to unite, with oxygen.—n. Oxygenā′tion, act of oxygenating.—v.t. Ox′ygenise (same as Oxygenate).—adj. Oxyg′enous, pertaining to, or obtained from, oxygen.—adj. Oxyhy′drogen, pertaining to a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, as in a form of blowpipe in which jets of either ignite as they issue from separate reservoirs. [Gr. oxys, sharp, gen, the root of gennaein, to generate.]

Oxymel, oks′i-mel, n. a mixture of vinegar and honey. [Gr. oxys, sour, meli, honey.]

Oxymoron, ok-si-mō′ron, n. a figure of speech, by means of which two ideas of opposite meaning are combined, so as to form an expressive phrase or epithet, as cruel kindness, falsely true, &c. [Gr.,—oxys, sharp, mōros, foolish.]

Oxyopia, ok-si-ō′pi-a, n. unusual keenness of sight. [Gr.,—oxys, sharp, ōps, the eye.]

Oxyrhynchus, ok-si-ring′kus, n. an Egyptian fish, formerly sacred to the goddess Hathor, and represented on coins and sculptures. [Gr.,—oxys, sharp, rhyngchos, a snout.]

Oxytone, oks′i-tōn, adj. having an acute sound: having the acute accent on the last syllable.—n. a word so accented. [Gr. oxys, sharp, tonos, tone.]

Oyer, ō′yėr, n. a hearing in a law-court, an assize.—Oyer and terminer, a royal commission conferring upon a judge or judges the power to hear and determine criminal causes pending in a particular county. [Norm. Fr. oyer (Fr. ouir)—L. audīre, to hear.]

Oyez, Oyes, ō′yes, interj. the call of a public crier, or officer of a law-court, for attention before making a proclamation. [Norm. Fr., 2d pers. pl. imper. of oyer.]

Oyster, ois′tėr, n. a well-known bivalve shellfish, used as food.—ns. Oys′ter-bank, -bed, -farm, -field, -park, a place where oysters breed or are bred; Oys′ter-catch′er, the sea pie—a sea wading bird of the family Hæmatopodidæ, having dark plumage and red bill and feet; Oys′ter-fish′ery, the business of catching oysters; Oys′ter-knife, a knife for opening oysters.—n.pl. Oys′ter-pat′ties, small pies or pasties made from oysters.—n. Oys′ter-shell, the shell of an oyster.—n.pl. Oys′ter-tongs, a tool used to dredge up oysters in deep water.—ns. Oys′ter-wench, -wife, -wom′an, a woman who vends oysters. [O. Fr. oistre (Fr. huître)—L. ostrea—Gr. ostreon, an oyster—osteon, a bone.]

Ozocerite, ō-zō-sē′rīt, n. a waxy-like substance, having a weak bituminous odour, found in Moldavia and elsewhere, and used for making candles.—Also Ozokē′rite. [Gr. ozein, to smell, keros, wax.]

Ozœna, ō-zē′na, n. a term applied to any one of various diseased conditions of the nose accompanied by fetid discharge. [Gr. ozein, to smell.]

Ozone, ō′zōn, n. name given to a supposed allotropic form of oxygen, when affected by electric discharges, marked by a peculiar smell.—ns. Ozonā′tion; Ozonisā′tion; Ozonom′eter.—adj. Ozonomet′ric.—ns. Ozonom′etry; Ozō′noscope.—adjs. Ozonoscop′ic; O′zonous. [Gr. ozein, to smell.]

Ozostomia, ō-zo-stō′mi-a, n. foul breath due to morbid causes. [Gr. ozein, to smell, stoma, the mouth.]

the sixteenth letter of our alphabet, its sound the sharp labial mute, interchanging with other labials, esp. with b, the flat labial mute: P=400; (P)=400,000: the chemical symbol for phosphorus: (math.) the Greek Π=a continued product, while small π denotes the ratio of the circumference to the diameter.—Mind one's p's and q's (see Mind).

Pa, pä, n. papa, a child's name for father.

Pabouche, pa-bōōsh′, n. a slipper.—Also Baboosh.

Pabulum, pab′ū-lum, n. food of any kind, especially that of animals and plants: provender: fuel: nourishment for the mind.—adjs. Pab′ular, Pab′ulous, of or pertaining to food: fit for food: affording food. [L.,—pascĕre, to feed.]

Paca, pak′a, n. the spotted cavy of South America. [Sp. and Port., the spotted cavy—Braz. pak, paq.]

Pacable, pā′ka-bl, adj. that may be calmed or quieted: willing to forgive.—adj. Pacā′ted.—n. Pacā′tion. [L. pacāre, to make at peace—pax, peace.]

Pace, pās, n. a stride: the space between the feet in walking, 30 inches, a step: gait: rate of walking (of a man or beast): rate of speed in movement or work, often applied to fast living: mode of stepping in horses in which the legs on the same side are lifted together: amble: (obs.) a passage.—v.t. to measure by steps: to cause to progress: to train in walking or stepping.—v.i. to walk: to walk slowly: to amble.—adj. Paced, having a certain pace or gait.—ns. Pace′-mak′er, one who sets the pace, as in a race; Pac′er, one who paces: a horse whose usual gait is a pace.—Keep, or Hold, pace with, to go as fast as: to keep up with. [Fr. pas—L. passus, a step—pandĕre, passum, to stretch.]

Pace, pā′sē, prep. with or by the leave of (expressing disagreement courteously). [L., abl. of pax, peace.]

Pacha, Pachalic. See Pasha, Pashalic.

Pachy-, pak′i-, thick, in combination, as adjs. Pachydac′tyl, -ous, having thick digits; Pach′yderm, thick-skinned—n. one of an order of non-ruminant, hoofed mammals, thick-skinned, as the elephant:—pl. Pach′yderms, or Pachyder′mata.—adj. Pachyder′matous, thick-skinned: insensible to impressions.—n. Pachyder′mia, a form of elephantiasis in which the skin becomes thick and warty.—adj. Pachyder′moid.—ns. Pachyē′mia, a thickening of the blood—also Pachyæ′mia; Pachy′ma, a genus of fungi consisting of tuber-like growths, some of which are now referred to the genus Polyporus—also Tuckahoe, Tuckahoe truffle, or Indian bread; Pachymē′nia, a thickening of the skin.—adj. Pachymē′nic.—n. Pachym′eter, an instrument for measuring small thicknesses, as of paper.—adjs. Pach′yodont, with thick teeth; Pach′yote, with thick ears, as a bat—also n.; Pach′ypod, having thick feet; Pachyp′terous, having thick wings or fins.—ns. Pachythē′rium, a South American fossil genus of gigantic edentate mammals; Pachyt′ylus, a genus of locusts, embracing the dreaded Migratory Locust (Pachytylus migratorius). [Gr. pachys, thick.]

Pacify, pas′i-fī, v.t. to make peaceful: to appease: to bring back peace to: to calm; to soothe.—adjs. Pac′ifiable, that may be pacified; Pacif′ic, peacemaking: appeasing: peaceful: mild: tranquil.—n. the ocean between Asia and America, so called by its discoverer Magellan because he sailed peacefully over it after weathering Cape Horn.—adj. Pacif′ical, pacific (obs. except in phrase Letters pacifical, letters recommending the bearer as one in peace and fellowship with the church—also Letters of peace, Pacificæ).—adv. Pacif′ically.—v.t. Pacif′icāte, to give peace to.—ns. Pacificā′tion, the act of making peace, esp. between parties at variance; Pacif′icātor, Pac′ifier, a peacemaker.—adj. Pacif′icātory, tending to make peace. [Fr. pacifier—L. pacificāre—pax, pacis, peace, facĕre, to make.]

Pack, pak, n. a bundle made to be carried on the back: a collection, stock, or store: a bundle of some particular kind or quantity, as of wool, 480 or 240 lb.: the quantity of fish packed: a complete set of cards: a number of animals herding together or kept together for hunting: a number of persons combined for bad purposes: any great number: a large extent of floating and broken ice: a wet sheet for folding round the body to allay inflammation, fever, &c.—v.t. to press together and fasten up: to place in order: to crowd: to assort, bring together, select, or manipulate persons, cards, &c. for some unjust object: to send away, as from one's presence or employment: to surround a joint, &c., with any substance to prevent leaking, &c.—v.i. to store things away anywhere for safe keeping, &c.: to settle into a firm mass: to admit of being put into compact shape: to depart in haste.—ns. Pack′age, the act of packing, also something packed: a bundle or bale: a charge made for packing; Pack′-an′imal, a beast of burden used to carry goods on its back; Pack′-cinch (-sinsh), a wide girth of canvas, &c., having a hook and ring attached for adjusting the load of a pack-animal; Pack′-cloth, a cloth in which goods are tied up: packsheet; Pack′er, one who packs: one who cures and packs provisions: any device to fill the space between the tubing and the sides of an oil-well, &c.; Pack′et, a small package: a ship or vessel employed in carrying packets of letters, passengers, &c.: a vessel plying regularly between one port and another (also Pack′et-boat, Pack′et-ship, &c.).—v.t. to bind in a packet or parcel: to send in a packet.—ns. Pack′et-day, the day of the departure or arrival of a mail-ship; Pack′et-note (see Note-paper); Pack′-horse, a horse used to carry goods in panniers: a drudge; Pack′-ice, a collection of large pieces of floating ice; Pack′ing, the act of putting into packs or of tying up for carriage: material for packing: anything used to fill an empty space, or to make a joint close, as the elastic ring round a moving rod or piston to make it a tight fit; Pack′ing-box, -case, a box in which goods are packed: a hollow place round the opening of a steam cylinder, filled with some soft substance which, being pressed hard against the piston-rod, makes it a tight fit; Pack′ing-need′le, or Sack-needle, a strong needle for sewing up packages; Pack′ing-pā′per, a strong and thick kind of wrapping-paper; Pack′ing-press, a press for squeezing goods into small compass for packing; Pack′ing-sheet, or Pack′sheet, coarse cloth for packing goods; Pack′-load, the load an animal can carry on its back; Pack′man, a peddler or a man who carries a pack; Pack′-mule, a mule used for carrying burdens; Pack′-sadd′le, a saddle for packs or burdens; Pack′-thread, a coarse thread used to sew up packages; Pack′-train, a train of loaded pack-animals; Pack′way, a narrow path fit for pack-horses.—Pack a jury, meeting, &c., to fill up with persons of a particular kind for one's own purposes.—Send one packing, to dismiss summarily. [Prob. Celt.; Gael. and Ir. pac, Bret. pak, a bundle; cf. Ger. pack, Dut. pak.]

Pack, pak, adj. (Scot.) intimate, confidential.

Packfong, an incorrect form of paktong (q.v.)

Paco, pā′ko, n. same as Alpaca:—pl. Pā′cos.

Pact, pakt, n. that which is agreed on: an agreement: a contract—also Pac′tion.—adj. Pac′tional.—Pactum illicitum, an unlawful agreement. [L. pactum—pacisci, pactus, to contract.]

Pad, pad, n. a thief on the high-road (more commonly Footpad): (abbrev. from pad-horse) a horse for riding on the road: an easy-paced horse.—v.i. to walk on foot: to trudge along: to rob on foot:—pr.p. pad′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. pad′ded.—adj. Pad′-clink′ing, keeping company with thieves.—n. Pad′ding-ken, a low lodging-house inhabited by thieves.—Stand pad, to beg by the roadside. [Dut. pad, a path.]

Pad, pad, n. anything stuffed with a soft material, to prevent friction or pressure, or for filling out: a soft saddle, cushion, &c.: a number of sheets of paper or other soft material fastened together for writing upon: the fleshy, thick-skinned under-surface of the toes of many animals, as the fox: a fox's foot generally: the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant: (pl.) thick watered ribbon for watch-guards.—v.t. to stuff with anything soft: to fix colours in cloth:—pr.p. pad′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. pad′ded.—ns. Pad′-cloth, a cloth covering a horse's loins; Pad′der, one who pads or cushions; Pad′ding, the soft stuffing of a saddle, &c.: matter of less value introduced into a book or article in order to make it of the length desired: the process of mordanting a fabric; Pad′-el′ephant, a working elephant, distinguished from a war or hunting one; Pad′-sadd′le, a treeless, padded saddle; Pad′-tree, the wooden or metal frame to which harness-pads are attached. [A variant of pod, orig. sig. 'a bag.']

Paddle, pad′l, v.i. to dabble in water with the hands or the feet: to touch or toy with the fingers: to beat the water as with the feet: to row: to move in the water as a duck does: (slang) to make off.—v.t. to move by means of an oar or paddle: to finger, toy with.—n. a short, broad, spoon-shaped oar, used for moving canoes: the blade of an oar: one of the boards at the circumference of a paddle-wheel.—ns. Padd′le-beam, one of the large timbers at the side of a paddle-wheel; Padd′le-board, one of the floats on the circumference of a paddle-wheel; Padd′le-box, a wooden box covering the upper part of the paddle-wheel of a steamer; Padd′ler, one who paddles; Padd′le-shaft, the axle on which the paddle-wheels of a steamer turn; Padd′le-wheel, the wheel of a steam-vessel, which by turning in the water causes it to move forward; Padd′le-wood, the light, strong wood of a Guiana tree of the dogbane family. [For pattle, freq. of pat.]

Paddle, pad′l, n. (B.) a little spade.—n. Padd′le-staff, a spade for clearing a ploughshare. [Prob. from spaddle; cf. Spade.]

Paddock, pad′uk, n. a toad or frog.—n. Padd′ock-stool, a toadstool. [Dim. of M. E. padde, a toad—Ice. padda.]

Paddock, pad′uk, n. a small park under pasture, immediately adjoining the stables of a domain: a small field in which horses are kept. [A.S. pearroc, a park—sparran (Ger. sperren), to shut.]

Paddy, pad′i, n. rice in the husk.—ns. Padd′y-bird, the Java sparrow or rice-bird; Padd′y-field, a field where rice is grown. [East Ind.]

Paddy, pad′i, n. a familiar name for an Irishman, from St Patrick: a drill used in boring wells, with cutters that expand on pressure.—n. Padd′y-whack, a nurse's word for a slap.

Padella, pa-del′la, n. a shallow vessel filled with fat, in the centre of which a wick has been placed—used in illuminations. [It., a frying-pan.]

Pademelon, pad′ē-mel-on, n. a brush kangaroo or wallaby.—Also Pad′ymelon, Pad′dymelon.

Padishah, pä′di-sha, n. chief ruler: great king, a title of the Sultan of Turkey or of the Sovereign of Great Britain as ruler of India. [Pers. pād, master, shāh, king; cf. Pasha.]

Padlock, pad′lok, n. a movable lock with a link turning on a hinge or pivot at one end, to enable it to pass through a staple or other opening, and to be pressed down to catch the bolt at the other end.—v.t. to fasten with a padlock. [Prob. prov. Eng. pad, a basket, and lock.]

Padma, pad′ma, n. the true lotus.

Pad-nag, pad′-nag, n. an ambling nag.

Padre, pä′dre, n. father, a title given to priests in some countries.—n. Padrō′ne, a person who jobs out hand-organs, or who gets children to beg for him:—pl. Padrō′ni. [It. and Sp.,—L. pater, a father.]

Paduan, pad′ū-an, adj. and n. belonging to Padua: one of the clever imitations of old Roman bronze coins made at Padua in the 16th century: a Spanish dance, the pavan.

Paduasoy, pad′ū-a-soi, n. a smooth silk originally manufactured at Padua, used in the 18th century, also a garment of the same. [Fr. soie de Padoue.]

Pæan, pē′an, n. a song of triumph: any joyous song: a song in honour of Apollo, later also of Dionysus and Ares.—n. Pæ′on, a foot of four syllables, one long, three short.—adj. Pæon′ic. [L.,—Gr. Paian or Paiōn, an epithet of Apollo.]

Pædagogy, Pædagogics, Pædobaptism, Pædobaptist. See Pedagogy, Pedagogics, Pedobaptism, Pedobaptist.

Pænula, pē′nū-la, n. a chasuble, esp. in its older form: a woollen outer garment covering the whole body, worn on journeys and in rainy weather.

Pæonin, pē′ō-nin, n. a red colouring matter obtained from yellow coralline.

Pæony, pē′o-ni, n. Same as Peony.

Paff, paf, n. a meaningless word, used with piff to indicate jargon.

Pagan, pā′gan, n. a heathen: one who does not worship the true God.—adj. heathenish: pertaining to the worship of false gods.—v.t. Pā′ganise, to render pagan or heathen: to convert to paganism.—adj. Pā′ganish, heathenish.—n. Pā′ganism, heathenism: the beliefs and practices of the heathen. [L. paganus, a rustic, heathen, because the country-people were later in becoming Christians than the people of the towns—pagus, a district—pangĕre, to fix.]

Page, pāj, n. a boy attending on a person of distinction: a young lad employed as attendant: a contrivance for holding up a woman's skirt in walking.—n. Page′hood, condition of a page. [Fr. page; acc. to Littré, prob. from Low L. pagensis, a peasant—L. pagus, a village; acc. to Diez, but hardly with probability, through the It. paggio, from Gr. paidion, dim. of pais, paidos, a boy.]

Page, pāj, n. one side of a written or printed leaf—4 pages in a folio sheet, 8 in a quarto, 16 in an octavo, 24 in a duodecimo, 36 in an octodecimo: a book, record, or source of knowledge: the type, illustrations, &c. arranged for printing one side of a leaf: (pl.) writings.—v.t. to number the pages of.—adj. Pag′inal.—v.t. Pag′ināte, to mark with consecutive numbers, to page.—ns. Paginā′tion, the act of paging a book: the figures and marks that indicate the number of pages; Pā′ging, the marking or numbering of the pages of a book. [Fr.,—L. pagina, a thing fastened—pangĕre, to fasten.]

Pageant, paj′ant, or pā′-, n. a showy exhibition: a spectacle: a fleeting show: (orig.) a platform on four wheels for the purpose of representing plays, &c.—adj. showy: pompous.—n. Page′antry, splendid display: pompous spectacle. [M. E. pagent (with excrescent -t), from an older form pagen or pagin—Low L. pagina, a stage—L. pagina, a slab—pangĕre, to fix; cf. Page (2).]

Pagoda, pa-gō′da, n. an idol-house: an Indian idol: its temple: a gold coin formerly current in India, so called because the figure of a pagoda was stamped upon it—also Pagode′.—n. Pagō′dite, the mineral which the Chinese carve into figures of pagodas, &c. [Port., a corr. of Pers. but-kadah, an idol-temple.]

Pagode, pa-gōd′, n. a funnel-shaped sleeve worn by both sexes in the first half of the 18th century.

Pagus, pā′gus, n. a country district with scattered hamlets, also its fortified centre: among the early Teutons, a division of the territory larger than a village, like a wapentake or hundred.

Pah, pä, interj. an exclamation expressing contempt or disgust.

Pahlavi. Same as Pehlevi.

Paid, pād, pa.t. and pa.p. of pay.

Paideutics, pā-dū′tiks, n.sing. the science or theory of teaching.—n. Paidol′ogy, the scientific study of the child. [Gr. paideutikos—paideuein, to teach—pais, paidos, a child.]

Paigle, Pagle, pā′gl, n. (obs.) the cowslip or primrose.

Paik, pāk, n. (Scot.) a beating.

Pail, pāl, n. an open vessel of wood, &c., for holding or carrying liquids.—n. Pail′ful, as much as fills a pail. [O. Fr. paile, paele—L. patella, a pan, dim. of patera—patēre, to be open.]

Paillasse, pa-lyas′, n. a small bed, originally made of chaff or straw: an under mattress of straw.—n. Paillasson (pa-lya-song′), a form of straw bonnet. [Fr.,—paille, straw—L. palea, chaff.]

Paillette, pa-lyet′, n. a piece of metal or coloured foil used in enamel-painting: a sponge.—n. Paillon (pa-lyong′), a bright metal backing for enamel, &c. [Fr.]

Pain, pān, n. suffering coming as the punishment of evil-doing: suffering either of body or mind: anguish: great care or trouble taken in doing anything: (pl.) labour: care: trouble: the throes of childbirth.—v.t. to cause suffering to: to distress: to torment: to grieve.—adjs. Pained, showing or expressing pain: (B.) in pain, in labour; Pain′ful, full of pain: causing pain: requiring labour, pain, or care: (arch.) hard-working, painstaking: distressing: difficult.—adv. Pain′fully.—n. Pain′fulness.—adj. Pain′less, without pain.—adv. Pain′lessly.—ns. Pain′lessness; Pains′taker, one who takes pains or care: a laborious worker.—adj. Pains′taking, taking pains or care: laborious: diligent.—n. careful labour: diligence.—Under pain of, subject to the penalty of. [Fr. peine—L. pœna, satisfaction—Gr. poinē, penalty.]

Painim, pā′nim. See Paynim.

Paint, pānt, v.t. to cover over with colour: to represent in a coloured picture: to describe in words: to adorn.—v.i. to practise painting: to lay colours on the face, to blush: (slang) to tipple.—n. a colouring substance: anything fixed with caoutchouc to harden it.—adj. Paint′able, that may be painted.—ns. Paint′-box, a box in which different paints are kept in compartments; Paint′-bridge, a platform used by theatrical scene-painters in painting scenery; Paint′-brush, a brush for putting on paint.—adj. Paint′ed, covered with paint: ornamented with coloured figures: marked with bright colours.—ns. Paint′ed-grass, ribbon-grass; Paint′ed-lā′dy, the thistle-butterfly, orange-red spotted with white and black; Paint′er, one whose employment is to paint: one skilled in painting; Paint′er's-col′ic, lead colic; Paint′er-stain′er, one who paints coats of arms, &c.; Paint′iness; Paint′ing, the act or employment of laying on colours: the act of representing objects by colours: a picture: vivid description in words; Paint′ūre (Dryden), the art of painting: a picture.—adj. Paint′y, overloaded with paint, with the colours too glaringly used: smeared with paint.—Paint the town red (U.S.), to break out in a boisterous spree. [O. Fr., pa.p. of Fr. peindre, to paint—L. pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Painter, pānt′ėr, n. a rope used to fasten a boat.—Cut the painter, to set adrift; Lazy painter, a small painter for use in fine weather only. [A corr. of M. E. panter, a fowler's noose, through O. Fr. from L. panther, a hunting-net—Gr. panthēros, catching all—pan, neut. of pas, every, thēr, wild beast.]

Pair, pār, v.t. (Spens.) to impair.

Pair, pār, n. two things equal, or suited to each other, or used together: a set of two equal or like things forming one instrument, as a pair of scissors, tongs, &c., a set of like things generally: in building, a flight of stairs: a couple: a man and his wife: two members of a legislative body, holding opposite opinions, who agree with each other to abstain from voting for a certain time, so as to permit one or both to be absent.—v.t. to join in couples.—v.i. to be joined in couples: to fit as a counterpart.—adj. Paired, arranged in pairs: set by twos of a like kind: mated.—ns. Pair′ing, an agreement between two members of a legislative body holding opposite opinions to refrain from voting, so that both may absent themselves; Pair′ing-time, the time when birds go together in pairs; Pair′-roy′al, three cards of the same denomination, esp. in cribbage.—adv. Pair′-wise, in pairs.—Pair of colours, two flags carried by a regiment, one the national ensign, the other the flag of the regiment; Pair off (see Pairing above). [Fr. paire, a couple—pair, like—L. par, equal.]

Pais, pā, n. the people from whom a jury is drawn.—Matter-in-pais, matter of fact. [O. Fr.]

Paise, pāz, n. (Spens.). Same as Poise.

Paitrick, pā′trik, n. (Scot.) a partridge.

Pajamas. See Pyjamas.

Pajock, pä′jok, n. (Shak.). Same as Peacock.

Paktong, pak′tong, n. the Chinese name for German silver.—Also Pack′fong, Pak′fong. [Chin.]

Pal, pal, n. (slang) a partner, mate. [Gipsy.]

Palabra, pa-lä′bra, n. talk, palaver. [Sp., a word.]

Palace, pal′ās, n. the house of a king or a queen: a very large and splendid house: a bishop's official residence.—n. Pal′ace-car, a sumptuously furnished railway-car. [Fr. palais—L. Palatium, the Roman emperor's residence on the Palatine Hill at Rome.]

Paladin, pal′a-din, n. one of the twelve peers of Charlemagne's household: a knight-errant, or paragon of knighthood. [Fr.,—It. paladino—L. palatinus, belonging to the palace. Cf. Palatine.]

Palæarctic, pā-lē-ark′tik, adj. pertaining to the northern part of the Old World.—Palæarctic region, a great division embracing Europe, Africa north of the Atlas, and Asia north of the Himalaya.

Palæichthyology, pā-lē-ik-thī-ol′o-ji, n. the branch of ichthyology which treats of fossil fishes.

Palæobotany, pā-lē-ō-bot′a-ni, n. the science or study of fossil plants.—adj. Palæobotan′ical.—n. Palæobot′anist.

Palæocrystic, pā-lē-ō-kris′tik, adj. consisting of ancient ice.

Palæography, Paleography, pā-lē-og′ra-fi, n. ancient modes of writing: study of ancient writings and modes of writing.—n. Palæog′rapher, one skilled in palæography.—adjs. Palæograph′ic, -al, of or pertaining to palæography.—n. Palæog′raphist. [Gr. palaios, ancient, graphein, to write.]

Palæolithic, pā-lē-ō-lith′ik, adj. of or pertaining to the time when early stone implements were used: the first half of the stone age.—n. Palæol′ith, a rude stone implement or object of the earlier stone age. [Gr. palaios, ancient, lithos, a stone.]

Palæology, pā-lē-ol′ō-ji, n. a discourse or treatise on antiquities: archæology.—n. Palæol′ogist, one versed in palæology: a student of antiquity. [Gr. palaios, ancient, logia, discourse.]

Palæontography, pā-lē-on-tog′ra-fi, n. the description of fossil remains.—adj. Palæontograph′ical, pertaining to palæontography. [Gr. palaios, ancient, onta, existences, graphein, to write.]

Palæontology, pā-lē-on-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of the ancient life of the earth: description of fossil remains: archæology.—adj. Palæontolog′ical, belonging to palæontology.—n. Palæontol′ogist, one versed in palæontology. [Gr. palaios, ancient, onta, existences, logia, discourse.]

Palæophytology, pā-lē-ō-fī-tol′ō-ji, n. palæobotany.

Palæosaurus, pā-lē-ō-saw′rus, n. a genus of fossil saurian reptiles belonging to the Permian period. [Gr. palaios, ancient, sauros, lizard.]

Palæotherium, pā-lē-ō-thē′ri-um, n. a genus of fossil pachydermatous mammalia in the Eocene beds. [Gr. palaios, ancient, thērion, a wild beast.]

Palæozoic, pā-lē-ō-zō′ik, adj. denoting the lowest division of the fossiliferous rocks, so called because they contain the earliest forms of life. [Gr. palaios, ancient, zoē, life.]

Palæozoology, pā-lē-ō-zō-ol′ō-ji, n. geologic zoology.—adjs. Palæozoolog′ic, -al.

Palætiology, pā-lē-ti-ol′ō-ji, n. the science which explains past conditions by the law of causation.—adj. Palætiolog′ical.—n. Palætiol′ogist.

Palama, pal′a-ma, n. the webbing of the toes of a bird:—pl. Pal′amæ.—adj. Pal′amāte. [Gr. palamē.]

Palampore, pal′am-pōr, n. a flowered chintz bedcover common in the East.—Also Pal′empore. [Prob. from the Ind. town of Palampūr.]

Palanquin, Palankeen, pal-an-kēn′, n. a light covered carriage used in India, &c., for a single person, and borne on the shoulders of men. [Hind. palang, a bed—Sans. palyanka, a bed.]

Palapteryx, pal-ap′tėr-iks, n. a genus of fossil birds found in New Zealand, resembling the Apteryx. [Gr. palaios, ancient, and apteryx.]

Palas, pal′as, n. a small bushy Punjab bean, yielding a kind of kino, Butea gum.

Palate, pal′āt, n. the roof of the mouth, consisting of two portions, the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind: taste: relish: mental liking.—v.t. to taste.—adj. Pal′atable, agreeable to the palate or taste: savoury.—n. Pal′atableness, the quality of being agreeable to the taste.—adv. Pal′atably.—adj. Pal′atal, pertaining to the palate: uttered by aid of the palate—also Pal′atine.—n. a letter pronounced chiefly by aid of the palate, as k, g, e, i.—v.t. Pal′atalise, to make palatal.—adj. Palat′ic.—Cleft palate, a congenital defect of the palate, leaving a longitudinal fissure in the roof of the mouth. [O. Fr. palat—L. palatum.]

Palatial, pa-lā′shi-al, adj. of or pertaining to a palace: resembling a palace: royal: magnificent.

Palatine, pal′a-tin, adj. pertaining to a palace, originally applied to officers of the royal household: possessing royal privileges.—n. a noble invested with royal privileges: a subject of a palatinate.—n. Palat′inate, office or rank of a palatine: province of a palatine, esp. an electorate of the ancient German Empire.—Count palatine, a feudal lord with supreme judicial authority over a province; County palatine, the province of a count palatine. [Fr.,—L. palatinus. Cf. Palace.]

Palaver, pa-lav′ėr, n. talk or conversation, esp. idle talk: talk intended to deceive: a public conference: in Africa, a talk with the natives.—v.i. to use conversation: to flatter: to talk idly.—n. Palav′erer. [Port. palavra—L. parabola, a parable.]

Palay, pa-lā′, n. a small S. Indian tree of the dogbane family, with hard white wood.—Also Ivory-tree.

Pale, pāl, n. a narrow piece of wood driven into the ground for use in enclosing grounds: anything that encloses or fences in: any enclosed field or space: limit: district: a broad stripe from top to bottom of a shield in heraldry.—v.t. to enclose with stakes: to encompass.—n. Palificā′tion, act of strengthening by stakes.—adj. Pal′iform.—English pale, the district in Ireland within which alone the English had power for centuries after the invasion in 1172. [Fr. pal—L. palus, a stake.]

Pale, pāl, adj. somewhat white in colour: not ruddy or fresh: wan: of a faint lustre, dim: light in colour.—v.t. to make pale.—v.i. to turn pale.—ns. Pale′-ale, a light-coloured pleasant bitter ale; Pale′buck, an antelope, the oribi.—adj. Pale′-eyed (Shak.), having the eyes dimmed.—n. Pale′-face, a white person.—adj. Pale′-heart′ed (Shak.), dispirited.—adv. Pale′ly.—n. Pale′ness.—adjs. Pale′-vis′aged (Shak.), having no colour in the face; Pā′lish, somewhat pale. [Fr.,—L. pallidus, pale.]

Palea, pā′lē-a, n. (bot.) a chaffy bract at the base of the florets in many Compositæ, also one of the inner scales of a grass-flower opposite the flowering glume: the throat-wattle, as in turkeys:—pl. Pā′leæ.—adj. Paleā′ceous (bot.), resembling, consisting of, or furnished with chaff: chaffy. [L. palea, chaff.]

Paleotype, pā′lē-ō-tīp, n. a system of spelling invented by A. J. Ellis, according to which all spoken sounds can be represented by the letters in common use, some of them being used upside down as well as in the usual way, to express varieties of sound.

Pales, pā′lēz, n. an ancient Roman divinity of flocks.—n. Palil′ia, the festival of Pales, held on April 21, the traditional date of the founding of Rome.

Palestinian, pal-es-tin′i-an, adj. pertaining to Palestine.—Palestine soup (see Artichoke).

Palestra, pā-les′tra, n. a wrestling school: the exercise of wrestling: any training school: academic oratory.—adjs. Pales′tral, Pales′trian, Pales′tric, -al, pertaining to wrestling: athletic. [L.,—Gr. palaistra—palē, wrestling.]

Paletot, pal′e-tō, n. a loose overcoat. [Fr.]

Palette, pal′et, n. a little oval board on which a painter mixes his colours: the special arrangement of colours for any particular picture: a plate against which a person presses his breast to give force to a drill worked by the hand: a small plate covering a joint in armour.—n. Pal′ette-knife, a thin round-pointed knife for mixing colours on the grinding slab. [Fr.,—It. paletta—pala, spade—L. pala, a spade.]

Palfrey, pal′fri, n. a saddle-horse, esp. for a lady.—adj. Pal′freyed, riding on, or supplied with, a palfrey. [Fr. palefroi—Low L. paraveredus, prob. from Gr. para, beside, Low L. veredus, a post-horse—L. vehĕre, to draw, rheda, a carriage.]

Pali, pä′lē, n. the sacred language of the Buddhists of eastern India, closely allied to Sanskrit.

Palillogy, pā-lil′ō-ji, n. a repetition of a word or phrase. [Gr. palillogia—palin, again, legein, to say.]

Palimpsest, pal′imp-sest, n. a manuscript which has been written upon twice, the first writing having been rubbed off to make room for the second: an engraved brass plate, with a new inscription on the reverse side. [Gr. palimpsēston—palin, again, psēstos, rubbed.]

Palinal, pal′i-nal, adj. moving backward. [Gr. palin.]

Palindrome, pal′in-drōm, n. a word, verse, or sentence that reads the same either backward or forward, as Adam's first words to Eve: 'Madam, I'm Adam.'—adjs. Palindrom′ic, -al.—n. Pal′indromist, an inventor of palindromes. [Gr. palindromia—palin, back, dromos, a running.]

Paling, pāl′ing, n. pales collectively: a fence.

Palingenesis, pal-in-jen′e-sis, n. a new birth or a second creation: regeneration: the development of an individual germ in which it repeats that of its ancestors: the recurrence of historical events in the same order in an infinite series of cycles—also Pal′ingeny, Palingē′sia.—adj. Palinget′ic.—adv. Palinget′ically. [Gr. palin, again, genesis, birth.]

Palinode, pal′i-nōd, n. a poem retracting a former one: a recantation.—adjs. Palinō′dial, Palinod′ic.—n. Pal′inōdist, a writer of palinodes. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr.,—palin, back, ōdē, song.]

Palisade, pal-i-sād′ n. a fence of pointed pales or stakes firmly fixed in the ground.—v.t. to surround with a palisade.—Also Palisā′do:—pl. Palisā′does. [Fr.,—L. palus, a stake.]

Palisander, pal-i-san′dėr, n. rosewood. [Fr.]

Palissée, pal-i-sā′, adj. (her.) battlemented, the indentations pointing both up and down. [Fr.]

Palkee, pal′kē, n. a palanquin.—n. Pal′kee-ghar′ry, a wheeled vehicle like a palanquin. [Hind.]

Pall, pawl, n. a cloak or mantle, an outer garment: a chalice-cover: (her.) a Y-shaped bearing charged with crosses patté fitché, as in the arms of the see of Canterbury—sometimes reversed: a pallium (q.v.): a curtain or covering: the cloth over a coffin at a funeral: that which brings deep sorrow.—n. Pall′-bear′er, one of the mourners at a funeral who used to hold up the corners of the pall. [A.S. pæll, purple cloth—L. palla, a mantle; cf. Pallium, a cloak.]

Pall, pawl, v.i. to become vapid, insipid, or wearisome.—v.t. to make vapid: to dispirit or depress. [W. pallu, to fail, pall, failure.]

Palladian, pa-lā′di-an, adj. in the style of architecture introduced by Andrea Palladio (1518-80), modelled on Vitruvius, its faults a superfluity of pilasters and columns, broken entablatures, and inappropriate ornament.—n. Pallā′dianism.

Palladium, pal-lā′di-um, n. a statue of Pallas, on the preservation of which the safety of ancient Troy depended: any safeguard: a rare metal in colour and ductility resembling platinum.—adj. Pallā′dian.—v.t. Pallā′diumise, to coat with palladium. [L.,—Gr. palladion—Pallas, Pallados, Pallas.]

Pallah, pal′a, n. a small African antelope.

Pallas, pal′as, n. the Greek goddess of wisdom and war—the Roman Minerva.—Also Pallas Athene.

Pallescence, pal-les′ens, n. paleness.

Pallet, pal′et, n. a palette: the tool used by potters for shaping their wares: an instrument for spreading gold-leaf: a tool used in lettering the backs of books: one of the points moved by the pendulum of a clock which check the motion of the escape or balance wheel: a disc in the endless chain of a chain-pump: a ballast-locker in a ship: a valve by which the admission of air from the bellows to an organ-pipe may be regulated from the keyboard: a board for carrying newly moulded bricks. [Palette.]

Pallet, pal′et, n. a mattress, or couch, properly a mattress of straw. [Prov. Fr. paillet, dim. of Fr. paille, straw—L. palea, chaff.]

Pallial, pal′i-al, adj. pertaining to a pallium.—n. Pall′iament (Shak.), a robe.

Palliasse, pa-lyas′, n. Same as Paillasse.

Palliate, pal′i-āt, v.t. to cover, excuse, extenuate: to soften by pleading something in favour of: to mitigate.—n. Palliā′tion, act of palliating: extenuation: mitigation.—adj. Pall′iātive, serving to extenuate: mitigating.—n. that which lessens pain, disease, &c.—adj. Pall′iātory. [L. palliāre, -ātum, to cloak—pallium, a cloak.]

Pallid, pal′id, adj. pale, wan.—ns. Pallid′ity, Pall′idness.—adv. Pall′idly. [L. pallidus, pale.]

Pallium, pal′i-um, n. a large, square mantle, worn by learned Romans in imitation of the Greeks: an annular white woollen band, embroidered with black crosses, worn by the Pope, and on some occasions by archbishops, to whom it is granted: (ornith.) the mantle:—pl. Pall′ia.—adj. Pall′ial. [L.]

Pall-mall, pel-mel′, n. an old game, in which a ball was driven through an iron ring with a mallet: an alley where the game used to be played, hence the street in London.—adv. in pall-mall fashion. [O. Fr. pale-maille—Old It. palamaglio—palla—Old High Ger. pallá (Ger. ball, Eng. ball), and maglio—L. malleus, a hammer.]

Pallometric, pal-o-met′rik, adj. pertaining to the measurement of artificial vibrations in the earth's surface. [Gr. pallein, to shake, metron, a measure.]

Pallone, päl-lō′nā, n. a game like tennis played with a ball, which is struck by the arm covered by a guard. [It.]

Pallor, pal′or, n. quality or state of being pallid or pale: paleness. [L.,—pallēre, to be pale.]

Palm, päm, n. the inner part of the hand: a measure of length equal to the breadth of the hand, or to its length from wrist to finger-tip: a measure of 3 and sometimes of 4 inches: that which covers the palm: the fluke of an anchor: the flattened portion of an antler.—v.t. to stroke with the palm or hand: to conceal in the palm of the hand: (esp. with off, and on, or upon) to impose by fraud.—n. Pal′ma, the palm: the enlarged proximal joint of the fore tarsus of a bee.—adjs. Pal′mar, -y, relating to the palm of the hand; Pal′māte, -d, shaped like the palm of the hand: (bot.) divided into sections, the midribs of which run to a common centre: entirely webbed, as the feet of a duck.—adv. Pal′mātely.—adjs. Palmat′ifid (bot.), shaped like the hand, with the divisions extending half-way, or slightly more, down the leaf; Palmat′iform, shaped like an open palm; Palmed, having palms. [Fr. paume—L. palma, the palm of the hand; Gr. palamē.]

Palm, päm, n. a tropical, branchless tree of many varieties, bearing at the summit large leaves like the palm of the hand: a leaf of this tree borne in token of rejoicing or of victory: (fig.) triumph or victory.—adjs. Palmā′ceous, belonging to the order of palm-trees; Palmā′rian, Pal′mary, worthy of the palm: pre-eminent.—ns. Palm′-butt′er, palm-oil; Palm′ery, a place for growing palms; Palm′house, a glass house for raising palms and other tropical plants.—adjs. Palmif′erous, producing palm-trees; Palmit′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, palm-oil.—ns. Pal′mitine, a white fat, usually occurring, when crystallised from ether, in the form of scaly crystals—abundant in palm-oil; Palm′-oil, an oil or fat obtained from the pulp of the fruit of palms, esp. of the oil-palm, allied to the coco-nut palm: (slang) a bribe or tip; Palm′-sū′gar, jaggery; Palm′-Sun′day, the Sunday before Easter, in commemoration of the day on which our Saviour entered Jerusalem, when palm-branches were strewed in His way by the people; Palm′-wine, the fermented sap of certain palms.—adj. Palm′y, bearing palms: flourishing: victorious.—Palma Christi, the castor-oil plant. [A.S. from L., as above.]

Palmer, päm′ėr, n. a pilgrim from the Holy Land, distinguished by his carrying a branch of palm: a cheat at cards or dice.—ns. Pal′merin, any medieval knightly hero, from the Palmerin romances, the original hero Palmerin de Oliva; Palm′er-worm (B.), a hairy worm which wanders like a palmer, devouring leaves, &c.

Palmette, pal′met, n. an ornament, somewhat like a palm-leaf, cut or painted on mouldings, &c. [Fr.]

Palmetto, pal-met′ō, n. a name for several fan-palms, esp. the cabbage-palm of Florida, &c.: a hat made of palmetto-leaves. [Sp.,—L. palma.]

Palmigrade, pal′mi-grād, adj. noting animals that walk on the sole of the foot and not merely on the toes: plantigrade. [L. palma, palm, gradi, to walk.]

Palmiped, pal′mi-pēd, adj. web-footed.—n. a web-footed or swimming bird:—pl. Palmip′edes (-ēz). [L. palma, palm of the hand, pes, pedis, the foot.]

Palmist, pal′mist, or pä′mist, n. one who tells fortunes by the lines and marks of the palm—also Pal′mister (or pä′-).—n. Pal′mistry (or pä′-), the practice of telling fortunes by the lines, &c., of the palm.

Palmyra, pal-mī′ra, n. an East Indian palm furnishing the greater part of the palm-wine of India (Toddy).—adj. and n. Palmyrene′, pertaining to the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra or Tadmor.

Palolo, pa-lō′lō, n. an edible annelid allied to the lugworm, found near Polynesian coral-reefs.

Palp, palp, n. a jointed sensiferous organ attached in pairs to the labium or maxilla of insects, and thus distinguished from antennæ, which are on the top of the head—also Pal′pus:—pl. Pal′pi.—adjs. Pal′pal; Palped; Pal′piform; Palpig′erous, bearing palpi; Palp′less.—n. Pal′pūlus, a little palp. [Low L. palpus—L. palpāre, to stroke.]

Palpable, pal′pa-bl, adj. that can be touched or felt: easily perceived or found out, as lies, &c.: looking as if it might be touched or felt: obvious, gross.—ns. Palpabil′ity, Pal′pableness, quality of being palpable: obviousness.—adv. Pal′pably.—v.t. Pal′pāte, to examine by touch.—n. Palpā′tion, the act of examining by means of touch. [Fr.,—L. palpabilis—palpāre, -ātum, to touch softly.]

Palpebral, pal′pe-bral, adj. of or pertaining to the eyelids.—adjs. Pal′pebrāte, having eyebrows; Pal′pebrous, having heavy eyebrows. [L. palpebra, the eyelid.]

Palpifer, pal′pi-fėr, n. an outer lobe of the maxilla.—adj. Palpif′erous.

Palpitate, pal′pi-tāt, v.i. to move often and quickly: to beat rapidly: to throb: to pulsate.—adj. Pal′pitant (arch.), palpitating.—n. Palpitā′tion, act of palpitating: irregular action of the heart, caused by excitement, excessive exertion, or disease. [L. palpitāre, -ātum, freq. of palpāre. Cf. Palpable.]

Palsgrave, palz′grāv, n. one who has charge of a royal household: one of a special order of nobility, esp. one of the hereditary rulers of the Palatinate:—fem. Pals′gravine.

Palstaff, pal′staf, n. an old Celtic and Scandinavian weapon—a wedge of stone or metal fixed by a tongue in a staff. [Dan.,—Ice. pálstafr.]

Palsy, pawl′zi, n. a loss of power or of feeling, more or less complete, in the muscles of the body: paralysis.—v.t. to affect with palsy: to deprive of action or energy: to paralyse:—pa.p. pal′sied. [Fr. paralysie—Gr. paralysis. Cf. Paralysis.]

Palter, pawl′tėr, v.i. to trifle in talk: to use trickery: to dodge: to shuffle: to equivocate.—n. Pal′terer. [Prob. conn. with paltry.]

Paltry, pawl′tri, adj. mean: vile: worthless.—adv. Pal′trily.—n. Pal′triness. [Teut.; Dan. pialter, rags, Low Ger. paltrig, ragged.]

Paludal, pal′ū-dal, adj. pertaining to marshes: marshy—also Pal′ūdine, Palū′dinous, Pal′ūdose, Palus′tral, Palus′trine.—n. Pal′udism, marsh poisoning. [L. palus, paludis, a marsh.]

Paludamentum, pā-lū-da-men′tum, n. a military cloak worn by a Roman Imperator, or by members of his staff.—Also Palū′dament. [L.]

Paly, pā′li, adj. pale: wanting colour: (her.) divided by pales into equal parts.

Pam, pam, n. the knave of clubs at loo.

Pampas, pam′paz, n.pl. vast plains, without trees, in South America, south of the Amazon—north of that river they are called llanos.—n. Pam′pas-grass, a tall, ornamental, reed-like grass with large thick silvery panicles.—adj. Pam′pēan.

Pamper, pam′pėr, v.t. to feed with fine food: to gratify to the full: to glut.—ns. Pam′peredness; Pam′perer. [A freq. from pamp, a nasalised form of pap; cf. Low Ger. pampen—pampe, pap.]

Pampero, pam-pā′ro, n. a violent south-west wind which sweeps over the pampas of South America. [Sp.,—pampa, a plain.]

Pamphlet, pam′flet, n. a small book consisting of one or more sheets stitched together, but not bound: a short essay on some interesting subject.—n. Pamphleteer′, a writer of pamphlets.—p.adj. Pamphleteer′ing, writing pamphlets.—n. the practice of writing pamphlets. [Ety. dub.; acc. to Skeat, perh. through Fr. from Pamphila, a 1st cent. female writer of epitomes; others suggest Fr. paume, the palm of the hand, and feuillet, a leaf.]

Pamphract, pam′frakt, adj. (rare) protected completely, as by a coat of mail. [Gr. pam, pan, all, phraktos—phrassein, to fence in.]

Pamphysical, pam-fiz′ik-al, adj. pertaining to nature regarded as embracing all things.

Pampiniform, pam-pin′i-form, adj. curling like the tendril of a vine. [L. pampinus, a tendril.]

Pamplegia, pam-plē′ji-a, n. general paralysis. [Gr. pan, all, plēgē, a blow.]

Pan, pan, n. a broad, shallow vessel for domestic use, or for use in the arts or manufactures: anything resembling a pan in shape, as the upper part of the skull: the part of a firelock which holds the priming.—v.t. to treat with the panning process, as earth, or to separate by shaking the auriferous earth with water in a pan: to obtain in any way, to secure: to cook and serve in a pan.—v.i. to yield gold: to appear, as gold, in a pan: to turn out well, according to expectation: to try to find gold with the pan process.—Pan out, to yield or afford, to result; Panned out (U.S.), exhausted, bankrupt.—Flash in the pan, to flash and go out suddenly, not igniting the charge—of the powder in the pan of a flint-lock firearm: to fail after a fitful effort, to give up without accomplishing anything; Hard-pan (see Hard). [A.S. panne—prob. through the Celt., from Low L. panna—L. patina, a basin.]

Pan, pan, n. the Greek god of pastures, flocks, and woods, worshipped in Arcadia, and fond of music—with goat's legs and feet, and sometimes horns and ears.—n. Pan's′-pipes (see Pandean).

Panacea, pan-a-sē′a, n. a universal medicine: (bot.) the plant Allheal (Valeriana officinalis). [Gr. panakeia—pas, pan, all, akos, cure.]

Panache, pa-nash′, n. a plume of feathers, used as a head-dress. [Fr.]

Panada, pa-nä′da, n. a dish made by boiling bread to a pulp in water, with sweetening and flavour: a batter for forcemeats. [Sp.]

Panæsthesia, pan-es-thē′si-a, n. common sensation, as distinct from special sensations or sense-perceptions.—n. Pansæs′thetism.

Panagia, pa-nā′ji-a, n. an epithet of the Virgin in the Eastern Church: an ornament worn hanging on the breast by Russian bishops—also Panā′ghia.—n. Panagiā′rion, a paten on which the loaf is placed, used in the 'elevation of the Panagia.' [Gr., 'all holy,' pas, all, hagios, holy.]

Pan-American, pan-a-mer′i-kan, adj. including all the divisions of America collectively.

Pan-Anglican, pan-ang′gli-kan, adj. representing or including all Christians everywhere who hold the doctrines and polity of the Anglican Church.

Panaritium, pan-a-rish′i-um, n. suppurative inflammation in a finger—same as whitlow.

Panarthritis, pan-är-thrī′tis, n. inflammation involving all the structures of a joint.

Panary, pan′a-ri, adj. of or pertaining to bread.—n. a storehouse for bread: a pantry. [L. panis, bread.]

Panathenæa, pan-ath-ē-nē′a, n.pl. the chief national festival of ancient Athens—the lesser held annually, the greater every fourth year.—adjs. Panathenæ′an, Panathenā′ic. [Gr.]

Panax, pa-naks′, n. a genus of shrubs with radiately or pinnately compound leaves and small flowers in compound umbels, the ginseng. [Gr., 'all healing.']

Pancake, pan′kāk, n. a thin cake of eggs, flour, sugar, and milk fried in a pan.—n. Pan′cake-ice, thin ice forming in smooth water.—Pancake Tuesday, Shrove Tuesday.

Panch, panch, n. a thick mat made of strands of rope, used in ships in places to prevent chafing.—Also Paunch.

Panchatantra, pan-chä-tänt′rä, n. the oldest extant collection of apologues and stories in Sanskrit literature, arranged in five books.

Pancheon, pan′chon, n. a coarse earthenware pan.—Also Panch′in. [Pannikin.]

Panclastite, pan-klas′tīt, n. an explosive substance of slightly less strength than dynamite, formed of a preparation of nitrogen and carbon. [Gr. pan, all, klastos, broken, klaein, to break.]

Pancratium, pan-krā′ti-um, n. a contest of boxing and wrestling combined.—adjs. Pancrā′tian, Pancrat′ic.—ns. Pancrā′tiast, Pan′cratist. [Gr. pan, all, kratos, strength.]

Pancreas, pan′krē-as, n. a conglomerate gland, lying transversely across the posterior wall of the abdomen, secreting the pancreatic juice which pours with the bile into the digestive system.—adj. Pancreat′ic, pertaining to the pancreas.—ns. Pan′creatin, the pancreatic juice; Pancreatīt′is, inflammation of the pancreas. [Gr. pas, pan, all, kreas, flesh.]

Pand, pand, n. (Scot.) a narrow curtain over a bed.

Panda, pan′da, n. a remarkable animal in the bear section of Carnivores found in the south-east Himalayas.—Also Chitwah, or Red bear-cat.

Pandanus, pan-dā′nus, n. the screw-pipe, the typical genus of the Pandaneæ. [Malay.]

Pandation, pan-dā′shun, n. a yielding or warping. [L. pandāre, to bend.]

Pandean, pan-dē′an, adj. of or relating to the god Pan.—n. Pandē′an-pipes, or Pan's′-pipes, a musical instrument composed of reeds of various lengths, said to have been invented by Pan: a syrinx.

Pandect, pan′dekt, n. a treatise containing the whole of any science: (pl.) the digest of Roman or civil law made by command of the Emperor Justinian in the 6th century. [L.,—Gr. pandectes—pas, pan, all, dechesthai, to receive.]

Pandemic, pan-dem′ik, adj. incident to a whole people, epidemic.—n. a pandemic disease.—n. Pandem′ia, a widespread disease. [Gr. pandēmios—pas, pan, all, dēmos, the people.]

Pandemonium, pan-dē-mō′ni-um, n. the great hall of evil spirits, described in Paradise Lost: any disorderly assembly, or loud tumultuous noise. [Gr. pas, pan, all, daimōn, a demon.]

Pander, pan′dėr, n. one who procures for another the means of gratifying his passions: a pimp.—v.t. to play the pander for.—v.i. to act as a pander: to minister to the passions.—ns. Pan′derage, act, employment, or vices of a pander; Pan′deress, a procuress; Pan′derism, the employment or practices of a pander.—adjs. Pan′derly (Shak.), acting as a pander; Pan′derous. [Pandarus, the pimp in the story of Troilus and Cressida in the versions of Boccaccio (Filostrato), Chaucer, and Shakespeare.]

Pandiculation, pan-dik-ū-lā′shun, n. the act of stretching one's self after sleep, &c.: restlessness before fever, hysteria, &c.: yawning.—adj. Pandic′ulāted, stretched out. [L. pandiculāri, -ātus, to stretch one's self out.]

Pandion, pan-dī′on, n. the genus of ospreys or fishing-hawks. [Gr., the father of Procne, who was changed into a swallow.]

Pandit. Same as Pundit.

Pandora, pan-dō′ra, n. a beautiful woman to whom Jupiter, in order to punish the theft of heavenly fire by Prometheus, gave a box containing all the ills of human life, which, on the box being opened, spread over all the earth. [Gr., pan, all, dōron, a gift.]

Pandore, pan-dōr′, n. a musical instrument of the lute kind with three or four strings—also Bandore.—n. Pandū′ra, a Neapolitan musical instrument with eight metal wires, played with a quill.—adjs. Pan′durate, -d, Pandū′riform, fiddle-shaped. [Gr. pandoura, a 3-stringed instrument, invented by Pan.]

Pandore, pan′dōr, n. an esteemed variety of oysters found near Prestonpans on the Firth of Forth.

Pandour, pan′dōōr, n. a Hungarian foot-soldier in the Austrian service: a robber.—Also Pan′door. [From Pandur, a village in Hungary.]

Pandowdy, pan-dew′di, n. a pudding baked with bread and apples.

Pandy, pan′di, n. a stroke on the palm as a school punishment.—v.t. to slap. [L. pande, hold out, imper. of pandĕre, to hold out.]

Pane, pān, n. a plate of glass: a square in a pattern: a flat division or side in any kind of work: a slash in a dress, showing an under garment, or for the insertion of a piece of cloth of different colour, &c.: a panel or piece of cloth of a different colour from the rest, esp. in variegated work.—v.t. to insert panes or panels in.—adj. Paned, composed of panes or small squares: variegated. [Fr. pan, a lappet, pane—L. pannus, a cloth, a rag, akin to Gr. pēnos, the woof.]

Panegoism, pan-ē′gō-izm, n. Same as Solipsism (q.v.).

Panegyric, pan-ē-jir′ik, n. an oration or eulogy in praise of some person or event: an encomium.—adjs. Panēgyr′ic, -al.—adv. Panēgyr′ically.—n. Panēgyr′icon, in the Greek Church, a collection of sermons for festivals.—v.t. Pan′ēgyrise, to write or pronounce a panegyric on: to praise highly.—ns. Pan′ēgyrist; Pan′ēgyry (obs.). [L.,—Gr. panēgyrikos, fit for a national festival—pas, pan, all, agyris (agora), an assembly.]

Paneity, pā-nē′i-ti, n. the state of being bread. [L. panis, bread.]

Panel, pan′el, n. a rectangular piece of any material: (archit.) a flat surface with raised margins, or with a surrounding frame: a thin board on which a picture is painted: (law) a schedule containing the names of those summoned to serve as jurors: the jury: (Scots law) a prisoner at the bar: a frame for carrying a mortar: a rail in a post-and-rail fence.—v.t. to furnish with panels:—pr.p. pan′elling; pa.p. pan′elled.—Also Pann′el.—ns. Pan′el-game, the act of stealing articles by means of a sliding panel; Pan′elling, panel-work; Pan′el-pic′ture, a picture painted on a panel; Pan′el-plān′er, a machine for dressing panels and feathering their edges to fit them to the grooves in the stiles; Pan′el-saw, a saw for cutting very thin wood; Pan′el-strip, a narrow piece of wood or metal for covering a joint between two panels; Pan′el-work′ing, a method of working a coal-mine by dividing it into compartments. [O. Fr.,—Low L. pannellus—L. pannus, a rag.]

Paneulogism, pan-ū′lō-jizm, n. indiscriminate eulogy.

Panful, pan′fool, n. the quantity that a pan will hold:—pl. Pan′fuls.

Pang, pang, v.t. (Scot.) to cram, stuff with food.

Pang, pang, n. a violent but not long-continued pain: a sudden and bitter feeling of sorrow: a throe.—v.t. to cause a pang, to torture.—adj. Pang′less, free from pain. [A form of prong, prob. modified by confusion with Fr. poing, a fist—L. pugnus, the fist.]

Pangenesis, pan-jen′e-sis, n. the theory that every separate part of the whole organisation reproduces itself.—adj. Pangenet′ic. [Gr. pas, pan, all, genesis, production.]

Pangolin, pang′gō-lin, n. the scaly ant-eater, a name given to the various species of the genus Manis belonging to the mammalian order Edentata. [Malay.]

Pangrammatist, pan-gram′a-tist, n. one who twists all the letters of the alphabet into sentences, as in the following example: 'John P. Brady, give me a black walnut box of quite a small size.'

Pan-handle, pan′-han′dl, n. the handle of a pan: a long narrow strip projecting like this.

Panharmonicon, pan-har-mon′i-kon, n. a mechanical musical instrument of the orchestrion class.—Also Orpheus-harmonica.

Panhellenic, pan-hel-en′ik, adj. pertaining to all Greece.—ns. Panhellē′nion, or Panhellē′nium, a council representing all the sections of the Greeks; Panhell′enism, a scheme for forming all Greeks into one political body; Panhell′enist, one who favours Panhellenism. [Gr. pas, pan, all, Hellēnikos, Greek—Hellas, Greece.]

Panic, pan′ik, n. extreme or sudden fright: great terror without any visible ground or foundation: a state of terror about investments produced by some startling collapse in credit, impelling men to rush and sell what they possess.—adj. of the nature of a panic: extreme or sudden: imaginary.—adj. Pan′icky (coll.), inclined to panic or sudden terror, affected by financial panic.—n. Pan′ic-mong′er, one who creates panics.—adjs. Pan′ic-strick′en, Pan′ic-struck, struck with a panic or sudden fear. [Orig. an adj.; Gr. panikon (deima), 'panic' (fear), from panikos, belonging to Pan, god of the woods.]

Panicle, pan′i-kl, n. (bot.) a form of the arrangement of flowers on a stalk, in which the cluster is irregularly branched, as in oats.—n. Pan′ic, a grass of the genus Panicum.—adjs. Pan′icled (bot.), furnished with panicles: arranged in or like panicles; Panic′ulāte, -d, furnished with, arranged in, or like panicles.—adv. Panic′ulātely.—n. Pan′icum, a large genus of true grasses having the one or two-flowered spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles—including the common millet. [L. panicula, double dim. of panus, thread wound on a bobbin, akin to L. pannus and Gr. pēnos. See Pane.]

Panidrosis, pan-i-drō′sis, n. a perspiration over the whole body. [Gr. pas, pan, all, hidrōs, perspiration.]

Panification, pan-i-fi-kā′shun, n. a conversion into bread.—adj. Paniv′orous, eating bread.

Panionic, pan-ī-on′ik, adj. pertaining to all the Ionian peoples.

Panisc, pan′isk, n. the god Pan, represented as a satyr.

Panislamic, pan-is-lam′ik, adj. relating to all Islam, or all the Mohammedan races.—n. Panis′lamism, the idea of union amongst the Mohammedan races.

Panjandrum, pan-jan′drum, n. an imaginary figure of great power and importance, a burlesque potentate.—Also Panjan′darum. [A gibberish word.]

Panlogism, pan′lō-jizm, n. the theory that the universe is an outward manifestation of the Logos.

Panmelodion, pan-mē-lō′di-on, n. a keyboard musical instrument whose tone is produced by wheels rubbing on metal bars.

Panmixia, pan-mik′si-a, n. (biol.) cessation of natural selection, as on a useless organ.

Pannade, pa-nād′, n. the curvet of a horse.

Pannage, pan′āj, n. food picked up by swine in the woods, mast; also the right to this.

Pannel. Same as Panel.

Panniculus, pa-nik′ū-lus, n. a thin, sheet-like investment. [L., dim. of pannus, a cloth.]

Pannier, pan′yėr, or pan′i-ėr, n. a bread-basket: one of two baskets thrown across a horse's back, for carrying light produce to market: (archit.) a corbel: a contrivance for puffing out a woman's dress at the hips: a piece of basket-work for protecting archers, or, when filled with gravel or sand, for forming and protecting dikes, embankments, &c.—adj. Pann′iered, loaded with panniers. [Fr. panier—L. panarium, a bread-basket—panis, bread.]

Pannikel, pan′i-kl, n. the brain-pan: (Spens.) the skull. [Dim. of pan.]

Pannikin, pan′i-kin, n. a small pan or saucer.

Pannose, pan′ōs, adj. (bot.) like felt in texture. [L. pannosus—pannus, cloth.]

Pannus, pan′us, n. an opaque vascular membrane over the cornea: a tent for a wound: a birth-mark on the skin. [L., 'cloth.']

Pannuscorium, pan-us-kō′ri-um, n. a leather-cloth for boots. [L. pannus, cloth, corium, leather.]

Panocha, pa-nō′cha, n. a Mexican coarse sugar.

Panochia, pa-nō′chi-a, n. bubo in the groin or armpit. [Gr. cheia, a hole.]

Panoistic, pan-ō-is′tik, adj. producing ova only—opp. to Meroistic. [Gr. ōon, an egg.]

Panophobia, pan-ō-fō′bi-a, n. a morbid fear of everything. [Gr. pas, pan, all, phobos, fear.]

Panophthalmitis, pan-of-thal-mī′tis, n. suppurative inflammation of the whole eye.

Panoply, pan′ō-pli, n. complete armour: a full suit of armour.—adj. Pan′oplied, dressed in panoply: completely armed.—n. Pan′oplist, one so armed. [Gr. panoplia—pas, pan, all, hopla (pl.), arms.]

Panopticon, pan-op′ti-kon, n. a prison so constructed that all the prisoners can be watched from one point: an exhibition room. [Gr. pas, pan, all, horaein, fut. opsesthai, to see.]

Panorama, pan-ō-rä′ma, n. a wide or complete view: a picture giving views of objects in all directions: a picture representing a number of scenes unrolled and made to pass before the spectator.—adj. Panora′mic. [Gr. pan, all, horama, a view, from horaein, to see.]

Panotitis, pan-ō-tī′tis, n. inflammation in both the middle and internal ear.

Panotype, pan′ō-tīp, n. a picture made by the collodion process.

Panpharmacon, pan-far′ma-kon, n. a universal remedy.

Pan-Presbyterian, pan-pres-bi-tē′ri-an, adj. of or pertaining to the whole body of Presbyterians.—Pan-Presbyterian Council, a council representing all the Presbyterian churches throughout the world.

Pansclerosis, pan-skle-rō′sis, n. complete thickening and hardening of the interstitial tissue of a part.

Panser, pan′sėr, n. an ancient piece of armour for the abdomen. [O. Fr. pansiere—panse, the belly—L. pantex, the belly.]

Pan-Slavic, pan′-slav′ik, adj. pertaining to all the Slavic races.—ns. Pan′-Slav′ism, a movement for the amalgamation of all the Slavonic races into one body, with one language, literature, and social polity; Pan′-Slav′ist, one who favours Pan-Slavism.—adjs. Pan-Slavō′nian, Pan-Slavon′ic.

Pansophy, pan′sō-fi, n. a scheme of universal knowledge, esp. that of the educational reformer, John Amos Comenius (1592-1671): the pretence of universal wisdom.—adjs. Pansoph′ic, -al. [Gr. pas, pan, all, sophia, wisdom.]

Panspermatism, pan-sper′ma-tizm, n. the theory of the widespread diffusion of germs—also Pansper′my.—n. Pansper′matist, a holder of this.—adj. Pansper′mic. [Gr. pas, pan, all, sperma, seed.]

Panstereorama, pan-ster-ē-ō-rä′ma, n. a model showing every part in proportional relief, as of a building. [Gr. pas, pan, all, stereos, solid, horama, a view.]

Pansy, pan′zi, n. a species of violet developed by cultivation into large blossoms of great variety of colour—also Heart's-ease, Love-in-idleness:—pl. Pan′sies.—adj. Pan′sied. [Fr. pensée—penser, to think—L. pensāre, to weigh.]

Pant, pant, v.i. to breathe hard and quickly: to show excitement by quickness of breathing: to gasp: to throb: to desire ardently: to heave, as the breast: to bulge and shrink successively, of iron hulls, &c.—v.t. to gasp out: to long for.—ns. Pant, Pant′ing, rapid breathing: palpitation: longing.—adv. Pant′ingly, in a panting manner: with hard and rapid breathing. [Imit.; or nasalised from pat (v.t.).]

Pantagamy, pan-tag′a-mi, n. a system of communistic marriage, once practised in the Oneida community. [Gr. panta, all, gamos, marriage.]

Pantagogue, pan′ta-gōg, n. a medicine once believed capable of purging away all morbid humours. [Gr. panta, pas, all, agōgos, drawing out—agein, to lead.]

Pantagraph, Pantagraphic, -al. Same as Pantograph, &c.

Pantagruelism, pan-ta-grōō′el-izm, n. the theories and practice of Pantagruel as described by Rabelais (1483-1553)—burlesque ironical buffoonery as a cover for serious satire: empirical medical theory and practice.—adj. Pantagruel′ian.—ns. Pantagruel′ion, a magic herb allegorising fortitude, patience, industry; Pantagru′elist, a cynic who uses the medium of burlesque.

Pantaleon, pan-tal′ē-on, n. a musical instrument invented about 1700 by Pantaleon Hebenstreit, a very large dulcimer.

Pantalets, pan-ta-lets′, n.pl. long frilled drawers, once worn by women and children: a removable kind of ruffle worn at the feet of women's drawers.

Pantaloon, pan-ta-lōōn′, n. in pantomimes, a ridiculous character, a buffoon: (orig.) a ridiculous character in Italian comedy, also a garment worn by him, consisting of breeches and stockings all in one piece: (pl.) a kind of trousers.—n. Pantaloon′ery, buffoonery. [Fr. pantalon—It. pantalone, from Pantaleon (Gr. 'all-lion'), the patron saint of Venice.]

Pantatrophy, pan-tat′ro-fi, n. general atrophy of the whole body.

Pantechnicon, pan-tek′ni-kon, n. a place where every species of workmanship is sold, or where furniture, &c., is stored. [Gr. pas, pan, all, technē, art.]

Panter, pan′tėr, n. (obs.). Same as Panther.

Pantheism, pan′thē-izm, n. the form of monism which identifies mind and matter, making them manifestations of one absolute being: the doctrine that there is no God apart from nature or the universe, everything being considered as part of God, or a manifestation of Him.—n. Pan′thēist, a believer in pantheism.—adjs. Panthēist′ic, -al.—ns. Panthēol′ogist, one versed in pantheology; Panthēol′ogy, a system of theology embracing all religions and the knowledge of all gods.

Pantheon, pan′thē-on, n. a temple dedicated to all the gods, esp. the round one at Rome, built by Agrippa in 27 B.C.: all the gods of a nation considered as one body: a complete mythology. [L. panthēon—Gr. pantheion (hieron), (a temple) for all gods—pas, pan, all, theos, a god.]

Panther, pan′thėr, n. a fierce, spotted, carnivorous quadruped of Asia and Africa:—fem. Pan′theress. [Fr. panthère—L.,—Gr. panthēr.]

Pantile, pan′tīl, n. a tile with a curved surface, convex or concave with reference to its width: a tile whose cross-section forms a double curve, forming a tegula and imbrex both in one.—adj. dissenting—chapels being often roofed with these.—n. Pan′tiling, a system of tiling with pantiles.

Pantisocrasy, pan-ti-sok′ra-si, n. a Utopian community in which all are of equal rank or social position. [Gr. pas, pantos, all, isos, equal, kratein, to rule.]

Pantler, pant′lėr, n. (Shak.) the officer in a great family who had charge of the bread and other provisions. [Fr. panetier—L. panis, bread.]

Pantochronometer, pan-tō-kro-nom′e-tėr, n. a combination of compass, sun-dial, and universal sun-dial.

Pantoffle, pan′tof'l, n. a slipper. [Fr.]

Pantograph, pan′tō-graf, n. an instrument for copying drawings, plans, &c. on the same, or a different, scale from the original.—adjs. Pantograph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or done by, a pantograph.—n. Pantog′raphy, general description: entire view: process of copying by means of the pantograph. [Gr. pan, all, graphein, to write.]

Pantology, pan-tol′o-ji, n. universal knowledge: a view of all branches of knowledge: a book of universal information.—adj. Pantolog′ic.—n. Pantol′ogist. [Gr. pas, pantos, all, logia, description.]

Pantometer, pan-tom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring angles and perpendiculars.—n. Pantom′etry.

Pantomime, pan′tō-mīm, n. one who expresses his meaning by action without speaking: a play or an entertainment in dumb show: an entertainment in a theatre, usually about Christmas-time, in which some well-known story is acted, amidst showy scenery, with music and dancing, concluding with buffoonery by conventional characters—the clown, pantaloon, harlequin, and columbine.—adj. representing only by action without words.—adjs. Pantomim′ic, -al.—adv. Pantomim′ically.—n. Pan′tomimist, an actor in a pantomime. [Fr.,—L.—Gr. pantomimos, imitator of all—pas, pantos, all, mimos, an imitator.]

Pantomorph, pan′tō-morf, n. that which exists in all shapes.—adj. Pantomor′phic.

Panton, pan′ton, n. a horse-shoe for curing a narrow and hoof-bound heel: an idle fellow.

Pantophagy, pan-tof′a-ji, n. morbid hunger for all kinds of food.—n. Pantoph′agist.—adj. Pantoph′agous. [Gr. panta, all, phagein, to eat.]

Pantoscope, pan′tō-skōp, n. a panoramic camera: a very wide-angled photographic lens.—adj. Pantoscop′ic, giving a wide range of vision.

Pantostomatous, pan-tō-stom′a-tus, adj. ingesting food at any point on the surface of the body.

Pantry, pan′tri, n. a room or closet for provisions and table furnishings, or where plate, knives, &c. are cleaned. [Fr. paneterie, a place where bread is distributed—Low L. panitaria—L. panis, bread.]

Pants, n.pl. (coll.) trousers, abbrev. of pantaloons.

Panurgic, pan-ur′jik, adj. able to do all kinds of work. [Gr. pan, all, ergon, work.]

Panzoism, pan-zō′izm, n. the sum of the elements that make up vital force. [Gr. pas, pan, all, zōē, life.]

Pap, pap, n. soft food for infants: pulp of fruit: nourishment: (slang) the emoluments or perquisites of public office.—v.t. to feed with pap.—adjs. Papes′cent, Pap′py.—ns. Pap′meat, soft food for infants; Pap′spoon, a spoon for infants. [Imit.]

Pap, pap, n. a nipple or teat: a woman's breast: a round conical hill, as the Paps of Jura.

Papa, pa-pä′, or pä′pa, n. father: a bishop: a priest of the Greek Church. [Imit.]

Papacy, pā′pa-si, n. the office of the Pope: the authority of the Pope: popery: the Popes, as a body.—adj. Pā′pal, belonging to, or relating to, the Pope or to popery: popish.—v.t. Pā′palise, to make papal.—v.i. to conform to popery.—ns. Pā′palism; Pā′palist.—adv. Pā′pally.—ns. Pāpaphō′bia, extreme fear of the Pope, or the progress of papacy; Pā′parchy, papal government. [Low L. papatia—papa, a father.]

Papain, pä′pa-in, n. a nitrogenous body, isolated from the juice of the papaw, one of the digestive ferments applied in some cases of dyspepsia, either internally or for the predigestion of food.

Papaverous, pa-pav′ėr-us, adj. resembling or having the qualities of the poppy.—adj. Papaverā′ceous, of or like the poppy. [L. papaver, the poppy.]

Papaw, pa-paw′, n. the tree Carica papaya, or its fruit, native to South America, but common in the tropics, the trunk, leaves, and fruit yielding papain (q.v.), the leaves forming a powerful anthelmintic: the tree Asimina triloba, or its fruit, native to the United States. [The Malabar native name.]

Paper, pā′pėr, n. the material made from rags or vegetable fibres on which we commonly write and print: a piece of paper: a written or printed document or instrument, note, receipt, bill, bond, deed, &c.: a newspaper: an essay or literary contribution, generally brief: paper-money: paper-hangings for walls: a set of examination questions: free passes of admission to a theatre, &c., also the persons admitted by such.—adj. consisting or made of paper.—v.t. to cover with paper: to fold in paper: to treat in any way by means of paper, as to sand-paper, &c.: to paste the end-papers and fly-leaves at the beginning and end of a book before fitting it into its covers.—ns. Pā′per-bar′on, or -lord, one who holds a title that is merely official, like that of a Scotch Lord of Session, &c., or whose title is merely by courtesy or convention; Pā′per-case, a box for holding writing materials, &c.; Pā′per-chase, the game of hounds and hares, when the hares scatter bits of paper to guide the hounds; Pā′per-cigar′, a cigarette; Pā′per-clamp, a frame for holding newspapers, sheets of music, &c., for easy reference; Pā′per-clip, or Letter-clip, an appliance with opening and closing spring, for holding papers together; Pā′per-cloth, a fabric prepared in many of the Pacific islands from the inner bark of the mulberry, &c.; Pā′per-cred′it, credit given to a person because he shows by bills, promissory notes, &c. that money is owing to him; Pā′per-cut′ter, a machine for cutting paper in sheets, for trimming the edges of books, &c.; Pā′per-day, one of certain days in each term for hearing causes down in the paper or roll of business; Pā′per-enam′el, an enamel for cards and fine note-paper.—adj. Pā′per-faced (Shak.), having a face as white as paper.—ns. Pā′per-feed′er, an apparatus for delivering sheets of paper to a printing-press, &c.; Pā′per-file, an appliance for holding letters, &c., for safety and readiness of reference; Pā′per-gauge, a rule for measuring the type-face of matter to be printed, and the width of the margin; Pā′per-hang′er, one who hangs paper on the walls of rooms, &c.—n.pl. Pā′per-hang′ings, paper, either plain or with coloured figures, for hanging on or covering walls.—ns. Pā′pering, the operation of covering or hanging with paper: the paper itself; Pā′per-knife, -cut′ter, -fold′er, a thin, flat blade of ivory, &c., for cutting open the leaves of books and other folded papers; Pā′per-mak′er, one who manufactures paper; Pā′per-mak′ing; Pā′per-mar′bler, one engaged in marbling paper; Pā′per-mill, a mill where paper is made; Pā′per-mon′ey, pieces of paper stamped or marked by government or by a bank, as representing a certain value of money, which pass from hand to hand instead of the coin itself; Pā′per-mus′lin, a glazed muslin for dress linings, &c.; Pā′per-nau′tilus, or -sail′or, the nautilus; Pā′per-off′ice, an office in Whitehall where state-papers are kept; Pā′per-pulp, the pulp from which paper is made; Pā′per-punch, an apparatus for piercing holes in paper; Pā′per-reed (B.), the papyrus; Pā′per-rul′er, one who, or an instrument which, makes straight lines on paper; Pā′per-stain′er, one who prepares paper-hangings; Pā′per-test′er, a machine for testing the stretching strength of paper; Pā′per-wash′ing (phot.), water in which prints have been washed; Pā′per-weight, a small weight for laying on a bundle of loose papers to prevent them from being displaced.—adj. Pā′pery, like paper.—Bristol paper or board, a strong smooth paper for drawing on; Brown-paper (see Brown); Chinese paper, rice-paper: a fine soft slightly brownish paper made from bamboo bark, giving fine impressions from engravings; Cream-laid paper, a smooth paper of creamy colour, much used for note-paper; Distinctive paper, a fine silk-threaded fibre paper used in the United States for bonds, &c.; Filter-paper (see Filter); Hand-made paper, that made wholly by hand, as still with some kinds of printing and drawing papers; Height-to-paper, in typefounding, the length of a type from its face to its foot (11⁄12 inch); Hot-pressed paper, paper polished by pressure between heated plates; Imperfect paper, sheets of poorer quality, as the two outside quires of a ream; India paper (see Indian); Japanese paper, a soft fine paper made from the bark of the paper-mulberry, giving good impressions of plate engravings; Lithographic paper, paper used for taking impressions from lithographic stones; Litmus paper (see Litmus); Marbled paper (see Marble); Parchment paper, a tough paper, prepared in imitation of parchment by dipping in diluted sulphuric acid and washing with weak ammonia; Plain paper, unruled paper: (phot.) any unglossy paper; Plate paper, the best class of book paper; Printing paper (see Print); Rag-paper, that made from the pulp of rags; Ruled paper, writing-paper ruled with lines for convenience; Sensitised paper (phot.), paper chemically treated so that its colour is affected by the action of light; State-paper (see State); Test-paper (see Test); Tissue-paper, a very thin soft paper for wrapping delicate articles, protecting engravings in books, &c.—also Silk-paper; Tracing-paper, transparent paper used for copying a design, &c., by laying it over the original, and copying the lines shown through it; Transfer-paper (see Transfer); Vellum paper, a heavy ungrained smooth paper, sometimes used in fine printing; Whatman paper, a fine quality of English paper, with fine or coarse grain, used for etchings, engravings, &c.; Wove paper, paper laid on flannel or felt, showing no marks of wires; Wrapping-paper, coarse paper used for wrapping up parcels, &c. [A shortened form of papyrus.]

Papeterie, pap-e-trē′, n. a box containing paper, &c., for writing purposes: stationery. [Fr.]

Paphian, pā′fi-an, adj. pertaining to Paphos in Cyprus, sacred to Aphrodite: lascivious.—n. a native of Paphos, a votary of Aphrodite: a whore.

Papier-mâché, pap′yā-mä′shā, n. a material consisting either of paper-pulp or of sheets of paper pasted together, which by a peculiar treatment resembles varnished or lacquered wood in one class of articles made of it, and in another class (chiefly architectural ornaments) somewhat resembles plaster. [Fr. papier—L. papyrus; mâché is pa.p. of Fr. mâcher, to chew—L. masticāre, to masticate.]

Papilionaceous, pa-pil-yo-nā′shus, adj. (bot.) having a flower shaped somewhat like a butterfly, as the bean, pea, &c. [L. papilio, -onis, a butterfly.]

Papilla, pa-pil′a, n. one of the minute elevations on the skin, esp. on the upper surface of the tongue and on the tips of the fingers, and in which the nerves terminate: (bot.) a nipple-like protuberance:—pl. Papill′æ.—adjs. Pap′illar, Pap′illary, like a papilla, provided with papillæ; Pap′illāte, formed into a papilla, studded with papillæ.—v.i. and v.t. to become a papilla, to cover with such.—adjs. Papillif′erous, papillate: bearing one or more fleshy excrescences; Papill′iform, like a papilla in form.—ns. Papillī′tis, inflammation of the optic papilla; Papillō′ma, a tumour formed by the hypertrophy of one papilla, or of several, including warts, corns, &c.—adjs. Papillom′atous; Pap′illōse, full of papillæ, warty—also Pap′illous; Papill′ūlate, finely papillose.—n. Pap′illūle, a very small papilla, a verruca or a variole. [L., a small pustule, dim. of papula.]

Papillote, pap′il-ōt, n. a curl-paper, from its fancied resemblance to a butterfly. [Fr., from papillot, old form of papillon, butterfly—L. papilio.]

Papist, pā′pist, n. an adherent of the Pope: a name slightingly given to a Roman Catholic—(prov.) Pā′pish, Pā′pisher.—n. Pā′pism, popery.—adjs. Pāpist′ic, -al, pertaining to popery, or to the Church of Rome, its doctrines, &c.—adv. Pāpist′ically.—n. Pā′pistry, popery.

Papoose, pap-ōōs′, n. a N. Amer. Indian infant, usually wrapped up, fixed to a board, and thus carried by its mother or hung up for safety.—Also Pappoose′.

Pappus, pap′us, n. (bot.) the fine hair or down which grows on the seeds of some plants: the first hair on the chin.—adjs. Pappif′erous, bearing a pappus; Pappōse′, Papp′ous, provided or covered with down. [L. pappus—Gr. pappos, down.]

Papuan, pap′ū-an, adj. pertaining to Papua or New Guinea.—n. an inhabitant of Papua: one of a race of black colour, dolichocephalic, with rough and frizzly hair, inhabiting many of the islands of the Pacific near Australia. [Malay.]

Papulose, pap′ū-lōs, adj. full of pimples—also Pap′ūlous.—n. Pap′ūla, a small inflammatory pustule, a pimple:—pl. Pap′ūlæ.—adj. Pap′ūlar.—ns. Papūlā′tion, the development of papules; Pap′ūle, a pimple.—adj. Papulif′erous, pimply. [L. papula, a pimple.]

Papyrus, pa-pī′rus, n. an Egyptian sedge, now scarcely found there, from the inner pith (byblos) of which the ancients made their paper: a manuscript on papyrus:—pl. Papy′rī.—adjs. Papyrā′ceous, Pap′yral, Papyr′ēan, Pap′yrine, pertaining to the papyrus or to papyri: like paper in appearance and consistency; Papyrit′ious, resembling paper, as the nests of certain wasps.—n. Papyrograph (pā-pī′rō-graf), a hectograph or apparatus for producing copies of a written or printed document.—v.t. to produce by means of such.—adj. Pāpyrograph′ic.—n. Papyrog′raphy. [L.—Gr. papyros, prob. Egyptian.]

Par, pär, n. state of equality: equal value, the norm or standard: state or value of bills, shares, &c. when they sell at exactly the price marked on them—i.e. without premium or discount: equality of condition.—v.t. to fix an equality between.—Par of exchange, the value of coin of one country expressed in that of another.—Above par, at a premium, or at more than the nominal value; At par, at exactly the nominal value; Below par, at a discount, or at less than the nominal value; Nominal par, the value with which a bill or share is marked, or by which it is known. [L. par, equal.]

Par, pär, n. Same as Parr.

Para, pa-rä′, n. a coin of copper, silver, or mixed metal in use in Turkey and Egypt, the 40th part of a piastre, and worth about 1⁄18th of a penny in Turkey and 1⁄16th in Egypt.

Parabaptism, par-a-bap′tizm, n. uncanonical baptism.

Parabasis, pa-rab′a-sis, n. the chief of the choral parts in ancient Greek comedy, usually an address from the poet to the public. [Gr., para, beside, basis—bainein, to walk.]

Parabema, par-a-bē′ma, n. in Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture, the chapel of the prothesis or the diaconicon, or sacristy, where divided by walls from the bema or sanctuary:—pl. Parabē′mata.—adj. Parabemat′ic.

Parablast, par′a-blast, n. the supplementary or nutritive yolk of a meroblastic egg or metovum—as distinguished from the archiblast, or formative yolk.—adj. Parablast′ic. [Gr. para, beside, blastos, a germ.]

Parable, par′a-bl, n. a comparison: a fable or story of something which might have happened, told to illustrate some doctrine, or to make some duty clear: (B.) an apologue, proverb (Ps. lxxviii. 2, Hab. ii. 6).—v.t. to represent by a parable.—adjs. Parabol′ic, -al, like a parable or a parabola: expressed by a parable: belonging to, or of the form of, a parabola.—adv. Parabol′ically. [Gr. parabolē—paraballein, to compare—para, beside, ballein, to throw.]

Parablepsis, par-a-blep′sis, n. false vision.—Also Par′ablepsy. [Gr. para, beside, blepsis—bleptein, to see.]

Parabola, par-ab′o-la, n. (geom.) a curve or conic section, formed by cutting a cone with a plane parallel to its slope (for illustration, see Cone).—adjs. Parabol′ic; Parabol′iform.—n. Parab′oloid, the solid which would be generated by the rotation of a parabola about its principal axis. [Gr. parabolē; cf. Parable.]

Parabolanus, par-a-bō-lā′nus, n. in the early Eastern Church, a lay assistant to the clergy for waiting on the sick. [Gr. parabolos, reckless.]

Parabole, par-ab′o-le, n. (rhet.) a parable, a comparison or similitude. [Gr.; cf. Parable.]

Paracelsian, par-a-sel′si-an, adj. of or relating to the famous Swiss philosopher and physician, Paracelsus (1490-1541), or resembling his theories or practice. The name was coined for himself by Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, and apparently implied a claim to be greater than Celsus.

Paracentesis, par-a-sen-tē′sis, n. (surg.) the perforation of a cavity with a trocar, &c., tapping. [Gr., para, beside, kentein, to pierce.]

Paracentral, par-a-sen′tral, adj. situated next a centrum.—adj. Paracen′tric, approaching to the centre or receding from it.

Parachordal, par-a-kōr′dal, adj. (biol.) lying alongside the cranial part of the notochord. [Gr. para, beside, chordē, a chord.]

Parachromatism, par-a-krō′ma-tizm, n. colour-blindness. [Gr. para, beside, chroma, colour.]

Parachronism, par-ak′ron-izm, n. an error in dating an event by which it is made to appear later than it really was. [Gr., para, beside, chronos, time.]

Parachrose, par′a-krōs, adj. (min.) changing colour by exposure to weather. [Gr., para, beside, chroa, colour.]

Parachute, par′a-shōōt, n. an apparatus like an umbrella for descending safely from a balloon.—v.t. and v.i. to descend by means of such.—n. Par′achutist. [Fr., for par' à chute, from Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare, chute, a fall—L. cadĕre.]

Paraclete, par′a-klēt, n. the Comforter, Advocate, or Intercessor of John, xiv. 16, 26, 1 John, ii. 1, &c.—the Holy Ghost or Spirit.—ns. Paraclēt′ice, Paraclēt′icon, an office-book in the Greek Church containing the troparia of the whole ferial office for the year. [Through L., from Gr. paraklētos—parakalein, para, beside, kalein, to call.]

Paracme, pa-rak′mē, n. (biol.) the decadence of an evolutionary series of organisms after reaching its highest point of development. [Gr. para, beside, akmē, a point.]

Paracolpitis, par-a-kol-pī′tis, n. inflammation of the outer coat of the vagina. [Gr. para, beside, kolpos, the womb.]

Paracorolla, par-a-kō-rol′a, n. (bot.) a crown or appendage of a corolla, usually as a nectary. [Gr. para, beside, L. corolla.]

Paracrostic, par-a-krōs′tik, n. a poem with the first verse containing the initial letters of the others.

Paracusis, par-a-kū′sis, n. disordered hearing. [Gr. para, beside, akousis, hearing.]

Paracyanogen, par-a-sī-an′ō-jen, n. a substance obtained by heating mercury cyanide almost to redness.

Paracyesis, par-a-sī-ē′sis, n. extra-uterine pregnancy.

Paradactylum, par-a-dak′ti-lum, n. the side of a bird's toe. [Gr. para, beside, daktylos, a finger.]

Parade, par-ād′, n. the orderly arrangement of troops for exercise or inspection: a review of troops: the place where such a display takes place: that which is displayed: great or splendid show of any kind: a public walk or promenade.—v.t. to show off: to marshal in military order.—v.i. to march up and down as if for show: to pass in military order: to march in procession. [Fr.—Sp. parada—parar, to halt—L. parāre, -ātum, to prepare.]

Paradigm, par′a-dim, n. an example: model: (gram.) an example of the inflection of a word.—adjs. Paradigmat′ic, -al, consisting of, or resembling, paradigms.—n. Paradigmat′ic, one who narrates the lives of religious persons by way of examples.—adv. Paradigmat′ically. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paradeigma—para, beside, deiknynai, to show.]

Paradise, par′a-dīs, n. a park or pleasure-ground, esp. in ancient Persia: the garden of Eden: heaven: any place of great beauty or state of blissful delights: the happy abode of the righteous in heaven: (slang) the upper gallery in a theatre: (archit.) a small private apartment, a court in front of a church.—adjs. Paradisā′ic, -al, Paradis′iac, -al, pertaining to, or resembling, paradise.—n. Par′adise-fish, a Chinese species of Macropid often kept in aquaria for its beauty of form and colouring.—adjs. Paradis′ial, Paradis′ian, pertaining to, suitable to, or resembling paradise; Paradis′ic, -al, pertaining to paradise.—Bird Of Paradise, an Eastern bird closely allied to the crow, with splendid plumage. [Fr. paradis—L. paradisus—Gr. paradeisos, a park, prob. Persian.]

Parados, par′a-dos, n. earthworks behind a fortified place, protecting against a rear attack.

Paradox, par′a-doks, n. that which is contrary to received opinion, or that which is apparently absurd but really true.—n. Par′adoxer.—adjs. Paradox′ic, -al, of the nature of a paradox: inclined to paradoxes, said of persons.—adv. Paradox′ically.—ns. Paradox′icalness; Paradox′ides, a genus of trilobites; Par′adoxist; Par′adoxy, the quality of being paradoxical.—Hydrostatic paradox (see Hydrostatics). [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. paradoxon—para, contrary to, doxa, an opinion.]

Paradoxure, par-a-dok′sūr, n. a civet-like carnivore of Southern Asia and Malaysia, the palm-cat of India.—adj. Paradoxū′rine, having a paradoxical or peculiarly curling tail.

Paræsthesia, par-es-thē′si-a, n. abnormal sensation. [Gr. para, beyond, aisthēsis, sensation.]

Paraffin, par′af-fin, n. a white, transparent, crystalline substance, obtained from shale, coal-tar, &c., much used instead of wax, tallow, &c. in making candles—so named as having little affinity—for an alkali—also Par′affine.—v.t. to coat or impregnate with paraffin.—ns. Par′affin-oil, any of the mineral burning oils associated with the manufacture of paraffin; Par′affin-scale, unrefined paraffin. [Fr.,—L. parum, little, affinis, allied.]

Paraffle, pa-raf′l, n. (Scot.) any pretentious display.

Paragastric, par-a-gas′trik, adj. lying alongside the gastric cavity: pertaining to the paragaster or the cavity of the sac of a sponge.

Parage, par′āj, n. equality in law: a woman's portion at marriage. [Par.]

Paragenesis, par-a-jen′e-sis, n. hybridism.—adjs. Paragenet′ic; Paragen′ic, originating with the germ or at the genesis of an individual. [Gr. para, beside, genesis, birth.]

Parageusia, par-a-gū′si-a, n. perverted sense of taste—also Parageu′sis.—adj. Parageu′sic. [Gr. para, beside, geusis, taste.]

Paraglenal, par-a-glē′nal, n. the coracoid of a fish—also adj. [Gr. para, beside, glēnē, a socket.]

Paraglobulin, par-a-glob′ū-lin, n. a globulin found in blood-serum, fibrino-plastin.—Also Paraglō′bin.

Paraglossa, par-a-glos′a, n. one of the two appendages of the ligula in insects.—adjs. Paragloss′al; Paragloss′ate, provided with paraglossæ. [Gr. para, beside, glōssa, the tongue.]

Paragnathous, par-ag′nā-thus, adj. having both mandibles of equal length.—n. Parag′nāthism. [Gr. para, beside, gnathos, the jaw.]

Paragoge, par-a-gō′jē, n. the addition of a letter or a syllable to the end of a word, as amidst for amid, generical for generic—also called epithesis and ecstasis, as opposed to prosthesis and apocope.—adjs. Paragog′ic, -al, forming a paragoge: relating to, or of the nature of, paragoge: added on: additional.—Paragogic future, the cohortative tense in Hebrew grammar—a lengthened form of the imperfect or future tense, usually confined to the first person, giving the sense of 'let me' or 'let us.' [L.,—Gr. from para, beyond, agein, to lead.]

Paragon, par′a-gon, n. a pattern or model with which comparisons are made: (Spens.) a companion or a rival: something supremely excellent: a size of printing-type intermediate between great-primer and double pica, equal to 20 points in the newer system.—v.t. to compare: to bring into comparison with: (Shak.) to surpass. [O. Fr., from Sp. compound prep. para con, in comparison with—L. pro, for, ad, to, con=cum, with.]

Paragram, par′a-gram, n. a play upon words: a pun.—n. Paragram′matist, a punster. [Gr. para, beside, gramma, something written, graphein, to write.]

Paragraph, par′a-graf, n. a distinct part of a discourse or writing marked by ¶, or by being begun on a new line, at more than the usual distance from the margin: a short passage, or a collection of sentences with unity of purpose.—v.t. to form into paragraphs.—ns. Par′agrapher, Par′agraphist, one who writes in paragraphs, esp. for newspapers.—adjs. Paragraph′ic, -al.—adv. Paragraph′ically. [The mark ¶ is the reversed initial of this word, which is, through Fr. and Low L., from Gr. paragraphos—para, beside, graphein, to write.]

Paraheliotropism, par-a-hē-li-ot′rō-pizm, n. the diurnal sleep of plants.—adj. Paraheliotrop′ic. [Gr. para, beside, hēlios, the sun, trepein, to turn.]

Parakeet. See Paroquet.

Paraleipsis, par-a-līp′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which one fixes attention on a subject by pretending to neglect it, as, 'I will not speak of his generosity, his gentleness of disposition, or his reverence for sacred things.' [Gr., from paraleipein, to leave on one side—para, beside, leipein, to leave.]

Paralipomena, par-a-li-pom′e-na, n.pl. things passed over, but given in a supplement, specially the name given in the Septuagint to the First and Second Books of Chronicles, a recapitulation of Second Samuel and the Books of Kings. [Late L.,—Gr. paraleipomena—paraleipein, to pass over.]

Parallax, par′a-laks, n. an apparent change in the position of an object caused by change of position in the observer: (astron.) the difference between the apparent and real place of a star or other celestial object.—adjs. Parallac′tic, -al. [Gr. parallaxis—para, beside, allassein, to change—allos, another.]

Parallel, par′al-lel, adj. side by side: (geom.) extended in the same direction and equi-distant in all parts: with the same direction or tendency: running in accordance with: resembling in all essential points: like or similar.—n. a line equi-distant from another at all points: a line drawn across a map or round a globe at right angles to the axis, marking latitude: likeness: a comparison: counterpart: (pl.) trenches, dug parallel to the outline of a besieged fortress to protect the besiegers (mil.).—v.t. to place so as to be parallel: to correspond, or to make to correspond, to:—pr.p. par′alleling or par′allelling; pa.p. par′alleled or par′allelled.—n. Par′allelism, state of being parallel: resemblance: comparison: likeness of form or meaning, as of two statements, clauses, or verses.—adj. Parallelis′tic, of the nature of, or involving, parallelism.—adv. Par′allelly.—Parallel bars, a pair of bars securely fixed, 4 to 6 feet above the ground, and about 1½ feet apart, used in gymnastics to strengthen the arms; Parallel forces, forces which act in parallel lines, having a single resultant, readily found by the method of moments; Parallel motion, a name given to any linkage by which circular motion may be changed into straight-line motion; Parallel rulers, a mathematical instrument for drawing parallel lines. [Fr.,—L. parallelus—Gr. parallēlos—para, beside, allēlōn, of one another—allos, another.]

Parallelepiped, par-al-lel-e-pī′ped, n. a regular solid, the opposite sides and ends of which form three pairs of equal parallelograms.—Also Parallelepī′pedon, improperly Parallelopī′ped, Parallelopī′pedon. [L.,—Gr. parallēlepipedon—parallēlos, epipedon, a plane surface—epi, on, pedon, the ground.]

Parallelogram, par-al-lel′ō-gram, n. a plane four-sided figure, the opposite sides of which are parallel and equal.—adjs. Parallelogrammat′ic, -al, Parallelogram′mic, -al. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. parallēlos, side by side, gramma, a line—graphein, to write.]

Paralogism, par-al′ō-jizm, n. reasoning beside the point: a conclusion not following from the premises—also Paral′ogy.—v.i. Paral′ogise, to reason falsely. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paralogismos—para, beside, logismos—logos, discourse.]

Paralyse, par′a-līz, v.t. to strike with paralysis or palsy: to make useless: to deaden the action of: to exhaust.—n. Paral′ysis, a loss of the power of motion, sensation, or function in any part of the body: palsy: loss of energy: state of being crippled.—adj. Paralyt′ic, of or pertaining to paralysis: afflicted with or inclined to paralysis.—n. one who is affected with paralysis.—General paralysis, dementia paralytica. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paralyein, paralysein—para, beside, lyein, loosen.]

Paramagnetic, par-a-mag-net′ik, adj. See under Diamagnetic.

Paramastoid, par-a-mas′toid, adj. situated near the mastoid, paroccipital.—n. a paramastoid process.

Paramatta, par-a-mat′a, n. a fabric like merino made of worsted and cotton. [From Paramatta in New South Wales.]

Paramecium, par-a-mē′si-um, n. an infusorian in pond water or vegetable infusions—also Slipper Animalcule:—pl. Paramē′cia. [Gr. paramēkēs, long-shaped, para, beside, mēkos, length.]

Paramenia, par-a-mē′ni-a, n.pl. disordered menstruation. [Gr. para, beside, mēn, a month.]

Paramere, par′a-mēr, n. (biol.) a radiated part or organ: either half of a bi-laterally symmetrical animal—usually Antimere.—adj. Paramer′ic. [Gr. para, beside, meros, a part.]

Parameter, par-am′ē-tėr, n. (geom.) the constant quantity which enters into the equation of a curve: in conic sections, a third proportional to any diameter and its conjugate diameter. [Gr. para, beside, metron, measure.]

Paramnesia, par-am-nē′si-a, n. false memory. [Gr. para, beside, mim-nēskein, to remind.]

Paramo, par′a-mō, n. a bare wind-swept elevated plain. [Sp.]

Paramorph, par′a-morf, n. (min.) a pseudomorph formed by a change in molecular structure without change of chemical composition.—adjs. Paramorph′ic, Paramorph′ous.—ns. Paramorph′ism, Paramorphō′sis. [Gr. para, beside, morphē, form.]

Paramount, par′a-mownt, adj. superior to all others: chief: of the highest order or importance—opp. to Paravail.—n. the chief: a superior.—adv. Par′amountly. [O. Fr. par amont, par—L. prep. per; cf. Amount.]

Paramour, par′a-mōōr, n. a lover of either sex, now usually in the illicit sense. [Fr. par amour, by or with love—L. per amorem.]

Paranema, par-a-nē′ma, n. (bot.) paraphysis.—adj. Paranemat′ic. [Gr. para, about, nēma, a thread.]

Parang, par′ang, n. a heavy Malay knife. [Malay.]

Parangon, pa-rang′gon, n. a jeweller's term for a gem of remarkable excellence. [Fr.]

Paranœa, par-a-nē′a, n. chronic mental derangement—also Paranoi′a.—ns. Paranœ′ac, Paranoi′ac.—adj. Paranœ′ic. [Gr. para, beside, noein, to think.]

Paranthelion, par-an-thē′li-on, n. a diffuse whitish image of the sun, having the same altitude, at an angular distance of about 120°—due to reflection from atmospheric ice-prisms. [Gr. para, beside, anti, against, hēlios, the sun.]

Paranucleus, par-a-nū′klē-us, n. (biol.) an accessory nucleus in some protozoans.—adjs. Paranū′clear, Paranū′cleate.—n. Paranūclē′olus, a mass of substance extruded from the nucleus, in pollen and spore mother-cells before division.

Paranymph, par′a-nimf, n. a friend of the bridegroom who escorted the bride on the way to her marriage: a bride's-man: one who countenances and supports another. [Gr. para, beside, nymphē, a bride.]

Parapeptone, par-a-pep′tōn, n. a proteid compound formed in gastric digestion, acid albumen.

Parapet, par′a-pet, n. a rampart breast-high, to protect soldiers on a wall from the fire of an enemy: a breast-high wall on a bridge, house-roof, a platform, &c., to prevent persons from falling over.—adj. Par′apeted, having a parapet. [Fr.,—It. parapetto—It. parare, to adorn—L. parāre, to prepare, It. petto—L. pectus, the breast.]

Paraph, par′af, n. a mark or flourish under one's signature.—v.t. to append a paraph to, to sign with initials. [Paragraph.]

Paraphasia, par-a-fā′zi-a, n. a form of aphasia in which one word is substituted for another.

Paraphernalia, par-a-fėr-nāl′i-a, n.pl. ornaments of dress of any kind: trappings: that which a bride brings over and above her dowry: the clothes, jewels, &c. which a wife possesses beyond her dowry in her own right. [Late L. parapherna—Gr., from para, beyond, phernē, a dowry—pherein, to bring.]

Paraphimosis, par-a-fī-mō′sis, n. strangulation of the glans penis by constriction of the prepuce.

Paraphonia, par-a-fō′ni-a, n. in Byzantine music, a melodic progression by consonances (fourths and fifths): an abnormal condition of the voice: an alteration of the voice, as at puberty. [Gr. para, beside, phōnē, the voice.]

Paraphragm, par′a-fram, n. a kind of lateral diaphragm in Crustacea.—adj. Paraphrag′mal. [Gr. para, beside, phrassein, to fence.]

Paraphrase, par′a-frāz, n. a saying of the same thing in other words, often more fully and more clearly: an explanation of a passage: a loose or free translation: (Scot.) one of a certain number of Scripture passages turned into verse for use in the service of praise.—v.t. to say the same thing in other words: to render more fully: to interpret or translate freely.—v.i. to make a paraphrase.—n. Par′aphrast, one who paraphrases.—adjs. Paraphrast′ic, -al, of the nature of a paraphrase: more clear and ample than the original passage: free, loose, diffuse.—adv. Paraphrast′ically.—Paraphrastic conjugation, one composed of the verb sum (am) with participial forms of the verbs conjugated (amaturus sum, &c.). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paraphrasis—para, beside, phrasis, a speaking—phrazein, to speak.]

Paraphyllum, par-a-fil′um, n. (bot.) a small foliaceous organ between the leaves of some mosses. [Gr. para, beside, phyllon, a leaf.]

Paraphysis, pa-raf′i-sis, n. an erect sterile filament accompanying the sexual organs of some cryptogamous plants:—pl. Paraph′ysēs.

Paraplegia, par-a-plē′ji-a, n. a form of spinal paralysis in which voluntary motion and sensation are interrupted below the level of the affected part of the spinal cord, while reflex movements may be preserved and certain forms even increased.—adjs. Paraplec′tic, Paraplē′gic. [Gr. para, beside, plēssein, to strike.]

Parapleurum, par-a-plōō′rum, n. one of the pleura or sternal side-pieces in a beetle, &c.—Also Parapleu′ron. [Gr. para, beside, pleuron, side.]

Parapodium, par-a-pō′di-um, n. one of the jointless lateral appendages of an annelid:—pl. Parapō′dia. [Gr. para, beside, pous, podos, a foot.]

Parapophysis, par-a-pof′i-sis, n. the inferior or anterior process on the side of a vertebra—the superior or posterior one being a diapophysis.—adj. Parapophys′ial. [Gr. para, beside, apophysis, an offshoot.]

Parapsis, pa-rap′sis, n. (entom.) one of the two lateral parts of the mesoscutum of the thorax.—adj. Parap′sidal. [Gr. para, beside, hapsis, a loop.]

Parapsis, pa-rap′sis, n. a disordered sense of touch.—Also Parā′phia. [Gr. para, beside, hapsis, a touching.]

Parapterum, pa-rap′te-rum, n. (entom.) the third sclerite of each pleuron, or lateral segment of each thoracic somite—the first and second, the episternum, and the epimeron: in birds, the scapular and adjoining feathers of the wing.—adj. Parap′teral. [Gr. para, beside, pteron, a wing.]

Paraquito, par-a-kē′to, n. Same as Paroquet, Parrakeet.

Pararctalia, par-ark-tā′li-a, n. the northern temperate realm of the waters of the globe.—adj. Pararctā′lian.

Pararthria, pa-rär′thri-ä, n. disordered articulation of speech. [Gr. para, beside, arthron, a joint.]

Parasang, par′a-sang, n. a Persian measure of length, containing 30 stadia, equal to about 3¾ miles. [Gr. parasangēs—Pers. farsang.]

Parascenium, par-a-sē′ni-um, n. in the Greek theatre, one of the wings on either side of the proscenium:—pl. Parascē′nia. [Gr.]

Parasceve, par′a-sēv, n. the eve before the Jewish Sabbath when the preparations are made: sometimes applied to Good-Friday: (obs.) preparation.—adj. Parascenas′tic. [Gr. paraskeuē, preparation—para, beside, skeuē, equipment.]

Paraschematic, par-a-skē-mat′ik, adj. imitative. [Gr. para, beside, schēma, a scheme.]

Paraselene, par-a-se-lē′nē, n. a mock moon, seen in connection with a lunar rainbow (cf. Parahelion):—pl. Paraselē′næ.—adj. Paraselen′ic. [Gr. para, beside, selēnē, the moon.]

Parasite, par′a-sīt, n. one who frequents another's table: a hanger-on: a sycophant: (bot.) a plant growing upon and nourished by the juices of another: (zool.) an animal which lives on another—its host.—adjs. Parasit′ic, -al, like a parasite: fawning: acting as a sycophant: living on other plants or animals.—adv. Parasit′ically.—ns. Parasit′icalness; Parasit′icide, that which destroys parasites; Par′asitism; Parasitol′ogist; Parasitol′ogy. [Fr.,—L. parasītus—Gr. parasitos—para, beside, sitos, corn.]

Parasol, par′a-sol, n. a small umbrella used by women as a shade from the sun.—v.t. to shelter from the sun. [Fr.,—It. parasole—parare, to keep off—L. parāre, to prepare, sol, solis, the sun.]

Parasphenoid, par-a-sfē′noid, n. a bone which in some Vertebrata underlies the base of the skull from the basi-occipital to the presphenoidal region.—adj. lying under or alongside the sphenoid.

Parasynthesis, par-a-sin′the-sis, n. the principle of forming words by a combined process of derivation and composition with a particle.—adj. Parasynthet′ic.—n. Parasyn′theton, a word so formed:—pl. Parasyn′theta.

Parataxis, par-a-tak′sis, n. (gram.) the arrangement of clauses or propositions without connectives. [Gr.]

Parathesis, pa-rath′e-sis, n. (gram.) apposition: (philol.) the setting side by side of things of equivalent grade in the monosyllabic or isolating languages: (rhet.) a parenthetic notice of something to be afterwards explained: in the Eastern Church, a prayer of the bishop over converts or catechumens. [Gr.]

Paratonic, par-a-ton′ik, adj. retarding a plant's growth. [Gr. para, beside, teinein, to stretch.]

Paravail, par′a-vāl, adj. inferior: lowest, said of a feudal tenant: of least account—opp. to Paramount. [O. Fr. par aval, below—L. per, through, ad, to, vallem, a valley.]

Paravant, Paravaunt, par′a-vänt, adv. (Spens.) in front, first, beforehand. [O. Fr. paravant—par, through, avant, before—L. ab, from, ante, before.]

Parbake, pär′bāk, v.t. to bake partially. [Formed on analogy of parboil.]

Parboil, pär′boil, v.t. to boil slightly or in part—as if from part and boil.

Parbreak, pär′brāk, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to throw out, to vomit.—n. (Spens.) vomit. [Fr. par—L. per, through, and break.]

Parbuckle, pär′buk'l, n. a purchase made by looping a rope in the middle to aid in rolling casks up or down an incline, or in furling a sail by rolling the yards: a sling made by passing both ends of a rope through its bight.—v.t. to hoist or lower by a parbuckle:—pr.p. par′buckling; pa.p. par′buckled. [Prob. L. par, equal, and buckle.]

Parcæ, pär′sē, n.pl. the Fates.

Parcel, pär′sel, n. a little part: a portion: a quantity, as of single articles: a number forming a group or a lot: a package.—v.t. to divide into portions:—pr.p. par′celling; pa.t. and pa.p. par′celled.—n. Par′cel-bawd (Shak.), one partly a bawd.—adjs. Par′cel-beard′ed (Tenn.), partially bearded; Par′cel-gilt, partially gilded.—n. Par′cel-off′ice, a place where parcels are received for despatch and delivery.—Parcels post, that department of the post-office which takes charge of the forwarding and delivery of small parcels. [Fr. parcelle (It. particella)—L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.]

Parcenary, par′se-nā-ri, n. co-heirship.—n. Par′cener, a co-heir.

Parch, pärch, v.t. to burn slightly: to scorch.—v.i. to be scorched: to become very dry.—adj. Parched, scorched.—adv. Parch′edly.—n. Parch′edness. [M. E. parchen, either a variety of per(s)chen=peris(c)hen, to kill, or from perchen, to pierce.]

Parchment, pärch′ment, n. the skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on.—Parchment paper, or Vegetable parchment (see Paper).—Virgin parchment, a fine kind of parchment made from the skins of new-born lambs or kids. [Fr. parchemin—L. pergamena (charta, paper)—from Gr. Pergamos.]

Pard, pärd, n. (slang) a partner, mate.

Pard, pärd, n. the panther: the leopard: in poetry, any spotted animal.—n. Pard′ale (Spens.). [L. pardus—Gr. pardos, the panther, the leopard.]

Pardieu, pär′dū, Pardi, Pardy, pär′di, adv. (Spens.) in truth: certainly. [Fr., by God—par—L. per, through, by, Dieu—L. deus, God.]

Pardon, pär′don, v.t. to forgive, said either of an offender or of a crime: to pass by without punishment or blame: to set free from punishment: to let off without doing something.—n. forgiveness, either of an offender or of his offence: remission of a penalty or punishment: a warrant declaring a pardon: a papal indulgence.—adj. Par′donable, that may be pardoned: excusable.—n. Par′donableness.—adv. Par′donably.—n. Par′doner, one who pardons: formerly, one licensed to sell papal indulgences.—p.adj. Par′doning, disposed to pardon: forgiving: exercising the right or power to pardon: conferring authority to grant pardon.—Pardon me, excuse me—used in apology and to soften a contradiction. [Fr. pardonner—Low L. perdonāre—L. per, through, away, donāre, to give.]

Pardy, pär′di, adv. A form of pardieu.

Pare, pār, v.t. to cut or shave off: to trim, or to remove by cutting: to diminish by littles.—n. Pār′er, one who, or that which, pares. [Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare.]

Paregoric, par-ē-gor′ik, adj. soothing, lessening pain.—n. a medicine that soothes pain: tincture of opium. [L.,—Gr. parēgorikos—parēgorein, to exhort.]

Pareil, par-el′, n. an equal. [Fr.,—L. par, equal.]

Pareira, pa-rā′ra, n. a tonic diuretic drug derived from various South and Central American plants. [Braz.]

Parella, pa-rel′la, n. a crustaceous lichen yielding archil, cudbear, and litmus.—Also Parelle′. [Fr. parelle.]

Parembole, pa-rem′bō-lē, n. (rhet.) an inserted phrase modifying or explaining the thought of the sentence—closer to the context than a parenthesis. [Gr.]

Parenchyma, pa-reng′ki-mä, n. the soft cellular tissue of glandular and other organs, as the pith in plants or the pulp in fruits.—adjs. Parench′ymal, Parenchym′atous, Parench′ymous. [Gr., para, beside, engchein, to pour in.]

Parenesis, pa-ren′e-sis, n. persuasion.—adjs. Parenet′ic, -al, hortatory. [Gr. parainesis, exhortation, para, beside, ainein, to praise.]

Parent, pār′ent, n. one who begets or brings forth: a father or a mother: one who, or that which, produces: an author: a cause.—n. Par′entage, descent from parents: birth: extraction: rank or character derived from one's parents or ancestors: relation of parents to their children.—adj. Parent′al, pertaining to, or becoming, parents: affectionate: tender.—adv. Parent′ally.—ns. Par′enthood, state of being a parent: duty or feelings of a parent; Parent′icide, one who kills a parent.—adj. Par′entless, without a parent. [Fr., 'kinsman'—L. parens, for pariens, -entis, pr.p. of parĕre, to bring forth.]

Parenthesis, pa-ren′the-sis, n. a word, phrase, or sentence put in or inserted in another which is grammatically complete without it: (pl.) the marks ( ) used to mark off a parenthesis:—pl. Paren′theses (-sēz).—v.i. Parenth′esise.—adjs. Parenthet′ic, -al, of the nature of a parenthesis: expressed in a parenthesis: using parentheses.—adv. Parenthet′ically. [Gr.,—para, beside, en, in, thesis, a placing—tithenai, to place.]

Parergon, pa-rėr′gon, n. a by-work, any work subsidiary to another. [Gr.,—para, beside, ergon, work.]

Paresis, par′e-sis, n. a diminished activity of function—a partial form of paralysis.—adj. Paret′ic. [Gr., parienai, to relax.]

Parfay, pär-fā′, interj. by or in faith. [Fr.]

Parfilage, pär′fi-lāj, n. the unravelling of woven fabrics, to save gold or silver threads. [Fr.]

Parfleche, pär-flesh′, n. rawhide of buffalo-skin stripped of hair and dried on a stretcher: a wallet, tent, &c. of such material. [Canadian Fr.,—Ind.]

Pargasite, pär′ga-sīt, n. a dark-green crystallised variety of amphibole or hornblende.

Parget, pär′jet, n. (Spens.) the plaster of a wall: paint.—v.t. to plaster: to paint.—ns. Par′geter; Par′geting, Parge′-work. [L. paries, parietis, a wall; or Low L. spargitāre, to sprinkle—L. spargĕre.]

Parhelion, par-hē′li-un, n. a bright light caused by refraction of light through ice crystals floating in the air, sometimes seen near the sun, and sometimes opposite to the sun, when it is called anthelion:—pl. Parhē′lia.—adjs. Parhel′ic, Parhelī′acal. [Gr. para, beside, hēlios, the sun.]

Pariah, pār′i-a, n. a member of a caste in southern India, lower than the four Brahminical castes: one who has lost his caste: an outcast. [Tamil.]

Parian, pā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or found in the island of Paros, in the Ægean Sea.—n. an inhabitant of Paros: a fine porcelain for statuettes, resembling marble.—Parian marble, a fine marble found in Paros, much used by the ancients for statues.

Paridigitate, par-i-dij′i-tāt, adj. having an even number of digits.

Parietal, pa-rī′et-al, adj. pertaining to a wall or walls: (anat.) forming the sides: (bot.) growing from the inner lining of an organ, and not from the axis, as seeds in the ovary.—n. one of the bones of the skull. [L. parietalis—paries, parietis, a wall.]

Paring, pār′ing, n. act of trimming or cutting off: that which is pared off: rind: the cutting off of the surface of grass land for tillage.

Paripinnate, par-i-pin′āt, adj. (bot.) equally pinnate.

Parish, par′ish, n. a district under one pastor: an ecclesiastical district having officers of its own and supporting its own poor: the people of a parish.—adj. belonging or relating to a parish: employed or supported by the parish.—n. Parish′ioner, one who belongs to or is connected with a parish: a member of a parish church.—Parish clerk, the clerk or recording officer of a parish: the one who leads the responses in the service of the Church of England; Parish priest, a priest who has charge of a parish; Parish register, a book in which the births, marriages, and deaths of a parish are registered. [Fr. paroisse—L. parœcia—Gr. paroikia—paroikos, dwelling beside—para, beside, oikos, a dwelling.]

Parisian, par-iz′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to Paris.—n. a native or resident of Paris:—fem. Parisienne′.—Paris doll, a small figure dressed in the latest fashions, sent out by Paris modistes.

Parisyllabic, par-i-si-lab′ik, adj. having the same number of syllables.

Paritor, par′i-tor, n. Same as Apparitor.

Parity, par′i-ti, n. state of being equal in rank, position, quality, &c.: resemblance: analogy. [Fr. parité—L. paritas—par, equal.]

Park, pärk, n. an enclosed piece of land for a special purpose, as for wild beasts: a grass field: a tract of land surrounding a mansion: a piece of ground enclosed for recreation: (mil.) a space in an encampment occupied by the artillery; hence, a collection of artillery, or stores in an encampment.—v.t. to enclose: to bring together in a body, as artillery.—n. Park′er, the keeper of a park. [A.S. pearroc, prob. modified by Fr. parc.]

Parlance, pär′lans, n. speaking: conversation: peculiar manner of conversation.—adj. and adv. Parlan′do, declamatory in style: in recitative.—v.i. Parle (Shak.), to talk.—n. (Shak.) talk, conversation.—v.i. Par′ley, to speak with another: to confer on some important point: to treat with an enemy.—n. talk: a conference with an enemy in war. [Fr. parler—L. parabola—Gr. parabolē, a parable, word.]

Parliament, pär′li-ment, n. a meeting for deliberation: the supreme legislature of Great Britain, also of some of her colonies: in France, down to the Revolution, one of certain superior and final courts of judicature, in which also the edicts of the king were registered before becoming law.—adjs. Parliamentā′rian, adhering to the Parliament in opposition to Charles I.; Parliament′ary, pertaining to parliament: enacted or done by parliament: according to the rules and practices of legislative bodies.—Parliamentary agent, a person employed by private persons or societies for drafting bills or managing business to be brought before parliament; Parliamentary borough, a borough having the right of sending a member or members to parliament; Parliamentary train, a train which, by act of parliament, runs both ways along a line of railway, at least once each day, at the rate of one penny per mile.—Act of parliament, a statute that has passed through both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and received the formal royal assent. [Fr. parlement—parler, to speak.]

Parlour, pär′lur, n. an ordinary family sitting-room: a room for receiving guests in.—n. Par′lour-board′er, a pupil at a boarding-school who enjoys particular privileges. [Fr., parloir—parler, to speak.]

Parlous, pär′lus, adj. perilous, venturesome, notable.—adv. Par′lously. [Perilous.]

Parmacety, par-mas-it′i, n. (Shak.) a corr. of spermaceti.

Parmesan, par-me-zan′, adj. pertaining to Parma.—n. Parmesan cheese.

Parnassus, par-nas′us, n. a mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.—adj. Parnass′ian.—Grass of Parnassus, a plant with beautiful white or yellowish flowers.

Parnellism, pär′nel-izm, n. the plans and methods of agitation used by Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-91) for the purpose of promoting 'Home Rule' for Ireland.—n. Par′nellite, one of the followers of C. S. Parnell.—adj. of or pertaining to the nationalist movement led by Parnell.

Paroccipital, par-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated near the occiput.

Parochial, par-ō′ki-al, adj. of or relating to a parish: restricted or confined within narrow limits—of sentiments, tastes, &c.—v.t. Parō′chialise, to form into parishes.—n. Parō′chialism, a system of local government which makes the parish the unit—hence provincialism, narrowness of view.—adv. Parō′chially.—Parochial Board (in Scotland), the board in each parish which relieves the poor. [L. parochialis—parochia, a variant of parœcia.]

Parody, par′o-di, n. an imitation of a poem in which its words and ideas are so far changed as to produce a ridiculous effect.—v.t. to turn into parody, to make a parody of:—pa.p. par′odied.—adjs. Parod′ic, -al.—n. Par′odist, one who writes a parody. [L.,—Gr. parōdia—para, beside, ōdē, an ode.]

Parole, par-ōl′, n. word of mouth: (mil.) word of honour (esp. by a prisoner of war, to fulfil certain conditions): the daily password in a camp or garrison.—adj. given by word of mouth: oral—opp. to Documentary, as parole evidence. [Fr.,—L. parabola, a parable, saying.]

Paronomasia, par-ō-nō-mā′zhi-a, n. a rhetorical figure in which words similar in sound but different in meaning are set in opposition to each other: a play upon words—also Paronom′asy.—adjs. Paronomas′tic, -al.—ns. Par′onyme, Par′onym, a paronymous word—opp. to Homonym.—adj. Paron′ymous, formed by a slight change of word or name: derived from the same root: having the same sound, but different in spelling and meaning.—n. Paron′ymy, quality of being paronymous. [Gr. para, beside, onoma, name.]

Paroquet, Parroquet, par′o-ket, n. a small long-tailed tropical and subtropical parrot.—Also Parr′akeet. [Fr. perroquet—Pierrot, dim. of Pierre, Peter.]

Parosmia, pa-ros′mi-a, n. a perversion of the sense of smell. [Gr. para, beside, osmē, smell.]

Parotid, par-ot′id, n. the largest of the three pairs of salivary glands, situated immediately in front of the ear—also Parō′tis.—adj. Parot′ic, auricular, situated about the outer ear.—ns. Parotidī′tis, Parotī′tis, inflammation of the parotic gland. [L.,—Gr. parōtis, -idos—para, beside, ous, ōtos, ear.]

Paroxysm, par′oks-izm, n. a fit of acute pain occurring at intervals: a fit of passion: any sudden violent action.—adjs. Paroxys′mal, Paroxys′mic, pertaining to, or occurring in, paroxysms. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paroxysmos—para, beyond, oxys, sharp.]

Paroxytone, par-ok′si-tōn, adj. having the acute accent on the last syllable but one.—n. a word with an acute accent on the second last syllable.—v.t. to accent a word in this way.

Parquet, pär-ket′, n. the part of the floor of a theatre, &c., behind the musicians' seats, but not under the gallery: the pit or the whole of the floor of a theatre: parquetry.—n. Par′quetry, woodwork inlaid with figures, for floors. [Fr. parquet, an inlaid floor, dim. of parc, an enclosure.]

Parr, pär, n. a young salmon.

Parrakeet, par′a-kēt, n. Same as Paroquet.

Parrhesia, pa-rē′si-a, n. boldness of speech. [Gr.]

Parricide, par′ri-sīd, n. the murder of one's own father or mother: the murder of a parent: the murder of any one to whom reverence is due.—adj. Parricid′al, pertaining to, or committing, parricide. [Fr.,—L. parricida (for patri-cida)—pater, patris, father, cædĕre, to slay.]

Parrot, par′rut, n. one of a family of tropical and subtropical birds, with brilliant plumage and a hooked bill, remarkable for their faculty of imitating the human voice: a repeater of the words of others.—v.t. and v.i. to repeat by rote.—ns. Par′rot-coal, a kind of coal which crepitates in burning; Par′roter; Par′rot-fish, a name applied to various fishes, from their colours or the shape of their jaws; Par′rotry, servile imitation. [Contr. of Fr. perroquet.]

Parry, par′i, v.t. to ward or keep off: to turn aside: to avoid:—pa.t. and pa.p. parr′ied.—n. a turning aside of a blow or a thrust: a defensive movement of any kind. [Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare, in Low L. to keep off.]

Parse, pärs, v.t. (gram.) to tell the parts of speech of a sentence and the relations of the various words to each other.—n. Pars′ing. [L. pars (orationis), a part of speech.]

Parsee, Parsi, pär′sē, n. one of the surviving remnant of Zoroastrianism which took refuge in India in the 7th century: a fire-worshipper.—n. Par′seeism. [Pers. Pārsī—Pārs, Persia.]

Parsimony, pär′si-mun-i, n. sparingness in the spending of money: frugality: niggardliness.—adj. Parsimō′nious, sparing in the use of money: frugal to excess: niggardly: covetous.—adv. Parsimō′niously.—n. Parsimō′niousness. [Fr.,—L. parsimonia, parcimonia—parcĕre, to spare.]

Parsley, pärs′li, n. a bright-green herb, with finely divided, strongly scented leaves, used in cookery. [Fr. persil—L. petroselinum—Gr. petroselinon—petros, a rock, selinon, a kind of parsley.]

Parsnip, Parsnep, pärs′nip, n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. [O. Fr. pastenaque—L. pastinaca—pastinum, a dibble.]

Parson, pär′sn, n. the priest or incumbent of a parish: a clergyman: one who is licensed to preach.—n. Par′sonage, the residence of the minister of a parish: (orig.) the house, lands, tithes, &c. set apart for the support of the minister of a parish.—adjs. Parson′ic, Par′sonish, pertaining to or like a parson. [O. Fr. persone—L. persōna, a person.]

Part, pärt, n. something less than the whole: a portion: a quantity or number making up with others a larger quantity or number: a fraction: a member or essential part of a whole: a proportional quantity: one's share: interest: side or party: action: character taken by an actor in a play: (math.) a quantity which taken a certain number of times will equal a larger quantity: an exact divisor: (mus.) one of the melodies of a harmony: (pl.) qualities: talents.—v.t. to divide: to make into parts: to put or keep asunder.—v.i. to be separated: to be torn asunder: to have a part or share.—adj. Part′ed (Shak.), endowed with parts or abilities: (bot.) deeply cleft, as a leaf.—n. Part′er.—adv. Part′ly, in part: in some degree.—Part of speech (gram.), one of the various classes of words.—For my part, as far as concerns me; For the most part, commonly; In bad, or ill, part, unfavourably; In good part, favourably; Take part in, to share or to assist in; Take part with, to take one's side. [Fr.,—L. pars, partis.]

Partake, pär-tāk′, v.i. to take or have a part, either absolutely, or with of or in before the thing shared, as food, &c.: to have something of the nature or properties, &c.: to be admitted: (Shak.) to make common cause.—v.t. to have a part in: to share: (Shak.) to communicate:—pr.p. partā′king; pa.t. partook′; pa.p. partā′ken.—ns. Partā′ker, one who shares in along with others: a partner: an accomplice; Partā′king, a sharing: (law) a combination in an evil design. [Part and take.]

Partan, par′tan, n. (Scot.) a small edible sea-crab. [Gael.]

Parterre, par-ter′, n. an arrangement of flower-plots with spaces of turf or gravel between for walks: the pit of a theatre, esp. beneath the galleries. [Fr.,—L. per terram, along the ground.]

Parthenogenesis, pär-the-nō-jen′e-sis, n. reproduction without renewed impregnation by a male, as in aphids or plant-lice, &c.—also Parthenog′eny.—adjs. Parthenogenet′ic, Parthenog′enous. [Gr. parthenos, a virgin, genesis, production.]

Parthenon, pär′the-non, n. the temple of Athēnē Parthĕnos, on the Acropolis at Athens. [Gr. Parthenōn—parthenos, a virgin.]

Parthian, par′thi-an, adj. of or belonging to Parthia, in Persia.—A Parthian shot, a shot or blow given while pretending to fly, a parting shot.

Partial, pär′shal, adj. relating to a part only: not total or entire: inclined to favour one person or party: having a preference: (bot.) subordinate.—v.t. Par′tialise (Shak.), to render partial.—ns. Par′tialism, the doctrine of the Partialists; Par′tialist, one who holds that the atonement of Christ was made only for a part of mankind; Partial′ity, state or quality of being partial: liking for one thing more than for others.—adv. Par′tially.[Fr.,—Low L. partialis—L. pars, a part.]

Partible, pär′ti-bl, adj. that may be parted: separable.—n. Partibil′ity.

Partibus, par′ti-bus, n. in Scots law, a note on the margin of a summons, giving name and designation of the pursuer.—In partibus infidelium, a phrase applying formerly to bishops who were merely titular, without regular jurisdiction, their function to assist some other bishop or to act as delegates of the Pope where no hierarchy had as yet been established.

Participate, pär-tis′i-pāt, v.i. to partake: to have a share.—v.t. to receive a part or share of.—n. Pär′ticeps crim′inis, one who, although not present, helps in any way the commission of a crime, or who after the deed assists or hides the person who did it.—adjs. Partic′ipable, capable of being participated in or shared; Partic′ipant, participating: sharing.—n. a partaker.—adv. Partic′ipantly.—n. Participā′tion.—adj. Partic′ipātive, capable of participating.—n. Partic′ipātor, one who partakes with another: a sharer. [L. participāre, -ātum—pars, part, capĕre, to take.]

Participle, pär′ti-si-pl, n. a word having the value of an adjective but regularly formed from a verb.—adj. Particip′ial, having the nature of a participle: formed from a participle.—adv. Particip′ially.[L.,—participium—particeps—pars, a part, capĕre, to take.]

Particle, pär′ti-kl, n. a little part: a very small portion: (physics) the minutest part into which a body can be divided: an atom: (gram.) an indeclinable word, as a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection: a word that can only be used in composition, as wise in sidewise: (R.C. Church) a crumb of consecrated bread, also the 'smaller breads' used in the communion of the laity.—adj. Partic′ular, relating to a part of anything: pertaining to a single person or thing: individual: special: worthy of special attention: concerned with or marking things single or distinct: exact: nice in taste: precise.—n. a distinct or minute part: a single point: a single instance: (pl.) details.—n. Particularisā′tion.—v.t. Partic′ularise, to mention the particulars of: to enumerate in detail: to give a special description of.—v.i. to mention or attend to single things or minute details.—ns. Partic′ularism, attention to one's own interest or party: a particular or minute description: the doctrine that salvation is offered only to particular individuals, the elect, and not freely to the whole race on condition of faith; Partic′ularist, one who holds the doctrine of particularism.—adj. Particularist′ic.—n. Particular′ity, quality of being particular: minuteness of detail: a single act or case: a single or a minute circumstance: something peculiar or singular.—adv. Partic′ularly, in an especial manner: in a high degree: (B.) in detail.—n. Partic′ularness.—adj. Partic′ulāte, having the form of a small particle.—In particular, specially, distinctly. [Fr.,—L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.]

Partim, part′im, adv. in part. [L.]

Parting, pärt′ing, adj. putting apart: separating: departing: given at parting.—n. the act of parting: a division: a point or a line of division: the division of the hair on the head in dressing it: (geol.) a division of a mineral into layers: a snapping or breaking under a great strain, as of a cable.—n. Part′ing-cup, a drinking-cup with two handles on opposite sides.

Partisan, pär′ti-zan, n. an adherent of a party or a faction: one who is too strongly devoted to his own party or sect to be able to understand or to judge fairly of others.—adj. adhering to a party.—n. Par′tisanship. [Fr. (It. partigiano),—L. partīri.]

Partisan, pär′ti-zan, n. a kind of halberd or long-handled weapon, common in the Middle Ages: a soldier armed with such a weapon. [O. Fr. pertuisane, which is perh. from Old High Ger. parta a battle-axe, seen in halberd.]

Partition, par-tish′un, n. act of parting or dividing: state of being divided: separate part: that which divides: a wall between apartments: the place where separation is made.—v.t. to divide into shares: to divide into parts by walls.—adjs. Par′tīte, divided into parts: (bot.) parted nearly to the base; Par′titive, parting: dividing: distributive.—n. (gram.) a word denoting a part or partition.—adv. Par′titively. [Fr.,—L. partitio—partīri, divide.]

Partlet, pärt′let, n. a ruff or band worn round the neck or shoulders by women: a hen, from its habit of ruffling the feathers round its neck. [Prob. O. Fr. Pertelote, a woman's name.]

Partner, pärt′nėr, n. a sharer: an associate: one engaged with another in business: one who plays on the same side in a game: one who dances with another: a husband or wife.—v.t. (Shak.) to join as a partner.—ns. Part′nership, state of being a partner: a contract between persons engaged in any business; Sleep′ing-part′ner, one who has money invested in a business, but takes no part in its management.

Partridge, pär′trij, n. a genus of gallinaceous birds preserved for game.—n. Par′tridge-wood, a hard variegated wood, from Brazil and the West Indies, used in cabinet-work. [Fr. perdrix—L. perdix, perdicis—Gr. perdix.]

Part-singing, pärt′-sing-ing, n. act or practice of singing different parts in harmony.—n. Part′-song, a song sung in parts.

Parture, pärt′ūr, n. (Spens.) departure.

Parturient, pär-tū′ri-ent, adj. bringing, or about to bring, forth young: fruitful.—n. Partūri′tion, act of bringing forth.—adj. Partū′ritive. [L. parturiens, -entis, pr.p. of parturīre—parĕre, to bring forth.]

Party, pär′ti, n. a part of a greater number of persons: a faction: a company met for a particular purpose, as a dinner party, a pleasure party, &c.: an assembly: one concerned in any affair: the person or persons on either side in a law-suit: (colloq.) a single individual spoken of: (mil.) a detachment of soldiers.—adj. belonging to a party and not to the whole: consisting of different parties, parts, or things: (her.) parted or divided.—adjs. Par′ti-coat′ed, having on a coat of various colours; Par′ti-col′oured, coloured differently at different parts.—ns. Par′tyism, devotion to party; Par′ty-ju′ry, a jury half of natives and half of aliens; Par′ty-man, a member of a party: a partisan; Par′ty-pol′itics, politics viewed from a party stand-point, or arranged to suit the views or interests of a party; Par′ty-spir′it, the unreasonable spirit shown by a party-man toward those who do not belong to his party.—adj. Par′ty-spir′ited.—ns. Par′ty-ver′dict, a joint verdict; Par′ty-wall, a wall between two adjoining properties, built half on one and half on the other: a wall separating one house from another. [O. Fr. partir—L. partīri, to divide—pars, a part.]

Parure, pa-rür′, n. a set of ornaments, &c. [Fr.]

Parvanimity, par-va-nim′i-ti, n. littleness of mind.

Parvenu, pär′ve-nū, n. an upstart: one newly risen into notice or power.—adj. like a parvenu. [Fr., pa.p. of parvenir—L. pervenīre, to arrive at—per, through, venīre, to come.]

Parvis, Parvise, pär′vis, n. a porch, or an enclosed space before a church: a room over a church porch used as a store, or schoolroom, or as an ecclesiastic's chamber. [O. Fr.,—Low L. paravisus, corr. of Gr. paradeisos; cf. Paradise.]

Pas, pä, n. a step, as in dancing or marching: a dance, as in 'Pas seul'=a dance by one person, 'Pas deux'=a dance of two persons.—Pas d'armes, a joust, a tilt, or a tourney.—Have the pas of one, to take precedence of him. [Fr.]

Pasch, pask, n. the Jewish Passover: Easter.—adj. Pasch′al, pertaining to the Passover, or to Easter.—ns. Pasch′al-can′dle, a large candle blessed and placed on the altar on the day before Easter; Pasch′al-flow′er (see Pasque); Pasch′al-lamb, the lamb slain and eaten at the Jewish Passover; Pasch′-egg, an Easter-egg.—Pasch of the Cross, Good-Friday; Paschal controversy, a long dispute in the early church about the proper time for celebrating Easter. [A.S. pascha—L.,—Gr.,—Heb. pesach, the Passover—pasach, to pass over.]

Pascuage, pas′kū-āj, n. the grazing or pasturing of cattle.—adjs. Pas′cūal, Pas′cūous. [L. pascuum, pasture—pascĕre, to feed.]

Pash, pash, v.t. (Shak.) to strike, to dash, to crush.—n. a blow. [Perh. imit.]

Pash, pash, n. (Shak.) the head, the face.

Pasha, Pacha, pash′ä, n. a title given to Turkish officers who are governors of provinces or hold high naval and military commands.—ns. Pash′alic, Pach′alic, the jurisdiction of a pasha. [Turk.,—Pers. pāshā, pādshāh.]

Pasigraphy, pa-sig′ra-fi, n. a system of language-signs universally intelligible.—adjs. Pasigraph′ic, -al.—n. Pas′ilaly, universal speech. [Gr. pas, all, graphein, to write.]

Pasque-flower, pask′-flow′ėr, n. one of several genera of anemone, blooming about Easter—also Campana and Dane-flower.

Pasquin, pas′kwin, n. a lampoon or satire—also Pas′quil.—v.t. and v.i. to lampoon or satirise—also Pas′quil.—ns. Pas′quilant, Pas′quiler, Pasquinā′der, a lampooner; Pasquināde′, a lampoon.—v.t. to lampoon. [Pasquino, a sarcastic tailor in Rome in the 15th century, near whose house a mutilated statue was dug up just after his death, on which lampoons were posted.]

Pass, pas, v.i. to pace or walk onward: to move from one place or state to another: to travel: to change: to circulate: to be regarded: to go by: to go unheeded or neglected: to elapse, as time: to be finished: to move away: to disappear: (B.) to pass away: to go through an examination or an inspection: to be approved: to meet with acceptance: to happen: to fall, as by inheritance: to flow through: to thrust, as with a sword: to run, as a road.—v.t. to go by, over, beyond, through, &c.: to spend: to omit: to disregard: to surpass: to enact, or to be enacted by: to cause to move: to send: to transfer: to give forth: to cause to go from one person or state to another: to approve: to undergo successfully: to give circulation to: (fencing) to thrust:—pa.p. passed and past.—n. a way through which one passes: a narrow passage, esp. over or through a range of mountains: a narrow defile: a passport: state or condition: a written permission to go out or in anywhere: a ticket: (fencing) a thrust: success in any examination or other test, a certificate of having reached a certain standard—without honours.—adj. Pass′able, that may be passed, travelled over, or navigated: that may bear inspection: that may be accepted or allowed to pass: a little above the common: tolerable.—n. Pass′ableness.—adv. Pass′ably.—ns. Pass′book, a book that passes between a trader and his customer, in which credit purchases are entered: a bank-book; Pass′-check, a ticket of admission to a place, or of readmission when one goes out intending to return; Pass′er, one who passes; Pass′er-by, one who passes by or near; Pass′key, a key enabling one to enter a house: a key for opening several locks.—adj. Pass′less, having no pass: impassable.—ns. Pass′man, one who gains a degree or pass without honours at a university; Pass′port, a warrant of protection and permission to travel; Pass′word (mil.), a private word by which a friend is distinguishable from a stranger, enabling one to pass or enter a camp, &c.—Pass muster, to go through an inspection without fault being found; Pass off, to impose fraudulently, to palm off; Pass on, to go forward: to proceed; Pass on, or upon, to come upon, to happen to: to give judgment or sentence upon: to practise artfully, to impose upon, to palm off; Pass over, or by, to go to the other side of: to cross, to go past without visiting or halting: to overlook, to disregard; Pass the time of day, to exchange any ordinary greeting of civility; Pass through, to undergo, experience.—Bring to pass, to cause to happen; Come to pass, to happen. [O. Fr. passer—It. passare—passus, a step.]

Passade, pa-sād′, n. (Shak.) a push or thrust with a sword: the motion of a horse turning backwards or forwards on the same spot of ground.—Also Passā′do.

Passage, pas′āj, n. act of passing: a moving from one place or state to another: a journey, as in a ship: course: time occupied in passing: means of passing in or out: a way: entrance: enactment of a law: right of passing: price paid for passing or for being conveyed between two places: occurrence, any incident or episode: a single clause or part of a book, &c.: a modulation in music: (B.) a mountain-pass: ford of a river: (zool.) migratory habits.—v.i. to cross: to walk sideways, of a horse.—Passage of arms, any feat of arms: a quarrel, esp. of words.—Bird of passage, a bird that passes from one climate to another at the change of the seasons.

Passamezzo. See Passy-measure.

Passant, pas′ant, adj. (her.) walking. [Fr.]

Passé, pas-sā′, adj. past one's best, faded, past the heyday of life: nearly out of date:—fem. Passée. [Fr., pa.p. of passer, to pass.]

Passementerie, pas-men-te-rē′, n. trimming for dresses, as beaded lace. [Fr.]

Passenger, pas′en-jėr, n. one who passes: one who travels in some public conveyance.—Passenger pigeon, a species of pigeon, a native of North America, having a small head and short bill, a very long, wedge-shaped tail, and long and pointed wings; Passenger train, a railway-train for the conveyance of passengers. [O. Fr. passagier (Fr. passager), with inserted n, as in messenger, nightingale.]

Passe-partout, pas′-par-tōō′, n. a means of passing anywhere: a master-key: a kind of simple picture-frame, usually of pasteboard, within which the picture is fixed by strips of paper pasted over the edges. [Fr., a 'master-key,' from passer, to pass, par, over, tout, all.]

Passepied, pas′pyā, n. a dance like the minuet, but quicker. [Fr.]

Passeres, pas′e-rez, n.pl. the name given by Cuvier to the order of birds otherwise called Insessores, comprising more than half of all the birds.—adj. Pass′erine, relating to the Passeres, an order of which the sparrow is the type. [L. passer, a sparrow.]

Passible, pas′i-bl, adj. susceptible of suffering, or of impressions from external agents.—ns. Passibil′ity, Pass′ibleness, the quality of being passible.—adv. Pass′ibly, in a passible manner. [L. passibilis—pati, passus, to suffer.]

Passim, pas′im, adv. here and there. [L.]

Passimeter, pa-sim′e-ter, n. a pocket pedometer.

Passing, pas′ing, adj. going by, through, or away: happening now: surpassing.—adv. exceedingly: very.—ns. Pass′ing-bell, a bell tolled immediately after a person's death, originally to invite prayers for the soul passing into eternity; Pass′ing-note (mus.), a smaller note marking a tone introduced between two others, to effect a smooth passage from the one to the other, but forming no essential part of the harmony.

Passion, pash′un, n. power of feeling pain or suffering: strong feeling or agitation of mind, esp. rage: ardent love: eager desire: state of the soul when receiving an impression: suffering or passive condition, as opposed to Action: the sufferings, esp. the death, of Christ: (pl.) excited conditions of mind.—ns. Passiflō′ra, a genus of climbing herbs or shrubs, the passion-flowers; Pass′ional, Pass′ionary, a book containing accounts of the sufferings of saints and martyrs.—adjs. Pass′ional, influenced by passion; Pass′ionate, moved by passion: showing strong and warm feeling: easily moved to anger: intense.—adv. Pass′ionately.—n. Pass′ionateness.—adj. Pass′ioned, moved by passion: expressing passion.—ns. Pass′ion-flow′er, a flower so called from a fancied resemblance to a crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ's passion; Pass′ionist (R.C.), one of a religious congregation devoted to the commemoration of the Passion of Christ by missions, &c.—adj. Pass′ionless, free from passion: not easily excited to anger.—n. Pass′ion-mū′sic, music to which words describing the sufferings and death of Christ are set.—adj. Pass′ion-pale (Tenn.), pale with passion.—ns. Pass′ion-play, a religious drama representing the sufferings and death of Christ; Pass′ion-Sun′day, the fifth Sunday in Lent; Pass′ion-week, name commonly given in England to Holy-week (as being the week of Christ's passion); but, according to proper rubrical usage, the week preceding Holy-week. [Fr.,—L. passio, passionis—passus, pa.p. of pati, to suffer.]

Passive, pas′iv, adj. suffering, unresisting: not acting: (gram.) expressing the suffering of an action by the subject of the verb.—adv. Pass′ively.—ns. Pass′iveness, Passiv′ity, inactivity: patience: tendency of a body to preserve a given state, either of motion or of rest. [Fr.,—L. passivus—pati, suffer.]

Passman. See Pass.

Passover, pas′ō-vėr, n. annual feast of the Jews, to commemorate the destroying angel passing over the houses of the Israelites when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians.—adj. pertaining to the Passover.

Passy-measure, pas′si-mezh′ūr, n. (Shak.) an old stately kind of dance, called also Passamezzo. [It. passamezzo—passare, to pass—passo—L. passus, a pace, mezzo—L. medius, the middle.]

Past, past, pa.p. of Pass.—adj. gone by: elapsed: ended: now retired from service: in time already passed.—prep. farther than: out of reach of: no longer capable of.—adv. by.—The past, that which has passed, esp. time.

Paste, pāst, n. a mass of anything made soft by wetting: flour and water forming dough for pies, &c.: a cement made of flour, water, &c.: a fine kind of glass for making artificial gems.—v.t. to fasten with paste.—n. Paste′board, a stiff board made of sheets of paper pasted together, &c.—adj. made of such, unsubstantial. [O. Fr. paste (Fr. pâte)—Late L. pasta—Gr. pastē, a mess of food—pastos, salted—passein, to sprinkle.]

Pastel, pas′tel, n. chalk mixed with other materials and various colours for crayons, a drawing made with such, also the art: woad.—n. Pas′telist.[Fr. pastel—It. pastello—L. pastillus, a small loaf—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pastern, pas′tėrn, n. the part of a horse's foot from the fetlock to the hoof, where the shackle is fastened. [O. Fr. pasturon (Fr. pâturon)—O. Fr. pasture, pasture, a tether for a horse.]

Pasteurism, pas-tėr′izm, n. the method of inoculation with the attenuated virus of certain diseases, esp. hydrophobia, as introduced by Louis Pasteur (1822-95).—adj. Pasteur′ian.—n. Pasteurisā′tion, a method of arresting the fermentation in beer, wine, &c. by heating to at least 140° F.—v.t. Pasteur′ise.

Pastiche, pas-tēsh′, n. a mixture of many parts of different kinds, used of music, painting, &c.: a work in literature or art in direct imitation of another's style.—Also Pastic′cio. [It. pasticcio.]

Pastil, pas′til, n. Same as Pastel.

Pastille, pas-tēl′, n. a small cone of charcoal and aromatic substances, burned either as incense, or as a means of diffusing an agreeable odour: a small aromatic confection: a paper tube containing a firework which causes a small wheel to rotate in burning: (art) the same as pastel—also Pas′til.—n. Pas′tillage.[Fr.,—L. pastillus, a small loaf.]

Pastime, pas′tīm, n. that which serves to pass away the time: amusement: recreation.

Pastor, pas′tur, n. one who has care of a flock: a shepherd: a clergyman.—adj. Pas′toral, relating to shepherds or to shepherd life: rustic: of or pertaining to the pastor of a church: addressed to the clergy of a diocese by their bishop.—n. a poem which describes the scenery and life of the country: a letter or an address by a pastor to his people, or by a bishop to his clergy: (mus.) a simple melody.—n. Pas′toralism, pastoral character.—adv. Pas′torally.—ns. Pas′torate, Pas′torship, the office of a pastor: the time during which one has been a pastor: the whole body of pastors in one church or district.—adj. Pas′torly, becoming a pastor.—Pastoral address, or letter (see Pastoral, n.); Pastoral charge, position of a pastor: the church, &c., over which a pastor is placed: an address to a newly ordained minister; Pastoral epistles, those in the New Test. to Timothy and Titus; Pastoral staff, a tall staff borne as an emblem of episcopal authority, headed like a shepherd's crook, or having a T-shaped head; Pastoral theology, that part of theology which treats of the duties of pastors; Pastoral work, the work of a pastor in visiting his people. [L., pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pastor, pas′tur, n. a beautiful bird allied to the starlings, native to Western Asia.

Pastorale, pas-tō-rä′le, n. a variety of opera or cantata characterised by the idyllic or pastoral element: a vocal or instrumental piece intended to suggest pastoral life: one of the simple traditional open-air dramas still kept up among the Basques: one of the figures of a quadrille.—Also Pastourelle′.

Pastry, pās′tri, n. articles made of paste or dough: crust of pies, tarts, &c.: act or art of making articles of paste.—n. Pās′trycook, one who cooks or sells pastry. [Paste.]

Pasture, past′ūr, n. grass for grazing: ground covered with grass for grazing.—v.t. to feed on pasture: to supply with grass.—v.i. to feed on pasture: to graze.—adj. Past′ūrable, that can be pastured: fit for pasture.—ns. Past′ūrage, the business of feeding or grazing cattle: pasture-land: grass for feeding; Past′ūre-land, land appropriated to pasture.—adj. Past′ūreless, destitute of pasture. [O. Fr. pasture (Fr. pâture)—L. pastura—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pasty, pās′ti, adj. like paste.—n. a small pie of meat and crust baked without a dish.

Pat, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as with the hand.—v.t. to strike gently: to tap:—pr.p. pat′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pat′ted.—Pat on the back, to mark approval by patting on the back, to patronise. [Imit.]

Pat, pat, n. a small, moulded lump of butter. [Celt., as Ir. pait, a lump.]

Pat, pat, adj. fitly: at the right time or place.—adv. Pat′ly, fitly, conveniently.—n. Pat′ness, fitness, appropriateness. [Pat, a light blow.]

Patagium, pat-ā-jī′um, n. the wing-membrane of a bat, &c.: the parachute of a flying squirrel, &c.: the fold of integument between the upper arm and the forearm of a bird: one of the scales affixed to the pronotum of lepidopterous insects—the tegula. [L., 'a gold edging.']

Patamar, pat′a-mär, n. a vessel on the Bombay coast, with arched keel, and great stem and stern rake.

Patavinity, pat-a-vin′i-ti, n. the style of Padua (L. Patavium), esp. the diction of Livy, a native of Patavium, hence provincialism generally.

Patch, pach, v.t. to mend by putting in a piece: to repair clumsily: to make up of pieces: to make hastily.—n. a piece sewed or put on to mend a defect: anything like a patch: a small piece of ground: a plot: (Shak.) a paltry fellow, a fool—properly a jester: (print.) an overlay to obtain a stronger impression: a small piece of black silk, &c., stuck by ladies on the face, to bring out the complexion by contrast—common in the 17th and 18th centuries.—adj. Patch′able.—ns. Patch′-box, a fancy box for holding the patches worn on the face, generally having a mirror inside the lid; Patch′er, one who patches; Patch′ery (Shak.), bungling work; Patch′work, work formed of patches or pieces sewed together: work patched up or clumsily executed.—adj. Patch′y, covered with patches: inharmonious, incongruous.—Not a patch on, not fit to be compared with. [Low Ger. patschen; prob. conn. with piece.]

Patchocke, pach′ok, n. (Spens.) a clown. [Patch.]

Patchouli, pa-chōō′li, n. a perfume got from the dried branches of the patchouli shrub, 2-3 ft. high: the plant itself.—Also Patchou′ly. [Tamil, patchei, gum, elei, a leaf.]

Pate, pāt, n. the crown of the head: the head.—adj. Pāt′ed, having a pate. [Through O. Fr., from Ger. platte, a plate; cf. Low L. platta, tonsure.]

Pâté, pä-tā′, n. pie: pasty.—Pâté de foie gras, pasty of fat goose liver: Strasburg pie. [Fr.]

Patella, pa-tel′la, n. a little dish or vase: the knee-pan: a genus of gasteropodous univalve molluscs: the limpet.—adjs. Patel′lar, pertaining to the patella or knee-cap; Patel′late or Patel′lulate; Patel′liform, of the form of a small dish or saucer. [L., dim. of patina, a pan.]

Paten, pat′en, n. the plate for the bread in the Eucharist. [Fr.,—L. patina, a plate—Gr. patanē.]

Patent, pā′tent, or pat′ent, adj. lying open: conspicuous: public: protected by a patent: (bot.) spreading: expanding.—n. an official document, open, and having the Great Seal of the government attached to it, conferring an exclusive right or privilege, as a title of nobility, or the sole right for a term of years to the proceeds of an invention: something invented and protected by a patent.—v.t. Pā′tent, to grant or secure by patent.—adj. Pā′tentable, capable of being patented.—ns. Pātentee′, one who holds a patent, or to whom a patent is granted—also Pā′tenter; Pā′tent-leath′er, a kind of leather to which a permanently polished surface is given by a process of japanning; Pā′tentor, one who grants or who secures a patent; Pā′tent-right, the exclusive right reserved by letters-patent.—n.pl. Pā′tent-rolls, the register of letters-patent issued in England.—Patent medicine, a medicine sold under the authority of letters-patent, any proprietary medicine generally on which stamp-duty is paid; Patent office, an office for the granting of patents for inventions; Patent outside, or inside, a newspaper printed on the outside or inside only, sold to a publisher who fills the other side with his own material, as local news, &c. [Fr.,—L. patens, -entis, pr.p. of patēre, to lie open.]

Patera, pat′e-rä, n. a round flat dish for receiving a sacrificial libation among the Romans: (archit.) the representation of such in bas-relief in friezes, &c.—often applied loosely to rosettes and other flat ornaments:—pl. Pat′eræ (-rē).—adj. Pat′eriform. [L.,—patēre, to lie open.]

Patercove, pat′ėr-kōv, n. Same as Patrico.

Paterero, pat-e-rā′ro, n.:—pl. Patere′roes (-rōz). Same as Pederero.

Paterfamilias, pā-tėr-fa-mil′i-as, n. the father or head of a family or household:—pl. Pātresfamil′ias. [L. pater, a father, familias, arch. form of familiæ, gen. of familia, a household.]

Paternal, pa-tėr′nal, adj. fatherly: showing the disposition of a father: derived from a father: hereditary.—n. Pater′nalism.—adv. Pater′nally.—n. Pater′nity, state of being a father: fatherhood: the relation of a father to his children: origination or authorship. [Fr. paternel—Low L. paternalis—L. paternus—pater (Gr. patēr), a father.]

Paternoster, pā′tėr-nos-tėr, or pat-ėr-nos′tėr, n. the Lord's Prayer: every eleventh bead in a R.C. rosary, at which, in telling their beads, the Lord's Prayer is repeated: the whole rosary: anything made of objects strung together like a rosary, esp. a fishing-line with hooks at intervals: (archit.) an ornament shaped like beads, used in astragals, &c. [L. Pater noster, 'Our Father,' the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin.]

Path, päth, n. a way trodden out by the feet: track: road: course of action or conduct:—pl. Paths (päthz).—n. Path′finder, one who explores the route, a pioneer.—adj. Path′less, without a path: untrodden. [A.S. pæth, path; Ger. pfad, Gr. patos, L. pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Pathan, pa-than′, n. an Afghan proper, one of Afghan race settled in India.

Pathetic, -al, pa-thet′ik, -al, adj. showing passion: affecting the tender emotions: causing pity, grief, or sorrow: touching: (anat.) trochlear.—adj. Pathemat′ic, pertaining to emotion.—adv. Pathet′ically.—ns. Pathet′icalness; Path′etism, animal magnetism; Path′etist, one who practises this.—The pathetic, the style or manner fitted to excite emotion. [Gr. pathētikos, subject to suffering.]

Pathic, path′ik, adj. pertaining to disease.—ns. Pathogen′esis, Pathog′eny, mode of production or development of disease.—adjs. Pathogenet′ic, Pathogen′ic, Pathog′enous, producing disease.

Pathognomonic, pā-thog-nō-mon′ik. adj. characteristic of a disease.—n. Pathog′nomy. [Gr. pathos, suffering, gnōmōn, a judge.]

Pathology, pa-thol′o-ji, n. science of the nature, causes, and remedies of diseases: the whole of the morbid conditions in a disease.—adjs. Patholog′ic, -al.—adv. Patholog′ically.—ns. Pathol′ogist, one versed in pathology; Pathophō′bia, morbid dread of disease. [Fr.,—Gr. pathos, suffering, logos, discourse.]

Pathos, pā′thos, n. that in anything (as a word, a look, &c.) which touches the feelings or raises the tender emotions: the expression of deep feeling.—n. Pathom′etry, the distinction of suffering into different kinds. [Gr., from pathein, 2 aorist of paschein, to suffer, feel.]

Pathway, päth′wā, n. a path or way: a footpath: course of action.

Patibulary, pā-tib′ū-la-ri, adj. of or pertaining to a gibbet or gallows. [L. patibulum, a gibbet.]

Patience, pā′shens, n. quality of being patient or able calmly to endure: (Shak.) permission: a card-game, same as Solitaire (q.v.).—adj. Pā′tient, sustaining pain, &c., without repining: not easily provoked: not in a hurry: persevering: expecting with calmness: long-suffering.—n. one who bears or suffers: a person under medical treatment.—adv. Pā′tiently. [Fr.,—L. patentia—patiens—pati, to bear.]

Patin, Patine, pat′in, n. Same as Paten.

Patina, pat′i-na, n. a bowl, pan, patella: the encrustation which age gives to works of art: the peculiar varnish-like rust which covers ancient bronzes and medals.—adj. Pat′ināted.—n. Patinā′tion. [It.,—L. patina, a dish, a kind of cake.]

Patio, pat′i-ō, n. a courtyard connected with a house. [Sp.,—L. spatium, a space.]

Patly, Patness. See Pat (3).

Patois, pat′waw, n. a vulgar or provincial dialect. [Fr., orig. patrois—L. patriensis, indigenous—patria, one's native country.]

Patonce, pa-tons′, n. (her.) a cross whose four arms expand in curves from the centre, with floriated ends.—adj. Patoncée. [Fr.,—L. patēre, to expand.]

Patres conscripti, pā′tres kon-skrip′tī, n.pl. conscript fathers: the senators of ancient Rome. [L. patres, pl. of pater, a father, conscripti, pl. of conscriptus,—conscribĕre, to enrol.]

Patrial, pā′tri-al, adj. designating a race or nation.—n. a noun derived from the name of a country.

Patria potestas, pā′tri-ä pō-tes′tas, n. a father's control over his family, in ancient Rome, which was almost unlimited. [L.]

Patriarch, pā′tri-ärk, n. one who governs his family by paternal right: (B.) one of the early heads of families from Adam downwards to Abraham, Jacob, and his sons: in Eastern churches, a dignitary superior to an archbishop.—adjs. Patriarch′al, Patriarch′ic, belonging or subject to a patriarch: like a patriarch: of the nature of a patriarch.—ns. Pā′triarchalism, the condition of tribal government by a patriarch; Pā′triarchate, the office or jurisdiction of a patriarch or church dignitary: the residence of a patriarch; Pā′triarchism, government by a patriarch; Pā′triarchy, a community of related families under the authority of a patriarch. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. patriarchēs—patēr, father, archē, beginning.]

Patrician, pa-trish′an, n. a nobleman in ancient Rome, being a descendant of one of the fathers or first Roman senators: a nobleman.—adj. pertaining to the ancient senators of Rome or to their descendants: of noble birth.—n. Patric′iate, the position or duties of a patrician: the patrician order. [L. patricius—pater, patris, a father.]

Patricide, pat′ri-sīd, n. the murder or the murderer of one's own father.—adj. Pat′ricīdal, relating to patricide or the murder of a father. [L. patricida—pater, patris, father, cædĕre, to kill.]

Patrico, pat′ri-kō, n. (slang) a gipsy or beggars' hedge-priest.—Also Pat′ercove.

Patrimony, pat′ri-mun-i, n. a right or estate inherited from a father or from one's ancestors: a church estate or revenue.—adj. Patrimō′nial, pertaining to a patrimony: inherited from ancestors.—adv. Patrimō′nially. [Fr. patrimoine—L. patrimonium, a paternal estate—pater, patris, a father.]

Patriot, pā′tri-ot, or pat′-, n. one who truly loves and serves his fatherland.—adj. devoted to one's country.—adj. Pātriot′ic, like a patriot: actuated by a love of one's country: directed to the public welfare.—adv. Pātriot′ically.—n. Pā′triotism, quality of being patriotic: love of one's country. [Fr.,—Low L.,—Gr. patriōtēs—patrios—patēr, a father.]

Patripassian, pā-tri-pas′i-an, n. a member of one of the earliest classes of anti-Trinitarian sectaries (2d century), who denied the distinction of three persons in one God, maintaining that the sufferings of the Son could be predicated of the Father. [L. pater, father, pati, passus, to suffer.]

Patristic, -al, pa-tris′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the fathers of the Christian Church.—ns. Pā′trist, one versed in patristics; Patris′ticism, mode of thought, &c., of the fathers.—n.pl. Patris′tics, the knowledge of the fathers as a subject of study—sometimes Patrol′ogy. [Fr., coined from L. pater, patris, a father.]

Patrol, pa-trōl′, v.i. to go the rounds in a camp or garrison: to watch and protect.—v.t. to pass round as a sentry:—pr.p. patrōl′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. patrōlled′.—n. the marching round of a guard in the night: the guard or men who make a patrol: (also Patrōl′man) a policeman who walks about a certain beat for a specified time, such policemen collectively. [O. Fr. patrouille, a patrol, patrouiller, to march in the mud, through a form patouiller, from pate (mod. patte), the paw or foot of a beast, of Teut. origin, cf. Ger. patsche, little hand.]

Patron, pā′trun, n. a protector: one who countenances or encourages: one who has the right to appoint to any office, esp. to a living in the church: a guardian saint:—fem. Pā′troness.—v.t. to treat as a patron.—n. Pā′tronage, the support given by a patron: guardianship of saints: the right of bestowing offices, privileges, or church benefices.—v.t. (Shak.) to support.—adj. Pā′tronal.—n. Pātronisā′tion.—v.t. Pā′tronīse, to act as a patron toward: to give countenance or encouragement to: to assume the air of a patron towards.—n. Pā′tronīser.—adj. Pā′tronīsing.—adv. Pā′tronīsingly.—adj. Pā′tronless. [Fr.,—L. patronus—pater, patris, a father.]

Patronymic, -al, pat-rō-nim′ik, -al, adj. derived from the name of a father or an ancestor.—n. Patronym′ic, a name taken from one's father or ancestor. [Gr. patēr, a father, onoma, a name.]

Patroon, pā-trōōn′, n. one who received a grant of land under the old Dutch governments of New York and New Jersey.—n. Patroon′ship. [Dut.; cf. Patron.]

Patte, pat, n. a narrow band keeping a belt or sash in its place. [Fr.]

Patté, Pattée, pa-tā′, adj. (her.) spreading toward the extremity. [O. Fr. patte, a paw.]

Patten, pat′en, n. a wooden sole with an iron ring, worn under the shoe to keep it from the wet: the iron hoop attached to the boot in cases of hip-joint disease: the base of a pillar.—v.i. to go about on pattens.—adj. Patt′ened, provided with pattens. [O. Fr. patin, clog—patte.]

Patter, pat′ėr, v.i. to pat or strike often, as hailstones: to make the sound of short quick steps:—pr.p. patt′ering; pa.t. and pa.p. patt′ered. [A freq. of pat.]

Patter, pat′ėr, v.i. to repeat the Lord's Prayer: to pray: to repeat over and over again indistinctly, to mumble.—v.t. to repeat hurriedly, to mutter.—n. glib talk, chatter: the cant of a class.—ns. Patt′erer, one who sells articles on the street by speechifying; Patt′er-song, a comic song in which a great many words are sung or spoken very rapidly.—Patter flash, to talk the jargon of thieves. [Pater-noster.]

Pattern, pat′ėrn, n. a person or thing to be copied: a model: an example: style of ornamental work: anything to serve as a guide in forming objects: the distribution of shot in a target at which a gun is fired.—ns. Patt′ern-book, a book containing designs of lace, &c., or in which patterns of cloth, &c., are pasted; Patt′ern-box, in weaving, a box at each side of a loom containing the various shuttles that may be used; Patt′ern-card, a piece of cardboard on which specimens of cloth are fixed; Patt′ern-mak′er, one who makes the patterns for moulders in foundry-work; Patt′ern-shop, the place in which patterns for a factory are prepared; Patt′ern-wheel, the count-wheel in a clock movement. [Fr. patron, a protector, pattern.]

Pattle, pat′l, n. a paddle.

Patty, pat′i, n. a little pie:—pl. Patt′ies.—n. Patt′y-pan, a pan in which to bake these. [Fr. pâté.]

Patulous, pat′ū-lus, adj. spreading.

Paucity, paw′sit-i, n. fewness: smallness of number or quantity. [Fr.,—L. paucitas—paucus, few.]

Paul. Same as Pawl.

Pauldron, pawl′dron, n. a separable shoulder-plate in medieval armour. [O. Fr. espalleron—espalle, the shoulder.]

Paulician, paw-lish′an, n. a member of a Dualistic Eastern sect, founded about 660, professing peculiar reverence for Paul and his writings.

Pauline, paw′līn, adj. of or belonging to the Apostle Paul.—ns. Paul′inism, the teaching or theology of Paul; Paul′inist, a follower of Paul.

Paulo-post-future, paw′lō-pōst-fū′tūr, adj. and n. the future perfect tense in grammar.

Paunch, pawnsh, or pänsh, n. the belly: the first and largest stomach of a ruminant.—v.t. to eviscerate.—adj. Paunch′y, big-bellied. [O. Fr. panche (Fr. panse)—L. pantex, panticis.]

Pauper, paw′pėr, n. a very poor or destitute person: one supported by charity or by some public provision:—fem. Pau′peress.—n. Pauperisā′tion.—v.t. Pau′perise, to reduce to pauperism.—n. Pau′perism, state of being a pauper. [L.]

Pause, pawz, n. a ceasing: a temporary stop: cessation caused by doubt: suspense: a mark for suspending the voice: (mus.) a mark showing continuance of a note or rest.—v.i. to make a pause.—adjs. Paus′al; Pause′less.—adv. Pause′lessly.—n. Paus′er, one who pauses or deliberates.—adv. Paus′ingly, with pauses: by breaks: deliberately. [Fr.,—L. pausa—Gr. pausis, from pauein, to cause to cease.]

Pavan, pav′an, n. (Shak.) a slow dance, much practised in Spain: music for this dance.—Also Pav′en, Pav′in. [Fr.,—Sp. pavana, pavon—L. pavo, peacock; or It., for Padovana, pertaining to Padua.]

Pave, pāv, v.t. to lay down stone, &c., to form a level surface for walking on: to prepare, as a way or passage: to make easy and smooth in any way.—ns. Pā′vage, Pā′viage, money paid towards paving streets.—adj. Pāved—also Pā′ven.—ns. Pave′ment, a paved road, floor, or side-walk, or that with which it is paved; Pā′ver, Pā′vier, Pā′vior, Pā′viour, one who lays pavements; Pā′ving, the act of laying pavement: pavement.—adj. employed or spent for paving.—Pave the way, to prepare the way for. [Fr. paver—L. pavīre, to beat hard; cog. with Gr. paiein, to beat.]

Pavid, pav′id, adj. timid. [L. pavidus.]

Pavilion, pa-vil′yun, n. a tent: an ornamental building often turreted or domed: (mil.) a tent raised on posts: a canopy or covering: the outer ear: a flag or ensign carried at the gaff of the mizzenmast.—v.t. to furnish with pavilions: to shelter, as with a tent.—n. Pavil′ion-roof, a roof sloping equally on all sides. [Fr. pavillon—L. papilio, a butterfly, a tent.]

Pavise, pav′is, n. a shield for the whole body. [Fr.,—Low L. pavensis, prob. from Pavia in Italy.]

Pavon, pav′on, n. a small triangular flag attached to a lance. [L. pavo, a peacock.]

Pavonine, pav′o-nīn, adj. pertaining to the peacock: resembling the tail of a peacock or made of its feathers: iridescent—also Pavō′nian.—n. Pavōne′ (Spens.), the peacock. [L. pavoninus—pavo, pavonis, a peacock.]

Paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of prey having claws: the hand, used in contempt.—v.i. to draw the forefoot along the ground like a horse.—v.t. to scrape with the forefoot: to handle with the paws: to handle roughly: to flatter.—adj. Pawed, having paws: broad-footed. [O. Fr. poe, powe, prob. Teut.; cf. Dut. poot, Ger. pfote. Perh. related to O. Fr. pate (cf. Patrol). But perh. Celt., as W. pawen, a paw.]

Pawky, pawk′i, adj. (Scot.) sly, arch, shrewd.

Pawl, pawl, n. a short bar lying against a toothed wheel to prevent a windlass, &c., from running back: a catch or click.—v.t. to stop by means of a pawl. [W. pawl, a stake, conn. with L. palus, a stake.]

Pawn, pawn, n. something given as security for the repayment of money or the performance of a promise: state of being pledged.—v.t. to give in pledge.—ns. Pawn′broker, a broker who lends money on pawns or pledges; Pawn′broking, the business of a pawnbroker; Pawnee′, one who takes anything in pawn; Pawn′er, one who gives a pawn or pledge as security for money borrowed; Pawn′shop, a shop of a pawnbroker; Pawn′ticket, a ticket marked with the name of the article, the amount advanced, &c., delivered to the person who has pawned anything.—At pawn, pledged, laid away. [O. Fr. pan, prob. from L. pannus, a cloth.]

Pawn, pawn, n. a common piece in chess. [O. Fr. paon, a foot-soldier—Low L. pedo, pedonis, a foot-soldier—L. pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pawn, pawn, n. a gallery.

Pawnee, paw′nē, n. one of a tribe of Indians in North America.—adj. belonging to this tribe.

Pax, paks, n. the kiss of peace (Rom. xvi. 16): a plaque or tablet used in giving the kiss of peace when the mass is celebrated by a high dignitary—a crucifix, a tablet with the image of Christ on the cross upon it, or a reliquary.—Pax vobis, Pax vobiscum, peace (be) with you. [L.]

Paxwax, paks′waks, n. the strong tendon in the neck of animals. [Orig. fax-wax—A.S. feax, fex, hair, weaxan, to grow.]

Pay, pā, v.t. to satisfy or set at rest: to discharge, as a debt or a duty: to requite with what is deserved: to reward: to punish: to give, render.—v.i. to recompense: to be worth one's trouble: to be profitable:—pa.t. and pa.p. paid.—n. that which satisfies: money given for service: salary, wages.—adj. Pay′able, that may be paid: that ought to be paid: due.—ns. Pay′-bill, a statement of moneys to be paid, to workmen, soldiers, &c.; Pay′-clerk, a clerk who pays wages; Pay′-day, a regular day for payment, as of wages; Pay′-dirt, -grav′el, gravel or sand containing enough gold to be worth working; Payee′, one to whom money is paid; Pay′er; Pay′-list, -roll, a list of persons entitled to pay, with the amounts due to each; Pay′master, the master who pays: an officer in the army or navy whose duty it is to pay soldiers, &c.; Pay′ment, the act of paying: the discharge of a debt by money or its equivalent in value: that which is paid: recompense: reward: punishment; Pay′-off′ice, the place where payments are made; Full′-pay, the whole amount of wages, &c., without deductions; Half′-pay (see Half).—Pay down, to pay in cash on the spot; Pay for, to make amends for: to bear the expense of; Pay off, to discharge: to take revenge upon: to requite: (naut.) to fall away to leeward; Pay out, to cause to run out, as rope; Pay round, to turn the ship's head; Pay the piper, to have all expenses to pay.—In the pay of, hired by. [Fr. payer—L. pacāre, to appease; cf. pax, peace.]

Pay, pā, v.t. (naut., and in the proverb 'the devil to pay') to smear with tar, pitch, &c. [Perh. through O. Fr. peier (Sp. empegar) from L. picāre, to pitch.]

Payne, pān, v.i. (Spens.) to take pains, exert one's self.

Paynim, Painim, pā′nim, n. a pagan: a heathen. [O. Fr. paienisme, paganism—L. paganismus—paganus, a pagan.]

Paynise, pā′nīz, v.t. to harden and preserve, as wood, by successive injections of solutions of calcium or barium sulphide followed by calcium sulphate. [Payne, inventor of the process.]

Paysage, pā′sāj, n. a landscape.—n. Pay′sāgist, a landscape-painter. [Fr.]

Payse, pāz, v.i. (Spens.) to poise, to balance.

Pea, pē, n. a climbing annual herb of the bean family, whose seeds are nutritious:—pl. Peas, a definite number; Pease, a quantity not numbered.—ns. Pea′-rī′fle, a rifle throwing a very small bullet; Peas′cod, Pease′cod, the pod or pericarp of the pea; Pea′-shoot′er, a small metal tube for blowing peas through; Pea′-stone, pisolite.—Egyptian pea, the chick-pea; French pea, the common garden pea: (pl.) canned peas made up in France; Split peas, peas stripped of their membraneous covering in a mill, used for making pea-soup, or ground into meal; Sweet pea, a climbing annual with large and fragrant flowers. [M. E. pese, pl. pesen and peses—A.S. pisa, pl. pisan—L. pisum, Gr. pison.]

Pea, pē, n. a pea-fowl. See Peacock.

Peace, pēs, n. a state of quiet: freedom from disturbance: freedom from war: friendliness: calm: rest: harmony: silence.—interj. silence: be silent: hist!—adj. Peace′able, disposed to peace: free from war or disturbance: quiet: tranquil.—n. Peace′ableness.—adv. Peace′ably.—n. Peace′-break′er, one who breaks or disturbs the peace of others.—adj. Peace′ful, full of peace: quiet: tranquil: calm: serene.—adv. Peace′fully.—n. Peace′fulness.—adj. Peace′less, without peace.—ns. Peace′lessness; Peace′maker, one who makes or produces peace; one who reconciles enemies; Peace′-off′ering, an offering bringing about peace: among the Jews, an offering to God, either in gratitude for past or petition for future mercies (see Lev. iii.; vii. 11-21): satisfaction to an offended person; Peace′-off′icer, an officer whose duty it is to preserve the peace: a police-officer.—adj. Peace′-part′ed (Shak.), dismissed from the world in peace.—n. Peace′-par′ty, a political party advocating the making or the preservation of peace; Peace′-pipe (see Calumet).—Peace establishment, the reduced military strength maintained in time of peace; Peace of God, the ancient cessation from suits between terms, and on Sundays and holy days.—Breach of the peace (see Breach); Hold one's peace, to be silent; Keep peace, abstain from breaking the peace of others; Kiss of peace (see Kiss); Letters of peace (see Pacify); Make one's peace with, to reconcile or to be reconciled with; Queen's, or King's, peace, the public peace, for the maintenance of which the sovereign as head of the executive is responsible; Swear the peace, to take oath before a magistrate that a certain person ought to be put under bond to keep the peace. [O. Fr. pais (Fr. paix)—L. pax, pacis, peace.]

Peach, pēch, v.i. to betray one's accomplice: to become informer.—n. Peach′er. [A corr. of impeach.]

Peach, pēch, n. a tree with a delicious, juicy fruit: the fruit of this tree.—ns. Peach′-bloss′om, a canary-yellow colour: pink with a yellowish tinge: a collector's name for a moth, the Thyatira batis; Peach′-brand′y, a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the peach.—adj. Peach′-col′oured, of the colour of a peach-blossom: pale red.—ns. Peach′ery, a hothouse in which peaches are grown; Peach′-stone, the hard nut enclosing the seed within the fruit of the peach; Peach′-wa′ter, a flavouring extract used in cookery, prepared from the peach.—adj. Peach′y.—n. Peach′-yell′ows, a disease that attacks peach-trees in the eastern United States. [O. Fr. pesche (Fr. pêche, It. persica, pesca)—L. Persicum (malum), the Persian (apple).]

Peacock, pē′kok, n. a large gallinaceous bird of the pheasant kind, remarkable for the beauty of its plumage, esp. that of its tail:—fem. Pea′hen.—v.t. to cause to strut like a peacock.—v.i. to strut about proudly.—ns. Pea′chick, the young of the pea-fowl; Pea′cock-fish, a variegated labroid fish; Pea′-fowl, the peacock or peahen. [A.S. pawe—L. pavo—Gr. taōs—Pers. tāwus; and cock (q.v.).]

Peacod. Same as Peascod.

Pea-crab, pē′-krab, n. a genus of small crustaceans, which live within the mantle-lobes of mussels, oysters, &c.

Peag, pēg, n. polished shell-beads used as money among the North American Indians.—Also Peak (pēk).

Pea-green, pē′-grēn, adj. a shade of green like the colour of green peas.

Pea-jacket, pē′-jak′et, n. a coarse thick jacket worn esp. by seamen.—Also Pea′-coat. [Dut. pij (pron. pī), a coat of coarse thick cloth; jacket.]

Peak, pēk, n. a point: the pointed end of anything: the top of a mountain: (naut.) the upper outer corner of a sail extended by a gaff or yard, also the extremity of the gaff.—v.i. to rise upward in a peak: to look thin or sickly.—v.t. (naut.) to raise the point (of a gaff) more nearly perpendicular.—adjs. Peaked, pointed: ending in a point: having a thin or sickly look; Peak′ing, sickly, pining, sneaking; Peak′ish, having peaks: thin or sickly looking; Peak′y (Tenn.), having or showing peaks. [M. E. pec—Ir. peac, a sharp thing. Cf. Beak, Pike.]

Peal, pēl, n. a loud sound: a number of loud sounds one after another: a set of bells tuned to each other: a chime or carillon: the changes rung upon a set of bells.—v.i. to resound like a bell: to utter or give forth loud or solemn sounds.—v.t. to cause to sound loudly: to assail with noise: to celebrate. [For appeal; O. Fr. apel—apeler—L. appellāre, inten. of appellĕre, ap- (ad), to, pellĕre, to drive.]

Pea-maggot, pē′-mag′ut, n. the caterpillar of a small moth which lays its eggs in pods of peas.

Pean, pēn, n. one of the heraldic furs, differing from ermine only in the tinctures, the ground being sable and the spots of gold. [O. Fr. panne, a fur. Cf. Pane.]

Pean. See Pæan.

Pea-nut, or Ground-nut. See Ground.

Pear, pār, n. a common fruit of a somewhat conical shape, and very juicy to the taste: the tree on which it grows, allied to the apple.—adj. Pear′iform, Pear′-shaped, shaped like a pear—that is, thick and rounded at one end, and tapering to the other.—n. Pear′-tree. [A.S. pera or peru—L. pirum, a pear (whence also Fr. poire).]

Pear, pē′ar, n. (Spens.). Same as Peer.

Pearl, pėrl, n. a well-known shining gem, found in several kinds of shellfish, but most esp. in the mother-of-pearl oyster: anything round and clear: anything very precious: a jewel: a while speck or film on the eye: (print.) a size of type immediately above diamond, equal to 5 points (about 15 lines to the inch).—adj. made of, or belonging to, pearls.—v.t. to set or adorn with pearls: to make into small round grains.—v.i. to take a rounded form: to become like pearls.—adj. Pearlā′ceous, resembling pearls or mother-of-pearl: spotted with white.—ns. Pearl′-ash, a purer carbonate of potash, obtained by calcining potashes, so called from its pearly-white colour; Pearl′-bar′ley, barley after the skin has been ground off (prob. for 'pilled barley,' Fr. orge perlé); Pearl′-butt′on, a button made of mother-of-pearl; Pearl′-div′er, one who dives for pearls.—adj. Pearled, set with pearls: like pearls: having a border trimmed with narrow lace.—ns. Pearl′-edge, a thread edging, a border on some ribbons formed by projecting loops of the threads; Pearl′-eye, cataract.—adj. Pearl′-eyed, having a white speck on the eye.—ns. Pearl′-fish′er, one who fishes for pearls; Pearl′-fish′ery, the occupation of fishing for pearls, or the place where it is carried on; Pearl′-fish′ing; Pearl′-gray, a pale gray colour.—adj. of a pale gray colour, like the pearl.—ns. Pearl′iness, state of being pearly; Pearl′-nau′tilus, the pearly nautilus; Pearl′-oys′ter, the oyster which produces pearls; Pearl′-pow′der, a cosmetic for improving the appearance of the skin; Pearl′-white, a material made from fish-scales, used in making artificial pearls: a kind of cosmetic.—adj. Pearl′y, like a pearl, nacreous: yielding pearls: dotted with pearls: clear, transparent: having a pure sweet tone. [Fr. perle, acc. to Diez, prob. either a corr. of L. pirula, a dim. of pirum, a pear, or of L. pilula, dim. of pila, a ball.]

Pearling, pėrl′ing, n. lace made of silk or other kind of thread.—Also Pearl′in. [Ir. peirlin, fine linen.]

Pearling, pėrl′ing, n. the process of removing the outer coat of grain.

Pearmain, pār′mān, n. a name of several varieties of apple.

Peart, pērt, adj. lively: saucy: in good health and spirits.—adv. Peart′ly. [Pert.]

Peasant, pez′ant, n. a countryman: a rustic: one whose occupation is rural labour.—adj. of or relating to peasants, rustic, rural: rude.—n. Peas′antry, the body of peasants or tillers of the soil: rustics: labourers.—Peasant proprietor, a peasant who owns and works his own farm; Peasants' War, a popular insurrection in Germany, in 1525, stamped out with horrible cruelty. [O. Fr. paisant (Fr. paysan)—pays—L. pagus, a district.]

Pease, pēz, n. (Spens.) a blow.

Pease, pēz, indef. pl. of Pea.—ns. Pease′cod, Peas′cod, the pericarp of the pea: a peacod; Pease′-meal, Pease′-porr′idge, Pease′-soup or Pea′-soup, meal, porridge, soup, made from pease.

Peaseweep, pēz′wēp, n. (prov.) the pewit. [Imit.]

Peat, pēt, n. decayed vegetable matter like turf, cut out of boggy places, and when dried used for fuel.—ns. Peat′-bog, a district covered with peat: a place from which peat is dug—also Peat′-bed, Peat′-moor, Peat′-moss; Peat′-hag, a ditch whence peat has been dug; Peat′-reek, the smoke of peat, supposed to add a delicate flavour to whisky; Peat′-spade, a spade having a side wing at right angles for cutting peat in rectangular blocks.—adj. Peat′y, like peat: abounding in, or composed of, peat. [True form beat—M. E. beten, to mend a fire—A.S. bétan, to make better—bót, advantage.]

Peba, pē′ba, n. a South American armadillo.

Pebble, peb′l, n. a small roundish ball or stone: transparent and colourless rock-crystal used for glass in spectacles, a fine kind of glass: a large size of gunpowder.—v.t. to give (to leather) a rough appearance with small rounded prominences.—adjs. Pebb′led, Pebb′ly, full of pebbles.—ns. Pebb′le-pow′der, gunpowder consisting of large cubical grains, and burning slowly—also Cube-powder and Prismatic-powder; Pebb′le-ware, a kind of fine pottery made of various coloured clays mixed together; Pebb′ling, a way of graining leather with a ribbed or roughened appearance. [A.S. papol-(-stán), a pebble(-stone); akin to L. papula, a pustule.]

Pebrine, peb′rin, n. a destructive disease of silkworms.—adj. Peb′rinous. [Fr.]

Pecan, pē-kan′, n. a North American tree whose wood is chiefly used for fuel, also the nut it yields.

Peccable, pek′a-bl, adj. liable to sin.—ns. Peccabil′ity; Pecc′ancy, sinfulness: transgression.—adj. Pecc′ant, sinning: transgressing: guilty: morbid: offensive: bad.—adv. Pecc′antly. [L. peccabilis—peccāre, -ātum, to sin.]

Peccadillo, pek-a-dil′lo, n. a little or trifling sin: a petty fault:—pl. Peccadil′los, Peccadil′loes. [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado—L. peccatum, a sin.]

Peccary, pek′ar-i, n. a hog-like quadruped of South America.

Peccavi, pe-kā′vī, I have sinned. [L. 1st pers. sing. perf. indic. act. of peccāre, I sin.]

Pech, Pegh, peh, v.i. (Scot.) to pant, to breathe hard. [Imit.]

Pecht, peht, n. a corruption of Pict.

Peck, pek, n. a measure of capacity for dry goods=2 gallons, or one-fourth of a bushel: a great amount. [M. E. pekke, prob. from peck, 'to pick up.']

Peck, pek, v.t. to strike with the beak: to pick up with the beak: to eat: to strike with anything pointed: to strike with repeated blows.—ns. Peck′er, that which pecks: a woodpecker: (slang) spirit, as in 'to keep one's pecker up'=to keep up one's spirits; Peck′ing, the sport of throwing pebbles at birds.—adj. Peck′ish, somewhat hungry. [Pick.]

Pecksniff, pek′snif, n. one who talks large about virtue and benevolence, while at heart a selfish and unprincipled hypocrite.—adj. Peck′sniffian.—n. Peck′sniffianism. [From Mr Pecksniff in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit.]

Pecten, pek′ten, n. a genus of molluscs, one species of which is the scallop—so called from the valves having ribs radiating from the umbo to the margin like a comb: a membrane on the eyes of birds.—adjs. Pectinā′ceous, like the scallops; Pec′tinal, of a comb: comb-like: having bones like the teeth of a comb; Pec′tināte, -d, having teeth like a comb: resembling the teeth of a comb.—adv. Pec′tinātely.—n. Pectinā′tion, the state of being pectinated—adjs. Pectinē′al, having a comb-like crest; Pec′tinibranchiate, having comb-like gills; Pec′tiniform, comb-like. [L. pecten, a comb.]

Pectic, pek′tik, adj. congealing, curdling.—ns. Pec′tin, Pec′tine, a soluble gelatinising substance obtained from pectose; Pec′tōse, a substance yielding pectin, contained in the fleshy pulp of unripe fruit. [Gr. pēktikos, congealing—pēgnynai, to make solid.]

Pectoral, pek′tō-ral, adj. relating to the breast or chest.—n. armour for the breast: an ornament worn on the breast, esp. the breastplate worn by the ancient Jewish high-priest, and the square of gold, embroidery, &c. formerly worn on the breast over the chasuble by bishops during mass: a pectoral cross: a pectoral fin: a medicine for the chest.—adv. Pec′torally.—n. Pectoril′oquy, the sound of the patient's voice heard through the stethoscope when applied to the chest in certain morbid conditions of the lungs.—Pectoral fins, the anterior paired fins of fishes; Pectoral theology, a name sometimes applied to the theology of those Christians who make much of experience and emotion, as themselves guides to a knowledge of divine truth—in Neander's phrase, 'Pectus est quod facit theologum.' [Fr.,—L. pectoralis—pectus, pectoris, the breast.]

Peculate, pek′ū-lāt, v.t. to take for one's own use money or property entrusted to one's care: to embezzle: to steal.—ns. Peculā′tion; Pec′ulātor. [L. peculāri, -ātus—pecūlium, private property, akin to pecunia, money.]

Peculiar, pē-kūl′yar, adj. one's own: belonging to no other: appropriate: particular: odd, uncommon, strange.—n. (obs.) private property: a parish or church exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary or bishop in whose diocese it is placed.—v.t. Pecul′iarise, to set apart.—n. Peculiar′ity, quality of being peculiar or singular: that which is found in one and in no other: that which marks a person off from others: individuality.—adv. Pecul′iarly.—n. Pecū′lium, private property, esp. that given by a father to a son, &c.—Peculiar people, the people of Israel: a sect of faith-healers, founded in London in 1838, who reject medical aid in cases of disease, and rely on anointing with oil by the elders, and on prayer, with patient nursing. [Fr.,—L. peculiaris—peculium, private property.]

Pecuniary, pē-kū′ni-ar-i, adj. relating to money: consisting of money.—adv. Pecū′niarily.—adj. Pecū′nious, rich. [Fr.,—L. pecuniarius—pecunia, money—pecu-, which appears in L. pecudes (pl.), cattle.]

Ped, ped, n. (Spens.) a basket, a hamper. [Pad.]

Pedagogue, ped′a-gog, n. a teacher: a pedant.—v.t. to teach.—adjs. Pedagog′ic, -al, relating to teaching: belonging to, or possessed by, a teacher of children.—ns. Pedagog′ics, Ped′agogism, Ped′agogy, the science of teaching: instruction: discipline. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paidagōgos—pais, paidos, a boy, agōgos, a leader—agein, to lead.]

Pedal, ped′al, adj. pertaining to a foot.—n. any part of a machine transmitting power from the foot: in musical instruments, a lever moved by the foot.—v.i. to work a pedal.—n. Pēdā′le, a foot-cloth in front of an altar: a collection of canons of general councils in the Greek Church.—adjs. Pēdā′lian, relating to the foot, or to a metrical foot; Ped′āte, divided like a foot: (bot.) having the side lobes of a divided leaf also divided into smaller parts, the midribs of which do not run to a common centre as in the palmate leaf.—adv. Ped′ātely.—adj. Pedat′ifid, divided in a pedate manner, but having the divisions connected at the base.—Combination pedal, a metal pedal in organs controlling several stops at once. [L. pedalis—pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pedant, ped′ant, n. one who makes a vain display of learning: a pretender to knowledge which he does not possess: (Shak.) a pedagogue.—adjs. Pedant′ic, -al, displaying knowledge for the sake of showing.—adv. Pedant′ically, in a pedantic manner.—ns. Pedant′icism, Ped′antism.—v.i. Ped′antise, to play the pedant.—ns. Pedantoc′racy, government by pedants; Ped′antry, acts, manners, or character of a pedant: vain display of learning: (Swift) the overrating of any kind of knowledge we pretend to. [Fr.,—It. pedante—L. pædagogans, -antis, teaching—pædagogus, a pedagogue.]

Peddle, ped′l, v.i. to travel about with a basket or bundle of goods, esp. of smallwares, for sale: to trifle.—v.t. to retail in small quantities.—ns. Pedd′ler, Ped′lar, Ped′ler, a hawker or travelling merchant; Pedd′lery, Ped′lary, the trade or tricks of a peddler: wares sold by a peddler.—adj. Pedd′ling, unimportant.—n. the trade or tricks of a peddler. [Peddar, pedder, one who carries wares in a ped or basket.]

Pederasty, ped′e-rast-i, n. unnatural commerce of males with males, esp. boys.—n. Ped′erast, one addicted to this vice.—adj. Pederast′ic. [Gr., pais, paidos, a boy, erastēs—eraein, to love.]

Pederero, ped-e-rē′rō, n. an old gun for discharging stones, pieces of iron, &c., also for firing salutes.

Pedesis, ped-ē′sis, n. the rapid oscillation of small particles in a liquid.

Pedestal, ped′es-tal, n. anything that serves as a foot or a support: the foot or base of a pillar, &c.: the fixed casting which holds the brasses, in which a shaft turns, called also Axle-guard or Pillow-block.—v.t. to place on a pedestal. [Sp.,—It. piedestallo—L. pes, pedis, the foot, It. stallo, a place.]

Pedestrian, pē-des′tri-an, adj. going on foot: performed on foot: pertaining to common people: vulgar.—n. one journeying on foot: an expert walker, one who practises feats of walking or running.—adj. Pēdes′trial, of or pertaining to the foot: pedestrian.—adv. Pēdes′trially.—v.t. Pēdes′trianise, to traverse on foot.—n. Pēdes′trianism, a going on foot: walking: the practice of a pedestrian. [L. pedestris—pes, pedis.]

Pedetentous, ped-ē-ten′tus, adj. proceeding slowly.

Pediatrics, ped-i-at′riks, n.pl. that branch of medical science which relates to children and their special diseases.—Also Ped′iatry. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, iatrikos, relating to a physician.]

Pedicel, ped′i-sel, n. the little footstalk by which a single leaf or flower is fixed on the twig or on the cluster of which it forms a part—also Ped′icle.—n. Pedicellā′ria, a minute structure on the skin of sea-urchins and star-fish, like a stalk with a three or two bladed snapping forceps at the summit.—adjs. Ped′icellate, Pedic′ūlate, provided with a pedicel.—n. Ped′icle, a fetter for the foot. [Fr. pédicelle—L. pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pediculus, pē-dik′ū-lus, n. a genus of lice, or an individual of it.—adjs. Pēdic′ular, Pēdic′ulous, lousy.—ns. Pēdiculā′tion, Pēdiculō′sis, lousiness.

Pedicure, ped′i-kūr, n. the treatment of corns, bunions, or the like: one who treats the feet.

Pediferous, pē-dif′e-rus, adj. footed—also Pēdig′erous.—adj. Ped′iform, foot-shaped.

Pedigree, ped′i-grē, n. a line of ancestors: a list, in order, of the ancestors from whom one has descended: lineage: genealogy.—adj. Ped′igreed, having a pedigree. [Skeat suggests Fr. pied de grue, crane's-foot, from its use in the drawing out of pedigrees.]

Pedimanous, pē-dim′a-nus, adj. having all four feet like hands—of the opossums and lemurs.—n. Ped′imane.

Pediment, ped′i-ment, n. (archit.) a triangular or circular ornament which crowns the fronts of buildings, and serves as a finish to the tops of doors, windows, porticoes, &c.—adjs. Pediment′al; Ped′imented, furnished with a pediment: like a pediment. [L. pedamentum—pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pedipalp, ped′i-palp, n. a maxillipalp or maxillary palpus.—adj. pertaining to the same.—n.pl. Pedipal′pi, an order of Arachnida.—adj. Pedipal′pous.

Pedlar. See Peddle.

Pedobaptism, pē-dō-bap′tizm, n. infant baptism.—n. Pedobap′tist, one who believes in infant baptism. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, baptism.]

Pedometer, pē-dom′et-ėr, n. an instrument, somewhat like a watch, by which the number of the steps of a pedestrian are registered, from which the distance he has walked is measured.—adj. Pedomet′ric. [L. pes, pedis, a foot, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Pedomotor, ped-ō-mō′tor, n. a means for applying the foot as a driving power.—adj. Pedomō′tive.

Pedotrophy, pē-dot′rō-fi, n. the rearing of children.—adj. Pedotroph′ic.—n. Pedot′rophist. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, trephein, to nourish.]

Pedum, pē′dum, n. a shepherd's crook. [L.]

Peduncle, pē-dung′kl, n. the stalk by which a cluster of flowers or leaves is joined to a twig or branch—sometimes same as pedicel—also Pedun′culus.—adjs. Pedun′cular, Pedun′culate, -d. [Fr. pedoncule—Low L. pedunculus—L. pes, pedis, the foot.]

Peece, pēs, n. (Shak.) a fabric, a fortified place.

Peeced, pēsd, adj. (Spens.) imperfect.

Peek, pēk, v.i. to peep.—n. Peek′aboo, a children's game, from the cry made when hiding one's eyes.

Peel, pēl, v.t. to strip off the skin or bark: to bare.—v.i. to come off as the skin: to lose the skin: (slang) to undress.—n. the skin, rind, or bark: (print.) a wooden pole with short cross-piece for carrying printed sheets to the poles on which they are to be dried: the wash or blade of an oar—not the loom: a mark () for cattle, for persons who cannot write, &c.—adj. Peeled, stripped of skin, rind, or bark: plundered.—ns. Peel′er, one who peels, a plunderer; Peel′ing, the act of stripping: that which is stripped off: (print.) the removing of the layers of a paper overlay, to get a lighter impression. [O. Fr. peler, to unskin—L. pilāre, to deprive of hair—pilus, a hair; or pellis, a skin.]

Peel, pēl, n. a small Border fortress.—Also Peel′-tow′er. [Pile.]

Peel, pēl, n. a baker's wooden shovel: a fire-shovel. [O. Fr. pele—L. pāla, a spade.]

Peel, pēl, v.t. to plunder: to pillage. [Pill (v.).]

Peeler, pēl′ėr, n. a policeman, from Sir R. Peel, who established the Irish police (1812-18) and improved those in Britain (1828-30).—n. Peel′ite, a follower of Peel in the reform of the Corn-laws in 1846.

Peen, pēn, n. the end of a hammer-head, usually shaped for indenting.—v.t. to strike with such. [Ger. pinne.]

Peenge, pēnj, v.i. (Scot.) to complain childishly.

Peep, pēp, v.i. to chirp, or cry as a chicken.—n. the cry of a young chicken. [Fr. piper—L. pipāre.]

Peep, pēp, v.i. to look through a narrow opening: to look out from concealment: to look slyly or cautiously: to begin to appear.—n. a sly look: a beginning to appear, a glimpse: a narrow view, a slit.—ns. Peep′er, one that peeps: a prying person: a chicken just breaking the shell: (slang) the eye; Peep′-hole, a hole through which one may look without being seen; Peep′-o'-day, the first appearance of light in the morning; Peep′-show, a small show viewed through a small hole, usually fitted with a magnifying-glass; Peep′-sight, a plate on the breach with a small hole through which a gunner takes his sight.—Peeping Tom, a prying fellow, esp. one who peeps in at windows; Peep-o'-day boys, a band of Protestants in the north of Ireland, in the end of the 18th century—opposed to the Catholic Defenders. [Same as above, Fr. piper, to chirp like a bird, then to beguile, whence peep=to look out slyly.]

Peer, pēr, n. an equal in rank, ability, character, &c.: an associate: a nobleman: a member of the House of Lords:—fem. Peer′ess.—n. Peer′age, the rank or dignity of a peer: the body of peers: a book containing a description of the history, connections, &c. of the different peers.—adj. Peer′less, having no peer or equal: matchless.—adv. Peer′lessly.—n. Peer′lessness.—House of Peers, the House of Lords; Spiritual peer, one of the bishops or archbishops qualified to sit as members of the House of Lords; Temporal peer, one of the members of the House of Lords, other than the bishops. [O. Fr. (Fr. pair),—L. par, paris, equal.]

Peer, pēr, v.i. to look narrowly or closely: to peep: to appear:—pa.t. and pa.p. peered.—adj. Peer′y, prying, sly. [M. E. piren—Low Ger. piren, orig. pliren, to draw the eyelids together.]

Peerie, Peery, pēr′i, n. a top spun with a string.

Peevers, pēv′ers, n. (Scot.) the game of hop-scotch.

Peevish, pēv′ish, adj. habitually fretful: easily annoyed: hard to please: showing ill-nature: childish.—adv. Peev′ishly.—n. Peev′ishness. [Prob. imit. of the puling of fretful infants.]

Peewit. Same as Pewit.

Peg, peg, n. a wooden pin for fastening boards, or the soles of shoes: one of the pins on which the strings of a musical instrument are stretched: a reason or excuse for action: a drink of soda-water with brandy, &c.: a degree or step.—v.t. to fasten with a peg: to keep up the market price by buying or selling at a fixed price: to make points during the game of cribbage before the show of hands.—v.i. to work with unremitting effort:—pr.p. peg′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. pegged.—ns. Peg′-fiched, an English game played with pegs or pointed sticks; Peg′-float, a machine for rasping away the ends of pegs inside shoes.—adj. Pegged, fashioned of, or furnished with, pegs.—ns. Peg′ging, the act of fastening with a peg: pegs collectively: a thrashing: determined perseverance in work; Peg′-leg, a wooden leg of the simplest form, or one who walks on such; Peg′-strip, a ribbon of wood cut to the width, &c., of a shoe-peg; Peg′-tank′ard, a drinking-vessel having each one's share marked off by a knob; Peg′-top, a child's plaything made to spin round by winding a string round it and then rapidly pulling it off: (pl.) a kind of trousers, wide at the top and narrow at the ankles.—adj. shaped like a top.—Peg away, to keep continually working.—Take down a peg, to take down, to humble. [Scand.; as in Dan. pig, a spike.]

Pegasus, peg′a-sus, n. a winged horse which arose from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa, when she was slain by Perseus: a genus of small fishes with large, wing-like, pectoral fins: one of the constellations in the northern sky.—adj. Pegasē′an.

Peggy, peg′i, n. one of several small warblers, the whitethroat, &c. [Peggy, from Peg=Meg—Margaret.]

Pegmatite, peg′ma-tīt, n. coarsely crystallised granite.—adj. Pegmatit′ic.

Pehlevi, pā′le-vē, n. an ancient West Iranian idiom during the period of the Sassanides, largely mixed with Semitic words, and poorer in inflections and terminations than Zend (235-640 A.D.): the characters used in writing this language.—adj. of or pertaining to, or written in, Pehlevi. [Pers.]

Peignoir, pēn-wär′, n. a loose wrapper worn by women during their toilet. [Fr.]

Peinct, pāngkt, v.t. (Spens.) to paint.

Peine, pān, n. a form of punishment by pressing to death—usually Peine forte et dure. [Fr.]

Peirastic, pī-ras′tik, adj. tentative.—n. Peiram′eter, an instrument for measuring the resistances of road-surface to traction. [Gr. peira, a trial.]

Peise, pāz, v.t. (Spens., Shak.) to poise, to weigh.—n. a weight. [Poise.]

Pejoration, pē-jō-rā′shun, n. a becoming worse: deterioration.—v.i. Pē′jorāte.—adj. and n. Pē′jorātive.—n. Pējor′ity. [L. pejor, worse, comp. of malus, bad.]

Pekan, pek′an, n. an American species of Marten—called also Wood-shock, Fisher, and Black-fox.

Pekoe, pē′kō, n. a scented black tea. [Chinese.]

Pelage, pel′āj, n. the hair or wool of a mammal. [Fr.]

Pelagian, pē-lā′ji-an, n. one who holds the views of Pelagius, a British monk of the 4th century, who denied original sin.—adj. pertaining to Pelagius.—n. Pelā′gianism, the doctrines of Pelagius.

Pelagic, pē-laj′ik, adj. inhabiting the deep sea, marine, oceanic. [Gr. pelagos, the sea.]

Pelargonium, pel-ar-gō′ni-um, n. a vast genus of beautiful flowering plants of order Geraniaceæ.—adj. Pēlar′gic, stork-like. [Gr. pelargos, stork, the beaked capsules resembling a stork's beak.]

Pelasgic, pē-las′jik, adj. pertaining to the Pelasgians or Pelasgi, a race spread over Greece in prehistoric times, to whom are ascribed many enormous remains built of unhewn stones, without cement—the so-called Pelasgic architecture. Also Pelas′gian.

Pêle-mêle. See Pell-mell, adv.

Pelerine, pel′ėr-in, n. a woman's tippet or cape with long ends coming down in front. [Fr., a tippet—pèlerin, a pilgrim—L. peregrinus, foreign.]

Pelf, pelf, n. riches (in a bad sense): money. [O. Fr. pelfre, booty; allied to pilfer.]

Pelican, pel′i-kan, n. a large water-fowl, having an enormous distensible gular pouch: an alembic with tubulated head from which two opposite and crooked beaks extend and enter again the body of the vessel—used for continuous distillation: a dentist's instrument: (her.) a pelican above her nest, with wings indorsed, wounding her breast with her beak in order to feed her young with her blood. [Low L. pelicanus—Gr. pelikan—pelekus, an axe.]

Pelike, pel′i-kē, n. a large vase like the hydria, double-handled. [Gr.]

Pelisse, pe-lēs′, n. a cloak of silk or other cloth, with sleeves, worn by ladies: a garment lined with fur, a dragoon's jacket with shaggy lining. [Fr.,—Low L. pellicea (vestis)—L. pellis, a skin.]

Pell, pel, n. a skin or hide: a roll of parchment. [O. Fr. pel (Fr. peau)—L. pellis, a skin or hide.]

Pellagra, pe-lā′gra, n. a loathsome skin disease supposed to be common in the rice-producing part of the north of Italy.—n. Pellā′grin, one afflicted with pellagra.—adj. Pellā′grous, like or afflicted with pellagra. [Gr. pella, skin, agra, seizure.]

Pellet, pel′et, n. a little ball, as of lint or wax: a small rounded boss: a small pill: a ball of shot.—adj. Pell′eted, consisting of pellets: pelted, as with bullets. [O. Fr. pelote—L. pila, a ball.]

Pellicle, pel′i-kl, n. a thin skin or film: the film or scum which gathers on liquors.—adj. Pellic′ular.

Pellitory, pel′i-tor-i, n. a genus of plants found most commonly on old walls and heaps of rubbish: the feverfew.—n. Pell′itory-of-Spain, a plant which grows in Algeria, the root of which causes in the hands first a sensation of extreme cold, then one of a burning heat. [L. parietaria, the wall-plant—parietarius—paries, parietis, a wall.]

Pell-mell, pel-mel′, adv. in great confusion: promiscuously: in a disorderly manner—also written Pêle-mêle.—n. Pell-mell′ (same as Pall-mall). [O. Fr. pesle-mesle (Fr. pêle-mêle), -mesle being from O. Fr. mesler (Fr. mêler), to mix—Low L. misculāre—L. miscēre; and pesle, a rhyming addition, perh. influenced by Fr. pelle, shovel.]

Pellucid, pe-lū′sid, adj. perfectly clear: letting light through: transparent.—ns. Pellūcid′ity, Pellū′cidness.—adv. Pellū′cidly. [Fr.,—L. pellucidus—per, perfectly, lucidus, clear—lucēre, to shine.]

Pelma, pel′ma, n. the sole of the foot.—n. Pelmat′ogram, the impression of the foot. [Gr.]

Pelopid, pel′ō-pid, adj. pertaining to Pelops.—n. one of his descendants.

Peloponnesian, pel-ō-po-nē′zi-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Peloponnesus or southern part of Greece.—n. an inhabitant or a native of the Peloponnesus.—Peloponnesian war, a war between Athens and Sparta (431-404 B.C.). [Gr. Pelops, an ancient Greek hero, nēsos, an island.]

Peloria, pē-lō′ri-a, n. the appearance of regularity in flowers normally irregular—also Pel′orism.—adjs. Pēlor′iate, Pēlor′ic. [Gr. pelōr, a monster.]

Pelt, pelt, n. a raw hide: the quarry or prey of a hawk all torn.—ns. Pelt′monger, a dealer in skins; Pelt′ry, the skins of animals with the fur on them: furs. [M. E. pelt, peltry—O. Fr. pelleterie—pelletier, a skinner—L. pellis, a skin.]

Pelt, pelt, v.t. to strike with something thrown: to cast.—v.i. to fall heavily, as rain.—n. a blow from something thrown.—ns. Pel′ter, a shower of missiles, a sharp storm of rain, &c.: a storm of anger; Pel′ting, an assault with a pellet, or with anything thrown. [Cf. Pellet.]

Pelta, pel′ta, n. a light buckler.—n. Pel′tast, a soldier armed with this.—adjs. Pel′tāte, -d, shield-shaped; Peltat′ifid, Pel′tiform. [L.,—Gr. peltē.]

Pelting, pel′ting, adj. (Shak.) paltry, contemptible.—adv. Pelt′ingly. [Paltry.]

Pelvis, pel′vis, n. the bony cavity at the lower end of the trunk, forming the lower part of the abdomen.—adjs. Pel′vic, of or pertaining to the pelvis; Pel′viform, openly cup-shaped.—ns. Pelvim′eter, an instrument for measuring the diameters of the pelvis; Pelvim′etry. [L. pelvis, a basin.]

Pemmican, Pemican, pem′i-kan, n. a North American Indian preparation, consisting of lean venison, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes, now made of beef and used in Arctic expeditions, &c.

Pemphigus, pem′fi-gus, n. an affection of the skin with pustules.—adj. Pem′phigoid. [Gr.]

Pen, pen, v.t. to shut up: to confine in a small enclosure:—pr.p. pen′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. penned or pent.—n. a small enclosure: a fold for animals: a coop. [A.S. pennan, to shut up, in comp. on pennan, to unpen. Prop. to fasten with a pin.]

Pen, pen, n. one of the large feathers of the wing of a bird: an instrument used for writing, formerly made of the feather of a bird, but now of steel, &c.: style of writing: a female swan—opp. to Cob.—v.t. to write, to commit to paper:—pr.p. pen′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. penned.—adj. Pen′-and-ink′, written, literary: executed with pen and ink, as a drawing.—ns. Pen′-case, a holder for a pen or pens; Pen′craft, skill in penmanship: the art of composition; Pen′-driv′er, a clerk; Pen′ful, what one can write with one dip of ink; Pen′-hold′er, a holder for pens or nibs; Pen′-wī′per, a piece of cloth, leather, &c. for wiping pens after use; Pen′-wom′an, a female writer. [O. Fr. penne—L. penna, a feather.]

Penal, pē′nal, adj. pertaining to, incurring, or constituting punishment: used for punishment.—v.t. Pē′nalise, to lay under penalty.—adv. Pē′nally.—Penal laws, laws prohibiting certain actions under penalties; Penal servitude, hard labour in a prison as a punishment for crime—introduced in England in 1853 instead of transportation; Penal statute, a statute imposing a penalty or punishment for crime. [Fr.,—L. pœnalis—pœna, Gr. poinē, punishment.]

Penalty, pen′al-ti, n. punishment: suffering in person or property for wrong-doing or for breach of a law: a fine or loss which a person agrees to pay or bear in case of his non-fulfilment of some undertaking: a fine.—Under penalty of, so as to suffer, or (after a negative) without suffering the punishment of.

Penance, pen′ans, n. repentance: external acts performed to manifest sorrow for sin, to seek to atone for the sin and to avert the punishment which, even after the guilt has been remitted, may still remain due to the offence—also the sacrament by which absolution is conveyed (involving contrition, confession, and satisfaction): any instrument of self-punishment.—v.t. to impose penance on: to punish. [O. Fr.; cf. Penitence.]

Penang-lawyer, pe-nang′-law′yėr, n. a walking-stick made from the stem of a Penang palm. [Prob. a corr. of Penang liyar, the wild areca.]

Penannular, pē-nan′ū-lar, adj. shaped almost like a ring. [L. pæna, almost, annularis, annular.]

Penates, pē-nā′tēs, n.pl. the household gods of ancient Rome who presided over and were worshipped by each family. [L., from root pen- in L. penitus, within, penetralia, the inner part of anything.]

Pence, pens, n. plural of penny (q.v.).

Penchant, päng′shäng, n. inclination: decided taste: bias. [Fr., pr.p. of pencher, to incline, through a form pendicāre, from L. pendēre, to hang.]

Pencil, pen′sil, n. a small hair brush for laying on colours: any pointed instrument for writing or drawing without ink: a collection of rays of light converging to a point: the art of painting or drawing.—v.t. to write, sketch, or mark with a pencil: to paint or draw:—pr.p. pen′cilling; pa.t. and pa.p. pen′cilled.—ns. Pen′cil-case, a holder for a pencil; Pen′cil-com′pass, a compass having a pencil on one of its legs for use in drawing.—adjs. Pen′cilled, written or marked with a pencil: having pencils of rays: radiated: (bot.) marked with fine lines, as with a pencil; Pen′cilliform, having the form of a pencil, as of rays.—ns. Pen′cilling, the art of writing, sketching, or marking with a pencil: marks made with a pencil: fine lines on flowers or the feathers of birds: a sketch; Pen′cil-sketch, a sketch made with a pencil. [O. Fr. pincel (Fr. pinceau)—L. penicillum, a painter's brush, dim. of penis, a tail.]

Pend, pend, n. (obs.) an enclosure: (Scot.) a narrow close leading off a main street.

Pend, pend, v.i. to hang, as in a balance, to impend.—adj. Pend′ing, hanging: remaining undecided: not terminated.—prep. during.

Pendant, pen′dant, n. anything hanging, esp. for ornament: an earring: a lamp hanging from the roof: an ornament of wood or of stone hanging downwards from a roof: a long narrow flag, at the head of the principal mast in a royal ship: something attached to another thing of the same kind, an appendix, a companion picture, poem, &c.—ns. Pen′dence, Pen′dency, a hanging in suspense: state of being undecided.—adj. Pen′dent, hanging: projecting: supported above the ground or base: (bot.) hanging downwards, as a flower or a leaf.—n. Penden′tive (archit.), the triangular portion of a dome cut off between two supporting arches at right angles to each other.—adv. Pen′dently.—ns. Pen′dicle, an appendage: something attached to another, as a privilege, a small piece of ground for cultivation; Pen′dūlet, a pendant. [Fr. pendant, pr.p. of pendre, to hang—L. pendens, -entis—pr.p. of pendēre, to hang.]

Pendragon, pen-drag′on, n. a chief leader: an ancient British chief.—n. Pendrag′onship. [W. pen, head, dragon, a chief.]

Pendulum, pen′dū-lum, n. any weight so hung from a fixed point as to swing freely: the swinging weight which regulates the movement of a clock: a lamp, &c., pendent from a ceiling: a guard-ring of a watch by which it is attached to a chain.—adj. Pen′dular, relating to a pendulum.—v.i. Pen′dulate, to swing, vibrate.—adjs. Pen′dulent, pendulous; Pen′duline, building a pendulous nest; Pen′dulous, hanging loosely: swinging freely, as the pensile nests of birds: (bot.) hanging downwards, as a flower on a curved stalk.—adv. Pen′dulously.—ns. Pen′dulousness, Pen′dulosity.—Pendulum wire, a kind of flat steel wire for clock pendulums.—Compensation pendulum, a pendulum so constructed that its rod is not altered in length by changes of temperature; Compound pendulum, every ordinary pendulum is compound, as differing from a Simple pendulum, which is a material point suspended by an ideal line; Invariable pendulum, a pendulum for carrying from station to station to be oscillated at each so as to fix the relative acceleration of gravity; Long and short pendulum, a pendulum for determining the absolute force of gravity by means of a bob suspended by a wire of varying length. [L., neut. of pendulus, hanging—pendēre, to hang.]

Peneian, pē-nē′yan, adj. relating to the river Peneus in the famous Vale of Tempe in Thessaly.

Penelopise, pē-nel′o-pīz, v.i. to act like Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, who undid at night the work she did by day, to gain time from her suitors.

Penetrate, pen′ē-trāt, v.t. to thrust into the inside: to pierce into: to affect the mind or feelings: to enter and to fill: to understand: to find out.—v.i. to make way: to pass inwards.—ns. Penetrabil′ity, Pen′etrableness.—adj. Pen′etrable, that may be penetrated or pierced by another body: capable of having impressions made upon the mind.—adv. Pen′etrably, so as to be penetrated—n.pl. Penetrā′lia, the inmost parts of a building: secrets: mysteries.—ns. Pen′etrance, Pen′etrancy, the quality of being penetrant.—adjs. Pen′etrant, subtle, penetrating; Pen′etrating, piercing or entering: sharp: subtle: acute: discerning.—adv. Pen′etratingly.—n. Penetrā′tion, the act or power of penetrating or entering: acuteness: discernment: the space-penetrating power of a telescope.—adj. Pen′etrative, tending to penetrate: piercing: sagacious: affecting the mind.—adv. Pen′etratively, in a penetrative manner.—n. Pen′etrativeness, the quality of being penetrative: penetrative power. [L. penetrāre, -ātum—penes, within.]

Pen-fish, pen′-fish, n. a sparoid fish of genus Calamus.

Penfold. Same as Pinfold.

Penguin, pen′gwin, n. an aquatic bird in the southern hemisphere, unable to fly, but very expert in diving—also Pin′guin.—n. Pen′guinery, a breeding-place of penguins. [Ety. dub.; a corr. of pen-wing, or from W. pen, head, gwen, white.]

Pen-gun, pen′-gun, n. a pop-gun.

Penicil, pen′i-sil, n. a brush of hairs: a pledget for wounds, &c.—adjs. Pen′icillate, Penicil′liform.—n. Penicil′lium, one of the blue-moulds.

Peninsula, pē-nin′sū-la, n. land so surrounded by water as to be almost an island.—adj. Penin′sular, pertaining to a peninsula: in the form of a peninsula: inhabiting a peninsula.—n. Peninsular′ity, state of being, or of inhabiting, a peninsula: narrow provincialism.—v.t. Penin′sulate, to form into a peninsula: to surround almost entirely with water.—Peninsular war, the war in Spain and Portugal, carried on by Great Britain against Napoleon's marshals (1804-1814).—The Peninsula, Spain and Portugal. [L.,—pæne, almost, insula, an island.]

Penis, pē′nis, n. the characteristic external male organ.—adj. Pē′nial. [L., a tail.]

Penistone, pen′i-stōn, n. a coarse frieze.—Penistone flags, a kind of sandstone for paving and building, brought from Penistone in Yorkshire.

Penitent, pen′i-tent, adj. suffering pain or sorrow for sin: contrite: repentant.—n. one who is sorry for sin: one who has confessed sin, and is undergoing penance.—ns. Pen′itence, Pen′itency, state of being penitent: sorrow for sin.—adj. Peniten′tial, pertaining to, or expressive of, penitence.—n. a book of rules relating to penance.—adv. Peniten′tially.—adj. Peniten′tiary, relating to penance: penitential.—n. a penitent: an office at the court of Rome for examining and issuing secret bulls, dispensations, &c.: a book for guidance in imposing penances: a place for the performance of penance: a house of correction and punishment for offenders.—adv. Pen′itently.—Penitential garment, a rough garment worn for penance; Penitential psalms, certain psalms suitable for being sung by penitents, as the 6th, 32d, 38th, 51st, 102d, 130th, 143d. [Fr.,—L. pœnitens, -entis—pœnitēre, to cause to repent.]

Penknife, pen′nīf, n. a small knife, originally for making and mending quill pens.

Penman, pen′man, n. a man skilled in the use of the pen: an author:—pl. Pen′men.—n. Pen′manship, the use of the pen: art or manner of writing.

Penna, pen′a, n. a feather, esp. one of the large feathers of the wings or tail.—adj. Pennā′ceous. [L.]

Pennal, pen′al, n. a freshman at a German university—so called from their pennales or pen-cases.—n. Penn′alism, a system of fagging once in vogue at German universities.

Pen-name, pen′-nām, n. a name, other than his real one, by which an author is known to the public: a nom de plume.

Pennant, pen′ant, n. a flag many times as long as it is wide: a streamer: a long narrow piece of bunting at the mast-heads of war-ships.—Also Penn′on. [Pennant is formed from pennon, with excrescent t; pennon is Fr. pennon—L. penna, a wing.]

Pennate, -d, pen′āt, -ed, adj. winged: (bot.) same as Pinnate.—adj. Pennatif′id (see Pinnatifid).—n. Penne (Spens.), a feather.—adj. Penned, having wings: winged: written with a pen.—n. Pen′ner, a case for holding pens: (her.) a representation of such carried at the girdle.—adjs. Pennif′erous, Pennig′erous, feathered; Pen′niform, like a feather in form. [L. pennatus—penna, wing.]

Pennill, pen′il, n. a kind of Welsh verse, in which the singer has to change words and measure according to the variations of his accompanist on the harp. [W. 'a verse,' pl. pennillion.]

Pennon, pen′on, n. a flag, a medieval knight-bachelor's ensign: a long narrow flag: a pinion or wing.—ns. Penn′oncelle, a small flag like a pennon; Penn′oncier, a knight-bachelor.—adj. Penn′oned, bearing a pennon. [Cf. Pennant.]

Penny, pen′i, n. a copper coin (bronze since 1860), originally silver=1⁄12 of a shilling, or four farthings: a small sum: money in general: (N.T.) a silver coin=7½d.: pound, in fourpenny, sixpenny, tenpenny nails=four, six, ten pound weight to the thousand:—pl. Pennies (pen′iz), denoting the number of coins; Pence (pens), the amount of pennies in value.—adjs. Penn′ied, possessed of a penny; Penn′iless, without a penny: without money: poor.—ns. Penn′ilessness; Penn′y-a-lin′er, one who writes for a public journal at so much a line: a writer for pay; Penn′y-a-lin′erism, hack-writing; Penn′y-dog, the tope or miller's dog, a kind of shark; Penn′y-post, a means of carrying a letter for a penny; Penn′y-rent, income; Penn′yweight, twenty-four grains of troy weight (the weight of a silver penny); Penn′y-wis′dom, prudence in petty matters.—adj. Penn′y-wise, saving small sums at the risk of larger: niggardly on improper occasions.—ns. Penn′y-worth, a penny's worth of anything: the amount that can be given for a penny: a good bargain—also Penn′'orth (coll.); Pē′ter's-pence, the name given to an old tribute offered to the Roman Pontiff, now a voluntary contribution.—Penny fee (Scot.), a small wage; Penny gaff (slang), a low-class theatre; Penny mail (Scot.), rent in money, not in kind: a small sum paid to the superior of land; Penny wedding, a wedding ceremonial in Scotland, at which the invited guests made contributions in money to pay the general expenses.—A pretty penny, a considerable sum of money; Turn an honest penny, to earn money honestly. [A.S. penig, oldest form pending, where pend=Eng. pawn, Ger. pfand, Dut. pand, a pledge, all which are from L. pannus, a rag, a piece of cloth.]

Pennyroyal, pen′i-roi-al, n. a species of mint, much in use in domestic medicine, in the form of a warm infusion, to promote perspiration and as an emmenagogue. [Corr. from old form pulial, which is traced through O. Fr. to L. puleium regium, the plant pennyroyal—pulex, a flea.]

Penology, Pænology, pē-nol′ō-ji, n. the study of punishment in its relation to crime: the management of prisons.—n. Penol′ogist. [Gr. poinē, punishment, logia, description.]

Pensée, pang-sā′, n. a thought. [Fr.]

Penseroso, pen-se-rō′so, adj. melancholy: thoughtful:—fem. Penserō′sa. [It.]

Pensile, pen′sīl, adj. hanging: suspended.—ns. Pen′sileness, Pensil′ity. [Fr.,—L.,—pendēre, hang.]

Pension, pen′shun, n. a stated allowance to a person for past services performed by himself or by some relative: a payment made to a person retired from service on account of age or weakness: a boarding-school or boarding-house on the Continent (pron. pong-siong′): a sum paid to a clergyman in place of tithes.—v.t. to grant a pension to.—adjs. Pen′sionable, entitled, or entitling, to a pension; Pen′sionary, receiving a pension: consisting of a pension.—n. one who receives a pension: the syndic or legal adviser of a Dutch town.—ns. Pen′sioner, one who receives a pension: a dependent: one who pays out of his own income for his commons, chambers, &c. at Cambridge University=an Oxford commoner; Pen′sionnaire.—Grand pensionary, the president of the States-general of Holland. [Fr.,—L. pension-em—pendĕre, pensum, to weigh, pay.]

Pensive, pen′siv, adj. thoughtful: reflecting: expressing thoughtfulness with sadness.—adj. Pen′sived (Shak.), thought over.—adv. Pen′sively.—n. Pen′siveness, state of being pensive: gloomy thoughtfulness: melancholy. [Fr. pensif—L. pensāre, to weigh—pendĕre, to weigh.]

Penstock, pen′stok, n. a trough conveying water to a water-wheel.

Pensum, pen′sum, n. an extra task given a scholar in punishment.

Pent, pa.t. and pa.p. of pen, to shut up.

Pentacapsular, pen-ta-kap′sū-lar, adj. having five capsules.

Pentachord, pen′ta-kord, n. a musical instrument with five strings: a diatonic series of five tones.

Pentacle, pent′a-kl, n. a figure formed by two equilateral triangles intersecting regularly so as to form a six-pointed star: properly a five-pointed object, the same as Pentagram (q.v.), a defence against demons.—adj. Pentac′ular. [O. Fr., but prob. not from Gr. pente, five, but O. Fr. pente, pendre, to hang. As applied to a magical figure prob. a corr. of pentangle, perh. pentacol—pendre, to hang, a, on, col, the neck.]

Pentacoccous, pen-ta-kok′us, adj. (bot.) having five grains or seeds.

Pentacrostic, pen-ta-kros′tik, adj. containing five acrostics of the same name.—n. a set of such verses.

Pentact, pen′takt, adj. five-rayed.—Also Pentac′tinal.

Pentad, pen′tad, n. the number five, a group of five things: a mean of temperature, &c., taken every five days.

Pentadactylous, pen-ta-dak′ti-lus, adj. having five digits—also Pentadac′tyl.—n. Pentadac′tylism.

Pentadelphous, pen-ta-del′fus, adj. (bot.) grouped together in five sets.

Pentaglot, pen′ta-glot, adj. of five tongues.—n. a work in five languages.

Pentagon, pen′ta-gon, n. (geom.) a plane figure having five angles and five sides: a fort with five bastions.—adj. Pentag′onal.—adv. Pentag′onally. [Gr. pentagōnon—pente, five, gōnia, angle.]

Pentagram, pen′ta-gram, n. a five-pointed star: a magic figure so called.—This is the proper pentacle.—adj. Pentagrammat′ic. [Gr. pente, five, gramma, a letter.]

Pentagraph=Pantograph.

Pentagynia, pent-a-jin′i-a, n. (bot.) a Linnæan order of plants, characterised by their flowers having five pistils.—n. Pent′agyn (bot.), a plant having five styles.—adjs. Pentagyn′ian, Pentag′ynous. [Gr. pente, five, gynē, a female.]

Pentahedron, pen-ta-hē′dron, n. (geom.) a solid figure bounded by five plane faces.—adj. Pentahē′dral. [Gr. pente, five, hedra, base.]

Pentalpha, pen-tal′fa, n. a five-pointed star: a pentacle. [Gr. pente, five, alpha.]

Pentameron, pen-tam′e-ron, n. a famous collection of fifty folk-tales (Naples 1637) written in the Neapolitan dialect by Giambattista Basile, supposed to be told during five days by ten old women, for the entertainment of a Moorish slave who has usurped the place of the rightful princess. [It. pentamerone.]

Pentamerous, pen-tam′ėr-us, adj. (bot.) consisting of or divided into five parts.—Pentamerus beds (geol.), a name applied to the upper and lower Llandovery rocks, full of the brachiopods called Pentamerus. [Gr. pente, five, meros, part.]

Pentameter, pen-tam′e-tėr, n. a verse of five measures or feet.—adj. having five feet.—Elegiac pentameter, a verse of six dactylic feet, the third and sixth with the first member only; Iambic pentameter, in English, heroic couplets and blank verse. [Gr. pentametros—pente, five, metron, a measure.]

Pentandria, pen-tan′dri-a, n. (bot.) a Linnæan order of plants, characterised by their flowers having five stamens.—n. Pentan′der, a plant of the class Pentandria.—adjs. Pentan′drian, Pentan′drous. [Gr. pente, five, anēr, andros, a man, a male.]

Pentangular, pen-tang′gū-lar, adj. having five angles.

Pentapetalous, pen-ta-pet′a-lus, adj. having five petals.

Pentaphyllous, pen-ta-fil′us, adj. having five leaves. [Gr. pente, five, phyllon, a leaf.]

Pentapody, pen-tap′o-di, n. a measure of five feet.

Pentapolis, pen-tap′o-lis, n. a group of five cities.—adj. Pentapol′itan, esp. of the ancient Pentapolis of Cyrenaica in northern Africa. [Gr. pente, five, polis, a city.]

Pentarchy, pen′tär-ki, n. government by five persons. [Gr. pente, five, archē, rule.]

Pentasepalous, pen-ta-sep′a-lus, adj. having five sepals.

Pentaspermous, pent-a-spėr′mus, adj. (bot.) containing five seeds. [Gr. pente, five, sperma, seed.]

Pentastich, pen′ta-stik, n. a composition of five verses.—adj. Pentas′tichous, five-ranked.

Pentastyle, pen′ta-stīl, adj. having five columns in front.—n. (archit.) a building with a portico of five columns. [Gr. pente, five, stylos, a pillar.]

Pentasyllabic, pen-ta-si-lab′ik, adj. having five syllables.

Pentateuch, pen′ta-tūk, n. a name used to denote the Jewish Thorah, the first five books of the Old Testament.—adj. Pen′tateuchal. [Gr. pente, five, teuchos, a book—teuchein, to prepare.]

Pentathlon, pen-tath′lon, n. a contest consisting of five exercises—wrestling, throwing the discus, spear-throwing, leaping, and running—also Pentath′lum.—n. Pentath′lēte, one who contests in the pentathlon. [Gr. pente, five, athlon, a contest.]

Pentatonic, pen-ta-ton′ik, adj. consisting of five tones.

Penteconter, pen′tē-kon-tėr, n. an ancient Greek ship having fifty oars.

Pentecost, pen′tē-kost, n. a Jewish festival held on the fiftieth day after the Passover, in commemoration of the giving of the law: the festival of Whitsuntide, held in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the assembled disciples at the feast of Pentecost.—adj. Pentecost′al.—n.pl. offerings formerly made to the parish priest at Whitsuntide. [Gr. pentēkostē (hēmera), the fiftieth (day).]

Pentegraph=Pantograph.

Pentelic, -an, pen-tel′ik, -an, adj. describing a kind of marble found at Mount Pentelicus near Athens.

Penteteric, pen-te-ter′ik, adj. occurring every five years. [Gr., pente, five, etos, a year.]

Penthemimeral, pen-thē-mim′e-ral, adj. belonging to a metrical group of 2½ feet. [Gr. pente, five, hēmi, half, meros, a part.]

Penthouse, pent′hows, n. a shed projecting from or adjoining a main building: a protection from the weather over a door or a window: anything resembling a penthouse.—v.t. to provide with a penthouse, shelter by means of a shed sloping from a wall, or anything similar. [A corr. of pentice, which is from Fr. appentis—L. appendicium, an appendage.]

Pentice, pen′tis, n. See Penthouse.

Pentile=Pantile.

Pentroof, pent′rōōf, n. a roof with a slope on one side only. [A hybrid word, from Fr. pente, a slope—pendre, to hang, and Eng. roof.]

Pentstemon, pent-stē′mon, n. a genus of perennial herbs of the order Scrophularineæ, common in California. [Gr. pente, five, stēmōn, warp, stamen.]

Pentzia, pent′si-a, n. a genus of South African shrubs, having yellow flowers in small heads, usually in corymbs.—The chief species is Pentzia virgata or the 'sheep-fodder bush.' [Named after C. J. Pentz, a student under Thunberg.]

Penult, pē-nult′, or pē′nult, Penult′ima, n. the syllable last but one.—adj. Penult′imāte, last but one.—n. the penult: the last member but one of any series. [L. penultima—pæne, almost, ultimus, last.]

Penumbra, pē-num′bra, n. a partial or lighter shadow round the perfect or darker shadow of an eclipse: the part of a picture where the light and shade blend into each other.—adjs. Penum′bral, Penum′brous. [L. pæne, almost, umbra, shade.]

Penury, pen′ū-ri, n. want: absence of means or resources: great poverty.—adj. Penū′rious, showing penury: not bountiful: too saving: sordid: miserly.—adv. Penū′riously.—n. Penū′riousness. [Fr.,—L. penuria; Gr. peina, hunger, penēs, poor.]

Peon, pē′on, n. a day-labourer, esp. in South America, one working off a debt by bondage: in India, a foot-soldier, a messenger, a native policeman.—ns. Pē′onage, Pē′onism, this kind of agricultural servitude. [Sp.,—Low L. pedo—L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Peony, pē′o-ni, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceæ, with large showy flowers, carmine, in some white. [O. Fr. pione (Fr. pivoine)—L. pæonia, healing—Gr. Paiōn.]

People, pē′pl, n. persons generally: the men, women, and children of a country or a nation: the mass of persons as distinguished from the rulers, &c.: an indefinite number: inhabitants: the vulgar: the populace:—pl. Peoples (pē′plz), races, tribes.—v.t. to stock with people or inhabitants.—People's palace, an institution for the amusement, recreation, and association of the working-classes, as that in the East End of London, inaugurated in 1887.—Chosen people, the Israelites; Good people, or folk, a popular euphemistic name for the fairies; Peculiar people (see Peculiar); The people, the populace, the mass. [Fr. peuple—L. populus, prob. reduplicated from root of plebs, people.]

Peotomy, pē-ot′ō-mi, n. the amputation of the penis. [Gr. peos, the penis, temnein, to cut.]

Peperin, pep′e-rin, n. a volcanic tufa found in the Alban Hills near Rome. [It. peperino—pepe, pepper—L. piper, pepper.]

Pepita, pe-pē′ta, n. a nugget of gold. [Sp.]

Peplum, pep′lum, n. an upper robe worn by women in ancient Greece.—Also Pep′lus. [L.,—Gr. peplos.]

Pepo, pē′pō, n. a fruit like that of the gourd. [Gr.]

Pepper, pep′ėr, n. a pungent aromatic condiment consisting of the dried berries of the pepper-plant, entire or powdered: any plant of genus Piper: a plant of genus Capsicum, or one of its pods, whence Cayenne pepper.—v.t. to sprinkle with pepper: to hit or pelt with shot, &c.: to pelt thoroughly: to do for.—adj. Pepp′er-and-salt′, of a colour composed of a light ground dotted with fine spots of a dark colour, or of a dark ground with light spots.—ns. Pepp′er-box, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling pepper on food; Pepp′er-cake, a kind of spiced cake or gingerbread; Pepp′er-cast′er, the vessel, on a cruet-stand, from which pepper is sprinkled; Pepp′ercorn, the berry of the pepper plant: something of little value—Peppercorn rent, a nominal rent; Pepp′erer, one who sells pepper, a grocer; Pepp′er-gin′gerbread, hot-spiced gingerbread; Pepp′er-grass, any plant of genus Lepidium; Pepp′eriness; Pepp′ermint, a species of mint, aromatic and pungent like pepper: a liquor distilled from the plant: a lozenge flavoured with peppermint—Peppermint-drop, a confection so flavoured; Pepp′er-pot, a West Indian dish, of cassareep, together with flesh or dried fish and vegetables, esp. green okra and chillies: tripe shredded and stewed, with balls of dough and plenty of pepper; Pepp′er-tree, a shrub of the cashew family, native to South America, &c.—also Pepper shrub and Chili pepper; Pepp′erwort, the dittander.—adj. Pepp′ery, possessing the qualities of pepper: hot, choleric.—Æthiopian pepper, the produce of Xylopia Æthiopica; Benin pepper, of Cubeba Clusii; Guinea pepper, or Maleguetta pepper, of Amomum; Jamaica pepper, or Pimento, of species of Eugenia (Myrtaceæ); Long pepper, the fruit of Piper Longum; White pepper, the seed freed from the skin and fleshy part of the fruit by soaking in water and rubbing the dried fruit. [A.S. pipor—L. piper—Gr. peperi—Sans. pippala.]

Pepper's Ghost, pep′ėrs gōst, n. a device for associating on the same stage living persons and phantoms to act together—the phantom produced by a large sheet of unsilvered glass on the stage, practically invisible to the spectators, reflecting to them, along with a visible actor or actors, the appearance of another actor on an understage, himself invisible. [John H. Pepper (b. 1821), the improver and exhibitor of Henry Dircks' invention.]

Pepsin, Pepsine, pep′sin, n. one of the essential constituents of the gastric juice: the active agent in fermenting food in the stomach—a hydrolytic ferment.—adj. Pep′tic, relating to or promoting digestion: having a good digestion.—ns. Peptic′ity, eupepsia; Pep′tics, digestion considered as a science: the digestive organs; Pep′togen, a substance producing peptone, any preparation that facilitates digestion.—adjs. Peptogen′ic, Peptog′enous, Pepton′ic.—ns. Pep′tōne, one of a class of albumenoids formed by the action of the chemical ferment pepsin and hydrochloric acid, the latter first converting into a syntonin or acid protein, the former converting this syntonin into peptone—they are soluble in water, are not coagulated by boiling, and pass readily through an animal membrane, being therefore easily absorbed; Peptonisā′tion.—v.t. Pep′tonise, to convert into peptones.—n. Pep′tonoid, a substance like peptone: one of certain food preparations. [Fr.,—Gr. pepsis, digestion—peptein, to digest.]

Pepysian, pep′is-i-an, adj. pertaining to Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), his inimitable diary, or the collection of prints, books, ballads, &c. he bequeathed to Magdalene College, Cambridge.

Per, pėr, prep. through, by means of, according to.—Per annum, year by year: for each year; Per capita, by heads, implying equal rights to two or more persons; Per cent., per hundred; Per contra, on the contrary: as a set-off; Per diem, every day: day by day; Per mensem, monthly: by the month; Per saltum, at a single leap: all at once; Per se, by himself, &c.: essentially.

Peracute, per-a-kūt′, adj. very sharp or violent.

Peradventure, per-ad-vent′ūr, adv. by adventure: by chance: perhaps.—n. uncertainty: question.

Perambulate, per-am′bū-lāt, v.t. to walk through or over: to pass through for the purpose of surveying: to survey the boundaries of.—ns. Perambulā′tion, act of perambulating: a survey or inspection by travelling through: the district within which a person has the right of inspection; Peram′bulātor, one who perambulates: an instrument for measuring distances on roads: a light carriage for a child.—adj. Peram′bulātory. [L. perambulāre, -ātum—per, through, ambulāre, to walk.]

Percale, per-käl′, n. a closely woven French cambric.—n. Per′caline, a glossy cotton cloth. [Fr.]

Percase, per-kās′, adv. (Bacon) perchance, perhaps. [L. per, through, by, casus, a chance.]

Perceable, pėrs′a-bl, adj. (Spens.)=Pierceable.

Perceant, pėrs′ant, adj. piercing, penetrating.—v.t. Perc′en (Spens.), to pierce. [Fr. perçant, pr.p. of percer, to pierce.]

Perceive, per-sēv′, v.t. to become aware of through the senses: to get knowledge of by the mind: to see: to understand: to discern.—adj. Perceiv′able (same as Perceptible).—adv. Perceiv′ably (same as Perceptibly).—ns. Perceiv′er; Perceiv′ing (Bacon), perception. [O. Fr. percever—L. percipĕre, perceptum—per, perfectly, capĕre, to take.]

Percentage, per-sen′tāj, n. rate per hundred: an allowance of so much for every hundred.—adj. Percen′tile. [Cf. Cent.]

Percept, pėr′sept, n. that which is perceived by means of the senses.—n. Perceptibil′ity, quality of being perceptible.—adj. Percep′tible, that can be perceived: that may be known by the senses: discernible.—adv. Percep′tibly.—n. Percep′tion, act of perceiving: discernment: (phil.) the faculty of perceiving: the evidence of external objects by our senses.—adjs. Percep′tional; Percep′tive, having the power of perceiving or discerning.—ns. Percep′tiveness, the faculty or power of perceiving: readiness to perceive; Perceptiv′ity, character or quality of being perceptive: power of perceiving.—adj. Percep′tūal, of the nature of perception.

Perch, pėrch, n. a genus of fresh-water fishes.—adjs. Perch′-backed, shaped like a perch's back; Per′ciform, percoid; Per′cine, perciform; Per′coid, like the perch: pertaining to the perch family. [Fr. perche—L. perca—Gr. perkē, a perch, prob. conn. with perknos, spotted.]

Perch, pėrch, n. a rod on which birds roost: any high seat or position: a measure=5½ yards: a square measure=30¼ square yards: a pole joining the fore and hind gear of a spring carriage: a frame on which cloth is examined for flaws.—v.i. to sit or roost on a perch: to settle.—v.t. to place, as on a perch.—ns. Perch′er, a bird that perches on trees; Perch′ing, the examination of cloth stretched on a frame for burs, knots, or holes—also called Burling.—adj. insessorial.—ns. Perch′-plate, a plate or block above or below a carriage-reach, at the king-bolt; Perch′-pole, an acrobat's climbing-pole; Perch′-stay, one of the side-rods bracing the perch to the hind-axle. [Fr. perche—L. pertica, a rod.]

Perchance, per-chans′, adv. by chance: perhaps.

Percheron, per-she-rong′, n. a horse of the Percheron breed, large strong draught-horses, usually dapple-gray—also Norman and Norman Percheron.—adj. pertaining to the foregoing. [Fr.,—Perche, in southern Normandy.]

Perchloric, per-klō′rik, adj. pertaining to an acid, a syrupy liquid obtained by decomposing potassium perchlorate by means of sulphuric acid.—n. Perchlō′rate, a salt of perchloric acid.

Percipient, per-sip′i-ent, adj. perceiving: having the faculty of perception.—n. one who perceives or who has the power of perceiving.—ns. Percip′ience, Percip′iency.

Perclose, per-klōz′, n. an enclosed place: (archit.) a railing separating a tomb or chapel from the rest of the church: (her.) the lower half of a garter with the buckle.—Also Par′aclose, Parclose′. [O. Fr.,—L. præ, in front, claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Percoct, per-kokt′, adj. well-cooked. [L. percoctus, percoquĕre, to cook thoroughly.]

Percoid, per′koid. See Perch (1).

Percolate, pėr′kō-lāt, v.t. to strain through pores or small openings, as a liquid: to filter.—v.i. to pass or ooze through very small openings: to filter.—n. a filtered liquid.—ns. Percolā′tion, act of filtering; Per′colator, a filtering vessel. [L. percolāre,-ātum—per, through, colāre, to strain.]

Percurrent, per-kur′ent, adj. running through the whole length.—adj. Percur′sory, running over slightly or in haste (same as Cursory). [L. percurrens, pr.p. of percurrĕre, percursum, to run through.]

Percuss, per-kus′, v.t. to strike so as to shake: to tap for purposes of diagnosis.—adj. Percus′sant (her.), bent round and striking the side, as a lion's tail—also Percussed′.

Percussion, per-kush′un, n. the forcible striking of one body against another: collision, or the shock produced by it: impression of sound on the ear: (med.) the tapping upon the body to find the condition of an internal organ by the sounds: in the jargon of palmistry, the outer side of the hand.—adjs. Percuss′ional, Percuss′ive.—ns. Percuss′ion-bull′et, a bullet so formed as to explode on striking something: an explosive bullet; Percus′sion-cap, a cap of copper partly filled with a substance which explodes when struck, formerly used for firing rifles, &c.; Percus′sion-fuse, a fuse in a projectile set in action by concussion when the projectile strikes the object; Percus′sion-hamm′er, a small hammer for percussion in diagnosis; Percus′sion-lock, a kind of lock for a gun in which a hammer strikes upon a percussion-cap on the nipple, igniting the charge; Percus′sion-pow′der, powder which explodes on being struck, called also fulminating powder.—adv. Percuss′ively.—ns. Percuss′or; Percuteur′, an instrument for light percussion in neuralgia, &c.—adj. Percū′tient, striking or having power to strike.—n. that which strikes or has power to strike. [L. percussion-em—percutĕre, percussum—per, thoroughly, quatĕre, to shake.]

Percutaneous, per-kū-tā′nē-us, adj. done or applied through or by means of the skin.—adv. Percutā′neously. [L. per, through, cutis, the skin.]

Perdendo, per-den′dō, adj. (mus.) dying away.—Also Perden′dosi. [It.]

Perdie, Perdy, pėr′di, adv.=Pardieu.

Perdition, per-dish′un, n. utter loss or ruin: the utter loss of happiness in a future state.—n. Per′dita, a lost woman.—adj. Perdi′tionable. [Fr.,—L. perditio—perdĕre, perditum—per, entirely, dăre, to put.]

Perdu, Perdue, per-dū′, adj. lost to view: concealed: being on a forlorn hope or on a desperate enterprise: reckless.—n. (Shak.) one lying in concealment or ambush: one on a forlorn hope. [Fr., pa.p. of perdre, to lose—L. perdĕre, to destroy.]

Perduellion, per-dū-el′i-on, n. treason. [L.]

Perdurable, per′dū-ra-bl, adj. (Shak.) very durable, long continued.—ns. Perdurabil′ity, Perdū′rance, Perdurā′tion.—adv. Perdū′rably (Shak.), very durably: everlastingly.—v.i. Perdure′, to last for a very long time. [L. perdurāre—per, through, durāre, to last.]

Peregal, per′e-gal, adj. fully equal.—n. equal.

Peregrinate, per′ē-gri-nāt, v.i. to travel through the country: to travel about from place to place: to live in a foreign country.—adj. foreign.—ns. Peregrinā′tion, act of peregrinating or travelling about; Per′egrinātor, one who travels about.—adj. Per′egrine, foreign, not native: migratory, as a bird.—n. a foreigner resident in any country: a kind of falcon.—n. Peregrin′ity, foreignness. [L. peregrināri, -ātus—peregrinus, foreign.]

Pereion, pe-rī′on, n. the thorax in crustacea:—pl. Perei′a.—n. Perei′opod, one of the true thoracic limbs of a crustacean. [Gr. periiōn, pr.p. of periienai, to go about.]

Perelle, pe-rel′, n. Same as Parella.

Peremptory, per′emp-tō-ri, adj. preventing debate: authoritative: dogmatical: final, determinate: fully resolved or determined: that must be done.—adv. Per′emptorily.—n. Per′emptoriness. [Fr.,—L. peremptorius—perimĕre, peremptum—per, entirely, emĕre, to take.]

Perennial, pe-ren′i-al, adj. lasting through the year: perpetual: never failing: growing constantly: (bot.) lasting more than two years: of insects, living more than one year.—n. a plant which lives more than two years.—v.i. Perenn′ate, to live perennially.—n. Perennā′tion.—adv. Perenn′ially. [L. perennis—per, through, annus, a year.]

Perennibranchiate, pe-ren-i-brang′ki-āt, adj. having perennial branchiæ or gills.—Also Perenn′ibranch.

Perfect, pėr′fekt, adj. done thoroughly or completely: completed: without blemish, fault, or error: having neither too much nor too little: entire, very great: in the highest degree: possessing every moral excellence: completely skilled or acquainted: (gram.) expressing an act completed: (bot.) having both stamens and pistils, hermaphrodite.—v.t. (or per-fekt′) to make perfect: to finish: to teach fully, to make fully skilled in anything.—ns. Perfectā′tion (rare); Per′fecter; Perfect′i, a body of Catharists in the 12th and 13th centuries, of very strict lives; Perfectibil′ity, quality of being made perfect.—adj. Perfect′ible, that may be made perfect.—ns. Perfec′tion, state of being perfect: a perfect quality or acquirement: the highest state or degree; Perfec′tionism (or Perfectibil′ity), the belief that man in a state of grace may attain to a relative perfection or a state of living without sin in this life; Perfec′tionist, one who pretends to be perfect: one who thinks that moral perfection can be attained in this life: one of the Bible Communists or Free-lovers, a small American sect founded by J. H. Noyes (1811-86), which settled at Oneida in 1848, holding that the gospel if accepted secures freedom from sin.—adj. Perfect′ive, tending to make perfect.—advs. Perfect′ively, Per′fectly, in a perfect manner: completely: exactly: without fault.—n. Per′fectness, state or quality of being perfect: completeness: perfection: consummate excellence.—Perfect insect, the imago or completely developed form of an insect; Perfect metals (see Metal); Perfect number, a number equal to the sum of all its divisors, the number itself of course excepted, as 6 = 1 + 2 + 3, 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. [Fr.,—L. perfectus, pa.p. of perficĕre—per, thoroughly, facĕre, to do.]

Perfervid, per-fer′vid, adj. very fervid: very hot or eager.—n. Perfer′vidness.—Perfervidum ingenium, a very ardent disposition. [L. perfervidus, præfervidus—præ, before, fervidus, fervid.]

Perficient, pėr-fish′ent, adj. effectual.—n. one who does a lasting work, esp. who endows a charity.

Perfidious, per-fid′i-us, adj. faithless: unfaithful: basely violating trust: treacherous.—adv. Perfid′iously.—ns. Perfid′iousness, Per′fidy, treachery. [L. perfidiosus—perfidia, faithlessness.]

Perfoliate, -d, per-fō′li-āt, -ed, adj. (bot.) having the stem as it were passing through the blade—of a leaf: having the leaf round the stem at the base: (zool.) surrounded by a circle of hairs, &c., taxicorn. [L. per, through, folium, a leaf.]

Perforate, pėr′fō-rāt, v.t. to bore through: to pierce: to make a hole through.—adj. Per′forable, capable of being perforated.—n. Per′forans, the long flexor muscle of the toes, or the deep flexor muscle of the fingers.—adjs. Per′forant, perforating; Per′forate, -d (bot.), pierced with holes: having transparent dots, as the leaves of certain flowers.—n. Perforā′tion, act of boring through: a hole through or into anything.—adj. Per′forātive, having power to pierce.—ns. Per′forātor, one who bores, or an instrument for boring; Per′forātus, the short flexor of the toes, or the superficial flexor of the fingers. [L. perforāre, -ātum—per, through, forāre, to bore.]

Perforce, per-fōrs′, adv. by force: of necessity.

Perform, per-form′, v.t. to do thoroughly: to carry out: to achieve: to act, as on the stage.—v.i. to do: to act a part: to play, as on a musical instrument.—adj. Perfor′mable, capable of being performed: practicable.—ns. Perfor′mance, act of performing: a carrying out of something: something done, esp. of a public character: a piece of work: an exhibition in a theatre or a place of amusement: an act or action; Perfor′mer, one who performs, esp. one who makes a public exhibition of his skill: an actor, an actress, &c.—adj. Perfor′ming, doing: trained to perform tricks. [O. Fr. parfournir, par—L. per, through, fournir, to furnish.]

Perfume, pėr′fūm, or pėr-fūm′, n. sweet-smelling smoke: sweet scent: anything which yields a sweet odour.—v.t. (pėr-fūm′) to fill with a pleasant odour: to scent.—adj. Perfū′matory, yielding perfume.—ns. Per′fume-foun′tain, a small appliance for throwing a jet or spray of perfume; Perfū′mer, one who or that which perfumes: one who makes or sells perfumes; Perfū′mery, perfumes in general: the art of preparing perfumes; Per′fume-set, a set of articles for the toilet-table.—adj. Per′fūmy. [Fr. parfum—L. per, through, fumus, smoke.]

Perfunctory, per-fungk′tō-ri, adj. done merely as a duty to be passed over: performed carelessly or without interest: negligent: slight.—adv. Perfunc′torily, in a careless, half-hearted manner: without zeal or interest.—n. Perfunc′toriness, careless performance: half-heartedness. [L. perfunctorius—perfunctus, pa.p. of perfungi, to execute—per, thoroughly, fungi, to do.]

Perfuse, per-fūz′, v.t. to pour through or over.—n. Perfū′sion.—adj. Perfū′sive, sprinkling, or tending to sprinkle. [L. perfusus, poured over—per, through, fundĕre, to pour.]

Pergameneous, per-ga-mē′nē-us, adj. thin and parchment-like in texture.—adj. Pergamentā′ceous, parchment-like. [L. pergamena, parchment.]

Pergola, per′gō-la, n. an arbour, a balcony.—Also Per′gula. [It.,—L. pergula, a shed.]

Pergunnah, pėr-gun′a, n. a sub-division of a zillah or district in India.—Also Pargan′a. [Hind.]

Perhaps, per-haps′, adv. it may be: possibly.

Peri, pē′ri, n. in Persian mythology, a female elf or fairy, represented as descended from the fallen angels. [Fr. péri—Pers. parī, a fairy.]

Periagua, per-i-ä′gwä, n. a canoe hollowed out of a single trunk, a dug-out: a vessel made by cutting a canoe in two lengthwise and inserting a large plank: a large keelless flat-bottomed boat for shoal-water navigation, decked at the ends only, propelled by rowing, or by sails on two masts capable of being struck.—Also Pirogue′. [Sp. piragua.]

Periaktos, per-i-ak′tos, n. in the ancient Greek theatre a tall prism-shaped frame or screen at the side entrances, each carrying three scenes changed by turning the frames. [Gr.]

Perianth, per′i-anth, n. the floral envelope where the calyx and corolla are not easily distinguished. [Gr. peri, around, anthos, a flower.]

Periapt, per′i-apt, n. (Shak.) an amulet. [Gr. periapton, something hung round, peri, about, aptos—aptein, to fasten.]

Periaxial, per-i-ak′si-al, adj. surrounding an axis.

Periblast, per′i-blast, n. the protoplasm about the nucleus of a cell.—adj. Periblast′ic. [Gr. peri, about, blastos, a germ.]

Peribolos, pe-rib′o-los, n. a court enclosed by a wall, esp. one containing a temple or a church, the whole outer enclosure of sanctuary or refuge. [Gr. peribolos, encircling—peri, around, ballein, to throw.]

Pericardium, per-i-kär′di-um, n. (anat.) the bag or sac composed of two layers which surrounds the heart.—adjs. Pericar′diac, Pericar′dial, Pericar′dian.—n. Pericardī′tis, inflammation of the pericardium. [Late L.,—Gr. perikardion—peri, around, kardia, heart.]

Pericarp, per′i-kärp, n. (bot.) the covering, shell, or rind of fruits: a seed-vessel.—adj. Pericarp′ial. [Gr. perikarpion—peri, around, karpos, fruit.]

Pericentral, per-i-sen′tral, adj. surrounding a central body.—adj. Pericen′tric.

Perichondrium, per-i-kon′dri-um, n. the fibrous investment of cartilage. [Gr. peri, about, chondros, cartilage.]

Periclase, per′i-klāz, n. a rare mineral consisting of magnesia with a little iron protoxide. [Gr. peri, about, klasis, fracture.]

Periclean, per-i-klē′an, adj. of Pericles (died 429 B.C.) or the golden age of art and letters at Athens.

Pericope, pē-rik′ō-pē, n. an extract, esp. the selections from the epistles and gospels for the Sundays of the year. [Gr. peri, around, koptein, to cut.]

Pericranium, per-i-krā′ni-um, n. (anat.) the membrane that surrounds the cranium.—adj. Pericrā′nial.—n. Per′icrāny (obs.), the skull. [Late L.,—Gr. perikranion—peri, around, kranion, the skull.]

Periculum, pē-rik′ū-lum, n. (Scots law) a risk:—pl. Peric′ula. [L.]

Pericystitis, per-i-sis-tī′tis, n. inflammation around the bladder. [Gr. peri, around, kystis, the bladder.]

Peridental, per-i-den′tal, adj. surrounding the teeth.

Periderm, per′i-derm, n. the hard integument of some tubularian hydromedusans: (bot.) the outer bark.—adj. Per′idermal. [Gr. peri, about, derma, skin.]

Peridesmium, per-i-des′mi-um, n. (anat.) the areolar tissue round a ligament. [Gr. peri, around, desmos, a band.]

Peridium, pē-rid′i-um, n. the outer coat of a sporophore in angiocarpous fungi.—adj. Perid′ial.—n. Peridī′olum (bot.), an inner peridium inside of which the hymenium is formed. [Gr. pēridion, dim. of pēra, a wallet.]

Peridotite, per′i-dō-tīt, n. rock mainly composed of olivine.—n. Per′idot, chrysolite.—adj. Peridot′ic.

Peridrome, per′i-drōm, n. the space between the inner cell or chamber and the surrounding pillars in an ancient temple. [Gr. peridromos, running round—peri, around, dromos, a race.]

Periegesis, per-i-ē-jē′sis, n. a progress or journey through. [Gr.]

Perienteron, per-i-en′te-ron, n. the primitive perivisceral cavity.—adj. Perienter′ic. [Gr. peri, about, enteron, an intestine.]

Perifibrum, per-i-fī′brum, n. the membraneous covering of the spicules and fibre of sponges.

Periganglionic, per-i-gang-gli-on′ik, adj. surrounding a ganglion.

Perigastric, per-i-gas′trik, adj. surrounding the alimentary canal.

Perigee, per′i-jē, n. (astron.) the point of the moon's orbit at which it is nearest the earth—opp. to Apogee.—adjs. Perigē′al, Perigē′an. [Gr. peri, near, gē, the earth.]

Perigenesis, per-i-jen′e-sis, n. wave-generation, the dynamic theory of reproduction by a kind of wave-motion of plastidules.

Periglottis, per-i-glot′is, n. the epidermis of the tongue.—adj. Periglott′ic.

Perigone, per′i-gōn, n. (bot.) the same as Perianth—also Perigō′nium.—adj. Perigō′nial. [Gr. peri, about, gonē, seed.]

Perigraph, per′i-graf, n. an inaccurate delineation of anything.—adj. Perigraph′ic.

Perigynous, per-ij′i-nus, adj. (bot.) denoting flowers which have the petals and stamens growing on the calyx, or around the pistil.—n. Perigyn′ium. [Gr. peri, about, gynē, a female.]

Perihelion, per-i-hē′li-on, n. the point of the orbit of a planet or a comet at which it is nearest to the sun—opp. to Aphelion.—Also Perihē′lium. [Gr. peri, near, hēlios, the sun.]

Perihepatic, per-i-hē-pat′ik, adj. surrounding the liver.

Peril, per′il, n. danger: a source of danger: exposure to danger.—v.t. to expose to danger:—pr.p. per′illing; pa.t. and pa.p. per′illed.—adj. Per′ilous, full of peril: dangerous.—adv. Per′ilously.—n. Per′ilousness. [Fr. péril—L. periculum.]

Perilymph, per′i-limf, n. the fluid which surrounds the membraneous labyrinth of the ear.

Perimeter, pē-rim′e-tėr, n. (geom.) the circuit or boundary of any plane figure, or the sum of all its sides: an instrument for measuring the area over which a person can see distinctly.—adjs. Perimet′ric, -al, pertaining to the perimeter.—n. Perim′etry, the act of making perimetrical measurements. [Gr. perimetros—peri, around, metron, measure.]

Perimorph, per′i-morf, n. a mineral enclosing another.—adjs. Perimor′phic, Perimor′phous.

Perineum, Perinæum, per-i-nē′um, n. the lower part of the body between the genital organs and the rectum.—adj. Perinē′al. [L.,—Gr.]

Period, pē′ri-ud, n. the time in which anything is performed: (astron.) the time occupied by one of the heavenly bodies in making its revolution: a stated interval of time, at the end of which certain events begin again to go through the same course as before: a series of events: a series of years: length of duration: the time at which anything ends: conclusion: (gram.) a mark at the end of a sentence: (rhet.) a complete sentence.—v.t. (Shak.) to put an end to.—adjs. Period′ic, -al, pertaining to a period: happening by revolution: occurring at regular intervals: pertaining to periodicals.—ns. Period′ical, a magazine or other publication which appears in parts at regular periods; Period′icalist, one who writes in a periodical.—adv. Period′ically.—n. Periodic′ity, state of being periodic: tendency to happen over again at regular intervals of time.—Periodical literature, literature published in magazines, &c.; Periodic function, one whose operation being iterated a certain number of times restores the variable: a function having a period; Periodic inequality, a disturbance in the motion of a planet due to its position in its orbit relatively to another planet; Periodic law (chem.), a relation of elements according to their atomic weights. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. periodos—peri, around, hodos, a way.]

Periophthalmus, per-i-of-thal′mus, n. a genus of acanthopterous fishes, allied to gobies, with protruding mobile eyes, pectoral fins that can be used as legs.

Periorbital, per-i-or′bi-tal, adj. pertaining to the orbit of the eye.

Periosteum, per-i-os′tē-um, n. a tough fibrous membrane which forms the outer coating of bones.—adjs. Perios′tēal, Perios′tēous; Periostit′ic.—n. Periostī′tis, inflammation of the periosteum. [Gr. periosteon—peri, around, osteon, a bone.]

Periotic, per-i-ō′tik, adj. surrounding the inner ear.—n. a periotic bone. [Gr. peri, about, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Peripatetic, -al, per-i-pa-tet′ik, -al, adj. walking about: of or pertaining to the philosophy of Aristotle, who taught while walking up and down in the Lyceum at Athens.—n. Peripatet′ic, an adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle: one accustomed or obliged to walk: (pl.) instruction by lectures.—n. Peripatet′icism, the philosophy of Aristotle. [Gr. peripatētikos—peri, about, patein, to walk.]

Peripatus, pe-rip′ā-tus, n. a genus of myriapods.

Peripetia, per-i-pe-tī′a, n. the dénouement of a drama.

Periphery, pe-rif′ėr-i, n. (geom.) the circumference of a circle or of any closed figure: the outside of anything generally.—adjs. Periph′eral, Peripher′ic, -al. [L.—Gr. peri, around, pherein, to carry.]

Periphractic, per-i-frak′tik, adj. enclosed around. [Gr. peri, about, phrassein, to enclose.]

Periphrase, per′i-frāz, n. a round-about way of speaking: the use of more words than are necessary to express an idea: (rhet.) a figure employed to avoid a trite expression—also Periph′rasis.—v.t. or v.i. to use circumlocution.—adjs. Periphras′tic, -al, containing or expressed by periphrasis or circumlocution.—adv. Periphras′tically. [L.,—Gr. periphrasis—peri, about, phrasis, a speaking.]

Periplast, per′i-plast, n. the intercellular substance of an organ or tissue of the body.—adj. Periplast′ic.

Periplus, per′i-plus, n. a circumnavigation. [Gr. peri, around, ploos, plous, a voyage.]

Periptery, pe-rip′tėr-i, n. (archit.) a building surrounded by a wing or row of columns.—adjs. Perip′teral, having a periptery or range of columns all round, said of a temple, &c.; Perip′terous, feathered on all sides: peripteral. [Gr. peripteros—peri, about, pteron, a wing.]

Perirhinal, per-i-rī′nal, adj. surrounding the nose.

Periscii, pe-rish′i-ī, n.pl. the people within the polar circle, because their shadows, on some days in summer, move round in a complete circle, owing to the fact that on those days the sun does not set.—adj. Peris′cian. [Gr. periskios, throwing a shadow all round; peri, around, skia, a shadow.]

Periscope, per′i-skōp, n. an instrument like the altiscope, used in directing submarine boats.—adj. Periscop′ic. [Gr. peri, about, skopein, to see.]

Perish, per′ish, v.i. to pass away completely: to waste away: to decay: to lose life: to be destroyed: to be ruined or lost.—ns. Perishabil′ity, Per′ishableness, the quality of being liable to speedy decay or destruction.—adj. Per′ishable, that may perish: subject to speedy decay.—adv. Per′ishably.—v.i. Per′ishen (Spens.), to perish. [O. Fr. perir, pr.p. perissant—L. perīre, to perish—per, completely, īre, to go.]

Perisperm, per′i-spėrm, n. (bot.) that which is round a seed, the albumen.—adj. Perisper′mic. [Gr. peri, around, sperma, seed.]

Perispheric, -al, per-i-sfer′ik, -al, adj. globular.

Perispore, per′i-spōr, n. the outer covering of a spore.

Perissad, pe-ris′ad, n. (chem.) an atom whose valency is represented by an odd number—opp. to Artiad—also adj. [Gr. perissos, beyond the regular number.]

Perissodactyla, pe-ris-ō-dak′ti-la, n. one of the two divisions of the great mammalian order Ungulata, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros, distinguished by the third digit of each limb being symmetrical in itself, by the presence of an odd number of digits on the hind-foot, &c.—opp. to Artiodactyla.—adjs. Perissodac′tyl, Perissodac′tylate, Perissodactyl′ic, Perissodac′tylous. [Gr. perissos, beyond the regular number, daktylos, a finger.]

Perissology, per-i-sol′ō-ji, n. verbiage.—adj. Perissolog′ical, redundant in words.

Perissosyllabic, pe-ris-o-si-lab′ik, adj. having superfluous syllables.

Peristalith, pe-ris′ta-lith, n. a series of standing stones surrounding a barrow or burial-mound. [Gr. peri, around, histanai, to stand, lithos, a stone.]

Peristaltic, per-i-stalt′ik, adj. noting the involuntary muscular action of the alimentary canal, by which it forces its contents onwards.—n. Peristal′sis. [Gr. peristaltikos—peristellein, to wrap round—peri, around, stellein, to place.]

Peristeropod, pē-ris′te-rō-pod, adj. pigeon-toed—also n. [Gr. peristera, a pigeon, pous, podos, a foot.]

Peristome, per′i-stōm, n. the mouth-parts of echinoderms, &c.: the fringe of hair-like appendages round the rim of the capsule of a moss.

Peristyle, per′i-stīl, n. a range of columns round a building or round a square: a court, square, &c., with columns all round.—adj. Peristy′lar. [L. peristylium—Gr. peristylon, with pillars round the wall—peri, around, stylos, a column.]

Perithoracic, per-i-thō-ras′ik, adj. around the thorax.

Peritomous, pe-rit′ō-mus, adj. (min.) cleaving in more directions than one parallel to the axis, the faces being all similar. [Gr. peri, round, temnein, to cut.]

Peritoneum, Peritonæum, per-i-tō-nē′um, n. a serous membrane which encloses all the viscera lying in the abdominal and pelvic cavities.—adjs. Peritonē′al; Peritonit′ic.—n. Peritonī′tis, inflammation of the peritoneum. [Gr. peritoneion—peri, around, teinein, to stretch.]

Perityphlitis, per-i-tif-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the cæcum, appendix, and connective tissue, or of the peritoneum covering cæcum and appendix. [Gr. peri, round, typhlos, blind (the cæcum being the 'blind gut').]

Perivascular, per-i-vas′kū-lar, adj. surrounding a vascular structure.

Perivisceral, per-i-vis′e-ral, adj. surrounding viscera.

Periwig, per′i-wig, n. a peruke or small wig, usually shortened to Wig: an artificial head of hair.—v.t. to dress with a periwig.—adj. Per′iwig-pā′ted, wearing a periwig. [Old Dut. peruyk—Fr. perruque.]

Periwinkle, per′i-wingk-l, n. a creeping evergreen plant, growing in woods. [M. E. peruenke, through A.S. peruincæ, from L. pervinca, vincīre, to bind.]

Periwinkle, per′i-wingk-l, n. a small univalve mollusc: a small shellfish, abundant between tide-marks on the rocks, boiled and eaten as food. [Corrupted by confusion with preceding from A.S. pinewincla—wincle, a whelk; prov. Eng. pin-patch.]

Perjure, pėr′jōōr, v.t. to swear falsely (followed by a reciprocal pronoun): to cause to swear falsely.—v.i. to be false to one's oath.—n. (Shak.) a perjured person.—adj. Per′jured, having sworn falsely: being sworn falsely, as an oath.—n. Per′jurer.—adjs. Perju′rious, Per′jurous, guilty of perjury.—n. Per′jury, false swearing: the breaking of an oath: (law) the crime committed by one who, when giving evidence on oath as a witness in a court of justice, gives evidence which he knows to be false. [Fr.,—L. perjurāre—per-, jurāre, to swear.]

Perk, pėrk, adj. trim: spruce: jaunty: proud.—v.t. to make smart or trim.—v.i. to hold up the head with smartness: to toss or jerk the head.—adj. Perk′y (Tenn.), perk, trim. [W. perc, trim.]

Perk, pėrk, v.i. (prov.) to peer.—adj. Perk′ing, peering, inquisitive.

Perkin, per′kin, n. weak perry.

Perlaceous=Pearlaceous. See Pearl.

Perlite, pėr′līt, n. the name given to some vitreous rocks, as obsidian, which seem as if made up of little pearly or enamel-like spheroids.—adj. Perlit′ic.

Perlous, pėrl′us, adj. (Spens.). Same as Perilous.

Perlustrate, per-lus′trāt, v.t. to survey carefully.—n. Perlustrā′tion. [L. perlustrāre, -ātum.]

Permanent, pėr′ma-nent, adj. lasting: durable: not subject to change: not to be removed: (zool.) always present.—ns. Per′manence, Per′manency, state or quality of being permanent: continuance in the same state, position, &c.: unlikelihood of change: duration.—adv. Per′manently.—Permanent way, the finished road of a railway. [Fr.,—L. permanēre—per, through, manēre, to continue.]

Permanganate, per-man′gan-āt, n. a salt containing manganese.—adj. Permangan′ic.

Permeate, pėr′mē-āt, v.t. to pass through the pores of: to penetrate and fill the pores of.—n. Permēabil′ity.—adj. Per′mēable, that may be permeated or passed through: allowing the passage of liquids.—adv. Per′mēably.—n. Permēā′tion, act of permeating, or state of being permeated.—adj. Permēā′tive. [L. permeatus—per, through, meāre, to pass.]

Permian, per′mi-an, n. a group of strata forming the uppermost division of the Palezoic series.

Permiscible, per-mis′i-bl, adj. capable of being mixed.

Permit, per-mit′, v.t. to give leave to: to allow to be or to be done: to afford means: to give opportunity:—pr.p. permit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. permit′ted.—n. (per′mit) a written permission, esp. from a custom-house officer to remove goods.—n. Permissibil′ity.—adj. Permiss′ible, that may be permitted: allowable.—adv. Permiss′ibly.—n. Permis′sion, act of permitting: liberty granted: allowance.—adj. Permiss′ive, granting permission or liberty: allowing: granted: not hindered.—adv. Permiss′ively, by permission, without prohibition.—ns. Permit′tance, permission; Permittēē′, one to whom permission is granted; Permit′ter, one who permits.—Permissive Bill, a measure embodying the principles of local option for the regulation of the liquor traffic; Permissive laws, laws that permit certain things without enforcing anything. [L. permittĕre, -missum, to let pass through—per, through, mittĕre, to send.]

Permutable, per-mū′ta-bl, adj. that may be changed one for another.—ns. Permū′tableness, Permutabil′ity.—adv. Permū′tably.—ns. Permū′tant; Permutā′tion, act of changing one thing for another: (math.) the arrangement of things or letters in every possible order.—v.t. Permute′. [L.,—permutāre—per, through, mutāre, to change.]

Pern, pėrn, n. a honey-buzzard.—Also Per′nis.

Pernicious, per-nish′us, adj. killing utterly: hurtful: destructive: highly injurious.—adv. Perni′ciously.—n. Perni′ciousness. [Fr.,—L. perniciosus—per, completely, nex, necis, death by violence.]

Pernickety, per-nik′e-ti, adj. easily troubled about trifles: (coll.) fastidious.—n. Pernick′etiness.

Pernoctation, pėr-nok-tā′shun, n. act of passing the whole night, esp. in prayer or watching: a watch all night. [L. per, through, nox, noctis, night.]

Perone, per′ō-nē, n. the fibula or small bone of the leg.—adjs. Perōnē′al; Perōnēōtib′ial, pertaining to the perone and the tibia.—n. a muscle from the fibula to the tibia in some marsupials: an anomalous muscle in man, constant in apes, between the inner side of the head of the fibula and the tibia.—n. Peronē′us, one of several fibular muscles. [Fr.,—Gr. peronē, the tongue of a buckle.]

Peropod, pē′rō-pod, adj. having rudimentary hind limbs, as serpents—also n. [Gr. pēros, maimed, pous, podos, a foot.]

Peroration, per-ō-rā′shun, n. the conclusion of a speech, usually summing up the points and enforcing the argument.—v.i. Per′orate, to make a peroration: (coll.) to make a speech. [Fr.,—L. peroratio—perorāre, to bring a speech to an end—per, through, orāre, to speak—os, oris, the mouth.]

Peroxide, per-ox′īd, n. an oxide having a larger proportion of oxygen than any other oxide of the same series.—n. Peroxidā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Perox′idise.

Perpend, per-pend′, v.t. to weigh in the mind, to consider carefully. [L. perpendĕre—per, inten., pendĕre, to weigh.]

Perpend, per′pend, n. in building, a bond-stone or bonder.—Also Per′pend-stone, Per′pent-stone. [O. Fr. parpaigne, Fr. parpaing.]

Perpendicular, pėr-pen-dik′ū-lar, adj. exactly upright: extending in a straight line toward the centre of the earth: (geom.) at right angles to a given line or surface.—n. a perpendicular line or plane.—n. Perpendicular′ity, state of being perpendicular.—adv. Perpendic′ularly.—Perpendicular style, a style of Gothic architecture in England which succeeded the Decorated style, prevailing from the end of the 14th to the middle of the 16th century, contemporary with the Flamboyant style in France, marked by stiff and rectilinear lines, mostly vertical window-tracery, depressed or four-centre arch, fan-tracery vaulting, and panelled walls. [Fr.,—L. perpendicularis—perpendiculum, a plumb-line—per, through, pendĕre, to weigh.]

Perpetrate, pėr′pē-trāt, v.t. to perform or commit (usually in a bad sense): to produce (as a poor pun).—adj. Per′petrable.—ns. Perpetrā′tion, act of committing a crime: the thing perpetrated: an evil action; Per′petrātor. [L. perpetrāre, -ātum—per, thoroughly, patrāre, to perform.]

Perpetual, per-pet′ū-al, adj. never ceasing: everlasting: not temporary.—adv. Perpet′ually.—Perpetual curate, a curate of a parish where there was neither rector nor vicar, the tithes being in the hands of a layman—abolished in 1868, every incumbent not a rector now being a vicar; Perpetual motion, motion of a machine arising from forces within itself, constantly kept up without any force from without; Perpetual screw, an endless screw. [Fr. perpétuel—L. perpetuus, continuous.]

Perpetuate, per-pet′ū-āt, v.t. to make perpetual: to cause to last for ever or for a very long time: to preserve from extinction or oblivion.—adj. Perpet′ūable, capable of being perpetuated.—n. Perpet′uance, the act of making perpetual.—adjs. Perpet′uāte, -d, made perpetual: continued for an indefinite time.—n. Perpetuā′tion, act of perpetuating or preserving from oblivion: preservation for ever, or for a very long time; Perpetū′ity, state of being perpetual: endless time: duration for an indefinite period: something lasting for ever: the sum paid for a perpetual annuity: the annuity itself.

Perplex, per-pleks′, v.t. to make difficult to be understood: to embarrass: to puzzle: to tease with suspense or doubt.—n. (obs.) a difficulty.—adv. Perplex′edly.—n. Perplex′edness.—adj. Perplex′ing.—adv. Perplex′ingly.—n. Perplex′ity, state of being perplexed: confusion of mind arising from doubt, &c.: intricacy: embarrassment: doubt. [Fr.,—L. perplexus, entangled—per, completely, plexus, involved, pa.p. of plectĕre.]

Perquisite, pėr′kwi-zit, n. an allowance granted over and above the settled wages: a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service.—ns. Perquisi′tion, a strict search: diligent inquiry; Perquis′itor, the first purchaser of an estate. [L. perquisitum, from perquirĕre—per, thoroughly, quærĕre, to ask.]

Perradial, pėr-rā′di-al, adj. fundamentally radial.—n. Perrā′dius.

Perrier, per′i-ėr, n. a machine for hurling stones.

Perron, per′on, n. an external flight of steps giving access to the entrance-door of a building.

Perruque, Perruquier. See Peruke.

Perry, per′i, n. an agreeable beverage made by fermenting the juice of pears. [Fr. poiré, from poire, a pear—L. pirum.]

Persant, pėrs′ant, adj. (Spens.). Same as Perceant.

Perscrutation, per-skrōō-tā′shun, n. a thorough search through: a minute inquiry. [L. per, through, scrutāri, to search carefully.]

Perse, pers, adj. dark blue, bluish-gray.—n. a dark-blue colour, a cloth of such colour. [O. Fr. pers—L. persicum, a peach.]

Persecute, pėr′se-kūt, v.t. to pursue so as to injure or annoy: to follow after persistently: to annoy or punish, esp. for religious or political opinions.—ns. Persecū′tion, act or practice of persecuting: state of being persecuted: a time of general oppression on account of religious opinions; Per′secūtor:—fem. Per′secūtrix. [Fr.,—L. persequi, persecutus—per, thoroughly, sequi, to follow.]

Perseus, per′sūs, n. a fabled Greek hero, who slew the Gorgon Medusa, and rescued Andromeda from a sea-monster: a constellation in the northern sky. [Gr.]

Persevere, pėr-sē-vēr′, v.i. to persist in anything: to pursue anything steadily: to be constant: not to give over.—n. Persevē′rance, act or state of persevering: continued application to anything which one has begun: a going on till success is met with.—adj. Persevē′ring.—adv. Persevē′ringly.—Perseverance of saints, the Calvinistic doctrine that those who are effectually called by God cannot fall away so as to be finally lost. [Fr.,—L. perseverāre—perseverus, very strict—per, very, severus, strict.]

Persian, pėr′shi-an, adj. of, from, or relating to Persia, its inhabitants, or language.—n. a native of Persia: the language of Persia: (archit.) male figures used instead of columns to support an entablature—also Per′sic.—Persian apple, the peach; Persian berry, the fruit of several buckthorns; Persian blinds (see Persienne); Persian wheel, a large wheel for raising water, fixed vertically with a number of buckets at its circumference.

Persicot, per′si-kot, n. a cordial flavoured with kernels of peaches and apricots. [Fr.,—L. persicum, a peach.]

Persienne, per-si-en′, n. an Eastern cambric or muslin with coloured printed pattern: (pl.) Persian blinds, outside shutters of thin movable slats in a frame.

Persiflage, pėr′si-fläzh, n. a frivolous way of talking or treating any subject: banter.—adj. Per′siflant, bantering.—v.i. Per′siflāte (Thackeray).—n. Per′siflour (Carlyle). [Fr.,—persifler, to banter—L. per, through, Fr. siffler—L. sibilāre, to whistle, to hiss.]

Persimmon, Persimon, per-sim′on, n. the American date-plum. [Amer. Ind.]

Persist, per-sist′, v.i. to stand throughout to something begun: to continue in any course, esp. against opposition: to persevere.—ns. Persis′tence, Persis′tency, quality of being persistent: perseverance: obstinacy: duration, esp. of an effect after the exciting cause has been removed.—adj. Persis′tent, persisting: pushing on, esp. against opposition: tenacious: fixed: (bot.) remaining till or after the fruit is ripe, as a calyx.—advs. Persis′tently; Persis′tingly.—adj. Persis′tive (Shak.), persistent. [Fr.,—L. persistĕre—per, through, sistĕre, to cause to stand—stāre, to stand.]

Person, pėr′sun, n. character represented, as on the stage: character: an individual, sometimes used slightingly: a living soul: a human being: the outward appearance, &c.: bodily form: one of the three hypostases or individualities in the triune God: (gram.) a distinction in form, according as the subject of the verb is the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.—adj. Per′sonable, having a well-formed body or person: of good appearance.—n. Per′sonāge, a person: character represented: an individual of eminence: external appearance.—adj. Per′sonal, belonging to a person: having the nature or quality of a person: peculiar to a person or to his private concerns: pertaining to the external appearance: done in person: relating to one's own self: applied offensively to one's character: (gram.) denoting the person.—n. Personalisā′tion, personification.—v.t. Per′sonalise, to make personal.—ns. Per′sonalism, the character of being personal; Per′sonalist, one who writes personal notes; Personal′ity, that which distinguishes a person from a thing, or one person from another: individuality: a derogatory remark or reflection directly applied to a person—esp. in pl. Personal′ities.—adv. Per′sonally, in a personal or direct manner: in person: individually.—n. Per′sonalty (law), all the property which, when a man dies, goes to his executor or administrator, as distinguished from the realty, which goes to his heir-at-law.—v.t. Per′sonāte, to assume the likeness or character of: to represent: to counterfeit: to feign.—adj. (bot.) mask-like, as in the corollary of the snapdragon: larval, cucullate.—adj. Per′sonāted, impersonated, feigned, assumed.—ns. Personā′tion; Per′sonātor.—n. Personisā′tion.—v.t. Per′sonise, to personify.—n. Personnel′, the persons employed in any service, as distinguished from the materiel.—Personal estate, property, movable goods or property, as distinguished from freehold or real property, esp. in land; Personal exception (Scots law), a ground of objection which applies to an individual and prevents him from doing something which, but for his conduct or situation, he might do; Personal identity, the continued sameness of the individual person, through all changes both without and within, as testified by consciousness; Personal rights, rights which belong to the person as a living, reasonable being; Personal security, security or pledge given by a person, as distinguished from the delivery of some object of value as security; Personal service, delivery of a message or an order into a person's hands, as distinguished from delivery in any other indirect way; Personal transaction, something done by a person's own effort, not through the agency of another.—In person, by one's self, not by a representative. [Fr.,—L. persōna, a player's mask, perh. from persŏnāre, -ātum—per, through, sonāre, to sound.]

Persona, pėr-sō′na, n. a person.—Persona grata, a person who is acceptable to those to whom he is sent.—Dramatis personæ, the characters in a play or story. [L.]

Personify, per-son′i-fī, v.t. (rhet.) to treat, look on, or describe as a person: to ascribe to any inanimate object the qualities of a person: to be the embodiment of:—pa.t. and pa.p. person′ifīed.—n. Personificā′tion. [L. persona, a person, facĕre, to make.]

Perspective, per-spek′tiv, n. a view or a vista: the art of drawing objects on a plane surface, so as to give the picture the same appearance to the eye as the objects themselves: just proportion in all the parts: a telescope or field-glass: a picture in perspective.—adj. pertaining or according to perspective.—adv. Perspec′tively.—ns. Perspec′tograph, an instrument for indicating correctly the points and outlines of objects; Perspectog′raphy, the science of perspective, or of delineating it.—Perspective plane, the surface on which the picture of the objects to be represented in perspective is drawn.—In perspective, according to the laws of perspective. [Fr.,—L. perspicĕre, perspectum—per, through, specĕre, to look.]

Perspicacious, pėr-spi-kā′shus, adj. of clear or acute understanding: quick-sighted.—adv. Perspicā′ciously.—ns. Perspicā′ciousness; Perspicac′ity, state of being acute in discerning: keenness of sight or of understanding; Perspicū′ity, state of being perspicacious: clearness in expressing ideas so as to make them easily understood by others: freedom from obscurity.—adj. Perspic′ūous, that can be seen through: clear to the mind: easily understood: not obscure in any way: evident.—adv. Perspic′ūously.—n. Perspic′ūousness. [L. perspicax, perspicacis—perspicĕre, to see through.]

Perspire, per-spīr′, v.i. and v.t. to emit or to be emitted, as moisture, through the pores of the skin: to sweat.—n. Perspirabil′ity.—adj. Perspīr′able, capable of being perspired.—v.i. Per′spirāte (rare), to sweat.—n. Perspirā′tion, act of perspiring: that which is perspired: moisture given out through the pores of the skin: sweat.—adj. Perspīr′atory, pertaining to or causing perspiration. [L. perspirāre, -ātum—per, through, spirāre, to breathe.]

Perstringe, pėr-strinj′, v.t. to criticise.

Persuade, per-swād′, v.t. to influence successfully by argument, advice, &c.: to bring to any particular opinion: to cause to believe: to convince.—adj. Persuad′able.—n. Persuad′er.—adj. Persuā′sible, capable of being persuaded.—ns. Persuā′sibleness, Persuasibil′ity; Persuā′sion, act of persuading: state of being persuaded: settled opinion: a creed: a party adhering to a creed: (Spens.) an inducement.—adjs. Persuā′sive, Persuā′sory, having the power to persuade: influencing the mind or passions.—n. that which persuades or wins over.—adv. Persuā′sively.—n. Persuā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. persuadēre, -suasum—per, thoroughly, suadēre, to advise.]

Persue, pėrs′ū, n. (Spens.) a track.

Persulphate, pėr-sul′fāt, n. that sulphate of a metal which contains the relatively greater quantity of acid.

Pert, pėrt, adj. (obs.) open: evident: plain. [O. Fr. apert—L. aperīre, apertum, to open.]

Pert, pėrt, adj. forward: saucy: impertinent: too free in speech: (obs.) clever.—n. an impudent person.—adv. Pert′ly.—n. Pert′ness. [Perk.]

Pertain, per-tān′, v.i. to belong: to relate (with to).—ns. Per′tinence, Per′tinency, state of being pertinent or to the point: fitness for the matter on hand: suitableness: appositeness.—adj. Per′tinent, pertaining or related to a subject: being to the point: fitted for the matter on hand: fitting or appropriate: suitable: apposite.—adv. Per′tinently.—n. Per′tinentness. [O. Fr. partenir—L. pertinēre—per, thoroughly, tenēre, to hold.]

Pertinacious, pėr-ti-nā′shus, adj. thoroughly tenacious: holding obstinately to an opinion or a purpose: obstinate: unyielding.—adv. Pertinā′ciously.—ns. Pertinā′ciousness; Pertinac′ity, quality of being pertinacious or unyielding: obstinacy: resoluteness. [Fr.,—L. pertinax, -acis, holding fast—per, thoroughly, tenax, tenacious—tenēre, to hold.]

Perturb, per-turb′, v.t. to disturb greatly: to agitate—also Per′turbate.—adj. Pertur′bable, that can be agitated or confused.—ns. Pertur′bance, Perturbā′tion, act of perturbing or state of being perturbed: disquiet of mind: irregular action, esp. (astron.) the disturbance produced in the simple elliptic motion of one heavenly body about another by the action of a third body, or by the non-sphericity of the principal body; Pertur′bant, any disturbing thing.—adjs. Perturbā′tional; Pertur′bative.—n. Pertur′batory, the power of deflecting the divining-rod by magnetic influence.—p.adj. Perturbed′.—adv. Perturb′edly.—ns. Pertur′ber, Perturbā′tor:—fem. Per′turbātrix. [Fr.,—L. perturbāre, -ātum—per, thoroughly, turbāre, to disturb—turba, a crowd.]

Pertusion, pėr-tū′zhon, n. a hole made by a sharp instrument.—adjs. Pertū′sate, pierced at the apex; Pertuse′, -d, pierced with holes. [L. pertundĕre, -tusum—per, through, tundĕre, to strike.]

Pertussis, per-tus′is, n. whooping-cough.—adj. Pertuss′al.

Peruke, per-ūk′, or per′ūk, n. an artificial cap of hair: a periwig—also Perruque.—adj. Peruquēr′ian, of or pertaining to the making of wigs.—n. Perru′quier, a wigmaker. [Fr. perruque—It. parrucca (Sp. peluca)—L. pilus, hair.]

Peruse, per-ūz′, or per-ōōz′, v.t. to read attentively: to examine carefully or in detail.—ns. Perusal (per-ūz′al, or per-ōōz′al), the act of perusing: careful examination: study: reading; Perus′er. [Formed from L. per, thoroughly, uti, usum, to use.]

Peruvian, per-ōō′vi-an, adj. pertaining to Peru in South America.—n. a native of Peru.—Peruvian balsam, a fragrant bitterish liquid yielded by a South American tree, used for asthma and in making soaps; Peruvian bark, cinchona (q.v.).

Pervade, per-vād′, v.t. to go through or penetrate: to spread all over.—n. Pervā′sion.—adj. Pervā′sive, tending or having power to pervade. [L. pervadĕre, pervasum—per, through, vadĕre, to go.]

Perverse, per-vėrs′, adj. turned aside: obstinate in the wrong: stubborn: vexatious.—adv. Perverse′ly.—ns. Perverse′ness, Perver′sity, state or quality of being perverse: inclination to oppose: wickedness.—adj. Perver′sive, tending to pervert. [L. perversus, turned the wrong way.]

Pervert, per-vėrt′, v.t. to turn wrong or from the right course: to change from its true use: to corrupt: to turn from truth or virtue.—v.i. to go wrong or out of the right course.—n. (per′vert) one who has changed from a former position: an apostate.—ns. Perver′sion, the act of perverting: a diverting from the true object: a turning from truth or propriety: misapplication; Pervert′er.—adj. Pervert′ible, able to be perverted. [Fr. pervertir—L. pervertĕre—per, thoroughly, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Perveyaunce. Same as Purveyance.

Pervicacious, per-vi-kā′shus, adj. very obstinate.—ns. Pervicā′ciousness, Pervicac′ity.

Pervious, pėr′vi-us, adj. permeable, penetrable: open, perforate.—adv. Per′viously.—n. Per′viousness. [L. pervius—per, through, via, a way.]

Pesade, pe-zād′, n. the act or position of a saddle-horse in rearing. [Fr.]

Peseta, pe-sā′ta, n. a silver coin of Spain worth 9½d. [Sp., dim. of pesa, weight.]

Peshito, pe-shē′to, n. a translation of the Bible into Syriac, made in the second century.—Also Peshit′to. [Syriac, pĕshittá, the simple.]

Peshwa, pesh′wa, n. a chief or prince of the Mahrattas.—Also Peish′wah.

Pesky, pes′ki, adj. annoying.—adv. Pes′kily.

Peso, pā′so, n. a Spanish dollar. [Sp.,—L. pensum, pendĕre, to weigh.]

Pessary, pes′a-ri, n. an instrument worn in the vagina to remedy displacement of the womb. [Fr. pessaire—Low L. pessarium—Gr. pessos, a pebble.]

Pessimism, pes′i-mizm, n. the doctrine that on the whole the world is bad rather than good: a temper of mind that looks too much on the dark side of things: a depressing view of life.—v.i. Pess′imise.—n. Pess′imist, one who believes that everything is tending to the worst: one who looks too much on the dark side of things—opp. to Optimist.—adjs. Pessimis′tic, -al. [L. pessimus, worst.]

Pest, pest, n. a deadly disease: a plague: anything destructive: a troublesome person.—n. Pest′house, a hospital for persons afflicted with any contagious disease.—adj. Pestif′erous, contagious: pestilent: annoying.—adv. Pestif′erously.—n. Pest′ilence, any contagious deadly disease: anything that is hurtful to the morals.—adjs. Pest′ilent, producing pestilence: hurtful to health and life: mischievous: corrupt: troublesome; Pestilen′tial, of the nature of pestilence: producing pestilence: destructive.—advs. Pestilen′tially, Pest′ilently. [Fr. peste—L. pestis, a contagious disease.]

Pestalozzian, pes-ta-lot′si-an, adj. pertaining to graduated object-teaching as originated by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1745-1827).

Pester, pes′tėr, v.t. to disturb, to annoy.—n. a bother.—n. Pes′terer, one who pesters.—adv. Pes′teringly.—n. Pes′terment, annoyance. [Short for impester, O. Fr. empestrer (Fr. empêtrer), to entangle, from in, in, Low L. pastorium, a foot-shackle—L. pastus, pa.p. of pascĕre, to feed.]

Pestle, pes′l, or pest′l, n. an instrument for pounding anything in a mortar.—v.t. and v.i. to pound with a pestle: to use a pestle. [O. Fr. pestel—L. pistillum, a pounder, pinsĕre, pistum, to pound.]

Pet, pet, n. any animal tame and fondled: a word of endearment often used to young children: a favourite child: a wilful young woman—also Peat.—adj. indulged: cherished: favourite.—v.t. to treat as a pet: to fondle:—pr.p. pet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pet′ted. [Celt., as Ir. peat, Gael. peata.]

Pet, pet, n. a sudden fit of peevishness or slight passion: ill-humour.—v.i. to be peevish, to sulk. [From the above word.]

Petal, pet′al, n. a flower-leaf: a corolla leaf.—adjs. Pet′aled, Pet′aliform, Pet′alous, having petals or flower-leaves; Pet′aline, pertaining to or resembling a petal: attached to a petal.—n. Pet′alism, a method of ostracism practised in ancient Syracuse, the name being written on an olive-leaf.—adj. Pet′aloid, having the form of a petal—also Petaloi′deous. [Gr. petalon, a leaf.]

Petard, pē-tärd′, n. a kind of mortar filled with gunpowder, fixed to gates, barriers, &c., to break them down by explosion—(Shak.) Petar′: a paper bomb in pyrotechny.—ns. Petardeer′, Petardier′.—Hoist with one's own petard (see Hoist). [O. Fr.—péter, to crack or explode—L. pedĕre, cog. with Gr. perdein, Eng. fart.]

Petary, pē′tar-i, n. a peat-bog.

Petasus, pet′a-sus, n. a low broad-brimmed hat worn by heralds, &c., characteristic of Hermes. [Gr.]

Petaurist, pe-taw′rist, n. a flying opossum, Australian squirrel, &c.—adj. Petau′rine. [Gr.]

Petchary, pech′a-ri, n. the gray king-bird.

Petechiæ, pē-tek′i-ē, n.pl. purple spots on the skin.—adj. Petech′ial. [L. petigo, a scab.]

Peter, pē′tėr, v.i. in mining, to become exhausted (with out): (fig.) to lose power or value.

Peter, pē′tėr, v.i. to call for trumps at whist, by throwing away a higher card of a suit while holding a smaller.—n. this signal for trumps.

Peterel. Same as Petrel.

Petersham, pē′tėr-sham, n. a heavy greatcoat, also the rough-napped cloth, generally dark blue, of which it is made. [From Lord Petersham.]

Peter's-pence. See Penny.

Petiole, pet′i-ōl, n. the stalk which joins a leaf to the twig or branch: a footstalk—also Petī′olus.—adjs. Pet′iolar, -y, pertaining to, or growing upon, a petiole; Pet′iolāte, -d, Pet′ioled, growing on a petiole.—n. Pet′iolule, a little or partial petiole. [Fr.,—L. petiolus, a little foot—pes, pedis, a foot.]

Petit, pet′i, adj. small:—fem. Petite (pe-tēt′).—n. Pet′it-maî′tre, a dandy, a coxcomb generally. [Fr.]

Petition, pē-tish′un, n. a request generally from an inferior to a superior: a written request presented to a court of law, or to a body of legislators: a prayer: a supplication.—v.t. to present a petition to: to ask as a favour: to supplicate.—adj. Petit′ionary, offering or containing a petition: supplicatory.—ns. Petit′ioner, one who offers a petition or prayer; Petit′ioning, the act of presenting a petition: entreaty: solicitation; Petit′ionist.—adj. Pet′itory, petitioning.—Petitio principii, the fallacy of begging the question—a taking for granted in argument of that which has yet to be proved. [Fr.,—L. petitio—petĕre, petitum, to ask.]

Petrary, pe-trā′ri, n. an engine for hurling stones.

Petre. Same as Saltpetre.

Petrean, pē-trē′an, adj. pertaining to rock. [L. petræus—Gr. petraios—petra, a rock.]

Petrel, pet′rel, n. a long-winged dusky sea-bird, rarely landing except to lay its eggs, esp. the Stormy petrel, called by sailors 'Mother Carey's Chickens,' scarcely larger than a lark, the smallest web-footed bird known. [Fr.; from Matt. xiv. 29.]

Petrify, pet′ri-fī, v.t. to turn into stone: to make hard like a stone: to fix in amazement.—v.i. to become stone, or hard like stone:—pa.t. and pa.p. pet′rified.—n. Petres′cence.—adjs. Petres′cent, growing into or becoming stone; Petric′olous, inhabiting rocks.—n. Petrifac′tion, the act of turning into stone: the state of being turned into stone: that which is made stone: a fossil.—adjs. Petrifac′tive, Petrif′ic, changing animal or vegetable substances into stone; Pet′rifīable.—ns. Petrog′eny, the science of the origin of rocks; Pet′roglyph, a rock-carving.—adj. Petroglyph′ic.—ns. Petrog′lyphy, the art of writing on rocks or stones; Petrog′rapher, a student of petrography.—adjs. Petrograph′ic, -al.—adv. Petrograph′ically.—n. Petrog′raphy, the study of rocks: petrology.—adj. Petrolog′ical.—adv. Petrolog′ically.—ns. Petrol′ogist; Petrol′ogy, the science of the composition and classification of rocks.—adjs. Petrō′sal, of great hardness: petrous; Pē′trous, like stone: hard: rocky. [L. petra—Gr. petra, rock, L. facĕre, factum, to make.]

Petrine, pē′trin, adj. pertaining to, or written by, the Apostle Peter.—n. Pē′trinism, the Tübingen theory of F. C. Baur (1792-1860) and his school, of a doctrinal trend in primitive Christianity towards Judaism, ascribed to Peter and his party in opposition to Paulinism. [L. Petrinus—Petrus, Peter.]

Petroleum, pē-trō′lē-um, n. a liquid inflammable substance issuing or pumped up from the earth in various parts of the world.—ns. Pet′rol, a spirit obtained from petroleum; Petroleur (pā-tro-lār′), one of those Parisians who, with the help of petroleum, set fire to many of the public buildings of Paris in May 1871: an incendiary:—fem. Petroleuse′.—adj. Petrolif′erous, yielding petroleum. [L. petra, rock, oleum, oil.]

Petronel, pet′ro-nel, n. a large horse-pistol: a small carbine. [O. Fr. petrinal, the breast—L. pectus.]

Petted, pet′ed, adj. treated as a pet: indulged.—adj. Pett′ish, given to take the pet: peevish: fretful.—adv. Pett′ishly.—n. Pett′ishness.

Pettichaps, Petty-Chaps, pet′i-chaps, n. the garden warbler, the willow-warbler, chiff-chaff.

Petticoat, pet′i-kōt, n. a loose under-skirt worn by females and little boys: (coll.) a woman: a fisherman's loose canvas or oilcloth skirt: a bell-mouthed piece over the exhaust nozzles in the smoke-box of a locomotive, strengthening and equalising the draught through the boiler-tubes.—adj. feminine: female, as 'petticoat influence.'—n. Pett′icoat-affair′, an affair in which a woman is concerned.—n.pl. Pett′icoat-breech′es, a loose short breeches worn by men in the 17th century.—adj. Pett′icoated.—Petticoat government, government by women, either at home or in the state. [Petty + coat.]

Pettifogger, pet′i-fog-ėr, n. a lawyer who practises only in paltry cases.—v.i. Pett′ifog, to play the pettifogger.—n. Pett′ifoggery, mean tricks: quibbles.—adj. Pett′ifogging. [Petty, and obs. fog, to cheat (cf. Old Dut. focker).]

Pettitoes, pet′i-tōz, n.pl. the feet of a sucking pig: (Shak.) human feet. [Petty + toe.]

Pettle, pet′l, v.t. (Scot.) to indulge, pet.

Petto, pet′o, n. the breast. [It.,—L. pectus, breast.]

Petty, pet′i, adj. small: of less importance: lower in rank, power, &c.: inconsiderable, insignificant: contemptible.—adv. Pett′ily.—n. Pett′iness.—Petty cash, small sums of money received or paid; Petty larceny (see Larceny); Petty officer, a naval officer with rank corresponding to a non-commissioned officer in the army. [O. Fr. petit.]

Petulant, pet′ū-lant, adj. showing peevish impatience, irritation, or caprice: forward, impudent in manner.—ns. Pet′ulance, Pet′ulancy, sauciness: peevishness or impatience.—adv. Pet′ulantly. [L. petulans, -antis—obs. petulāre, dim. of petĕre, to fall upon.]

Petunia, pē-tū′ni-a, n. a Brazilian genus of ornamental plants of the nightshade family, with small undivided leaves and showy funnel-form flowers. [Amer. Ind. petun, tobacco.]

Pew, pū, n. an enclosed seat in a church.—ns. Pew′-fell′ow, companion; Pew′-hold′er, one who rents a pew in a church; Pew′-ō′pener, an attendant who opens pews in a church; Pew′-rent, rent paid for the use of a pew in church. [O. Fr. pui, a raised place—L. podium, a front seat in the amphitheatre—Gr. podion, orig. a footstool—pous, podos, foot.]

Pewit, pē′wit, n. the lapwing, a bird with a black head and crest, common in moors.—Also Pē′wet, Pee′wit. [Imit.; cf. Dut. piewit or kiewit.]

Pewter, pū′tėr, n. an alloy of four parts of tin and one of lead: sometimes tin with a little copper and antimony: a vessel made of pewter, esp. a beer-tankard: (slang) prize-money.—adj. made of pewter.—ns. Pew′terer, one who works in pewter; Pew′ter-mill, a lapidaries' polishing-wheel for amethyst, agate, &c.—adj. Pew′tery, belonging to pewter. [O. Fr. peutre (It. peltro), from a Teut. root, seen in Low Ger. spialter, Eng. spelter.]

Pfennig, pfen′ig, n. a German copper coin, the hundredth part of a mark.—Also Pfenn′ing.

Phacitis, fā-sī′tis, n. inflammation of the crystalline lens of the eye.—n. Phacocystī′tis, inflammation of the capsule of the crystalline lens of the eye.—adj. Phā′coid, lentil-shaped.—n. Phā′coscope. [Gr. phakos, a lentil.]

Phænogamous, Phenogamous, fē-nog′a-mus, adj. having manifest flowers, phanerogamous.—ns. Phæ′nogam, a phanerogamous plant; Phænogā′mia=Phanerogamia.—adj. Phænogam′ic. [Gr. phainein, to show, gamos, marriage.]

Phaeton, fā′e-ton, n. a kind of open pleasure-carriage on four wheels, drawn by one or two horses, from Phaëthon, son of Helios, the sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive: a tropic bird.—adj. Phaëton′ic.

Phagedena, Phagedæna, faj-e-dē′na, n. a sloughing ulcer, hospital gangrene.—adjs. Phagedē′nic, Phagedæ′nic. [Gr. phagein, to eat.]

Phagocyte, fag′o-sīt, n. a white or colourless blood-corpuscle—also called leucocyte—an active amœboid cell, which engulfs both nutritive and harmful particles.—adjs. Phagocyt′ic, -al.—ns. Phag′ocytism, the nature or function of a phagocyte; Phagocytō′sis, the destruction of microbes by phagocytes. [Gr. phagein, to eat, kytos, a vessel.]

Phalæna, fā-lē′na, n. the Linnæan genus including moths.—adj. Phalē′noid. [Gr. phalaina, a moth.]

Phalange, fā-lanj′, n. a phalanx of a digit: any of the joints of an insect's tarsus: a bundle of stamens joined by their filaments: a socialistic community in Fourier's dream of an ideal arrangement of society, consisting of 1800 persons living in a phalanstère—generally in pl., the usual sing. being Phā′lanx (q.v.).—adjs. Phalan′gal, Phalan′gēal, Phalan′gial, Phalan′gian; Phalan′giform; Phalanstē′rian.—ns. Phalanstē′rianism, Phalan′sterism; Phal′anstery, the dwelling of the phalange in the ideal social system of Fourier (1772-1837), a vast structure in the midst of a square league of cultivated land.

Phalanger, fā-lan′jer, n. a genus of small arboreal Australasian marsupials. [Fr.,—L. phalanx.]

Phalanx, fal′angks, or fā′-, n. a line of battle: a square battalion of heavy-armed infantry drawn up in ranks and files close and deep: any compact body of men: one of the small bones of the fingers and toes:—pl. Phalan′ges, or Phal′anxes. [L.,—Gr. phalangks.]

Phalarope, fal′a-rōp, n. a genus of wading birds, forming a sub-family of the snipes. [Gr. phalaris, a coot, pous, a foot.]

Phallus, fal′us, n. the symbol of generation which figures in the rites and ceremonies of most primitive peoples: (biol.) the organ of sex.—adj. Phall′ic.—ns. Phall′icism, Phall′ism, the phallic worship.—adj. Phall′oid. [L.,—Gr. phallos.]

Phanariot, fa-nar′i-ot, n. one of the Greeks inhabiting the Fanar quarter of Constantinople—in Turkish history mostly diplomatists, administrators, and bankers, also hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia.—adj. Phanar′iot.—Also Fanar′iot.

Phanerogamous, fan-e-rog′a-mus, adj. having true flowers containing stamens and pistils—opp. to Cryptogamous—also Phanerogam′ic.—n. Phan′erogam, a phanerogamic plant. [Gr. phaneros, visible, gamos, marriage.]

Phantasm, fan′tazm, n. a vain, airy appearance: a fancied vision: an apparition or spectre—also Phantas′ma (Shak.):—pl. Phan′tasms, Phantas′mata.—adjs. Phantas′mal; Phantasmā′lian (rare).—n. Phantasmal′ity.—adv. Phantas′mally.—adjs. Phantasmat′ic, -al; Phantas′mic; Phantasmogenet′ic, begetting phantasms.—adv. Phantasmogenet′ically.—adj. Phantasmolog′ical, pertaining to phantasms as subjects of inquiry.—n. Phantasmol′ogy, the science of phantasms. [Gr. phantasma—phantazein, to make visible—phainein, to bring to light—pha-ein, to shine.]

Phantasmagoria, fan-taz-ma-gō′ri-a, n. a fantastic series of illusive images: a gathering of appearances or figures upon a flat surface by a magic-lantern.—adjs. Phantasmagō′rial, pertaining to or resembling a phantasmagoria; Phantasmagor′ic, -al. [Gr. phantasma, an appearance, agora, an assembly—ageirein, to gather.]

Phantastic, Phantasy. See Fantastic, Fantasy.—n. Phantā′siast, one of those Docetæ who believed Christ's body to have been a mere phantom.

Phantom, fan′tom, n. a phantasm.—adj. illusive, spectral.—adj. Phantomat′ic, relating to a phantom. [O. Fr. fantosme—Gr. phantasma.]

Pharaoh, fā′rō, n. a title of the kings of ancient Egypt.—adj. Pharaon′ic. [Heb.,—Egyptian.]

Phare, fär, n. a lighthouse.—Also Phā′ros. [Pharos.]

Pharisee, far′i-sē, n. one of a religious school among the Jews, marked by their strict observance of the law and of religious ordinances: any one more careful of the outward forms than of the spirit of religion, a formalist.—adjs. Pharisā′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, the Pharisees: hypocritical.—adv. Pharisā′ically.—ns. Pharisā′icalness; Phar′isāism, Phar′iseeism, the practice and opinions of the Pharisees: strict observance of outward forms in religion without the spirit of it: hypocrisy. [Late L. pharisæus—Gr. pharisaios—Heb. pārūsh, separated from, parash, to separate.]

Pharmaceutic, -al, fär-ma-sū′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the knowledge or art of preparing medicines.—adv. Pharmaceū′tically.—ns. Pharmaceū′tics, the science of preparing medicines; Pharmaceū′tist, one who practises pharmacy.

Pharmacopœia, fär-ma-kō-pē′ya, n. a book containing directions for the preparation of medicines: a collection of drugs.—adj. Pharmacopœ′ial. [Gr. pharmakon, a drug, poiein, to make.]

Pharmacy, fär′ma-si, n. a department of the medical art which consists in the collecting, preparing, preserving, and dispensing of medicines: the art of preparing and mixing medicines: a drug-store.—ns. Phar′macist, a druggist, one skilled in pharmacy; Pharmacognos′tics, the sum of knowledge about drugs; Pharmacog′raphy, a description of drugs; Pharmacol′ogist, one skilled in pharmacology; Pharmacol′ogy, pharmacy; Phar′macon, a drug; Pharmacop′olist, a dealer in drugs. [Fr. pharmacie—L.,—Gr. pharmakon, a drug.]

Pharo=Faro.

Pharos, fā′ros, n. a lighthouse or beacon, so named from the famous lighthouse on the island of Pharos in the Bay of Alexandria.—n. Pharol′ogy, the art or science of directing the course of ships by means of light-signals from the shore.

Pharynx, far′ingks, n. the cleft or cavity forming the upper part of the gullet, and lying behind the nose, mouth, and larynx:—pl. Phar′ynges, Phar′ynxes.—adjs. Pharyn′gēal; Pharyngit′ic, pertaining to pharyngitis.—n. Pharyngī′tis, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.—adjs. Pharyngoglos′sal, pertaining to the pharynx and the tongue; -laryn′geal, to that and the larynx; -nā′sal, and the nose; -ō′ral, and the mouth.—ns. Pharyngog′raphy, a description of the pharynx; Pharyng′ōscope, an instrument for inspecting the pharynx; Pharyng′oscopy; Pharyngot′omy, the operation of making an incision into the pharynx to remove a tumour. [Late L.,—Gr. pharyngkx, the pharynx.]

Phase, fāz, n. aspect, appearance, at any stage: an era: the form in which an object or a question presents itself to the mind: the appearance at a given time of the illuminated surface exhibited by a planet—also Phā′sis:—pl. Phas′es.—adj. Phase′less, unchanging. [Gr. phasis—phaein, to shine.]

Phasma, fas′mä, n. a genus of gressorial orthopterous insects—walking-stick insects, spectre-insects (Phasma), and leaf-insects.

Pheasant, fez′ant, n. a gallinaceous bird abundant in Britain, and highly valued as food.—n. Pheas′antry, an enclosure for pheasants, where they may be bred and reared. [O. Fr. faisan—L. Phasiana (avis)—Gr. Phasianos, of Phasis, in Colchis.]

Pheer, fēr, n. (Shak.). Same as Fere, a mate.

Pheese, fēz, v.t. (Shak.) to beat, to drive off: to worry.—v.i. (U.S.) to worry.—n. worry—better Feeze.—n. Phees′ar, one of the mad host's words (Merry Wives, I. iii. 10).

Phelloplastics, fel-ō-plas′tiks, n. modelling in cork.—n. Phell′ogen, cork-meristem.—adj. Phellogenet′ic. [Gr. phellos, cork, plassein, to form.]

Phenacetin, fē-nas′e-tin, n. a drug prepared from carbolic acid, good against fevers, insomnia, &c.

Phenakistoscope, fen-a-kis′tō-skōp, n. an optical instrument which produces the appearances of objects in motion, as birds flying, &c.—n. Phen′akism (Bacon), deceit. [Gr. phenakistikos—phenakizein—phenax, a cheat.]

Phenix=Phœnix.

Phenogam=Phænogam.

Phenogamia=Phænogamia.

Phenol, fē′nol. n. phenyl alcohol or carbolic acid. [Fr.]

Phenology, Phænology, fē-nol′ō-ji, n. the branch of biology treating of animal or plant life and development as affected by climate.—adjs. Phenolog′ic, -al.—n. Phenol′ogist. [Phenomenology.]

Phenomenon, fē-nom′e-non, n. an appearance: the appearance which anything makes to our consciousness, as distinguished from what it is in itself: an observed result: a remarkable or unusual person, thing, or appearance:—pl. Phenom′ena.—adj. Phenom′enal, pertaining to a phenomenon: of the nature of a phenomenon: so strange as to excite great wonder: out of the common.—v.t. Phenom′enalise, to represent as a phenomenon.—ns. Phenom′enalism, the philosophical doctrine that the phenomenal and the real are identical—that phenomena are the only realities—also Externalism; Phenom′enalist, one who believes in phenomenalism; Phenomenal′ity, the character of being phenomenal.—adv. Phenom′enally.—v.t. Phenom′enise, to bring into the world of experience.—ns. Phenom′enism, the doctrines of the phenomenists; Phenom′enist, one who believes only what he observes, or phenomena, one who rejects necessary primary principles.—adj. Phenomenōlog′ical.—n. Phenomenol′ogy, a description of phenomena. [Gr. phainomenon—phainein, to show.]

Phenyl, fē′nil, n. an organic radical found esp. in carbolic acid, benzole, and aniline.—adjs. Phē′nic, Phenyl′ic. [Fr. phényle.]

Pheon, fē′on, n. (her.) the barbed iron head of a dart: the broad arrow marking property of the Crown.

Phew, fū, interj. an exclamation of disgust.

Phial, fī′al, n. a small glass vessel or bottle. [L. phiala—Gr. phialē, a vial.]

Phi Beta Kappa, fi bet-a kap-a, the oldest of the American college Greek letter societies. [From the initial letters of its motto—Philosophia biou kubernētēs, 'Philosophy is the guide of life.']

Philadelphian, fil-a-del′fi-an, n. one of a mystic sect emphasising 'brotherly love,' founded in London in 1652 under the influence of Boehme. [Gr. philein, to love, adelphos, a brother.]

Philander, fi-lan′dėr, v.i. to make love: to flirt or coquet.—n. a lover.—n. Philan′derer. [Gr. philandros, loving men—philos, dear—philein, to love, anēr, andros, a man.]

Philanthropy, fi-lan′thrō-pi, n. love of mankind, esp. as shown in good deeds and services to others: goodwill towards all men.—ns. Phil′anthrope, Philan′thropist, one who tries to benefit mankind.—adjs. Philanthrop′ic, -al, doing good to others, benevolent.—adv. Philanthrop′ically. [L.,—Gr. philanthrōpia—philos, loving, anthrōpos, a man.]

Philately, fi-lat′e-li, n. the study and collection of postage and revenue stamps and labels (also Timbrophily, Timbrology).—adj. Philatel′ic.—n. Philat′elist, one devoted to this pursuit. [Formed in 1865 from Gr. philos, loving, atelēs, free of tax, 'prepaid'—a-, neg., telos, tax.]

Philharmonic, fil-har-mon′ik, adj. loving music. [Gr. philos, loving, harmonia, harmony.]

Philhellenic, fil-he-len′ik, adj. loving Greece.—ns. Philhel′lene, Philhel′lenist, a supporter of Greece, esp. in 1821-32; Philhel′lenism, love of Greece. [Gr. philos, loving, Hellēn, a Greek.]

Philibeg, Philabeg. See Fillibeg.

Philippian, fi-lip′i-an, n. a native of Philippi in Macedonia—also adj.

Philippic, fil-ip′ik, n. one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon, or of Cicero against Marc Antony: any discourse full of invective.—v.i. Phil′ippise, to utter such.

Philistine, fil′is-tin, n. one of the ancient inhabitants of south-western Palestine, enemies of the Israelites—also Philis′tian, and Philis′tim (Milt.): a name applied by German students to shopkeepers and others not connected with the university: an uncultured person.—n. Phil′istinism.

Phill-horse, fil′-hors, n.=Thill-horse, a shaft-horse.

Philogyny, fil-oj′i-ni, n. love of women.—n. Philog′ynist. [Gr. philos, loving, gynē, a woman.]

Philology, fi-lol′ō-ji, n. the science of language: the study of etymology, grammar, rhetoric, and literary criticism: (orig.) the knowledge which enabled men to study and explain the classical languages of Greece and Rome.—ns. Philol′oger, Philolō′gian, Philol′ogist, Phil′ologue, one versed in philology.—adjs. Philolog′ic, -al.—adv. Philolog′ically.—Comparative philology, study of languages by comparing their history, forms, and relationships with each other. [L.,—Gr. philologia—philologos, fond of words—philos, loving, logos, discourse.]

Philomath, fil′ō-math, n. a lover of learning.—adjs. Philomath′ic, -al.—n. Philom′athy, love of learning. [Gr. philomathēs, fond of learning—philos, loving, e-math-on, 2d aorist manthanein, to learn.]

Philomel, fil′ō-mel, n. the nightingale.—Also Philomē′la. [Gr. Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, changed into a nightingale or swallow.]

Philomusical, fil-ō-mū′zi-cal, adj. fond of music.

Philopena, fil-ō-pē′na, n. a game in which each of two persons eats a twin kernel of a nut, and one pays a forfeit to the other on certain conditions: the gift made as a forfeit, or the twin kernels shared. [Ger. vielliebchen—viel, much, liebchen, sweetheart.]

Philopolemic, fil-ō-pō-lem′ik, adj. fond of war or of debate.

Philoprogenitiveness, fil-ō-prō-jen′i-tiv-nes, n. (phren.) the instinctive love of offspring. [Gr. philos, loving, L. progenies, progeny.]

Philosopher, fi-los′ō-fėr, n. a lover of wisdom: one versed in or devoted to philosophy: a metaphysician: one who acts calmly and rationally in all the affairs and changes of life—also Phil′osophe:—fem. Philos′ophess.—adjs. Philosoph′ic, -al, pertaining or according to philosophy: skilled in or given to philosophy: becoming a philosopher: rational: calm.—adv. Philosoph′ically.—v.i. Philos′ophise, to reason like a philosopher: to form philosophical theories.—ns. Philos′ophiser, a would-be philosopher; Philos′ophism, would-be philosophy; Philos′ophist.—adjs. Philosophist′ic, -al.—n. Philos′ophy, the science of being as being: the knowledge of the causes and laws of all phenomena: the collection of general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge: reasoning: a particular philosophical system: calmness of temper.—Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone or mineral compound, long sought after by alchemists as a means of transforming other metals into gold.—Moral, and Natural, philosophy (see Moral, Natural). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. philosophos—philos, a lover, sophos, wise.]

Philotechnic, -al, fil-ō-tek′nik, -al, adj. fond of the arts.

Philozoic, fil-ō-zō′ik, adj. fond of animals.

Philtre, Philter, fil′tėr, n. a charm or spell to excite love. [Fr. philtre—L. philtrum—Gr. philtron—philos, loving, -tron, denoting the agent.]

Phimosis, fī-mō′sis, n. stenosis of the preputial orifice.

Phisnomy, fis′no-mi, n. (Shak.) the face—a corr. of physiognomy.

Phiz, fiz, n. (humorous) the face.

Phlebitis, flē-bī′tis, n. inflammation of a vein.—ns. Phleb′olite, a calcareous concretion found in a vein; Phlebol′ogy, science of the veins; Phleb′orrhage, venous hemorrhage.—adjs. Phlebotom′ic, -al.—v.t. Phlebot′omise.—ns. Phlebot′omist; Phlebot′omy, act of letting blood. [Gr. phleps, phlebos, a vein.]

Phlegethontic, fleg-e-thon′tik, adj. pertaining to or resembling the river Phlegethon, a mythological river of the infernal regions, whose waves rolled torrents of fire, flowing into the lake of Acheron. [Gr. phlegethein—phlegein, to burn.]

Phlegm, flem, n. one of the four elements of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed: the thick, slimy matter secreted in the throat, and discharged by coughing: sluggishness: indifference: calmness.—adj. Phlegmagogic (fleg-ma-goj′ik).—ns. Phleg′magogue, a medicine expelling phlegm; Phlegmā′sia, inflammation, esp. Phlegmasia dolens, puerperal tumid leg.—adjs. Phlegmat′ic, -al, abounding in or generating phlegm: cold: sluggish: not easily excited.—adv. Phlegmat′ically.—n. Phleg′mon, inflammation in the connective tissue.—adjs. Phleg′monoid; Phlegm′y. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. phlegma, phlegmatos—phlegein, to burn.]

Phleme=Fleam.

Phleum, flē′um, n. a small genus of annual or perennial grasses—timothy, cat's-tail grass, herd's grass. [Gr. phleōs.]

Phlœum, flē′um, n. the cellular portion of bark next the epidermis—also Epiphlœum and Bast.—n. Phlō′ëm, the bast or liber portion of a vascular bundle. [Gr. phloios, bark.]

Phlogiston, flō-jis′ton, n. an imaginary element, believed in till nearly the end of the 18th century as forming part of every combustible body, which by its disengagement caused burning, or fire in action.—adj. Phlogis′tic (chem.), containing or resembling phlogiston: inflaming: (med.) inflammatory.—v.t. Phlogis′ticate, to combine phlogiston with. [Gr.]

Phlox, floks, n. a well-known garden plant, so called from its colour. [Gr.,—phlegein, to burn.]

Phlyctæna, Phlyctena, flik-tē′na, n. a small vesicle.—adjs. Phlyctē′nar; Phlyctē′noid; Phlyctē′nous.

Phobanthropy, fō-ban′thrō-pi, n. a morbid dread of mankind.

Phocine, fō′sin, adj. pertaining to the seal family.—n. Phō′ca, a seal.—adj. Phocā′cean, relating to the genus Phoca.—n. a seal of this genus.—n. Phocæ′na, a genus of delphinoid odontocete cetaceans—the true porpoises.—adjs. Phō′cal; Phocæ′nine, like a porpoise. [L. phoca—Gr. phōkē, a seal.]

Phœbus, fē′bus, n. the sun-god: the sun:—fem. Phœbe (fē′bē), the moon. [L.,—Gr. phoibos, bright, phæin, to shine.]

Phœnician, Phenician, fē-nish′an, adj. pertaining to Phœnicia, on the coast of Syria, to its people, language, or arts.—n. an inhabitant of Phœnicia: the language, a Semitic dialect, akin to Hebrew.

Phœnix, Phenix, fē′niks, n. a fabulous bird said to have existed for 500 years all alone in the wilderness, and, after burning itself on a funeral pile, to have risen from its own ashes—hence, the emblem of immortality: a paragon. [L.,—Gr. phoinix.]

Pholas, fō′las, n. a genus of stone-bearing bivalves, a piddock:—pl. Phō′lades.—n. Phō′ladite, a fossil pholad. [Gr.]

Phonate, fō′nāt, v.t. to utter vocal sounds.—n. Phonā′tion, emission of vocal sounds.—adj. Phō′natory, pertaining to phonation.—n. Phonau′tograph, an instrument for registering the vibrations of a sounding body.—adj. Phonautograph′ic.—adv. Phonautograph′ically.—n. Phonom′eter, an instrument for measuring the vibrations of a body.

Phonetic, -al, fō-net′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, or in accordance with, the sound of the voice: representing elementary sounds: vocal.—adv. Phonet′ically.—n. Phonetic′ian, a student of phonetics.—v.t. Phonet′icise, to make phonetic.—ns. Phonet′icism, phonetic character or representation; Phonet′icist, one who advocates phonetic-spelling.—n.sing. Phonet′ics, the science of sounds, esp. of the human voice.—ns. Phonet′ic-spell′ing, spelling according to sound: the spelling of words as they are pronounced; Phonetisā′tion, art of representing sound by phonetic signs.—v.t. Phō′netise, to represent phonetically.—ns. Phō′netism, sound, pronunciation; Phō′netist, a student of phonetics.—adj. Phon′ic, pertaining to sound.—n.sing. Phon′ics, acoustics.—adj. Phonocamp′tic, reflecting or deflecting sound.—n. Phō′nolite, clinkstone. [Gr. phōnetikos—phōnē, a sound.]

Phonograph, fō′nō-graf, n. a character or mark used to represent a sound (also Phō′nogram): an instrument by which spoken words or other sounds can be recorded, and afterwards given out again almost in the original tones.—ns. Phonog′rapher, Phonog′raphist, one versed in phonography.—adjs. Phonograph′ic, -al.—adv. Phonograph′ically.—ns. Phonog′raphy, the art of representing each spoken sound by a distinct character: phonetic shorthand; Phō′nōscope, an apparatus for recording music as played, or for testing musical strings: a microphone. [Gr. phōnē, sound, graphein, to write.]

Phonology, fō-nol′ō-ji, n. the science of the sounds of the voice, the manner in which these are combined in any language: phonetics.—adj. Phonolog′ical.—n. Phonol′ogist, one versed in phonology. [Gr. phōnē, sound, logos, discourse.]

Phonotype, fō′nō-tīp, n. a type or sign representing a sound.—adjs. Phonotyp′ic, -al, of or belonging to a phonotype, or to phonotypy.—ns. Phō′notypist; Phō′notypy, the art of representing each of the elementary sounds by different types or distinct characters. [Gr. phōnē, sound, typos, type.]

Phorminx, for′mingks, n. a kind of cithara. [Gr.]

Phormium, for′mi-um, n. a genus of New Zealand plants of the lily family—New Zealand flax or flax-lily. [Gr. phormion, a plant.]

Phosphene, fos′fēn, n. a brilliant coloured spectrum seen when the finger is pressed into the internal corner of the eye. [Gr. phōs, light, phainein, to shine.]

Phosphorus, fos′fō-rus, n. the morning-star: a yellowish substance, like wax, inflammable and giving out light in the dark.—n. Phos′phate, a salt formed by the combination of phosphoric acid with a base.—adj. Phosphat′ic, of the nature of, or containing, a phosphate.—ns. Phos′phide, a compound formed of phosphorus and some other element, as copper or iron; Phos′phite, a salt of phosphorous acid; Phos′phor, the morning-star: (obs.) phosphorus.—v.t. Phos′phorate, to combine or impregnate with phosphorus.—n. Phos′phor-bronze, an alloy of copper, tin, and phosphorus.—v.i. Phosphoresce′, to shine in the dark like phosphorus.—n. Phosphoresc′ence.—adjs. Phosphoresc′ent, shining in the dark like phosphorus; Phosphor′ic, Phos′phorous, pertaining to or obtained from phosphorus.—ns. Phos′phorite, a massive radiated variety of apatite; Phos′phuret, a compound of phosphorus with a metal.—adj. Phos′phuretted, combined with phosphorus.—n. Phos′sy-jaw, phosphorous poisoning.—Phosphatic diathesis (med.), the condition in which there is a tendency in the urine to deposit white gravel. [L.,—Gr.,—phōsphoros, light-bearer—phōs, light, phoros, bearing, from pherein, to bear.]

Photo, fō′tō, n. a colloquial abbreviation of photograph.

Photochemistry, fō-tō-kem′is-tri, n. that branch of chemistry which treats of the chemical action of light.—adj. Photochem′ical.—n. Photochem′ist.

Photochromy, fō′tō-krō-mi, n. the art of reproducing colours by photography.—adj. Photochromat′ic.—n. Photochrō′motype, a photo-process picture printed in colours by any of the ordinary methods of typography in colours. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, chrōma, colour.]

Photo-engraving, fō′tō-en-grā′ving, n. a general term including all the various processes of mechanical engraving by the aid of photography.—The term Photog′lyphy is sometimes applied to photo-engraving by one process or other, often limited to photogravure.—adj. Photoglyph′ic.

Photogeny, fō-toj′e-ni, n. the art of taking pictures by the action of light on a chemically prepared ground.—adjs. Photogen′ic, Photog′enous.

Photography, fō-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of producing pictures by the action of light on chemically prepared surfaces.—n. Phō′tograph, a picture so produced.—v.t. to make a picture of by means of photography.—ns. Phōtog′rapher, Phōtog′raphist.—adj. Phōtograph′ic, -al.—adv. Phōtograph′ically. [Gr. phōs, light, graphein, to draw.]

Photogravure, fō′tō-grā-vūr, n. a method of producing by means of photography and the action of acids on a sensitised surface a kind of mezzo-engraving on metal. [Fr.,—Gr. phōs, light, Fr. gravure, engraving.]

Photolithography, fō-tō-li-thog′ra-fi, n. a method by which a photograph in line can be developed with ink so as to be transferred to stone as a lithograph.—n. Photolith′ograph, a print produced by photolithography.—v.t. to reproduce by this aid.—n. Photolithog′rapher.—adj. Photolithograph′ic. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, lithos, a stone, graphein, to write.]

Photology, fō-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of light.—adjs. Photolog′ic, -al.—n. Photol′ogist. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, logia—legein, to say.]

Photolysis, fō-tol′i-sis, n. (bot.) the movements of protoplasm under the influence of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, lysis—lyein, to unloose.]

Photomechanical, fō-tō-mē-kan′i-kal, adj. pertaining to the mechanical production of pictures by the aid of light, as in photo-engraving, &c.

Photometer, fō-tom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of light, esp. for comparing the amount of light coming from different sources.—adjs. Photomet′ric, -al.—n. Photom′etry, the measurement of the intensity of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, mētron, a measure.]

Photomicrography, fō-tō-mī-krog′ra-fi, n. the enlargement of microscopic objects by means of the microscope, and the projection of the enlarged image on a sensitive film.—ns. Photomī′crograph; Photomicrog′rapher.—adj. Photomicrograph′ic. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, mikros, little, graphein, to write.]

Photophobia, fō-tō-fō′bi-a, n. a dread of light.—adj. Photophob′ic.

Photophone, fō′tō-fōn, n. an apparatus for transmitting articulate speech to a distance along a beam of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, phōnē, sound.]

Photo-process, fō′tō-pros′es, n. any process by which is produced, by the agency of photography, a matrix from which prints can be made in ink—photogravure, photolithography, and photozincography.

Photopsia, fō-top′si-a, n. the condition of having the sensation of light without external cause.—Also Phō′topsy.

Photo-relief, fō′tō-re-lēf′, n. a process of producing plates by means of photography, from which impressions can be taken in an ordinary printing-press.

Photosculpture, fō-tō-skulp′tūr, n. the art of taking likenesses in the form of statuettes or medallions by the aid of photography.

Photosphere, fō′tō-sfēr, n. the luminous envelope round the sun's globe, which is the source of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, sphaira, a sphere.]

Phototherapy, fō-tō-ther′a-pi, n. the art of healing (of lupus, &c.) by means of light, electric or other, focussed on the diseased part. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, therapeuein, to heal.]

Phototype, fō′tō-tīp, n. a type or plate of the same nature as an engraved plate, produced from a photograph.—n. Phō′totypy. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, typos, type.]

Photo-xylography, fō-tō-zī-log′ra-fi, n. wood-engraving after an impression has been taken on the wood-block by photography. [Gr. phōs, phōtos light, xylon, a log of wood, graphein, to write.]

Photozincography, fō-tō-zing-kog′ra-fi, n. the process of engraving on zinc by taking an impression by photography and etching with acids.—n. Photozinc′ograph, a picture so produced.

Phrase, frāz, n. two or more words expressing a single idea by themselves, or showing the manner or style in which a person expresses himself: part of a sentence: a short pithy expression: phraseology: (mus.) a short clause or portion of a sentence.—v.t. to express in words: to style.—n. Phrase′-book, a book containing or explaining phrases.—adj. Phrase′less, incapable of being described.—ns. Phrase′-man, Phrase′-mong′er, a wordy speaker or writer; Phrā′seogram, Phrā′seograph, a combination of shorthand characters to represent a phrase or sentence.—adjs. Phraseolog′ic, -al, pertaining to phraseology: consisting of phrases.—adv. Phraseolog′ically.—ns. Phraseol′ogist, a maker or a collector of phrases; Phrāseol′ogy, style or manner of expression or arrangement of phrases: peculiarities of diction: a collection of phrases in a language; Phrā′ser, a mere maker or repeater of phrases.—adj. Phrā′sical.—n. Phrā′sing, the wording of a speech or passage: (mus.) the grouping and accentuation of the sounds in a melody. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. phrasis—phrazein, to speak.]

Phratry, frā′tri, n. a clan: a brotherhood—also Phrā′tria.—adj. Phrā′tric. [Gr. phratēr, a brother.]

Phren, fren, n. the thinking principle, mind: the diaphragm:—pl. Phrenes.—ns. Phrēnal′gia, psychalgia; Phrenē′sis, delirium, frenzy.—adjs. Phrenet′ic, -al (also Frenet′ic, -al), having a disordered mind: frenzied: mad; Phreniat′ric, pertaining to the cure of mental diseases; Phren′ic, belonging to the diaphragm.—ns. Phren′ics, mental philosophy; Phren′ism, thought force.—adj. Phrenit′ic, affected with phrenitis.—ns. Phrenī′tis, inflammation of the brain; Phrenog′raphy, descriptive psychology; Phrenopath′ia, mental disease.—adj. Phrenopath′ic.—n. Phrenoplē′gia, sudden loss of mental power. [Gr. phrēn, the mind.]

Phrenology, frē-nol′ō-ji, n. the theory that the various faculties and powers of the mind are connected with certain parts of the brain, and can be known by an examination of the outer surface of the skull: the science by which character can be read by examining the skull.—adjs. Phrenolog′ic, -al.—adv. Phrenolog′ically.—n. Phrenol′ogist, one who believes or is versed in phrenology. [Gr. phrēn, phrenos, mind, logos, science.]

Phronesis, frō′-nē′sis, n. practical wisdom. [Gr.,—phrēn, mind.]

Phrygian, frij′i-an, adj. pertaining to Phrygia in Asia Minor, or to the Phrygians.—n. a native of Phrygia: a Montanist.—Phrygian cap, a conical cap with the top turned forward.

Phthalein, thal′e-in, n. one of a very important class of dye-yielding materials formed by the union of phenols with the anhydride of phthalic acid.—adj. Phthal′ic, pertaining to naphthalene.—n. Phthal′in, a colourless crystalline compound obtained by reducing phthalein.

Phthiriasis, thi-rī′a-sis, n. the lousy disease—morbus pediculosus. [L.,—Gr.]

Phthisis, thī′sis, n. consumption or wasting away of the lungs.—adjs. Phthis′ic, -al (tiz′ik, -al), pertaining to or having phthisis.—n. Phthisiology (tiz-i-ol′ō-ji), the sum of scientific knowledge about phthisis. [L.,—Gr. phthiein, to waste away.]

Phycology, fī-kol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of algæ or sea-weeds.—n. Phycog′raphy, systematic description of algae.—adj. Phycolog′ic.—n. Phycol′ogist.

Phylactery, fi-lak′te-ri, n. a charm or amulet: among the Jews, a slip of parchment inscribed with certain passages of Scripture, worn on the left arm or forehead: among the early Christians, a case in which relics were preserved.—adjs. Phylacter′ic, -al. [L.,—Gr. phylaktērion, phylaktēr, a guard—phylassein, to guard.]

Phylarch, fī′lark, n. in ancient Greece, the chief of a tribe: in Athens, the commander of the cavalry of a tribe.—ns. Phy′larchy, the office of a phylarch; Phyle (fī′lē), a tribe or clan in ancient Greece.—adj. Phylet′ic, pertaining to a race or tribe: pertaining to a phylum of the animal kingdom.—n. Phylum (fī′lum), any primary division or sub-kingdom of the animal or vegetable kingdom:—pl. Phy′la.

Phyllite, fil′īt, n. clay-slate or argillaceous schist.—adj. Phyllit′ic. [Gr.,—phyllon, a leaf.]

Phyllium, fil′i-um, n. a genus of orthopterous insects of family Phasmidæ—leaf-insects or walking-leaves.

Phyllodium, fi-lō′di-um, n. a petiole which usurps the function of a leaf-blade.—adj. Phyllodin′eous.

Phylloid, fil′oid, adj. leaf-like—also Phylloi′deous.—ns. Phyl′lomancy, divination by leaves; Phyllomā′nia, abnormal production of leaves; Phyl′lome, foliage.—adj. Phyllom′ic.—n. Phyl′lomorphy, the reversion of floral organs, as sepals and bracts, to leaves—better Phyl′lody.

Phyllophagous, fi-lof′a-gus, adj. feeding on leaves.—n. a member of the Phylloph′aga, a tribe of hymenopterous insects—the saw-flies: a group of lamellicorn beetles which are leaf-eaters—the chafers.

Phyllophorous, fi-lof′ō-rus, adj. producing leaves: (zool.) having leaf-like organs.

Phyllopod, fil′ō-pod, adj. having foliaceous feet—also Phyllop′odous.—n. a crustacean of the order Phyllopoda.—adj. Phyllopod′iform.

Phyllorhine, fil′ō-rin, adj. having a nose-leaf.

Phyllostomatous, fil-ō-stom′a-tus, adj. leaf-nosed, as a bat.—n. Phyll′ostome, a leaf-nosed bat.—adj. Phyllos′tomine, leaf-nosed.

Phyllotaxis, fil-ō-tak′sis, n. the disposition of leaves on the stem.—Also Phyll′otaxy. [Gr. phyllon, a leaf, taxis, arrangement.]

Phylloxera, fil-ok-sē′ra, n. a genus of insects, belonging to a family nearly related to aphides and coccus insects, very destructive to vines. [Gr. phyllon, a leaf, xēros, dry.]

Phylogeny, fī-loj′e-ni, n. a biological term applied to the evolution or genealogical history of a race or tribe—also Phylogen′esis.—adv. Phylogenet′ically.—adjs. Phylogen′ic, Phylogenet′ic. [Gr. phylon, race, genesis, origin.]

Physalia, fī-sā′li-a, n. a genus of large oceanic hydrozoans—Portuguese man-of-war. [Gr. physallis, a plant, bladder—physa, bellows.]

Physalite, fis′a-līt, n. a coarse topaz.

Physeter, fi-sē′tėr, n. a sperm-whale.

Physic, fiz′ik, n. the science of medicine: the art of healing: a medicine: (orig.) natural philosophy, physics.—v.t. to give medicine to:—pr.p. phys′icking; pa.t. and pa.p. phys′icked.—ns. Physician (fi-zish′an), one skilled in the use of physic or the art of healing: one who prescribes remedies for diseases: a doctor.—ns. Physic′iancy, post or office of physician; Physic′ianship; Phys′ic-nut, Barbadoes or Purging nut, the seeds of Jatropha curcas.—Physic garden, a botanical garden. [O. Fr.,—Gr. physikē, natural—Gr. physis, nature.]

Physical, fiz′ik-al, adj. pertaining to nature or to natural objects: pertaining to material things: of or pertaining to natural philosophy: known to the senses: pertaining to the body.—n. Phys′icalist, one who thinks that human thought and action are determined by the physical organisation.—adv. Phys′ically.—ns. Phys′icism (-sizm), belief in the material or physical as opposed to the spiritual; Phys′icist (-sist), a student of nature: one versed in physics: a natural philosopher: one who believes that life is merely a form of physical energy.—Physical astronomy, an account of the causes of the motions of the heavenly bodies; Physical education, training of the bodily powers by exercise; Physical examination, an examination of the bodily state of a person; Physical force, force applied outwardly to the body, as distinguished from persuasion, &c.; Physical geography, an account of the state of the earth in its natural condition—its mountain-chains, ocean-currents, distribution of plants and animals, conditions of climate, &c.; Physical truth, the agreement of thought with what exists in nature; Physical world, the world of matter. [Gr. physikos—physis, nature.]

Physics, fiz′iks, n.pl. used as sing. (orig.) equivalent to Physical science—i.e. the science of the order of nature: usually sig. (as distinguished from chemistry) the study of matter and the general properties of matter as affected by energy or force—also called Natural philosophy.—ns. Physicolog′ic, logic illustrated by physics; Phys′ico-theol′ogy, theology illustrated by natural philosophy. [L. physica—Gr. physikē (theōria, theory)—physis, nature.]

Physiocracy, fiz-i-ok′rā-si, n. the economic doctrine of the physiocrats (François Quesnay, 1694-1744, and his followers), that society should be governed by a natural order inherent in itself, land and its products the only true source of wealth, direct taxation of land the only proper source of revenue.—n. Phys′iocrat, one who maintains these opinions.—adj. Physiocrat′ic.—n. Physioc′ratism. [Gr. physis, nature, kratein, to rule.]

Physiogeny, fiz-i-oj′e-ni, n. (biol.) the genesis of function—also Physiogen′esis.—adjs. Physiogenet′ic, Physiogen′ic.

Physiognomy, fiz-i-og′nō-mi, n. the art of judging the qualities of a character from the external appearance, especially from the countenance: expression of countenance: the face as an index of the mind: the general appearance of anything.—adjs. Physiognom′ic, -al.—adv. Physiognom′ically.—n.sing. Physiognom′ics (same as Physiognomy).—n. Physiog′nomist. [For physiognomony—Gr. physiognōmonia—physis, nature, gnōmōn, one who interprets—gnōnai, to know.]

Physiography, fiz-i-og′ra-fi, n. an exposition of the principles that underlie physical geography, and including the elements of physical science: an introduction to the study of nature: physical geography.—n. Physiog′rapher, one versed in physiography.—adjs. Physiograph′ic, -al. [Gr. physis, nature, graphein, to describe.]

Physiolatry, fiz-i-ol′a-tri, n. nature-worship.

Physiology, fiz-i-ol′ō-ji, n. the science of the nature and processes of life, of the vital phenomena of animals and plants and the functions of their parts—a branch of biology.—adjs. Physiolog′ic, -al.—adv. Physiolog′ically.—v.i. Physiol′ogise.—n. Physiol′ogist. [Gr. physis, nature, logos, science.]

Physiomedicalism, fiz-i-ō-med′i-kal-izm, n. the system of treating disease with only non-poisonous vegetable drugs.—n. Physiomed′icalist.

Physique, fiz-ēk′, n. the physical structure or natural constitution of a person. [Fr.]

Physitheism, fiz′i-thē-izm, n. the ascribing of physical form and attributes to deity.—adj. Physitheis′tic. [Gr. physis, nature, theos, God.]

Physiurgic, fiz-i-ur′jik, adj. produced by natural causes, without man's intervention.

Physnomy, fiz′no-mi, n. (Spens.). Same as Physiognomy.

Physoclistous, fī-sō-klis′tus, adj. having no air-bladder, or having it closed, as a fish. [Gr. physa, bellows, kleistos—kleiein, to close.]

Physograde, fī′sō-grād, adj. moving by a vesicular float. [Gr. physa, bellows, L. gradi, to walk.]

Physopod, fī′sō-pod, adj. with suckers on the feet. [Gr. physa, bellows, pous, podos, the foot.]

Physostigmine, fī-sō-stig′min, n. a poisonous alkaloid, the active principle of the Calabar bean. [Gr. physa, bellows, stigma, stigma.]

Physostomous, fī-sos′tō-mus, adj. having mouth and air-bladder connected by an air-duct, as a fish. [Gr. physa, bellows, stoma, a mouth.]

Phytobranchiate, fī-tō-brang′ki-āt, adj. having leafy gills. [Gr. phyton, a plant, brangchia, gills.]

Phytochemistry, fī-tō-kem′is-tri, n. the chemistry of plants—also Phy′tochimy.—adj. Phytochem′ical.

Phytogenesis, fī-tō-jen′e-sis, n. the theory of the generation of plants—also Phytog′eny.—adjs. Phytogenet′ic, -al. [Gr. phyton, a plant, genesis, birth.]

Phytogeography, fī-tō-je-og′ra-fi, n. the geographical distribution of plants.—adjs. Phytogeograph′ic, -al.

Phytoglyphy, fī-tog′li-fi, n. the art of printing from nature, by taking impressions from plants, &c., on soft metal, from which an electrotype plate is taken.—adj. Phytoglyph′ic. [Gr. phyton, a plant, glyphein, to engrave.]

Phytography, fī-tog′raf-i, n. the department of botany relating to the particular description of species of plants.—n. Phytog′rapher.—adj. Phytograph′ical. [Gr. phyton, a plant, graphein, to write.]

Phytoid, fī′toid, adj. plant-like, esp. of animals and organs. [Gr. phyton, a plant, eidos, form.]

Phytolithology, fī-tō-li-thol′ō-ji, n. the science of fossils plants.—n. Phytolithol′ogist.

Phytology, fī-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of plants, botany.—adj. Phytolog′ical.—n. Phytol′ogist. [Gr. phyton, a plant, logia, discourse.]

Phytonomy, fī-ton′ō-mi, n. the science of the origin and growth of plants: botany. [Gr. phyton, a plant, nomos, a law.]

Phytopathology, fī-tō-pā-thol′ō-ji, n. the science of the diseases of plants.—adj. Phytopatholog′ical.—n. Phytopathol′ogist.

Phytophagous, fī-tof′a-gus, adj. feeding on plants—also Phytophag′ic.—ns. Phytoph′agan; Phytoph′agy. [Gr. phyton, a plant, phagein, to eat.]

Phytosis, fī-tō′sis, n. the presence of vegetable parasites, or the diseases caused by them.

Phytotomy, fī-tot′ō-mi, n. the dissection of plants.—n. Phytot′omist.—adj. Phytot′omous. [Gr. phyton, a plant, tomos, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Phytozoa, fī-tō-zō′a, n.pl. plant-like animals: animals which more or less resemble plants in appearance and habits, such as sponges, sea-anemones, &c.:—sing. Phytozō′on.—adj. and n. Phytozō′an. [Gr. phyton, a plant, zōon, an animal.]

Pi, Pie, pī, n. a mass of types confusedly mixed.—v.t. to reduce to a mixed mass, or to a state of pi, as types. [Cf. Pie, a magpie, &c.]

Pia, pē′a, n. a perennial Polynesian herb, whose fleshy tubers yield arrowroot.

Piacere, pia-chā′re, n. (mus.) a piacere, at pleasure.—adj. Piacevole (pia-chā′vō-le), pleasant, playful. [It.]

Piacular, pī-ak′ū-lar, adj. serving to appease, expiatory: requiring expiation: atrociously bad.—n. Piacular′ity. [L. piaculum, sacrifice—piāre, expiate—pius, pious.]

Piaffe, pi-af′, v.i. in horsemanship, to advance at a piaffer.—n. Piaf′fer, a gait in which the feet are lifted in the same succession as the trot, but more slowly.—Also Spanish-walk. [Fr. piaffer.]

Pia mater, pī′a mā′tėr, n. the vascular membrane investing the brain: (Shak.) the brain. [L.]

Pianoforte, pi-ä′no-fōr′tā, generally shortened to Piano (pi-an′ō), n. a musical instrument furnished with wires struck by little hammers which are moved by keys, so as to produce both soft and strong sounds.—ns. Pianette′, a small piano; Pianino (pē-a-nē′nō), an upright pianoforte; Pian′ism, the technique of the pianoforte: arrangement of music for the pianoforte.—adv. Pianis′simo, very softly.—n. Pian′ist, one who plays on the pianoforte, or one well skilled in it.—adv. Piän′o (mus.), softly.—ns. Pian′o-school, a school where piano music is taught; Pian′o-stool, a stool on which the player sits at the piano.—Boudoir, or Cabinet, piano, an upright piano. [It., piano, soft—L. planus, plane, forte, strong—L. fortis, strong.]

Piarist, pī′ar-ist, n. one of a religious congregation for the education of the poor, founded in Rome in 1617 by Joseph Calasanza. [L. pius, pious.]

Piassava, pi-as′a-va, n. a coarse stiff fibre used for rope-making in Brazil.—Also Piass′aba. [Port.]

Piastre, Piaster, pi-as′tėr, n. a silver coin of varying value, used in Turkey and other countries: the Spanish dollar. [Fr.,—It. piastra.]

Piazza, pi-az′a, n. a place or square surrounded by buildings: a walk under a roof supported by pillars.—adj. Piazz′ian. [It.,—L. platea, a place.]

Pibroch, pē′broh, n. a form of bagpipe music, generally of a warlike character, including marches, dirges, &c. [Gael. piobaireachd, pipe-music—piobair, a piper—piob, a pipe, fear, a man.]

Pica, pī′ka, n. a size of type smaller than English and larger than Small pica, equal to 12 points in the new system of sizes, about 6 lines to the inch, used by printers as a standard unit of measurement for thickness and length of leads, rules, borders, &c.—as 6-to-pica or 10-to-pica, according as 6 or 10 leads set together make a line of pica.—Double pica, a size equal to 2 lines of small pica; Double small pica, a size of type giving about 3⅓ lines to the inch; Small pica, a size smaller than pica and larger than long-primer, about 11 points; Two-line pica, a size of about 3 lines to the inch, equal to 2 lines of pica, or to 24 points. [Pie (2).]

Pica, pī′ka, n. a magpie. [Pie.]

Picador, pik-a-dōr′, n. a horseman armed with a lance, who commences a bull-fight by pricking the bull with his weapon. [Sp. pica, a pike.]

Picamar, pik′a-mär, n. the bitter principle of tar. [L. pix, pitch, amarus, bitter.]

Picard, pik′ärd, n. a high shoe for men, introduced from France about 1720.

Picaroon, pik-a-rōōn′, n. one who lives by his wits: a cheat: a pirate.—adj. Picaresque′.—Picaresque novels, the tales of Spanish rogue and vagabond life, much in vogue in the 17th century. [Sp. picaron—pícaro, a rogue.]

Picayune, pik-a-yōōn′, n. a small coin worth 6¼ cents, current in United States before 1857, and known in different states by different names (fourpence, fippence, fip, sixpence, &c.).—adj. petty. [Carib.]

Piccadilly, pik′a-dil-i, n. a standing-up collar with the points turned over, first worn about 1870: a high collar worn in the time of James I.: an edging of lace on a woman's broad collar (17th century).

Piccalilli, pik′a-lil-i, n. a pickle of various vegetable substances with mustard and spices.

Piccaninny, Pickaninny, pik′a-nin-i, n. a little child: an African or negro child. [Perh. from Sp. pequeño niño='little child.']

Piccolo, pik′ō-lō, n. a flute of small size, having the same compass as an ordinary flute, while the notes all sound an octave higher than their notation.—Also Flauto piccolo, Octave flute, Ottavino. [It.]

Pice, pīs, n.sing. and pl. a money of account and a copper coin, ¼ anna. [Marathi paisa.]

Picea, pī′sē-a, n. a genus of coniferous trees, including the spruce.

Piceous, pish′ē-us, adj. pitch-black.

Piciform, pis′i-form, adj. like to, or relating to, the woodpecker.

Pick, pik, v.t. to prick with a sharp-pointed instrument: to peck, as a bird: to pierce: to open with a pointed instrument, as a lock: to pluck or gather, as flowers, &c.: to separate or pull apart: to clean with the teeth: to gather: to choose: to select: to call: to seek, as a quarrel: to steal.—v.i. to do anything carefully: to eat by morsels.—n. any sharp-pointed instrument, esp. for loosening and breaking up hard soil, &c.: a picklock: foul matter collecting on printing-types, &c.: right or opportunity of first choice.—n. Pick′-cheese, the blue titmouse: the fruit of the mallow.—adj. Picked (pikt), selected, hence the choicest or best: having spines or prickles, sharp-pointed.—ns. Pick′edness; Pick′er, one who picks or gathers up: one who removes defects from and finishes electrotype plates: a pilferer; Pick′ing, the act of picking, selecting, gathering, pilfering: that which is left to be picked: dabbing in stone-working: the final finishing of woven fabrics by removing burs, &c.: removing defects from electrotype plates; Pick′lock, an instrument for picking or opening locks; Pick′-me-up, a stimulating drink; Pick′pocket, one who picks or steals from other people's pockets; Pick′-purse, one who steals the purse or from the purse of another.—adj. Pick′some, given to picking and choosing.—n. Pick′-thank, an officious person who does what he is not desired to do in order to gain favour: a flatterer: a parasite.—v.t. to gain favour by unworthy means.—Pick a hole in one's coat, to find fault with one; Pick a quarrel, to find an occasion of quarrelling; Pick at, to find fault with; Pick fault, to seek occasions of fault-finding; Pick oakum, to make oakum by untwisting old ropes; Pick off, to aim at and kill or wound, as with a rifle; Pick one's way, to move carefully; Pick out, to make out: to mark with spots of colour, &c.; Pick to pieces, to tear asunder: to damage, as character; Pick up, to improve gradually: to gain strength bit by bit: to take into a vehicle, or into one's company: to get as if by chance.—adj. gathered together by chance. [Celt., as Gael. pioc, to pick, W. pigo; cf. Pike.]

Pickaback, pik′a-bak, adv. on the back like a pack.—Also Pick′back, Pick′apack.

Pickaxe, pik′aks, n. a picking tool, with a point at one end of the head and a cutting blade at the other, used in digging. [M. E. pikois—O. Fr. picois, a mattock, piquer, to pierce, pic, a pick—Celt.]

Pickeer, pi-kēr′, v.i. (obs.) to act as a skirmisher.—n. Pickeer′er.

Pickerel, pik′e-rel, n. an American pike: a wading bird, the dunlin. [Pike + er + el.]

Picket, pik′et, n. a pointed stake used in fortification: a small outpost or guard stationed in front of an army: a number of men sent out by a trades-union to prevent others from working against the wishes or decisions of the union: a game at cards: a punishment inflicted by making a person stand on one foot on a pointed stake.—v.i. to fasten to a stake, as a horse: to post a vanguard: to place a picket at or near.—ns. Pick′et-fence, a fence of pickets or pales; Pick′et-guard, a guard kept in readiness in case of alarm. [Fr. piquet, dim. of pic, a pickaxe.]

Pickle, pik′l, n. a liquid of salt and water in which flesh and vegetables are preserved: vinegar, &c., in which articles of food are preserved: anything pickled: a disagreeable position: (coll.) a troublesome child.—v.t. to season or preserve with salt, vinegar, &c.—ns. Pick′le-herr′ing, a pickled herring: (obs.) a merry-andrew; Pick′le-worm, the larva of a pyralid moth.—Have a rod in pickle, to have a punishment ready. [M. E. pikil, prob. pick-le; Dut. pekel; Ger. pökel.]

Pickle, pik′l, n. (Scot.) a small quantity.—v.t. and v.i. to eat sparingly: to pilfer.

Pickwickian, pik-wik′i-an, adj. relating to or resembling Mr Pickwick, the hero of Dickens's Pickwick Papers.—In a Pickwickian sense, in a merely hypothetical sense—a phrase by which the members of the Pickwick Club explained away unparliamentary language.

Picnic, pik′nik, n. a short excursion into the country by a pleasure-party who take their own provisions with them: an entertainment in the open air, towards which each person contributes.—v.i. to go on a picnic:—pr.p. pic′nicking; pa.t. and pa.p. pic′nicked.—n. Pic′nicker. [Prob. pick, to nibble, and nick, for knack, a trifle.]

Picot, pē-kō′, n. a loop in an ornamental edging, the front of a flounce, &c.—adj. Picotté. [Fr.]

Picotee, pik-ō-tē′, n. a florist's variety of carnation. [From the French botanist Picot, Baron de la Peyrouse, 1744-1818.]

Picquet. Same as Piquet.

Picqué-work, pē-kā′-wurk, n. decoration by dots or slight depressions.—Also Pounced-work.

Picra, pik′ra, n. a cathartic powder of aloes and canella. [Gr. pikros, bitter.]

Picric, pik′rik, adj. carbazotic.—n. Pic′rāte, a salt of picric acid.—adj. Pic′rāted, mixed with a picrate as in a composition for a whistling rocket.—ns. Pic′rīte, one of the peridotites or olivine-rocks; Picrotox′ine, a bitter poisonous principle in the seeds of Cocculus indicus.—Picric acid, an acid used as a dye for wool, &c. [Gr. pikros, bitter.]

Pict, pikt, n. one of an ancient race for 5½ centuries (296-844 A.D.) inhabiting eastern Scotland, from the Forth to the Pentland Firth, most probably Celts, but more nearly allied to the Cymry than to the Gael.—adj. Pic′tish.—Pictish towers, a name sometimes given to brochs (q.v.); Picts' houses, a name popularly given in many parts of Scotland to rude underground dwellings or earth-houses; Picts' work, a name sometimes given to the Catrail, the remains of a large earthwork extending for about fifty miles through the counties of Selkirk and Roxburgh. [L. picti, pl. of pa.p. of pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Picture, pik′tūr, n. a painting: a likeness in colours: a drawing: painting: a resemblance: an image: a vivid verbal description.—v.t. to paint, to represent by painting: to form a likeness of in the mind: to describe vividly in words.—n. Pic′tograph, a picture or pictorial sign: a piece of picture-writing.—adj. Pictograph′ic.—n. Pictog′raphy.—adjs. Pictō′rial, Pic′tūral, relating to pictures: illustrated by pictures: consisting of pictures.—adv. Pictō′rially.—ns. Pic′tūral (Spens.), a picture; Pic′ture-book, a book of pictures; Pic′ture-frame, a frame surrounding a picture; Pic′ture-gall′ery, a gallery, or large room, in which pictures are hung up for exhibition; Pic′ture-rod, a rod running round the upper part of the wall of a room, from which pictures are hung; Pic′ture-writ′ing, the use of pictures to express ideas or relate events. [L. pictura—pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Picturesque, pik-tū-resk′, adj. like a picture: such as would make a good or striking picture: expressing the pleasing beauty of a picture.—adv. Picturesque′ly.—n. Picturesque′ness. [It. pittoresco—pittura, a picture—L. pictura.]

Picul, Pecul, pik′ul, n. a Chinese weight of about 133⅓ lb.

Picus, pī′kus, n. a Linnæan genus of woodpeckers.

Piddle, pid′l, v.i. to deal in trifles: to trifle: to eat with little relish: to make water.—n. Pidd′ler, a trifler.—adj. Pidd′ling, trifling, squeamish. [Peddle.]

Piddock, pid′ok, n. the pholas.

Pidgin-English, pij′in-ing′glish, n. a mixture of corrupted English with Chinese and other words, a sort of lingua franca which grew up between Chinese on the sea-board and foreigners, as a medium of intercommunication in business transactions. [Pidgin, a Chinese corruption of business.]

Pie, pī, n. a magpie: (print.) type mixed or unsorted (cf. Pi). [Fr.,—L. pica.]

Pie, pī, n. a book which ordered the manner of performing divine service: a service-book: an ordinal.—By cock and pie (Shak.), a minced oath=By God and the service-book. [Fr.,—L. pica, lit. magpie, from its old black-letter type on white paper resembling the colours of the magpie.]

Pie, pī, n. the smallest Indian copper coin, equal to ⅓ of a pice, or 1⁄12 of an anna. [Marathi pā'ī, a fourth.]

Pie, pī, n. a quantity of meat or fruit baked within a crust of prepared flour.—A finger in the pie (see Finger); Humble-pie (see Humble); Mince-pie (see Mince); Perigord pie, a pie flavoured with truffles, abundant in Perigord in France. [Perh. Ir. and Gael. pighe, pie.]

Piebald, Pyebald, pī′bawld, adj. of various colours: having spots and patches. [For pie-balled—pie, a magpie, W. bal, a streak on a horse's forehead.]

Piece, pēs, n. a part of anything: a single article: a definite quantity, as of cloth or paper: an amount of work to be done at one time: a separate performance: a literary or artistic composition: a gun: a coin: a man in chess or draughts: a person, generally a woman, in contempt.—v.t. to enlarge by adding a piece: to patch.—v.i. to unite by a joining of parts: to join.—n.pl. Piece′-goods, cotton, linen, woollen, or silk fabrics sold retail in varying lengths.—adj. Piece′less, not made of pieces: entire.—adv. Piece′meal, in pieces or fragments: by pieces: little by little: bit by bit: gradually.—adj. made of pieces: single: separate.—ns. Piec′ener, a piecer; Piec′ening, or Piec′ing, the act of mending, esp. the joining of the ends of yarn, thread, &c. so as to repair breaks; Piec′er, a boy or girl employed in a spinning-factory to join broken threads; Piece′work, work done by the piece or quantity rather than by time.—Pièce de résistance, principal piece: chief event or performance: chief dish at a dinner; Piece of eight, the Spanish peso duro ('hard dollar'), bearing the numeral 8, of the value of 8 reals (prob. the sign $ is derived from this); Piece out, to put together bit by bit; Piece up, to patch up.—Give a piece of one's mind, to give a rating frankly to any one's face; Of a piece, as if of the same piece, the same in nature, &c. [O. Fr. piece—Low L. petium, a piece of land—prob. L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Pied, pīd, adj. variegated like a magpie: of various colours: spotted.—n. Pied′ness.

Pieled, pēld, adj. (Shak.) peeled, bare, bald.

Piend, pēnd, n. the sharp point or edge of a hammer: a salient angle.

Piepowder, pī′pow-dėr, n. an ancient court held in fairs and markets to administer justice in a rough-and-ready way to all comers—also Court of Dusty Foot.—adj. Pie′powdered, with dusty feet. [O. Fr. piepoudreux, a hawker, pied—L. pes, a foot, poudre, powder.]

Pier, pēr, n. the mass of stone-work between the openings in the wall of a building: an arch, bridge, &c.: a stone pillar on which the hinges of a gate are fixed: a mass of stone or wood-work projecting into the sea for landing purposes: a wharf.—ns. Pier′age, toll paid for using a pier; Pier′-glass, a mirror hung in the space between windows; Pier′-tā′ble, a table fitted for the space between two windows. [O. Fr. pierre, a stone—L. petra—Gr. petra, a rock.]

Pierce, pērs, v.t. to thrust or make a hole through: to enter, or force a way into: to touch or move deeply: to dive into, as a secret.—v.i. to penetrate.—adj. Pierce′able, capable of being pierced.—n. Pierc′er, one who, or that which, pierces: any sharp instrument used for piercing: a stiletto.—adj. Pierc′ing.—adv. Pierc′ingly.—n. Pierc′ingness. [O. Fr. percer, prob. pertuisier—pertuis, a hole—L. pertundĕre, pertusum, to thrust through.]

Pierian, pī-ē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Muses.—n. Pier′ides, the nine Muses. [L. Pierius—Mt. Pierus, in Thessaly, the haunt of the Muses.]

Pierrot, pye-rō′, n. a buffoon with loose long-sleeved white robe: an 18th-century women's low-cut basque, with sleeves. [Fr.]

Piet, pī′et, n. a pie or magpie. [Pie.]

Pietà, pē-ā-ta′, n. a representation of the Virgin embracing the dead body of Jesus.

Pietra-dura, pyā′tra-dōō′ra, n. Florentine mosaic-work, in which the inlaid materials are hard stones—jasper, agate, &c.

Piety, pī′e-ti, n. the quality of being pious: reverence for the Deity, and desire to do His will: love and duty towards parents, friends, or country: sense of duty: dutiful conduct.—ns. Pī′etism, the doctrine and practice of the pietists; Pī′etist, one marked by strong devotional feeling: a name first applied to a sect of German religious reformers of deep devotional feeling (end of 17th century).—adjs. Pietist′ic, -al. [Fr. piété—L. pietas.]

Piezometer, pī-e-zom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the compressibility of liquids. [Gr. piezein, to press, metron, a measure.]

Piffero, pif′e-rō, n. a form of oboe: an organ-stop.

Pig, pig, n. a swine of either gender: an oblong mass of unforged metal, as first extracted from the ore, so called because it is made to flow when melted in channels called pigs, branching from a main channel called the sow.—v.i. to bring forth pigs: to live together like pigs:—pr.p. pig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. pigged.—adjs. Pig′-eyed, having small dull eyes with heavy lids; Pig′-faced, looking like a pig.—n. Pig′gery, a place where pigs are kept.—adj. Pig′gish, belonging to or like pigs: greedy, said of persons.—n. Pig′gishness.—adj. Pig′headed, having a large or ill-formed head: stupidly obstinate.—ns. Pig′headedness; Pig′-ī′ron, iron in pigs or rough bars; Pig′-lead, lead in pigs; Pig′-nut (same as Earth-nut); Pig′sconce, a pigheaded fellow: a blockhead; Pig′skin, the skin of a pig prepared as a strong leather: a saddle; Pig′-sty, a pen for keeping pigs; Pig's′-wash, swill; Pig's′-whis′per (slang), a low whisper: a very short space of time; Pig′-tail, the tail of a pig: the hair of the head tied behind in the form of a pig's tail: a roll of twisted tobacco. [A.S. pecg; Dut. bigge, big.]

Pig, pig, n. an earthen vessel. [Piggin.]

Pigeon, pij′un, n. a well-known bird, the dove: any bird of the dove family.—adjs. Pig′eon-breast′ed, having a physical deformity, due to rickets, in which the chest is flattened from side to side, and the sternum or breast-bone is thrown forward; Pig′eon-heart′ed, timid: fearful.—n. Pig′eon-hole, a hole or niche in which pigeons lodge in a dovecot: a division of a case for papers, &c.—v.t. to put into a pigeon-hole: to lay aside and treat with neglect.—n. Pig′eon-house, a dovecot.—adj. Pig′eon-liv′ered, timid: cowardly.—n. Pig′eonry, a place for keeping pigeons.—adj. Pig′eon-toed, having feet like pigeons, peristeropod: having turned-in toes. [Fr.,—L. pipio, -onis—pipīre, to chirp.]

Piggin, pig′in, n. a small wooden or earthen vessel. [Gael. pigean, dim. of pigeadh, or pige, a pot.]

Pight, pīt, v.t. (Spens.) to place, to fix.—adj. placed, fixed, determined. [Pitch, to place.]

Pigmean, pig-mē′an, adj. like a pygmy: very small.

Pigment, pig′ment, n. paint: any substance used for colouring: that which gives colour to animal and vegetable tissues.—adjs. Pigment′al, Pig′mentary.—n. Pig′ment-cell, a cell which secrets pigment. [L. pigmentum—pingĕre, to paint.]

Pigmy. Same as Pygmy.

Pignoration, pig-nō-rā′shun, n. act of giving in pledge: (law) a seizing and detaining of cattle straying and doing damage, till the damage be made good. [L. pignus, -oris, a pledge.]

Pike, pīk, n. a sharp point: a weapon with a long shaft and a sharp head like a spear, formerly used by foot-soldiers: a sharp-pointed hill or summit: a voracious fresh-water fish (so called from its pointed snout).—adj. Piked, ending in a point.—ns. Pike′-head, the head of a pike or spear; Pike′-keep′er, the keeper of a turnpike; Pike′let, a tea-cake; Pike′man, a man armed with a pike: a man in charge of a turnpike gate; Pike′-perch, a common percoid fish; Pike′staff, the staff or shaft of a pike: a staff with a pike at the end. [A.S. píc, piic, a pike; Dut. piek, Ger. pike, pieke; or Celt., as Gael. pìc, a pike, W. pig, a point.]

Pike, pīk, v.i. to go quickly.—n. a turnpike.—n. Pī′ker, a tramp.

Pila, pī′la, n. in archæology and art, a mortar. [L.]

Pilar, pī′lar, adj. hairy.—Also Pil′ary.

Pilaster, pi-las′tėr, n. a square column, partly built into, partly projecting from a wall.—adj. Pilas′tered, furnished with pilasters or inserted pillars. [Fr. pilastre—It. pilastro—L. pīla, a pillar.]

Pilau, pi-law′, n. a dish, in origin purely Mohammedan, consisting of meat or fowl, boiled along with rice and spices.—Also Pillau′, Pilaw′, Pilaff′, Pilow′. [Pers. pilāw, pilaw.]

Pilch, pilch, n. (Shak.) a cloak or gown lined with furs: a flannel cloth or wrap for a child.—n. Pilch′er, one who wears a pilch: a scabbard. [A.S. pylce—Low L. pellicea—L. pellis, skin.]

Pilchard, pil′chärd, n. a sea-fish like the herring, but thicker and rounder, caught chiefly on the Cornish coast. [Prob. Celt., Ir. pilseir.]

Pile, pīl, n. a roundish mass: a heap of separate objects: combustibles, esp. for burning dead bodies: a large building: a heap of shot or shell: (elect.) a form of battery consisting of a number of dissimilar metal plates laid in pairs one above another, with an acid solution between them: (slang) a large amount of money: a fortune.—v.t. to lay in a pile or heap: to collect in a mass: to heap up: to fill above the brim.—n. Pī′ler, one who forms into a heap.—Pile arms, to place three muskets with fixed bayonets so that the butts remain firm, the muzzles close together pointing obliquely—also Stack arms. [Fr.,—L. pĭla, a ball.]

Pile, pīl, n. a pillar: a large stake driven into the earth to support foundations: a pyramidal figure in a heraldic bearing.—v.t. to drive piles into.—ns. Pile′-driv′er, Pile′-en′gine, an engine for driving down piles; Pile′-dwell′ing, a dwelling built on piles, a lake-dwelling; Pile′work, work or foundations made of piles; Pile′-worm, a worm found eating into the timber of piles and ships: the teredo. [A.S. píl—L. pīla, a pillar.]

Pile, pīl, n. hair, fur: the nap on cloth, esp. if regular and closely set.—v.t. to furnish with pile, to make shaggy.—adj. Pile′-worn, worn threadbare. [O. Fr. peil, poil—L. pĭlus, a hair.]

Piles, pīlz, n.pl. hæmorrhoids. [L. pĭla, a ball.]

Pileum, pil′ē-um, n. (ornith.) the top of the head from the base of the bill to the nape—including the forehead or front, the vertex or corona, and the hindhead or occiput:—pl. Pil′ēa.

Pileus, pil′ē-us, n. a Roman conical cap: (bot.) the summit of the stipe bearing the hymenium in some fungi:—pl. Pil′ei (-ī).—adjs. Pil′ēate, -d, fitted with a cap: having the form of a cap or hat; Pil′ēiform.—n. Pilē′olus, a little pileus:—pl. Pilē′oli. [L. pileatus—pileus, a cap of felt.]

Pile-wort, pīl′-wurt, n. a buttercup, the celandine.

Pilfer, pil′fėr, v.i. to steal small things.—v.t. to steal by petty theft.—ns. Pil′ferer; Pil′fering, Pil′fery, petty theft.—adv. Pil′feringly. [Pelf.]

Pilgarlick, pil-gar′lik, n. a low fellow—perh. because pilled or made bald by a shameful disease.

Pilgrim, pil′grim, n. one who travels to a distance to visit a sacred place: a wanderer: a traveller: a silk screen formerly attached to the back of a woman's bonnet to protect the neck: (slang) a new-comer.—adj. of or pertaining to a pilgrim: like a pilgrim: consisting of pilgrims.—ns. Pil′grimage, the journey of a pilgrim: a journey to a shrine or other sacred place: the time taken for a pilgrimage: the journey of life, a lifetime; Pil′grim-bott′le, a flat bottle holed at the neck for a cord.—Pilgrim fathers, the colonists who went to America in the ship Mayflower, and founded New England in 1620; Pilgrim's shell, a cockle-shell used as a sign that one had visited the Holy Land; Pilgrim's staff, a long staff which pilgrims carried as a sort of badge. [O. Fr. pelegrin (Fr. pèlerin)—L. peregrinus, foreigner, stranger—pereger, a traveller—per, through, ager, land.]

Piliform, pil′i-form, adj. slender as a hair.—adjs. Pilif′erous, Pilig′erous, bearing hairs. [L. pilus, a hair, forma, form.]

Piling, pī′ling, n. the act of piling up: the driving of piles: a series of piles placed in order: pilework.

Pilkins, pil′kinz, n. (prov.) the naked oat, Avena nuda.—Also Pill′as, Pill′corn.

Pill, pil, n. a little ball of medicine: anything nauseous which must be accepted: (slang) a doctor: a disagreeable person.—v.t. (slang) to blackball.—n. Pill′-box, a box for holding pills: a kind of one-horse carriage. [Fr. pilule—L. pilula, dim. of pĭla, a ball.]

Pill, pil, v.t. and v.i. to strip, peel: to deprive of hair.—n. (Spens.) skin. [Peel.]

Pillage, pil′āj, n. (Shak.) act of plundering: plunder: spoil, esp. taken in war.—v.t. to plunder or spoil.—v.t. Pill, to rob or plunder.—n. Pill′ager. [O. Fr.,—piller—L. pilāre, to plunder.]

Pillar, pil′ar, n. (archit.) a detached support, differing from a column in that it is not necessarily cylindrical, or of classical proportions: one who, or anything that, sustains: something resembling a pillar in appearance.—adj. Pill′ared, supported by a pillar: having the form of a pillar.—ns. Pill′ar-box, a short pillar in a street with receptacle for letters to be sent by post; Pill′arist, Pill′ar-saint, a person in the early church who crucified the flesh by living on the summit of pillars in the open air, a stylite.—From pillar to post, from one state of difficulty to another: hither and thither. [O. Fr. piler (Fr. pilier)—Low L. pilare—L. pīla, a pillar.]

Pillau, pil-law′, n. See Pilau.

Pillicock, pil′i-kok, n. (Shak.) a term of endearment.

Pillion, pil′yun, n. a cushion for a woman behind a horseman: the cushion of a saddle. [Ir. pilliun, Gael. pillean, a pad, a pack-saddle—peall, a skin or mat, L. pellis, skin.]

Pillory, pil′o-ri, n. a wooden frame, supported by an upright pillar or post, and having holes through which the head and hands of a criminal were put as a punishment, disused in England since 1837.—vs.t. Pill′ory, Pill′orise, to punish in the pillory: to expose to ridicule:—pa.t. and pa.p. pill′oried. [O. Fr. pilori; ety. dub.; Prov. espitlori—Low L. speculatorium, a lookout—L. specularia, a window, speculum, a mirror.]

Pillow, pil′ō, n. a cushion filled with feathers, &c., for resting the head on: any cushion: a block of metal for bearing the end of a shaft, or the end of a bowsprit: the socket of a pivot.—v.t. to lay or rest on for support.—v.i. to rest the head on a pillow.—ns. Pill′ow-bier, -beer, -case, -slip, a cover which can be drawn over a pillow; Pill′ow-cup, a last cup before going to bed.—adjs. Pill′owed, supported by, or provided with, a pillow; Pill′owy, like a pillow: soft. [A.S. pyle—L. pulvīnus.]

Pillworm, pil′wurm, n. the millipede.

Pilocarpus, pī-lō-kär′pus, n. a shrub about four or five feet high, slightly branched, the branches erect, a native of Brazil.—n. Pilocar′pine, an alkaloid isolated from pilocarpus, with sudorific properties. [Gr. pilos, a cap, karpos, fruit.]

Pilose, pī′lōs, adj. hairy—also Pī′lous.—n. Pilos′ity. [L. pilosus—pilus, hair.]

Pilot, pī′lut, n. the steersman of a ship: one who conducts ships in and out of a harbour, along a dangerous coast, &c.: a guide.—v.t. to conduct as a pilot: to direct through dangerous places.—ns. Pī′lotage, the skill of a pilot: the act of piloting: the fee or wages of pilots; Pī′lot-boat, a boat used by pilots for meeting or leaving ships; Pī′lot-cloth, a coarse, stout kind of cloth for overcoats; Pī′lot-en′gine, a locomotive engine sent on before a train to clear its way, as a pilot; Pī′lot-fish, a fish of the mackerel family, so called from its having been supposed to guide sharks to their prey; Pī′lot-flag, the flag hoisted at the fore by a vessel needing a pilot; Pī′lot-house, an enclosed place on deck to shelter the steering-gear and the pilot—also Wheel-house; Pī′lot-jack′et, a pea-jacket worn by seamen; Pī′lot-whale, the caaing-whale (q.v.). [Fr. pilote—Dut. piloot, from peilen, to sound, loot (Ger. loth, Eng. lead), a sounding-lead.]

Pilule, pil′ūl, n. a little pill—also Pil′ula.—adj. Pil′ular, pertaining to pills.

Pilum, pī′lum, n. the heavy javelin used by Roman foot-soldiers:—pl. Pī′la. [L.]

Pilus, pī′lus, n. one of the slender hairs on plants:—pl. Pī′li. [L.]

Pimento, pi-men′to, n. allspice or Jamaica pepper: the tree producing it.—Also Pimen′ta. [Port. pimenta—L. pigmentum, paint.]

Pimp, pimp, n. one who procures gratifications for the lust of others: a pander.—v.i. to pander.—adjs. Pimp′ing, petty: mean; Pimp′-like. [Fr. pimper, a nasalised form of piper, to pipe, hence to cheat.]

Pimpernel, pim′pėr-nel, n. a plant of the primrose family, with reddish flowers—also Poor man's weather-glass, Red chickweed.—n. Pimpinel′la, a genus of umbelliferous plants—anise, pimpernel, breakstone. [Fr. pimprenelle (It. pimpinella), either a corr. of a L. form bipennula, double-winged, dim. of bi-pennis—bis, twice, penna, feather; or from a dim. of L. pampinus, a vine-leaf.]

Pimple, pim′pl, n. a pustule: a small swelling.—adjs. Pim′pled, Pim′ply, having pimples. [A.S. pipel, nasalised from L. papula, a pustule.]

Pin, pin, n. a piece of wood or of metal used for fastening things together: a peg or nail: a sharp-pointed piece of wire with a rounded head for fastening clothes: anything that holds parts together: a piece of wood set up on end to be knocked down by a bowl, as in skittles: a peg used in musical instruments for fastening the strings: anything of little value.—v.t. to fasten with a pin: to fasten: to enclose: to seize and hold fast:—pr.p. pin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. pinned.—ns. Pin′-butt′ock (Shak.), a sharp, pointed buttock; Pin′case, Pin′cushion, a case or cushion for holding pins; Pin′-feath′er, a small or short feather.—adj. Pin′-feath′ered.—ns. Pin′-hold, a place where a pin is fixed; Pin′-hole, a hole made by a pin: a very small opening; Pin′-mon′ey, money allowed to a wife by her husband for private expenses, originally to buy pins; Pin′ner, one who pins or fastens: a pin-maker: a pinafore: a head-dress with a lappet flying loose; Pin′-point, the point of a pin: a trifle; Pin′tail, a genus of ducks, one handsome species of which is a winter visitor to many parts of the British coast.—adj. Pin′tailed, having a long, narrow tail.—n. Pin′-wheel, a contrate wheel in which the cogs are pins set into the disc: a form of firework constructed to revolve rapidly while burning.—v.t. Pin′work, to work flax-yarn on a wooden pin so as to make it more supple for ease in packing.—Pin-fire cartridge, a cartridge for breech-loading guns; Pins and needles, a feeling as of pricking under the skin, formication.—In merry pin, in a merry humour; On one's pins, on one's legs: in good condition. [M. E. pinne, like Ir. and Gael. pinne, and Ger. pinn, from L. pinna or penna, a feather.]

Pin, pin, n. an induration of the membranes of the eye, cataract. [A.S. pinn—Low L. pannus.]

Piña-cloth, pē′nya-kloth, n. a beautiful fabric made of the fibres of the leaves of the pine-apple plant.

Pinafore, pin′a-fōr, n. a loose covering of cotton or linen over a child's dress. [Pin + afore.]

Pinaster, pi-nas′tėr, n. the cluster-pine.

Pince-nez, pangs′-nā, n. a pair of eye-glasses with a spring for catching the nose. [Fr.]

Pincers. Same as Pinchers.

Pinch, pinsh, v.t. to grip hard: to squeeze between two hard or firm substances: to squeeze the flesh so as to give pain: to nip: to distress: to gripe.—v.i. to act with force: to bear or press hard: to live sparingly.—n. a close compression with the fingers: what can be taken up between the finger and thumb: an iron bar used as a lever for lifting weights, rolling wheels, &c.: a gripe: distress: oppression.—n. Pinch′commons, a niggard, a miser.—adj. Pinched, having the appearance of being tightly squeezed: hard pressed by want or cold: narrowed in size.—ns. Pinch′er, one who, or that which, pinches; Pinch′ers, Pin′cers, an instrument for gripping anything firmly, esp. for drawing out nails, &c.; Pinch′fist, Pinch′gut Pinch′penny, a niggard.—adv. Pinch′ingly, in a pinching manner.—At a pinch, in a case of necessity; Know where the shoe pinches, to know where the cause of trouble or difficulty is. [O. Fr. pincer; prob. Teut., cf. Dut. pitsen, to pinch.]

Pinchbeck, pinsh′bek, n. a yellow alloy of five parts of copper to one of zinc. [From Chris. Pinchbeck, an 18th-century London watchmaker.]

Pindari, Pindaree, pin′dar-ē, n. one of a band of freebooters who, after the overthrow of the Mogul empire in India, grew (1804-17) to be a formidable power in the Central Provinces. [Hind.]

Pindaric, pin-dar′ik, adj. after the manner of Pindar, one of the first of Greek lyric poets.—n. an ode in imitation of one of Pindar's: an ode of irregular metre.—n. Pin′darism, imitation of Pindar.

Pinder, pin′dėr, n. one who impounds stray cattle.—Also Pin′ner. [A.S. pyndan, to shut up—pund. Cf. Pen, v., and Pound, to shut up.]

Pine, pīn, n. a northern cone-bearing, evergreen, resinous tree, furnishing valuable timber.—adj. Pin′eal.—ns. Pin′eal-gland, a rounded body about the size of a pea, of a slightly yellowish colour, situated upon the anterior pair of corpora quadrigemina, and connected with the optic thalami by two strands of nerve fibres termed its peduncles; Pine′-app′le, a tropical plant, and its fruit, shaped like a pine-cone; Pine′-barr′en, a level sandy tract growing pines; Pine′-chā′fer, a beetle which eats pine-leaves.—adjs. Pine′-clad, Pine′-crowned, clad or crowned with pine-trees.—ns. Pine′-cone, the cone or strobilus of a pine-tree; Pine′-finch, a small fringilline bird of North America; Pine′-house, a pinery; Pine′-need′le, the circular leaf of the pine-tree; Pine′-oil, an oil obtained from the resinous exudations of pine and fir trees; Pin′ery, a place where pine-apples are raised: a pine forest; Pinē′tum, a plantation of pine-trees: a collection of pine-trees for ornamental purposes; Pine′-wood, a wood of pine-trees: pine timber; Pine′-wool, a fibrous substance prepared from the leaves of the pine, and used for flannels, hosiery, and blankets in hospitals.—adjs. Pī′nic, pertaining to, or obtained from, the pine: noting an acid consisting of the portion of common resin soluble in cold alcohol; Pinic′oline, inhabiting pine-woods; Pī′ny, Pī′ney, abounding in pine-trees.—Pine-tree money, silver money coined at Boston in the 17th century, and so called from the coins bearing the rude figure of a pine-tree on one side. [A.S. pín,—L. pīnus (for pic-nus),—pix, picis, pitch.]

Pine, pīn, v.i. to waste away under pain or mental distress: to languish with longing.—v.t. to grieve for: to bewail.—n. wasting pain: weary suffering.—Done to pine, starved to death. [A.S. pínian, to torment—L. pœna, punishment.]

Pinfold, pin′fōld, n. a pound or enclosure for cattle.—v.t. to impound. [For pind-fold=pound-fold.]

Ping, ping, n. the whistling sound of a bullet.—v.i. to produce such a sound.—n. Ping′-pong, a kind of indoor lawn-tennis, played with battledores or small rackets over a net on a table. [From the sounds made by the strokes on the ball.]

Pingle, ping′gl, v.i. (prov.) to eat with feeble appetite: to dawdle.—adj. Ping′ling, dawdling, feeble.

Pinguid, ping′gwid, adj. fat.—n. Ping′uitude. [L. pinguis, fat.]

Pinguin, pin′gwin, n. Same as Penguin.

Pinion, pin′yun, n. a wing: the joint of a wing most remote from the body of the bird: a small wheel with 'leaves' or teeth working into others.—v.t. to confine the wings of: to cut off the pinion: to confine by binding the arms. [O. Fr. pignon—L. pinna (=penna), wing. Cf. Pen, n.]

Pink, pingk, n. a boat with a narrow stern.—Also Pink′y. [Dut.; Ger. pinke.]

Pink, pingk, v.t. to stab or pierce, esp. with a sword or rapier: to decorate by cutting small holes or scallops.—n. a stab: an eyelet.—adj. Pinked, pierced or worked with small holes.—n. Pink′ing-ī′ron, a tool for pinking or scalloping. [Either through A.S. pyngan, from L. pungĕre, to prick; or acc. to Skeat, a nasalised form of pick.]

Pink, pingk, n. a flower of any one of several plants of the genus Dianthus—carnation, &c.: a shade of light-red colour like that of the flower: a scarlet hunting-coat, also the person wearing such: the minnow, from the colour of its abdomen in summer: any type or example of excellence in its kind.—adj. of a pink colour.—n. Pink′iness.—adj. Pink′ish, somewhat pink.—n. Pink′-root, the root of the Carolina or Indian pink, a common vermifuge.—Pink of perfection, the very highest state of perfection: an example of highest perfection.—Dutch pink, a yellow lake obtained from quercitron bark: (slang) blood. [Prob. a nasalised form of Celt. pic, a point—from the finely notched edges of the petals.]

Pink, pingk, v.i. to wink: to half-shut.—n. Pink′-eye, a disease in horses in which the eye turns somewhat red.—adj. Pink′-eyed, having pink eyes like a rabbit: having small or half-shut eyes.—adj. Pink′y, winking. [Dut. pinken, to wink.]

Pinna, pin′a, n. a single leaflet of a pinnate leaf: a wing, fin, or the like: the auricle of the ear:—pl. Pinn′æ.—adjs. Pinn′ate, -d, shaped like a feather: furnished with wings or fins.—adv. Pinn′ately.—adjs. Pinnat′ifid, cut as a leaf, half-way down or more, with the divisions narrow or acute; Pinnat′isect (bot.), pinnately divided; Pinn′iform, like a feather or fin: pinnate; Pinn′igrade, moving by fins—also n.; Pinn′iped, Pinnat′iped, fin-footed, as a bird; Pinn′ūlate, -d.—n. Pinn′ūle, one of the branchlets of a pinnate leaf: one of the lateral divisions of the finger-like stalks of an encrinite—also Pinn′ūla.—Pinnate leaf, a compound leaf wherein a single petiole has several leaflets attached to each side of it. [L. pinna, a feather, dim. pinnula.]

Pinnace, pin′ās, n. a small vessel with oars and sails: a boat with eight oars: a man-of-war's boat. [Fr. pinasse—It. pinassa—L. pinus, a pine.]

Pinnacle, pin′a-kl, n. a slender turret: a high point like a spire: the highest point of a mountain, &c.—v.t. to build with pinnacles: to place on a pinnacle. [Fr. pinacle—Low L. pinna-culum, double dim. from L. pinna, a feather.]

Pinner, pin′ėr. See Pin.

Pinnet, pin′et, n. (Scott) a pinnacle.

Pinnock, pin′ok, n. the hedge-sparrow.

Pinnoed, pin′ōd, adj. (Spens.) pinioned.

Pinny, Pinnie, pin′ī, n. a pinafore. [Pinafore.]

Pinnywinkle, pin′i-wingk-l, n. an ancient form of torture for the fingers.—Also Pinn′iewinkle, Pil′nie-winks. [A corr. of periwinkle.]

Pint, pīnt, n. a measure of capacity=½ quart or 4 gills: (med.) 12 ounces.—ns. Pint′-pot, a pot for holding a pint, esp. a pewter pot for beer: a seller or drinker of beer; Pint′-stoup, a vessel for holding a Scotch pint. [Fr. pinte—Sp. pinta, mark—L. picta, pingĕre, to paint.]

Pintado, pin-tä′do, adj. painted, spotted.—n. the guinea-fowl: chintz, applied to all printed goods.

Pintail, Pin-wheel. See Pin.

Pintle, pin′tl, n. a little pin: a long iron bolt: the bolt or pin on which the rudder of a ship turns. [Dim. of pin.]

Pinxit, pingk′sit, v.i. and v.t. he or she painted—used in noting the painter of a picture, as Rubens pinxit. [L., 3d sing. perf. indic. of pingĕre, to paint.]

Pioned, pī′ō-ned, adj. (Shak.) overgrown with marsh-marigolds, that flower being still called peony around Stratford.

Pioneer, pī-ō-nēr′, n. one of a party of soldiers who clear the road before an army, sink mines, &c.: one who goes before to prepare the way for others.—v.t. to act as pioneer to.—ns. Pī′oner (Shak.), a pioneer; Pī′oning (Spens.), the work of pioneers: military works. [O. Fr. peonier (Fr. pionnier)—pion, a foot-soldier—Low L. pedo, pedonis, a foot-soldier—L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Pious, pī′us, adj. showing love, affection, or respect towards parents: having reverence and love for the Deity: proceeding from religious feeling.—adv. Pī′ously, in a pious manner.—adj. Pī′ous-mind′ed, of a pious disposition. [Fr. pieux—L. pius.]

Pip, pip, n. a disease of fowls—also called Roup. [Low L. pipita—L. pipuita, rheum.]

Pip, pip, n. the seed of fruit. [Pippin.]

Pip, pip, n. one of the spots on dice or playing-cards. [Corr. of prov. pick—Fr. pique, a spade, at cards.]

Pip, pip, v.t. (slang) to blackball.

Pip, pip, v.i. to chirp, as a young bird.

Pipe, pīp, n. a musical wind instrument consisting of a long tube: any long tube: a tube of clay, &c., with a bowl at one end for smoking tobacco: a pipeful: the note of a bird: a cask containing two hogsheads.—v.i. to play upon a pipe: to whistle, to chirp: to make a shrill noise.—v.t. to play on a pipe: to call with a pipe, as on board ships: to give forth shrill notes: to supply with pipes, to convey by pipes.—ns. Pip′age, conveyance or distribution by pipes; Pipe′-case, a box softly lined to protect a pipe; Pipe′clay, a fine white plastic clay, very like kaolin, but containing a larger percentage of silica, used for making tobacco-pipes and fine earthenware.—v.t. to whiten with pipeclay: (slang) to blot out, as accounts.—adj. Piped (pīpt), tubulous or fistulous.—ns. Pipe′-fish, a genus of fishes in the same order as the seahorse, having a long thin body covered with partially ossified plates, the head long, and the jaws elongated so as to form a tubular snout, hence the name; Pipe′-lay′er; Pipe′-lay′ing, the laying down of pipes for gas, water, &c.; Pipe′-off′ice, formerly an office in the Court of Exchequer in which the clerk of the pipe made out crown-land leases; Pip′er; Pipe′-roll, a pipe-like roll, the earliest among the records of the Exchequer; Pipe′-stā′ple, the stalk of a tobacco-pipe: a stalk of grass; Pipe′-stick, the wooden tube used as the stem of some tobacco-pipes; Pipe′-tongs, an implement for holding or turning metal pipes or pipe-fittings; Pipe′-tree, the lilac; Pipe′-wine (Shak.), wine drawn from the cask, as distinguished from bottled wine; Pipe′-wrench, a wrench with one movable jaw, both so shaped as to bite together when placed on a pipe and rotated round it.—Pipe down, to dismiss from muster, as a ship's company; Pipe off, to watch a house or person for purposes of theft; Pipe one's eye, to weep.—Drunk as a piper, very drunk; Pay the piper, to bear the expense. [A.S. pípe; Dut. pijp, Ger. pfeife.]

Piperaceous, pip-e-rā′shi-us, adj. pertaining to the Piperā′ceæ, the pepper family.—adj. Piper′ic, produced from such plants.—n. Pip′erine, an alkaloid found in pepper. [L. piper, pepper.]

Pipette, pi-pet′, n. a small tube for removing small portions of a fluid from one vessel to another. [Fr.]

Pipi, pē′pē, n. the astringent pods of Cæsalpinia pipai, a Brazilian plant used in tanning.

Piping, pī′ping, adj. uttering a weak, shrill, piping sound, like the sick: sickly: feeble: boiling.—n. act of piping: sound of pipes: a system of pipes for any purpose: small cord used as trimming for dresses, &c.: a slip or cutting taken from a plant with a jointed stem.

Pipistrel, Pipistrelle, pip-is-trel′, n. a small reddish-brown bat. [Fr.]

Pipit, pip′it, n. a genus of birds resembling larks in plumage and wagtails in habits, the most common British species being the titlark.

Pipkin, pip′kin, n. a small earthen pot. [Pipe.]

Pippin, pip′in, n. a kind of apple. [O. Fr. pepin—L. pepo—Gr. pepōn, a melon.]

Pipul, pip′ul, n. the sacred fig-tree.—Also Pip′al, Pipp′ul-tree, Peep′ul-tree. [Hind.]

Pipy, pī′pi, adj. like a pipe: tubular.

Piquant, pē′kant, adj. stimulating to the taste: of a lively spark.—n. Piq′uancy.—adv. Piq′uantly. [Fr. piquant, pr.p. of piquer, to prick.]

Pique, pēk, n. an offence taken: a feeling of anger or vexation caused by wounded pride: spite: nicety: punctilio.—v.t. to wound the pride of: to offend: to pride or value (one's self):—pr.p. piq′uing; pa.t. and pa.p. piqued. [Fr. pique, a pike, pique; cf. Pick and Pike.]

Piqué, pē-kā′, n. a heavy cotton fabric having a surface corded or with a raised lozenge pattern: a similar pattern produced by quilting with the needle.—n. Piqué-work. [Fr.]

Piquet. Same as Picket.

Piquet, pi-ket′, n. a game at cards.—n. Pique, in piquet, the scoring of 30 points in one hand before the other side scores at all. [Picket.]

Piragua, pi-rä′gwä. Same as Periagua.

Pirate, pī′rāt, n. one who, without authority, attempts to capture ships at sea: a sea-robber: an armed vessel which, without legal right, plunders other vessels at sea: one who steals or infringes a copyright.—v.t. to rob at sea: to take without permission, as books or writings.—n. Pī′racy, the crime of a pirate: robbery on the high seas: infringement of copyright.—adjs. Pirat′ic, -al, pertaining to a pirate: practising piracy.—adv. Pirat′ically. [Fr.,—L. pirata—Gr. peiratēs—peiraein, to attempt.]

Piriform, pir′i-form, adj. pear-shaped.

Pirn, pirn, n. anything that revolves or twists: a reel, bobbin, &c.: the amount of thread wound on a shuttle or reel.

Pirnie, pir′ni, n. (Scot.) a striped woollen nightcap.

Pirogue, pi-rōg′. See Periagua.

Pirouette, pir-ōō-et′, n. a wheeling about, esp. in dancing: the whirling round of a horse on the same ground.—v.i. to execute a pirouette. [Fr.]

Pisces, pis′ēz, n. the Fishes, the twelfth sign of the zodiac.—ns. Pis′cary, right of fishing in another man's waters; Piscatol′ogy, the scientific study of fishes; Piscā′tor, an angler:—fem. Piscā′trix.—adj. Piscatō′rial, relating to fishes or fishing: fond of fishing—also Pis′catory.—n. Pis′cicapture, the taking of fish.—adjs. Piscic′olous, parasitic upon fishes; Piscicul′tural, pertaining to pisciculture.—ns. Pis′ciculture, the rearing of fish by artificial methods; Pis′ciculturist, a fish-culturist.—adjs. Pis′ciform, in shape like a fish: having the form of a fish; Pis′cine, pertaining to fishes; Pisciv′orous, feeding on fishes. [L. piscis, a fish.]

Piscina, pis-ī′na, n. a basin or tank, esp. one for holding fishes or for growing water-plants: a fish-pond: (archit.) a basin or sink on the south side of the altar in old churches, into which is emptied water used in washing any of the sacred vessels.—adj. Pis′cinal, belonging to a fish-pond. [L., a fish-pond, a cistern—piscis, a fish.]

Pisé, pē-zā′, n. stiff earth or clay rammed down to form walls or floors. [Fr.]

Pish, pish, interj. expressing contempt. [Imit.]

Pisiform, pī′si-form, adj. pea-shaped. [L. pisum, pea, forma, shape.]

Pismire, pis′mīr, n. an ant or emmet. [Piss, from the strong smell of the ant-hill, A.S. mire, ant.]

Pisolite, pī′sō-līt, n. a coarse oolite or concretionary limestone in large globules.—adj. Pisolit′ic. [Gr. pisos, pea, lithos, stone.]

Piss, pis, v.i. to discharge urine or make water.—ns. Piss′-a-bed (prov.), the dandelion; Piss′asphalt, Pis′ophalt, a variety of bitumen; Piss′-pot, a chamber-pot. [Fr. pisser; imit.]

Pistachio, pis-tā′shi-ō, n. the almond-flavoured pistachio-nut, the fruit of the Pistā′chia, a small genus of trees of the cashew family, native to western Asia. [It.,—L. pistacium—Gr. pistakion—Pers. pistā.]

Pistareen, pis-ta-rēn′, n. in West Indies, the peseta.

Pistil, pis′til, n. (bot.) the female organ in the centre of a flower, consisting of three parts—ovary, style, and stigma.—adjs. Pistillā′ceous, Pis′tillary, growing on a pistil: pertaining to, or having the nature of, a pistil; Pis′tillāte, having a pistil: having a pistil only; Pistillif′erous, bearing a pistil without stamens. [Fr.,—L. pistillum, a pestle.]

Pistol, pis′tol, n. a small hand-gun, held in one hand when fired.—v.t. to shoot with a pistol.—ns. Pistoleer′, one armed with a pistol; Pis′tolet, a little pistol; Pis′tol-shot. [O. Fr. pistole—It. pistola, said to be from Pistoja (orig. Pistola), a town in Italy.]

Pistole, pis′tōl, n. a Spanish gold coin=about 16 shillings. [Same as above.]

Piston, pis′tun, n. a circular plate of metal, or other material, used in pumps, steam-engines, &c., fitting and moving up and down within a tube or hollow cylinder.—n. Pis′ton-rod, the rod to which the piston is fixed, and which moves up and down with it. [Fr.,—It. pistone—pesto, to pound—L. pinsĕre, pistum.]

Pit, pit, n. a hole in the earth: a place whence minerals are dug: the bottomless pit: the grave: the abode of evil spirits: a hole used as a trap for wild beasts: the hollow of the stomach, or that under the arm at the shoulder: the indentation left by smallpox: the ground-floor of a theatre: an enclosure in which cocks fight: the shaft of a mine.—v.t. to mark with little hollows: to lay in a pit: to set in competition:—pr.p. pit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pit′ted.—ns. Pit′-coal, coal dug from a pit—not charcoal; Pit′-frame, the framework round a mine-shaft; Pit′-head, the ground at the mouth of a pit, and the machinery, &c., on it; Pit′man, a man who works in a coal-pit or a saw-pit, esp. the man who works the pumping machinery in the shaft of a mine: (mach.) a rod connecting a rotary with a reciprocating part.—adj. Pit′ted, marked with small pits.—ns. Pit′ting, the act of digging, or of placing in, a pit: a group of pit-marks: a corrosion of the inside of steam-boilers, &c.; Pit′-vill′age, a group of miners' houses near a pit. [A.S. pyt, pytt—L. puteus, a well.]

Pitaka, pit′a-ka, n. a collection of Buddhist scriptures, as made in Tibet. [Sans., 'basket.']

Pitapat, pit′a-pat, adv. with palpitation or quick beating.—adj. fluttering.—n. a light, quick step: a succession of light taps.—v.i. to step or tread quickly.

Pitch, pich, n. the solid black shining substance obtained by boiling down common tar.—v.t. to smear with pitch.—adjs. Pitch′-black, Pitch′-dark, dark as pitch: very dark.—ns. Pitch′-blende, a black oxide of uranium; Pitch′-coal, a kind of bituminous coal: jet; Pitch′iness, state or quality of being pitchy; Pitch′-pine, a kind of pine which yields pitch, and is much used in America as fuel; Pitch′-plas′ter, a plaster of Burgundy or white pitch; Pitch′-stone, an old volcanic-like hardened pitch; Pitch′-tree, the kauri pine, the Amboyna pine, or the Norway spruce.—adj. Pitch′y, having the qualities of pitch: smeared with pitch: black like pitch: dark: dismal. [A.S. pic—L. pix, pic-is.]

Pitch, pich, v.t. to thrust or fix in the ground: to fix or set in array: to fix the rate or price: to fling or throw: (mus.) to set the keynote of.—v.i. to settle, as something pitched: to come to rest from flight: to fall headlong: to fix the choice: to encamp: to rise and fall, as a ship.—n. a throw or cast from the hand: any point or degree of elevation or depression: degree: degree of slope: a descent: the height of a note in speaking or in music: (mech.) distance between the centres of two teeth in a wheel or a saw, or between the threads of a screw measured parallel to the axis.—ns. Pitched′-batt′le, a battle in which the contending parties have fixed positions: a battle previously arranged for on both sides; Pitch′er; Pitch′-far′thing, chuck-farthing; Pitch′fork, a fork for pitching hay, &c.: a tuning-fork.—v.t. to lift with a pitchfork: to throw suddenly into any position.—ns. Pitch′ing, the act of throwing: a facing of stone along a bank to protect against the action of water; Pitch′pipe, a small pipe to pitch the voice or tune with.—Pitch and pay (Shak.), pay down at once, pay ready-money; Pitch and toss, a game in which coins are thrown at a mark, the person who throws nearest having the right of tossing all the coins, and keeping those which come down head uppermost; Pitch in, to begin briskly; Pitch into, to assault. [A form of pick.]

Pitcher, pich′ėr, n. a vessel for holding water, &c.—n. Pitch′er-plant, a plant with leaves shaped like a pitcher or ascidium—Nepenthes, &c.—Pitchers have ears, there may be listeners. [O. Fr. picher—Low L. picarium, a goblet—Gr. bīkos, a wine-vessel, an Eastern word.]

Piteous, pit′e-us, adj. showing or feeling pity: fitted to excite pity: mournful: compassionate: paltry.—adv. Pit′eously.—n. Pit′eousness. [O. Fr. pitos, piteus. Cf. Pity.]

Pitfall, pit′fawl, n. a pit slightly covered, so that wild beasts may fall into it: any concealed danger.

Pith, pith, n. the marrow or soft substance in the centre of the stems of dicotyledonous plants: force or energy: importance: condensed substance: quintessence.—n. Pith′-ball, a pellet of pith.—adv. Pith′ily.—n. Pith′iness.—adj. Pith′less, wanting pith, force, or energy.—n. Pith′-pā′per, a thin sheet cut from pith for paper: rice-paper.—adj. Pith′y, full of pith: forcible: strong: energetic. [A.S. pitha; Dut. pit, marrow.]

Pithecus, pi-thē′kus, n. a name formerly used by zoologists for various groups of apes and monkeys.—ns. Pithecanthrō′pi, hypothetical ape-men; Pithē′cia, the genus of South American monkeys which includes the Sakis and allied species.—adj. Pithē′coid. [L.,—Gr. pithēkos, an ape.]

Pithos, pith′os, n. a large spheroid Greek earthenware vase. [Gr.]

Pit-mirk, pit′-mėrk, adj. (Scot.) dark as pitch.

Pitri, pit′rē, n.pl. the deceased ancestors of a man: in Hindu mythology, an order of divine beings inhabiting celestial regions of their own, and receiving into their society the spirits of those mortals for whom funeral rites have been duly performed. [Sans., 'father,' pl. pitaras.]

Pitsaw, pit′saw, n. a large saw for cutting timber, worked by the pit-sawyer in the pit below the log and the top-sawyer on the log.

Pittacal, pit′a-kal, n. a blue substance obtained from wood-tar oil and used in dyeing. [Gr. pitta, pitch, kalos, beautiful.]

Pittance, pit′ans, n. an allowance of food or drink: a dole: a very small portion or quantity. [Fr. pitance, an allowance of food in a monastery—Low L. pietantea—L. pietas, pity.]

Pituitary, pit′ū-i-tā-ri, adj. mucous—also Pit′ūital, Pit′ūitous.—ns. Pitūī′ta, Pit′uite, phlegm.—Pituitary body, a rounded body of the size of a small bean, situated in the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone on the floor of the cavity of the skull. [L. pituitarius—pituita, mucus.]

Pity, pit′i, n. a strong feeling for or with the sufferings of others: sympathy with distress: a cause or source of pity or grief.—v.t. to feel pity with: to sympathise with:—pa.t. and pa.p. pit′ied.—adj. Pit′iable, deserving pity: affecting: wretched.—n. Pit′iableness.—adv. Pit′iably.—n. Pit′ier, one who pities.—adj. Pit′iful, feeling pity: compassionate: exciting pity: sad: despicable.—adv. Pit′ifully.—n. Pit′ifulness.—adj. Pit′iless, without pity: cruel.—adv. Pit′ilessly.—n. Pit′ilessness.—adv. Pit′yingly, in a pitying manner.—It pitieth me, you, them, &c. (Pr. Bk.), it causeth pity in me, you, them, &c. [O. Fr. pite (Fr. pitié, It. pietà)—L. pietas, pietatis—pius, pious.]

Pityriasis, pit-i-rī′a-sis, n. the term given to certain of the squamous or scaly diseases of the skin, in which there is a continual throwing off of bran-like scales of epidermis.—adj. Pit′yroid, bran-like. [Gr. pityron, bran.]

Più, pū, adv. more.—Più allegro, quicker. [It.]

Pivot, piv′ut, n. the pin on which anything turns: the officer or soldier at the flank upon whom a company wheels: that on which anything depends or turns.—adj. Piv′otal, of the nature of a pivot: acting as a pivot.—n. Piv′ot-bridge, a form of swing-bridge moving on a vertical pivot.—adj. Piv′oted, furnished with a pivot or pivots.—ns. Piv′ot-gear′ing, a system of gearing permitting the driving-shaft to be swivelled so as to set the machine in any direction with relation to the power; Piv′ot-gun, a gun mounted on a pivot, so as to be able to turn in any direction; Piv′oting, the pivot-work in machines; Piv′ot-man, the soldier or officer who acts as a pivot (see Pivot). [Fr. dim. of It. piva, a pipe, a peg, a pin—Low L. pipa.]

Pix, piks, n. Same as Pyx.

Pixy, Pixie, pik′si, n. a small Devonshire fairy.—adj. Pix′y-led, bewildered.—ns. Pix′y-ring, a fairy-ring, a well-marked ring of a different kind of grass, common on meadows and heaths; Pix′y-stool, a toadstool or mushroom. [Puck.]

Pize, pīz, n. a term used in execration, like pox.

Pizzicato, pit-si-kä′to, adj. a phrase used in music for the violin or violoncello, to denote that here the strings are to be twitched with the fingers in the manner of a harp or guitar. [It.,—pizzicare, to twitch.]

Pizzle, piz′l, n. the penis of an animal, as a bull. [Low Ger. pesel.]

Placable, plā′ka-bl, or plak′a-bl, adj. that may be appeased: relenting: willing to forgive.—ns. Placabil′ity, Plā′cableness.—adv. Plā′cably.—v.t. Plā′cāte, to conciliate.—n. Placā′tion, propitiation.—adj. Plā′catory, conciliatory. [L. placabilis—placāre, to appease, akin to placēre, to please.]

Placard, plak′ärd, or plā-kärd′, n. a written or printed paper stuck upon a wall as an advertisement, &c.: a public proclamation: the woodwork and frame of the door of a closet and the like.—v.t. Placard (plā-kärd′, or plak′ärd), to publish or notify by placards. [Fr. placard, a bill stuck on a wall—plaque, plate, tablet; acc. to Diez, from Dut. plak, a piece of flat wood.]

Placcate, plak′āt, n. See Placket.

Place, plās, n. a broad way in a city: an open space used for a particular purpose: a particular locality: a town: room to dwell, sit, or stand in: the position held by anybody, employment, office, a situation: a mansion with its grounds: proper position or dignity, priority in such: stead: passage in a book: a topic, matter of discourse: in sporting contests, position among the first three.—v.t. to put in any place or condition: to find a home for: to settle: to lend: invest: to ascribe.—n. Place′-hunt′er, one who seeks eagerly official position or public office.—adj. Place′less, without place or office.—ns. Place′man, one who has a place or office under a government:—pl. Place′men; Place′ment, placing or setting; Place′-mong′er, one who traffics in appointments to places; Place′-name, the name of a place or locality: a local name; Plac′er.—Give place, to make room, to yield; Have place, to have existence; In place, in position: opportune; Out of place, inappropriate, unseasonable; Take place, to come to pass: to take precedence of. [Fr.,—L. platea, a broad street—Gr. plateia, a street—platys, broad.]

Placebo, plā-sē′bo, n. in the R.C. service of vespers for the dead the name of the first antiphon, which begins with the word: a medicine given to humour or gratify a patient rather than to exercise any curative effect. [L., 'I will please'—placēre, to please.]

Placenta, pla-sen′ta, n. the structure which unites the unborn mammal to the womb of its mother and establishes a nutritive connection between them: (bot.) the portion of the ovary which bears the ovules:—pl. Placen′tæ.—adj. Placen′tal.—n.pl. Placentā′lia, placental mammals.—adjs. Placentā′lian; Placen′tary, pertaining to, or having, a placenta.—n. a mammal having a placenta.—adjs. Placen′tate, Placentif′erous.—ns. Placentā′tion, the mode in which the placenta is formed and attached to the womb; Placentī′tis, inflammation of the placenta. [L., a flat cake, akin to Gr. plakous, a flat cake, from plax, plak-os, anything flat.]

Placer, plas′er, n. a place where the superficial detritus is washed for gold, &c.: hence any place holding treasures. [Sp.]

Placet, plā′set, n. a vote of assent in a governing body: permission given, esp. by a sovereign, to publish and carry out an ecclesiastical order, as a papal bull or edict. [L., 'it pleases,' 3d sing. pres. indic. of placēre, to please.]

Placid, plas′id, adj. gentle: peaceful.—ns. Placid′ity, Plac′idness.—adv. Plac′idly. [Fr.,—L. placidus—placēre, to please.]

Placitory, plas′i-tō-ri, adj. of or relating to pleas or pleading in courts of law.

Placitum, plas′i-tum, n. a public assembly in the Middle Ages, presided over by the sovereign, to consult on affairs of state: a resolution of such an assembly:—pl. Plac′ita. [L., from placēre, to please.]

Plack, plak, n. a small copper coin formerly current in Scotland, equal in value to the third part of an English penny.—adj. Plack′less, penniless. [O. Fr. plaque, a plate.]

Placket, plak′et, n. (Shak.) the slit in a petticoat: a petticoat—hence, a woman: a placcate or additional plate of steel on the lower half of the breast-plate, or back-plate: a leather jacket strengthened with strips of steel. [Fr. plaquet—plaquer, to clap on.]

Placoderm, plak′o-dėrm, adj. noting an order of fossil fishes having their skin covered with bony plates. [Gr. plax, plakos, anything flat, derma, skin.]

Placoid, plak′oid, adj. plate-like.—Placoid fishes, an order of fishes having placoid scales, irregular plates of hard bone, not imbricated, but placed near together in the skin. [Gr. plax, plakos, anything flat and broad, eidos, form.]

Placula, plak′ū-la, n. a little plate or plaque.—adjs. Plac′ular, Plac′ulāte.

Plafond, pla-fond′, n. the ceiling of a room, any soffit. [Fr.]

Plagal, plā′gal, adj. in Gregorian music, denoting a mode or melody in which the final is in the middle of the compass instead of at the bottom—opp. to Authentic. [Gr. plagios, sidewise—plagos, a side.]

Plagiarise, plā′ji-ar-īz, v.t. to steal from the writings or ideas of another.—ns. Plā′giarism, the act or practice of plagiarising; Plā′giarist, one who plagiarises; Plā′giary, one who steals the thoughts or writings of others and gives them out as his own: the crime of plagiarism.—adj. practising literary theft. [Fr. plagiaire—L. plagiarius, a kidnapper—plaga, a net.]

Plagioclase, plā′ji-ō-klāz, n. a group of triclinic feldspars whose cleavage planes are not at right angles to each other.—adj. Plagioclas′tic. [Gr. plagios, oblique, klasis, a fracture.]

Plagiodont, plā′ji-ō-dont, adj. having the teeth oblique.

Plagiostome, plā′ji-ō-stōm, n. a plagiostomous fish, one of the Plagios′tomi, a division of fishes, including sharks and rays.—adjs. Plagiostom′atous, Plagios′tomous.

Plagiotropism, plā-ji-ot′rō-pizm, n. a mode of turning of the organs of plants in the direction of gravitation or of the ray of light.—adj. Plagiotrop′ic.—adv. Plagiotrop′ically. [Gr. plagios, oblique, tropos, a turning.]

Plagium, plā′ji-um, n. the crime of kidnapping.

Plague, plāg, n. any great natural evil: a deadly disease or pestilence: a very troublesome person or thing, esp. a malignant kind of contagious fever, prevailing epidemically, characterised by buboes, or swellings of the lymphatic glands, by carbuncles and petechiæ.—v.t. to infest with disease or trouble: to harass or annoy:—pr.p. plāg′uing; pa.t. and pa.p. plāgued.—ns. Plague′-mark, -spot, a mark or spot of plague or foul disease: a place where disease is constantly present; Plag′uer, one who plagues, vexes, or annoys; Plague′-sore.—adv. Plag′uily, vexatiously.—adj. Plaguy (plā′gi), vexatious: (Shak.) troublesome.—adv. vexatiously.—Plague on, may a curse rest on.—Be at the plague, to be at the trouble. [O. Fr. plague—L. plaga, a blow; Gr. plēgē.]

Plaice, plās, n. a broad, flat fish, in the same genus as the flounder. [O. Fr. plaïs (Fr. plie)—Low L. platessa, a flat fish—Gr. platys, flat.]

Plaid, plad, or plād, n. a loose outer garment of woollen cloth, often of a tartan, or coloured striped pattern, a special dress of the Highlanders of Scotland.—adj. like a plaid in pattern or colours.—adj. Plaid′ed, wearing a plaid: made of plaid cloth.—n. Plaid′ing, a strong woollen twilled fabric. [Gael. plaide, a blanket, contr. of peal-laid, a sheepskin—peall, a skin, cog. with L. pellis, Eng. fell.]

Plain, plān, v.t. and v.i. to complain: to lament.—ns. Plain′ant, one who complains: a plaintiff; Plain′ing (Shak.), complaint. [O. Fr. pleigner (Fr. plaindre)—L. plangĕre, to lament.]

Plain, plān, adj. without elevations, even, flat: level, smooth, without obstructions: free from difficulties, easy, simple: without ornament or beauty, homely: artless: sincere: evident, unmistakable: mere: not coloured, figured, or variegated: not highly seasoned, natural, not cooked or dressed: not trumps at cards.—n. an extent of level land: an open field.—adv. clearly: distinctly.—v.t. (obs.) to make plain.—n.pl. Plain′-clothes, clothes worn by an officer when off duty or not in uniform.—ns. Plain′-cook, one able to cook all ordinary dishes; Plain′-deal′er, one who deals or speaks his mind plainly.—adj. Plain′-deal′ing, speaking or acting plainly, candid.—n. candid speaking or acting, sincerity.—adj. Plain′-heart′ed, having a plain or honest heart: sincere.—n. Plain′-heart′edness.—adv. Plain′ly.—ns. Plain′ness; Plain′-song, the music of a recitative-like character and sung in unison, used in the Christian Church of the West from the earliest times, and still in use in all R.C. churches: a simple air without variations: a plain unvarnished statement; Plain′-speak′ing, straight-forwardness or bluntness of speech.—adj. Plain′-spok′en, speaking with plain, rough sincerity.—n.pl. Plain′stanes (Scot.), flagstones, pavement.—n. Plain′work, plain needlework, as distinguished from embroidery.—Plain as a pikestaff, perfectly plain or clear. [Fr.,—L. plānus, plain.]

Plaint, plānt, n. lamentation: complaint: a sad song: (law) the exhibiting of an action in writing by a complainant.—adj. Plaint′ful, complaining: expressing sorrow.—n. Plaint′iff (Eng. law), one who commences a suit against another—opp. to Defendant.—adj. Plaint′ive, complaining: expressing sorrow: sad.—adv. Plaint′ively.—n. Plaint′iveness.—adj. Plaint′less, without complaint: unrepining. [O. Fr. pleinte (Fr. plainte)—L. planctus—plangĕre, planctum, to lament.]

Plaise, plās, n. Same as Plaice.

Plaister, plās′tėr, n. an obsolete form of plaster.

Plait, plāt, n. a fold: a doubling over, as of cloth upon itself: a braid.—v.t. to fold: to double in narrow folds: to interweave.—adj. Plait′ed, folded over in narrow folds: braided: interwoven: intricate.—ns. Plait′er, one who plaits or braids: a machine for making plaits, as in cloth; Plait′ing, the act of making plaits. [O. Fr. pleit, ploit (Fr. pli)—L. plicāre, -ātum, to fold.]

Plan, plan, n. a drawing of anything on a plane or flat surface: a drawing of a building as it stands on the ground: a scheme or project for accomplishing a purpose: a contrivance: a method or custom.—v.t. to make a sketch of on a flat surface: to form in design: to lay plans for:—pr.p. plan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. planned.—adj. Plan′less.—ns. Plan′ner, one who forms a plan: a projector; Work′ing-plan, a draft on a large scale given to workmen to work from.—Plan of campaign, the method of conducting the struggle of the Irish tenants against the landlords, organised by the National League in 1886, its officers collecting what they considered a fair rent, and offering it to the landlord, and where he refused to accept it spending it on the support of the persons evicted. [Fr.,—L. planus, flat.]

Planarian, plā-nā′ri-an, adj. and n. a term practically coextensive with Turbellarian, applicable to the members of the lowest class of worm-like animals, living in fresh and salt water, and sometimes in damp earth.—adjs. Planar′iform, Planā′rioid. [L. planarius, flat.]

Planch, planch, v.t. (Shak.) to cover with planks. [Fr. planche—L. planea.]

Planchet, plan′chet, n. a flat piece of metal ready to receive impression as a coin.

Planchette, plan-shet′, n. a small heart-shaped or triangular piece of board resting on three props, two of which are castors and one a pencil-point, which, while a person's fingers are lightly resting on it, sometimes moves, as if of its own accord, and traces with the pencil marks and even words upon a piece of paper below it. [Fr. planchette, a small board.]

Plane, plān, n. (geom.) a surface on which, if any two points be taken, the straight line joining them will lie entirely on the surface: (astron.) a surface thought of as bounded by the line round which a heavenly body moves: any flat or level surface: any incline on which coal is lowered by the effect of gravity: any grade of life or of development.—adj. having the character of a plane: pertaining to, lying in, or forming a plane.—v.t. to make plane or smooth.—adj. Plā′nary, relating to a plane: flat.—n. Plane′-tā′ble, a topographical instrument used in field-mapping, and having a sighting-telescope for observing objects, whose angles may be noted on a paper on the table of the instrument: an inclined table on which ore is dressed.—v.t. to survey with a plane-table.—ns. Plan′igraph, an instrument for reducing or enlarging drawings; Planim′eter, an instrument for measuring the area of a plane figure.—adjs. Planimet′ric, -al.—n. Planim′etry, the mensuration of plane surfaces.—adj. Planipet′alous, having flat petals.—ns. Plan′isher, a thin flat-ended tool used for smoothing tin-plate and brasswork: a workman who planishes, esp. one who prepares copper-plates for engravers; Plan′isphere, a sphere projected on a plane.—adjs. Planispher′ic; Plāno-con′cave, plane on one side and concave on the other; Plā′no-con′ical, plane on one side and conical on the other; Plā′no-con′vex, plane on one side and convex on the other.—n. Planog′raphist, a map-maker.—adj. Plā′no-horizon′tal, having a plane horizontal surface or position.—ns. Planom′eter, a plane surface used in machine-making as a gauge for plane surfaces; Planom′etry, the measurement of plane surfaces.—adj. Plā′no-sub′ulate, smooth and awl-shaped.—Plane angle, an angle contained by two straight lines in a plane; Plane figure, a figure all of whose points lie in one plane; Plane geometry, the geometry of plane figures; Plane sailing, the calculation of a ship's place in its course, as if the earth were flat instead of spherical: easy work; Plane trigonometry, that branch of trigonometry which treats of triangles described on a plane.—Inclined plane (see Incline); Perspective plane (see Perspective). [Fr.,—L. planus, plain.]

Plane, plān, n. a carpenter's tool for producing a level or smooth surface.—v.t. to make a surface (as of wood) level by means of a plane.—ns. Plā′ner, a tool or machine for planing: a smooth wooden block used for levelling a form of type; Plān′ing-machine′, a machine for planing wood or metals.—v.t. Plan′ish, to make smooth: to polish. [Fr.,—Low L. planāre, to make level.]

Planet, plan′et, n. one of the bodies in the solar system which revolve in elliptic orbits round the sun.—n. Planetā′rium, a machine showing the motions and orbits of the planets.—adjs. Plan′etary, pertaining to the planets: consisting of, or produced by, planets: under the influence of a planet: erratic: revolving; Planet′ic, -al.—n. Plan′etoid, a celestial body having the form or nature of a planet: one of a number of very small planets, often called asteroids, moving round the sun between Mars and Jupiter.—adjs. Planetoi′dal; Plan′et-strick′en, Plan′et-struck (astrol.), affected by the influence of the planets: blasted.—n. Plan′etule, a little planet.—Minor planets, the numerous group of very small planets which is situated in the solar system between Mars and Jupiter. [Fr. planète—Gr. planētēs, wanderer—planān, to make to wander.]

Plane-tree, plān′-trē, n. any one of the several trees constituting the genus Platanus, esp. the oriental or common plane-tree, with its variety the maple-leaved plane-tree, and the American plane-tree, usually called sycamore or buttonwood or buttonball: in Great Britain, the sycamore maple. [Fr. plane—L. platanus—Gr. platanos—platys, broad.]

Plangent, plan′jent, adj. resounding: noisy. [L. plangens, -gentis—plangĕre, to beat.]

Plank, plangk, n. a long piece of timber, thicker than a board: one of the principles or aims of an associated party.—v.t. to cover with planks.—n. Plank′ing, the act of laying planks: a series of planks: work made up of planks.—Walk the plank, to be compelled to walk along a plank projecting over the ship's edge into the sea. [L. planca, a board; cf. Plain, even.]

Plankton, plangk′ton, n. pelagic animals collectively. [Gr., planktos, wandering.]

Planodia, plā-nō′di-a, n. a false passage, such as may be made in using a catheter.

Plant, plant, n. a something living and growing, fixed on the ground and drawing food therefrom by means of its root, and developing into a stem, leaves, and seed: a sprout: any vegetable production: the tools or material of any trade or business: (slang) a trick, dodge, hidden plunder.—v.t. to put into the ground for growth: to furnish with plants: to set in the mind, implant: to establish.—v.i. to set shoots in the ground.—adj. Plant′able.—ns. Plant′age (Shak.), plants in general, or the vegetable kingdom; Plantā′tion, a place planted: a wood or grove: (U.S.) a large estate: a colony: act or process of introduction: (Milt.) the act of planting; Plant′er, one who plants or introduces: the owner of a plantation; Plant′-house, a garden structure designed for the protection and cultivation of the plants of warmer climates than our own; Plant′icle, a young plant; Plant′ing, the act of setting in the ground for growth: the art of forming plantations of trees: a plantation.—adj. Plant′less, destitute of vegetation.—ns. Plant′let, a little plant; Plant′-louse, a small homopterous insect which infests plants; Plant′ule, the embryo of a plant. [A.S. plante (Fr. plante)—L. planta, a shoot, a plant.]

Plantain, plan′tān, n. an important food-plant of tropical countries, so called from its broad leaf: a common roadside plant of several species, with broad leaves and seed-bearing spikes.—Plantain eater, one of a family of African, arboreal, vegetarian Pie-like birds. [Fr.,—L. plantago, plantaginis.]

Plantigrade, plant′i-grād, adj. that walks on the sole of the foot.—n. a plantigrade animal, as the bear.—adj. Plant′ar, pertaining to the sole of the foot. [L. planta, the sole, gradi, to walk.]

Planula, plan′ū-la, n. the locomotory embryo of the cœlenterates.—adjs. Plan′ular; Plan′uliform; Plan′uloid.

Planuria, plā-nū′ri-a, n. the discharge of urine through an abnormal passage, uroplania.—Also Plan′ury.

Plap, plap, v.i. to plash, fall with plashing sound. [Imit.]

Plaque, plak, n. a flat piece of metal or other material, used for ornament, as a brooch, &c., or for painting on, to form a wall-picture.—n. Plaquette′, a small plaque. [Fr.; cf. Plack.]

Plash, plash, v.t. to bind and interweave the branches of.—v.i. to bend down a branch.—n. a small branch of a tree partly cut and bound to or twisted among other branches.—n. Plash′ing, a mode of repairing a hedge by bending the branches and twisting them about each other. [O. Fr. plassier—L. plexus—plectĕre, to twist.]

Plash, plash, n. a dash of water: a puddle: a shallow pool: a splashing sound: a sudden downpour: a flash.—v.i. to dabble in water: to splash.—v.t. to sprinkle with colouring matter, as a wall.—adj. Plash′y, full of puddles: watery. [Imit.]

Plasm, plazm, n. a mould or matrix: protoplasm—also Plas′ma.—adjs. Plasmat′ic, -al, plastic, formative; Plas′mic, pertaining to plasma, protoplasmic.—ns. Plasmō′dium, composite masses of primitive protozoa, in which numerous units are fused, or in rare cases simply combined in close contact; Plas′mogen, true protoplasm; Plasmog′ony, the generation of an organism from plasma; Plasmol′ogy, minute or microscopic anatomy, histology.—v.t. Plas′molyse.—n. Plasmol′ysis, the contraction of the protoplasm in active cells under the action of certain reagents.—adj. Plasmolyt′ic.

Plasma, plas′ma, n. a green variety of translucent quartz or silica.—adj. Plas′mic. [Gr.,—plassein, to form.]

Plaster, plas′tėr, n. something that can be moulded into figures: a composition of lime, water, and sand for overlaying walls, &c.: (med.) a medicinal agent consisting of an adhesive substance spread upon cloth or leather, so as to stick to the part of the body to which it is applied.—adj. made of plaster.—v.t. to cover with plaster: to cover with a plaster, as a wound: to besmear: (fig.) to smooth over.—ns. Plas′terer, one who plasters, or one who works in plaster; Plas′tering, the art of covering the internal faces of walls, the partitions and ceiling of a building, with plaster: a covering of plaster: the plasterwork of a building; Plas′ter-stone, gypsum.—adj. Plas′tery, like plaster, containing plaster.—Plaster cast, a copy of an object got by pouring a mixture of plaster of Paris and water into a mould formed from the object; Plaster of Paris, a kind of gypsum, originally found near Paris, used in building and in making casts of figures; Porous plaster, a plaster for application to the body, full of small holes, which prevent it from wrinkling. [A.S. plaster—O. Fr. emplastre—L. emplastrum—Gr. emplastron.]

Plastic, plas′tik, adj. having power to give form to: capable of being moulded: of or pertaining to moulding.—ns. Plastic′ity, state or quality of being plastic; Plastilī′na, a modelling clay which remains soft and plastic for a considerable time; Plastog′raphy, imitation of handwriting. [Gr. plastikos—plassein, to mould.]

Plastron, plas′tron, n. a breast-plate: a detachable part of a woman's dress hanging from the throat to the waist: a man's shirt-bosom: a fencer's wadded shield of leather worn on the breast: the ventral part of the shell of a chelonian or testudinate, the lower shell of a turtle or tortoise: the sternum with costal cartilages attached.—adj. Plas′tral.

Plat, plat, v.t. Same as Plait.

Plat, plat, n. a piece of ground: a piece of ground ornamentally laid out: (obs.) a plan, scheme.—v.t. to make a map or plan of.—n. Plat′-band, a border of flowers in a garden: (archit.) a slightly projecting square moulding, an architrave fascia, a list between flutings. [Plot.]

Platane, plat′ān, n. the plane-tree.—Also Plat′an. [L. platanus—Gr. platanos—platys, broad.]

Plate, plāt, n. something flat: a thin piece of metal: wrought gold and silver: household utensils in gold and silver: a shallow dish nearly flat: an engraved piece of metal.—v.t. to overlay with a coating of plate or metal: to arm or defend with metal plates: to adorn with metal: to beat into thin plates.—n. Plate′-arm′our, armour of strong metal plates for protecting ships-of-war, &c.—adj. Plā′ted, covered with plates of metal for strength, as ships: covered with a coating of a more precious metal: (zool.) covered with hard scales.—ns. Plate′-fleet (Milt.), vessels used for carrying precious metals; Plate′ful, as much as a plate will hold; Plate′-glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, used for mirrors and large shop-windows; Plate′-lay′er, a workman whose occupation it is to lay the rails of a railway and fix them to the sleepers; Plate′-mark, a mark or stamp on gold or silver plate to indicate its purity and the place where it was made; Plate′-pow′der, a composition of rouge and prepared chalk used for cleaning gold and silver plate and plated articles; Plate′-print′ing, the process of printing from engraved plates; Plā′ter, one who plates articles with a coating of gold or silver; Plate′-rack, a frame for holding plates, &c., when not in use; Plate′-warm′er, an apparatus in which plates are warmed before the fire; Plā′ting, the covering of an inferior metal with one of the precious metals: a thin coating of metal on another.—adj. Plā′ty, like a plate.—Half′-plate, in photography, a size of plate measuring 4¾ by 6½ in. (4¼ by 5½ in U.S.); Quar′ter-plate, 3¼ by 4¼ in.; Whole′-plate, 6½ by 8½ in. [O. Fr. plate, fem. of plat, flat—Gr. platys, broad.]

Plateau, pla-tō′, n. a broad flat space on an elevated position: a tableland:—pl. Plateaus, Plateaux (pla-tōz′). [Fr.,—O. Fr. platel, dim. of plat.]

Platen, plat′en, n. the flat part of a printing-press which comes down upon the form, and by which the impression is made.

Platform, plat′form, n. a raised level surface: a part of a floor raised above the rest to form a standing-place for speakers, workmen, &c.: (mil.) an elevated floor for cannon: a statement of principles to which a body of men declare their adhesion, and on which they act: (Shak.) a scheme, plan.—v.t. (Milt.) to sketch, plan: (Mrs Browning) to support as on a platform.—ns. Plat′form-bridge (Amer.), a movable gangway between the platforms of two railway carriages; Plat′form-car, a railway car open all round and without a roof; Plat′form-crane, a crane used on a railway platform, or one mounted on a movable truck; Plat′form-scale, a weighing-machine with a flat surface for holding the thing to be weighed.—The platform, the function of public oratory. [Fr. plate-forme, 'flat form.']

Platiasmus, plat-i-as′mus, n. imperfect speech.

Platinum, plat′in-um, n. an important metal of a dim silvery appearance, between gold and silver in value, and very difficult to melt—older name Plat′ina.—adjs. Platin′ic; Platinif′erous.—v.t. Plat′inise, to coat with platinum.—ns. Plat′inoid, one of the metals with which platinum is always found associated—palladium iridium, &c.; Plat′inotype, a method of producing photographs by means of paper coated with a preparation of platinum: a picture so produced.—adj. Plat′inous, containing or consisting of platinum. [Sp. platina—plata, plate.]

Platitude, plat′i-tūd, n. flatness: that which exhibits dullness of thought: an empty remark made as if it were important.—n. Platitudinā′rian, one who indulges in platitudes.—adj. Platitū′dinous. [Fr.,—plat, flat.]

Platonic, -al, plā-ton′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Plato, the Greek philosopher (about 427-347 B.C.), or to his philosophical opinions.—adv. Plāton′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Plā′tonise, to reason like Plato.—ns. Plā′tonism, the philosophical opinions of Plato; Plā′tonist, Plāton′ic, a follower of Plato.—Platonic love, the love of soul for soul, a love into which sensual desire is supposed not to enter at all.

Platoon, pla-tōōn′, n. a number of recruits assembled for exercise—originally a small body of soldiers in a hollow square, to strengthen the angles of a longer formation: a subdivision of a company. [Fr. peloton, a ball, a knot of men—pelote—L. pĭla, a ball.]

Platter, plat′ėr, n. a large flat plate or dish. [M. E. plater—O. Fr. platel—plat, a plate.]

Platting, plat′ing, n. the process of making interwoven work: such work itself.

Platycephalous, plat-i-sef′a-lus, adj. having the vault of the skull flattened.—Also Platycephal′ic.

Platypus, plat′i-poos, n. the duck-bill (q.v.). [Gr. platys, flat, pous, a foot.]

Platyrhine, plat′i-rin, adj. broad-nosed.—n. a platyrhine monkey.

Plaudit, plawd′it, n. a mark of applause: praise bestowed.—adj. Plaud′itory, applauding.—adj. Plaus′ive, applauding, approving: (Shak.) plausible. [Shortened from L. plaudite, praise ye, a call for applause, 2d pers. pl. imper. of plaudĕre, plausum, to praise.]

Plausible, plawz′i-bl, adj. that may be applauded: seemingly worthy of approval or praise: superficially pleasing: apparently right: fair-spoken: popular.—ns. Plausibil′ity, Plaus′ibleness, an appearance of being right or worthy of approval: that which seems right and true at first sight.—adv. Plaus′ibly. [L. plausibilis—plaudĕre, to praise.]

Plaustral, plä′stral, adj. of or pertaining to a wagon. [L. plaustrum, a wagon.]

Play, plā, v.i. to engage in some amusing exercise: to take part in a game, or a piece of diversion: to gamble: to sport: to trifle: to move irregularly or (mech.) freely: to operate: to act in a theatre: to perform on a musical instrument: to practise a trick: to act a character: to act with repeated strokes.—v.t. to put in motion: to perform upon: to perform: to act a sportive part: to compete with.—n. amusement: any exercise for amusement: a contending for victory or for a prize: practice in a contest: gaming: action or use: manner of dealing, as fair-play: a dramatic composition: movement: room for action or motion: liberty of action.—ns. Play′-act′or, one who acts a part in a play: an actor; Play′-act′orism, the manner or habits of a play-actor; Play′-bill, a bill or advertisement of a play; Play′book, a book of plays or dramas; Play′-club, a wooden-headed golf-club used for driving the ball the longest distances; Play′-day, Play′-time, a day devoted to play: a holiday; Play′er, one who plays: an actor of plays or dramas: a trifler: a musician: a professional at cricket; Play′fellow, Play′mate, a fellow or mate in play or amusements.—adj. Play′ful, given to play: sportive.—adv. Play′fully.—ns. Play′fulness; Play′-gō′er, one who habitually attends the theatre; Play′-gō′ing; Play′-ground, a ground or place on which to play, esp. that connected with a school; Play′-house, a house where dramatic performances are represented: a theatre; Play′ing-card, one of a set of fifty-two cards used in playing games; Play′-mare, the hobby-horse, one of the chief parts in the ancient morris-dance; Play′thing, anything for playing with: a toy; Play′wright, Play′-writ′er, a writer of plays: one who adapts dramatic compositions for the stage.—Played out, worked to the end: used up: tired; Play fast and loose, to act in a tricky, inconstant way: to say one thing and do another; Play fine, at billiards, to strike the object-ball near the edge—opp. to Play full, to strike it nearer the centre than the edge; Play off, to show or display; Play up, to make a beginning of playing: to play more vigorously; Play upon, to trifle with: to delude.—A play upon words, a use of words so as to give them a double meaning; Bring into play, to bring into exercise or use; Come into play, to come into use; Hold in play, to keep the attention of. [A.S. plegan, to play.]

Plea, plē, n. the defender's answer to the plaintiff's demand or charge: an excuse: an apology: an action in a court of law: urgent entreaty. [O. Fr. plait (Fr. plaid)—Low L. placitum, a decision—L. placet, it pleases, placēre, to please.]

Pleach, plēch, v.t. to intertwine the branches of, as a hedge: (Shak.) to fold, as the arms. [O. Fr. plesser—L. plec-tĕre, plait; Gr. plek-ein, weave.]

Plead, plēd, v.i. to carry on a plea or lawsuit: to argue in support of a cause against another: to seek to persuade: to admit or deny a charge of guilt.—v.t. to discuss by arguments: to allege in pleading or defence: to offer in excuse:—pa.t. and pa.p. plead′ed, or (less correctly and coll.) pled.—adj. Plead′able, capable of being pleaded.—n. Plead′er.—adj. Plead′ing, imploring.—n. act of pleading or of conducting any cause: (pl.) the statements of the two parties in a lawsuit (law).—adv. Plead′ingly.—Plead guilty, or not guilty, to admit, or deny, guilt.—Special pleading, unfair argument aiming rather at victory than at truth. [O. Fr. plaider; cf. Plea.]

Please, plēz, v.t. to give pleasure to: to delight: to satisfy.—v.i. to like: to think fit: to choose: to give pleasure: used impers., followed by an object, originally dative, of the person=if it please you.—n. Pleas′ance, merriment: a pleasure garden.—adj. Pleas′ant, pleasing: agreeable: cheerful: gay: facetious.—adv. Pleas′antly.—ns. Pleas′antness; Pleas′antry, anything that promotes pleasure: merriment: lively or humorous talk: a trick:—pl. Pleas′antries; Please′man (Shak.), an officious fellow, a pick-thank; Pleas′er, one who pleases or gratifies.—adj. Pleas′ing, giving pleasure: agreeable: gratifying.—n. (Shak.) pleasure given: (B.) approbation.—adv. Pleas′ingly.—n. Pleas′ingness, the quality of giving pleasure.—adj. Pleas′urable, able to give pleasure: delightful: gratifying.—n. Pleas′urableness.—adv. Pleas′urably.—n. Pleasure (plezh′ūr), agreeable emotions: gratification of the senses or of the mind: what the will prefers: purpose: command: approbation.—v.t. (arch.) to give pleasure to.—ns. Pleas′ure-boat, a boat used for pleasure or amusement; Pleas′ure-ground, ground laid out in an ornamental manner for pleasure; Pleas′ure-house, a house to which one retires for recreation or pleasure.—adj. Pleas′ureless.—ns. Pleas′urer, one who seeks pleasure; Pleas′ure-trip, an excursion for pleasure.—At pleasure, whenever and as one pleases. [O. Fr. plaisir (Fr. plaire)—L. placēre, to please.]

Pleat, plēt, v.t. Same as Plait.

Plebeian, plē-bē′an, adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, the common people: popular: vulgar.—n. originally one of the common people of ancient Rome: one of the lower classes.—v.t. Plebei′anise.—ns. Plebei′anism, state of being a plebeian: the conduct or manners of plebeians: vulgarity; Plebificā′tion, the act of making plebeian.—v.t. Pleb′ify, to make plebeian: to vulgarise. [Fr. plébéien—L. plebeius—plebs, plebis, the common people.]

Plebiscite, pleb′i-sīt, n. a decree of an entire nation, obtained by an appeal to universal suffrage, as in France under Napoleon III.: a method of obtaining an expression of opinion upon a certain point from the inhabitants of a district—also Plebiscī′tum:—pl. Pleb′iscites, Plebis′cita.—adj. Pleb′iscitary. [Fr.,—L. plebiscitum, decree of the people—plebs, the people, scitum, a decree—scīre, to know.]

Plebs, plebz, n. the common people. [L.]

Plectognathi, plek-tog′nā-thī, n. an order of bony fishes, including file-fishes, globe-fishes, coffer-fishes, sun-fishes.—adjs. Plectognath′ic, Plectog′nathous. [Gr. plectos, plaited, gnathos, a jaw.]

Plectrum, plek′trum, n. the quill or other form of instrument by which the strings of the Greek lyre were struck.—Also Plec′tre, Plec′tron. [L.—Gr.,—plēssein, to strike.]

Pled, pled, pa.t. and pa.p. of plead.

Pledge, plej, n. something given as a security: one who becomes surety for another: a sentiment of goodwill or friendship expressed by drinking together.—v.t. to give as security: to engage for by promise: to invite to drink by partaking of the cup first: to drink to the health of.—ns. Pledgee′, the person to whom a thing is pledged; Pledg′er.—Pledge card, a card given, as a remembrancer, to a person who has signed the total abstinence pledge; Pledge cup, a cup for drinking pledges.—Hold in pledge, to keep as security; Put in pledge, to pawn; Take, or Sign, the pledge, to give a written promise to abstain from intoxicating liquor. [O. Fr. plege (Fr. pleige); prob. L. præbēre, to afford.]

Pledget, plej′et, n. a wad of lint, cotton, &c., as for a wound or sore: an oakum string used in caulking.

Pleiad, plī′ad, n. one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, after death changed into stars:—pl. Plei′ads, Plei′ades, (astron.) a group of seven or more stars in the shoulder of the constellation Taurus.

Pleiocene. Same as Pliocene.

Pleiochroism, plī-ok′rō-izm, n. the property in some crystals, such as some species of topaz, where three distinct colours may be observed on looking through them along three rectangular axes.—Also Pol′ychrōism. [Gr. pleiōn, pleōn, more, chroa, colour.]

Pleistocene, plīs′tō-sēn, n. (geol.) the name given to the system comprising the older accumulations belonging to the Quaternary or Post-Tertiary division. [Gr. pleistos, most, kainos, recent.]

Plenary, plē′nā-ri, adj. full: entire: complete: (law) passing through all its stages—opp. to Summary: having full powers.—adv. Plen′arily.—ns. Plen′ariness; Plē′narty, the state of a benefice when occupied; Plē′nist, one who believes all space to be filled with matter; Plen′itude, fullness: completeness: repletion; Plē′num, space considered as in every part filled with matter.—Plenary inspiration, inspiration which excludes all mixture of error. [Low L. plenarius—L. ple-nus, full—plēre, to fill.]

Plenicorn, plen′i-korn, adj. solid-horned, as a ruminant.

Plenilunar, plen-i-lū′nar, adj. pertaining to the full moon.

Plenipotence, plē-nip′o-tens, n. complete power—also Plenip′otency.—adj. Plenip′otent, having full power. [L. plenus, full, potens, -entis, powerful.]

Plenipotentiary, plen-i-po-ten′shi-a-ri, adj. conferring or having full powers.—n. a person invested with full powers, esp. a special ambassador or envoy to some foreign court. [Low L. plenipotentiarius—L. plenus, full, potens, powerful.]

Plenish, plen′ish, v.t. to furnish: to provide, as a house or farm, with necessary furniture, implements, stock, &c.—n. Plen′ishing (Scot.), furniture. [Fr.,—L. plenus, full.]

Plenty, plen′ti, n. a full supply: all that can be needed: abundance.—adj. being in abundance.—adj. Plen′tēous, fully sufficient: abundant: fruitful: well provided: rich: (B.) giving plentifully.—adv. Plen′tēously.—n. Plen′tēousness.—adj. Plen′tiful, copious: abundant: yielding abundance.—adv. Plen′tifully.—n. Plen′tifulness.—Horn of plenty (see Horn). [O. Fr. plente—L. plenus, full.]

Pleonasm, plē′o-nazm, n. use of more words than are necessary: (rhet.) a redundant expression.—n. Plē′onast, one who is given to pleonasm.—adjs. Pleonas′tic, -al, redundant: using too many words.—adv. Pleonas′tically. [Gr. pleonasmos—pleiōn, more.]

Pleroma, plē-rō′ma, n. fullness: abundance: in Gnosticism, divine being, including all æons which emanate from it. [Gr.,—plērēs, full.]

Plerophory, plē-rof′ō-ri, n. full conviction.—Also Plerophō′ria.

Plesh, plesh, n. (Spens.) a plash, a pool of water.

Plesiomorphism, plē-si-ō-mor′fizm, n. the property of certain substances of crystallising in similar forms while unlike in chemical composition—also Isogonism.—adjs. Plesiomor′phic, Plesiomor′phous.

Plesiosaurus, plē-zi-o-saw′rus, n. the type or leading genus of a family (Plesiosauridæ) of fossil sea-reptiles, which are characteristic of the Mesozoic systems. [Gr. plēsios, near, sauros, lizard.]

Plethora, pleth′o-ra, n. excessive fullness of blood: over-fullness in any way.—adjs. Plethore′tic, Plethor′ic, -al, afflicted with plethora: superabundant: turgid.—adv. Plethor′ically. [Gr. plēthōrē, fullness—pleos, full.]

Pleugh, plūh, n. (Scot.) a plough.—n. Pleugh′-paid′le (Scot.), a small spade or 'paddle' for cleaning a plough.

Pleura, plōō′ra, n. a delicate serous membrane which covers the lungs and lines the cavity of the chest:—pl. Pleu′ræ.—adj. Pleu′ral.—ns. Pleurapoph′ysis, a lateral process of a vertebra, with the morphological character of a rib:—pl. Pleurapoph′yses; Pleurench′yma (bot.), the woody tissue of plants; Pleu′risy, inflammation of the pleura, the investing membrane of the lung; Pleu′risy-root, a plant common in the United States, of which the root has medicinal repute, the infusion being used as a diaphoretic and expectorant.—adjs. Pleurit′ic, -al, pertaining to, or affected with, pleurisy: causing pleurisy.—ns. Pleurī′tis, pleurisy; Pleurodyn′ia, neuralgia of the chest-wall, which may simulate closely the pain of pleurisy; Pleu′ro-pneumō′nia, inflammation of the pleura and lungs, a contagious disease peculiar to cattle. [Gr., a rib.]

Pleuronectidæ, plōō-ro-nek′ti-dē, n.pl. a family of flat-fishes, the flounders. [Gr. pleura, the side, nēktēs, a swimmer.]

Pleximeter, pleks-im′e-tėr, n. a small plate of something hard and elastic, placed on the body, to receive the tap of the fingers or of the hammer in examination by percussion—also Plexom′eter.—adj. Pleximet′ric. [Gr. plēxis, a striking—plēssein, to strike, metron, a measure.]

Plexure, pleks′ūr, n. the act or process of weaving together: that which is woven together.—adj. Plex′iform, in the form of network: formed into a plexus.—n. Plex′us, a number of things, as veins, nerves, &c., woven together: a network: (anat.) an interlacing of nerves, vessels, or fibres. [L. plexus, a twining—plectĕre, plexum, to twine.]

Pliable, plī′a-bl, adj. easily bent or folded: supple: easily persuaded: yielding to influence.—ns. Pliabil′ity, Plī′ableness, quality of being pliable or flexible.—adv. Plī′ably, in a pliable manner.—ns. Plī′ancy, Plī′antness, the state of being pliant: readiness to be influenced.—adj. Plī′ant, bending easily: flexible: tractable: easily influenced.—adv. Plī′antly. [Fr. pliable—L. plicāre, to fold.]

Plica, plī′ka, n. in the phrase Plica Polonica, a disease of the scalp, in which the hairs become matted together by an adhesive and often fetid secretion, occurring in several countries, but esp. in Poland. [L. plicāre, to fold.]

Plicate, -d, plī′kāt, -ed, adj. folded like a fan, as a leaf: plaited.—adv. Plī′cātely.—ns. Plicā′tion, Plic′ature, act or process of folding: state of being folded: a fold. [L. plicatus—plicāre, to fold.]

Pliers, plī′ėrz, n.pl. small pincers for bending.

Plight, plīt, n. something exposed to risk: security: pledge: engagement: promise.—v.t. to pledge: to promise solemnly: to give as security.—n. Plight′er, one who, or that which, plights. [A.S. pliht, risk, danger—plión, to imperil; cog. with Dut. pligt, Ger. pflicht, an obligation.]

Plight, plīt, n. condition: state (either good or bad). [O. Fr. plite—L. plicitus, plicāre, to fold.]

Plight, plīt, v.t. to plait, to braid, to weave.—n. (Spens.) a plait, a fold. [L. plectĕre, freq. of plicäre, to fold.]

Plim, plim, v.i. (prov.) to swell. [Plump.]

Plimsoll's mark. See Load-line, under Load.

Plinth, plinth, n. (archit.) the square at the bottom of the base of a column: the projecting band at the bottom of a wall. [L. plinthus, Gr. plinthos, a brick.]

Pliocene, plī′o-sēn, n. (geol.) the strata more recent than the Miocene or Second Tertiary. [Gr. pleiōn, more, kainos, recent.]

Pliskie, plis′ki, n. (Scot.) condition or plight: a mischievous trick.

Plod, plod, v.i. to travel slowly and steadily: to study or work on steadily: to toil.—v.t. to get along by slow and heavy walking:—pr.p. plod′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. plod′ded.—n. Plod′der, one who plods on: a dull, heavy, laborious man.—adj. Plod′ding, laborious but slow.—n. slow movement: patient study.—adv. Plod′dingly. [Orig. 'to wade through pools,' from Ir. plod, a pool.]

Plonge, plonj, n. the descending part of the path of a bomb: the superior slope of a parapet.—Also Plon′gée.

Plonge, plonj, v.t. to cleanse, as open sewers, by stirring with a pole when the tide is ebbing.

Plop, plop, v.i. to plump into water. [Imit.]

Plot, plot, n. a small piece of ground: a plan of a field, &c., drawn on paper: a patch or spot on clothes.—v.t. to make a plan of:—pr.p. plot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. plot′ted. [A.S. plot.]

Plot, plot, n. a complicated scheme, esp. for a mischievous purpose: a conspiracy: stratagem: the chain of incidents which are gradually unfolded in the story of a play, &c.—v.i. to scheme: to form a scheme of mischief: to conspire.—v.t. to devise:—pr.p. plot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. plot′ted.—adj. Plot′ful.—adj. Plot′-proof, safe from any danger by plots.—ns. Plot′ter, one who plots: a conspirator; Plot′ting.—adv. Plot′tingly. [Fr. complot, acc. to Diez, from L. complicitum, pa.p. of complicāre, to fold.]

Plot, plot, v.t. (Scot.) to scald, steep in very hot water.—n. Plot′tie, a kind of mulled wine.

Plotter, plot′ėr, v.i. to plouter (q.v.).

Plough, plow, n. an instrument for turning up the soil to prepare it for seed: tillage: a joiner's plane for making grooves.—v.t. to turn up with the plough: to make furrows or ridges in: to tear: to divide: to run through, as in sailing: (university slang) to reject in an examination.—v.i. to work with a plough.—adj. Plough′able, capable of being ploughed: arable.—ns. Plough′boy, a boy who drives or guides horses in ploughing; Plough′er; Plough′gate (Scots law), a quantity of land of the extent of 100 acres Scots; Plough′ing; Plough′-ī′ron, the coulter of a plough; Plough′-land, land suitable for tillage: as much land as could be tilled with one plough, a hide of land; Plough′man, a man who ploughs: a husbandman: a rustic:—pl. Plough′men; Plough′-Mon′day, the Monday after Twelfth Day when, according to the old usage, the plough should be set to work again after the holidays; Plough′-tail, the end of a plough where the handles are; Plough′-tree, a plough-handle; Plough′wright, one who makes and mends ploughs.—Put one's hand to the plough, to begin an undertaking.—Snow plough, a strong triangular frame of wood for clearing snow off roads, railways, &c., drawn by horses or by a locomotive; Steam plough, a plough driven by a stationary steam-engine; The Plough, the seven bright stars in the constellation of the Great Bear. [Ice. plógr; perh. Celt., Gael. ploc, a block.]

Ploughshare, plow′shār, n. the part of a plough which shears or cuts the ground in the bottom of the furrow. [Plough, and A.S. scear, a share of a plough, a shearing—sceran, to cut.]

Plouter, plow′tėr, v.i. to paddle in water.—n. (Scot.) a paddling or dabbling in water.

Plover, pluv′ėr, n. a well-known wading bird. [Fr. pluvier—L. pluvia, rain.]

Plow, plow. Old spelling of plough.

Ploy, ploi, n. employment: (Scot.) a frolic. [Employ.]

Pluck, pluk, v.t. to pull off or away: to snatch: to strip, as a fowl of its feathers: (slang) to reject an examinee as inefficient.—n. a single act of plucking.—n. Pluck′er.—Pluck off (Shak.), to abate from the rank; Pluck up, to pull out by the roots: to summon up, as courage. [A.S. pluccian; akin to Dut. plukken, Ger. pflücken.]

Pluck, pluk, n. the heart, liver, and lungs of an animal—hence heart, courage, spirit.—adjs. Plucked, Pluck′y, having pluck or spirit.—adv. Pluck′ily.—n. Pluck′iness.

Pluffy, pluf′i, adj. puffy: blown out.—n. Pluff (Scot.), a puff of smoke or dust.—v.t. to throw out such.

Plug, plug, n. a block or peg used to stop a hole: a bung: a stopper: a branch from a water-pipe to supply a hose: a flat cake of tobacco: any worn-out or useless article: (slang) a silk hat.—v.t. to stop with a plug: to drive plugs into:—pr.p. plug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. plugged.—ns. Plug′ger, one who, or that which, plugs, esp. a dentist's instrument for filling a hollow tooth; Plug′ging, the act of stopping with a plug: the material of which a plug is made; Plug′-ug′ly, a street ruffian.—Fire plug, a contrivance by means of which a hose can be fixed to a water-main in case of fire. [Dut. plug, a bung, a peg (Sw. plugg, a peg, Ger. pflock); most prob. Celt., as in Ir., Gael., and W. ploc.]

Plum, plum, n. a well-known stone fruit of various colours, of the natural order Rosaceæ: the tree producing it: the best part of all: a sum of £100,000, a handsome fortune.—ns. Plum′-cake, a cake containing raisins, currants, &c.; Plum′-duff, a flour-pudding boiled with raisins.—adj. Plum′my, full of plums: desirable.—ns. Plum′-porr′idge, an antiquated dish, of porridge with plums, raisins, &c.; Plum′-pudd′ing, a national English dish made of flour and suet, with raisins, currants, and various spices. [A.S. plúme—L. prunum—Gr. prounon.]

Plumage, plōōm′āj, n. the whole feathers of a bird. [Fr.,—plume, a feather.]

Plumb, plum, n. a mass of lead or other material, hung on a string, to show the perpendicular position: the perpendicular direction or position.—adj. perpendicular.—adv. perpendicularly.—v.t. to adjust by a plumb-line: to make perpendicular: to sound the depth of, as water by a plumb-line.—n. Plumb′-bob, a conoid-shaped metal weight at the end of a plumb-line.—adjs. Plum′bēan, Plum′bēous, consisting of, or resembling, lead: stupid; Plumb′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, lead; Plumbif′erous, producing lead.—n. Plumb′ing, the art of casting and working in lead, &c.—adj. Plumb′less, incapable of being sounded.—ns. Plumb′-line, a line to which a mass of lead is attached to show the perpendicular: a plummet; Plumb′-rule, a narrow board with a plumb-line fastened to the top, used to determine a perpendicular. [Fr. plomb—L. plumbum, lead.]

Plumbagineæ, plum-ba-jin′ē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of oxogenous plants found on seashores and salt-marshes.

Plumbago, plum-bā′go, n. a mineral composed of carbon, iron, and other materials, used for pencils, &c., popularly called 'blacklead:' graphite: a genus of plants with blue or violet flowers.—adj. Plumbag′inous. [L. plumbum, lead.]

Plumber, plum′ėr, n. one who works in lead, esp. one who fits into buildings the tanks, pipes, and fittings for conveying water, gas, and sewage.—ns. Plumb′er-block, a metal frame or case for holding the end of a revolving shaft: a pillow-block; Plumb′ery, articles of lead: the business of a plumber: a place for plumbing.

Plume, plōōm, n. a feather: a tuft of feathers: a feather worn as an ornament: a crest: a token of honour: a prize in a contest.—v.t. to dress the feathers of, as a bird: to adorn with plumes: to strip of feathers: to boast (used reflexively).—ns. Plumassier (plōō-ma-sēr′), one who prepares or deals in plumes; Plume′-bird, a term sometimes given to the Epimachidæ or long-tailed birds-of-Paradise.—adjs. Plumed, adorned with feathers; Plume′less.—n. Plume′let, a down-feather, a plumule: anything resembling a small plume.—adj. Plume′-plucked, stripped of plumes: (Shak.) humbled.—n. Plum′ery, a display of plumes.—adjs. Plumig′erous, plumaged; Plu′miped, having feathered feet.—n. Plu′mist, a feather-dresser.—adjs. Plu′mose, Plu′mous, feathery: plume-like; Plu′my, covered or adorned with plumes. [O. Fr.,—L. pluma, a small soft feather.]

Plummer, Plummery. See Plumber, Plumbery.

Plummet, plum′et, n. a weight of lead hung at a string, used for ascertaining the direction of the earth's attraction, and for sounding depths: a plumb-line. [O. Fr. plomet, dim. of plom, lead.]

Plump, plump, adv. falling straight downward (like lead): heavily: suddenly.—adj. downright: unqualified.—v.i. to fall or sink suddenly: to give all one's votes to one candidate where there are more than one to be elected.—v.t. to cause to fall suddenly.—n. (Scot.) a sudden downfall of rain.—n. Plump′er, a vote given to one candidate only when more than one are to be elected: one who so votes: (slang) a downright lie.—adv. Plump′ly, fully, without reserve. [Plumb.]

Plump, plump, adj. fat and rounded: sleek: in good condition.—v.i. to grow fat or plump: to swell.—v.t. to make plump: to fatten.—ns. Plump′er, a ball kept in the mouth to give the cheeks a rounded appearance; Plump′ness.—adj. Plump′y (Shak.), plump, fat. [Teut.; Dut. plomp, lumpish, Ger. plump.]

Plump, plump, n. a cluster: a clump (of persons or things).

Plumularia, plōō-mū-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of hydrozoa, belonging to the division hydroidea.—adj. Plumulā′rian. [L. plumula, a little feather.]

Plumule, plōō′mūl, n. (bot.) the first bud of a plant growing from seed, springing from between the cotyledons or seed leaves: a soft feather: a feathery scale on a butterfly's wing.—Also Plum′ula. [L. plumula, dim. of pluma, a feather.]

Plunder, plun′dėr, v.t. to seize the goods of another by force: to pillage.—n. that which is seized by force: booty: (U.S.) household goods.—ns. Plun′derage, the stealing of goods on board ship; Plun′derer.—adj. Plun′derous. [Ger. plündern, to pillage—plunder, trash, baggage; akin to Low Ger. plunnen, rags.]

Plunge, plunj, v.t. to cast suddenly into water or other fluid: to force suddenly (into): to immerse.—v.i. to sink suddenly into any fluid: to dive: to pitch suddenly forward and throw up the hind-legs, as a horse: to rush into any danger: (slang) to gamble recklessly.—n. act of plunging: act of rushing headlong, as a horse.—n. Plung′er, one who plunges: a diver: a long solid cylinder used as a forcer in pumps: (mil.) a cavalry-man: one who bets heavily.—adj. Plung′ing, rushing headlong: aimed from higher ground, as fire upon an enemy.—n. the putting or sinking under water, or other fluid: the act of a horse trying to throw its rider.—Plunge bath, a bath large enough to allow the whole body under water. [O. Fr. plonger—L. plumbum, lead.]

Pluperfect, plōō′pėr-fekt, adj. (gram.) noting that an action happened before some other past action referred to. [A corr. of L. plus-quam-perfectum, (lit.) more than or before perfect.]

Plural, plōō′ral, adj. containing or expressing more than one.—n. (gram.) the form denoting more than one.—n. Pluralisā′tion.—v.t. Plu′ralise, to make plural.—v.i. to hold two or more benefices simultaneously.—ns. Plu′ralism, the state of being plural: the holding by one person of more than one office at once, esp. applied to ecclesiastical livings; Plu′ralist, one who holds more than one office at one time; Plural′ity, the state of being plural: a number consisting of more than one: the majority: the holding of more than one benefice at one time: the living held by a pluralist.—adv. Plu′rally. [Fr.,—L. pluralis—plus, pluris, more.]

Pluriliteral, plōō-ri-lit′ėr-al, adj. containing more letters than three.

Plurilocular, plōō-ri-lok′ū-lar, adj. multilocular.

Pluriparous, plōō-rip′a-rus, adj. having several young at a birth.—n. Plurip′ara, one who has borne two or more children.

Pluripresence, plōō-ri-prez′ens, n. presence in more places than one. [L. plus, more, præsentia, presence.]

Plurisy, plōōr′i-si, n. (Shak.) superabundance. [L. plus, pluris, more.]

Plus, plus, adj. more: to be added: positive.—n. the sign (+) prefixed to positive quantities, and set between quantities or numbers to be added together: the sign of addition—opp. to Minus. [L. plus, more.]

Plush, plush, n. a variety of cloth woven like velvet, but differing from it in having a longer and more open pile.—adj. Plush′y, of or resembling plush. [Fr. peluche, through Low L., from L. pilus, hair. See Pile, a hairy surface.]

Plutocracy, plōō-tok′ra-si, n. government by the wealthy.—n. Plu′tocrat.—adj. Plutocrat′ic.—ns. Plutol′ogist; Plutol′ogy, the science of wealth: political economy. [Gr. ploutokratia—ploutos, wealth, kratia—kratein, to rule.]

Plutonian, plōō-tō′ni-an, adj. infernal: dark: (geol.) formed by the agency of heat at a depth below the surface of the earth, as granite—also Pluton′ic.—ns. Plu′tonism; Plu′tonist.—Plutonic action, the action of volcanic fires under the surface; Plutonic rocks, rocks formed under the surface by the action of fire, as granite, porphyry, &c.; Plutonic theory, the theory that the present state of the earth's crust is the result of the action of fire—opp. to Neptunian theory. [L.,—Gr. Ploutōnios—Ploutōn, Pluto, the god of the nether world.]

Pluvial, plōō′vi-al, adj. pertaining to rain: rainy.—ns. Plu′viograph, a self-recording rain-gauge; Pluviom′eter, an instrument for measuring the amount of rain that falls.—adjs. Pluviomet′ric, -al; Plu′vious, rainy. [Fr.,—pluvialis—pluvia, rain.]

Ply, plī, v.t. to work at steadily: to use diligently: to urge: to address with importunity.—v.i. to work steadily: to go in haste: to make regular passages, as a boat, between two ports: (naut.) to make way against the wind:—pa.t. and pa.p. plied.—n. a fold: bent: direction.—n. Ply′er. [O. Fr. plier, to fold—L. plicāre, to bend.]

Plyers. Same as Pliers.

Plymouth Brethren, plim′uth breth′ren, n.pl. a rigid religious sect, originating at Plymouth about 1830, out of a reaction against High Church principles and against a dead formalism associated with unevangelical doctrine.—n. Plym′outhism.

Pneuma, nū′ma, n. breath: spirit, soul. [Gr.]

Pneumatic, -al, nū-mat′ik, -al, adj. relating to air: consisting of air: moved by air or wind.—n. (coll.) a bicycle fitted with pneumatic tires.—adv. Pneumat′ically.—n.sing. Pneumat′ics, the science which treats of air and other elastic fluids or gases.—adj. Pneumatolog′ical.—ns. Pneumatol′ogist, one versed in pneumatology; Pneumatol′ogy, the science of elastic fluids: pneumatics: the branch of philosophy which treats of spirits or mind: (theol.) the doctrine of the Holy Spirit; Pneumatom′eter, Pneumom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of air inhaled into the lungs at a single inspiration.—adj. Pneumogas′tric, pertaining to the lungs and the stomach.—n. Pneumō′nia, inflammation of the tissues of the lungs—also Pneu′monī′tis.—adj. Pneumon′ic, pertaining to the lungs.—n. a medicine for lung diseases.—Pneumatic despatch, a method of sending letters, telegrams, and small parcels through tubes by means of compressed air; Pneumatic railway, a railway along which the carriages are driven by compressed air; Pneumatic trough, a trough of wood or iron, filled with water and used for collecting gases for experiment or examination; Pneumatic tire, a flexible air-inflated tube used as a tire on cycles, &c. [L.,—Gr. pneumatikos—pneum-a, -atos, wind, air—pnein, to blow, to breathe.]

Pnyx, niks, n. in ancient Athens, the public place of meeting for deliberation on political affairs: the assembly. [Gr.,—pyknos, crowded.]

Poaceæ, pō-ā′sē-ē, n.pl. a division of the order Gramineæ, the grasses.—n. Pō′a, a genus of grasses. [Gr. poa, grass.]

Poach, pōch, v.t. to dress eggs by breaking them into boiling water. [Perh. Fr. pocher, to put in a pocket—poche, pouch.]

Poach, pōch, v.i. to intrude on another's preserves in order to steal game.—v.t. to steal game.—ns. Poach′er, one who poaches or steals game: the widgeon, from its habit of stealing the prey of other ducks; Poach′ing. [O. Fr. pocher, orig. to pocket—poche, pouch.]

Poach, pōch, v.t. to stab: poke: to tread on, and make slushy.—n. Poach′iness.—adj. Poach′y, wet and soft. [O. Fr. pocher, to poke.]

Pochard, pō′chard, n. a genus of diving ducks which are marine during the greater part of the year. [Poacher, the widgeon.]

Pock, pok, n. a small elevation of the skin containing matter, as in smallpox.—adjs. Pocked, Pock′y, infected with, or marked by, smallpox.—ns. Pock′mark, Pock′pit, the mark, pit, or scar left by a pock.—adj. Pock′pitted. [A.S. poc, a pustule; Ger. pocke, Dut. pok. The correct pl. form was pocks, erroneously pox, and treated as singular.]

Pocket, pok′et, n. a little pouch or bag, esp. one attached to a dress or to a billiard table: any cavity in which anything can lie: in mining, an irregular cavity filled with veinstone and ore: money, as being carried in the pocket: a bag of wool, &c., containing about 168 lb.—v.t. to put in the pocket: to take stealthily: to conceal:—pr.p. pock′eting; pa.t. and pa.p. pock′eted.—ns. Pock′et-book, a note-book: a book for holding papers or money carried in the pocket: a book for frequent perusal, to be carried in the pocket; Pock′et-bor′ough (see Borough); Pock′et-cloth, a pocket-handkerchief; Pock′etful, as much as a pocket will hold; Pock′et-glass, a small looking-glass for the pocket; Pock′et-hand′kerchief, a handkerchief carried in the pocket; Pock′et-hole, the opening into a pocket; Pock′et-knife, a knife with one or more blades folding into the handle for carrying in the pocket; Pock′et-mon′ey, money carried for occasional expenses; Pock′et-pick′ing, act or practice of picking the pocket; Pock′et-pis′tol, a pistol carried in the pocket: a small travelling flask for liquor.—Pocket an insult, affront, &c., to submit to or put up with it; Pocket edition, a small portable edition of a standard book.—In pocket, in possession of money; Out of pocket, to lose money by a transaction; Pick a person's pocket, to steal from his pocket. [Fr. pochette, dim. of poche, pouch.]

Pockmanty, pok-man′ti, n. (Scot.) portmanteau.

Pococurante, pō-kō-kōō-ran′te, n. a careless or inattentive person.—ns. Pococurant′ism, carelessness: inaccuracy; Pococurant′ist. [It. poco, little, curare, to care.]

Poculiform, pok′ū-li-form, adj. cup-shaped. [L. poculum, cup.]

Pod, pod, n. the covering of the seed of plants, as the pea or bean: a shoal of fishes.—v.i. to fill, as a pod: to produce pods:—pr.p. pod′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. pod′ded. [Allied to pad, anything stuffed.]

Podagra, pō-dag′ra, n. gout in the feet.—adjs. Pod′agral, Podag′ric, -al, Pod′agrous, gouty.—n. Podal′gia, pain, esp. neuralgia, in the foot. [Gr. pous, podos, the foot, agra, a catching.]

Podargus, pō-dar′gus, n. a genus of arboreal and nocturnal birds allied to the true Goatsuckers. [Gr. pous, the foot, argos, swift.]

Podesta, pō-des′tä, n. a chief magistrate in the medieval Italian republics: an inferior municipal judge. [It.,—L. potestas, power.]

Podgy, poj′i, adj. short and fat: thick.

Podium, pō′di-um, n. a continuous pedestal, a stylobate: (anat.) a foot: (bot.) a support, as a foot-stalk.—adj. Pō′dial.—ns. Podis′mus, spasm of the muscles of the foot; Pō′dite, a limb of a crustacean when ambulatory.—adj. Podit′ic.

Podocarpus, pod-ō-kär′pus, n. a genus of tropical coniferous trees. [Gr. pous, podos, foot, karpos, fruit.]

Podophthalma, pod-of-thal′ma, n.pl. a name often applied to a section of Crustacea. [Gr. pous, foot, ophthalmos, the eye.]

Podophyllum, pod-ō-fil′um, n. a genus of plants of the barberry family, the fruit edible, other parts actively cathartic.—n. Podophyll′in, the resin obtained by means of rectified spirit from its root.—adj. Podophyll′ous, having compressed leaf-like locomotive organs. [Gr. pous, podos, foot, phyllon, leaf.]

Podura, pō-dū′ra, n. a genus of apterous insects—spring-tails, snow-fleas. [Gr. pous, foot, oura, tail.]

Poe, pō′e, n. the parson-bird of New Zealand.

Poem, pō′em, n. a composition in verse: a composition of high beauty of thought or language, although not in verse.—adj. Poemat′ic, relating to a poem. [Fr. poème—L. poema—Gr. poiēma, poiein, to make.]

Pœnology. See Penology.

Poephagous, pō-ef′a-gus, adj. eating grass.

Poesy, pō′e-si, n. the art of composing poems: poetry: a poem: poetical compositions. [Fr. poésie—L. poesis—Gr. poiēsis—poiein, to make.]

Poet, pō′et, n. the author of a poem: one skilled in making poetry: one with a strong imagination:—fem. Pō′etess.—ns. Pō′etaster, a petty poet: a writer of contemptible verses; Pō′etastry.—adjs. Poet′ic, -al, pertaining or suitable to a poet or to poetry: expressed in poetry: marked by poetic language: imaginative.—adv. Poet′ically, in a poetic manner.—n.sing. Poet′ics, the branch of criticism which relates to poetry.—n. Poet′icule, a petty poet.—v.i. Pō′etise, to write as a poet: to make verses.—ns. Pō′et-lau′reate (see Laureate); Pō′etress (Spens.), a poetess; Pō′etry, the art of expressing in melodious words the thoughts which are the creations of feeling and imagination: utterance in song: metrical composition.—Poetic justice, ideal administration of reward and punishment; Poetic license, a departing from strict fact or rule by a poet for the sake of effect. [Fr. poète—L. poeta—Gr. poiētēs—poiein, to make.]

Pogge, pog, n. the armed bullhead.

Poh, pō, interj. exclamation of contempt.

Poignant, poin′ant, adj. stinging, pricking: sharp: penetrating: acutely painful: satirical: pungent.—n. Poign′ancy, state of being poignant.—adv. Poign′antly. [O. Fr. poignant, poindre—L. pungĕre, to sting.]

Poind, poind, v.t. (Scot.) to seize.—n. Poind′ing (Scots law), the seizing and selling of a debtor's goods under process of law, or under the warrant of a heritable security. [Pound.]

Point, point, n. anything coming to a sharp end: the mark made by a sharp instrument: (geom.) that which has position but not length, breadth, or thickness: a mark showing the divisions of a sentence: (mus.) a dot at the right hand of a note to lengthen it by one-half: needle-point lace: a very small space: a moment of time: a small affair: a single thing: a single assertion: the precise thing to be considered: anything intended: exact place: degree: the unit of count in a game: (print.) a unit of measurement for type-bodies: an advantage: that which stings, as the point of an epigram: an imaginary relish, in 'potatoes and point:' a lively turn of thought: that which awakens attention: a peculiarity, characteristic: (cricket) the fielder standing at the immediate right of the batsman, and slightly in advance: a signal given by a trumpet: (pl.) chief or excellent features, as of a horse, &c.: the switch or movable rails which allow a train to pass from one line to another.—v.t. to give a point to: to sharpen: to aim: to direct one's attention: to punctuate, as a sentence: to fill the joints of with mortar, as a wall.—v.i. to direct the finger, the eye, or the mind towards an object: to show game by looking, as a dog.—adj. Point′ed, having a sharp point: sharp: intended for some particular person: personal: keen: telling: (archit.) having sharply-pointed arches, Gothic.—adv. Point′edly.—ns. Point′edness; Point′er, that which points: a dog trained to point out game; Point′ing, the act of sharpening: the marking of divisions in writing by points or marks: act of filling the crevices of a wall with mortar; Point′ing-stock, a thing to be pointed at, a laughing-stock; Point′-lace, a fine kind of lace wrought with the needle.—adj. Point′less, having no point: blunt: dull: wanting keenness or smartness; Points′man, a man who has charge of the points or switches on a railway; Point′-sys′tem, a standard system of sizes for type-bodies, one point being .0138 inch.—Point for point, exactly: all particulars; Point of order, a question raised in a deliberative society as to whether proceedings are according to the rules; Point of view, the position from which one looks at anything; Point out (B.), to assign; Points of the compass, the points north, south, east, and west, along with the twenty-eight smaller divisions, marked on the card of the mariner's compass.—At all points, completely; At, or On, the point of, just about to; Cardinal point (see Cardinal); Carry one's point, to gain what one contends for in controversy; From point to point, from one particular to another; Give points to, to give odds to: to give an advantageous hint on any subject; In point, apposite; In point of, with regard to; Make a point of, to attach special importance to; Stand upon points, to be over-scrupulous; Strain a point, to go beyond proper limits; To the point, appropriate. [O. Fr.,—L. punctum—pungĕre, to prick.]

Point-blank, point′-blangk′, adj. aimed directly at the mark: direct.—adv. directly.—Point-blank shot, a shot fired in a horizontal line towards an object. [Fr. point-blanc, white point.]

Point-device, Point-devise, point′-de-vīs′, n. (orig.) a lace worked with devices: anything uncommonly nice and exact.—adj. (arch.) scrupulously neat. [Fr. point, lace, devisé, with a device.]

Pointel, poin′tel, n. a sharp instrument: any sharp-pointed thing. [O. Fr.,—Low L. punctillum, a little point.]

Poise, poiz, v.t. to balance: to make of equal weight: to examine.—v.i. to hang in suspense.—n. weight: state of balance: equilibrium: a weight which balances another: a regulating power: the weight used in steelyards.—n. Pois′er, one who, or that which, poises. [O. Fr. poiser (Fr. peser)—L. pensāre, inten. of pendĕre, to hang.]

Poison, poi′zn, n. any substance which, introduced into the living organism, tends to destroy its life or impair its health: anything malignant or infectious: that which taints or destroys moral purity.—v.t. to infect or to kill with poison: to taint: to mar: to embitter: to corrupt.—adj. Poi′sonable.—ns. Poi′soner; Poi′son-fang, one of two large tubular teeth in the upper jaw of venomous serpents, through which poison passes from glands at their roots when the animal bites; Poi′son-gland, a gland which secretes poison; Poi′son-ī′vy, a shrub-vine of North America, causing a cutaneous eruption; Poi′son-nut, the nux vomica.—adj. Poi′sonous, having the quality of poison: destructive: impairing soundness or purity.—adv. Poi′sonously.—n. Poi′sonousness. [Fr.,—L. potio, a draught—potāre, to drink.]

Poitrel, poi′trel, n. armour to protect the horse's breast. [O. Fr. poitral—L. pectorale, a breast-plate—pectus, the breast.]

Poitrine, poi′trin, n. the breast-plate of a knight.

Pokal, pō′kal, n. an ornamental drinking-vessel.

Poke, pōk, n. a bag: a pouch.—A pig in a poke, a blind bargain, as of a pig bought without being seen. [Prob. Celt., as Ir. poc, a bag.]

Poke, pōk, v.t. to thrust or push against with something pointed: to search for with a long instrument: to thrust at with the horns.—v.i. to grope or feel, as in the dark.—n. act of pushing or thrusting: a thrust: a bonnet having a projecting front worn earlier in the century—also Poke′-bonn′et.—ns. Pō′ker, an iron rod for poking or stirring the fire; Po′ker-draw′ing, a design burnt into lime-tree or other wood with 'pokers,' which rather resembled plumbers' soldering irons.—adj. Pō′kerish, like a poker: stiff.—adv. Pō′kerishly.—adj. Pō′king, drudging, servile.—n. Pō′king-stick, a small stick or rod of steel formerly used for adjusting the plaits of ruffs.—adj. Pō′ky, stupid: dull: confined, with little room: poor, shabby.—Poke fun at, to ridicule, make fun of. [Ir. poc, a blow, Gael. puc, to push.]

Poker, pō′kėr, n. a bugbear.—adj. Pō′kerish, causing terror: uncanny.—Old Poker, the devil.

Poker, pō′kėr, n. a round game at cards, first played in America about 1835. [Ety. uncertain.]

Polabian, pō-lā′bi-an, n. one of an ancient Slavic race, belonging to the same group as the Poles, occupying the basin of the lower Elbe.

Polacca, po-lak′a, n. a species of vessel used in the Mediterranean, with three masts and a jib-boom; the fore and main masts being of one piece, and the mizzen-mast with a top and topmast. [It., 'a Polish vessel.']

Polack, pōl′ak, n. (Shak.) a Pole.—Also Pol′ander.

Polar, pō′lar, adj. pertaining to, or situated near, either of the poles: pertaining to the magnetic poles: having a common meeting-point.—n. (geom.) the line joining the points of contact, of tangents drawn to meet a curve from a point called the pole of the line.—ns.pl. Pōlar-co-or′dinates, co-ordinates defining a point by means of a radius vector and the angle which it makes with a fixed line through the origin; Pō′lar-for′ces, forces that act in pairs and in different directions, as in magnetism.—n. Polarim′eter, the polariscope.—adj. Polarī′sable, capable of polarisation.—ns. Polarisā′tion (opt.), a particular modification of rays of light, by the action of certain media or surfaces, so that they cannot be reflected or refracted again in certain directions: state of having polarity; Polar′iscope, an instrument for polarising light, and analysing its properties.—v.t. Pō′larise, to give polarity to.—ns. Pō′lariser, that which polarises or gives polarity to; Polar′ity, state of having two opposite poles: a condition in certain bodies according to which their properties arrange themselves so as to have opposite powers in opposite directions, as in a magnet with its two poles.—Polar bear, a large white bear found in the Arctic regions; Polar circle, a parallel of latitude encircling each of the poles at a distance of 23° 28′ from the pole—the north polar being called the arctic, the south the antarctic, circle; Polar lights, the aurora borealis or australis. [L. polaris—polus, a pole.]

Polder, pōl′dėr, n. in the Netherlands, land below the level of the sea or nearest river, which, originally a morass or lake, has been drained and brought under cultivation: a morass. [Prob. cog. with pool.]

Pole, pōl, n. that on which anything turns, as a pivot or axis: one of the ends of the axis of a sphere, esp. of the earth: (physics) one of the two points of a body in which the attractive or repulsive energy is concentrated, as in a magnet: (geom.) a point from which a pencil of rays radiates (see Polar).—n. Pole′-star, a star at or near the pole of the heavens: a guide or director.—Poles of the heavens, the two points in the heavens opposite to the poles of the earth—called also Celestial poles. [Fr.,—L. polus—Gr. polos—pelein, to be in motion.]

Pole, pōl, n. a pale or pile: a long piece of wood: an instrument for measuring: a measure of length, 5½ yards: in square measure, 30¼ yards.—v.t. to push or stir with a pole.—v.i. to use a pole.—adj. Pole′-clipt (Shak.), hedged in with poles.—Under bare poles, with all sails furled. [A.S. pál (Ger. pfahl)—L. palus, a stake.]

Pole, pōl, n. a native of Poland.

Pole-axe, pōl′-aks, n. a battle-axe consisting of an axe-head on a long handle: an axe used by sailors for cutting away rigging of ships. [Orig. pollax, from poll, the head, and axe.]

Polecat, pōl′kat, n. a kind of weasel, which emits a stink—called also the Fitchet and Foumart. [M. E. polcat; prob. Fr. poule, hen, and cat.]

Polemarch, pol′e-mark, n. a title of several officials in ancient Greek states.

Polemic, -al, po-lem′ik, -al, adj. given to disputing: controversial.—n. one who disputes: one who speaks or writes in opposition to another: a controversy.—adv. Polem′ically.—n.sing. Polem′ics, contest or controversy: (theol.) the history of ecclesiastical controversy.—n. Pol′emoscope, a perspective glass so constructed as to give views of objects not lying directly before the eye. [Gr. polemos, war.]

Polemoniaceæ, pol-e-mō-ni-ā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of plants—the phlox family.

Polenta, po-len′ta, n. an Italian dish, the chief ingredients of which are maize, meal, and salt. [It.,—L. polenta, peeled barley.]

Poley, pō′li, adj. without horns: polled. [Prov. Eng.]

Polianthes, pol-i-an′thēz, n. a small genus of ornamental plants of the amaryllis family—the tuberose. [Gr. polios, white, anthos, a flower.]

Police, pō-lēs′, n. the system of regulations of a city, town, or district for the preservation of order and enforcement of law: the internal government of a state: (short for Police′-force) the civil officers employed to preserve order, &c.—v.t. to guard or maintain order in: to put in order.—n.pl. Police′-commiss′ioners, a body of men appointed to regulate the appointments and duties of the police.—ns. Police′-inspect′or, a superior officer of police who has charge of a department, next in rank to a superintendent; Police′-mag′istrate, one who presides in a police court; Police′man, a member of a police-force; Police′-off′ice, -stā′tion, the headquarters of the police of a district, used also as a temporary place of confinement; Police′-off′icer, -con′stable, a policeman; Police′-rate, a tax levied for the support of the police.—Police court, a court for trying small offences brought before it by the police. [Fr.,—L. politia—Gr. politeia, the condition of a state—politēs, a citizen—polis, a city.]

Policy, pol′i-si, n. the art or manner of regulating or guiding conduct: the method and forms according to which the government and business of a country are carried on: a system of administration guided more by interest than by principle: dexterity of management: prudence: cunning: in Scotland, (esp. in pl.) the pleasure-grounds around a mansion. [O. Fr. policie (Fr. police)—L. politia—Gr. politeia.]

Policy, pol′i-si, n. a warrant for money in the funds: a writing containing a contract of insurance: a kind of gambling by betting on the numbers to be drawn in a lottery.—n. Pol′icy-hold′er, one who holds a policy or contract of insurance. [Fr. police, a policy—L. polyptychum, a register—Gr. polyptychon—polys, many, ptyx, ptychos, fold.]

Poling, pō′ling, n. act of using a pole for any purpose.

Polish, pō′lish, adj. relating to Poland or to its people.

Polish, pol′ish, v.t. to make smooth and glossy by rubbing: to refine: to make elegant.—v.i. to become smooth and glossy.—n. a smooth, glossy surface: refinement of manners: anything used to produce a polish.—adjs. Pol′ishable; Pol′ished, made smooth by rubbing: trained to act with great fineness and exactness: refined: polite.—ns. Pol′isher, one who, or that which, polishes; Pol′ishing-paste, polishing material made in the form of paste; Pol′ishing-pow′der, polishing material made in the form of powder, as whiting, diamond-dust, &c.; Pol′ishing-slate, a mineral used for polishing glass, marble, and metals, composed chiefly of silica, with a little alumina, lime, oxide of iron, and water; Pol′ishment. [O. Fr. polir, polissant—L. polīre, to make to shine.]

Polite, pō-līt′, adj. polished: smooth: refined: well-bred: obliging.—adv. Polite′ly.—ns. Polite′ness, state or quality of being polite: refinement of manners: good-breeding; Politesse′, politeness. [L. politus, pa.p. of polīre.]

Politic, pōl′i-tik, adj. pertaining to policy: well-devised: judicious in management: skilled in political affairs: prudent: discreet: cunning: (Shak.) concerned with politics.—adj. Polit′ical, pertaining to polity or government: pertaining to nations, or to parties in a nation who differ in their views of how it ought to be governed: derived from government.—adv. Polit′ically.—ns. Polit′icaster (Milt.), a petty politician; Politic′ian, one versed in or devoted to politics: a man of artifice and cunning.—adj. (Milt.) politic.—adv. Pol′iticly.—n.sing. Pol′itics, the art or science of government: the management of a political party: political affairs or opinions.—adj. Pol′itique (Bacon), political, civil.—n. Pol′ity, the constitution of the government of a state or an institution: civil constitution: a body of people arranged under a system of government.—Political economy, the science which treats of the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth; Political science, the science or study of government, as to its principles, aims, methods, &c.—Body politic, the whole body of a people, as constituting a state. [Fr. politique—Gr. politikos—politēs, a citizen.]

Polka, pōl′ka, n. a dance of Bohemian origin, invented in 1830, and introduced into England in 1843—also its tune: a knitted jacket worn by women.—v.i. Polk, to dance a polka. [Bohem. pulka, half, from the half-step prevalent in it; or from Slav. polka, a Polish woman.]

Poll, pol, v.t. (Spens.) to exact from, to plunder.

Poll, pol, n. a familiar name, often of a parrot. [Contr. of Polly, a form of Molly=Mary.]

Poll, pōl, n. the round part of the head, esp. the back of it: a register of heads or persons: the entry of the names of electors who vote for civil officers, such as members of Parliament: an election of civil officers: the place where the votes are taken.—v.t. to remove the top: to cut: to clip: to lop, as the branches of a tree: to enter one's name in a register: to bring to the poll as a voter: to give or to receive a vote.—v.i. to give a vote.—ns. Poll′archy, government by the mob or masses; Poll′-book, a register of voters; Poll′-clerk, a clerk who assists at the polling of voters.—adj. Polled, deprived of a poll: lopped: cropped, hence bald: having cast the horns, hence wanting horns.—ns. Poll′er, one who polls; Poll′-man, one who takes the ordinary university degree, without honours; Poll′-tax, a tax by the poll or head—i.e. on each person.—At the head of the poll, having the greatest number of votes at an election. [Old Dut. polle, bol, a ball, top—Ice. kollr, top, head.]

Pollack, pol′ak, n. a common fish on British coasts, belonging to the cod, haddock, and whiting group.—Also Poll′ock. [Celt., as in Gael. pollag, a whiting.]

Pollan, pol′an, n. a fresh-water fish of the family Salmonidæ, a native of lakes in Ireland.

Pollard, pol′ard, n. a tree having the whole crown cut off, leaving it to send out new branches from the top of the stem: an animal without horns: a coarse kind of bran from wheat.—v.t. to make a pollard of. [Cf. Poll, the head.]

Pollaxe. Same as Poleaxe.

Pollen, pol′en, n. the fertilising powder contained in the anthers of flowers: the male or fecundating element in flowers.—v.t. to cover with pollen.—adj. Pollenā′rious, consisting of pollen.—v.t. Poll′enise, to supply with pollen.—n. Poll′en-tube, the tube by which the fecundating element is conveyed to the ovule.—adj. Poll′inar, covered with a fine dust like pollen.—v.t. Poll′inate, to convey pollen to the stigma of.—n. Pollinā′tion, the transferring or supplying of pollen to the stigma of a flower, esp. by aid of insects or other external agents.—adj. Pollinif′erous, bearing pollen.—n. Pollin′ium, an agglutinated mass of pollen grains.—adjs. Polliniv′orous, feeding upon pollen; Poll′inose, covered with a powdery substance like pollen. [L., fine flour.]

Pollent, pol′ent, adj. powerful: strong. [L. pollens, -entis, pr.p. of pollēre, to be strong.]

Pollex, pol′eks, n. the thumb or the great-toe:—pl. Pollices (pol′i-sēz).—adj. Poll′ical. [L., the thumb.]

Pollicitation, po-lis-i-tā′shun, n. a promise, a paper containing such: a promise without mutuality.

Polliwig, pol′i-wig, n. a tadpole.—Also Poll′ywig.

Pollusion, pol-lū′shun, n. (Shak.) for allusion.

Pollute, pol-lūt′, v.t. to soil: to defile: to make foul: to taint: to corrupt: to profane: to violate.—adj. defiled.—adj. Pollut′ed.—adv. Pollut′edly.—ns. Pollut′edness; Pollut′er; Pollū′tion, act of polluting: state of being polluted: defilement. [L. polluĕre, pollutus—pol, towards, luĕre, to wash.]

Pollux, pol′uks, n. (myth.) the twin brother of Castor: a star in the constellation of the twins. [L.]

Polly. See Poll (2).

Polo, pō′lo, n. an equestrian game, which may be shortly described as hockey on horseback—of Oriental origin and high antiquity.

Polo, pō′lo, n. a Spanish gipsy dance.

Polonaise, pō-lō-nāz′, n. a light kind of gown looped up at the sides to show an ornamented petticoat: a short overcoat bordered with fur: a Polish national dance of slow movement in ¾ time, during which the dancers march or promenade: music for such a dance. [Fr., 'Polish.']

Polony, po-lō′ni, n. a dry sausage made of meat partly cooked. [Prob. a corr. of Bologna sausage.]

Polt, pōlt, n. a blow.

Poltroon, pol-trōōn′, n. an idle, lazy fellow: a coward: a dastard: one without spirit.—adj. base, vile, contemptible.—n. Poltroon′ery, laziness: cowardice: want of spirit. [Fr. poltron—It. poltro (for polstro), lazy—Ger. polster, a bolster.]

Polverine, pol′vėr-in, n. the calcined ashes of a Levantine and Syrian plant, used in glass-making. [It. polverino—L. pulvis, pulvĕris, dust.]

Polyacoustic, pol-i-a-kowst′ik, adj. multiplying or magnifying sound.—n. an instrument for effecting this.

Polyact, pol′i-akt, adj. having numerous rays.—Also Polyac′tinal.

Polyad, pol′i-ad, n. (chem.) an element whose valence is greater than two.

Polyadelph, pol′i-a-delf, n. a plant having its stamens united in three or more bundles by the filaments.—n.pl. Polyadel′phia, the 18th class in the Linnæan system.—adjs. Polyadel′phian, Polyadel′phous.

Polyandria, pol-i-an′dri-a, n. a class of plants in the Linnæan system, having more than twenty stamens inserted on the receptacle.—adjs. Polyan′drian, Polyan′drous.—n. Polyan′dry, the social usage of some races in certain stages of civilisation in which the woman normally forms a union with several husbands. [Gr. polys, many, anēr, andros, a man.]

Polyanthus, pol-i-an′thus, n. a kind of primrose much prized and cultivated by florists:—pl. Polyan′thuses.—n. Polyan′thea, a note-book for keeping choice quotations. [Gr. polys, many, anthos, a flower.]

Polyarchy, pol′i-ar-ki, n. government by many persons of whatever class.—n. Pol′yarchist. [Gr. polys, many, archein, to rule.]

Polyatomic, pol-i-a-tom′ik, adj. (chem.) noting elements or radicals with an equivalency greater than two: with more than one atom in the molecule.

Polyautography, pol-i-aw-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of multiplying copies of one's own handwriting.

Polybasic, pol-i-bā′sik, adj. (chem.) capable of combining with more than two univalent bases.

Polycarpic, pol-i-kar′pik, adj. fruiting many times or year after year.

Polycarpous, pol-i-kar′pus, adj. having the fruit composed of two or more distinct carpels.

Polychord, pol′i-kord, adj. having many chords.

Polychrestic, pol-i-kres′tik, adj. admitting of use in various ways.—n. Pol′ychresty.

Polychroite, pol-i-krō′īt, n. safranine.

Polychromatic, pol-i-krō-mat′ik, adj. many-coloured—also Polychrō′mic.—adj. Pol′ychrome, having, or tinted with, several or many colours.—n. Pol′ychromy, decoration or execution in many colours, esp. of statuary or buildings.

Polycladous, pol-i-klā′dus, adj. much-branched.—n. Pol′yclādy, the production of a number of branches where there is normally but one.

Polycotyledon, pol-i-kot-i-lē′don, n. a plant whose embryo has more than two cotyledons or seed-lobes.—adj. Polycotylē′donous.

Polycracy, pō-lik′rā-si, n. government by many rulers.

Polycrotic, pol-i-krot′ik, adj. having several beats—of pulses.

Polydactyl, pol-i-dak′til, adj. having many digits.—n. a polydactyl animal.—n. Polydac′tylism, the condition of having many digits.—adj. Polydac′tylous.

Polydipsia, pol-i-dip′si-a, n. excessive thirst. [Gr. polys, much, dipsa, thirst.]

Polyergic, pol-i-er′jik, adj. acting in many ways.

Polyfoil, pol′i-foil, n. an opening or ornament consisting of several combined foliations, a combination of more than five foils.—Also adj.

Polygalaceæ, pol-i-gā-lā′sē-ē, n.pl. an order of polypetalous plants—the milkwort family.

Polygamy, pō-lig′a-mi, n. the practice of having more than one wife at the same time.—n.pl. Polygā′mia, the 23d class in the Linnæan system, embracing plants in which the stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers and associated in others.—adj. Polygā′mian.—n. Polyg′amist.—adj. Polyg′amous, relating to polygamy: (bot.) a term applied to plants which bear both unisexual and hermaphrodite flowers, either on the same or on different individual plants. [Gr.,—polys, many, gamos, marriage.]

Polygastric, pol-i-gas′trik, adj. having, or appearing to have, many stomachs, as an animalcule.—Also Polygas′trian.

Polygenesis, pol-i-jen′e-sis, n. origin from many separate germs: the theory that organisms sprang from different cells.—adjs. Polygenet′ic, Polygen′ic, Polyg′enous.—ns. Polyg′enism; Polyg′enist; Polyg′eny, the multiple genesis of man.

Polyglot, pol′i-glot, adj. having or containing many languages.—n. a collection of versions in different languages of the same work, esp. a Bible of this kind: one who understands many languages.—adjs. Polyglot′tic, Polyglot′tous. [Gr. polys, many, glōtta, the tongue.]

Polygon, pol′i-gon, n. a plane figure bound by a number of straight lines: a figure of many angles.—adjs. Polyg′onal, Polyg′onous. [L.,—Gr. polygōnon—polys, many, gōnia, a corner.]

Polygonum, po-lig′o-num, n. a kind of plant with many joints, as the bistort, knotweed, &c.—n.pl. Polygonā′ceæ, an order of apetalous plants, mostly herbs—the buckwheat family. [Gr. polys, many, gonu, a knee.]

Polygram, pol′i-gram, n. a figure consisting of many lines.—adj. Polygrammat′ic.

Polygraph, pol′i-graf, n. an instrument for multiplying copies of a writing: a collection of different books.—adjs. Polygraph′ic, -al.—n. Polyg′raphy, voluminous writing: art of writing in various ciphers.

Polygyny, pō-lij′i-ni, n. polygamy.—n. Pol′ygyn, a plant of the order Polygyn′ia (pl.), the 12th order in the first 13 classes of the Linnæan artificial system of plants, embracing those having flowers with more than twelve styles.—adjs. Polygyn′ian, Polygyn′ic, Polyg′ynous. [Gr. polys, many, gynē, woman.]

Polyhedron, pol-i-hē′dron, n. a solid body with many bases or sides.—adjs. Polyhē′dral, Polyhē′drical, Polyhē′drous. [Gr. polys, many, hedra, a base.]

Polyhistor, pol-i-his′tor, n. a person of great and varied learning.

Polyhymnia, pol-i-him′ni-a, n. the muse of the sublime hymn. [Gr. polys, many, hymnos, a hymn.]

Polymathy, pō-lim′a-thi, n. knowledge of many arts and sciences.—n. Pol′ymath, a person possessing this.—adj. Polymath′ic.—n. Polym′athist.

Polymerism, pō-lim′ėr-ism, n. a particular form of isomerism, the property possessed by several compounds of having similar percentage composition but different molecular weights. [Gr. polys, many, meros, part.]

Polymorphous, pol-i-mor′fus, adj. having many forms: varying in appearance: taking on many changes—also Polymor′phic.—ns. Pol′ymorph, an organism showing polymorphism: a substance that crystallises in two or more systems; Polymor′phism, the property of being polymorphous. [Gr. polys, many, morphē, form.]

Polynesian, pol-i-nē′zi-an, adj. pertaining to Polynesia, the numerous groups of islands in the Pacific within or near the tropics.—n. a native of Polynesia. [Gr. polys, many, nēsos, an island.]

Polynomial, pol-i-nō′mi-al, n. an algebraic quantity of many names or terms—same as multinomial—also Pol′ynome.—adj. of many names or terms.—n. Polynō′mialism. [Gr. polys, many, L. nomen, a name.]

Polyonymous, pol-i-on′i-mus, adj. having many names.—n. Pol′yonym, a name consisting of several terms.—adjs. Polyon′ymal; Polyonym′ic, of more than two terms.—ns. Polyon′ymist; Polyon′ymy, multiplicity of names for the same object.

Polyopia, pol-i-ō′pi-a, n. multiple vision.—Also Pol′yopy.

Polyoptrum, pol-i-op′trum, n. a glass through which objects appear multiplied but diminished.—Also Polyop′tron.

Polyorama, pol-i-ō-ra′ma, n. an optical apparatus presenting many views.

Polyp, Polype, pol′ip, n. a name usually applied to an animal like the fresh-water hydra, having a tubular body, and a wreath of many tentacles round the mouth: something with many feet or roots: a pedunculated tumour attached to the surface of a mucous membrane—in the nose, &c.—also Pol′ypus:—pl. Polypes (pol′ips), Polypi (pol′i-pī).—ns. Pol′ypary, the horny or chitonous outer covering of a colony of polyps; Pol′ypide, an individual zoöid of a polyzoarium or compound polyzoan; Polyp′idom, an aggregate of polypites or polypides; Pol′ypier, one individual of a compound polyp: a polypidom, polypary, or polyp-stock.—adj. Pol′ypous. [Gr. polypous—polys, many, pous, foot.]

Polypetalous, pol-i-pet′al-us, adj. with many petals. [Gr. polys, many, petalon, a leaf.]

Polyphagous, pō-lif′a-gus, adj. eating many different kinds of food.

Polypharmacy, pol-i-fär′ma-si n. the prescribing of too many medicines.

Polyphlœsbœan, pol-i-fles-bē′an, adj. loud-roaring. [Homer's frequent description of the sea, polys, much, phloisbos, noise.]

Polyphonic, pol-i-fon′ik, adj. capable of being read in more than one way: noting a musical composition of two or more parts, each with an independent melody of its own.—ns. Pol′yphōnism, Polyph′ony; Pol′yphōnist, a ventriloquist: a contrapuntist. [Gr. polys, many, phōnē, a voice.]

Polyphyletic, pol-i-fī-let′ik, adj. pertaining to many tribes or families: pertaining to the theory that animals are derived from several sources.

Polyphyllous, pol-i-fil′us, adj. many-leafed.

Polyplastic, pol-i-plas′tik, adj. having or assuming many forms.

Polypode, pol′i-pōd, n. an animal with many feet. [Gr. polypous—polys, many, pous, podos, a foot.]

Polypodium, pol-i-pō′di-um, n. a genus of ferns with spore-cases on the back of the frond, distinct, ring-shaped, in roundish sori, destitute of indusium.—n. Pol′ypody, a fern of the genus Polypodium, having the seed-clusters round, and on each side of the midrib. [Gr. polys, many, pous, a foot.]

Polyporous, pō-lip′ō-rus, adj. having many pores.

Polyporus, pō-lip′or-us, n. a large genus of pore-bearing fungus, which grows on trees, from which amadou is prepared. [Gr. polys, many, poros, a passage.]

Polypterus, pō-lip′te-rus, n. a genus of Ganoid fishes of one species, in the Nile and elsewhere. [Gr. polys, many, pteron, a wing.]

Polyrhizous, pol-i-rī′zus, adj. possessing numerous rootlets.—Also Polyrhī′zal.

Polyscope, pol′i-skōp, n. a multiplying lens: (surg.) an instrument for throwing light into cavities of the body.

Polysepalous, pol-i-sep′a-lus, adj. having the sepals separate from each other.

Polysperm, pol′i-sperm, n. a tree whose fruit contains many seeds.—adjs. Polysper′mal, Polysper′mous, containing many seeds.

Polysporous, pol-i-spō′rus, adj. producing many spores.

Polystigmous, pol-i-stig′mus, adj. having many carpels.

Polystome, pol′i-stōm, n. an animal with many mouths.—adj. Polystom′atous.

Polystyle, pol′i-stīl, adj. having many columns.—adj. Polysty′lous.

Polysyllable, pol′i-sil-a-bl, n. a word of many or of more than three syllables.—adjs. Polysyllab′ic, -al.—ns. Polysyllab′icism, Polysyll′abism.

Polysyllogism, pol-i-sil′ō-jizm, n. a combination of syllogisms.—adj. Polysyllogis′tic.

Polysymmetrical, pol-i-si-met′ri-kal, adj. divisible into exactly similar halves by more than one plane.—adv. Polysymmet′rically.—n. Polysym′metry.

Polysyndeton, pol-i-sin′de-ton, n. (rhet.) figurative repetition of connectives or conjunctions.

Polysynthetic, -al, pol-i-sin-thet′ik, -al, adj. made up of many separate elements: formed by the combination of many simple words, as words in the native languages of America.—n. Polysyn′thesis.—adv. Polysynthet′ically.—ns. Polysynthet′icism, Polysyn′thetism, the character of being polysynthetic.

Polytechnic, -al, pol-i-tek′nik, -al, adj. comprehending many arts.—n. an exhibition of objects illustrating many arts: an institution in which many arts are taught.—ns. Polytech′nics, the science of the mechanical arts; Polytech′nique, or Polytechnic school, an industrial school in which the technical sciences that rest in great part upon a mathematical basis, such as engineering, architecture, &c., are taught. [Gr. polys, many, technē, an art.]

Polythalamous, pol-i-thal′a-mus, adj. having many cells or chambers.

Polytheism, pol′i-thē-izm, n. the doctrine of a plurality of gods.—v.i. Pol′ytheise, to adhere to, or conform to, polytheism.—n. Pol′ytheist, a believer in many gods.—adjs. Polytheist′ic, -al.—adv. Polytheist′ically. [Gr. polys, many, theos, a god.]

Polytocous, pō-lit′ō-kus, adj. producing many or several at a birth.

Polytrichum, pō-lit′ri-kum, n. a genus of mosses, widely distributed in north temperate and arctic countries.—adj. Polyt′richous, very hairy, densely ciliate. [Gr. polys, many, thrix, thrichos, hair.]

Polytype, pol′i-tīp, n. a cast or fac-simile of an engraving, matter in type, &c., produced by pressing a wood-cut or other plate into semi-fluid metal.—v.t. to reproduce by polytypage—also adj.—n. Pol′ytypage, stereotyping by the above method.

Polyzoa, pol-i-zō′a, n.pl. a class of animals forming a crust on stones, shells, &c. under water:—sing. Polyzō′an, Polyzō′on.—adjs. Pol′yzoan, Polyzoā′rial.—ns. Polyzoā′rium, a compound polyzoan; Polyzō′ary, the polypary or polypidom of a polyzoan.—adjs. Polyzō′ic, filled with imaginary animals, zoolatrous; Polyzō′öid, consisting of many zoöids. [Gr. polys, many, zōon, an animal.]

Polyzonal, pol-i-zō′nal, adj. composed of many zones or belts.

Pomade, po-mād′, n. a preparation of fine inodorous fat, such as lard or suet, used instead of liquid oil for the hair—also Pomā′tum.—v.t. to anoint with pomade. [Fr. pommade—It. pomada, pommata, lip-salve—L. pomum, an apple.]

Pomander, pō-man′dėr, n. (Shak.) a perfumed ball, or box containing perfumes, formerly supposed to ward off infection. [O. Fr. pomme d'ambre, apple of amber.]

Pome, pōm, n. an apple or a fruit like an apple: a small globe of silver or the like, filled with hot water, on which in cold weather the priest at mass warms his numbed hands.—n. Pom′ace, the substance of apples or similar fruit: fish-scrap.—n.pl. Pomā′ceæ, a suborder of Rosaceæ—the apple family—also Pome′æ.—adj. Pomā′ceous, relating to, consisting of, or resembling apples: like pomace.—ns. Pome′-cit′ron, a variety of apple; Pom′eroy, the king-apple; Pome′-wa′ter (Shak.), a sweet, juicy apple; Pomicul′ture, pomology.—adjs. Pomif′erous (bot.), pome-bearing, applied to all plants producing the larger fruits, as distinguished from berry-bearing; Pomolog′ical.—ns. Pomol′ogist; Pomol′ogy, the science of garden-fruits. [L. pomum, an apple.]

Pomegranate, pom′gran-āt, n. a fruit much cultivated in warm countries, as large as a medium-sized orange, having a thick leathery rind filled with numerous seeds. [O. Fr. pome grenate—L. pomum, an apple, granatum, having many grains.]

Pomeranian, pom-e-rā′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Pomerania in northern Prussia.—Pomeranian, or Spitz, dog, a cross from the Eskimo dog, about the size of a spaniel, with a sharp-pointed face and an abundant white, creamy, or black coat.

Pomfret-cake, pom′fret-kāk, n. a liquorice-cake. [Pontefract in Yorkshire.]

Pommel, pum′el, n. a knob or ball: the knob on a sword-hilt: the high part of a saddle-bow.—v.t. to beat as with a pommel, or with anything thick or heavy: to beat soundly: to bruise:—pr.p. pomm′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. pomm′elled.—adjs. Pomm′eled, Pomm′elled (her.), having a rounded knob ending in a smaller one; Pomm′etty, ending in a small knob, esp. of a cross—also Pomm′elé. [O. Fr. pomel (Fr. pommeau)—L. pomum, an apple.]

Pomona, pom-ō′na, n. the goddess of fruit and garden produce. [L.—pomum, fruit, apple.]

Pom-pom, pom-pom, n. the name given to a one-pounder quick-firing shell gun, from its sound.

Pomp, pomp, n. a splendid procession: great show or display: ceremony: splendour: ostentation: grandeur.—adv. Pompō′so (mus.), in a dignified style.—adj. Pomp′ous, displaying pomp or grandeur: grand: magnificent: dignified: boastful, self-important.—adv. Pomp′ously.—ns. Pomp′ousness, Pompos′ity. [Fr. pompe—L. pompa—Gr. pompē—pempein, to send.]

Pompadour, pom′pa-dōōr, n. an 18th-century head-dress, a fashion of dressing women's hair by brushing it up from the forehead and rolling it over a cushion: a corsage with low square neck: a pattern for silk, with leaves and flowers pink, blue, and gold. [Marquise de Pompadour, 1721-64.]

Pompeian, pom-pē′an, adj. pertaining to Pompeii, a city buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D., excavated since 1755.—n. Pompei′an-red, a red colour like that on the walls of Pompeian houses.

Pompelmoose, pom′pel-mōōs, n. the shaddock.—Also Pom′pelmous, Pom′pelo, Pum′elo.

Pompholyx, pom′fō-liks, n. a vesicular eruption chiefly on the palms and soles. [Gr.,—pomphos, a blister.]

Pompion=Pumpion.

Pompon, pom′pon, n. a tuft of feathers, &c., for a hat, the coloured woollen ball on the front of a shako. [Fr.]

Ponceau, pon-sō′, n. a corn-poppy: corn-poppy colour.

Ponceau, pon-sō′, n. a small bridge or culvert. [Fr.]

Poncho, pon′chō, n. a cloak worn by South American Indians, a blanket with a hole in the middle for the head: camlet or strong worsted.

Pond, pond, v.i. (Spens.) to ponder.

Pond, pond, n. a pool of standing water.—v.t. to make into a pond.—v.i. to collect into a pond.—ns. Pon′dage, the amount of water in a pond; Pond′-lil′y, a plant of the aquatic genus Nymphæa; Pond′-tur′tle, a terrapin, a mud turtle; Pond′weed, a common aquatic herb. [From A.S. pyndan, to shut in, thus a doublet of pound, an enclosure.]

Ponder, pon′dėr, v.t. to weigh in the mind: to think over: to consider.—v.i. to think (with on and over).—ns. Ponderabil′ity, Pon′derableness.—adjs. Pon′derable, that may be weighed: having sensible weight; Pon′deral, ascertained by weight.—ns. Pon′derance, Ponderā′tion, weight; Pon′derer, one who ponders.—adv. Pon′deringly.—ns. Pon′derling, a thing of little weight; Pon′derment, the act of pondering.—adj. Pon′derous, weighty: massive: forcible: important: clumsy or unwieldy by reason of weight.—adv. Pon′derously.—ns. Pon′derousness, Ponderos′ity, weight: heaviness: heavy matter. [L. ponderāre—pondus, pondĕris, a weight.]

Pone, pōn, n. (U.S.) bread made from Indian corn.

Ponent, pō′nent, adj. (Milt.) western.

Ponerology, pon-ē-rol′ō-ji, n. (theol.) the doctrine of wickedness. [Gr. ponēros, bad.]

Pongee, pon-jē′, n. a soft kind of silk, woven in China from the cocoons of a wild silkworm. [Chin.]

Pongo, pong′gō, n. a large anthropoid ape of Borneo.

Poniard, pon′yard, n. a small dagger for stabbing.—v.t. to stab with a poniard. [Fr. poignard—poing, fist (It. pugno)—L. pugnus.]

Ponk, pongk, n. (Spens., Shak.) a nocturnal spirit. [A false reading for pouke=Puck.]

Pons, ponz, n. (anat.) a part connecting two parts.—adjs. Pon′tic, Pon′tile, relating to the pons of the brain.—Pons asinōrum, the asses' bridge, a name given to Euclid, i. 5. [L., a bridge.]

Pontage, pont′āj, n. a toll paid on bridges: a tax for repairing bridges. [Low L. pontagium—L. pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Pontic, pon′tik, adj. pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea, or the regions round it.

Pontiff, pon′tif, n. (R.C.) a bishop, esp. the pope—originally an ancient Roman high-priest, the Pon′tifex.—adjs. Pontif′ic, -al, of or belonging to a pontiff or to a bishop, esp. the pope: splendid: magnificent.—n. Pontif′ical, an office-book of ecclesiastical ceremonies proper to a bishop.—adv. Pontif′ically.—n.pl. Pontif′icals, the dress of a priest, bishop, or pope.—n. Pontif′icate, the dignity of a pontiff or high-priest: the office and dignity or reign of a pope.—v.i. to perform the duties of a pontiff.—n. Pon′tifice (Milt.), bridge-work, a bridge.—Pontifical mass, mass celebrated by a bishop while wearing his full vestments. [Fr. pontife—L. pontifex, pontificis—pons, pont-is, a bridge, facĕre, to make.]

Pontil, pon′til, n. an iron rod used in glass-making for revolving the glass while soft.—Also Pontee′, Pon′ty. [Fr.,—point, a point.]

Pontinal, pon′ti-nal, adj. bridging.—n. a bone of the skull of some fishes.

Pontlevis, pont-lev′is, n. a drawbridge. [Fr.]

Pontoon, pon-tōōn′, n. a flat kind of boat used in forming a bridge for the passage of an army: a bridge of boats: a lighter or barge used for loading or unloading ships—also Pon′ton.—ns. Pontonier′, Pontonnier′, one who has charge of a pontoon; Pontoon′-bridge, a platform or roadway supported upon pontoons. [Fr. ponton—L. pons, a bridge.]

Pony, pō′ni, n. a small horse—one less than 13 hands high: (slang) £25: a key or translation of the writings of an author: a small glass of beer.—v.t. to use a crib in translating.—ns. Pō′ny-carr′iage, a small carriage drawn by one or more ponies; Pō′ny-en′gine, a small engine used for shunting wagons, &c.—Jerusalem pony, an ass. [Prob. Gael. poniadh.]

Pood, pōōd, n. a Russian weight, 36 lb. avoirdupois.

Poodle, pōō′dl, n. one of a breed of small curly-haired pet dogs, intelligent and affectionate. [Ger. pudel; Low Ger. pudeln, to waddle.]

Pooh, pōō, interj. of disdain.—v.t. Pooh′-pooh, to express contempt for: to sneer at. [Imit.]

Pool, pōōl, n. a small body of water: a deep part of a stream of water.—n. Pool′er, a stick for stirring a tan-vat. [A.S. pól (Dut. poel, Ger. pfuhl)—Celt., as Ir. and Gael. poll, W. pwll.]

Pool, pōōl, n. the receptacle for the stakes in certain games: the stakes themselves: a set of players at quadrille, &c.: a game played on a billiard-table with six pockets by two or more persons.—v.t. to put into a common fund for redistribution.—v.i. to form a pool. [Fr. poule, orig. a hen—L. pullus, a young animal.]

Poon, pōōn, n. name of a tree of India and Burma, very commonly used in the East Indies, particularly in shipbuilding, for planks and spars.—n. Poon′-wood, the wood of the tree.

Poonac, pōō′nak, n. the cake left after expressing oil from coco-nut pulp.

Poop, pōōp, n. the hinder part of a ship: a deck above the ordinary deck in the after part of a ship.—v.t. to strike the stern, break in the stern of. [Fr. poupe—L. puppis, the poop.]

Poor, pōōr, adj. having little or nothing: without means: needy: spiritless: depressed: (B.) humble: contrite: wanting in appearance: lean: wanting in strength: weak: wanting in value: inferior: wanting in fertility: sterile: wanting in fitness, beauty, or dignity: trifling: paltry: dear (endearingly).—ns. Poor′house, a house established at the public expense for sheltering the poor: an almshouse; Poor′john (Shak.), a coarse kind of fish, the hake when salted.—n.pl. Poor′-laws, laws providing for the support of the poor.—adv. Poor′ly.—ns. Poor′ness; Poor′-rate, a rate or tax for the support of the poor; Poor′-Rob′in, an almanac; Poor's′-box, a box for receiving contributions to the poor.—adj. Poor′-spir′ited, cowardly: mean.—ns. Poor′-spir′itedness, cowardice; Poor's′-roll (Scots law), the list of poor persons who are litigants, but unable to pay the expenses of litigation, and therefore are allowed to sue in formâ pauperis.—Poor man of mutton (Scot.), cold mutton broiled, esp. the shoulder; Poor man's herb, the hedge-hyssop; Poor Will, a common American bird of the genus Phalænoptilus.—The poor, poor people collectively: those depending on public or private charity. [O. Fr. poure, povre (Fr. pauvre)—L. pauper, poor.]

Poortith, pōōr′tith, n. (Scot.) poverty.

Pop, pop, v.i. to make a sharp, quick sound: to dart: to move quickly: to propose marriage.—v.t. to cause to make a sudden report: to thrust suddenly: to bring suddenly into notice: (slang) to pawn:—pr.p. pop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. popped.—n. a sharp, quick sound or report: an effervescent beverage: (slang) a pistol.—adv. suddenly.—adj. coming without warning.—v.t. Pop′-corn, to parch maize till it bursts open.—n. corn so prepared.—n.pl. Pop′-eyes, prominent eyes.—ns. Pop′-gun, a tube and rammer for shooting pellets, which makes a noise by the expansion of compressed air; Pop′per, anything that makes a popping sound; Pop′-shop, a pawnshop; Pop′-weed, a name for the bladderwort.—Pop off, to disappear all at once; Pop the question, to make an offer of marriage. [Imit.]

Pope, pōp, n. the bishop of Rome, head of the R.C. Church: a priest of the Eastern Church: the autocratic head of any church or organisation.—ns. Pope′dom, office, dignity, or jurisdiction of the pope; Pope′hood, Pope′ship, the condition of being pope; Pope′ling, a little pope; Pop′ery, the religion of which the pope is the head: Roman Catholicism; Pope's′-eye, the gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh of an ox or a sheep; Pope's′-head, a long-handled brush; Pope's′-nose, the fleshy part of a bird's tail.—adj. Pop′ish, relating to the pope or to popery: taught by popery.—adv. Pop′ishly.—Pope Joan, a game at cards in which the eight of diamonds is removed. [A.S. pápa—L. papa, a father.]

Pope, pōp, n. a kind of perch. [Ety. obscure.]

Popinjay, pop′in-jā, n. a parrot: a mark like a parrot, put on a pole to be shot at: a fop or coxcomb. [O. Fr. papegai—Low L. papagallus—Late Gr. papagas, a parrot; prob. Eastern.]

Popjoying, pop′joi-ing, n. sport: amusement. [Perh. conn. with popinjay.]

Poplar, pop′lar, n. a tree common in the northern hemisphere, of rapid growth, and having diœcious flowers arranged in catkins, both male and female flowers with an oblique cup-shaped perianth. [O. Fr. poplier—L. pōpulus, poplar-tree.]

Poplin, pop′lin, n. a kind of cloth consisting of a warp of silk and a weft of worsted, the latter, being thicker than the former, giving a corded appearance. [Fr. popeline. Ety. unknown.]

Popliteal, pop-li-tē′al, adj. of or pertaining to the back of the knee.—Also Poplit′ic. [L. poples, poplitis, the hock.]

Poppet, pop′et, n. a puppet: a piece of timber used to support a vessel while being launched: one of the heads of a lathe. [Puppet.]

Popple, pop′l, v.i. to flow, to bob up and down.

Poppy, pop′i, n. a plant having large showy flowers, from one species of which opium is obtained.—adj. Popp′ied, covered or filled with poppies: listless, as the effects of opium.—ns. Popp′y-head, a carved ornament in wood, often finishing the end of a pew; Popp′y-oil, a fixed oil from the seeds of the opium-poppy. [A.S. popig—L. papaver, poppy.]

Populace, pop′ū-lās, n. the common people: those who are not distinguished by rank, education, office, &c. [Fr.,—It. popolazzo—L. populus, people.]

Popular, pop′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the people: pleasing to, or prevailing among, the people: enjoying the favour of the people: easily understood: inferior: (Shak.) vulgar.—n. Popularisā′tion.—v.t. Pop′ularise, to make popular or suitable to the people: to spread among the people.—ns. Pop′ulariser; Popular′ity, Pop′ularness, quality or state of being popular or pleasing to the people: favour with the people: a desire to obtain favour with the people.—adv. Pop′ularly.—v.t. Pop′ulāte, to people: to furnish with inhabitants.—v.i. to increase in numbers.—adj. populous.—n. Populā′tion, act of populating: the number of the inhabitants of any place.—adj. Pop′ulous, full of people: numerously inhabited: (Shak.) numerous.—adv. Pop′ulously.—n. Pop′ulousness. [Fr. populaire—L. popularis—populus, the people.]

Poral, pō′ral. See Pore.

Porbeagle, por-bē′gl, n. a kind of tope or mackerel-shark. [Fr. porc, a hog + Eng. beagle.]

Porcate, por′kāt, adj. ridged.

Porcelain, pors′lān, n. a fine earthenware, white, thin, semi-transparent, first made in China: china-ware.—adj. of the nature of porcelain.—adjs. Por′celānous, Porcellā′neous, Por′cellānous.—n. Por′cellanite, a very hard, impure, jaspideous rock.—Cast, or Fusible, porcelain, a milky glass made of silica and cryolite with oxide of zinc; Egg-shell porcelain, an extremely thin and translucent porcelain; False porcelain, a name given to the artificial or soft-paste porcelain; Frit porcelain, a name given to artificial soft-paste English porcelain, from its vitreous nature; Tender porcelain, a ware imitating hard-paste or natural porcelain. [O. Fr. porcelaine—It. porcellana, the Venus' shell—L. porcella, a young sow—porcus, a pig.]

Porch, pōrch, n. a building forming an enclosure or protection for a doorway: a portico at the entrance of churches and other buildings: the public porch on the agora of Athens where Zeno the Stoic taught: (fig.) the Stoic philosophy. [O. Fr. porche (It. portico)—L. porticus—porta, a gate.]

Porcine, por′sīn, adj. pertaining to or resembling swine: swinish. [L. porcinus—porcus, a swine.]

Porcupine, por′kū-pīn, n. one of the largest of rodent quadrupeds, covered with spines or quills. [O. Fr. porc espin—L. porcus, a pig, spina, a spine.]

Pore, pōr, n. a minute passage in the skin for the perspiration: an opening between the molecules of a body.—adjs. Pō′ral, of or pertaining to pores; Pō′riform, in the form of a pore.—ns. Pō′riness, Poros′ity, Pō′rousness, quality of being porous—opp. to Density.—adjs. Pō′rose, containing pores; Pō′rous, Pō′ry, having pores: that can be penetrated by fluid.—adv. Pō′rously. [Fr.,—L. porus—Gr. poros, a passage.]

Pore, pōr, v.i. to look with steady attention on: to study closely.—n. Pō′rer. [Peer, to peep.]

Porgy, Porgie, por′ji, n. a fish of the genus Pagrus.

Porifera, pō-rif′e-ra, n.pl. sponges:—sing. Por′ifer.—adjs. Porif′eral, Porif′erous. [L. porus, a pore, ferre, to bear.]

Porism, por′ism, n. a proposition affirming the possibility of finding such conditions as will render a certain problem capable of innumerable solutions.—adjs. Porismat′ic, -al; Poris′tic, -al, reducing a determinate problem to an indeterminate. [Gr. porizein, to procure—poros, a way.]

Pork, pōrk, n. the flesh of swine: (Milt.) a stupid fellow.—ns. Pork′-butch′er, one who kills pigs; Pork′-chop, a slice from a pig's rib; Pork′er, a young hog: a pig fed for pork; Pork′ling, a young pig; Pork′-pie, a pie made of pastry and minced pork.—adj. Pork′y, fat.—Pork-pie hat, a hat somewhat like a pie in shape worn by men and women about the middle of the 19th century. [Fr. porc—L. porcus, a hog.]

Pornocracy, pōr-nok′rā-si, n. the influence of courtezans—applied esp. to the dominant influence of certain profligate women over the Papal court in the earlier half of the 10th century.—ns. Por′nograph, an obscene picture or writing; Pornog′rapher, a writer of such.—adj. Pornograph′ic.—n. Pornog′raphy, the discussion of prostitution: obscene writing. [Gr. pornē, a whore, kratein, to rule.]

Porosis, pō-rō′sis, n. formation of callus, the knitting together of broken bones.

Porotype, pō′rō-tīp, n. a copy of an engraved print made by placing it on chemically prepared paper and subjecting to the action of a gas. [Gr. poros, a pore, typos, an impression.]

Porpentine, por′pen-tīn, n. (Shak.) a porcupine.

Porpess, Porpesse, por′pes, n. Same as Porpoise.

Porphyrio, por-fir′i-ō, n. a genus of Rallidæ, the hyacinthine gallinules.

Porphyrogenitus, por-fir-ō-jen′i-tus, n. a title given to the Byzantine emperor, Constantine VII. (912-959), meaning 'born in the purple.'—n. Porphyrogen′itism, the Byzantine principle of the first son born after his father's accession succeeding to the throne. [Gr. porphyra, purple, gennain, to beget.]

Porphyry, por′fir-i, n. a very hard, variegated rock, of a purple and white colour, used in sculpture (porfido rosso antico): an igneous rock having a ground-mass enclosing crystals of feldspar or quartz.—v.t. Por′phyrise, to cause to resemble porphyry: to make of a spotted appearance.—n. Por′phyrite, one of the crystalline igneous rocks, which consists principally of plagioclase.—adjs. Porphyrit′ic, Porphyrā′ceous, resembling or consisting of porphyry.—n. Por′phyroid, a crystalline and schistose rock containing porphyritic crystals of feldspar. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. porphyrites—porphyra, purple.]

Porpoise, por′pus, n. a genus of Cetecea in the family Delphinidæ, 4 to 8 feet long, gregarious, affording oil and leather—anciently Por′pess. [O. Fr. porpeis—L. porcus, a hog, piscis, a fish.]

Porporino, por-pō-rē′nō, n. an old alloy of quicksilver, tin, and sulphur, used in place of gold. [It.]

Porraceous, po-rā′shus, adj. greenish like the leek. [L. porrum, a leek.]

Porrection, po-rek′shun, n. the action of delivering as by outstretched hands.—adj. Porrect′, extended forward. [L., porrigĕre, to stretch out.]

Porridge, por′ij, n. a kind of pudding usually made by slowly stirring oatmeal amongst boiling water: a kind of broth, made by boiling vegetables in water. [Through O. Fr., from Low L. porrata—L. porrum, a leek. The affix -idge (= -age) arose through confusion with pottage.]

Porrigo, po-rī′gō, n. a general name for various skin diseases.—adj. Porrig′inous. [L.]

Porringer, por′in-jėr, n. a small dish for porridge: (Shak.) a head-dress shaped like such a dish.—Also Porr′enger. [From porrige=porridge, with inserted n as in passenger.]

Port, pōrt, n. the larboard or left side of a ship.—v.t. to turn to the left, as the helm.—v.i. to turn to larboard or left. [Ety. dub.]

Port, pōrt, n. martial music on the bagpipes. [Gael.]

Port, pōrt, n. bearing: demeanour: carriage of the body.—v.t. to hold, as a musket, in a slanting direction upward across the body.—ns. Portabil′ity, Port′ableness, the state of being portable.—adj. Port′able, that may be carried: not bulky or heavy.—ns. Port′age, act of carrying: carriage: price of carriage: a space between two rivers, canals, &c., over which goods and boats have to be carried; Port′ance (Spens.), carriage, bearing.—adjs. Por′tāte (her.), in a position as if being carried; Por′tatile, portable; Por′tative, easily carried.—ns. Port′-cray′on, a metallic handle for holding a crayon; Porte′-bonheur′, a charm carried for luck; Porte′-cochère, a carriage entrance leading from the street into a building; Porte′-mon′naie, a small clasped pocket-book for holding money; Port′-fire, a slow-match or match-cord. [Fr.,—L. portāre, to carry.]

Port, pōrt, n. a harbour: a haven or safe station for vessels: a place from which vessels start, and at which they finish their voyages.—n. Port′-ad′miral, the admiral commanding at a naval port.—n.pl. Port′-charg′es, payments which a ship has to pay while in harbour.—n. Port′-ward′en, the officer in charge of a port: a harbour-master.—Port of call, a port where vessels can call for stores or repairs; Port of entry, a port where merchandise is allowed by law to enter.—Free port, a port where no duty has to be paid on landing goods. [A.S. port—L. portus; akin to L. porta, a gate.]

Port, pōrt, n. a gate or entrance, esp. of a walled town: an opening in the side of a ship for light or air: an opening through which guns can be fired: the lid of a porthole: a passage in a machine for oil, steam, &c.—n. Port′age (Shak.), an opening. [Fr. porte—L. porta, gate.]

Port, pōrt, n. a dark-red wine from Oporto, Portugal.

Porta, pōr′ta, n. the part of an organ where its vessels and ducts enter, esp. the transverse fissure of the liver: the foramen of Monro.

Portal, pōrt′al, n. a small gate: any entrance: (archit.) the arch over a gate: the lesser of two gates.—Portal circulation, the capillary transmission of venous blood from one organ to another in its passage to the heart; Portal system, the portal vein with its tributaries, &c.; Portal vein, the vein which conveys to the liver the venous blood from intestines, spleen, and stomach. [O. Fr. (Fr. portail)—Low L. portale—L. porta, a gate.]

Portcullis, pōrt-kul′is, n. a sliding door of cross timbers pointed with iron, hung over a gateway, so as to be let down in a moment to keep out an enemy: (her.) a lattice: one of the pursuivants of the English College of Heralds: an Elizabethan coin bearing a portcullis on the reverse.—v.t. to obstruct, as with a portcullis. [O. Fr. portecoulisse—porte, a gate, coulisse, a groove—L. colāre, to strain.]

Porte, pōrt, n. the Turkish government, so called from the 'High Gate,' or 'Sublime Porte,' the chief office of the Ottoman government.

Portend, por-tend′, v.t. to indicate the future by signs: to betoken: presage.—n. Por′tent, that which portends or foreshows: an evil omen.—adj. Portent′ous, serving to portend: foreshadowing ill: wonderful, dreadful, prodigious.—adv. Portent′ously. [L. portendĕre, portentum—pro, forth, tendĕre, to stretch.]

Porter, pōrt′ėr, n. a door-keeper or gate-keeper: one who waits at the door to receive messages:—fem. Port′eress, Port′ress.—n. Port′erage, the office or duty of a porter.—Porter's lodge, a house or an apartment near a gate for the use of the porter. [O. Fr. portier—Low L. portarius—L. porta, a gate.]

Porter, pōrt′ėr, n. one who carries burdens for hire: a dark-brown malt liquor, prob. because a favourite drink with London porters.—ns. Port′erage, carriage: charge made by a porter for carrying goods; Port′er-house, a restaurant; Port′erhouse-steak (U.S.), a choice cut of beef-steak next to the sirloin.—adv. Port′erly, like a porter: coarse. [O. Fr. porteur—L. portāre, to carry.]

Portfolio, pōrt-fō′li-ō, n. a portable case for loose papers, drawings, &c.: a collection of such papers: the office of a minister of state. [Sp. portafolio—L. portāre, to carry, folium, a leaf.]

Porthole, pōrt′hōl, n. a hole or opening in a ship's side for light and air, or for pointing a gun through. [Port, a gate, and hole.]

Portico, pōr′ti-kō, n. (archit.) a range of columns in the front of a building: a colonnade: a porch before the entrance to a building: the Stoic philosophy:—pl. Por′ticoes, Por′ticos.—adj. Por′ticoed, furnished with a portico. [It.,—L. porticus, a porch.]

Portière, por-tyār′, n. a curtain hung over the door or doorway of a room. [Fr.]

Portiforium, pōr-ti-fō′ri-um, n. a breviary:—pl. Portifō′ria.—Also Port′fory, Port′ous, Port′uary.

Portify, pōr′ti-fī, v.t. (hum.) to give one's self undue importance. [Port, the wine of that name, -fy, from L. facĕre, to make, from the saying, 'Claret would be port if it could.']

Portion, pōr′shun, n. a part: an allotment: fate: destiny: dividend: the part of an estate descending to an heir: a wife's fortune.—v.t. to divide into portions: to allot a share: to furnish with a portion.—adj. Por′tioned, having a portion or endowment.—ns. Por′tioner, one who portions or assigns shares: (Scots law) the occupier of a small feu or portion of land: one of two or more incumbents on a benefice at one time; Por′tionist, one who has an academical allowance: the incumbent of a benefice which has more than one rector or vicar.—adj. Por′tionless, having no portion, dowry, or property.—Marriage portion, a gift given by a parent or guardian to a bride on her marriage. [O. Fr.,—L. portio, portionis, akin to pars, a part.]

Portland vase. See Vase.

Portly, pōrt′li, adj. having a dignified port or mien: corpulent: (Shak.) swelling.—n. Port′liness, state of being portly. [Port, bearing.]

Portman, pōrt′man, n. an inhabitant of a port-town, or one of the Cinque Ports.—n. Port′-mote, a mote composed of such citizens.

Portmanteau, port-man′tō, n. a bag for carrying apparel, &c., on journeys: a hook on which to hang clothing.—Also Portman′tua (obs.). [Fr.,—porter, to carry, manteau, a cloak.]

Portoise, pōr′tiz, n. the gunwale of a boat.—Also Port′last.

Portrait, pōr′trāt, n. the likeness of a person, esp. of his face: a vivid description in words.—v.t. (obs.) to portray.—ns. Por′traitist, a portrait-painter; Por′traiture, a likeness: the drawing of portraits, or describing in words: a collection of pictures.—v.t. Portray (pōr-trā′), to paint or draw the likeness of: to describe in words: (obs.) to adorn.—ns. Portray′al, the act of portraying; Portray′er.—Composite portraits, a method of indicating the facial characteristics of a family or group of persons, while at the same time suppressing the peculiarities of individual members. [O. Fr. portrait, portraire—L. pro, forth, trahĕre, to draw.]

Portreeve, pōrt′rēv, n. once the name of the principal magistrate in a port-town, esp. in London. [A.S. portgeréfa—port, a port, geréfa, a reeve.]

Portuguese, pōr′tū-gēz, adj. of or pertaining to Portugal or to its inhabitants.—n. the people, a single inhabitant, or the language of Portugal.—Portuguese man-of-war, a species of Physalia.

Portulaceæ, pōr-tū-lā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of exogenous plants, shrubby or herbaceous, generally succulent, mostly growing in dry places. [L. portulaca, purslane.]

Porzana, pōr-zā′na, n. an old name of the small European water-rail or crake.

Pos, poz, adj. (slang) an abbreviation of positive.

Posada, pō-sä′dä, n. an inn. [Sp.,—posar, to lodge.]

Posaune, pō-zow′ne, n. the trombone. [Ger.]

Pose, pōz, n. a position: an attitude, either natural or assumed.—v.i. to assume an attitude.—v.t. to put in a suitable attitude: to posit. [Fr.,—poser, to place—Low L. pausare, to cease—L. pausa, pause—Gr. pausis. Between Fr. poser and L. ponĕre, positum, there has been confusion, which has influenced the derivatives of both words.]

Pose, pōz, v.t. to puzzle: to perplex by questions: to bring to a stand.—ns. Pō′ser, one who, or that which, poses: a difficult question; Pō′sing.—adv. Pō′singly. [M. E. apposen, a corr. of oppose, which in the schools meant to 'argue against.']

Posé, po-zā′, adj. (her.) standing still.

Position, po-zish′un, n. place, situation: attitude: a place taken or to be taken by troops: state of affairs: the ground taken in argument or in a dispute: principle laid down: place in society: method of finding the value of an unknown quantity by assuming one or more values (single, when one is assumed; double, when two).—v.t. Posit (poz′it), to place in right position or relation: to lay down as something true or granted.—adj. Posi′tional.—Strategic position, a position taken up by troops to check the movements of an enemy. [Fr.,—L.—ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Positive, poz′i-tiv, adj. definitely placed or laid down: clearly expressed: really existing: actual: not admitting of any doubt or qualification: decisive: settled by distinct appointment: arbitrarily prescribed, laid down—opp. to Natural: too confident in opinion: fully assured: certain: (gram.) noting the simple form of an adjective—as Positive degree of comparison: (math.) greater than zero, to be added, as Positive quantity: (phot.) having the lights and shades in the picture the same as in the original, instead of being reversed: (electr.) having a relatively high potential—opp. to Negative (q.v.).—n. that which is placed or laid down: that which may be affirmed: reality: a positive picture—opp. to Negative.—adv. Pos′itively.—ns. Pos′itiveness, state or quality of being positive: certainty: confidence; Pos′itivism, actual or absolute knowledge; Pos′itivist, a believer in positivism.—Pos′itivism, Positive philosophy, the philosophical system originated by Comte (1798-1857)—its foundation the doctrine that man can have no knowledge of anything but phenomena, and that the knowledge of phenomena is relative, not absolute. [Fr.,—L. positivus, fixed by agreement—ponĕre, to place.]

Posnet, pos′net, n. a small basin. [O. Fr. pocenet.]

Posology, pō-sol′ō-ji, n. the science of quantity.—adjs. Posolog′ic, -al. [Gr. posos, how much, logia, discourse.]

Posse, pos′ē, n. power: possibility.—Posse comitatus, the power of the county: the body of men entitled to be called out by the sheriff to aid in enforcing the law. [L. posse, to be able.]

Possess, poz-zes′, v.t. to have or hold as an owner: to have the control of: to inform: to seize: to enter into and influence: to put (one's self) in possession (of): (Spens.) to achieve: (Shak.) put in possession of information, convince.—adj. Possessed′, influenced by some evil spirit, demented.—n. Posses′sion, act of possessing: the thing possessed: a country taken by conquest: property: state of being possessed, as by an evil spirit: madness.—adjs. Posses′sionary, Posses′sive, pertaining to or denoting possession.—n. Posses′sive (gram.), a pronoun denoting possession: the possessive case.—adv. Posses′sively.—n. Posses′sor, one who possesses: owner: proprietor: occupant.—adj. Posses′sory, relating to a possessor or possession: having possession.—Give possession, to put in another's power or occupancy; Take possession, to assume ownership; Writ of possession, a process directing a sheriff to put a person in possession of property recovered in ejectment. [Fr.,—L. possidēre, possessum.]

Posset, pos′et, n. a dietetic preparation, made by curdling milk with some acidulous liquor, such as wine, ale, or vinegar.—v.t. (Shak.) to curdle.—Posset cup, a large cup or covered bowl for posset. [Prob. Ir. pusoid, a posset; cf. W. posel.]

Possible, pos′i-bl, adj. that may be or happen: that may be done: not contrary to the nature of things.—n. Possibil′ity, state of being possible: that which is possible: a contingency.—adv. Poss′ibly. [Fr.,—L. possibilis—posse, to be able.]

Possum, pos′um, n. Same as Opossum.

Post, pōst, n. a piece of timber fixed in the ground, generally as a support to something else: a pillar.—v.t. to fix on or to a post, or to any conspicuous position, in a public place: to expose to public reproach, to placard as having failed in an examination, &c.—n. Post′er, one who posts bills: a large printed bill or placard for posting.—From pillar to post (see Pillar). [A.S. post—L. postis, a doorpost—ponĕre, to place.]

Post, pōst, n. a fixed place, as a military station: a fixed place or stage on a road: an office: one who travels by stages, esp. carrying letters, &c.: a public letter-carrier: an established system of conveying letters: (Shak.) a post-horse: (Shak.) haste: a size of writing-paper, double that of common note-paper (so called from the water-mark, a postman's horn).—v.t. to set or station: to put in the post-office: (book-k.) to transfer from the journal to the ledger: to supply with necessary information, as to post up (cf. Well posted up).—v.i to travel with post-horses, or with speed.—adv. with posthorses: with speed.—ns. Post′age, the act of going by post: journey: money paid for conveyance of letters, &c., by post or mail; Post′age-stamp, an adhesive stamp for affixing to letters to show that the postal charge has been paid.—adj. Post′al, of or pertaining to the mail-service.—ns. Post′-bag, a mail-bag; Post′-bill, a way-bill of the letters sent from a post-office; Post′boy, a boy that rides posthorses, or who carries letters; Post′-card, a stamped card on which a message may be sent by post; Post′-chaise, Post′-char′iot, a chaise or carriage with four wheels let for hire for the conveyance of those who travel with posthorses.—v.i. Post′-chaise, to travel by post-chaise.—ns. Post′-day, the day on which the post or mail arrives or departs; Post′er, one who travels by post: (Shak.) a courier: one who travels expeditiously: a posthorse.—adj. Post′-free, delivered by the post without payment.—n. Posthaste′, haste in travelling like that of a post.—adj. speedy: immediate.—adv. with haste or speed.—ns. Post′-horn, a postman's horn: a horn blown by the driver of a mail-coach; Post′horse, a horse kept for posting; Post′house, a house where horses are kept for the use of parties posting: a post-office; Post′man, a post or courier: a letter-carrier; Post′mark, the mark or stamp put upon a letter at a post-office showing the time and place of reception and delivery; Post′master, the manager or superintendent of a post-office: one who supplies posthorses: at Merton College, Oxford, a scholar who is supported on the foundation; Post′master-Gen′eral, the minister who is the chief officer of the post-office department; Post′-off′ice, an office for receiving and transmitting letters by post: a department of the government which has charge of the reception and conveyance of letters.—adj. Post′-paid, having the postage paid, as a letter.—ns. Post′-time, the time for the despatch or for the delivery of letters; Post′-town, a town with a post-office.—Postal note, a note for a fixed designated sum issued by a postmaster, payable at any office; Postal order, an order issued by the postmaster authorising the holder to receive at some particular post-office payment of the sum marked on it. [Fr. poste—L. ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Post, pōst, adv. and prep. after, behind—in compounds as Post-abdominal, Post-anal, Post-axial, Post-brachial, Post-canonical, Post-clavicle, Post-embryonic, &c.—adj. Post′-class′ical, after those Greek and Latin writers styled classical, but before the medieval.—n. Post′-commun′ion, the part of the eucharistic office after the act of communion.—adj. succeeding communion.—v.t. Postdate′, to date after the real time.—n. a date on a letter later than the real date on which it was written.—adjs. Post′-dilū′vial, Post′-dilū′vian, being or happening after the deluge.—ns. Post′-dilū′vian, one who has lived since the deluge; Post′-en′try, an additional entry of merchandise at a custom-house.—adjs. Post′-exil′ic, Post′-exil′ian, after the time of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews.—ns. Post′-exist′ence, future existence; Post′fix, a letter, syllable, or word fixed to or put after another word, an affix.—v.t. Postfix′, to add to the end of another word.—adjs. Post′-glā′cial, after the glacial epoch; Post′-grad′uate, belonging to study pursued after graduation; Post′-merid′ian, coming after the sun has crossed the meridian: in the afternoon (written P.M.).—n. Post′-millenā′rian, one who believes in post-millennialism.—adj. Post′-millenn′ial.—n. Post′-millenn′ialism, the doctrine that the second coming of Christ will follow the millennium.—adj. Post′-mor′tem, after death.—n. a post-mortem examination.—adjs. Post′-nā′tal, after birth; Post′-nī′cene, after the first general council at Nicæa in 325 A.D.—n. Post′-note, a note issued by a bank, payable at some future time.—adj. Post′-nup′tial, being or happening after marriage.—ns. Post′-ō′bit, a bond or security given by heirs and others entitled to reversionary interests, whereby in consideration of a sum of money presently advanced, the debtor binds himself to pay a much larger sum after the death of some person, or of himself; Post′-posi′tion, the state of being put back or out of the regular place: (gram.) a word or particle placed after a word—opp. to a preposition, which is placed before.—adjs. Post′-pos′itive; Post′-remote′, more remote in subsequent time or order; Post′-ter′tiary, more recent than the Tertiary.—n. the most recent geological division. [L.]

Post-captain, pōst′-kap′tān, n. a captain in the British navy, so called in contradistinction to a commander because his name was 'posted' in the seniority list.

Poste restante, pōst res-tant′, n. a place in a post-office where letters are kept till called for. [Fr. poste, post-office, and pr.p. of rester, to remain.]

Posterior, pos-tē′ri-or, adj. coming after: later in time or in position: situated behind: hinder.—n. Posterior′ity, state of being posterior—opp. to Priority.—adv. Postē′riorly.—n.pl. Postē′riors, short for posterior parts: (hum.) the latter part, buttock.—n. Poster′ity, those coming after: succeeding generations: descendants: a race. [L., comp. of posterus, coming after—post, after.]

Postern, pōst′ėrn, n. a back door or gate: a small private door: (fort.) a covered passage between the main ditch and the outworks of a fort, usually closed by a gate.—adj. back: private. [O. Fr. posterne, posterle—L. posterula, a dim. from posterus.]

Posthumous, post′ū-mus, adj. born after the father's death: published after the death of the author.—adv. Post′humously. [L. posthumus, postumus, superl. of posterus, coming after—post, after.]

Postiche, pos-tēsh′, adj. added after the work is finished. [Fr.]

Postil, pos′til, n. a note in the margin of the Bible, so called because written after the text or other words: a marginal note: (R.C.) a homily read after the gospel.—v.t. and v.i. to make such notes.—n. Postil′la, a sermon or homily explanatory of the gospel in the mass: any sermon.—v.t. and v.i. Pos′tillate, to write or deliver a postil.—ns. Postillā′tion; Pos′tiller, one who comments: a preacher. [O. Fr. postille (It. postilla)—Low L. postilla—L. post illa (verba), after those (words).]

Postillion, pōs-til′yun, n. a postboy: one who guides posthorses, or horses in any carriage, riding on one of them. [Fr. postillon.]

Postliminy, post-lim′i-ni, n. the right by which persons or things taken in war by the enemy are restored to their former status upon their coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged: the return of a prisoner, exile, &c. to his former status.—adjs. Postlim′inary, Postlimin′iary. [L. postliminium.]

Postpone, pōst-pōn′, v.t. to put off to a future time: to defer: to delay: to subordinate.—n. Postpone′ment, act of putting off to an after-time: temporary delay—also Postpō′nence (obs.). [L. postponĕre, -positum—post, after, ponĕre, to put.]

Post-prandial, pōst-pran′di-al, adj. after dinner. [L. post, after, prandium, a repast.]

Postscript, pōst′skript, n. a part added to a letter after the signature: an addition to a book after it is finished.—adj. Post′scriptal. [L., from post, after, scriptum, written, pa.p. of scribĕre, to write.]

Postulate, pos′tū-lāt, v.t. to assume without proof: to take for granted or without positive consent: (eccles.) to ask legitimate authority to admit a nominee by dispensation, when a canonical impediment is supposed to exist.—v.i. to make demands.—n. a position assumed as self-evident: (geom.) a self-evident problem: a petition: a condition for the accomplishment of anything.—ns. Pos′tulant, a candidate; Postulā′tion, the act of postulating: solicitation.—adjs. Pos′tulātory, supplicatory: assuming or assumed without proof as a postulate; Pos′tural. [L. postulāre, -ātum, to demand—poscĕre, to ask urgently.]

Posture, pos′tūr, n. the placing or position of the body, esp. of the parts of it with reference to each other: attitude: state or condition: disposition of mind.—v.t. to place in a particular manner.—v.i. to assume an affected manner.—ns. Pos′ture-mā′ker, Pos′ture-mas′ter, one who teaches or practises artificial postures of the body: an acrobat; Pos′turer, Pos′turist, an acrobat. [Fr.,—L. positura—ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Posy, pō′zi, n. a verse of poetry, esp. a motto or an inscription on a ring: a motto sent with a bouquet: a bouquet. [Poesy.]

Pot, pot, n. a metallic vessel for various purposes, esp. for cooking: a drinking vessel: an earthen vessel for plants: the quantity in a pot: (slang) a large sum of money, a prize.—v.t. to preserve in pots: to put in pots: to cook in a pot: to plant in a pot: to drain, as sugar, in a perforated cask: to shoot an enemy.—v.i. (Shak.) to tipple:—pr.p. pot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pot′ted.—n. Pot′-ale, refuse from a grain distillery.—adj. Pot′-bell′ied, having a prominent belly.—ns. Pot′-bell′y, a protuberant belly; Pot′-boil′er, a work in art or literature produced merely to secure the necessaries of life; Pot′-boy, a boy in a public-house who carries pots of ale to customers; Pot′-compan′ion, a comrade in drinking; Pot′-hang′er, a hook on which to hang a pot; Pot′-hat, a high-crowned felt hat, worn by men; Pot′-head, a stupid person; Pot′herb, any vegetable which is boiled and used as food.—n.pl. Pot′-holes, holes in the beds of rapid streams, made by an eddying current of water, which gives the stones a gyratory motion.—ns. Pot′-hook, a hook hung in a chimney for supporting a pot: a letter shaped like a pot-hook; Pot′-house, an ale-house; Pot′-hunt′er, one who hunts or fishes for profit; Pot′-lid, the cover of a pot; Pot′-liq′uor, a thin broth in which meat has been boiled; Pot′-luck, what may happen to be in the pot for a meal without special preparation; Pot′-man, a pot-companion: a pot-boy; Pot′-met′al, an alloy of copper and lead; Pot′-shop, a small public-house; Pot′-stick, a stick for stirring what is being cooked in a pot; Pot′stone, a massive variety of talc-schist, composed of a finely felted aggregate of talc, mica, and chlorite.—adj. Pot′-val′iant, brave owing to drink.—Potted meats, meats cooked, seasoned, and hermetically sealed in tins or jars.—Go to pot, to go to ruin, originally said of old metal, to go into the melting-pot; Keep the pot boiling, to procure the necessaries of life; Take pot-luck, to accept an invitation to a meal where no preparation for guests has been made. [M. E. pot, from the Celt., as Ir. pota, Gael. poit, W. pot.]

Potable, pō′ta-bl, adj. that may be drunk: liquid.—n. something drinkable.—n. Pō′tableness. [Fr.,—L. potabilis—pōtāre, to drink.]

Potamology, pot-a-mol′ō-ji, n. the scientific study of rivers.—n. Potamog′raphy.—adj. Potamolog′ical.

Potash, pot′ash, n. a powerful alkali, obtained from the ashes of plants—also Potass′.—n. Pot′ash-wa′ter, a kind of aerated water, which, when of full medicinal strength, contains fifteen grains of the bicarbonate of potash in each bottle—usually much less is put in. [Pot ashes.]

Potassa, pō-tas′a, n. [Latinised form of potash.]

Potassium, pō-tas′i-um, n. the metallic base of the alkali potash—it is of a bluish colour, and presents a strong metallic lustre. [Potassa.]

Potation, pō-tā′shun, n. act of drinking: a draught: the liquor drunk.—n. Potā′tor, a drinker.—adj. Pō′tātory. [L. potatio—pōtāre, -ātum, to drink.]

Potato, pō-tā′tō, n. one of the tubers of a plant almost universally cultivated for food in the temperate parts of the globe: the plant itself:—pl. Potā′toes.—ns. Potā′to-bee′tle, a North American beetle which commits fearful ravages among potatoes; Potā′to-bing (Scot.), a heap of potatoes to be preserved; Potā′to-bō′gle (Scot.), a scarecrow; Potā′to-disease′, -rot, a destructive disease of the potato caused by a parasitic fungus; Potā′to-fing′er (Shak.), a fat finger, used in contempt; Potā′to-fly, a dipterous insect of the same genus as the radish-fly, whose maggots are often abundant in bad potatoes in autumn.—Small potatoes (U.S.), anything petty or contemptible. [Sp. patata, batata, orig. Haytian.]

Potch, poch, v.i. (Shak.) to thrust, to push. [Fr. pocher; from root of poke.]

Potching-engine, poch′ing-en′jin, n. in paper-making, a machine in which washed rags are bleached.

Poteen, Potheen, po-tēn′, n. Irish whisky, esp. that illicitly distilled. [Ir. poitim, I drink.]

Potent, pō′tent, adj. strong: powerful in a physical or a moral sense: having great authority or influence.—n. a prince, potentate.—ns. Pō′tence, power: (her.) a marking of the shape of : in horology, the stud or counterbridge forming a step for the lower pivot of a verge (also Pō′tance); Pō′tency, power: authority: influence; Pō′tentate, one who possesses power: a prince.—adj. Pōten′tial, powerful, efficacious: existing in possibility, not in reality: (gram.) expressing power, possibility, liberty, or obligation.—n. anything that may be possible: a possibility: the name for a function in the mathematical theory of attractions: the power of a charge or current of electricity to do work.—n. Pōtential′ity.—adv. Pōten′tially.—n. Pōten′tiary, a person invested with power or influence.—v.t. Pōten′tiate, to give power to.—n. Pō′tentite, a blasting substance.—adv. Pō′tently.—n. Pō′tentness.—Potential energy, the power of doing work possessed by a body in virtue of the stresses which result from its position relatively to other bodies. [L. potens—potis, able, esse, to be.]

Potentilla, pō-ten-til′ä, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Rosaceæ, differing from Fragaria (strawberry) in the fruit having a dry instead of a succulent receptacle—well-known varieties are silver-weed and wild strawberry.

Pother, poth′ėr, n. bustle: confusion.—v.t. to puzzle: to perplex: to tease.—v.i. to make a pother. [Potter.]

Potiche, pō-tēsh′, n. a vase or jar of rounded form and short neck.—n. Potichomā′nia, the process of coating glass vessels on the inside with paper or linen decorations. [Fr.]

Potin, pō-tang′, n. an old compound of copper, zinc, lead, and tin. [Fr.]

Potion, pō′shun, n. a draught: a liquid medicine: a dose. [Fr.,—L. potio—pōtāre, to drink.]

Pot-pourri, pō-pōō-rē′, n. a ragout of meats, vegetables, &c.: a mixture of sweet-scented materials, chiefly dried flowers: medley of musical airs: a literary production composed of unconnected parts. [Fr. pot, pot, pourrir, to rot—L. putrēre, to putrefy.]

Potsherd, pot′shėrd, n. a piece of a broken pot—(obs.) Pot′-shard, Pot′-share. [Pot and A.S. sceard, a shred—sceran, to divide.]

Pottage, pot′āj, n. anything cooked in a pot: a thick soup of meat and vegetables: oatmeal porridge.—n. Pot′tinger, a pottage-maker. [Fr. potage—pot.]

Potter, pot′ėr, n. one who makes earthenware.—n. Pott′ery, earthenware vessels: a place where earthenware is manufactured: the business of a potter.—Potter's clay, clay used in the making of earthenware; Potter's field, a burial-place for strangers (Matt. xxvii. 7); Potter's wheel, a horizontal wheel on which clay vessels are shaped.

Potter, pot′ėr, v.i. to be fussily engaged about trifles: to loiter.—n. Pott′erer. [Prov. pote, to push.]

Potting, pot′ing, n. placing in a pot, as plants: preserving in a pot, as meats.

Pottle, pot′l, n. a little pot: a measure of four pints: a small basket for fruit.—adjs. Pott′le-bod′ied, having a body shaped like a pottle; Pott′le-deep, to the bottom of the tankard.—n. Pott′le-pot (Shak.), a drinking-vessel holding two quarts. [Pot.]

Pot-waller, pot′-wol′ėr, Pot-walloper, pot-wol′op-ėr, n. a pot-boiler: a voter in certain English boroughs where, before the Reform Bill of 1832, every one who boiled a pot—i.e. every male householder or lodger, was entitled to vote—also Pot′-wall′oner.—adj. Pot′-wall′oping. [Lit., 'pot-boiler,' the latter part of the word being from an Old Low Ger. wallen, to boil.]

Pouch, powch, n. a poke, pocket, or bag: the bag or sac of an animal.—v.t. to put into a pouch: to pocket, submit to.—adj. Pouched, having a pouch.—Pouched mouse, a genus of small, lean, long-tailed, agile rodents, with cheek-pouches; Pouched rat, a genus of plump, short-tailed rodents, with cheek-pouches which open externally. [O. Fr. poche; cf. Poke, a bag.]

Pouchong, pōō-shong′, n. a superior black tea.

Poudrette, pōō-dret′, n. manure of dried night-soil, charcoal, &c. [Fr.]

Pouffe, pōōf, n. in dressmaking, material gathered up into a kind of knot: a cushion stuffed so as to be very soft.—n. Pouf, plaited gauze attached to a head-dress, as in 18th century. [Fr.]

Poulaine, pōō-lān′, n. a long, pointed shoe. [O. Fr.]

Pouldred, powl′drd, adj. (Spens.) powdered.

Poulp, Poulpe, pōōlp, n. the octopus. [Fr.—L. polypus.]

Poult, pōlt, n. a little hen or fowl: a chicken.—ns. Poult′er (Shak.), Poult′erer, one who deals in fowls; Poult′-foot, a club-foot.—adj. Poult′-foot′ed (arch.), club-footed.—ns. Poult′ry, domestic fowls; Poult′ry-yard, a yard where poultry are confined and bred. [Fr. poulet, dim. of poule, fowl—L. pullus, the young of any animal.]

Poultice, pōl′tis, n. a soft composition of meal, bran, &c. applied to sores.—v.t. to put a poultice upon. [L. pultes, pl. of puls, pultis (Gr. poltos), porridge.]

Pounce, powns, v.i. to fall (upon) and seize with the claws: to dart suddenly (upon).—v.t. to ornament with small holes: to strike with the claws.—n. a hawk's claw: the paw of a lion or other animal.—adj. Pounced, furnished with talons. [Orig. to pierce, to stamp holes in for ornament; through Romance forms, from L. pungĕre, punctum.]

Pounce, powns, n. a fine powder for preparing a surface for writing on: coloured powder sprinkled over holes pricked in paper to form a pattern on paper underneath.—v.t. to sprinkle with pounce, as paper or a pattern.—ns. Pounce′-box, Poun′cet-box, a box with a perforated lid for sprinkling pounce. [Fr. ponce, pumice—L. pumex, pumicis, pumice-stone.]

Pound, pownd, n. long the unit of weight in the western and central states of Europe, differing, however, in value in all of them—a weight of 16 oz. avoirdupois for general goods, the troy-pound of 12 oz. being for bullion (the troy lb. is defined as 5760 grains, of which the lb. avoirdupois contains 7000): the pound sterling, a money of account: a sovereign or 20s., also represented in Scotland by a note (the Pound Scots is 1⁄12th of the pound sterling, or 1s. 8d.—of its twenty shillings each is worth an English penny): (Spens.) a balance.—v.t. (slang) to wager a pound on.—ns. Pound′age, a charge or tax made on each pound; Pound′al, a name sometimes used for the absolute foot pound second unit of force, which will produce in one pound a velocity of one foot per second, after acting for one second; Pound′-cake, a sweet cake whose ingredients are measured by weight; Pound′er, he who has, or that which weighs, many pounds—used only after a number, as a 12-pounder.—adj. Pound′-fool′ish, neglecting the care of large sums in attending to little ones. [A.S. pund—L. pondo, by weight, pondus, a weight—pendĕre, to weigh.]

Pound, pownd, v.t. to shut up or confine, as strayed animals.—n. an enclosure in which strayed animals are confined: a level part of a canal between two locks: a pound-net.—ns. Pound′age, a charge made for pounding stray cattle; Pound′-keep′er; Pound′-net, a kind of weir in fishing, forming a trap by an arrangement of nets (the wings, leader, and pocket, bowl, or pound). [A.S. pund, enclosure.]

Pound, pownd, v.t. to beat into fine pieces: to bruise: to bray with a pestle.—v.i. to walk with heavy steps.—n. Pound′er. [M. E. pounen—A.S. punian, to beat; -d excrescent.]

Pour, pōr, v.t. to cause to flow or fall in streams or drops: to throw with force: to send forth in great quantity: to give vent to: to utter.—v.i. to flow: to issue forth: to rush.—n. Pour′er. [Celt., as W. bwrw, to throw, Gael. purr, to push.]

Pourboire, pōōr-bwor′, n. drink-money: a bribe. [Fr. pour, for, boire, to drink.]

Pourparler, pōōr-pär′lā, n. a conference to arrange for some important transaction, as the formation of a treaty. [Fr. pour=L. pro, before, parler, to speak.]

Pourpoint, pōōr′point, n. a close-fitting men's quilted garment worn in the 14th century.

Pourtrahed, pōōr-trād′, adj. (Spens.) portrayed or drawn.

Pourtray. Same as Portray.

Pousse, pows, n. (Spens.) pulse, pease. [Pulse or pease.]

Pousse-café, pōōs′-ka-fā′, n. a cordial served after coffee.

Poussette, pōōs-set′, v.t. (Tenn.) to waltz round each other, as two couples in a contra-dance. [Fr. poussette, pouser, to push.]

Pout, powt, v.i. to push out the lips, in contempt or displeasure: to look sulky: to push out or be prominent.—n. a fit of sulkiness or ill-humour.—ns. Pout′er, one who pouts: a variety of pigeon, having its breast inflated; Pout′ing, childish sullenness.—adv. Pout′ingly, in a pouting or sullen manner. [Ety. dub.; cf. prov. Fr. pot, pout, lip, Fr. bouder, to pout; W. pwdu, pout.]

Poverty, pov′ėr-ti, n. the state of being poor: necessity: want: meanness: defect.—adjs. Pov′erty-strick′en, Pov′erty-struck, reduced to a state of poverty: in great suffering from poverty. [O. Fr. poverte (Fr. pauvreté)—L. paupertas, -tatis—pauper, poor.]

Powan, pow′an, n. (Scot.) the pollan, vendace, or Coregonus.

Powder, pow′dėr, n. dust: any substance in fine particles: gunpowder, a mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre: hair-powder.—v.t. to reduce to powder: to sprinkle with powder: to salt by sprinkling.—v.i. to crumble into powder: to use powder for the hair.—n. Pow′der-box, a box for toilet-powder, &c.—adj. Pow′dered, reduced to powder: sprinkled with powder: salted.—ns. Pow′der-flask, Pow′der-horn, a flask or horn for carrying powder, fitted with a means of measuring the amount of each charge; Pow′dering-gown, a loose dressing-gown worn while the hair was being powdered; Pow′dering-tub, a vessel in which meat is salted: a vessel in which venereal disease is treated by sweating; Pow′der-mag′azine, a strongly built place where powder is stored; Pow′der-mill, a mill in which gunpowder is made; Pow′der-mine, an excavation filled with gunpowder for blasting rocks, &c.; Pow′der-monk′ey, a boy formerly employed to carry powder to the gunners on board a ship-of-war; Pow′der-room, the room in a ship where powder is kept.—adj. Pow′dery, resembling or sprinkled with powder: dusty: friable. [O. Fr. poudre—L. pulvis, pulveris, dust.]

Power, pow′ėr, n. that in a person or a thing which enables them to act on other persons or things: strength: energy: faculty of the mind: any agency: moving force of anything: right to command: rule: authority: influence: ability: capacity of suffering: a ruler: a divinity: the result of the continued multiplication of a quantity by itself any given number of times: (optics) magnifying strength: (obs.) a great many.—adjs. Pow′ered, having power; Pow′erful, having great power: mighty: intense: forcible: efficacious.—adv. Pow′erfully.—ns. Pow′erfulness; Pow′er-house, a house where mechanical power (esp. electric) is generated.—adj. Pow′erless, without power: weak: impotent.—adv. Pow′erlessly.—ns. Pow′erlessness; Pow′er-loom, a loom worked by some mechanical power, as water, steam, &c.—Power of attorney (see Attorney); Power of sale, a clause in securities and wills empowering property referred to to be sold on certain conditions; Powers, or Great Powers (see Great).—Absolute power, power subject to no control by law; Civil power, power of governing a state; Mechanical powers (see Mechanical). [O. Fr. poer (Fr. pouvoir)—Low L. pot-ĕre, to be able.]

Powsowdy, pow-sow′di, n. (Scot.) any mixture of heterogeneous kinds of food.—Also Powsow′die.

Powter, pow′tėr, n. a pigeon, the pouter.

Powwow, pow′wow, n. a Red Indian conjurer: a dance, feast, &c. before an expedition: any rowdy meeting.—v.i. to hold such a meeting: to deliberate: to perform conjurations.—Also Paw′waw.

Pox, poks, n. pustules: an eruptive disease. [Written for pocks, pl. of pock.]

Poynant, poin′ant, adj. (Spens.). Same as Poignant.

Pozzuolana. See Puzzolana.

Practice, prak′tis, n. the habit of doing anything: frequent use: state of being used: regular exercise for instruction: performance: method: medical treatment: exercise of any profession: a rule or method in arithmetic.—ns. Practicabil′ity, Prac′ticableness, quality of being practicable.—adj. Prac′ticable, that may be practised, used, or followed: passable, as a road.—adv. Prac′ticably.—adj. Prac′tical, that can be put in practice: useful: applying knowledge to some useful end: derived from practice.—ns. Practical′ity; Prac′tical-joke, a trick of an annoying kind played on any one; Prac′tical-knowl′edge, knowledge which results in action.—adv. Prac′tically, in a practical way: actually: by actual trial.—n. Prac′ticalness. [M. E. praktike—O. Fr. practique—Gr. praktikos, fit for doing—prassein, to do.]

Practick, Practic, prak′tik, adj. (Spens., Shak.) skilful, hence treacherous, deceitful.

Practise, prak′tis, v.t. to put into practice or to do habitually: to perform: to exercise, as a profession: to use or exercise: to teach by practice: to commit.—v.i. to have or to form a habit: to exercise any employment or profession: to try artifices.—n. Prac′tisant (Shak.), an agent.—adj. Prac′tised, skilled through practice.—n. Prac′tiser.—adj. Prac′tising, actively engaged in professional employment. [From practice.]

Practitioner, prak-tish′un-ėr, n. one who practises or is engaged in the exercise of any profession, esp. medicine or law.—General practitioner, one who practises in all the branches of medicine and surgery. [Older form practician—O. Fr. practicien.]

Practive, prak′tiv, adj. directly tending towards action.

Prad, prad, n. a horse in thieves' cant.

Præ-. See Pre-.

Præmunire, Premunire, prē-mū-nī′re, n. the offence of disregard or contempt of the king and his government, especially the offence of introducing papal or other foreign authority into England: the writ founded on such an offence: the penalty incurred by the offence. [A corr. of L. præmonēre, to cite.]

Prænomen, prē-nō′men, n. the name prefixed to the family name in ancient Rome, as Caius in Caius Julius Cæsar: the generic name in zoology put before the specific name.

Prætexta, prē-teks′ta, n. the outer garment, bordered with purple, worn at Rome by the higher magistrates and by free-born children till they assumed the toga virilis. [L., prætexĕre, to fringe.]

Prætor, Pretor, prē′tor, n. a magistrate of ancient Rome, next in rank to the consuls.—adjs. Prætō′rial, Pretō′rial, Prætō′rian, Pretō′rian, pertaining to a prætor or magistrate: authorised or exercised by the prætor: judicial.—ns. Prætō′rium, Pretō′rium, the official residence of the Roman prætor, proconsul, or governor in a province: the general's tent in a camp: the council of officers who attended the general and met in his tent; Præ′torship.—Prætorian band of guard, the bodyguard of the Roman Emperor; Prætorian gate, the gate of a Roman camp directly in front of the general's tent, and nearest to the enemy. [L. prætor, for præitor—præ, before, īre, itum, to go.]

Pragmatic, -al, prag-mat′ik, -al, adj. of or pertaining to public business: skilled in affairs: active: practical: interfering with the affairs of others: officious: meddlesome: self-important.—n. Pragmat′ic, a man of business, a busybody: a public decree.—adv. Pragmat′ically.—ns. Pragmat′icalness, Prag′matism, activity: earnestness: meddlesomeness; Prag′matist.—Pragmatic method, a method of treating events with reference to their causes, conditions, and results—also called Prag′matism; Pragmatic sanction, a special decree issued by a sovereign, such as that passed by the Emperor Charles VI. of Germany, securing the crown to Maria Theresa, and which led to the war so called in 1741. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. pragmatikos—pragma—pragmatos, deed—prassein, to do.]

Prairie, prā′ri, n. an extensive meadow or tract of land, level or rolling, without trees, and covered with tall coarse grass.—adj. Prai′ried.—ns. Prai′rie-dog, a small gregarious North American marmot; Prai′rie-hawk, the American sparrow-hawk; Prai′rie-hen, a gallinaceous North American bird: the sharp-tailed grouse; Prai′rie-war′bler, an American warbler, yellow with black spots; Prai′rie-wolf, the coyote. [Fr.,—Low L. prataria, meadow-land—L. pratum, a meadow.]

Praise, prāz, n. the expression of the honour or value in which any person or thing is held: commendation on account of excellence or beauty: tribute of gratitude: a glorifying, as of God in worship: reason or ground of praise.—v.t. to express estimation of: to commend: to honour: to glorify, as in worship.—n. Prais′er, one who praises.—adv. Praise′worthily.—n. Praise′worthiness.—adj. Praise′worthy, worthy of praise: commendable. [O. Fr. preis (Fr. prix)—L. pretium, price.]

Prâkrit, prä′krit, n. the collective name of those languages or dialects which are immediately derived from, or stand in an immediate relation to, Sanskrit.—adj. Prâkrit′ic. [Sans. prākrita, the natural—prakriti, nature.]

Pram, präm, n. a flat-bottomed Dutch lighter: a barge fitted as a floating battery. [Dut. praam.]

Pram, pram, n. a vulgar abbrev. of perambulator.

Prance, prans, v.i. to strut about in a showy or warlike manner: to ride showily: to bound gaily, as a horse.—adj. Pranc′ing, riding showily: springing or bounding gaily.—n. the action of a horse in rearing, bounding, &c.—adv. Pranc′ingly. [Prank.]

Prandial, pran′di-al, adj. relating to dinner. [L. prandium, breakfast.]

Prank, prangk, v.t. to display or adorn showily: to put in right order.—v.i. to make great show.—n. a sportive action: a mischievous trick.—n. Prank′er.—adv. Prank′ingly.—adjs. Prank′ish, Prank′some. [Closely akin to prink, a form of prick.]

Prase, prāz, n. a leek-green quartz.—adjs. Pras′ine, Pras′inous, lightish-green.

Prate, prāt, v.i. to talk idly: to tattle: to be loquacious.—v.t. to speak without meaning or purpose: to let out, as a secret.—n. trifling talk.—n. Prā′ter, one who prates or talks idly.—adj. Prā′ting, talking idly or unmeaningly.—n. idle talk.—adv. Prā′tingly. [Low Ger. prāten, Dan. prate, Dut. praaten.]

Pratique, prat′ēk, n. converse, intercourse: a license or permission to hold intercourse, or to trade after quarantine. [Fr.]

Prattle, prat′l, v.i. to talk much and idly: to utter child's talk.—v.t. to talk about in a prattling way.—n. empty talk.—ns. Pratt′lebox, a prattler; Pratt′lement, prattle; Pratt′ler, one who prattles: a child. [Freq. of prate.]

Pravity, prav′i-ti, n. wickedness.

Prawn, prawn, n. a small edible crustacean like the shrimp. [L. perna, a mussel.]

Praxis, praks′is, n. practice: an example or a collection of examples for exercise: a specimen.—n. Prax′inoscope, an optical instrument showing a body as if in motion, by means of successive pictures and an arrangement of mirrors in a horizontally rotating box. [Gr. praxein, to do.]

Pray, prā, v.i. to ask earnestly: to entreat: to speak and make known one's desires to God.—v.t. to ask earnestly and reverently, as in worship: to supplicate: to get by praying:—pr.p. prāy′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. prāyed.—ns. Pray′er, the act of praying: entreaty: the words used: solemn giving of thanks and praise to God, and a making known of our requests to Him: a form of prayer used in worship: a petition to a public body; Pray′er-book, a book containing prayers or forms of devotion.—adj. Pray′erful, full of, or given to, prayer: praying much or often: devotional.—adv. Pray′erfully.—n. Pray′erfulness.—adj. Pray′erless, without or not using prayer.—adv. Pray′erlessly.—ns. Pray′erlessness; Pray′er-meet′ing, a shorter and simpler form of public religious service, in which laymen often take part; Pray′er-mong′er, one who prays mechanically; Pray′er-rug, a small carpet on which a Moslem kneels at prayer; Pray′ing, the act of making a prayer: a prayer made.—adj. given to prayer.—ns. Pray′ing-machine′, -mill, -wheel, a revolving apparatus used for prayer in Tibet and elsewhere. [O. Fr. preier (Fr. prier)—L. precāri—prex, precis, a prayer.]

Pre-, prē, before, in compound words like preanal, preauditory, preaxial, prebasal, prebrachial, precardiac, precentral, precerebral, precloacal, precordial, precoracoid, predentate, pre-esophageal, &c.

Preace, prēs, n. (Spens.). Same as Prease.

Preach, prēch, v.i. to pronounce a public discourse on sacred subjects: to discourse earnestly: to give advice in an offensive or obtrusive manner.—v.t. to publish in religious discourses: to deliver, as a sermon: to teach publicly.—n. (coll.) a sermon.—ns. Preach′er, one who discourses publicly on religious matter: a minister or clergyman; Preach′ership.—v.i. Preach′ify, to preach tediously: to weary with lengthy advice.—ns. Preach′ing, the act of preaching: a public religious discourse: a sermon; Preach′ing-cross, a cross in an open place at which monks, &c., preached.—n.pl. Preach′ing-frī′ars, the Dominicans.—n. Preach′ment, a sermon, in contempt: a discourse affectedly solemn.—adj. Preach′y, given to tedious moralising.—Preach down, and up, to decry, or the opposite. [Fr. prêcher (It. predicare)—L. prædicāre, -ātum, to proclaim.]

Preacquaint, prē-ak-kwānt′, v.t. to acquaint beforehand.—n. Preacquaint′ance, previous knowledge.

Pre-Adamite, prē-ad′a-mīt, n. one who lived before Adam.—adjs. Preadam′ic, -al; Preadamit′ic, -al.

Preadaptation, prē-ad-ap-tā′shun, n. previous adjustment of means to some end.

Preadjustment, prē-ad-just′ment, n. previous arrangement.

Preadmission, prē-ad-mish′un, n. previous admission.

Preadmonish, prē-ad-mon′ish, v.t. to admonish or caution beforehand.—n. Preadmoni′tion, previous warning.

Preadvertise, prē-ad-vėr-tīz′, v.t. to announce beforehand.

Preamble, prē-am′bl, n. preface: introduction, esp. that of an Act of Parliament, giving its reasons and purpose.—adj. Pream′bulary. [Fr. préambule—L. præ, before, ambulāre, to go.]

Preannounce, prē-an-nowns′, v.t. to announce beforehand.

Preappoint, prē-ap-point′, v.t. to appoint beforehand.—n. Preappoint′ment, previous appointment.

Prearrange, prē-ar-rānj′, v.t. to arrange beforehand.—n. Prearrange′ment.

Prease, prēs, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to press, to crowd.—n. (Spens.) a press, a crowd.

Preassurance, prē-a-shōōr′ans, n. previous assurance.

Pre-audience, prē-aw′di-ens, n. right to be heard before another: precedence at the bar among lawyers.

Prebend, preb′end, n. the share of the revenues of a cathedral or collegiate church allowed to a clergyman who officiates in it at stated times.—adj. Preb′endal, relating to a prebend.—ns. Preb′endary, a resident clergyman who enjoys a prebend, a canon: the honorary holder of a disendowed prebendal stall; Preb′endaryship. [L. præbenda, a payment from a public source—præbēre, to allow.]

Precarious, prē-kā′ri-us, adj. uncertain, because depending upon the will of another: held by a doubtful tenure: depending on chance: dangerous, risky.—adv. Precā′riously.—n. Precā′riousness. [L. precarius—precāri, to pray.]

Precatory, prek′a-tō-ri, adj. relating to prayer, supplicatory.—adj. Prec′ative (obs.), suppliant.

Precaution, prē-kaw′shun, n. caution or care beforehand: a preventive measure: something done beforehand to ward off evil or secure good.—v.t. to warn or advise beforehand.—adjs. Precau′tional, Precau′tionary, containing or proceeding from precaution: taking precaution. [Fr.,—L. præ, before, cavēre, to be careful.]

Precede, pre-sēd′, v.t. to go before in time, rank, or importance.—v.i. to be before in time, or place. [Fr. précéder—L. præcedĕre—præ, before, cedĕre, go.]

Precedence, prē-sē′dens, n. the act of going before in time: priority: the state of being before in rank: the place of honour: the foremost place in ceremony—also Precē′dency.—adj. Precē′dent, going before in order of time: anterior.—n. Precedent (pres′ēdent), a past action which may serve as an example or rule in the future: a parallel case in the past: an established habit or custom.—adjs. Prec′edented, having a precedent: warranted by an example; Preceden′tial, of the nature of a precedent.—adv. Precē′dently.—adj. Precē′ding, going before in time, rank, &c.: antecedent: previous: former.—Order of precedence, the rules which fix the places of persons at a ceremony; Patent of precedence, a royal grant giving to certain barristers right of superior rank; Take precedence of, to have a right to a more honourable place. [Fr.,—L. præcedens, -entis, pr.p. of præcedĕre, to go before.]

Precentor, pre-sen′tor, n. he that leads in music: the leader of a choir in a cathedral, &c.: the leader of the psalmody in Scotch churches.—n. Precen′torship. [L. præ, before, cantor, a singer.]

Precept, prē′sept, n. rule of action: a commandment: principle, or maxim: (law) the written warrant of a magistrate: a mandate.—adj. Precep′tial (Shak.), consisting of precepts.—n. Precep′tion (obs.), a precept.—adj. Precep′tive, containing or giving precepts: directing in moral conduct: didactic.—n. Precep′tor, one who delivers precepts: a teacher: an instructor: the head of a school: the head of a preceptory of Knights Templars:—fem. Precep′tress.—adjs. Preceptō′rial; Precep′tory, giving precepts.—n. a religious house or college of the Knights Templars. [Fr.,—L. præceptum—præcipĕre, to take beforehand—præ, before, capĕre, to take.]

Preces, prē′sez, n.pl. the alternate responsive petitions, as the versicles and suffrages, between the clergyman and the congregation in liturgical worship. [L., pl. of prex, a prayer.]

Precession, prē-sesh′un, n. the act of going before: a moving forward.—adj. Preces′sional.—Precession of the equinoxes, a slow backward motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic, caused by the greater attraction of the sun and moon on the excess of matter at the equator, such that the times at which the sun crosses the equator come at shorter intervals than they would otherwise do.

Prechristian, prē-krist′yan, adj. existing before the Christian era.

Precinct, prē′singkt, n. limit or boundary of a place: a district or division within certain boundaries: limit of jurisdiction or authority. [L. præcinctus, pa.p. of præcingĕre—præ, before, cingĕre, to gird.]

Precious, presh′us, adj. of great price or worth: costly: highly esteemed: worthless, contemptible (in irony): fastidious, overnice: (coll.) considerable: (B.) valuable because rare.—adv. (coll.) extremely.—n. Precios′ity, fastidiousness, affected overrefinement.—adv. Prec′iously.—ns. Prec′ious-met′al, a metal of great value, as gold or silver; Prec′iousness; Prec′ious-stone, a stone of value and beauty for ornamentation: a gem or jewel. [O. Fr. precios (Fr. précieux)—L. pretiosus—pretium, price.]

Precipice, pres′i-pis, n. a very steep place: any steep descent: a perpendicular bank or cliff.—adj. Precip′itous, like a precipice: very steep: hasty: rash.—adv. Precip′itously.—n. Precip′itousness. [Fr.,—L. præcipitium—præceps, præcipitis, headlong—præ, before, caput, capitis, the head.]

Precipitate, prē-sip′i-tāt, v.t. to throw head-foremost: to urge with eagerness: to hurry rashly: to hasten: (chem.) to cause to fall to the bottom, as a substance in solution or suspension.—v.i. to fall headlong: to make too great haste.—adj. falling, flowing, or rushing headlong: lacking deliberation: overhasty: (med.) ending soon in death.—n. (chem.) a part of a solution, falling or causing to fall to the bottom.—n. Precipitabil′ity.—adj. Precip′itable (chem.), that may be precipitated.—ns. Precip′itance, Precip′itancy, quality of being precipitate: haste in resolving or executing a purpose.—adj. Precip′itant, falling headlong: rushing down with too great velocity: hasty: unexpectedly brought on.—n. anything that causes part of a solution to fall to the bottom.—advs. Precip′itantly; Precip′itātely, in a precipitate manner: headlong: without due thought.—n. Precipitā′tion, act of precipitating: great hurry: rash haste: rapid movement: (chem.) the process by which any substance is made to separate from another in solution, and fall to the bottom.—adj. Precip′itātive.—n. Precipitā′tor, one who, or that which, precipitates or causes precipitation.—Precipitate ointment is of two kinds, red and white—the former containing red oxide of mercury, the latter ammoniated mercury. [L. præcipitāre, -ātum—præceps.]

Précis, prā-sē′, n. a precise or abridged statement: an abstract: summary. [Fr.]

Precise, prē-sīs′, adj. definite: exact: not vague: just of the right amount or measure: adhering too much to rule: excessively nice, punctilious, prim.—adv. Precise′ly.—ns. Precise′ness; Preci′sian, an over-precise person: a formalist: a puritan; Preci′sianism; Preci′sianist, Preci′sionist, a precisian; Preci′sion, quality of being precise: exactness: accuracy.—v.t. Preci′sionise, to make precise.—adj. Precī′sive, cutting off: pertaining to precision. [Fr. précis—L. præcisus, pa.p. of præcidĕre—præ, before, cædĕre, to cut.]

Preclassical, prē-klas′i-kal, adj. previous to the classical time or usage.

Preclude, prē-klud′, v.t. to shut out beforehand: to hinder by anticipation: to keep back: to prevent from taking place.—n. Preclū′sion, act of precluding or hindering: state of being precluded.—adj. Preclū′sive, tending to preclude: hindering beforehand.—adv. Preclū′sively. [L. præcludĕre, -clusum—præ, before, claudĕre, to shut.]

Precocious, prē-kō′shus, adj. having the mind developed very early, or too early: premature: forward: (bot.) appearing before the leaves.—adv. Precō′ciously.—ns. Precō′ciousness, Precoc′ity, state or quality of being precocious: too early ripeness of the mind. [L. præcox, præcocis—præ, before, coquĕre, to cook.]

Precognition, prē-kog-nish′un, n. cognition, knowledge, or examination beforehand: (Scots law) an examination of witnesses as to whether there is ground for prosecution.—v.t. Precognosce (prē-kog-nos′), to examine witnesses beforehand: to take a precognition.

Precompose, prē-kom-pōz′, v.t. to compose beforehand.

Preconceive, prē-kon-sēv′, v.t. to conceive or form a notion of before having actual knowledge.—ns. Preconceit′, a preconceived notion; Preconcep′tion, act of preconceiving: previous opinion formed without actual knowledge.

Preconcert, prē-kon-sėrt′, v.t. to settle beforehand.—n. Precon′cert, a previous arrangement.—adv. Preconcert′edly.—n. Preconcert′edness.

Precondemn, prē-kon-dem′, v.t. to condemn beforehand.—n. Precondemnā′tion.

Precondition, prē-kon-dish′un, n. a previous condition.

Preconform, prē-kon-form′, v.t. and v.i. to conform in anticipation.—n. Preconfor′mity.

Preconise, prē′kon-īz, v.t. to call upon or summon publicly: to confirm officially, of the pope.—n. Preconisā′tion. [Fr.,—L. præco, a herald.]

Preconscious, prē-kon′shus, adj. pertaining to a state prior to consciousness.

Preconsent, prē-kon-sent′, n. a previous consent.

Preconsign, prē-kon-sīn′, v.t. to consign beforehand.

Preconstitute, prē-kon′sti-tūt, v.t. to constitute beforehand.

Preconsume, prē-kon-sūm′, v.t. to consume beforehand.

Precontemporaneous, prē-kon-tem-pō-rā′nē-us, adj. prior to what is contemporaneous.

Precontract, prē-kon-trakt′, v.t. to contract beforehand: to betroth previously.—n. Precon′tract, a previous contract or betrothal.

Precontrive, prē-kon-trīv′, v.t. and v.i. to contrive beforehand.

Precordial, Præcordial, prē-kor′di-al, adj. situated in front of the heart.

Precourse, prē-kōrs′, v.t. to announce beforehand.

Precritical, prē-krit′i-kal, adj. previous to the critical philosophy of Kant.

Precular, prek′ū-lär, n. a beadsman.

Precurrent, prē-kur′ent, adj. running forward: antrorse—opp. to Recurrent.—ns. Precurr′er (Shak.), a forerunner; Precurse′ (Shak.), a prognostication.—adj. Precur′sive, anticipatory.—n. Precur′sor, a forerunner: one who, or that which, indicates the approach of an event.—adj. Precur′sory, forerunning: indicating something to follow. [L.,—præ, before, cursor—currĕre, to run.]

Predaceous, prē-dā′shus, adj. living by prey: predatory.—adj. Pred′able, raptorial.—n. Predā′cean, a carnivorous animal.—adj. Prē′dal, pertaining to prey: plundering.—n. Predā′tion, the act of plundering.—adv. Pred′atorily, plunderingly.—n. Pred′atoriness, inclination to plunder.—adj. Pred′atory, plundering: characterised by plundering: living by plunder: ravenous. [L. præda, booty.]

Predate, prē-dāt′, v.t. to date before the true date: to date by anticipation: to be earlier than.

Predecease, prē-dē-sēs′, n. decease or death before some one or something else.—v.t. to die before.

Predecessor, prē-dē-ses′or, n. one who has been before another in any office.—v.t. Predecess′ (rare), to precede.—adj. Predeces′sive. [L. præ, before, decessor, a retiring officer, decedĕre, decessum, to withdraw—de, away, cedĕre.]

Predeclare, prē-dē-klār′, v.t. to declare beforehand.

Predefine, prē-dē-fīn′, v.t. to define beforehand.—n. Predefini′tion.

Predelineation, prē-dē-lin-ē-ā′shun, n. the old theory which supposed the whole body to be predelineated in little in the spermatozoon.

Predella, prē-del′a, n. the gradino, the step or ledge sometimes seen at the back of an altar, also the frieze along the bottom of an altar-piece. [It.]

Predesign, prē-dē-zīn′, v.t. to design beforehand.—v.t. Predes′ignate, to determine upon in advance.—adj. designated in advance: (logic) having the quantification of the predicate distinctly expressed (Sir W. Hamilton).—n. Predesignā′tion.—adj. Predes′ignātory.

Predestine, prē-des′tin, v.t. to destine or decree beforehand: to foreordain.—adj. Predestinā′rian, pertaining to predestination.—n. one who holds the doctrine of predestination.—n. Predestinā′rianism.—v.t. Predes′tinate, to determine beforehand: to preordain by an unchangeable purpose.—adj. fore-ordained: fated.—n. Predestinā′tion, act of predestinating: (theol.) the doctrine that God has from all eternity unalterably fixed whatever is to happen, esp. the eternal happiness or misery of men.—n. Predestinā′tor, one who predestinates or foreordains: a predestinarian.

Predetermine, prē-dē-tėr′min, v.t. to determine or settle beforehand.—adjs. Predeter′minable, capable of being determined beforehand; Predeter′mināte, determined beforehand.—ns. Predeterminā′tion, act of predetermining, or state of being predetermined; Predeter′minism, determinism.

Predevote, prē-dē-vōt′, adj. foreordained.

Predial, prē′di-al, adj. consisting of land or farms: connected with land: growing from land. [Fr. prédial—L. prædium, an estate.]

Predicable, pred′i-ka-bl, adj. that may be predicated or affirmed of something: attributable.—n. anything that can be predicated of another, or esp. of many others: one of the five attributes—genus, species, difference, property, and accident.—n. Predicabil′ity, quality of being predicable.

Predicament, prē-dik′a-ment, n. (logic) one of the classes or categories which include all predicables: condition: an unfortunate or trying position.—adj. Predicamen′tal. [Low L. predicamentum, something predicated or asserted.]

Predicant, pred′i-kant, adj. predicating: preaching.—n. one who affirms anything: a preacher, esp. a preaching-friar.

Predicate, pred′i-kāt, v.t. to affirm one thing of another: to assert: to base on certain grounds.—n. (logic and gram.) that which is stated of the subject.—n. Predicā′tion, act of predicating: assertion: affirmation.—adj. Predicā′tive, expressing predication or affirmation: affirming: asserting.—adv. Pred′icātively.—adj. Pred′icātory, affirmative. [L. prædicāre, -ātum, to proclaim.]

Predict, prē-dikt′, v.t. to declare or tell beforehand: to prophesy.—adj. Predic′table.—n. Predic′tion, act of predicting: that which is predicted or foretold: prophecy.—adj. Predic′tive, foretelling: prophetic.—n. Predic′tor. [L. prædictus, pa.p. of prædicĕre—præ, before, dicĕre, to say.]

Predigest, prē-di-jest′, v.t. to digest artificially before introducing into the body.—n. Prediges′tion.

Predilection, prē-di-lek′shun, n. a choosing beforehand: favourable prepossession of mind: partiality.—v.t. Predilect′, to prefer. [L. præ, before, dilectio, -onis, choice—diligĕre, dilectum, to love—dis, apart, legĕre, to choose.]

Prediscover, prē-dis-kuv′ėr, v.t. to discover beforehand.—n. Prediscov′ery.

Predispose, prē-dis-pōz′, v.t. to dispose or incline beforehand: to render favourable.—adj. Predispō′sing, inclining beforehand: making liable.—n. Predisposi′tion, state of being predisposed or previously inclined: a state of body in which disease is easily excited.—adj. Predisposi′tional.

Predominate, prē-dom′in-āt, v.t. to dominate or rule over.—v.i. to be dominant over: to surpass in strength or authority: to prevail.—ns. Predom′inance, Predom′inancy, condition of being predominant: superior influence: superiority: ascendency.—adj. Predom′inant, ruling: having superior power: ascendant.—adv. Predom′inantly.—n. Predominā′tion, ascendency.—Predominant partner, the partner who has a larger stake in any business than the others—applied by Lord Rosebery (1894) to England as a member of the United Kingdom.

Predone, prē-dun′, adj. worn out, exhausted.

Predoom, prē-dōōm′, v.t. to doom in anticipation or beforehand.

Predorsal, prē-dor′sal, adj. situated before the dorsal region of the spine: cervical.

Predy, prē′di, adj. (naut.) cleared for action.

Pree, prē, v.t. (Scot.) to prove, esp. to taste.

Pre-elect, prē-e-lekt′, v.t. to elect or choose beforehand.—n. Prē-elec′tion, choice or election made by previous decision.

Pre-eminence, prē-em′i-nens, n. state of being pre-eminent: superiority in excellence: (Shak.) prerogative.—adj. Prē-em′inent, eminent above others: surpassing others in good or bad qualities: outstanding: extreme.—adv. Prē-em′inently.

Pre-employ, prē-em-ploi′, v.t. to employ beforehand.

Pre-emption, prē-em′shun, n. act or right of purchasing before others.—v.t. Prē-empt′ (U.S.), to secure, as land, by the right of pre-emption.—adjs. Prē-empt′ible; Prē-empt′ive.—n. Prē-empt′or. [L. præ, before, emptio, a buying—emĕre, to buy.]

Preen, prēn, v.t. to compose and arrange as birds do their feathers. [Prune (v.).]

Preen, prēn, n. (Scot.) a pin.—v.t. to fasten. [A.S. preón, a pin.]

Pre-engage, prē-en-gāj′, v.t. to establish beforehand.—n. Prē-engage′ment.

Pre-establish, prē-es-tab′lish, v.t. to establish beforehand.—n. Prē-estab′lishment.—Pre-established harmony (see Harmony).

Preeve, prēv, n. and v.t. obs. form of proof and prove.

Pre-examination, prē-egz-am-i-nā′shun, n. previous examination.—v.t. Prē-exam′ine.

Pre-exilic, prē-eg-zil′ik, adj. before the exile—of O.T. writings prior to the Jewish exile (c. 586-537 B.C.).

Pre-exist, prē-egz-ist′, v.i. to exist beforehand.—n. Prē-exist′ence, the existence of the soul in a previous state, before the generation of the body with which it is united in this world.—adj. Prē-exist′ent, existent or existing beforehand.

Preface, pref′ās, n. something usually of an explanatory kind, spoken before: the introduction to a book, &c.: the ascription of glory, &c., in the liturgy of consecration of the eucharist: a title or epithet.—v.t. to introduce with a preface.—adj. Prefatō′rial, serving as a preface or introduction.—adv. Pref′atorily.—adj. Pref′atory, pertaining to a preface: serving as an introduction: introductory. [Fr. préface—L. præfatio—præ, before, fāri, fatus, to speak.]

Prefect, prē′fekt, n. one placed in authority over others: a commander: the administrative head of a modern French department.—ns. Prē′fectship, his office or jurisdiction; Prē′fecture, the office or district of a prefect: the house occupied by a prefect. [Fr. préfet—L. præfectus, pa.p. of præficĕre—præ, over, facĕre, to make.]

Prefer, prē-fėr′, v.t. to esteem above another: to regard or hold in higher estimation: to choose or select before others: to promote: to exalt: to offer or present, as a request: to bring forward for consideration: to place in advance:—pr.p. prefer′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. preferred′.—ns. Preferabil′ity, Pref′erableness.—adj. Pref′erable, worthy to be preferred or chosen: more desirable or excellent: of better quality.—adv. Pref′erably, by choice: in preference.—n. Pref′erence, the act of preferring: estimation above another: the state of being preferred: that which is preferred: choice.—adj. Preferential (pref-ėr-en′shal), having a preference.—adv. Preferen′tially.—ns. Prefer′ment, the act of preferring: the state of being preferred or advanced: advancement to a higher position: promotion: superior place, esp. in the church; Prefer′rer, one who prefers.—Preference shares, or stock, shares or stock on which the dividends must be paid before those on other kinds. [Fr. préférer—L. præferre—præ, before, ferre, to bear.]

Prefigure, prē-fig′ūr, v.t. to represent beforehand: to suggest by former types or figures.—ns. Prefigurā′tion, Prefig′urement.—adj. Prefig′urātive, showing by previous figures, types, or similitudes.

Prefix, prē-fiks′, v.t. to put before, or at the beginning: to fix beforehand.—ns. Prē′fix, a letter, syllable, or word put before another word to affect its meaning; Prefix′ion, act of prefixing.

Preform, prē-form′, v.t. (Shak.) to form beforehand: to determine the shape of beforehand.—n. Preformā′tion.—adj. Prefor′mative.

Prefrontal, prē-fron′tal, adj. pertaining to the forepart of the forehead.—n. a bone of this region.

Prefulgency, prē-ful′jen-si, n. superior brightness.

Preglacial, prē-glā′shal, adj. (geol.) prior to the glacial or drift period.

Pregnable, preg′na-bl, adj. that may be taken by assault or force. [Fr. prenable—prendre, to take—L. prehendĕre.]

Pregnant, preg′nant, adj. being with child or young: fruitful: abounding with results: full of meaning: implying more than is actually expressed: ready-witted: clever: ingenious: full of promise: free: evident: clear.—n. Preg′nancy, state of being pregnant: fertility: unusual capacity.—adv. Preg′nantly. [O. Fr.—L. prægnans, -antis.]

Prehallux, prē-hal′uks, n. a cartilaginous spur on the inner side of the foot in some batrachians.

Prehensile, prē-hen′sil, adj. seizing: adapted for seizing or holding—also Prehen′sory.—adj. Prehen′sible, that may be seized.—ns. Prehen′sion, act of seizing or taking hold; Prehen′sor, one who takes hold. [L. pre-hendĕre, -hensum, to seize.]

Prehistoric, prē-his-tor′ik, adj. relating to a time before that treated of in history.—n. Prēhis′tory, history prior to record—the Ger. Urgeschichte.

Prehnite, pren′īt, n. a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime, usually of a pale-green colour. [Named after Prehn, the discoverer of the mineral.]

Preignac, prā-nyak′, n. an esteemed white wine of Bordeaux. [From Preignac in the Gironde.]

Pre-instruct, prē-in-strukt′, v.t. to instruct beforehand.

Pre-intimation, prē-in-ti-mā′shun, n. an intimation or suggestion made beforehand.

Prejink, prē-jingk′, adj. (Scot.) tricked out with dress.—Also Perjink′.

Prejudge, prē-juj′, v.t. to judge or decide upon before hearing the whole case: to condemn unheard.—n. Prejudg′ment.—adj. Prejudical (pre-jōō′di-kal), pertaining to the determination of some undecided matter.—v.t. Prejudicāte (-jōōd′-), to judge beforehand: to prejudge.—v.i. to decide without examination.—n. Prejudicā′tion (-jōōd-).—adj. Prejudicātive (-jōōd′-), forming a judgment or opinion beforehand. [L. præjudicāre, -ātum—præ, before, judicāre, to judge.]

Prejudice, prej′ū-dis, n. a judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without due examination: a prejudgment: unreasonable prepossession for or against anything: bias: injury or wrong of any kind: disadvantage: mischief.—v.t. to fill with prejudice: to cause a prejudice against: to prepossess: to bias the mind of: to injure or hurt.—adj. Prejudi′cial, causing prejudice or injury: disadvantageous: injurious: mischievous: tending to obstruct.—adv. Prejudi′cially.—n. Prejudi′cialness. [O. Fr.,—L. præjudicium—præ, before, judicium, judgment.]

Preknowledge, prē-nol′ej, n. prior knowledge.

Prelate, prel′āt, n. the holder of one of those higher dignities in the church to which, of their own right, is attached a proper jurisdiction, not derived by delegation from any superior official: a church dignitary.—ns. Prel′acy, the office of a prelate: the order of bishops or the bishops collectively: church government by prelates: episcopacy; Prel′ateship.—adjs. Prelat′ic, -al, pertaining to prelates or prelacy.—adv. Prelat′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Prel′atise, to make or to become prelatical.—ns. Prel′atism, Prel′ature, prelacy: the time during which a prelate exercises authority; Prel′atist, an upholder of prelacy. [Fr. prélat—L. prelatus—præ, before, latus, borne.]

Prelect, prē-lekt′, v.i. to read before or in presence of others: to read a discourse: to lecture.—ns. Prelec′tion, a lecture or discourse read to others; Prelec′tor, one who prelects: a lecturer. [L. prælegĕre—præ, before, legĕre, lectum, to read.]

Prelibation, prē-lī-bā′shun, n. a tasting beforehand, foretaste. [L. prælibatio—præ, before, libāre, -ātum, to taste.]

Preliminary, prē-lim′in-ar-i, adj. introductory: preparatory: preceding or preparing for the main discourse or business.—n. that which precedes: introduction—used mostly in pl.—adv. Prelim′inarily. [L. præ, before, liminaris, relating to a threshold—limen, liminis, a threshold.]

Prelingual, prē-ling′gwal, adj. prior to language.

Prelude, prē-lūd′, or prel′ūd, n. the introductory movement of a musical work: a prefatory piece to an oratorio, &c.: an organ voluntary before a church service: a preface: a forerunner.—v.t. Prelude′, to play before: to preface, as an introduction.—v.i. to perform a prelude: to serve as a prelude.—adjs. Prelū′dial and Prelū′dious (rare); Prelū′sive, of the nature of a prelude: introductory.—advs. Prelū′sively; Prelū′sorily.—adj. Prelū′sory, introductory. [Fr.,—Late L. præludium—L. præ, before, ludĕre, to play.]

Premandibular, prē-man-dib′ū-lar, adj. in front of the lower jaw, as a bone of some reptiles.

Premature, prē-ma-tūr′, adj. mature before the proper time: happening before the proper time: too soon believed: unauthenticated (as a report).—adv. Prēmatūre′ly.—ns. Prematūr′ity, Prēmatūre′ness. [L. præmaturus—præ, before, maturus, ripe.]

Premaxillary, prē-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. in front of the maxilla.—n. such a bone.

Premeditate, prē-med′i-tāt, v.t. to meditate upon beforehand: to design previously.—v.i. to deliberate beforehand.—adv. Premed′itātedly.—n. Premeditā′tion.—adj. Premed′itātive. [L., præmeditāri, -ātus—præ, before, meditāri, to meditate.]

Premier, prē′mi-ėr, adj. prime or first: chief: (her.) most ancient.—n. the first or chief: the prime-minister.—v.i. to govern as premier.—adj. and n. Première (pre-myār′), first or leading actress, dancer, forewoman, &c.—n. Prē′miership. [Fr.,—L. primarius, of the first rank—primus, first.]

Premillennial, prē-mi-len′i-al, adj. of or pertaining to the times before the millennium—also Premillenā′rian.—n. one who believes in the premillennial advent of Christ.—ns. Premillenā′rianism; Premillenn′ialism.

Premise, Premiss, prem′is, n. that which is premised or stated at the outset: a proposition previously stated or proved for after-reasoning: (logic) one of the two propositions in a syllogism from which the conclusion is drawn: the thing set forth in the beginning of a deed.—n.pl. Prem′ises, a building and its adjuncts.

Premise, prē-mīz′, v.t. to send or state before the rest: to make an introduction: to lay down propositions for subsequent reasonings. [Fr.,—L. (sententia) præmissa, (a sentence) put before—præ, before, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Premium, prē′mi-um, n. a reward: a prize: a bounty: payment made for insurance: the difference in value above the original price or par of stock—opp. to Discount: anything offered as an incentive.—adjs. Prē′mial, Prē′miant.—v.t. Prē′miate, to reward with a premium.—At a premium, above par (see Par). [L. præmium—præ, above, emĕre, to buy.]

Premolar, prē-mō′lar, adj. before a molar, in place or time, deciduous.—n. a milk-molar.

Premonish, prē-mon′ish, v.t. to admonish or warn beforehand.—n. Prēmoni′tion, a warning or sign (often a feeling) of what is going to happen.—adjs. Prēmon′itive, Prēmon′itory, giving warning or notice beforehand.—n. Prēmon′itor, one who, or that which, gives warning beforehand.—adv. Prēmon′itorily. [Pre-, before, monish, a corr. form through O. Fr., from L. monēre, to warn.]

Premonstrant, prē-mon′strant, n. a member of an order of regular canons founded by St Norbert, in 1119, at a place in the forest of Coucy (near Laon in the dep. of Aisne), pointed out in a vision, and thence called Prémontré (L. Pratum monstratum=the meadow pointed out)—called also Norbertines, and in England, from their habit, White Canons.—Also Premonstraten′sian (n. and adj.).

Premorse, prē-mors′, adj. ending abruptly, as if bitten off. [L. præmordēre, præmorsum, to bite in front.]

Premosaic, prē-mō-zā′ik, adj. before the time of Moses.

Premotion, prē-mō′shun, n. previous motion.

Prenasal, prē-nā′sal, adj. in front of the nasal passages.

Prenatal, prē-nā′tal, adj. previous to birth.

Prenominate, prē-nom′in-āt, p.adj. (Shak.) forenamed.

Prenotion, prē-nō′shun, n. preconception.

Prentice, pren′tis, n. Short for apprentice.

Preoccipital, prē-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated before the occipital region or lobe.

Preoccupy, prē-ok′ū-pī, v.t. to occupy or take possession of beforehand: to fill beforehand or with prejudices.—ns. Prēoc′cupancy, the act or the right of occupying beforehand; Prēoc′cupant, a prior occupant.—v.t. Prēoc′cupāte (Bacon), to occupy before others.—n. Prēoccupā′tion.—adj. Prēoc′cupied, already occupied: lost in thought, abstracted.

Preoption, prē-op′shun, n. the right of first choice.

Preoral, prē-ō′ral, adj. situated in front of the mouth.—adv. Preō′rally.

Preordain, prē-or-dān′, v.t. to ordain, appoint, or determine beforehand.—n. Preordinā′tion.

Preorder, prē-or′dėr, v.t. to arrange beforehand.—n. Preor′dinance, a rule previously established.

Prepaid, prē-pād′, adj. paid beforehand.

Preparation, prep-a-rā′shun, n. the act of preparing: previous arrangement: the state of being prepared or ready: that which is prepared or made ready: (anat.) a part of any animal body preserved as a specimen: the day before the Sabbath or other Jewish feast-day: devotional exercises introducing an office: (mus.) the previous introduction, as an integral part of a chord, of a note continued into a succeeding dissonance.—adj. Prēpar′ative, having the power of preparing or making ready: fitting for anything.—n. that which prepares the way: preparation.—adv. Prēpar′atively, by way of preparation.—adj. Prēpar′atory, preparing for something coming: previous: introductory. [Fr.,—L.]

Prepare, prē-pār′, v.t. to make ready beforehand: to fit for any purpose: to make ready for use: to adapt: to form: to set or appoint: to provide: to equip.—v.i. to get one's self ready: to put everything in proper order: to lead up to.—n. (Shak.) preparation.—adj. Prepared′, made ready, fit, or suitable: ready.—adv. Prepā′redly.—ns. Prepā′redness; Prepā′rer. [Fr.,—L. præparāre—præ, before, parāre, to make ready.]

Prepay, prē-pā′, v.t. to pay before or in advance.—n. Prepay′ment.

Prepense, prē-pens′, adj. premeditated: intentional, chiefly in the phrase 'malice prepense'=malice aforethought or intentional—(obs.) Prepen′sive.—v.t. (Spens.) to consider or deliberate beforehand.—adv. Prepense′ly, intentionally. [Fr.,—L. præ, before, pensāre—pendĕre, pensum, to weigh.]

Prepollence, prē-pol′ens, n. prevalence—also Prepoll′ency.—adj. Prepoll′ent.

Preponderate, prē-pon′dėr-āt, v.t. to outweigh: to incline to one side: to exceed in power or influence.—ns. Prepon′derance, Prepon′derancy, Preponderā′tion, power or state of outweighing: excess of weight, number, or quantity: predominance.—adj. Prepon′derant, outweighing: superior in weight, power, or influence.—advs. Prepon′derantly, Preponderā′tingly. [L. præ, before, ponderāre, -ātum, to weigh—pondus, a weight.]

Preposition, prep-ō-zish′un, n. a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word of the sentence.—adj. Preposi′tional.—adv. Preposi′tionally.—adj. Preposi′tive, put before: prefixed.—n. a word or particle put before another word—opp. to Post-positive.—n. Prepos′itor, a school-monitor. [Fr.,—L. præpositio—præ, before, ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Prepossess, prē-poz-zes′, v.t. to possess beforehand: to fill beforehand, as the mind with some opinion: to bias or prejudice.—adj. Prepossess′ing, tending to prepossess in one's favour: making a favourable impression.—adv. Prepossess′ingly.—n. Preposses′sion, previous possession: impression formed beforehand, usually a favourable one.

Preposterous, prē-pos′tėr-us, adj. contrary to nature or reason: wrong: absurd: foolish.—adv. Prepos′terously.—n. Prepos′terousness, unreasonableness. [L. præposterus—præ, before, posterus, after—post, after.]

Prepotent, prē-pō′tent, adj. powerful in a very high degree: excelling others in influence or authority.—ns. Prepō′tence, Prepō′tency.—adj. Prepoten′tial.

Prepuce, prē′pūs, n. the loose skin of the penis covering the glans: the foreskin.—adj. Prepū′tial. [L. præputium.]

Prepunctual, prē-pungk′tū-al, adj. excessively prompt.—n. Prepunctual′ity.

Preraphaelitism, prē-raf′ā-el-ī-tizm, n. a style of painting begun in 1847-49 by D. G. Rossetti, W. Holman Hunt, J. E. Millais, and others in imitation of the painters who lived before Raphael (1483-1523), and characterised by a truthful, almost rigid, adherence to natural forms and effects—also Preraph′aelism.—adj. Preraph′aelite, pertaining to, or resembling, the style of art before the time of Raphael—also n.—adj. Preraph′aelitish.

Preremote, prē-rē-mōt′, adj. more remote in previous time or order.

Prerequisite, prē-rek′wi-zit, n. something previously necessary: something needed in order to gain an end.—adj. required as a condition of something else.

Prerogative, prē-rog′a-tiv, n. a peculiar privilege shared by no other: a right arising out of one's rank, position, or nature.—adj. arising out of, or held by, prerogative.—v.t. to endow with a prerogative.—adj. Prerog′atived (Shak.), having a prerogative or exclusive privilege.—adv. Prerog′atively, by prerogative or exclusive privilege.—Prerogative court, formerly a court having jurisdiction over testamentary matters.—Royal prerogative, the rights which a sovereign has by right of office, which are different in different countries. [Fr.,—L. prærogativus, that is asked before others for his opinion or vote—præ, before, rogāre, -ātum, to ask.]

Presage, prēs′āj, n. something that gives warning of a future event: a foreboding: a presentiment.—v.t. Prēsage′, to forebode: to warn of something to come: to predict.—v.i. to have a presentiment of.—adj. Presage′ful.—ns. Presage′ment, the act of presaging: that which is presaged: prediction; Presag′er. [Fr. présage—L. præsagium—præsagīre—præ, before, sagīre, to perceive quickly.]

Presanctify, prē-sangk′ti-fī, v.t. to consecrate beforehand.

Presartorial, prē-sär-tō′ri-al, adj. before the age of tailoring. [L. sartor—sarcīre, to patch.]

Presbyopia, pres-bi-ō′pi-a, n. long-sightedness, together with diminished power of distinguishing things near, common in old age—also Pres′byopy.—n. Pres′byope, one so affected.—adj. Presbyop′ic.—n. Pres′byte, one affected with presbyopia. [Gr. presbys, old, ōps, ōpos, the eye.]

Presbyter, prez′bi-tėr, n. an elder, a priest: a minister or priest in rank between a bishop and a deacon: a member of a presbytery.—adjs. Presbyt′eral, Presbytē′rial, Presbytē′rian, pertaining to, or consisting of, presbyters: pertaining to Presbytery or that form of church government in which all the clergy or presbyters are equal—opp. to Episcopacy.—n. Presbyt′erāte, the office of a presbyter: a presbytery.—adv. Presbytē′rially.—ns. Presbytē′rian; Presbytē′rianism, the form of church government by presbyters; Pres′bytership; Pres′bytery, a church court ranking between the Kirk-session and the Synod, consisting of the ministers and one elder, a layman, from each church within a certain district: that part of the church reserved for the officiating priests: (R.C.) a clergyman's house.—Reformed Presbyterian Church, a religious body in Scotland, called also Cameronians, who remained separate from the Church of Scotland and maintained the perpetual obligation of the Covenants—the greater part joined the Free Church in 1876; United Presbyterian Church, a religious body formed by the union of the Secession and Relief Churches in 1847—itself uniting with the Free Church in 1900. [L.,—Gr. presbyteros, comp. of presbys, old.]

Prescience, prē′shi-ens, n. knowledge of events beforehand: foresight.—adj. Prē′scient, knowing things beforehand.—adv. Prē′sciently. [L. præsciens, pr.p. of præscīre—præ, before, scīre, to know.]

Prescientific, prē-sī-en-tif′ik, adj. before the scientific age, before knowledge was systematised.

Prescind, prē-sind′, v.t. to abstract from other facts or ideas.—v.i. to withdraw the attention (from).—adj. Prēscin′dent.—n. Prēscis′sion.

Prescribe, prē-skrīb′, v.t. to lay down as a rule or direction: to give as an order: to appoint: (med.) to give directions for, as a remedy: to render useless or invalid through lapse of time.—v.i. to lay down rules: to claim on account of long possession: to become of no force through time.—ns. Prēscrib′er; Prē′script, something prescribed: direction: model prescribed; Prēscriptibil′ity.—adj. Prēscrip′tible, that may be prescribed.—n. Prēscrip′tion, act of prescribing or directing: (med.) a written direction for the preparation of a medicine: a recipe: (law) custom continued until it becomes a right or has the force of law.—adj. Prēscrip′tive, consisting in, or acquired by, custom or long-continued use: customary.—Prescriptive title, a title established by right of prescription. [L. præscribĕre, -scriptum—præ, before, scribĕre, to write.]

Presee, prē-sē′, v.t. to foresee.

Presence, prez′ens, n. state of being present—opp. of Absence: situation near or within sight, &c., companionship: approach face to face: nearness to the person of a superior: an assembly of great persons: mien: personal appearance: an apparition: calmness, readiness, as of mind: (Shak.) a presence-chamber.—ns. Pres′ence-cham′ber, -room, the chamber or room in which a great personage receives company.—adj. Pres′ent, being in a certain place—opp. to Absent: now under view or consideration: being at this time: not past or future: ready at hand: attentive: not absent-minded: (gram.) denoting time just now, or making a general statement.—n. present time or business: (pl.) the writing of a letter, or a deed of any kind as actually shown at any time: any deed or writing.—adj. Prēsen′tial, having or implying actual presence.—n. Prēsential′ity.—adv. Prēsen′tially.—n. Pres′entness, state of being present.—Presence of mind, a state of mind which enables a person to speak or act with calmness and promptness in circumstances of great and sudden difficulties.—At present, at the present time, now; Real presence, a doctrine or belief that the body and blood of Christ are really and substantially present in the eucharist; The present, the present time. [O. Fr.,—L. præsentia—præsens, -sentis—præ, before, sens, being.]

Present, prē-zent′, v.t. to set before, to introduce into the presence of: to exhibit to view: to offer as a gift: to put into the possession of another: to make a gift of: to appoint to a benefice: to lay before for consideration: to point, as a gun before firing.—n. Pres′ent, that which is presented or given, a gift.—adj. Prēsent′able, fit to be presented: capable of being presented to a church living.—n. Presentā′tion, act of presenting: a setting forth, as of a truth: representation: the act or the right of presenting to a benefice: the appearance of a particular part of the fetus at the superior pelvic strait during labour.—adj. Present′ative, having the right of presentation: pertaining to immediate cognition.—ns. Presentēē′, one who is presented to a benefice; Prēsent′er.—adj. Prēsent′ive, presentative, non-symbolic (of words).—n. Prēsent′iveness.—adv. Pres′ently, after a little, by-and-by, shortly: (arch.) without delay, at once.—n. Present′ment, act of presenting: the thing presented or represented: (law) notice taken of an offence by a grand-jury from their own knowledge or observation: accusation presented to a court by a grand-jury.—Present arms, to bring the gun or rifle to a perpendicular position in front of the body, as a token of respect to a superior officer. [Fr.,—L. præsentāre—præsens.]

Presentient, prē-sen′shi-ent, adj. perceiving beforehand.—n. Prēsen′sion.

Presentiment, prē-sen′ti-ment, n. a sentiment or feeling beforehand: previous opinion: an impression as of something unpleasant soon to happen. [O. Fr.,—L. præsentīre.]

Presentoir, prez-en-twor′, n. a tray or salver: a Japanese lacquered stand for a bowl. [Fr.]

Preserve, prē-zėrv′, v.t. to keep safe from harm or injury: to defend: to keep in a sound state: to season for preservation: to make lasting: to keep up, as appearances.—n. that which is preserved, as fruit, &c.: that which preserves: a place for the protection of animals, as game: (pl.) spectacles to protect the eyes from strong light, &c.—n. Prēservabil′ity.—adj. Prēser′vable.—n. Prēservā′tion, act of preserving or keeping safe: state of being preserved: safety.—adjs. Prēser′vative, Prēser′vatory, tending to preserve: having the quality of preserving.—n. that which preserves: a preventive of injury or decay.—n. Prēserv′er. [Fr. préserver—L. præ, beforehand, servāre, to preserve.]

Preses, prē′sēz, n. (Scot.) a president or chairman.

Preside, prē-zīd′, v.i. to direct or control, esp. at a meeting: to superintend.—ns. Pres′idency, the office of a president, or his dignity, term of office, jurisdiction, or residence: a division of British India, as the Presidency of Bengal; Pres′ident, one who presides over a meeting: a chairman: the chief officer of a college, institution, &c.: an officer elected from time to time, as chief ruler of a republic—also adj. (Milt.).—n.fem. Pres′identess.—adj. Presiden′tial, presiding over: pertaining to a president.—n. Pres′identship.—Lord President, the presiding judge of the Court of Session in Scotland; Lord President of the Council, a member of the House of Lords who presides over the privy council, with especial charge of education, sanitation, &c. [Fr. présider—L. præsidēre—præ, before, sedēre, to sit.]

Presidial, prē-sid′i-al, adj. pertaining to a garrison.—adj. and n. Prēsid′iary.—n. Prēsid′io (Sp. Amer.), a military post: a penitentiary.

Presignify, prē-sig′ni-fī, v.t. to signify beforehand.—n. Prēsignificā′tion, the act of showing beforehand.

Press, pres, v.t. to push on or against with a heavy weight or with great force: to squeeze out, as juice: to clasp or embrace: to bear heavily on: to distress: to urge strongly: to present to the mind with earnestness: to lay stress upon: to hurry on with great speed: to shape or smooth by the application of weight.—v.i. to exert pressure: to push with force: to crowd: to go forward with violence: to urge with vehemence and importunity: to exert a strong influence.—n. Press′er.—adj. Press′ing, urgent: importunate: forcible.—adv. Press′ingly.—n. Pres′sion. [Fr. presser—L. pressāre—premĕre, pressum, to squeeze.]

Press, pres, n. an instrument for squeezing bodies: a printing-machine: the art or business of printing and publishing: act of urging forward: urgency: strong demand: a crowd: a closet for holding articles.—ns. Press′-bed, a bed enclosed in a cupboard, or folding up into it; Press′fat (B.), the vat of an olive or wine press for collecting the liquor; Press′man, one who works a printing-press: a journalist or reporter: a member of a pressgang; Press′mark, a mark upon a book to show its place among others in a library; Press′-room, a room where printing-presses are worked; Press′-work, the operation of taking impressions from type or plates by means of the printing-press.—Press of sail, as much sail as can be carried.—Brahmah press, a hydraulic press called after Mr Brahmah, its inventor; Cylinder press, a printing-press in which the types are laid on a cylinder which revolves, instead of on a flat surface; Hydraulic press (see Hydraulic); Liberty of the press, the right of publishing books, &c., without submitting them to a government authority for permission; The Press, the literature of a country, esp. its newspapers.

Press, pres, v.t. to carry men off by violence to become soldiers or sailors.—ns. Press′gang, a gang or body of sailors under an officer empowered to impress men into the navy; Press′-mon′ey (for prest-money), earnest-money. [Corr. from old form prest, from O. Fr. prester (Fr. prêter), to lend—præstāre, to offer—præ, before, stāre, to stand.]

Pressiroster, pres-si-ros′tėr, n. one of a tribe of wading birds, the Pressiros′tres, having a flattened beak.—adj. Pressiros′tral. [L. pressus, pa.p. of premĕre, to press, rostrum, a beak.]

Pressure, presh′ūr, n. act of pressing or squeezing: the state of being pressed: impulse: constraining force or influence: that which presses or afflicts: difficulties: urgency: strong demand: (physics) the action of force on something resisting it.—Centre of pressure (see Centre). [O. Fr.,—L. pressura—premĕre, to press.]

Prest, prest, adj. ready: neat: at hand.—n. ready-money: a loan.—v.t. to pay out: to lend. [L. præsto, ready.]

Prester John, pres′tėr jon, n. the name applied by medieval credulity (12th-14th cent.) to the supposed Christian sovereign of a vast empire in Central Asia. [O. Fr. prester (Fr. prêtre), priest.]

Prestidigitation, pres-ti-dij-i-tā′shun, n. sleight of hand—also Prestig′iātion.—adj. Prestidig′ital.—ns. Prestidig′itātor, Prestig′iātor, one who practises sleight of hand.

Prestige, pres-tēzh′, or pres′tij, n. influence arising from past conduct or from reputation. [Fr.,—L. præstigium, delusion—præstinguĕre, to deceive.]

Presto, pres′to, adv. quick: at once: (mus.) quickly, quicker than allegro:—superl. Prestis′simo. [It.,—L. præsto, ready.]

Prestriction, prē-strik′shun, n. blindness. [L. præstringĕre, præstrictum, to draw tight.]

Prestudy, prē-stud′i, v.t. to study beforehand.

Presultor, prē-sul′tor, n. a leader of a dance.

Presume, prē-zūm′, v.t. to take as true without examination or proof: to take for granted.—v.i. to venture beyond what one has ground for: to act forwardly or without proper right.—adj. Presūm′able, that may be presumed or supposed to be true.—adv. Presūm′ably.—adj. Presūm′ing, venturing without permission: unreasonably bold.—adv. Presūm′ingly.—n. Presump′tion, act of presuming: supposition: strong probability: that which is taken for granted: confidence grounded on something not proved: conduct going beyond proper bounds: (law) an assuming of the truth of certain facts from the existence of others having some connection with them.—adj. Presump′tive, presuming: grounded on probable evidence: (law) proving circumstantially.—adv. Presump′tively.—Presumptive evidence, evidence for a fact derived from other facts having some connection with it: indirect evidence.—Heir presumptive, the person, not son or daughter, at present next in succession to any living person. [Fr. présumer—L. præsumĕre—præ, before, sumĕre, to take—sub, under, emĕre, to buy.]

Presumptuous, prē-zump′tū-us, adj. full of presumption: going beyond the bounds of right or duty: bold and confident: founded on presumption: wilful.—adv. Presump′tuously.—n. Presump′tuousness. [L. præsumptuosus.]

Presuppose, prē-sup-pōz′, v.t. to suppose before actual knowledge: to assume or take for granted.—n. Presupposi′tion.

Presurmise, prē-sur-mīz′, n. (Shak.) a surmise previously formed.

Pretend, prē-tend′, v.t. to hold out as a cloak for something else: to lay claim to: to attempt, undertake: to offer as true something that is not so: to affect to feel: (obs.) to offer, present.—v.i. to put in a claim: to make-believe.—ns. Pretence′, something pretended: appearance or show to hide reality: false show or reason: pretext: assumption: claim; Preten′dant, -ent, a pretender.—adjs. Preten′ded, Preten′sed, ostensible, assumed.—adv. Preten′dedly.—ns. Preten′der; Preten′dership.—adv. Preten′dingly.—n. Preten′sion, act of pretending: something pretended: false or fictitious appearance: claim either true or false.—adj. Preten′tious, marked by or containing pretence: claiming more than is warranted: presumptuous: arrogant.—adv. Preten′tiously, in a pretentious manner.—n. Preten′tiousness, the quality of being pretentious. [Fr. prétendre—L. prætendĕre—præ, before, tendĕre, tentum, tensum, to stretch.]

Pretense. Same as Pretence.

Pretercanine, prē-tėr-ka-nīn′, adj. more than canine.

Preterhuman, prē-tėr-hū′man, adj. more than human.

Preterimperfect, prē-tėr-im-pėr′fekt, adj. implying that an event was happening at a certain past time.

Preterite, pret′ėr-it, adj. gone by: past: noting the past tense.—n. the past tense.—ns. Pret′erist, one who holds the prophecies of the Apocalypse already fulfilled; Pret′eriteness.—adj. Preteri′tial (biol.), once active but now latent.—n. Preteri′tion, the act of passing over: the doctrine that God passes over the non-elect in electing to eternal life those predestinated to salvation.—adj. Preter′itive, expressing past times. [L. præteritus—præter, beyond, īre, ītum, to go.]

Pretermit, prē-tėr-mit′, v.t. to pass by: to omit: to leave undone:—pr.p. prētermit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. prētermit′ted.—n. Pretermis′sion, the act of passing by: omission. [L. præter, past, mittĕre, to send.]

Preternatural, prē-tėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. beyond what is natural: out of the regular course of things: extraordinary.—n. Preternat′uralism, belief in the preternatural: preternatural existence.—adv. Preternat′urally.—n. Preternat′uralness.

Preternuptial, prē-ter-nup′shal, adj. adulterous.

Preterperfect, prē-tėr-pėr′fekt, adj. denoting the perfect tense.

Preterpluperfect, prē-tėr-plōō′pėr-fekt, adj. denoting the pluperfect tense.

Pretext, prē′tekst, or prē-tekst′, n. an assumed motive or reason put forward to conceal the real one: a pretence. [L. prætextum—prætexĕre—præ, before, texĕre, to weave.]

Prethoughtful, prē-thawt′fōōl, adj. forethoughtful, prudent.

Pretibial, prē-tib′i-al, adj. situated upon the front of the lower part of the leg.

Pretor, &c. See Prætor, &c.

Pretty, pret′i, adj. tasteful: pleasing to the eye: having attractive but not striking beauty: neat: beautiful without dignity: small: affected: moderately large, considerable: puny, weak (a term of endearment): (in contempt) fine: (obs.) shrewd, cunning: (obs.) strong, warlike.—adv. in some degree: moderately.—v.t. Prett′ify, to make pretty in an excessively ornamental way.—adv. Prett′ily, in a pretty manner: pleasingly: elegantly: neatly.—n. Prett′iness.—adj. Prett′yish, somewhat pretty.—n. Prett′ypretty (coll.), a knick-knack.—adj. Prett′y-spō′ken, speaking or spoken prettily.—Pretty much, very nearly. [A.S. prættig, tricky—prætt, trickery; prob. Low L. practicus—Gr. praktikos—prattein, to do.]

Pretypify, prē-tip′i-fī, v.t. to represent by a type what is to happen: to prefigure.

Pretzel, pret′sel, n. a brittle biscuit, cracknel. [Ger.,—Old High Ger. brizilla, prezitella—Low L. bracellus, also braciolum, a kind of cake.]

Prevail, prē-vāl′, v.i. to be very powerful: to gain the victory: to have the upper hand: to have greater influence or effect: to overcome: to be in force: to succeed.—v.t. (obs.) avail.—adj. Prevail′ing, having great power: controlling: bringing about results: very general or common.—adv. Prevail′ingly.—ns. Prevail′ment (Shak.), prevalence; Prev′alence, Prev′alency, the state of being prevalent or wide-spread: superior strength or influence: preponderance: efficacy.—adj. Prev′alent, prevailing: having great power: victorious: wide-spread: most common.—adv. Prev′alently. [Fr. prévaloir—L. prævalēre—præ, before, valēre, to be powerful.]

Prevaricate, prē-var′i-kāt, v.i. to shift about from side to side, to evade the truth: to quibble: (obs.) to undertake a thing with the purpose of defeating or destroying it: (law) to betray a client by collusion with his opponent.—v.t. (obs.) to pervert, transgress.—ns. Prēvaricā′tion, the act of quibbling to evade the truth; Prēvar′icātor, one who prevaricates to evade the truth: a quibbler. [L. prævaricāri, -ātus—præ, inten., varicus, straddling—varus, bent.]

Prevenancy, prev′ē-nan-si, n. complaisance.

Prevent, prē-vent′, v.t. to hinder: to check: to render impossible: (orig.) to go before: to be earlier than.—v.t. Prēvene′ (rare), to precede.—n. Prevē′nience.—adj. Prevē′nient (Milt.), going before: preceding: preventive.—n. Preventabil′ity, the quality of being preventable.—adj. Preven′table, that may be prevented or hindered.—ns. Preven′ter, one who, or that which, prevents or hinders: (naut.) an additional rope or spar for strengthening the ordinary one; Preven′tion, act of preventing: anticipation or forethought: obstruction.—adjs. Preven′tive, Preven′tative, tending to prevent or hinder: preservative.—n. that which prevents: a preservative.—adv. Preven′tively.—n. Preven′tiveness.—Preventive service, the service rendered by the coastguard in preventing smuggling. [L. præventus, pa.p. of prævenīre—præ, before, venīre, to come.]

Prevertebral, prē-vėr′te-bral, adj. situated or developing before the vertebræ.

Previous, prē′vi-us, adj. going before in time: former.—adv. Prē′viously.—n. Prē′viousness, antecedence: priority in time.—Previous question, a motion made during a debate, 'that the main question be now put.' If the decision be 'yes,' the debate is ended and the question put and decided; if it be 'no,' the debate is adjourned in the British parliament, but continues in the American assembly. [L. præevius—præ, before, via, a way.]

Previse, prē-viz′, v.t. to foresee: to forewarn.—n. Previ′sion, foresight: foreknowledge. [L. prævidēre, prævisum, to foresee—præ, before, vidēre, to see.]

Prewarn, prē-wawrn′, v.t. to warn beforehand.

Prex, preks, n. in U.S. college slang the president of a college.—Also Prex′y.

Prey, prā, n. that which is taken by robbery or force: booty: plunder: that which is or may be seized to be devoured: a victim: depredation: (Shak.) the act of seizing.—v.i. to take plunder: to seize and devour: to waste or impair gradually: to weigh heavily (on or upon), as the mind.—adj. Prey′ful (Shak.), having a disposition to prey on others.—Beast of prey, one who devours other animals. [O. Fr. praie (Fr. proie)—L. præda, booty.]

Priapus, prī-ā′pus, n. an ancient deity personifying male generative power.—adjs. Priap′ic, Priapē′an.—n. Prī′apism.

Price, prīs, n. that at which anything is prized, valued, or bought: excellence: recompense.—v.t. to set value on: (coll.) to ask the price of: (Spens.) to pay the price of.—ns. Price′-curr′ent, -list, a list of the prices paid for any class of goods, &c.—adjs. Priced, set at a value; Price′less, beyond price: invaluable: without value: worthless.—n. Price′lessness.—Price of money, the rate of discount in lending or borrowing capital.—Without price, priceless. [O. Fr. pris (Fr. prix)—L. pretium, price.]

Prick, prik, n. that which pricks or penetrates: a sharp point: the act or feeling of pricking: a puncture: a sting: remorse: (Shak.) a thorn, prickle, skewer, point of time: (Spens.) point, pitch.—v.t. to pierce with a prick: to erect any pointed thing: to fix by the point: to put on by puncturing: to mark or make by pricking: to incite: to deck out as with flowers or feathers: to pain.—v.i. to have a sensation of puncture: to stand erect: to ride with spurs:—pa.t. and pa.p. pricked.—adj. Prick′-eared, having pointed ears.—ns. Prick′er, that which pricks: a sharp-pointed instrument: light-horseman: a priming wire; Prick′ing; Prickle (prik′l), a little prick: a sharp point growing from the bark of a plant or from the skin of an animal.—v.t. to prick slightly.—v.i. (Spens.) to be prickly.—ns. Prick′le-back, the stickle-back; Prick′liness; Prick′ling, the act of piercing with a sharp point: (Shak.) the sensation of being pricked.—adj. prickly.—adj. Prick′ly, full of prickles.—ns. Prick′ly-heat, a severe form of the skin disease known as lichen, with itching and stinging sensations; Prick′ly-pear, a class of plants with clusters of prickles and fruit like the pear; Prick′-me-dain′ty (Scot.), an affected person.—adj. over-precise.—ns. Prick′-song (Shak.), a song set to music: music in parts; Prick′-spur, a goad-spur; Prick′-the-gar′ter (cf. Fast-and-loose); Prick′-the-louse (Scot.), a tailor. [A.S. pricu, a point; Ger. prickeln, Dut. prikkel, a prickle.]

Pricket, prik′et, n. (Shak.) a buck in his second year.

Pride, prīd, n. state or feeling of being proud: too great self-esteem: haughtiness: overbearing treatment of others: a proper sense of what is becoming to one's self: a feeling of pleasure on account of something worthily done: that of which men are proud: that which excites boasting: elevation, loftiness: beauty displayed, ornament, ostentation: high spirit, mettle: (Shak.) lust.—v.t. to have or take pride: to value, as one's self, &c.—adj. Pride′ful.—adv. Pride′fully.—n. Pride′fulness.—adj. Pride′less. [A.S. prýte—prút, proud.]

Pridian, prid′i-an, adj. pertaining to yesterday. [L. pridie—prius, before, dies, day.]

Prie-dieu, prē-diū′, n. a praying-desk. [Fr.]

Prief, prēf, n. (Spens.) proof, trial, experiment.

Prier, Pryer, prī′er, n. one who pries.

Priest, prēst, n. one who offers sacrifices or officiates in sacred offices: a minister above a deacon and below a bishop: a clergyman:—fem. Priest′ess.—ns. Priest′craft, priestly policy: the schemes of priests to gain wealth or power; Priest′hood, the office or character of a priest: the priestly order.—adjs. Priest′-like, Priest′ly, pertaining to or like a priest.—n. Priest′liness.—adj. Priest′-rid′den, controlled by priests.—High priest, a chief priest, esp. the chief ecclesiastical officer in the ancient Jewish church. [A.S. preóst (O. Fr. prestre, Fr. prêtre)—L. presbyter, an elder.]

Prieve, prēv, v.t. (Spens.) to prove.

Prig, prig, n. a pert fellow who gives himself airs of superior wisdom.—adj. Prig′gish, conceited and affected.—adv. Prig′gishly.—ns. Prig′gishness, Prig′gism. [From prick, to adorn.]

Prig, prig, n. a thief.—v.t. (slang) to filch.—v.i. (Scot.) to plead hard, haggle: to cheapen.—ns. Prig′ger; Prig′gery.—adj. Prig′gish.—n. Prig′gism. [Prob. the same as prick, to spur.]

Prill, pril, n. (prov.) a very rich piece of ore.

Prill, pril, v.i. (prov.) to grow sour: to become tipsy.

Prim, prim, adj. exact and precise in manner: affectedly nice.—v.t. to deck with great nicety: to form with affected preciseness:—pr.p. prim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. primmed.—adv. Prim′ly.—n. Prim′ness. [O. Fr. prim, fem. prime—L. primus, prima, first.]

Primacy, prī′ma-si, n. state of being first in order of time, rank, &c.: the office or dignity of a primate or archbishop.

Prima-donna, prē′ma-don′a, n. the first or leading female singer in an opera. [It.,—L. prima domina.]

Prima facie, prī′ma fā′shi-ē, at first view or sight.—Prima facie case (law), a case established by sufficient evidence: a case consisting of evidence sufficient to go to a jury. [L. prima, abl. fem. of primus, first, facie, abl. of facies, a face.]

Primage, prīm′āj, n. an allowance to the captain of a vessel by the shipper or consignee of goods for care in lading the same (hat-money): amount or percentage of water carried from a boiler in priming. [Prime, first.]

Primary, prī′mar-i, adj. first: original: chief: primitive: elementary, preparatory.—n. that which is highest in rank or importance: a planet in relation to its satellite or satellites.—adv. Prī′marily.—ns. Prī′mariness, the state of being first in time, act, or intention; Prī′mary-ac′cent, the accent immediately after a bar in music.—ns.pl. Prī′mary-col′ours, the colours obtained by passing the sun's rays through a prism: the colours of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet; Prī′mary-plan′ets, planets revolving round the sun—not satellites; Prī′mary-quills, the largest feathers of a bird's wing; Prī′mary-rocks, the rocks which seem to have been first formed and contain no animal remains, as granites, &c.

Primate, prī′māt, n. the first or highest dignitary in a church: an archbishop.—n. Prī′māteship.—adj. Primā′tial.

Prime, prīm, adj. first in order of time, rank, or importance: chief: excellent: original: early: in early manhood: (Shak.) eager, bold: (math.) incapable of being separated into factors.—n. the beginning: the dawn: the spring: the best part: the height of perfection: full health and strength: a religious service during the first hour after sunrise: (fencing) the first guard against sword-thrusts, also the first and simplest thrust.—adj. Prī′mal, first: original: chief.—n. Primal′ity.—adv. Prime′ly.—ns. Prime′-min′ister, the chief minister of state; Prime′-mov′er, the force which puts a machine in motion: a steam-engine or a water-wheel; Prime′ness; Prime′-num′ber, a first number—i.e. one divisible only by itself or unity.—Prime cost (see Cost). [L. prīmus (for pro-i-mus).]

Prime, prīm, v.t. to put powder on the nipple of a firearm: to lay on the first coating of colour: to instruct or prepare beforehand.—v.i. to serve for the charge of a gun: in the steam-engine, to carry over hot water with the steam from the boiler into the cylinder.—ns. Prī′mer; Prī′ming; Prī′ming-pow′der, detonating powder: train of powder connecting a fuse with a charge. [Prime (adj.).]

Primer, prim′ėr, or prī′mer, n. a first book: a work of elementary religious instruction: a first reading-book: an elementary introduction to any subject: a kind of type of two species, long-primer (10 point) and great-primer (18 point). [Orig. a small prayer-book.]

Primero, pri-mā′rō, n. an old game at cards. [Sp.]

Primeval, prī-mē′val, adj. belonging to the first ages: original: primitive.—adv. Primē′vally. [L. primævus—primus, first, ævum, an age.]

Primigenial, prī-mi-jē′ni-al, adj. first-born or made: primary: constituent—also Primogē′nial.—adjs. Primig′enous, Primigē′nious, first formed; Primogen′ital (obs.), Primogen′itary, Primogen′itive, of or belonging to primogeniture.—ns. Primogen′itor, the first begetter or father: a forefather; Primogen′iture, state of being born first of the same parents: (law) the right of the eldest son to inherit his father's estates; Primogen′itureship. [Fr.,—L. primo-genitus, first-born—primus, first, gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Primitiæ, pri-mish′i-ē, n.pl. first-fruits offered to the gods—also Primi′tias (Spens.): the first year's revenue of a benefice. [L.,—primus, first.]

Primitive, prim′i-tiv, adj. belonging to the beginning, or to the first times: original: ancient: antiquated, old-fashioned: not derived: (biol.) rudimentary, primary or first of its kind: (geol.) of the earliest formation.—n. a primitive word, or one not derived from another: (math.) a form from which another is derived.—ns.pl. Prim′itive-col′ours, the colours from which all others are supposed to be derived—viz. red, yellow, and blue; Prim′itive-fa′thers, the Christian writers before the Council of Nice, 325 A.D.—adv. Prim′itively.—n.pl. Prim′itive-Meth′odists, a religious body founded in 1810, whose beliefs are the same as those of other Methodists, but whose working arrangements are nearly Presbyterian.—n. Prim′itiveness.—n.pl. Prim′itive-rocks (see Primary-rocks). [Fr.,—L. primitivus, an extension of primus.]

Primo, prē′mō, n. (mus.) the first or principal part.

Primordial, prī-mor′di-al, adj. first in order: original: existing from the beginning: (anat.) in a rudimentary state: (bot.) first formed, as leaves or fruit.—n. first principle or element.—ns. Primor′dialism; Primor′dium. [L. primus, first, ordo, order.]

Primp, primp, v.t. (Scot.) to dress in an affected manner.—v.i. to be affected. [Prink.]

Primrose, prim′rōz, n. an early spring flower common in woods and meadows: a plant of the genus Primula: (Spens.) the first or earliest flower, the first or choicest.—adj. resembling a primrose in colour: flowery, gay.—Primrose League, a political association for the spread of Conservative opinions—formed in 1883 in memory of Lord Beaconsfield, whose favourite flower is said to have been the primrose. [Fr. prime rose—as if L. prima rosa; really through O. Fr. primerole and Low L. dim. forms from L. primus.]

Primsie, prim′si, adj. (Scot.) prim, demure.

Primula, prim′ū-la, n. the genus of plants to which the primrose belongs. [L. primus, first.]

Primum mobile, prī′mum mob′i-lē, in the Ptolemaic system the outermost of the ten revolving spheres of the universe, supposed to carry the others with it: any great source of motion. [L.]

Primus, prī′mus, n. the bishop in the Scottish Episcopal Church who presides over the meetings of the other bishops, but without metropolitan authority.

Primy, prī′mi, adj. (Shak.) blooming.

Prince, prins, n. one of the highest rank: a sovereign: son of a king or emperor: a title of nobility, as in Germany: the chief of any body of men:—fem. Prin′cess.—v.i. to play the prince (usually with it).—ns. Prince′-bish′op, a bishop who was also the civil ruler or prince of his diocese; Prince′-Con′sort, the husband of a reigning queen; Prince′dom, the estate, jurisdiction, sovereignty, or rank of a prince; Prince′hood, rank or quality of a prince; Prince′-Impē′rial, the eldest son of an emperor; Prince′kin, Prince′let, Prince′ling, a little or inferior prince.—adj. Prince′-like, becoming a prince.—n. Prince′liness.—adj. Prince′ly, prince-like: becoming a prince: grand: august: regal.—adv. in a prince-like manner.—adv. Prin′cessly, like a princess.—n. Prin′cess-Roy′al, the eldest daughter of a sovereign.—adj. Prin′cified, ridiculously dignified.—n. Mer′chant-prince, a merchant who has gained great wealth.—Prince of darkness, Prince of this world, Satan; Prince of Peace, Christ: the Messiah; Prince of Wales, the eldest son of the British sovereign; Prince Rupert's drops (see Drop); Prince's feather, a tall showy annual with spikes of rose-coloured flowers; Prince's metal, a gold-like alloy of 70 parts of copper and 25 of zinc. [Fr.,—L. princeps—primus, first, capĕre, to take.]

Princeps, prin′seps, n. one who, or that which, is foremost, original, &c.: short for editio princeps, the first edition of a book. [L.]

Princesse, prin-ses′, adj. of a woman's garment, close-fitting, the skirt and waist in one, and undraped. [Fr.]

Principal, prin′si-pal, adj. taking the first place: highest in rank, character, or importance: chief.—n. a principal person or thing: a head, as of a school or college: one who takes a leading part: money on which interest is paid: (archit.) a main beam or timber: (law) the person who commits a crime, or one who aids and abets him in doing it: a person for whom another becomes surety, a person who, being sui juris, employs another to do an act which he is competent himself to do: (mus.) an organ-stop: (Shak.) the principal rafter.—n. Principal′ity, supreme power: the territory of a prince or the country which gives title to him: (B.) a prince: (obs.) a power: (pl.) an order of angels, the seventh in the hierarchy of Dionysius.—adv. Prin′cipally.—ns. Prin′cipalness, the state of being principal or chief; Prin′cipalship, position of a principal; Prin′cipate, primary: a principality, esp. the office of the ancient Roman emperors. [L. principalis.]

Principia, prin-sip′i-a, n.pl. first principles: elements, used often as the contracted title of the 'Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica' of Newton.—adj. Princip′ial, elementary. [L., pl. of principium.]

Principle, prin′si-pl, n. a fundamental truth on which others are founded or from which they spring: a law or doctrine from which others are derived: an original faculty of the mind: a settled rule of action: (chem.) a constituent part: (obs.) a beginning.—v.t. to establish in principles: to impress with a doctrine.—adj. Prin′cipled, holding certain principles.—Principle of contradiction, the logical principle that a thing cannot both be and not be; Principle of excluded middle (logic), the principle that a thing must be either one thing or its contradictory; Principle of sufficient reason (see Reason).—First principle, a very general principle not deducible from others. [L. principium, beginning—princeps.]

Princock, prin′kok, n. (Shak.) a conceited fellow: a coxcomb.—Also Prin′cox.

Prink, pringk, v.t. to adorn ostentatiously.—n. Prink′er. [Weakened from prank.]

Print, print, v.t. to press or impress: to mark by pressure: to impress letters on paper, &c.: to publish: (phot.) to produce a positive picture from a negative.—v.i. to practise the art of printing: to publish a book.—n. a mark or character made by impression: the impression of types in general: a copy: a printed picture: an engraving: a newspaper: a printed cloth: calico stamped with figures: that which impresses its form on anything: a cut, in wood or metal: (archit.) a plaster-cast in low relief.—ns. Print′er, one who prints, esp. books, newspapers, &c.; Print′ing, act, art, or practice of printing; Print′ing-ink, ink used in printing; Print′ing-machine′, a printing-press worked by machinery; Print′ing-off′ice, an establishment where books, &c., are printed; Print′ing-pā′per, a paper suitable for printing purposes; Print′ing-press, a machine by which impressions are taken in ink upon paper from types.—adj. Print′less, receiving or leaving no impression.—ns. Print′-sell′er, one who sells prints or engravings; Print′-shop, a shop where prints are sold; Print′-works, an establishment where cloth is printed.—Printer's devil (see Devil); Printer's ink (same as Printing-ink); Printer's mark, an engraved device used by printers as a trade-mark.—In print, published in printed form: in stock, as opposed to books which cannot now be got—Out of print. [Shortened from O. Fr. empreindre, empreint—L. imprimĕre—in, into, premĕre, to press.]

Prior, prī′or, adj. former: previous: coming before in time.—n. the head of a priory: (in Italy) formerly a chief magistrate:—fem. Prī′oress.—ns. Prī′orāte, Prī′orship, the government or office of a prior: the time during which a prior is in office; Prior′ity, state of being prior or first in time, place, or rank: preference; Prī′ory, a convent of either sex, under a prior or prioress, and next in rank below an abbey. [L. prior, former, comp. from pro-, in front.]

Prisage, prī′zāj, n. formerly a right of the English kings to seize for crown purposes, esp. that of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more. [O. Fr.,—prise, taking.]

Prise, prīz, n. (Spens.) an enterprise or adventure.

Priser, prīz′ėr, n. (Shak.). Same as Prizer.

Prism, prizm, n. (geom.) a solid whose ends are similar, equal, and parallel planes, and whose sides are parallelograms: (opt.) a solid glass, triangular-shaped body, used for resolving rays of light into their separate colours.—adjs. Prismat′ic, -al, resembling or pertaining to a prism: separated or formed by a prism.—adv. Prismat′ically.—ns. Pris′matoid, Pris′moid, a figure in the form of a prism.—adjs. Pris′matoidal, Pris′moidal; Pris′my, prismatic in colour. [L.,—Gr. prisma, -atos.]

Prison, priz′n, n. a building for the confinement of criminals, &c.: a jail: any place of confinement.—v.t. to shut in prison, restrain.—n.pl. Pris′on-bars, whatever confines or restrains.—ns. Pris′oner, one arrested or confined in prison: a captive; Pris′oner's-, Pris′on-base, a game among boys, in which those who are caught in a certain way are confined as prisoners—a corr. of prison-bars; Pris′on-fē′ver, typhus-fever; Pris′on-house, place of confinement; Pris′onment (Shak.), confinement in a prison—usually imprisonment; Pris′on-ship; Pris′on-van, a closed conveyance for carrying prisoners.—State prisoner, one confined for a political offence in a state prison. [Fr.,—L. prensio, -onis, for prehensio, a seizing—prehendĕre, -hensum, to seize.]

Pristine, pris′tin, adj. as at first: former: belonging to the earliest time: ancient. [O. Fr.,—L. pristinus; cf. priscus, antique, prior, former.]

Prithee, prith′ē, a corruption of I pray thee.

Prittle-prattle, prit′l-prat′l, n. empty talk.

Privacy, prī′va-si, or priv′-, n. state of being private or retired from company or observation: a place of seclusion: retreat: retirement: secrecy.

Privat docent, prē-vat′ dō-tsent′, n. a teacher in connection with a German university, without share in its government or endowment, only receiving fees. [Ger.,—L. privatus, private, docens, -entis, teaching, docēre, to teach.]

Private, prī′vāt, adj. apart from the state: not invested with public office: peculiar to one's self: belonging to an individual person or company: not public: retired from observation: secret: not publicly known: not holding a commission.—n. a common soldier: (Shak.) a person without public office, a secret message, privacy, retirement.—adv. Prī′vately.—n. Prī′vateness.—Private act, &c., an act, &c., which deals with the concerns of private persons—opp. to General act, &c.; Private judgment, the judgment of an individual, esp. on the meaning of a passage or doctrine of Scripture, as distinguished from the interpretation of the church; Private law, that part of law which deals with the rights and duties of persons quâ individuals; Private legislation, legislation affecting the interests of private persons; Private parts, the sexual organs; Private property, rights, the property, rights of individual persons, as distinguished from that which belongs to a public body and is devoted to public use; Private trust, a trust managed in the interest of private parties; Private wrong, an injury done to an individual in his private capacity.—In private, privately, in secret; The private (obs.), the private life of individuals. [L. privatus, pa.p. of privāre, to separate—privus, single.]

Privateer, prī-va-tēr′, n. an armed private vessel commissioned by a government to seize and plunder an enemy's ships: the commander of a privateer.—v.i. to cruise in a privateer: to fit out privateers.—ns. Privateer′ing; Privateer′sman.

Privation, prī-vā′shun, n. state of being deprived of something, esp. of what is necessary for comfort: destitution: (logic) absence of any quality: (obs.) degradation or suspension from an office.—adj. Priv′ative, causing privation: consisting in the absence of something.—n. that which is privative or depends on the absence of something else: (logic) a term denoting the absence of a quality: (gram.) a prefix denoting absence or negation.—adv. Priv′atively.—n. Priv′ativeness. [L.; cf. Private.]

Privet, priv′et, n. a half-evergreen European shrub used for hedges. [Perh. primet—prim.]

Privilege, priv′i-lej, n. an advantage to an individual: a right enjoyed only by a few: freedom from burdens borne by others: prerogative: a sacred and vital civil right: (Shak.) superiority.—v.t. to grant a privilege to: to exempt: to authorise, license.—adj. Priv′ileged.—Breach of privilege, any interference with or slight done to the rights or privileges of a legislative body; Question of privilege, any question arising out of the rights of an assembly or of its members; Writ of privilege, an order for the release of a person from custody. [Fr.,—L. privilegium—privus, single, lex, legis, a law.]

Privy, priv′i, adj. private: pertaining to one person: for private uses: secret: appropriated to retirement: admitted to the knowledge of something secret.—n. (law) a person having an interest in an action: a necessary house.—adv. Priv′ily, privately: secretly.—ns. Priv′ity, secrecy: something kept private: knowledge, shared with another, of something private or confidential: knowledge implying concurrence: relation between different interests, as, for example, in feudal tenure the interests of several persons in the same land, the mutual relationships of contractor and contractee, the relation caused by common knowledge in breaches of contract: (obs.) seclusion, intimacy; Priv′y-cham′ber, private apartment in a royal residence; Priv′y-coun′cil, the private council of a sovereign to advise in the administration of government; Priv′y-coun′cillor, a member of the privy-council; Priv′y-purse, the purse or money for the private or personal use of the sovereign; Priv′y-seal, -sig′net, the seal used by or for the king in subordinate matters, or those which are not to pass the great seal; Priv′y-ver′dict, a verdict given to a judge out of court.—Gentlemen ushers of the privy-chamber, four officials in the royal household who attend certain court ceremonies. [Fr. privé—L. privatus, private.]

Prize, Prise, prīz, v.t. to force open by means of a lever. [Fr.; cf. Prize, below.]

Prize, prīz, n. that which is taken or gained by competition: anything taken from an enemy in war: (hunting) the note of the trumpet blown at the capture of the game: a captured vessel: that which is won in a lottery: anything offered for competition: a gain: a reward: (Shak.) a competition.—adj. worthy of a prize: to which a prize is given.—adjs. Priz′able, -eable, valuable.—ns. Prize′-court, a court for judging regarding prizes made on the high seas; Prize′-fight, a combat in which those engaged fight for a prize or wager; Prize′-fight′er, a boxer who fights publicly for a prize; Prize′-fight′ing; Prize′-list, recorded of the winners in a competition; Prize′man; Prize′-mon′ey, share of the money or proceeds from any prizes taken from an enemy; Priz′er (Shak.), one who competes for a prize; Prize′-ring, a ring for prize-fighting: the practice itself. [Fr. prise—pris, taken, pa.p. prendre—L. prehendĕre, to seize.]

Prize, prīz, v.t. to set a price on: to value: to value highly.—n. valuation, estimate.—n. Priz′er (Shak.), an appraiser. [Fr. priser—O. Fr. pris, price (Fr. prix)—L. pretium, price.]

Pro, prō, Latin prep. meaning before, used in English in many phrases.—Pro and con, abbrev. of pro et contra, for and against.—v.i. to consider impartially.—n.pl. Pros and cons, arguments for and against an opinion.—Pro bono publico, for the public good.

Proa, prō′a, n. a small and swift Malay sailing-vessel, with both ends equally sharp. [Malay prau.]

Probable, prob′a-bl, adj. that can be proved: having more evidence for than against: giving ground for belief: likely: (Shak.) plausible.—n. probable opinion.—ns. Probabil′iorist; Prob′abilism (R.C. theol.), the doctrine in casuistry that of two probable opinions, both reasonable, one may follow his own inclination, as a doubtful law cannot impose a certain obligation—opp. to Probabil′iorism, according to which it is lawful to follow one's inclination only when there is a more probable opinion in its favour; Prob′abilist; Probabil′ity, quality of being probable: appearance of truth: that which is probable: chance or likelihood of something happening:—pl. Probabil′ities.—adv. Prob′ably.—adj. Prō′bal (Shak.), probable.—Probable cause, a reasonable ground that an accusation is true; Probable error, a quantity assumed as the value of an error, such that the chances of the real error being greater are equal to those of it being less than this quantity; Probable evidence, evidence not conclusive, but admitting of some degree of force. [Fr.,—L. probabilis—probāre, -ātum, to prove.]

Probang, prō′bang, n. an instrument for pushing obstructions down the œsophagus of a choking animal.

Probate, prō′bāt, n. the proof before a competent court that a written paper purporting to be the will of a person who has died is indeed his lawful act: the official copy of a will, with the certificate of its having been proved: the right or jurisdiction of proving wills.—adj. relating to the establishment of wills and testaments.—Probate court, a court created in 1858 to exercise jurisdiction in matters touching the succession to personal estate; Probate duty, a tax on property passing by will. [Cf. Probable.]

Probation, prō-bā′shun, n. act of proving: any proceeding to elicit truth, &c.: trial: time of trial: moral trial: noviciate.—adjs. Probā′tional, Probā′tionary, relating to probation or trial.—n. Probā′tioner, one who is on probation or trial: (Scot.) one licensed to preach, but not ordained to a pastorate.—adjs. Prō′bative, Prō′batory, serving for proof or trial: relating to proof.—n. Probā′tor, an examiner.—The doctrine of future probation, the doctrine that the gospel will be preached in another life to the unregenerate dead or to those who never heard it in life. [Fr.,—L.]

Probatum est, prō-bā′tum est, it has been proved. [L., 3d sing. perf. indic. pass. of probāre, to prove.]

Probe, prōb, n. a proof or trial: a long, thin instrument for examining a wound, &c.: that which tries or probes.—v.t. to examine with or as with a probe: to examine thoroughly.—n.pl. Probe′-sciss′ors, scissors used to open wounds, the blade having a button at the end. [L. probāre, to prove.]

Probity, prob′i-ti, n. uprightness: honesty: virtue that has been tested. [Fr.,—L. probitas, probus, good.]

Problem, prob′lem, n. a matter difficult of settlement or solution: (geom.) a proposition in which something is required to be done.—adjs. Problemat′ic, -al, of the nature of a problem: questionable: doubtful.—adv. Problemat′ically.—v.i. Prob′lematise. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. problēma—pro, before, ballein, to throw.]

Proboscis, prō-bos′is, n. the trunk of some animals, as the elephant, for conveying food to the mouth: anything like a trunk:—pl. Probos′cides.—adjs. Probos′cidāte; Proboscid′ean, having a proboscis.—n. a mammal of the Proboscidea.—n. Probos′cis-monk′ey, a monkey of Borneo, having a long mobile and retractile nose. [L.,—Gr. proboskis, a trunk—pro, in front, boskein, to feed.]

Procacity, prō-kas′i-ti, n. petulance.—adj. Procā′cious.

Procathedral, prō-ka-thē′dral, n. a church used temporarily as a cathedral.

Proceed, prō-sēd′, v.i. to go forward: to advance: to act according to a method: to go from point to point: to issue: to be produced: to prosecute: to take an academic degree: (Shak.) to be transacted, done.—ns. Procē′dure, the act of proceeding or moving forward: a step taken or an act performed: progress: process: conduct; Proceed′er, one who goes forward or makes progress; Proceed′ing, a going forward: progress: step: operation: transaction: (pl.) a record of the transactions of a society: (Shak.) advancement.—n.pl. Pro′ceeds, the money arising from anything: rent: produce.—Special proceeding, a judicial proceeding other than an action, as, for example, a writ of mandamus; Summary proceedings, certain statutory remedies taken without the formal bringing of an action by process and pleading. [Fr. procéder—L. procedĕre—pro, before, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Proceleusmatic, pros-e-lūs-mat′ik, adj. inciting, encouraging.—n. in ancient prosody, a foot consisting of four short syllables. [Gr.,—prokeleuein, to incite before—pro, before, keleuein, to order.]

Procellaria, pros-e-lā′ri-a, n. a Linnæan genus of petrels.

Procephalic, prō-se-fal′ik, or prō-sef′a-lik, adj. of or pertaining to the forepart of the head.—Procephalic lobes, two lobes in the embryo of the Podophthalmia which develop into the anterior parts of the head. [Gr. pro, before, kephalē, head.]

Procerebrum, prō-ser′ē-brum, n. the fore-brain, consisting of the cerebral hemispheres, corpora striata, and olfactory lobes.—adj. Procer′ebral. [L. pro, before, cerebrum, brain.]

Procerite, pros′e-rīt, n. the last segment of the antennæ in the Crustacea. [Gr. pro, before, keras, a horn.]

Procerity, prō-ser′i-ti, n. tallness, loftiness.—adj. Procē′rous, tall. [L.,—procērus, tall.]

Procès, prō-sā′, n. a law-suit: a trial.—Procès verbal, a written account of facts in connection with a trial or other proceeding. [Fr.]

Process, pros′es, or prō-, n. a gradual progress: manner of acting or happening: operation: the whole proceedings in an action or prosecution: series of measures: a projection on a bone or plant (also Proces′sus): the same as photo-process, the reproduction as a drawing, &c., by any mechanical (esp. photographic) process: (Shak.) a narrative, account.—v.t. to proceed against by legal process: to produce a reproduction of a drawing as above.—n. Proc′ess-serv′er (Shak.), a bailiff. [Fr. procès—L. processus.]

Procession, prō-sesh′un, n. the act of proceeding: a train of persons in a formal march.—adj. Proces′sional, pertaining to a procession: consisting in a procession.—n. a book of the processions of the Romish Church: a hymn sung during a procession, esp. of clergy in a church.—n. Proces′sionalist.—adj. Proces′sionary.—ns. Proces′sioner (U.S.), a county officer in Tennessee and North Carolina whose duty it is to survey lands; Proces′sioning (U.S.), periodical survey and inspection of boundaries.—Procession of the Holy Ghost (theol.), the emanation of the Holy Spirit from the Father (single procession), or from the Father and Son (double procession). [Fr.,—L.]

Prochein, prō′shen, adj. next, nearest.—Prochein ami, amy, next friend, one who undertakes to assist a minor in prosecuting his or her rights. [Fr.,—L. proximus, nearest.]

Prochronism, prō′kron-izm, n. a dating of an event before the right time: a making earlier than it really was—opp. to Parachronism. [Gr. pro, before, chronos, time.]

Procidence, pros′i-dens, n. a falling down, a prolapsus.—adjs. Proc′ident; Procid′uous, falling from its proper place.

Procinct, prō-singkt′, n. (Milt.) complete preparation. [L., pro, before, cingĕre, cinctum, to gird.]

Proclaim, prō-klām′, v.t. to cry aloud: to publish abroad: to announce officially.—ns. Proclaim′; Proclaim′ant; Proclaim′er; Proclamā′tion, the act of proclaiming: official notice given to the public.—Proclaimed district, a district in which some unusually strict law is brought into force by a form of proclamation. [Fr. proclamer—L. proclamāre—pro, out, clamāre, to cry.]

Proclitic, prō-klit′ik, adj. dependent in accent upon the following word.—n. a monosyllabic word which depends so much on the following word as to lose its accent. [Gr. pro, forward, klinein, lean.]

Proclivity, prō-kliv′i-ti, n. an inclining forward: tendency: inclination: aptitude.—adjs. Proclive′, inclining to a thing: having a natural tendency: prone; Proclī′vous, slanting forward and downward. [L. proclivitas—proclivus, having a slope forward—pro, forward, clivus, a slope.]

Procœlian, prō-sē′li-an, adj. hollowed or cupped in front.—Also Procœ′lous. [Gr. pro, before, koilos, hollow.]

Proconsul, prō-kon′sul, n. a Roman official having the authority of a consul without his office: the governor of a province.—adj. Procon′sular, pertaining to, or under the government of, a proconsul.—ns. Procon′sulate, Procon′sulship, the office, or term of office, of a proconsul.

Procrastinate, prō-kras′ti-nāt, v.t. to put off till some future time: to postpone.—v.i. to delay.—n. Procrastinā′tion, a putting off till a future time: dilatoriness.—adjs. Procras′tinātive, Procras′tinātory.—n. Procras′tinātor. [L.—pro, off, crastinus—cras, to-morrow.]

Procreate, prō′krē-āt, v.t. to bring into being: to generate: to propagate: to produce.—n. Prō′creant, one who, or that which, procreates or generates.—adj. procreating, connected with or related to reproduction.—n. Procreā′tion, the act of procreating: generation: production.—adj. Prō′creātive, having the power to procreate: generative: productive.—ns. Prō′creātiveness; Prō′creātor, one who procreates: a father. [L. procreāre, -ātum—pro, forth, creāre, to produce.]

Procrustean, prō-krus′tē-an, adj. violently making conformable to a standard—from Procrustes, a Greek robber, who stretched or cut a piece off the legs of his captives, so as to fit them to an iron bed.

Proctalgia, prok-tal′ji-a, n. pain of the anus or rectum.—n. Proctī′tis, inflammation thereof. [Gr. proktos, the anus, algos, pain.]

Proctor, prok′tor, n. a procurator or manager for another: an attorney in the spiritual courts: a representative of the clergy in Convocation: an official in the English universities who attends to the morals of the students and enforces university regulations.—ns. Proc′torage, Proc′torship.—adj. Proctō′rial, pertaining to a proctor: magisterial.—v.t. Proc′torise (slang), in the English universities, to summon before a proctor. [Procurator.]

Proctucha, prok-tū′ka, n.pl. a group of the Turbellaria in which the digestive canal is furnished with an anal aperture.—adj. Proctū′chous. [Gr. prōktos, the anus, echein, to have.]

Procumbent, prō-kum′bent, adj. leaning forward: lying down or on the face: (bot.) trailing: without putting out roots, as a stem. [L. pro, forward, cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Procure, prō-kūr′, v.t. to obtain for one's self or for another: to bring about: to attract: (Spens.) to urge earnestly.—v.i. to pander, pimp.—adj. Procur′able, that may be procured.—ns. Pro′curācy, office of a procurator; Procurā′tion, the act of managing another's affairs: the instrument giving power to do this: a sum paid by incumbents to the bishop or archdeacon on visitations; Proc′urātor, one who takes care of a thing for another: a lawyer: a financial agent in an imperial province under the Roman emperors; Proc′urator-fis′cal (see Fiscal).—adj. Procuratō′rial.—n. Proc′uratorship.—adj. Proc′urātory.—ns. Procure′ment, the act of procuring: a bringing about: management: agency; Procur′er, one who procures: a pander:—fem. Proc′uress. [Fr. procurer—L. procurāre, to manage—pro, for, curāre, -ātum, to care for.]

Procureur, prō-kü-rer′, n. a procurator.—Procureur général (French law), the public prosecutor-in-chief.

Procyonidæ, prō-si-on′i-dē, n.pl. an American family of plantigrade carnivorous mammals, including raccoons and coatis. [Gr. pro, before, kyōn, a dog.]

Prod, prod, n. a goad, awl: a prick or punch with a pointed instrument.—v.t. to prick. [Perh. brod.]

Prodigal, prod′i-gal, adj. spending without necessity: wasteful: lavish: profuse.—n. one who throws away without necessity: a waster: a spendthrift.—v.t. Prod′igalise, Prod′igāte, to spend lavishly, waste.—n. Prodigal′ity, state or quality of being prodigal: extravagance: profusion: great liberality.—adv. Prod′igally, wastefully. [Fr.,—L. prodigus—prodigĕre, to squander—pro, forth, agĕre, to drive.]

Prodigy, prod′i-ji, n. a portent: any person or thing that causes great wonder: a wonder: a monster.—adj. Prodig′ious, like a prodigy: astonishing: more than usually large in size or degree: monstrous.—adv. Prodig′iously.—n. Prodig′iousness. [Fr. prodige—L. prodigium, a prophetic sign—pro, before, dicĕre, to say.]

Proditor, prod′i-tor, n. a traitor. [L.,—prodĕre, -itum, to betray—pro, forth, dăre, to give.]

Prodromus, prod′rō-mus, n. a sign of approaching disease: a preliminary course or treatise:—pl. Prod′romi (-ī).—adj. Prodrom′ic. [Gr.]

Produce, prō-dūs′, v.t. to bring forward: to make longer: to bring forth: to bear: to exhibit: to yield: to bring about: to cause: (geom.) to extend.—v.i. to yield: to create value.—ns. Prod′uce, that which is produced: product: proceeds: crops: yield; Prod′uce-brok′er, a dealer in natural products, esp. foreign or colonial; Produc′er; Producibil′ity.—adj. Produc′ible, that may be produced: that may be generated or made: that may be exhibited.—n. Produc′ibleness.—adj. Produc′tile, capable of being drawn out in length. [L. producĕre, -ductum—pro, forward, ducĕre, to lead.]

Product, prod′ukt, n. that which grows or is produced: work: composition: effect: (arith.) the result of numbers multiplied together: (Milt.) offspring.—v.t. Product′ (rare), to produce.—ns. Productibil′ity, capability of being produced; Produc′tion, act of producing: that which is produced: fruit: product: (pol. econ.) creation of values: (zool.) extension, protrusion: (pl.) in Scots law, written documents produced in support of the action or defence.—adj. Produc′tive, having the power to produce: generative: fertile: efficient.—adv. Produc′tively.—ns. Produc′tiveness, Productiv′ity.

Proem, prō′em, n. an introduction: a prelude: a preface.—adj. Proē′mial. [Fr. proème—L. proœmium—Gr. prooimion—pro, before, oimos, a way.]

Proembryo, prō-em′bri-ō, n. a cellular structure produced from the spore of some plants, from which the embryo arises.

Proemptosis, prō-emp-tō′sis, n. the addition of a day to a calendar or cycle, to correct error. [Gr.]

Proface, prō′fas, interj. (Shak.) may it profit you!—a phrase of welcome. [O. Fr.,—prou, profit, face, fasse, 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of faire, to do.]

Profane, prō-fān′, adj. not sacred: common: secular: speaking or acting in contempt of sacred things: uninitiated: impious: impure.—v.t. to violate anything holy: to abuse anything sacred: to put to a wrong use: to pollute: to debase.—n. Profanā′tion, desecration: irreverence to what is holy: a treating of anything with disrespect.—adj. Profan′atory.—adv. Profane′ly.—ns. Profane′ness; Profān′er; Profan′ity, irreverence: that which is profane: profane language or conduct. [Fr.,—L. profanus—pro, before, fanum, a temple.]

Profectitious, prō-fek-tish′us, adj. derived from an ancestor or ancestors. [Low L.,—L. proficisci, profectus, to proceed.]

Profess, prō-fes′, v.t. to own freely: to make open declaration of: to declare in strong terms: to announce publicly one's skill in: to affirm one's belief in: (Spens.) to present the appearance of: (R.C.) to receive into a religious order by profession.—v.i. to enter publicly into a religious state: (Shak.) to pretend friendship.—adj. Professed′, openly declared: avowed: acknowledged.—adv. Profess′edly.—n. Profes′sion, the act of professing: open declaration: pretence: an employment not mechanical and requiring some degree of learning: calling or known employment: the collective body of persons engaged in any profession: entrance into a religious order.—adj. Profes′sional, pertaining to a profession: engaged in a profession: undertaken as a means of subsistence, as opposed to Amateur.—n. one who makes his living by an art, as opposed to an amateur who practises it merely for pastime.—n. Profes′sionalism.—adv. Profes′sionally.—ns. Profess′or, one who professes: one who openly declares belief in certain doctrines: one who publicly practises or teaches any branch of knowledge: a public and authorised teacher in a university:—fem. Profess′oress; Profess′orate, Professō′riāte, the office of a professor or public teacher: his period of office: body of professors.—adj. Professō′rial.—adv. Professō′rially.—n. Profess′orship. [Fr. profès, professed, said of a member of a religious order—L. professus, perf. p. of profitēri—pro, publicly, fatēri, to confess.]

Proffer, prof′ėr, v.t. to bring forward: to propose: to offer for acceptance.—n. an offer made: a proposal.—n. Proff′erer. [Fr. proférer—L. proferre—pro, forward, ferre, to bring.]

Proficience, prō-fish′ens, n. state of being proficient: improvement in anything: advancement—also Profi′ciency.—adj. Profi′cient, competent: well skilled: thoroughly qualified.—n. one who has made considerable advancement in anything: an adept: an expert.—adv. Profi′ciently. [L. proficiens, -entis, pr.p. of proficĕre, to make progress—pro, forward, facĕre, to make.]

Profile, prō′fīl, n. an outline: a head or portrait in a side-view: the side-face: the outline of any object without foreshortening: a vertical section of country to show the elevations and depressions.—v.t. to draw in profile: to make an outline of: (mech.) to give a definite form by chiselling, milling, &c.—ns. Prō′filist, one who takes or makes profiles; Profil′ograph, an instrument for automatically recording the profile of the ground it traverses. [It. profilo (Fr. profil)—L. pro, before, filum, a thread.]

Profit, prof′it, n. gain: the gain resulting from the employment of capital: the difference between the selling price and the first cost: advantage: addition to good or value: benefit: improvement.—v.t. to benefit or to be of advantage to: to improve.—v.i. to gain advantage: to receive profit: to improve: to be of advantage: to bring good.—adj. Prof′itable, yielding or bringing profit or gain: lucrative: productive: advantageous: beneficial.—n. Prof′itableness.—adv. Prof′itably.—ns. Prof′iter; Prof′iting, profit, gain, or advantage: (B.) progress or proficiency.—adj. Prof′itless, without profit, gain, or advantage.—adv. Prof′itlessly.—n. Prof′it-shar′ing, a voluntary agreement under which the employee receives a share, fixed beforehand, in the profits of a business.—Profit and loss, gain or loss arising from buying and selling, &c.—Net profits, clear gain after deduction of all outlay and expenses; Rate of profit, the amount of profit compared with the capital used in its production. [Fr.,—L. profectus, progress—proficĕre, profectum, to make progress.]

Profligate, prof′li-gāt, adj. abandoned to vice: without virtue or decency: dissolute: prodigal: (obs.) overthrown, defeated.—n. one leading a profligate life: one shamelessly vicious: an abandoned person.—ns. Prof′ligacy, Prof′ligateness, state or quality of being profligate: a vicious course of life.—adv. Prof′ligately. [L. profligatus, pa.p. of profligāre—pro, forward, fligĕre, to dash.]

Profluent, prof′lū-ent, adj. flowing forth.—n. Prof′luence. [L. pro, forth, fluere, to flow.]

Pro forma, prō for′ma, as a matter of form. [L. pro, for, forma, abl. of forma, form.]

Profound, prō-fownd′, adj. far below the surface: low: very deep: intense: abstruse: mysterious: occult: intellectually deep: penetrating deeply into knowledge.—n. the sea or ocean: an abyss, great depth.—adv. Profound′ly, deeply: with deep knowledge or insight: with deep concern.—ns. Profound′ness, Profund′ity, the state or quality of being profound: depth of place, of knowledge, &c.: that which is profound. [Fr. profond—L. profundus—pro, forward, fundus, bottom.]

Profunda, prō-fun′dä, n. a deep-seated artery, as of the arm, neck, or leg:—pl. Profun′dæ.

Profuse, prō-fūs′, adj. liberal to excess: lavish: extravagant.—adv. Profūse′ly.—ns. Profūse′ness, Profū′sion, state of being profuse: extravagance: prodigality. [L. profusus, pa.p. of profundĕre—pro, forth, fundĕre, to pour.]

Prog, prog, v.t. to thrust.—v.i. to go about, as if picking and plundering: to beg.—n. a pointed instrument: food got by begging. [Prob. related to W. procio, to stab.]

Progenerate, prō-jen′e-rāt, v.t. to beget.—n. Progen′itor, a forefather: an ancestor: a parent: the founder of a family:—fem. Progen′itress, Progen′itrix.—ns. Prōgen′iture, a begetting; Prog′eny, that which is brought forth: descendants: race: children. [Fr.,—L.,—pro, before, genitor, a parent, gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Proglottis, prō-glot′is, n. a term applied to the detached segments of the body in the Cestoidea:—pl. Proglott′idēs.—adj. Proglott′ic. [Gr.,—pro, before, glōssa, glōtta, tongue.]

Prognathous, prog′nā-thus, adj. having jaws projecting far forward—also Prognath′ic.—n. Prog′nathism. [Gr. pro, forward, gnathos, a jaw.]

Prognosis, prog-nō′sis, n. foreknowledge: (med.) the act or art of foretelling the course of a disease from the symptoms: the opinion thus formed.—n. Prognos′tic, a foreshowing: a foretelling: an indication: a presage.—adj. foreknowing: foreshowing: indicating what is to happen by signs or symptoms.—v.t. Prognos′ticāte, to foreshow: to foretell: to indicate as future by signs.—n. Prognosticā′tion, the act of prognosticating or foretelling something future by present signs: a foretoken or previous sign.—adj. Prognos′ticātive.—n. Prognos′ticātor, a predictor of future events, esp. a weather prophet. [Gr.,—pro, before, gignōskein, to know.]

Programme, Program, prō′gram, n. a public notice in writing: an outline of subjects and the order in which they are to be taken up at a meeting, exhibition, concert, &c.: a preliminary outline.—n. Prō′grammer, one who makes up a programme.—Programme music, music meant to give the hearers, by means of instruments, without words, the impressions of scenes and incidents. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. programma—pro, before, graphein, to write.]

Progress, prog′res, n. a going forward or onward: advance: improvement of any kind: proficiency: course: passage from place to place: procession: a journey of state: a circuit.—v.i. Prōgress′, to go forward: to make progress: to grow better: to proceed: to advance: to improve.—v.t. (Shak.) to move or push forward.—n. Prōgres′sion, motion onward: act or state of moving onward: progress: regular and gradual advance: increase or decrease of numbers or magnitudes according to a fixed law: (mus.) a regular succession of chords or the movements of the parts in harmony.—adj. Prōgres′sional.—ns. Prōgres′sionist, Prog′ressist, one who believes in the progress of society and its future perfection: one who believes in the development of animals and plants from one simple form.—adj. Prōgress′ive, progressing or moving forward: advancing gradually: improving.—n. one in favour of reform.—adv. Prōgress′ively.—n. Prōgress′iveness.—Arithmetical progression (see Arithmetic); Geometrical progression, a series of numbers or quantities in which each succeeding one is produced by multiplying or dividing the preceding one by a fixed number or quantity, as 1, 4, 16, 64, &c., or 18, 6, 2; Harmonic progression (see Harmonic); Musical progression, the regular succession of chords or the movement of the parts of a musical composition in harmony, where the key continues unchanged. [Fr.,—L. progressus—progredi, to go forward—pro, forward, gradi, to go.]

Progymnasium, prō-jim-nā′zi-um, n. in Germany, a classical school in which the higher classes are wanting: a school preparatory to a gymnasium.

Prohibit, prō-hib′it, v.t. to hinder: to check or repress: to prevent: to forbid: to interdict by authority.—ns. Prohib′iter; Prohibi′tion, the act of prohibiting, forbidding, or interdicting: an interdict: the forbidding by law of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks; Prohib′itionism; Prohibi′tionist, one who favours prohibitory duties in commerce: one who advocates the forbidding by law of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks.—adj. Prohib′itive.—adv. Prohib′itively.—adj. Prohib′itory, that prohibits or forbids: forbidding.—Prohibited degrees (see Forbidden degrees, under Degree).—Writ of prohibition (law), a writ from a superior tribunal staying proceedings in a lower court: (Scots law) a clause in a deed of entail forbidding the heir to sell the estate, contract debt, &c. [L. prohibēre, prohibitum—pro, before, habēre, to have.]

Proin, proin, v.t. an obsolete form of prune.

Pro indiviso, prō in-di-vī′so, (law) applied to rights which two or more persons hold in common.

Project, prōj′ekt, n. a plan: a scheme: contrivance. [O. Fr. project (Fr. projet)—L. projectum—pro, before, jacĕre, to throw.]

Project, prō-jekt′, v.t. to throw out or forward: to cast forward in the mind: to contrive or devise: to exhibit (as in a mirror): to draw straight lines from a fixed point through every point of any body or figure, and let these fall upon a surface so as to form the points of a new figure: to exhibit in relief.—v.i. to shoot forward: to jut out: to be prominent.—adj. Projec′tile, projecting or throwing forward: impelling or impelled forward: that can be thrust forward.—n. a body projected by force, esp. through the air: a cannon or rifle ball.—adj. Projec′ting.—n. Projec′tion, the act of projecting: that which juts out: a plan or design: a delineation: a representation of any object on a plane, esp. (geom.) the earth's surface: (alch.) the act of throwing anything into a crucible, hence the act or result of transmutation of metals: the crisis of any process, esp. a culinary process.—adj. Projec′tive, produced by projection: (geom.) capable, as two plane figures, of being derived from one another by a number of projections and sections.—ns. Projectiv′ity; Project′ment (rare), design; Projec′tor, one who projects or forms schemes: a parabolic mirror: a camera for throwing an image on a screen; Projec′ture, a jutting out beyond the main line or surface.—Mercator's projection, a map of the world with meridian lines which are straight and parallel, and with parallels of latitude at distances from each other, increasing towards the poles, invented by the Flemish cosmographer, Mercator, in 1550.

Proker, prō′ker, n. (prov.) a poker.

Prolapse, prō-laps′, n. (med.) a falling down, or out, of some part of the body from the position which it usually occupies—also Prolap′sus.—v.i. to fall down: to protrude. [L. prolabi, prolapsus, to fall forward—pro, forward, labi, to fall.]

Prolate, prō′lāt, adj. extended lengthwise: having the diameter between the poles longer than at right angles to it, as a spheroid.—ns. Prolāte′ness, Prolā′tion, a bringing forth: pronunciation: delay: (mus.) a division. [L. prolatus, pa.p. of proferre, to bring forward—pro, forth, ferre, to bear.]

Proleg, prō′leg, n. one of the abdominal limbs of the larvæ of insects.

Prolegomena, prō-leg-om′en-a, n.pl. an introduction to a treatise:—sing. Prolegom′enon.—adjs. Prolegom′enary, Prolegom′enous, prefatory: prolix. [Gr.,—pro, before, legein, to say.]

Prolepsis, prō-lep′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which objections are anticipated and answered: the dating of an event before its proper time:—pl. Prolep′sēs.—adjs. Prolep′tic, -al.—adv. Prolep′tically. [Gr.,—pro, before, lambanein, to take.]

Proletarian, prō-le-tā′ri-an, adj. belonging to the poorest labouring class: having little or no property: plebeian: vulgar.—n. a member of the poorest class—also Proletaire′, Prō′letary.—adj. Proletā′neous, having numerous offspring.—ns. Proletā′rianism, the condition of the poorest classes; Proletā′riat, -e, the lowest class. [L. proletarius (in ancient Rome), a citizen of the sixth and lowest class, who served the state not with his property, but with his children—proles, offspring.]

Prolicide, prō′li-sīd, n. infanticide.

Proliferate, prō-lif′e-rāt, v.i. to grow by multiplication of elementary parts: (zool.) to reproduce by proliferation.—v.t. to bear by reproduction.—n. Proliferā′tion, the birth and growth of generative zoöids.—adjs. Prolif′erātive, Prolif′erous.—adv. Prolif′erously. [L. proles, progeny, ferre, to bear.]

Prolific, -al, prō-lif′ik, -al, adj. bringing forth offspring: producing young or fruit: productive: bringing about results: (bot.) applied to a flower from which another is produced.—ns. Prolif′icacy, Prolif′icness.—adv. Prolif′ically.—n. Prolificā′tion, the generation of young animals or plants: (bot.) development of a shoot from an organ normally ultimate. [Fr. prolifique—L. proles (for pro-oles), offspring, facĕre, to make.]

Prolix, prō′liks, adj. tedious: long and wordy: dwelling too long on particulars: (obs.) long.—adj. Prolix′ious (Shak.), dilatory, tedious.—ns. Prolix′ity, Prolix′ness.—adv. Prolix′ly. [Fr. prolixe—L. prolixus—pro, forward, liqui, to flow.]

Proll, prōl, v.i. (Spens.) to prowl, rob. [Prowl.]

Prolocutor, prō-lok′ū-tor, n. the chairman of a convocation, or meeting of clergy: (rare) a spokesman:—fem. Prōloc′utrix.—n. Prōloc′utorship. [L., pro, before, loqui, locutus, to speak.]

Prologue, prō′log, n. a preface: the introductory verses before a play: (Shak.) the speaker of a prologue.—v.t. to introduce with a prologue or preface.—v.i. Prō′logise, -uise, to deliver a prologue. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. prologos—pro, before, logos, speech.]

Prolong, prō-long′, v.t. to lengthen out: (Shak.) to put off to another time: to continue.—v.i. to lengthen out.—v.t. Prolong′āte, to lengthen.—ns. Prolongā′tion, act of prolonging in space or time: the additional length made by prolonging; Prolong′er. [Fr. prolonger—L. prolongāre—pro, forward, longus, long.]

Prolonge, prō-lonj′, n. a hemp rope consisting of three pieces joined by two open rings, and having a hook at one end and a toggle at the other. [Fr.]

Prolusion, prō-lū′zhun, n. a prelude, introduction: an essay preparatory to a more solid treatise. [L.,—pro, before, ludĕre, lusum, to play.]

Promachos, prom′a-kos, n. a deity who fights in front of, or champions, some person or state. [Gr.]

Promenade, prom-e-näd′, or -nād′, n. a walk for pleasure, show, or exercise: a place for walking.—v.i. to walk for amusement, show, or exercise.—n. Promenä′der.—Promenade concert, an entertainment in which the audience promenades or dances during the music. [Fr.,—from (se) promener, to walk—L. promināre, to drive forwards—pro, forward, mināre, to drive.]

Promethean, prō-mē′thē-an, adj. pertaining to Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven, for which Zeus chained him to a rock, to be tortured by a vulture.—n. a glass tube containing sulphuric acid and an inflammable mixture: a kind of lucifer-match.—n. Promē′theus, a large silk-spinning moth. [Gr., lit. 'forethinker;' or Sans. pramantha, a fire-stick.]

Prominent, prom′i-nent, adj. standing out beyond the line or surface of something: projecting: most easily seen: conspicuous: principal: eminent: distinguished.—ns. Prom′inence, Prom′inency, state or quality of being prominent: conspicuousness: distinction.—adv. Prom′inently. [Fr.,—L. prominēre, to jut forth—pro, forth, minēre, to jut.]

Promiscuous, prō-mis′kū-us, adj. mixed: confused: collected together without order: indiscriminate: not restricted to one individual: (prov.) casual, accidental.—n. Promiscū′ity, mixture without order or distinction: promiscuous sexual intercourse.—adv. Promis′cuously.—n. Promis′cuousness. [L. promiscuus—pro, inten., miscēre, to mix.]

Promise, prom′is, n. an engagement made by a person either verbally or in writing to do or keep from doing something: expectation or that which causes expectation: a ground for hope of future excellence: (rare) fulfilment of what is promised.—v.t. to make an engagement to do or not to do something: to afford reason to expect: to assure: to engage to bestow.—v.i. to assure one by a promise: to afford hopes or expectations: (rare) to stand sponsor.—ns. Prom′ise-breach (Shak.), violation of promise; Prom′ise-break′er (Shak.), a violator of promises.—adj. Prom′ise-crammed (Shak.), crammed or filled with promises.—ns. Promisēē′, the person to whom a promise is made; Prom′iser, Prom′isor.—adj. Prom′ising, affording ground for hope or expectation: likely to turn out well.—advs. Prom′isingly; Prom′issorily.—adj. Prom′issory, containing a promise of some engagement to be fulfilled.—n. Prom′issory-note, a note by one person promising to pay a sum of money to another, or to bearer, at a certain date, or at sight, or on demand.—Promised land, the land promised by God to Abraham and his seed: Canaan: heaven.—Be promised (rare), to have an engagement; Breach of promise (see Breach); Conditional promise, a promise of which the obligation depends on certain conditions—opp. to Absolute promise; Express promise, a promise expressed orally or in writing; The Promise, the assurance of God to Abraham that his descendants should become the chosen people. [Fr. promesse—L. promissa, promittĕre, to send forward—pro, forward, mittĕre, to send.]

Promontory, prom′on-tor-i, n. a headland or high cape jutting out into the sea: (anat.) a projection on the sacrum: a rounded elevation in the tympanum of the ear. [L. promontorium—pro, forward, mons, montis, a mountain.]

Promote, prō-mōt′, v.t. to move forward: to help on the growth or improvement of anything: to advance: to further: to encourage: to raise to a higher position: to elevate.—ns. Promō′ter; Promō′tion, the act of promoting: advancement in rank or in honour: encouragement: preferment.—adj. Promō′tive.—Be on one's promotion, to have right or hope of promotion: to be on good behaviour with a view to chances of promotion. [L. promotus, pa.p. of promovēre—pro, forward, movēre, to move.]

Prompt, promt, adj. prepared: ready and willing: acting with alacrity: cheerful: unhesitating: (obs.) inclined, disposed.—v.t. to incite: to move to action: to assist a speaker when at a loss for words: to suggest to the mind.—n. a limit of time given for payment for merchandise purchased, the limit being stated on the prompt-note, the note of reminder.—ns. Prompt′-book, a copy of a play arranged for the prompter's use; Prompt′er; Prompt′ing, the act of prompting or suggesting: that which is prompted or suggested; Prompt′itūde, promptness: readiness: willingness: quickness of decision and action.—adv. Prompt′ly.—ns. Prompt′ness; Prompt′ūary, a magazine, repository, a handbook; Prompt′ūre (Shak.), suggestion: instigation. [Fr.,—L. promptus—prōmĕre, to bring forward—pro, forth, emĕre, to bring.]

Promulgate, prō-mul′gāt, v.t. to publish: to proclaim: to make widely known—(arch.) Promulge′.—ns. Promulgā′tion, act of promulgating: publication: open declaration: (law) the first official publication of a new law; Prom′ulgātor. [L. promulgāre, -ātum.]

Promuscis, prō-mus′is, n. a proboscis, esp. of hemipters.—adj. Promus′cidāte, like or having a promuscis.

Pronaos, prō-nā′os, n. the open porch in front of a temple. [Gr., pro, before, naos, a temple.]

Pronation, prō-nā′shun, n. the act of turning the palm of the hand downwards—opp. to Supination.—v.t. Prō′nate, to turn the palm downwards effected by means of the pronator muscle.—n. Pronā′tor, a muscle of the forearm by which pronation is effected. [L. pronāre, -ātum, to lead forward—pronus.]

Prone, prōn, adj. with the face downward: bending forward: headlong: disposed: inclined or sloping.—adv. Prone′ly.—n. Prone′ness. [O. Fr.,—L. pronus; cog. with Gr. prēnēs, prone.]

Prong, prong, n. the spike of a fork or similar instrument: one of several points or projections, as on an antler.—v.t. to stab with a prong.—adj. Pronged, having prongs.—n. Prong′-hoe.—adj. Prong′-horn, having horns with a prong.—n. the prong-buck or cabrit, the American antelope. [Nasalised form of Prov. Eng. prog, to prick—W. procio; cf. Gael. brog, to goad, brog, an awl.]

Pronominal. See Pronoun.

Prononcé, prō-nong-sā′, adj. decided: self-asserting:—fem. Prononcée. [Fr.; cf. Pronounce.]

Pronotum, prō-nō′tum, n. the tergal portion of the prothorax in the Insecta:—pl. Pronō′ta.—adj. Pronō′tal. [Gr. pro, before, nōtos, back.]

Pronoun, prō′nown, n. a word used instead of a noun.—adj. Pronom′inal, belonging to, or of the nature of, a pronoun.—adv. Pronom′inally.

Pronounce, prō-nowns′, v.t. to make known by speaking: to utter with the proper sound and accent: to speak distinctly: to utter formally: to utter rhetorically: to declare.—v.i. to utter confidently: to utter words.—adjs. Pronounce′able, capable of being pronounced; Pronounced′, marked with emphasis: marked.—adv. Pronoun′cedly.—ns. Pronounce′ment, act of pronouncing: an announcement or proclamation; Pronoun′cer.—adjs. Pronoun′cing, Pronun′cial, giving or marking pronunciation.—n. Pronunciā′tion, act or mode of pronouncing: art of speaking distinctly and correctly: utterance. [Fr. prononcer—L. pronuntiāre—pro, forth, nunciāre, to announce—nuntius, a messenger.]

Pronunciamento, prō-nun-si-a-men′to, n. a manifesto: a formal proclamation. [Sp.]

Proœmium, prō-ē′mi-um, n. same as Proem—also Prœ′mion: (rhet.) exordium.—adj. Proœ′mise.

Proof, prōōf, n. that which proves or establishes the truth of anything: test: (obs.) experience: experiment: any process to discover or establish a truth: that which convinces: demonstration: evidence which convinces the mind: state of having been proved: (pl.) in equity practice, the instruments of evidence in their documentary form: (Scots law) the taking of evidence by a judge upon an issue framed in pleading: a test, hence 'Armour of proof,' armour proved to be trustworthy: (arith.) an operation checking the accuracy of a calculation: firmness of mind: a certain strength of alcoholic spirits: (print.) an impression taken for correction, also 'proof-sheet:' an early impression of an engraving—'proof before letter'=one taken before the title is engraved on the plate: (phot.) the first print from a negative.—adj. firm in resisting: noting alcoholic liquors having the specific gravity 0.920:—pl. Proofs.—ns. Proof′-arm′our, armour proved to be able to resist ordinary weapons; Proof′-charge, an extraordinary amount of powder and shot put into a gun to test its strength; Proof′-house, a house fitted up for proving the barrels of firearms; Proof′-leaf (same as Proof-sheet).—adj. Proof′less, wanting proof or evidence.—ns. Proof′-mark, a mark stamped on a gun to show that it has stood the test; Proof′-read′er, a person who reads printed proofs to discover and correct errors; Proof′-sheet, an impression taken on a slip of paper for correction before printing finally; Proof′-spir′it, a mixture containing fixed proportions of alcohol and water—nearly half its weight and fully half its volume of alcohol; Proof′-text, a passage of Scripture held to prove a certain doctrine.—Artist's proof, a first impression from an engraved plate or block; Burden of proof (see Burden); India proof (see Indian). [O. Fr. prove (Fr. preuve)—L. probāre, to prove.]

Proostracum, prō-os′tra-kum, n. the forward continuation of the guard or rostrum in the Belemnites. [Gr. pro, before, ostrakon, shell.]

Prootic, prō-ot′ik, n. a bone developed in some vertebrata in front of the ear—also adj. [Gr. pro, before, ous, ōtos, ear.]

Prop, prop, n. anything on which a weight rests for support: a support: a stay.—v.t. to keep from falling by means of something placed under or against: to support or to sustain in any way:—pr.p. prop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. propped.—n. Prop′page. [Allied to Sw. propp, Ger. propf, a stopper; some connect also with Ger. pfropf, a graft—L. propago, a set, layer.]

Propædeutic, -al, prō-pē-dū′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to preliminary instruction.—n. Propædeū′tic, a preliminary branch of knowledge: (pl.) the introduction to an art or science. [Gr. pro, before, paideuein, to teach.]

Propagate, prop′a-gāt, v.t. to increase by generation or other natural process: to multiply plants by layers: to extend: to produce: to impel forward in space, as sound, light, energy, &c.: to spread from one to another: to promote: to extend the knowledge of: (obs.) to increase.—v.i. to be produced or multiplied: to have young.—adj. Prop′agable, that can be propagated or increased by generation or other natural process.—ns. Propagan′da, Prop′agand, a committee (congregatio de propaganda fide) at Rome charged with the management of the R.C. missions: any association for the spread of opinions and principles, esp. such as are opposed to the existing government; Propagand′ism, practice of propagating tenets or principles: zeal in spreading one's opinions: proselytism; Propagand′ist, one who devotes himself to propagandism; Propagā′tion, act of propagating: the spreading or extension of anything, as light, sound, energy, &c.: increase: enlargement.—adj. Prop′agātive.—ns. Prop′agātor; Propagatō′rium (biol.), the reproductive apparatus.—adj. Prop′agātory.—ns. Propā′go, a layer or branch laid down to root; Propag′ūlum, a runner or sucker ending in an expanded bud: a gemma or bud affecting asexual propagation in many algæ. [L. propāgāre, -ātum, conn. with pro-pāg-o, a layer.]

Propale, prō-pāl′, v.t. to disclose.

Propalinal, prō-pal′i-nal, adj. moving backward and forward, as the under jaw in mastication. [L. pro, forward, Gr. palin, backward.]

Proparoxytone, prō-par-ok′si-tōn, adj. having the acute accent on the antepenultimate or third last syllable.—n. a word having the acute accent on the antepenultimate.

Propel, prō-pel′, v.t. to drive forward: to urge onward by force:—pr.p. propel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. propelled′.—n. Propel′lant, that which drives forward.—adj. Propel′lent.—ns. Propel′ler, one who, or that which, propels: any kind of mechanism for moving a ship through the water, by a paddle-wheel, oar, screw, &c.: a vessel thus propelled: a spinning-bait; Propel′ment, act of propelling: propelling mechanism. [L. pro, forward, pellĕre, to drive.]

Propend, prō-pend′, v.i. (Shak.) to lean toward: to be in favour of anything.—adj. Propend′ent. [L. propendēre—pro, forward, pendēre, pensum, to hang.]

Propense. prō-pens′, adj. leaning towards in a moral sense: inclined: disposed.—adv. Propense′ly.—ns. Propense′ness, Propens′ity, inclination of mind: tendency to good or evil: disposition; Propen′sion, tendency to move in a certain direction.—adj. Propen′sive. [L. propensus, hanging forward.]

Proper, prop′ėr, adj. one's own: fitted for a person's nature or qualities: peculiar: belonging to only one of a species (as a name): natural: suitable: correct: just: right: becoming: (B.) comely, pretty: in liturgics, used only on a particular day or festival.—n. something set apart for a special use.—adv. (coll.) very, exceedingly.—adv. Prop′erly, in a proper manner: (coll.) entirely, extremely.—n. Prop′erness.—Properly speaking, in the strict sense: speaking without qualification. [Fr. propre—L. proprius, one's own, akin to prope, near.]

Properispomenon, prō-per-i-spōm′e-non, n. a word with the circumflex accent on the penult. [Gr.,—pro, before, peri, round, spān, to draw.]

Property, prop′ėr-ti, n. that which is proper to any person or thing: a quality which is always present: any quality: that which is one's own: an estate: right of possessing, employing, &c.: ownership: (Shak.) individuality: (pl.) articles required by actors in a play.—v.t. (Shak.) to invest with certain properties: to make a tool of, appropriate.—adj. Prop′ertied, possessed of property or possessions.—ns. Prop′erty-man, -mas′ter, one who has charge of the stage properties in a theatre; Prop′erty-room, the room in which the stage properties of a theatre are kept; Prop′erty-tax, a tax paid by persons possessed of property, at the rate of so much per cent. on its value.—Movable or Personal property, property that may attend the person of the owner, movables; Private property, that which belongs to an individual for his personal disposition and use—opp. to Public property; Real property, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, real estate; Qualified property, the right a man has in reclaimed wild animals—also called Special property: such right as a bailee has in the chattel transferred to him by the bailment. [O. Fr. properte—a doublet of propriety.]

Prophasis, prof′a-sis, n. prognosis. [Gr.]

Prophecy, prof′e-si, n. a prediction: public interpretation of Scripture: instruction: (B.) a book of prophecies. [O. Fr. prophecie—L. prophetīa—Gr. prophēteia—prophētēs.]

Prophesy, prof′e-sī, v.t. to foretell: to predict.—v.i. (B.) to exhort: to expound religious subjects.—pa.t. and pa.p. proph′esīed.—ns. Proph′esīer; Proph′esying. [s has been arbitrarily substituted for c, to distinguish the verb from the noun.]

Prophet, prof′et, n. one who proclaims or interprets the will of God: one who announces things to come: one who predicts or foretells events: (B.) one inspired by God to warn and teach: (pl.) the writings of the prophets.—n.fem. Proph′etess.—ns. Proph′ethood, Proph′etship, quality, office of a prophet.—adjs. Prophet′ic, -al, pertaining to a prophet: containing prophecy: foreseeing or foretelling events.—adv. Prophet′ically.—n. Proph′etism.—Prophetic office, the office of a prophet.—Former prophets, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings; Latter prophets, the prophets properly so called; Major prophets, the prophets whose books come before that of Hosea; Minor prophets, the prophets from Hosea to Malachi; School of the prophets, a school among the ancient Jews for training young men as teachers of the people; The prophets, one of the three divisions into which the ancient Jews divided their Scriptures—consisting of the former and the latter prophets (see above). [Fr.,—L. prophēta—Gr. prophētēs—pro, before, in behalf of, phē-mi, phanai, to speak.]

Prophylactic, prof-i-lak′tik, adj. guarding against: defending from disease.—n. a medicine which wards off disease.—n. Prophylax′is. [Gr. pro, before, phylassein, to guard.]

Propine, prō-pīn′, v.t. to pledge in drinking: to present, guarantee.—n. (obs.) money given as drink-money, any pledge or gift: the power of giving.—n. Propinā′tion, act of drinking healths. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. propinein, pro, before, pinein, to drink.]

Propinquity, prō-ping′kwi-ti, n. nearness in time, place, or blood: proximity: neighbourhood.—v.i. Propinq′uate, to approach. [L. propinquitas—propinquus, near—prope, near.]

Propitiate, prō-pish′i-āt, v.t. to make propitious: to render favourable.—v.i. to make propitiation: to atone.—adj. Propi′tiable, that maybe propitiated or rendered favourable.—ns. Propitiā′tion, act of propitiating: (theol.) that which propitiates: atonement: the death of Christ as a ground of the forgiveness of sin; Propi′tiātor.—adv. Propi′tiatorily.—adj. Propi′tiātory, having power to propitiate: expiatory.—n. the Jewish mercy-seat.—adj. Propi′tious, favourable: disposed to be gracious or merciful: ready to forgive.—adv. Propi′tiously.—n. Propi′tiousness. [L. propitiāre, -ātum, to make favourable—propitius, well disposed; orig. perh. an augur's term with reference to the flying of birds—pro, forward, petĕre, to seek, orig. fly; by others conn. with prope, near.]

Proplasm, prō′plazm, n. a mould, matrix.—adj. Proplas′tic, forming a mould.

Propodite, prop′ō-dīt, n. the sixth joint of the typical limb of a Crustacean.

Propodium, prō-pō′di-um, n. the anterior division of the foot in some Gasteropoda and Pteropoda. [Gr. pro, before, pous, podos, the foot.]

Propolis, prop′ō-lis, n. a red, resinous, odorous substance like wax collected by bees and used to stop crevices in the hive, strengthen cells, &c. [Gr.,—pro, before, polis, city.]

Proponent, prō-pō′nent, adj. proposing.—n. one who makes a proposal or proposition: (law) one who propounds a will for probate.

Proportion, prō-pōr′shun, n. the relation of one thing to another in regard to magnitude: fitness of parts to each other: symmetrical arrangement: (math.) the identity or equality of ratios: the 'rule of three,' in which three terms are given to find a fourth: equal or just share: (obs.) form, figure.—v.t. to adjust: to form symmetrically: to correspond to: to divide into proper shares.—adj. Propor′tionable, that may be proportioned: having a proper proportion.—n. Propor′tionableness.—adv. Propor′tionably.—adj. Propor′tional, having a due proportion: relating to proportion: (math.) having the same or a constant ratio.—n. (math.) a number or quantity in a proportion.—n. Proportional′ity.—adv. Propor′tionally.—adj. Propor′tionate, adjusted according to a proportion: proportional.—v.t. to make proportional: to adjust in proportion.—adv. Propor′tionately.—ns. Propor′tionateness, the quality of being adjusted according to settled rates or comparative relation; Propor′tioning, adjustment of proportions.—adj. Propor′tionless, without proportion or symmetry of parts.—Proportional representation, representation in a parliament, &c., according to the number of electors in an electoral district.—Compound proportion, a proportion between two quantities, each of which is the product of two or more, those of the first set being in their order proportional to those of the other; In proportion, in the degree or measure, according; Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality of ratio between two quantities and the reciprocals of other two, as 6 : 3 = ½ : ¼. [L. proportio—pro, in comparison with, portio, portionis, part, share.]

Propose, prō-pōz′, v.t. to put forward or offer for consideration, &c.: to purpose or intend: (obs.) to place out, state, utter, discourse: (Shak.) to face, confront.—v.i. to form an intention or design: to offer, especially marriage: (Shak.) to converse—n. (obs.) talk, discourse.—n. Propō′sal, anything proposed: terms or conditions proposed.—n. Propō′ser. [Fr.,—pfx. pro-, poser, to place.]

Proposition, prop-ō-zish′un, n. a placing before: offer of terms: that which is proposed: the act of stating anything: that which is stated: (gram. and logic) a complete sentence, or one which affirms or denies something: (math.) a theorem or problem to be demonstrated or solved.—adj. Proposi′tional, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a proposition: considered as a proposition. [Fr.,—L. propositio.]

Propound, prō-pownd′, v.t. to offer for consideration: to exhibit.—n. Propound′er. [Orig. propone—L.,—pro, forth, ponĕre, to place.]

Proprætor, Propretor, prō-prē′tor, n. a magistrate of ancient Rome, who, after acting as prætor in Rome, was appointed to the government of a province.

Proprietor, prō-prī′e-tor, n. one who has anything as his property: an owner:—fem. Proprī′etress, Proprī′etrix.—adjs. Proprī′etary, Proprietō′rial, belonging to a proprietor.—n. Proprī′etary, a proprietor, owner: a body of proprietors: the rights of a proprietor.—n. Proprī′etorship, state or right of a proprietor: ownership.—Proprietary right, the right of a proprietor: the common-law right of a playwright to control production or representation of his drama so long as unpublished: the right when protected by copyright after publication.

Propriety, prō-prī′e-ti, n. a person's right of possession: state of being proper or right: agreement with established principles or customs: fitness: accuracy: property: (obs.) individuality.—The proprieties, conventional customs of society. [Fr.,—L. proprietas—proprius, one's own.]

Proprium, prō′pri-um, n. selfhood.

Proproctor, prō-prok′tor, n. a substitute or assistant proctor.

Propterygium, prō-tē-rij′i-um, n. the anterior basal cartilage of the fins in the Elasmobranchii:—pl. Proptery′gia.—adj. Proptery′gial. [L. pro, before, L.,—Gr. pterygion, a fin, pteron, a wing.]

Propugnation, prō-pug-nā′shun, n. (Shak.) defence. [L., pro, for, pugnāre, to fight.]

Propulsion, prō-pul′shun, n. act of propelling: a driving forward.—adjs. Propul′sive, Propul′sory, tending or having power to propel. [Low L. propulsio—L. propellĕre, propulsum, to push forward.]

Propylæum, prō-pi-lē′um, n. a gateway of architectural importance, leading into a temple, &c.:—pl. Propylæ′a.—n. Prō′pylon, a monumental gateway before the entrance of an ancient Egyptian temple, &c. [Gr. pro, before, pylē, a gate.]

Pro rata, prō rā′ta, according to one's share: in proportion.—v.t. Prorāte′, to assess pro rata.

Prore, prōr, n. Same as Prow.

Prorector, prō-rek′tor, n. a substitute or assistant rector.

Pro re nata, prō rē nā′ta, dealing with something that arises unexpectedly or out of due course, for special business. [L. pro, for, re, abl. of res, thing, nata, abl. fem. of natus, born.]

Prorogue, prō-rōg′, v.t. to bring the meetings of parliament to an end for a time: to put off from one session to another:—pr.p. prorōg′uing: pa.t. and pa.p. prorōgued′.—v.t. Prō′rogāte.—n. Prorogā′tion, act of proroguing: a lengthening out: a putting off to another time, esp. the bringing to an end of a session of parliament. [Fr.,—L. prorogāre, -ātum—pro, forward, rogāre, to ask.]

Prorsad, pror′sad, adv. (anat.) forward.—adj. Pror′sal, anterior.

Prosaic, -al, prō-zā′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to prose: like prose: commonplace in style, manner, or thought: dull.—adv. Prosā′ically.—ns. Prosā′icism, Prosā′icness, quality of being prosaic; Prō′saism, a prose idiom: a prosaic phrase; Prō′saist, a writer of prose: a commonplace person.

Proscenium, prō-sē′ni-um, n. the front part of the stage: the curtain and its framework. [L.,—Gr. proskēnion—pro, before, skēnē, the stage.]

Proscribe, prō-skrīb′, v.t. to publish the names of persons to be punished: to put beyond the protection of law: to banish: to prohibit: to denounce, as doctrine.—ns. Prōscrib′er; Prō′script; Proscrip′tion, the act of proscribing or dooming to death or outlawry: utter rejection.—adj. Prōscrip′tive, pertaining to, or consisting in, proscription.—adv. Prōscrip′tively. [L. proscribĕre—pro, before, publicly, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Prose, prōz, n. the direct, straightforward arrangement of words, free from poetical measures: ordinary spoken and written language: all writings not in verse.—adj. pertaining to prose: not poetical: plain: dull.—v.i. to write prose: to speak or write tediously.—v.t. to compose in prose.—ns. Prose′-man, Prō′ser, Prose′-writ′er, a writer of prose.—adv. Prō′sily, in a prosy manner: tediously.—ns. Prō′siness, the state or quality of being prosy; Prō′sing, speaking or writing in a dull or prosy way.—adj. Prō′sy, dull, tedious. [Fr.,—L. prosa—prorsus, straightforward—pro, forward, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Prosect, prō-sekt′, v.t. to dissect beforehand.—v.i. to perform the duties of a prosector, one who dissects a body for the illustration of anatomical lectures.—ns. Prosec′tion; Prosec′tor.—adj. Prosectō′rial.—n. Prosec′torship. [L. pro, before, secāre, to cut.]

Prosecute, pros′ē-kūt, v.t. to follow onwards or pursue, in order to reach or accomplish: to continue: to pursue by law: to bring before a court.—v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution.—ns. Prosecū′tion, the act of prosecuting or pursuing, esp. a civil or criminal suit: the party by which legal proceedings are instituted; Pros′ecūtor, one who prosecutes or pursues any plan or business: one who carries on a civil or criminal suit:—fem. Pros′ecūtrix.—Public prosecutor, a person whose duty it is to conduct prosecutions in the public interest. [L. prosequi—pro, onwards, sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Proselyte, pros′e-līt, n. one who has come over from one religion or opinion to another: a convert, esp. one who left the heathen and joined a Jewish community.—v.t. to convert.—v.t. Pros′elytīse, to make proselytes.—ns. Pros′elytīser, one who proselytises; Pros′elytism, the act of proselytising or of making converts: conversion.—Proselyte of the gate, a convert who was not compelled to submit to the regulations of the Mosaic law. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. prosēlytos—proserchomai, I come to—pros, to, erchomai, ēlthon, to come.]

Prosencephalon, pros-en-sef′a-lon, n. the fore-brain, comprising the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory processes.—adj. Prosencephal′ic. [Gr. pros, before, enkephalon, the brain—en, in, kephalē, the head.]

Prosenchyma, pros-eng′ki-ma, n. the fibro-vascular system or tissue of plants—opp. to Parenchyma, the soft tissues.—adj. Prosenchym′atous. [Gr. pros, to, enchyma, an infusion.]

Proseuche, (-a), pros-ū′kē, (-kä), n. a place of prayer: among the Jews one that was not a synagogue, or the temple, usually roofless:—pl. Proseu′chæ. [Gr. pros, towards, euchesthai, to pray.]

Prosiliency, prō-sil′i-en-si, n. a standing forward.

Prosit, prō′sit, interj. good luck to you, a salutation in drinking healths customary among German students. [3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of prodesse, to be of use—pro, for, esse, to be.]

Prosobranchiata, pros-ō-brangk-i-ā′ta, n.pl. an order or sub-class of gasteropods having the gills anterior to the heart.—adj. Prosobranch′iāte. [Gr. prosō, forward, branchia, gills.]

Prosody, pros′ō-di, n. that part of grammar which treats of quantity, accent, and the laws of verse or versification.—adjs. Prosō′dial, Prosod′ic, -al, pertaining to prosody: according to the rules of prosody.—ns. Prosō′dian, Pros′odist, one skilled in prosody.—adv. Prosod′ically. [Fr.,—L. prosōdia, Gr. prosōdia—pros, to, ōdē, a song.]

Prosopopeia, Prosopopœia, pros-ō-pō-pē′ya, n. a rhetorical figure by which inanimate objects are spoken of as persons: personification. [Gr. prosōpopoiia—prosōpon, a person, poiein, to make.]

Prosopulmonata, pros-ō-pul-mō-nā′ta, n.pl. a group of air-breathing gasteropods in which the pulmonary sac occupies a forward position.—adj. Prosopul′monāte. [Gr. prosō, forward, L. pulmo, a lung.]

Prospect, pros′pekt, n. a looking forward: that which the eye takes in at once: a view: object of view: a scene: expectation: a long, straight, wide street: outlook, exposure.—v.i. Prospect′, to make a search, esp. for chances of mining for precious metals.—ns. Prospec′ter, -or, one who explores for valuable minerals; Prospec′ting, searching a district for gold or silver mines with a view to further operations; Prospec′tion, the act of looking forward or of providing for future wants.—adj. Prospec′tive, looking forward: expected: acting with foresight: relating to the future: distant.—n. outlook: prospect.—adv. Prospec′tively.—ns. Prospec′tiveness; Prospec′tus, the outline of any plan submitted for public approval, particularly of a literary work or of a joint-stock concern. [L. prospectus—prospicĕre, prospectum—pro, forward, specĕre, to look.]

Prosper, pros′pėr, v.t. to make fortunate or happy: (B.) to make to prosper.—v.i. to be successful: to succeed: to turn out well.—n. Prosper′ity, the state of being prosperous: success: good fortune.—adj. Pros′perous, according to hope: in accordance with one's wishes: making good progress: favourable: successful.—adv. Pros′perously.—n. Pros′perousness. [L. prosper, prosperus—pro, in accordance with, spes, hope.]

Prosphysis, pros′-fi-sis, n. morbid adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. [Gr.]

Prostate, pros′tāt, adj. standing in front, applied to a gland in males at the neck of the bladder.—n. the gland at the neck of the bladder.—adj. Prostat′ic.—n. Prostatī′tis, inflammation of the prostate gland. [Gr. prostatēs—pro, before, sta, root of histēmi, I set up.]

Prosthenic, pros-then′ik, adj. strong in the fore-parts.

Prosthesis, pros′the-sis, n. addition, affixion, as of letters at the beginning of a word: the fitting of artificial parts to the body.—adj. Prosthet′ic. [Gr.]

Prostitute, pros′ti-tūt, v.t. to expose for sale for bad ends: to sell to lewdness: to devote to any improper purpose.—adj. openly devoted to lewdness: sold to wickedness.—n. a female who indulges in lewdness, esp. for hire, a whore: a base hireling.—ns. Prostitū′tion, the act or practice of prostituting: lewdness for hire: the being devoted to infamous purposes; Pros′titūtor, one who prostitutes either himself or another. [L. prostituĕre, -ūtum—pro, before, statuĕre, to place.]

Prostrate, pros′trāt, adj. thrown forwards on the ground: lying at length: lying at mercy: bent in adoration.—v.t. to throw forwards on the ground: to lay flat: to overthrow: to sink totally: to bow in humble reverence.—n. Prostrā′tion, act of throwing down or laying flat: act of falling down in adoration: dejection: complete loss of strength. [L. pro, forwards, sternĕre, stratum, to strew.]

Prostyle, prō′stīl, adj. (archit.) having a range of detached columns in front.

Prosy. See Prose.

Prosyllogism, prō-sil′ō-jizm, n. a syllogism of which the conclusion is the premise of another.

Protactic, prō-tak′tik, adj. placed at the beginning, introductory.

Protagonist, prō-tag′on-ist, n. a leading character, esp. in a play.—n. Prō′tagon, a nitrogenous substance obtained from the brain and other tissues. [Gr. prōtos, first, agōnistēs, a combatant.]

Protamœba, prō-ta-mē′ba, n. a low form of the Monera, which is constantly changing its form by sending out and withdrawing pseudopodia.

Pro tanto, prō tan′to, for so much: to a certain extent: to the extent mentioned.

Protasis, prot′a-sis, n. (rhet.) the first part of a conditional sentence—opp. to Apodosis: the first part of a dramatic composition.—adj. Protat′ic. [Gr.,—pro, before, tasis, a stretching, teinein, to stretch.]

Protean, prō′tē-an, adj. readily assuming different shapes, like Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to have the power of changing himself into an endless variety of forms: variable: inconstant.

Protect, prō-tekt′, v.t. to cover in front: to cover over: to shield from danger: to defend: to shelter.—adv. Protec′tingly.—ns. Protec′tion, act of protecting: state of being protected: preservation: defence: that which protects: guard: refuge: security: a writing guaranteeing against molestation or interference: passport: a fostering of home produce and manufactures by laying taxes on the importation of foreign goods; Protec′tionism, the doctrine of the protectionists; Protec′tionist, one who favours the protection of trade by law.—adj. favouring the economic doctrine of protection.—adj. Protec′tive, affording protection: defensive: sheltering.—n. that which protects.—adv. Protec′tively.—ns. Protec′tiveness; Protec′tor, one who protects from injury or oppression: a guardian: a regent:—fem. Protec′tress, Protec′trix.—adjs. Protec′toral, Protectō′rial, pertaining to a protector or a regent.—n. Protec′torāte, government by a protector: the authority assumed by a superior: relation assumed by a strong nation to a weak one, whereby the latter is protected from hostile or foreign interference.—adj. Protec′torless.—ns. Protec′torship; Protec′tory, an institution for destitute children. [L., pro, in front, tegĕre, tectum, to cover.]

Protégé, prō-tā-zhā′, n. one under the protection of another: a pupil: a ward:—fem. Protégée. [Fr., pa.p. of protéger, to protect—L. protegĕre.]

Protein, prō′tē-in, n. the first element in any compound: formerly the supposed common radical of the group of bodies which form the most essential articles of food, albumen, fibrine, &c.—n. Prō′tēid, a body containing protein: one of several bodies which go to make up the soft tissues of animals and vegetables. [Gr. prōtos, first, suffix -in.]

Pro tempore, prō tem′po-rē, for the time being: temporary—sometimes written pro tem.—adj. Protemporā′neous, temporary.

Protend, prō-tend′, v.t. to stretch or hold out.—ns. Protense′ (Spens.), extension; Proten′sion, duration; Proten′sity.—adj. Proten′sive. [L.,—pro, forth, tendĕre, tensum, to stretch.]

Proteolytic, prō-tē-ō-lit′ik, adj. converting food material into protein.—n. Proteol′ysis. [Proteid, Gr. lyein, to relax.]

Proterandry, prot-e-ran′dri, n. the maturity of the anthers of a perfect flower before its stigma is ready to receive the pollen.—adj. Proteran′drous.

Proteroglypha, prot-e-rog′li-fa, n.pl. a group of snakes having the anterior maxillary teeth grooved. [Gr. proteros, fore, glyphein, to carve.]

Proterogyny, prot-e-roj′i-ni, n. the maturity of the stigmas of a perfect flower before its anthers have matured their pollen.—adj. Proterog′ynous.

Protervity, prō-ter′vi-ti, n. peevishness, wantonness:—pl. Proter′vities. [O. Fr.,—L.,—protervus, wanton—pro, forth, terĕre, to bruise.]

Protest, prō-test′, v.i. to bear witness before others: to declare openly: to give a solemn declaration of opinion (against).—v.t. to make a solemn declaration of: to note, as a bill of exchange, on account of non-acceptance or non-payment: (rare) to call as a witness: (obs.) to publish, make known: (Shak.) to vow.—n. Prō′test, a solemn or formal declaration, esp. in writing, expressing dissent: the noting by a notary-public of an unpaid or unaccepted bill: a written declaration, usually by the master of a ship, stating the circumstances attending loss or injury of ship or cargo, &c.—adj. Prot′estant, protesting: pertaining to the faith of those who protest against the errors of the Church of Rome.—n. one of those who, in 1529, protested against an edict of Charles V. and the Diet of Spires denouncing the Reformation: a member of one of those churches founded by the Reformers: one who protests.—v.t. Prot′estantise.—ns. Prot′estantism, the Protestant religion: state of being a Protestant; Protestā′tion, an act of protesting: a solemn declaration: a declaration of dissent: a declaration in pleading; Prot′estātor; Protest′er.—adv. Protest′ingly. [Fr.,—L. protestāri, -ātus, to bear witness in public—pro, before, testāri—testis, a witness.]

Proteus. See Protean.

Protevangelium, prō-tē-van-jel′i-um, n. the earliest announcement of the gospel (Gen. iii. 15): an apocryphal gospel ascribed to James, Jesus' brother.

Prothalamium, prō-tha-lā′mi-um, n. a piece written to celebrate a marriage.—Also Prothalā′mion. [Gr. pro, before, thalamos, a bride-chamber.]

Prothallium, prō-thal′i-um, n. the green, leaf-like, cellular expansion which grows from the spore of a fern.—Also Prothall′us. [Gr. pro, before, thallus, a young shoot.]

Prothesis, proth′e-sis, n. in the Greek Church the preliminary oblation of the eucharistic elements before the liturgy: the table used. [Gr.,—pro, before, tithenai, to place.]

Prothonotary, prō-thon′ō-ta-ri, n. a chief notary or clerk: one of the chief secretaries of the chancery at Rome: a chief clerk or registrar of a court, in certain of the United States—also Proton′otary.—adj. Prothonotā′rial.—n. Prothonotā′riat, the college constituted by the twelve apostolical prothonotaries in Rome. [Late L.,—Gr. prōtos, first, L. notarius, a clerk.]

Prothorax, prō-thō′raks, n. the anterior segment of the thorax of insects.—adj. Prothorac′ic (-ras-).

Protista, prō-tis′ta, n.pl. a proposed term for a zoological kingdom including Protozoa and Protophyta. [Gr. prōtistos, superl. of prōtos, first.]

Protococcus, prō-tō-kok′us, n. a microscopic vegetable organism forming the green scum upon trees, tiles, &c. [Gr. prōtos, first, kokkos, a berry.]

Protocol, prō′tō-kol, n. the first copy of any document: the rough draft of an instrument or transaction: the original copy.—v.i. to issue, form protocols.—v.t. to make a protocol of—also Prō′tocolīse.—n. Prō′tocolist, a registrar or clerk. [Fr.,—Low L. protocollum—Late Gr. prōtokollon, the first leaf, containing the writer's name, date, &c.—Gr. prōtos, first, kolla, glue.]

Protogenal, prō-toj′e-nal, adj. primitive.—n. Protogen′esis, abiogenesis.—adjs. Protogenet′ic, Protogen′ic, noting crystalline or fire-formed rocks: noting intercellular spaces formed within undifferentiated plant tissues.—n. Prō′togine, a variety of granite in the Alps.

Protomartyr, prō′tō-mär-tėr, n. St Stephen, the first Christian martyr: the first who suffers in any cause.

Protophyte, prō′tō-fīt, n. the first or lowest order of plants.—n.pl. Protoph′yta.—adj. Protophyt′ic. [Gr. prōtos, first, phyton, a plant.]

Protoplasm, prō′tō-plazm, n. living matter: a homogeneous, structureless substance, forming the physical basis of life, endowed with contractility, with a chemical composition allied to that of albumen.—adj. Protoplasm′ic.—n. Prō′toplast, he who, or that which, was first formed: an original: the first parent.—adj. Protoplast′ic. [Gr. prōtos, first, plasma, form—plassein, to form.]

Prototheria, prō-tō-thē′ri-a, n.pl. the hypothetical primitive mammals, ancestors of the monotremes. [Gr. prōtos, first, thēr, wild beast.]

Prototype, prō′tō-tīp, n. the first or original type or model from which anything is copied: an exemplar: a pattern.—adjs. Prō′totypal, Prōtotyp′ical. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr., prōtos, first, typos, a type.]

Protovertebræ, prō-tō-ver′te-brē, n.pl. the rudimentary segments formed in the vertebrate embryo from the medullary plates, from which the bodies of the vertebræ, spinal nerve-roots, &c. are developed.—adjs. Protover′tebral, Protover′tebrate.

Protoxide, prō-tok′sīd, n. the first oxide—that is, an oxide containing one equivalent of oxygen combined with one equivalent of a base.

Protozoa, prō-tō-zō′ä, n.pl. the first or lowest class of animals:—sing. Protozō′on.—adjs. Protozō′an; Protozō′ic, pertaining to the protozoa: containing remains of the earliest life of the globe. [Gr. prōtos, first, zōon, an animal.]

Protract, prō-trakt′, v.t. to draw out or lengthen in time: to prolong: to put off in time: to draw to a scale.—p.adj. Protrac′ted, drawn out in time: tedious: prolonged: postponed.—adv. Protrac′tedly.—n. Protrac′ter.—adj. Protrac′tile, susceptible of being thrust out.—n. Protrac′tion, act of protracting or prolonging: the delaying of the termination of a thing: the plotting or laying down of the dimensions of anything on paper.—adj. Protrac′tive, drawing out in time: prolonging: delaying.—n. Protrac′tor, one who, or that which, protracts: a mathematical instrument for laying down angles on paper, used in surveying, &c. [L.,—pro, forth, trahĕre, to draw.]

Protrude, prō-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust or push forward: to drive along: to put out.—v.i. to be thrust forward or beyond the usual limit.—adjs. Protrud′able, Protru′sile, protractile; Protru′sible, able to be protruded.—n. Protru′sion, the act of thrusting forward or beyond the usual limit: the state of being protruded: that which protrudes.—adj. Protru′sive, thrusting or impelling forward: protruding.—adv. Protru′sively.—n. Protru′siveness. [L. protrudĕre—pro, forward, trudĕre, to thrust.]

Protuberance, prō-tūb′ėr-ans, n. a prominence: a tumour.—adj. Protū′berant, swelling: prominent.—adv. Protū′berantly.—v.i. Protū′berāte, to bulge out.—n. Protūberā′tion. [L. protuberāre, -ātum—pro, forward, tuber, a swelling.]

Proud, prowd (comp. Proud′er; superl. Proud′est), adj. having excessive self-esteem: arrogant: haughty: having a proper sense of what is becoming: daring: grand: ostentatious: giving reason for pride or boasting.—n. Proud′-flesh, a growth or excrescence of flesh in a wound.—adjs. Proud′-heart′ed (Shak.), having a proud spirit; Proud′ish, somewhat proud.—adv. Proud′ly.—adj. Proud′-mind′ed (Shak.), proud in mind.—n. Proud′ness, the state or quality of being proud: pride.—adjs. Proud′-pied (Shak.), gorgeously variegated; Proud′-stom′ached, of haughty spirit, arrogant. [A.S. prut, proud, prýte, pride.]

Provable, prōōv′a-bl, adj. that may be proved.—n. Prov′ableness.—adv. Prov′ably, in a manner capable of proof. [O. Fr. provable, prouvable—L. probabilis, probable.]

Provand, prov′and, n. (Shak.) provender: provision—also Prov′end.—adj. Prov′ant, belonging to a regular allowance: of common or inferior quality. [O. Fr.,—Low L. præbenda, a payment, pittance.]

Prove, prōōv, v.t. to try by experiment or by a test or standard: to make certain: to try by suffering: to establish or ascertain as truth by argument or other evidence: to demonstrate: to ascertain the genuineness of: to experience or suffer: (math.) to ascertain the correctness of any result.—v.i. to make trial: to turn out: to be shown afterwards.—n. Prov′er.—The exception proves the rule, the exception tests the rule, proving its general truth. [O. Fr. prover (Fr. prouver), which, like A.S. prófian and Ger. proben, is from L. probāre—probus, excellent.]

Provection, prō-vek′shun, n. the transfer of the final consonant from a word to the beginning of the next.—n. Prōvec′tor (math.), a contravariant operator formed by substituting signs of partial differentiation for the facients of a quantic. [L. provehĕre, provectum, to carry forward.]

Provedor, (-e), prov′edor, (-dōr), n. a purveyor. [Sp.]

Proven, prov′n, (Scots law) same as Proved, pa.p. of Prove.—Not proven, a verdict declaring that guilt has not been fully made out, but which leaves the accused still under serious suspicion.

Provenance, prov′e-nans, n. the source from which anything comes or is derived.—Also Provē′nience. [Fr.,—L. pro, forth, venīre, to come.]

Provençal, prō-vang-sal′, adj. of or pertaining to Provence, in France, or to its inhabitants—also Proven′cial.—n. a native, or the language of Provence, the langue d'oc (q.v.).

Provender, prov′en-dėr, n. dry food for beasts, as hay or corn: esp. a mixture of meal and cut straw or hay.—v.t. to feed. [O. Fr.,—L. præbenda, in Late L. a daily allowance of food.]

Proverb, prov′ėrb, n. a short familiar sentence expressing a well-known truth or moral lesson: a byword: (B.) a difficult saying that requires explanation: (pl.) a book of the Old Testament: a dramatic composition in which a proverb gives name and character to the plot.—v.t. to speak of proverbially: make a byword of: to provide with a proverb.—adj. Prover′bial, like or pertaining to proverbs: widely spoken of.—v.t. Prover′bialise, to turn into a proverb.—ns. Prover′bialism, a saying in the form of, or like, a proverb; Prover′bialist.—adv. Prover′bially. [Fr. proverbe—L. proverbium—pro, publicly, verbum, a word.]

Provide, prō-vīd′, v.t. to make ready beforehand: to prepare for future use: to supply: to appoint or give a right to a benefice before it is actually vacant.—v.i. to procure supplies or means of defence: to take measures: to arrange for as a necessary condition or arrangement.—adj. Provī′dable.—conj. Provī′ded, (often with that) on condition: upon these terms: with the understanding.—n. Provī′der. [L. providēre—pro, before, vidēre, to see.]

Providence, prov′i-dens, n. timely preparation: (theol.) the foresight and care of God over all His creatures: God, considered in this relation: something occurring in which God's care is clearly shown: prudence in managing one's affairs.—adjs. Prov′ident, seeing beforehand, and providing for the future: cautious: prudent: economical; Providen′tial, effected by, or proceeding from, divine providence.—advs. Providen′tially; Prov′idently.—n. Prov′identness. [L. provid-ens, -entis, pr.p. of providēre.]

Province, prov′ins, n. a portion of an empire or a state marked off for purposes of government: a part of a country as distinguished from the capital: the district over which a governor or an archbishop has jurisdiction: a region: a business or duty: a person's business or calling: a department of knowledge.—adj. Provin′cial, relating to a province: belonging to a division of a country: local: showing the habits and manners of a province: unpolished: narrow.—n. an inhabitant of a province or country district: (R.C.) the superintendent of the heads of the religious houses in a province.—v.t. Provin′cialise, to render provincial:—pr.p. provin′cialīsing; pa.p. provin′cialīsed.—ns. Provin′cialism, a manner, a mode of speech, or a turn of thought peculiar to a province or a country district: a local expression: narrowness; Provincial′ity.—adv. Provin′cially.—Provincial letters, a series of letters written (1656-57) by Pascal against the doctrines and policy of the Jesuits. [Fr.,—L. provincia, a province; perh. pro, for, vincĕre, to conquer.]

Provincial, prō-vin′shal, adj. pertaining to Provence or Provençal.—Provincial rose, the cabbage-rose—from Provins-rose, Provins in Seine-et-Marne, being famous for its roses: (Shak.) a rosette formerly worn on the shoe.

Provine, prō-vīn′, v.i. to propagate a vine by layering, to form a plant for the next season at a distance from the original plant.

Provision, prō-vizh′un, n. act of providing: that which is provided or prepared: measures taken beforehand: a clause in a law or a deed: a rule for guidance: an appointment by the pope to a benefice not yet vacant: preparation: previous agreement: a store of food: provender.—v.t. to supply with provisions or food.—adjs. Provi′sional, Provi′sionary, provided for the occasion: temporary: containing a provision.—n. Provi′sional-judg′ment, a judgment given as far as the available evidence admits, but subject to correction under more light.—adv. Provi′sionally.—ns. Provi′sional-or′der, an order to do something granted by a secretary of state, which, when confirmed by the legislature, has the force of an act of parliament; Provi′sional-rem′edy, a means of detaining in safety a person or property until a decision upon some point in which they are concerned be come to; Provi′sion-mer′chant, a general dealer in articles of food. [Fr.,—L.,—provisus, pa.p. of providēre.]

Proviso, prō-vī′zō, n. a provision or condition in a deed or other writing: the clause containing it: any condition:—pl. Provisos (prō-vī′zōz).—adv. Provī′sorily.—adj. Provī′sory, containing a proviso or condition: conditional: making provision for the time: temporary. [From the L. law phrase proviso quod, it being provided that.]

Provisor, prō-vī′zor, n. one who provides: a purveyor: a person to whom the pope has granted the right to the next vacancy in a benefice.—Statute of Provisors, an act of the English parliament passed in 1351 to prevent the pope from exercising the power of creating provisors.

Provoke, prō-vōk′, v.t. to call forth: to summon: to excite or call into action: to excite with anger: to offend: (B.) to challenge.—n. Provocā′tion, act of provoking: that which provokes: any cause of danger.—adjs. Provoc′ative, Provoc′atory, tending to provoke or excite.—n. anything that stirs up or provokes.—n. Provoc′ativeness, the quality of being provocative.—adj. Provō′kable.—ns. Provōke′ment (Spens.), provocation; Provō′ker, one who, or that which, provokes, causes, or promotes.—adj. Provō′king, irritating.—adv. Provō′kingly.—The provocation, the sojourn of the Jews in the wilderness, when they provoked God. [Fr. provoquer—L. provocāre, pro, forth, vocāre, to call.]

Provost, prov′ost, n. the dignitary set over a cathedral or collegiate church: the head of a college: (Scotland) the chief magistrate of certain classes of burghs, answering to mayor in England: (Shak.) the keeper of a prison.—ns. Prov′ost-mar′shal (army), an officer with special powers for enforcing discipline and securing prisoners till brought to trial: (navy) an officer having charge of prisoners; Prov′ostry, a district under a provost; Prov′ostship, the office of a provost.—Lord Provost, the style of the chief magistrates of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, and Dundee. [O. Fr. provost (Fr. prévôt), L. præpositus, pa.p. of præponĕre—præ, over, ponĕre, to place.]

Prow, prow, n. the forepart of a ship: the bow or beak. [Fr. proue (It. prua)—L. prora—Gr. prōra, a prow—pro, before.]

Prowess, prow′es, n. bravery, esp. in war: valour: daring.—adj. Prow (arch.), brave, valiant:—superl. Prow′est. [O. Fr. prou (Fr. preux), perh. from prod in prodesse, to do good.]

Prowl, prowl, v.i. to keep poking about: to rove about in search of prey or plunder.—n. (coll.) the act of prowling: a roving for prey.—n. Prowl′er.—adj. Prowl′ing.—adv. Prowl′ingly. [Prob. for progle=prokle, a freq. form of proke, to thrust; cf. Prog.]

Proximate, proks′i-māt, adj. nearest or next: without any one between, as a cause and its effect: having the most intimate connection: near and immediate.—adj. Prox′imal.—advs. Prox′imally; Prox′imately.—n. Proxim′ity, immediate nearness in time, place, relationship, &c.—adj. Prox′imo, (in) the next (month)—often written prox.—Proximate cause, a cause which immediately precedes the effect; Proximate object, immediate object. [L. proximus, next, superl. from prope, near.]

Proxy, prok′si, n. the agency of one who acts for another: one who acts or votes for another, or the writing by which he is authorised to do so: a substitute.—v.i. to vote or act by proxy.—n. Prox′yship.—adj. Prox′y-wed′ded (Tenn.), wedded by proxy. [Obs. procuracy. Cf. Procurator.]

Prozymite, proz′i-mīt, n. one who uses leavened bread in the eucharist—opp. to Azymite.

Prude, prōōd, n. a woman of affected modesty: one who pretends extreme propriety.—n. Pru′dery, manners of a prude: pretended or overdone strictness of manner or behaviour.—adj. Pru′dish, like a prude: affectedly modest or reserved: stiff: severe.—adv. Pru′dishly.—n. Pru′dishness. [O. Fr. prode, fem. of prou, prod, excellent.]

Prudent, prōō′dent, adj. cautious and wise in conduct: careful: discreet: dictated by forethought: frugal.—n. Pru′dence, quality of being prudent: wisdom applied to practice: attention to self-interest: caution.—adj. Pruden′tial, using or practising prudence.—n. a matter for prudence (generally pl.).—n. Prudential′ity.—advs. Pruden′tially; Pru′dently. [Fr.,—L. prūdens, prūdentis, contr. of providens, pr.p. of providēre, to foresee.]

Prud′-homme, prōō-dom′, n. a prudent man: a skilled workman: in France, one of a board of arbitrators formed from masters and workmen. [Fr. prud or prod, good, homme, a man.]

Pruinose, prōō′i-nōs, adj. powdery, mealy.—Also Pru′inous. [L. pruina, hoar-frost.]

Prune, prōōn, v.t. to trim by lopping off superfluous parts: to divest of anything superfluous: to arrange or dress feathers, as birds do.—ns. Pru′ner; Pru′ning, the act of pruning or trimming; Pru′ning-hook, a hooked bill for pruning with; Pru′ning-knife, a large knife with a slightly hooked point for pruning.—n.pl. Pru′ning-shears, shears for pruning shrubs, &c. [Older form proin, prob. from Fr. provigner, provin, a shoot—L. propago, -inis.]

Prune, prōōn, n. a plum, esp. a dried plum.—adj. Prunif′erous, bearing plums. [Fr.,—L. prunum—Gr. prounon.]

Prunella, prōō-nel′a, n. sore throat: angina pectoris. [Low L., from Teut.; Ger. bräune, quinsy.]

Prunella, prōō-nel′a, n. a genus of plants, the best known of which is Self-heal, formerly used as a medicine. [Perh. from prunella, above.]

Prunella, prōō-nel′a, n. a strong woollen stuff, generally black—also Prunell′o.—n. Prunell′o, a little prune: a kind of dried plum. [Prob. Latinised form of Fr. prunelle, a sloe, dim. of Fr. prune, a plum.]

Prurience, prōō′ri-ens, n. state of being prurient: eager desire—also Pru′riency.—adj. Pru′rient, itching or uneasy with desire: given to unclean thoughts.—adv. Pru′riently. [L. pruriens, pr.p. of prurīre, to itch.]

Prurigo, prōō-rī′gō, n. an eruption on the skin, causing great itching.—adj. Prurig′inous.—n. Prurī′tus. [L. prurio, an itching.]

Prussian, prush′an, adj. of or pertaining to Prussia.—n. an inhabitant of Prussia.—v.t. Pruss′ianise.—n. Pruss′iate, a salt of prussic acid: a cyanide.—adj. Pruss′ic, pertaining to Prussian blue.—Prussian blue, cyanide of potassium and iron; Prussic acid, a deadly poison, an acid first obtained from Prussian blue—also Hydrocyanic acid.

Pry, prī, v.i. to peer or peep into that which is closed: to inspect closely: to try to discover with curiosity:—pa.t. and pa.p. pried.—n. (rare) a peeping glance: one who pries—cf. Paul Pry, in John Poole's (1792-1879) comedy so called, first produced in 1825.—ns. Prī′er, Pry′er.—p.adj. Pry′ing, looking closely into: inquisitive: curious.—adv. Pry′ingly. [M. E. prien=piren, to peer; cf. Peer.]

Prys, prīs, n. (Spens.). Same as Price.

Pryse, prīs, v.t. (Spens.). Same as Prize.

Prytaneum, prit-an-ē′um, n. the town-hall of an ancient Greek city where ambassadors were received, and citizens who had deserved well of the state were sometimes allowed to dine at the public expense. [Gr.,—prytanis, a presiding magistrate.]

Prythee, prith′ē (Shak.). Same as Prithee.

Psalm, säm, n. a sacred song.—ns. Psalm′-book, a book containing psalms for purposes of worship; Psalmist (säm′ist, or sal′mist), a composer of psalms, applied to David and to the writers of the Scriptural psalms.—adjs. Psalmod′ic, -al, pertaining to psalmody.—v.i. Psal′modise, to practise psalmody.—ns. Psal′modist, a singer of psalms; Psalmody (sal′mo-di, or säm′o-di), the singing of psalms, esp. in public worship: psalms collectively.—v.t. to celebrate in psalms.—ns. Psalmog′rapher, Psalmog′raphist, a writer of psalms; Psalmog′raphy, the act or practice of writing psalms; Psalm′-tune, a tune to which a psalm is usually sung.—The Psalms, one of the books of the Old Testament. [A.S. sealm—Low L. psalmus—Gr. psalmos—psallein, to play on a stringed instrument.]

Psalter, sawl′tėr, n. the book of Psalms, esp. when separately printed: (R.C.) a series of 150 devout sentences: a rosary of 150 beads, according to the number of the psalms.—adj. Psaltē′rian, pertaining to a psalter: musical.—ns. Psal′tery, a stringed instrument used by the Jews: psalter; Psal′tress, a woman who plays upon the psaltery. [O. Fr. psaltier—L. psalterium, a song sung to the psaltery.]

Psalterium, sawl-tē′ri-um, n. the third division of a ruminant's stomach, the omasum or manyplies.

Psammitic, sa-mit′ik, adj. in geology, applied to derivative rocks composed of rounded grains, as ordinary sandstone. [Gr. psammos, sand.]

Pschent, pshent, n. the sovereign crown of ancient Egypt, a combination of the white mitre of southern Egypt, with the red crown, square in front and pointed behind, of northern Egypt. [Egyptian.]

Psellism, sel′izm, n. a defect in articulation—also Psellis′mus. [Gr. psellismos—psellos, stammering.]

Pseudo-, sū′dō, a prefix signifying false or spurious, as in ns. Pseudæsthē′sia, imaginary feeling, as in an amputated limb; Pseudepig′rapha (pl.), spurious writings, especially those writings claiming to be Biblical, but not judged genuine or canonical by the consent of scholars.—adjs. Pseudepigraph′ic, -al.—n. Pseudepig′raphy, the ascription to books of false names of authors.—n. Pseu′do-apos′tle, a pretended apostle.—adj. Pseu′do-archā′ic, archaistic.—ns. Pseudoblep′sis, visual illusion; Pseu′do-Christian′ity, counterfeit Christianity; Pseudochrō′mia, false perception of colour; Pseu′do-clas′sicism, false or affected classicism.—adjs. Pseu′dodont, having false teeth, as a monotreme; Pseu′dodox, false.—n. a common fallacy.—ns. Pseudogeu′sia, false taste-perception; Pseu′dograph, a false writing.—v.i. Pseudog′raphise, to write incorrectly.—ns. Pseudog′raphy, bad spelling; Pseudol′ogy, the science of lying; Pseu′do-mar′tyr, a false martyr; Pseudomem′brane, a false membrane, or lining, as in some diseases of the throat.—adj. Pseudomem′branous.—n. Pseu′domorph.—adj. Pseudomor′phous, deceptive in form: (min.) noting crystals which have a form of crystallisation foreign to the species to which they belong.—ns. Pseu′donym, a fictitious name assumed, as by an author; Pseudonym′ity, state of being pseudonymous.—adj. Pseudon′ymous, bearing a fictitious name.—adv. Pseudon′ymously.—n.pl. Pseudopō′dia, the processes alternately thrust forth and drawn back by amœboid cells:—sing. Pseudopō′dium, Pseu′dopod.—n. Pseu′doscope, a species of stereoscope which causes the parts of bodies in relief to appear hollow, and vice versâ.—adj. Pseudoscop′ic.—n. Pseu′doscopy. [Gr. pseudēs, false.]

Pshaw, shaw, interj. expressing contempt.—v.i. to express contempt, as with this word. [Imit.]

Pshaw, shaw, n. an upright cylindrical hat once worn by women in Spain.

Psilanthropism, sī-lan′thrō-pizm, n. the doctrine or belief of the mere human existence of Christ.—adj. Psilanthrop′ic.—ns. Psilan′thropist, one who thinks Christ a mere man; Psilan′thropy. [Gr. psilos, bare, anthrōpos, man.]

Psittaci, sit′a-sī, n.pl. the parrot tribe.—adjs. Psit′tacine, Psittā′ceous. [Gr. psittakos.]

Psoas, sō′as, n. a muscle of the loins and pelvis: the tenderloin.—adj. Psoat′ic. [Gr. psoa, psua, generally in pl. psoai, psuai.]

Psoriasis, sō-rī′a-sis, n. a disease characterised by slight elevations of the surface of the skin covered with whitish scales.—n. Psō′ra.—adj. Psō′ric. [Gr. psōriān, to have the itch, psān, to rub.]

Psychic, -al, sī′kik, -al, adj. pertaining to the soul, or living principle in man: spiritual: pertaining to the mind, or to its faculties and functions.—ns. Psy′che, the personified soul or spirit: the human soul or spirit or mind: a genus of bombycid moths: a cheval-glass; Psychī′ater, Psychī′atrist, one who treats diseases of the mind, an alienist; Psychī′atry, the treatment of mental diseases; Psy′chic, a spiritualistic medium; Psy′chics, the science of psychology; Psy′chism, the doctrine that there is a universal soul animating all living beings; Psy′chist; Psychogen′esis, Psychog′eny, the origination and development of the soul; Psychog′ony, the doctrine of the development of mind; Psy′chograph, an instrument used for so-called spirit-writing.—adj. Psychograph′ic.—n. Psychog′raphy, the natural history of mind: supposed spirit-writing by the hand of a medium.—adjs. Psycholog′ic, -al, pertaining to psychology: pertaining to the mind.—adv. Psycholog′ically.—v.i. Psychol′ogise.—ns. Psychol′ogist, one who studies psychology; Psychol′ogy, the science which classifies and analyses the phenomena or varying states of the human mind; Psychom′achy, a conflict of soul with body; Psy′chomancy, necromancy; Psychom′etry, the science of the measurement of the duration, &c., of mental processes: an occult power claimed by some charlatans of divining the secret properties of things by mere contact.—adj. Psy′chomōtor, pertaining to such mental action as induces muscular contraction.—ns. Psychoneurol′ogy, that part of neurology which deals with mental action; Psychoneurō′sis, mental disease without apparent anatomical lesion; Psychon′omy, the science of the laws of mental action; Psychonosol′ogy, the branch of medical science that treats of mental diseases; Psychopan′nychism, the theory that at death the soul falls asleep till the resurrection; Psychopan′nychist; Psychopar′esis, mental weakness; Psy′chopath, a morally irresponsible person; Psychop′athist, an alienist; Psychop′athy, derangement of mental functions.—adj. Psy′cho-phys′ical.—ns. Psy′cho-phys′icist; Psy′cho-physiol′ogy, Psy′cho-phys′ics, the knowledge of the manifold correspondences of the most intimate and exact kind that exist between states and changes of consciousness on the one hand, and states and changes of brain on the other—the concomitance being apparently complete as respects complexity, intensity, and time-order; Psy′choplasm, the physical basis of consciousness; Psy′chopomp, Hermes, the guide of spirits to the other world; Psychō′sis, mental condition: a change in the field of consciousness: any mental disorder; Psychostā′sia, the weighing of souls; Psy′cho-stat′ics, the theory of the conditions of the phenomena of mind; Psychothē′ism, the doctrine that God is pure spirit; Psychotherapeu′tics, Psychother′apy, the art of curing mental disease.—Psychical research, inquiring into alleged phenomena, apparently implying a connection with another world; Psychic force, a power not physical or mechanical, supposed to cause certain so-called spiritualistic phenomena. [L. psychicus—Gr. psychikos—psychē, the soul—psychēin, to breathe.]

Psychrometer, sī-krom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the tension of aqueous vapour in the atmosphere: a wet and dry bulb hygrometer.—adjs. Psychromet′ric, -al.—ns. Psychrom′etry; Psychrophō′bia, morbid impressibility to cold; Psy′chrophore, a refrigerating instrument like a catheter for cooling the urethra. [Gr. psychros, cold, psychein, to blow, metron, a measure.]

Ptarmic, tar′mik, n. a medicine which causes sneezing.

Ptarmigan, tär′mi-gan, n. a species of grouse with feathered toes inhabiting the tops of mountains. [Gael. tarmachan.]

Ptere, tēr, n. (zool.) an alate organ.—ns. Pterid′ium, Pterō′dium, a key-fruit or samara.

Pterichthys, ter-ik′this, n. a genus of fossil ganoid fishes in the Old Red Sandstone strata, with wing-like pectoral fins. [Gr. pteron, wing, ichthys, fish.]

Pterion, tē′ri-on, n. in craniometry, the region where the frontal, squamosal, parietal, and sphenoid bones meet:—pl. Ptē′ria.

Pteris, tē′ris, n. a genus of ferns which includes the brakes.—ns. Pteridol′ogist, one versed in the study of ferns; Pteridol′ogy, the science of ferns; Pteridomā′nia, a passion for ferns; Pterig′raphy, a description of ferns. [Gr. pteris—pteron, a feather.]

Pterna, ter′na, n. the heel-pad in birds:—pl. Pter′næ.

Pterodactyl, ter-ō-dak′til, n. an extinct flying reptile with large and bird-like skull, long jaws, and a flying-membrane like that of a bat. [Gr. pteron, wing, daktylos, finger.]

Pterography, ter-og′ra-fi, n. the description of feathers.—n. Pterog′rapher.—adjs. Pterograph′ic, -al; Pterolog′ical.—n. Pterol′ogy, the science of insects' wings.

Pteromys, ter′ō-mis, n. a genus of Sciuridæ, the flying-squirrels.

Pteron, tē′ron, n. a range of columns, portico.—n. Pterō′ma, a peridrome: a side-wall. [Gr.]

Pterope, ter′ōp, n. a fruit-bat or flying-fox.

Pteropod, ter′ō-pod, n. one of a class of molluscs which move about by means of wing-like appendages attached to the sides of the head, which are not, however, homologous to the foot of other molluscs:—pl. Pterop′oda. [Gr. pteron, wing, pous, podos, foot.]

Pterosauria, ter-ō-saw′ri-a, n.pl. a group of extinct flying reptiles. [Gr. pteron, wing, sauros, lizard.]

Pterygoid, ter′i-goid, n. one of a pair of bones in the facial apparatus of some vertebrata behind the palatines, known in human anatomy as the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone.—adj. aliform or alate.—adj. Pteryg′ian.—n. Pteryg′ium, a generalised limb of a vertebrate.

Pterylæ, ter′i-lē, n.pl. the bands of contour feathers in birds.—adjs. Pterylograph′ic, -al.—adv. Pterylograph′ically.—n. Pterylog′raphy.

Ptilosis, tī-lō′sis, n. plumage or mode of feathering of a bird.—Also Pterylō′sis. [Gr. ptilon, a feather.]

Ptisan, tiz′an, n. a medicinal drink made from barley with other ingredients. [Gr. ptisanē, peeled barley, barley-water—ptissein, to peel.]

Ptochocracy, tō-kok′ra-si, n. the rule of paupers.—n. Ptochog′ony, the production of beggars—wholesale pauperisation. [Gr. ptōchos, a beggar.]

Ptolemaic, tol-e-mā′ik, adj. pertaining to the race of Egyptian kings called the Ptolemies: pertaining to Ptolemy the astronomer (of the 2d century)—also Ptolemæ′an.—n. Ptolemā′ist, one who believes in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.—Ptolemaic system, the method by which Ptolemy, the astronomer, explained the structure of the heavens and the motions of the heavenly bodies (139 A.D.).

Ptomaïne, tō′ma-in, n. a somewhat loosely used generic name for those bodies, usually poisonous, formed from animal tissues during putrefaction—putrescine, cadaverine, creatinin, neurin, choline, muscarine, &c.—Also Ptō′maïn. [Gr. ptōma, a corpse—piptein, to fall.]

Ptosis, tō′sis, n. inability to raise the upper eyelid. [Gr.,—piptein, to fall.]

Ptyalin, -e, tī′a-lin, n. the nitrogenous essential principle of saliva.—v.i. Pty′alise, to salivate.—n. Pty′alism, salivation.—adj. Ptyalogog′ic.—ns. Ptyal′ogogue, Ptys′magogue, a medicine which causes salivation. [Gr.,—ptuein, to spit.]

Pub, pub, n. (slang) a public-house, tavern.

Puberty, pū′bėr-ti, n. the age of full development: early manhood or womanhood: the period when a plant begins to flower.—adjs. Pū′beral; Pūber′ulent, covered with very fine downy hairs.—ns. Pū′bes, the pubic region, the hair growing thereon at puberty; Pūbes′cence, state of one arrived at puberty: (bot.) the soft, short hair on plants.—adj. Pūbes′cent, arriving at puberty: (bot., zool.) covered with soft, short hair; Pubig′erous, pubescent. [Fr. puberté—L. pubertas, -tatis—pubes, puber, grown up.]

Pubis, pū′bis, n. a bone of the pelvis which in man forms the anterior portion of the os innominatum.—adjs. Pū′bic; Pubofem′oral; Pū′bo-il′iac; Pū′bo-is′chiac; Puboprostat′ic; Pū′bo-urē′thral; Puboves′ical. [For os pubis, gen. of pubes, grown up.]

Public, pub′lik, adj. of or belonging to the people: pertaining to a community or a nation: general: common to or shared in by all: generally known.—n. the people: the general body of mankind: the people, indefinitely: a public-house, tavern.—ns. Pub′lican, the keeper of an inn or public-house: (orig.) a farmer-general of the Roman taxes: a tax-collector; Publicā′tion, the act of publishing or making public: a proclamation: the act of printing and sending out for sale, as a book: that which is published as a book, &c.—ns.pl. Pub′lic-bills, -laws, &c., bills, laws, &c. which concern the interests of the whole people; Pub′lic-funds, money lent to government for which interest is paid of a stated amount at a stated time.—ns. Pub′lic-house, a house open to the public: one chiefly used for selling beer and other liquors: an inn or tavern; Pub′lic-institū′tion, an institution kept up by public funds for the public use, as an educational or charitable foundation; Pub′licist, one who writes on or is skilled in public law, or on current political topics; Public′ity, the state of being public or open to the knowledge of all: notoriety; Pub′lic-law (see International).—adv. Pub′licly.—adjs. Pub′lic-mind′ed, -spir′ited, having a spirit actuated by regard to the public interest: with a regard to the public interest.—ns. Pub′licness; Pub′lic-opin′ion, the view which the people of a district or county take of any question of public interest; Pub′lic-pol′icy, the main principles or spirit upon which the law of a country is constructed; Pub′lic-spir′it, a strong desire and effort to work on behalf of the public interest.—adv. Pub′lic-spir′itedly.—n. Pub′lic-spir′itedness.—n.pl. Pub′lic-works, permanent works or improvements made for public use or benefit.—Public health, the department in any government, municipality, &c. which superintends sanitation; Public holiday, a general holiday ordained by parliament; Public lands, lands belonging to government, esp. such as are open to sale, grant, &c.; Public orator, an officer of English universities who is the voice of the Senate upon all public occasions; Public school (see School).—In public, in open view. [Fr.,—L. publicus—populus, the people.]

Publish, pub′lish, v.t. to make public: to divulge: to announce: to proclaim: to send forth to the public: to print and offer for sale: to put into circulation.—adj. Pub′lishable.—ns. Pub′lisher, one who makes public: one who publishes books; Pub′lishment, publication, esp. of banns.

Puce, pūs, adj. brownish-purple. [Fr. puce—L. pulex, pulĭcis, a flea.]

Pucelle, pū-sel′, n. a maid, virgin, esp. the Maid of Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc (1412-31): a wanton girl.—n. Pū′celage, virginity. [O. Fr. through Low L.,—L. pullus, a young animal.]

Puck, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous sprite: a merry fairy in Midsummer Night's Dream.—adj. Puck′ish. [M. E. pouke—Celt., as Ir. puca, W. pwca, bwg; conn. with Ice. púki. Cf. Pug, Bug.]

Pucka, puk′a, adj. durable, substantial—opp. to Cutcha. [Anglo-Ind.]

Puck-ball. Same as Puff-ball.

Pucker, puk′ėr, v.t. to gather into folds: to wrinkle.—n. a fold or wrinkle: a number of folds or wrinkles, esp. irregular ones: (coll.) agitation, confusion.—adj. Puck′ery, astringent: tending to wrinkle. [Cf. Poke, a bag, and Pock.]

Pud, pud, n. (coll.) a paw, fist, hand. [Perh. Dut. poot, paw.]

Puddening, pud′ning, n. a thick pad of rope, &c., used as a fender on the bow of a boat.

Pudder, pud′ėr, n. a pother, a bustle, a tumult.—v.i. to make a tumult or bustle.—v.t. to disturb: to perplex or confound. [Pother.]

Pudding, pōōd′ing, n. a skin or gut filled with seasoned minced meat, &c., a sausage: a soft kind of food made of flour, milk, eggs, &c.: a piece of good fortune.—adjs. Pudd′ing-faced, having a fat, round, smooth face; Pudd′ing-head′ed (coll.), stupid.—ns. Pudd′ing-pie, a pudding with meat baked in it; Pudd′ing-sleeve, a large loose sleeve; Pudd′ing-stone, a conglomerate rock made up of rounded pebbles; Pudd′ing-time, dinner-time: (obs.) critical time. [Prob. Celt., as W. poten, Ir. putog—put, a bag. The Low Ger. pudding, Fr. boudin, L. botulus, are prob. all related words.]

Puddle, pud′l, n. an ill-shaped, awkward person. [Cf. Low Ger. purrel, something short and thick.]

Puddle, pud′l, n. a small pool of muddy water: a mixture of clay and sand.—v.t. to make muddy: to stir up mud: to make water-tight by means of clay: to convert into bar or wrought iron.—v.i. to make a dirty stir.—ns. Pudd′ler, one who turns cast-iron into wrought-iron by puddling; Pudd′ling, the act of rendering impervious to water by means of clay: the process of converting cast into bar or wrought iron.—adj. Pudd′ly, dirty. [M. E. podel (prob. for plod-el)—Celt.; Ir. plodach, plod, a pool.]

Puddock, pud′ok, n. Same as Paddock.

Pudency, pū′dens-i, n. (Shak.) shamefacedness, modesty.—n.pl. Puden′da, the genitals.—adjs. Puden′dal, Puden′dous, Pū′dic, -al, pertaining to the pudenda.—n. Pudic′ity, modesty. [L., as if pudentia—pudens, pr.p. of pudēre, to be ashamed.]

Pudgy, puj′i, adj. fat and short: fleshy.—Also Podg′y.

Pueblo, pweb′lo, n. a town or settlement in Spanish America: one of the communal habitations of the New Mexico aborigines.—adj. Pueb′lan. [Sp., a town—L. populus, a people.]

Puerile, pū′ėr-īl, adj. pertaining to children: childish: trifling: silly.—adv. Pū′erilely.—ns. Pū′erileness, Pūeril′ity, quality of being puerile: that which is puerile: a childish expression. [Fr. puéril—L. puerilis—puer, a child.]

Puerperal, pū-ėr′pėr-al, adj. relating to childbirth—also Pūer′perous.—adv. Pūer′perally.—Puerperal fever, fever occurring in connection with childbirth; Puerperal insanity, insanity occurring in connection with childbirth. [L. puerpera, a woman lately delivered—puer, a child, parĕre, to bear.]

Puff, puf, v.i. to blow in puffs or whiffs: to swell or fill with air: to breathe with vehemence: to blow at, in contempt: to bustle about.—v.t. to drive with a puff: to swell with a wind: to praise in exaggerated terms.—n. a sudden, forcible breath: a sudden blast of wind: a gust or whiff: a fungus ball containing dust: anything light and porous, or swollen and light: a kind of light pastry: a part of a fabric gathered up so as to be left full in the middle: a light ball or pad for dusting powder on the skin, &c.: an exaggerated expression of praise.—ns. Puff′-add′er, a large, venomous African serpent; Puff′-ball, a dried fungus, ball-shaped and full of dust; Puff′-bird, a South American bird resembling the kingfisher in form, but living on insects; Puff′-box, a box for holding powder for the toilet, and a puff for applying it.—adj. Puffed, gathered up into rounded ridges, as a sleeve.—ns. Puff′er, one who puffs: one who raises the prices at an auction in order to excite the eagerness of the bidders to the advantage of the seller; Puff′ery, puffing or extravagant praise.—adv. Puff′ily.—ns. Puff′iness, state of being puffy or turgid: intumescence; Puff′ing, the act of praising extravagantly.—adv. Puff′ingly.—n. Puff′-paste, a short flaky paste for pastry.—adj. Puff′y, puffed out with air or any soft matter: tumid: bombastic: coming in puffs.—Puff up (B.), to inflate. [Imit.; cf. Ger. puffen, &c.]

Puffin, puf′in, n. a water-fowl having a short, thick, projecting beak like that of a parrot: a puff-ball.

Pug, pug, n. a monkey: a fox: a small kind of dog: any small animal (in familiarity or contempt).—n. Pug′-dog, a small, short-haired dog with wrinkled face, upturned nose, and short tail.—adjs. Pug′-faced, monkey-faced; Pug′ging (Shak.), thieving—a misprint for prigging.—n. Pug′-nose (sometimes abbrev. pug), a short, thick nose with the tip turned up. [Puck.]

Pug, pug, n. clay ground and worked with water.—v.t. to grind with water and make plastic: to line spaces between floors with mortar, felt, or other deafening.—ns. Pug′ging, beating or punching, esp. the working of clay for making bricks, in a pug-mill: (archit.) clay, sawdust, plaster, &c. put between floors to deaden sound; Pug′-mill, a machine for mixing and tempering clay. [Prov. Eng. pug, to strike. Cf. Poke.]

Pugh, pōō, interj. of contempt or disdain. [Imit.]

Pugilism, pū′jil-izm, n. the art of boxing or fighting with the fists, esp. in the prize-ring.—ns. Pū′gil, a pinch; Pū′gilist, one who fights with his fists.—adj. Pūgilist′ic. [L. pugil, a boxer.]

Pugnacious, pug-nā′shus, adj. fond of fighting: combative: quarrelsome.—adv. Pugnā′ciously.—n. Pugnac′ity, readiness or inclination to fight: fondness for fighting: quarrelsomeness. [L. pugnax, pugnacis, fond of fighting—pugnāre, to fight.]

Pugree, pug′rē, n. a light scarf worn round the hat to keep off the sun.—Also Pug′gree, Pug′gery, Pug′aree. [Hind. pagrī, a turban.]

Puisne, pū′ne, adj. (law) younger or inferior in rank, applied to certain judges in England. [O. Fr. (Fr. puiné), from puis—L. post, after, né, pa.p. of naître—L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

Puissant, pū′is-ant, adj. potent or powerful: strong: forcible.—n. Pū′issance, power, strength, force.—adv. Pū′issantly.—n. Pū′issantness. [Fr., (It. possente)—L. potens, powerful, modified by the influence of L. posse, to be able.]

Puke, pūk, v.i. to spew, vomit: to sicken.—n. vomit: an emetic.—n. Pū′ker, one who vomits. [Perh. for spuke. Cf. Spew.]

Puke, pūk, adj. (Shak.) of a colour between black and russet: reddish-brown: puce.—n. Puke′-stock′ing (Shak.), a dark-coloured stocking.

Pulchritude, pul′kri-tūd, n. comeliness. [L.]

Pule, pūl, v.i. to pipe or chirp: to cry, whimper, or whine, like a child.—ns. Pū′ler; Pū′ling, the cry as of a chicken: a kind of whine.—adj. whimpering: whining.—adv. Pū′lingly. [From Fr. piauler; imit. like It. pigolare, L. pipilāre and pipāre, to pipe.]

Pulex, pū′leks, n. a genus of insects: the flea. [L.]

Pulkha, pul′kä, n. a Laplander's sledge, shaped like a boat.—Also Pulk. [Lap.]

Pull, pōōl, v.t. to draw, or try to draw, with force: to draw or gather with the hand: to tear: to pluck: to extract: to move, propel by tugging, rowing, &c.: to transport by rowing: in horse-racing, to check a horse in order to prevent its winning: to produce on a printing-press worked by hand: to raid or seize.—v.i. to give a pull: to draw.—n. the act of pulling: a struggle or contest: exercise in rowing: (slang) influence, a favourable chance, advantage: (coll.) a drink, draught: (print.) a single impression of a hand-press.—ns. Pull′-back, a restraint: a device for making a woman's gown hang close and straight in front; Pull′er.—Pull a face, to draw the countenance into a particular expression: to grimace; Pull apart, to bring asunder by pulling; Pull down, to take down or apart: to demolish; Pull for, to row in the direction of; Pull off, to carry anything through successfully; Pull one's self together, to collect one's faculties; Pull out, to draw out, lengthen; Pull the long bow, to lie or boast beyond measure; Pull through, to get to the end of something difficult or dangerous with some success; Pull up, to tighten the reins: to take to task: to bring to a stop: to halt; Pull up stakes, to prepare to leave a place. [A.S. pullian; conn. with Low Ger. pulen, to pluck.]

Pullet, pōōl′et, n. a young hen.—n. Pull′et-sperm (Shak.), the treadle or chalaza of an egg. [Fr. poulette, dim. of poule, a hen—Low L. pulla, a hen, fem. of L. pullus, a young animal.]

Pulley, pōōl′i, n. a wheel turning about an axis, and having a groove on its rim in which a cord runs, used for raising weights:—pl. Pull′eys.—ns. Pull′ey-block, a shell containing one or more sheaves, the whole forming a pulley; Pull′ey-shell, the casing of a pulley-block. [M. E. poleyne—Fr. poulain—Low L. pullanus—pullus; acc. to Diez, from Fr. poulie, itself from Eng. pull.]

Pullman-car, pōōl′man-kär, n. a railway sleeping-car or palace-car, first made by George M. Pullman (b. 1831) in America.

Pullulate, pul′ū-lāt, v.i. to germinate, bud.—n. Pullulā′tion. [L.,—pullulus, a young animal, sprout—pullus. Cf. Pullet.]

Pulmonary, pul′mō-nā-ri, adj. pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs: done by the lungs: having lungs: pulmonic.—adj. Pulmobranch′iate, breathing by lung-sacs.—n. Pulmom′eter, an instrument for measuring the capacity of the lungs.—adj. Pulmonā′rious, diseased in the lungs.—n.pl. Pulmonā′ta, an order or sub-class of Gasteropoda, air-breathing.—adjs. Pul′monāte, having lungs, lung-sacs, or lung-like organs; Pulmon′ic, pertaining to or affecting the lungs.—n. a medicine for disease of the lungs: one affected by disease of the lungs.—adj. Pulmonif′erous, provided with lungs.—Pulmonary artery, an artery which brings blood from the heart to the lungs; Pulmonary vein, a vein which brings blood from the lungs to the heart. [L. pulmonarius—pulmo, pulmonis, a lung—Gr. pleumōn, pneumōn, lung.]

Pulp, pulp, n. the soft fleshy part of bodies, e.g. of teeth: marrow: the soft part of plants, esp. of fruits: any soft mass: the soft mass obtained from the breaking and grinding of rags, &c., before it is hardened into paper.—v.t. to reduce to pulp: to deprive of pulp: to separate the pulp.—v.i. to become ripe or juicy, like the pulp of fruit.—ns. Pulp′-en′gine, a machine for converting rags, &c., into pulp; Pulp′ifier, an apparatus for reducing fresh meat to a jelly-like pulp, to aid digestion.—v.t. Pulp′ify, to make into pulp. [Fr. pulpe—L. pulpa, flesh without bones.]

Pulpit, pōōl′pit, n. a platform for speaking from: an elevated or enclosed place in a church where the sermon is delivered: a desk.—adj. belonging to the pulpit.—ns. Pulpiteer′, Pul′piter, one who speaks from a pulpit: a preacher.—adj. Pul′pitish.—The pulpit, preachers or preaching collectively. [Fr.,—L. pulpitum, a stage.]

Pulpous, pulp′us, adj. consisting of, or resembling, pulp: soft.—ns. Pulp′iness; Pulp′ousness.—adj. Pulp′y, like pulp: soft.

Pulque, pōōl′kā, n. a fermented drink, made in Mexico. [Sp., from Mex.]

Pulsate, pul′sāt, v.i. to beat, as the heart or as a vein: to throb.—adj. Pul′satile, that can pulsate, as a wound: that may be struck or beaten, as a drum: played by beating: acting by pulsation.—n. Pulsā′tion, a beating or throbbing: a motion of the heart or pulse: any measured beat: a vibration.—adj. Pul′sative.—n. Pulsā′tor, a pulsometer: a jigging-machine, used in South African diamond-digging.—adj. Pul′satory, beating or throbbing.—n. any musical instrument played by being beaten on. [L. pulsāre, -ātum, to beat, freq. of pellĕre, pulsum, to drive.]

Pulsatilla, pul-sa-til′a, n. the pasque-flower, Anemone pulsatilla.

Pulse, puls, n. a beating or throbbing: a measured beat or throb: a vibration: the beating of the heart and the arteries: (fig.) feeling, sentiment.—v.i. to beat, as the heart: to throb.—adj. Pulse′less, having no pulsation: without life.—ns. Pulse′lessness; Pulse′-rate, the number of beats of a pulse per minute; Pulse′-wave, the expansion of the artery, moving from point to point, like a wave, as each beat of the heart sends the blood to the extremities.—adj. Pulsif′ic, exciting the pulse.—ns. Pulsim′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength or quickness of the pulse; Pulsom′eter, a pulsimeter: a kind of steam-condensing pump.—Feel one's pulse, to find out by the sense of touch the force of the blood in the arteries: to find out what one is thinking on some point; Public pulse, the movement of public opinion on any question; Quick pulse, a pulse in which the rise of tension is very rapid. [Fr. pouls—L. pulsus—pellĕre, pulsum.]

Pulse, puls, n. grain or seed of beans, pease, &c.—adj. Pultā′ceous, macerated and softened. [L. puls, porridge (Gr. poltos). Cf. Poultice.]

Pulu, pōō′lōō, n. a silky fibre obtained from the Hawaiian tree-ferns, used for stuffing mattresses.

Pulverable, pul′vėr-a-bl, adj. that may be reduced to fine powder—also Pul′verīsable.—adj. Pulverā′ceous, having a powdery surface.—vs.t. Pul′verate, Pul′verise, to reduce to dust or fine powder.—vs.i. to fall down into dust or powder: to roll or wallow in the dust.—ns. Pul′verine, ashes of barilla; Pulverisā′tion; Pul′verīser.—adj. Pul′verous, consisting of, or like, dust or powder.—n. Pulver′ūlence.—adj. Pulver′ūlent, consisting of fine powder: powdery: dusty. [L. pulvis, pulveris, powder.]

Pulvil, pul′vil, n. a bag of perfumed powder.—Also Pulvil′io. [It. polviglio—L. pulvillus, a little cushion—pulvinus, a cushion.]

Pulvillar, pul′vi-lär, adj. cushion or pad-like.—adj. Pulvil′liform, like a pulvillus.—n. Pulvil′lus, a foot-pad between the clavi of the terminal tarsal joint of an insect's leg—also Pulvin′ulus.—adj. Pulvī′nar, padded: formed like a cushion.—n. a pillow or cushion: a peculiar prominence on a part of the human brain.—adjs. Pul′vināte, -d, Pulvin′iform, cushion-shaped. [L. pulvillus, pulvinus, a cushion, pulvinar, a soft couch.]

Pulwar, pul′wär, n. a light keelless boat used on the Ganges.—Also Pal′war.

Pulza-oil, pul′zä-oil, n. an oil obtained from the seeds of Fatropha Curcas, from the Cape Verd Islands.

Puma, pū′ma, n. a carnivorous animal, of the cat kind, of a reddish-brown colour without spots, called also the American lion. [Peruv. puma.]

Pumice, pum′is, or pū′mis, n. a hard, light, spongy substance, formed of lava, from which gas or steam has escaped while hardening.—v.t. to polish or rub with pumice-stone—also Pū′micāte.—adjs. Pumi′ceous, Pum′iciform, of or like pumice.—ns. Pum′ice-stone (same as Pumice); Pū′my (Spens.), a pebble, stone. [A.S. pumic-(-stán), pumice (-stone)—L. pumex, pumicis, for spumex—spuma, foam—spuĕre. Cf. Spume, and Pounce, a fine powder.]

Pummel. Same as Pommel.

Pump, pump, n. a machine for raising water and other fluids to a higher level: a machine for drawing out or forcing in air.—v.t. to raise with a pump: to draw out information by artful questions.—v.i. to work a pump: to raise water by pumping.—ns. Pump′age, the amount pumped; Pump′-barr′el, the cylinder which forms the body of a pump.—pa.p. Pumped (coll.), out of breath, panting—sometimes with out.—ns. Pump′er; Pump′-gear, the various parts which make up a pump; Pump′-hand′le, the lever by means of which the pump is worked; Pump′-head, -hood, a frame covering the upper wheel of a chain-pump, serving to guide the water into the discharge-spout; Pump′ing-en′gine, any form of motor for operating a pump; Pump′-rod, the rod by which the handle is fixed to the bucket which moves up and down inside; Pump′-room, the apartment at a mineral spring in which the waters are drunk; Pump′-well, a well from which water is got by pumping.—Pump ship, to urinate. [O. Fr. pompe (cf. Ger. pumpe); perh. conn. with plump.]

Pump, pump, n. a thin-soled shoe used in dancing.—adj. Pumped, wearing pumps. [Prob. Fr. pompe, ornament, show, from Teut., cf. Ger. pumphosen, wide pantaloons.]

Pumpernickel, pump′er-nik-el, n. a kind of coarse bread, made of unsifted rye, much used in Westphalia. [Ger., a heavy, stupid fellow, from pumper, a heavy fall, nickel=Nicholas.]

Pumpkin, pump′kin, n. a plant of the gourd family and its fruit.—Also Pump′ion. [A corr. of O. Fr. pompon—L. pepō—Gr. pepōn, ripe.]

Pumy. See Pumice.

Pun, pun, v.t. (Shak.) to pound. [Cf. Pound.]

Pun, pun, v.i. to play upon words similar in sound but different in meaning so as to produce a ludicrous idea:—pr.p. pun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. punned.—n. a play upon words.—ns. Pun′nage, Pun′ning, the act or habit of punning. [Ety. dub.; prob. to beat words=pound, to beat, from A.S. punian, to pound.]

Punch, punsh, n. contr. of Punchinello, a humpbacked, hook-nosed puppet with a squeaking voice, one of the two main actors in the street puppet-show 'Punch and Judy:' Punch, or the London Charivari, the chief illustrated English comic journal (begun 17th July 1841). [Through the influence of prov. Eng. punch, a variant of bunch, thick.]

Punch, punsh, adj. (prov.) short and fat.—n. a short and fat man: a short-legged, round-bodied horse.—adj. Punch′y. [Prob. a variant of bunch.]

Punch, punsh, n. a drink of five ingredients—spirit, water, sugar, lemon-juice, and spice.—ns. Punch′-bowl, a large bowl for making punch in; Punch′-lād′le, a ladle for filling glasses from a punch-bowl. [Hind. panch, five—Sans. pancha, five.]

Punch, punsh, v.t. to prick or pierce with something sharp or blunt: to make a hole in with a steel tool.—n. a tool either blunt, or hollow and sharp-edged, for stamping or perforating: a kind of awl.—n. Punch′er. [A shortened form of puncheon, a tool.]

Punch, punsh, v.t. to strike or hit: to beat with the fist, as one's head.—n. a stroke or blow with the fist, elbow, &c. [Prob. a corr. of punish.]

Puncheon, punsh′un, n. a steel tool with a die or a sharp point at one end for stamping or perforating metal plates: a short post or slab of wood with the face smoothed. [O. Fr. poinson—L. punctio, -onis—pungĕre, punctum, to prick.]

Puncheon, punsh′un, n. a cask: a liquid measure of from 72 or 84 to 120 gallons. [O. Fr. poinson, a cask; perh. from the above.]

Punchinello, punsh-i-nel′o, n. the short, hump-backed figure of a puppet-show: a buffoon, any grotesque personage. [It. pulcinello, dim. of pulcino, a chicken, child—L. pullus, a young animal.]

Punctate, -d, pungk′tāt, -ed, adj. pointed: (bot.) punctured: full of small holes: pitted: dotted.—ns. Punctā′tion; Punctā′tor, one who marks with dots—esp. applied to the Massoretes who invented the Hebrew vowel-points.—adj. Punc′tiform, pointed. [L. punctum—pungĕre, punctum, to prick.]

Punctilio, pungk-til′yo, n. a nice point in behaviour or ceremony: nicety in forms: exact observance of forms.—adj. Punctil′ious, attending to little points or matters: very nice or exact in behaviour or ceremony: exact or punctual to excess.—adv. Punctil′iously.—ns. Punctil′iousness; Punc′to (Shak.), the point, or a blow with it in fencing: a nice point of ceremony. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto, point—L. punctum, a point.]

Punctual, pungk′tū-al, adj. of or pertaining to a point: observant of nice points: punctilious: exact in keeping time and appointments: done at the exact time.—ns. Punc′tualist; Punctual′ity, quality or state of being punctual: the keeping of the exact time of an appointment: exactness.—adv. Punc′tually.—n. Punc′tualness. [Fr. ponctuel—punctum, a point.]

Punctuate, pungk′tū-āt, v.t. to mark with points: to divide sentences by the usual points or marks: to emphasise.—adv. Punc′tuātim, point for point.—n. Punctuā′tion, the act or art of dividing sentences by points or marks.—adj. Punc′tuātive.—n. Punc′tuātor.—Punctuation marks, the comma, semicolon, colon, period, &c.

Punctum, pungk′tum, n. (anat.) a point, dot.—adjs. Punc′tūlate, -d.—ns. Punctūlā′tion; Punc′tūle; Punc′tūlum.—Punctum cæcum, the point of the retina from which the optic nerve fibres radiate, so called because impervious to light.

Puncture, pungk′tūr, n. a pricking: a small hole made with a sharp point.—v.t. to prick: to pierce with a pointed instrument.—n. Puncturā′tion. [L. punctura—pungĕre, to prick.]

Pundit, pun′dit, n. a person who is learned in the language, science, laws, and religion of India: any learned man. [Hind. pandit—Sans. pandita.]

Pundonor, pun′do-nōr′, n. point of honour. [Sp., contr. of punto de honor, point of honour.]

Pungent, pun′jent, adj. sharp: pricking or acrid to taste or smell: keenly touching the mind: painful: keen: sarcastic.—ns. Pun′gency, Pun′gence.—adv. Pun′gently. [L. pungens, -entis, pr.p. of pungĕre, to prick.]

Punic, pū′nik, adj. pertaining to, or like, the ancient Carthaginians: faithless, treacherous, deceitful.—n. the language of ancient Carthage. [L. Punicus—Pœni, the Carthaginians.]

Puniness, pū′ni-nes, n. the state or quality of being puny or feeble: smallness: pettiness. [Puny.]

Punish, pun′ish, v.t. to cause to pay a penalty: to cause loss or pain to a person for a fault or crime: (coll.) to handle or beat severely, maul: (coll.) to consume a large quantity of: to chasten.—ns. Punishabil′ity, Pun′ishableness.—adj. Pun′ishable, that may be punished—said both of persons and crimes.—ns. Pun′isher; Pun′ishment, act or process of punishing: loss or pain inflicted for a crime or fault: the consequences of a broken law.—adjs. Punitive (pū′ni-tiv), pertaining to punishment: inflicting punishment; Pū′nitory, punishing: tending to punishment. [Fr. punir, punis-sant—L. punīre, to punish—pœna, penalty.]

Punjabee, Punjabi, pun-jä′bē, n. a native or inhabitant of the Punjab in India.

Punk, pungk, n. rotten wood used as tinder: (Shak.) a strumpet. [Spunk.]

Punka, Punkah, pung′ka, n. a large fan for cooling the air of an Indian house, consisting of a light framework covered with cloth and suspended from the ceiling of a room, worked by pulling a cord or by machinery. [Hind. pankha, a fan.]

Punster, pun′stėr, n. one who makes puns.

Punt, punt, n. a flat-bottomed boat with square ends.—v.t. to propel, as a boat, by pushing with a pole against the bottom of a river: to kick the ball (in football) before it touches the ground, when let fall from the hands: to knock.—v.i. to pursue water-fowl in a punt with a punt-gun.—ns. Punt′er; Punt′-fishing, angling from a punt in a pond, river, or lake; Punt′-gun, a heavy gun of large bore used for shooting water-fowl from a punt; Punts′man, a sportsman who uses a punt. [A.S.,—L. ponto, a punt—pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Punt, punt, v.i. to play at basset or ombre.—n. Punt′er, one who marks the points in basset or ombre. [Fr., through Sp.—L. punctum, a point.]

Puntilla, pun-til′a, n. lace-work. [Sp.]

Punto, pun′to, n. (Shak.) a point or hit: a pass or thrust made in fencing.—Punto dritto, a direct or straight hit; Punto riverso, a back-handed stroke. [Sp. and It. punto—L. punctum, a point.]

Puny, pū′ni, adj. (comp. Pū′nier; superl. Pū′niest) small: feeble: petty. [Cf. Puisne.]

Pup, pup, v.t. to bring forth puppies, as a bitch: to whelp:—pr.p. pup′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. pupped.—n. Pup.—Be in pup, to be pregnant, said of dogs. [Puppy.]

Pupa, pū′pa, n. an insect enclosed in a case while passing from the caterpillar to the winged stage: a chrysalis—also Pūpe:—pl. Pupæ (pū′pē).—adjs. Pū′pal, Pūpā′rial.—n. Pūpā′rium, a pupa included within the last larval skin.—v.i. Pūpāte′, to become a pupa.—n. Pūpā′tion.—adjs. Pū′piform; Pūpig′erous.—n. Pūpip′ara, a division of dipterous insects having pupæ developed within the body of the mother.—adjs. Pūpip′arous; Pūpiv′orous; Pū′poid. [L. pupa, a girl, a doll, fem. of pupus, a boy, a child; cf. puer, a boy.]

Pupil, pū′pil, n. a little boy or girl: one under the care of a tutor: a scholar: a ward: (law) one under the age of puberty—i.e. under fourteen years for males, and twelve for females.—adj. under age.—ns. Pupilabil′ity (rare), pupilary nature: confidential character; Pū′pilage, Pū′pillage, state of being a pupil: the time during which one is a pupil; Pupilar′ity, Pupillar′ity, the time between birth and puberty.—adjs. Pū′pilary, Pū′pillary, pertaining to a pupil or ward.—Pupil teacher, one who is both a pupil and a teacher. [Fr. pupille—L. pupillus, pupilla, dims. of pupus, boy, pupa, girl.]

Pupil, pū′pil, n. the round opening in the middle of the eye through which the light passes: the apple of the eye, so called from the baby-like figures seen on it: (zool.) the central dark part of an ocellated spot.—adjs. Pū′pilary, Pū′pillary; Pū′pilate (zool.), having a central spot of another colour.—n. Pupillom′eter, an instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of an eye. [Same as above word.]

Puppet, pup′et, n. a small doll or image moved by wires in a show: a marionette: one who acts just as another tells him.—ns. Pupp′etry, finery, affectation: a puppet-show; Pupp′et-show, -play, a mock show or drama performed by puppets; Pupp′et-valve, a valve like a pot-lid attached to a rod, and used in steam-engines for covering an opening. [O. Fr. poupette, dim. from L. pupa.]

Puppy, pup′i, n. a doll: a young dog: a whelp: a conceited young man.—adj. Pupp′y-head′ed (Shak.), stupid.—n. Pupp′yhood, the condition of being a puppy.—adj. Pupp′yish.—n. Pupp′yism, conceit in men. [Fr. poupée, a doll or puppet—L. pupa.]

Pur. See Purr.

Purana, pōō-rä′na, n. one of a class of sacred poetical books in Sanscrit literature, forming with the Tantras the main foundation of the actual popular creed of the Brahmanical Hindus.—adj. Puran′ic. [Sans. purāna—purā, ancient.]

Purblind, pur′blīnd, adj. nearly blind, near-sighted: (orig.) wholly blind.—adv. Pur′blindly.—n. Pur′blindness. [For pure-blind—i.e. wholly blind; the meaning has been modified, prob. through some confusion with the verb to pore.]

Purchase, pur′chās, v.t. to acquire by seeking: to obtain by paying: to obtain by labour, danger, &c.: (law) to get in any way other than by inheritance: to raise or move by mechanical means: (Shak.) to expiate by a fine or forfeit.—n. act of purchasing: that which is purchased or got for a price: value, advantage, worth: any mechanical power or advantage in raising or moving bodies.—adj. Pur′chasable, that may be purchased: (hence of persons) venal, corrupt.—n. Pur′chaser.—Purchase money, the money paid, or to be paid, for anything; Purchase shears, a very strong kind of shears, with removable cutters, and a strong spring at the back; Purchase system, the method by which, before 1871, commissions in the British army could be bought.—(So many) years' purchase, a price paid for a house, an estate, &c. equal to the amount of the rent or income during the stated number of years. [O. Fr. porchacier (Fr. pourchasser), to seek eagerly, pursue—pur (L. pro), for, chasser, to chase.]

Purdah, pur′dä, n. a curtain screening a chamber of state or the women's apartments: the seclusion itself. [Hind. parda, a screen.]

Pure, pūr, adj. (comp. Pur′er; superl. Pur′est) clean: unsoiled: unmixed: not adulterated: real: free from guilt or defilement: chaste: modest: mere: that and that only: complete: non-empirical, involving an exercise of mind alone, without admixture of the results of experience.—n. purity.—adv. quite: (obs.) entirely.—v.t. to cleanse, refine.—adv. Pure′ly, without blemish: wholly, entirely: (dial.) wonderfully, very much.—n. Pure′ness.—Pure mathematics (see Mathematics); Pure reason, reason alone, without any mixture of sensibility; Pure science, the principles of any science considered in themselves and their relation to each other, and not in their application to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, as pure mathematics, pure logic, &c. [Fr. pur—L. purus, pure.]

Purée, pü-rā′, n. a soup, such as pea-soup, in which there are no pieces of solids. [Fr.]

Purfle, pur′fl, v.t. to decorate with a wrought or flowered border: (archit.) to decorate with rich sculpture: (her.) to ornament with a border of ermines, furs, &c.—ns. Pur′fle, Pur′flew, a border of embroidery: (her.) a bordure of ermines, furs, &c.; Pur′fling.—adj. Pur′fly (Carlyle), wrinkled. [O. Fr. pourfiler—L. pro, before, filum, a thread.]

Purge, purj, v.t. to make pure: to carry off whatever is impure or superfluous: to clear from guilt or from accusation: to evacuate, as the bowels: to trim, dress, prune: to clarify, as liquors.—v.i. to become pure by clarifying: to have frequent evacuations.—n. act of purging: a medicine that purges.—n. Purgā′tion, a purging: a clearing away of impurities: (law) the act of clearing from suspicion or imputation of guilt, a cleansing.—adj. Pur′gative, cleansing: having the power of evacuating the intestines.—n. a medicine that evacuates.—adv. Pur′gatively.—adjs. Purgatō′rial, Purgatō′rian, pertaining to purgatory; Pur′gatory, purging or cleansing: expiatory.—n. (R.C.) a place or state in which souls are after death purified from venial sins: any kind or state of suffering for a time.—ns. Pur′ger, a person or thing that purges; Pur′ging, act of cleansing or clearing. [Fr. purger—L. purgāre, -ātum—purus, pure, agĕre, to do.]

Purify, pū′ri-fī, v.t. to make pure: to cleanse from foreign or hurtful matter: to free from guilt or uncleanness: to free from improprieties or barbarisms, as language.—v.i. to become pure:—pa.t. and pa.p. pū′rifīed.—n. Purificā′tion, act of purifying: (B.) the act of cleansing ceremonially by removing defilement: a cleansing of the soul from moral guilt or defilement: a crushing of desire after anything evil: the pouring of wine into the chalice to rinse it after communion, the wine being then drunk by the priest.—adj. Pū′rificātive.—n. Pū′rificātor.—adj. Pū′rificātory, tending to purify or cleanse.—n. Pū′rifier.—Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a feast observed in the R.C. Church on February 2d, in commemoration of the purification of the Virgin Mary, according to the Jewish ceremonial (Lev. xii. 2) forty days after the birth of Christ. [Fr. purifier—L. purificāre—purus, pure, facĕre, to make.]

Purim, pū′rim, n. the feast of lots held about 1st of March, in which the Jews commemorated their deliverance from the plot of Haman, as related in Esther. [Heb., pl. of pur, lot.]

Purism, pūr′izm, n. exclusion of mixture of any kind: pure or immaculate conduct or style: the doctrine of a purist: great nicety or care in the use of words.—n. Pūr′ist, one who is excessively pure or nice in the choice of words.—adj. Pūris′tic.

Puritan, pūr′i-tan, n. one aiming at greater strictness in religious life, esp. one of a religious and political party having such aims in the time of Elizabeth and the Stuarts.—adj. pertaining to the Puritans.—adjs. Pūritan′ic, -al, like a Puritan: rigid: exact.—adv. Pūritan′ically.—v.i. Pūr′itanise.—n. Pūr′itanism, a puritan manner of life: strictness of life: simplicity and purity of worship: the notions or practice of Puritans. [L. puritas, purity—purus, pure.]

Purity, pūr′i-ti, n. condition of being pure: freedom from mixture of any kind: freedom from sin or defilement: chastity: sincerity: freedom from foreign or improper idioms or words.

Purl, purl, v.i. to flow with a murmuring sound, as a stream over small stones: to ripple: to flow in eddies: to curl or swirl.—v.t. to whirl about: to unseat.—n. a soft murmuring sound, as of a stream among stones: an eddy or ripple.—n. Purl′ing, the act of flowing with a gentle, murmuring sound: the murmuring sound of a small stream. [Prob. freq. of purr; cf. Sw. porla, Ger. perlen, to bubble.]

Purl, purl, v.t. to fringe with a waved edging, as lace: to invert stitches.—n. an embroidered border: a hem or fringe of twisted gold or silver thread: a ribbed or wavy appearance caused by inverted stitches: a kind of 16th-cent. lace. [Purfle.]

Purl, purl, n. ale warmed and spiced.

Purlieu, pur′lū, n. the borders or environs of any place: (orig.) the grounds on the borders of a royal forest, illegally added to the forest, but afterwards restored to their rightful owners, and marked out by perambulation. [Acc. to Skeat, a corr. of O. Fr. puralee (a mere translation of L. perambulatio), land severed from a royal forest by perambulation—O. Fr. pur (=L. pro), allee, a going.]

Purlin, Purline, pur′lin, n. a piece of timber stretching horizontally across the rafters underneath to support them in the middle. [Perh. Fr. pour, for, or par, through, ligne, a line.]

Purloin, pur-loin′, v.t. to carry off to a distance: to take for one's own use: to steal: to plagiarise.—v.i. to practise theft.—n. Purloin′er. [O. Fr. purloignier—L. prolongāre.]

Purple, pur′pl, n. a very dark-red colour formed by the mixture of blue and red: a purple dress or robe, originally worn only by royalty: a robe of honour: the dignity of a king or emperor: a cardinalate, so called from the red hat and robes worn by cardinals.—adj. red tinged with blue: blood-red: bloody.—v.t. to dye purple: to clothe with purple.—v.i. to become purple in colour.—n. Pur′ple-fish, a shellfish of genus Purpura.—adjs. Pur′ple-frost′y (Tenn.), purple with frost or cold; Pur′ple-hued (Shak.), having a purple hue.—n.pl. Pur′ples, petechiæ or spots of livid red on the body: a disease of wheat: an early purple-flowered orchid.—adj. Pur′ple-spiked, having purple spikes.—ns. Pur′ple-wood, -heart, the heartwood of Copaifera pubiflora, used for ramrods.—adj. Pur′plish, somewhat purple.—Purple emperor, one of the largest of British butterflies, and one of the most richly coloured.—Born in the purple, of princely rank or birth; Tyrian purple, a fine purple dye for which the people of ancient Tyre were celebrated. [O. Fr. porpre (Fr. pourpre)—L. purpura—Gr. porphyra, the purple-fish.]

Purport, pur′pōrt, n. design: meaning: signification.—v.t. (also Purport′) to give out as its meaning: to convey to the mind: to seem to mean—often with an infinitive clause as its object.—adj. Pur′portless. [O. Fr., from pur (Fr. pour)—L. pro, for, porter—L. portāre, to carry.]

Purpose, pur′pos, n. idea or aim kept before the mind as the end of effort: aim, intention: effect: (Spens.) conversation: (pl.) a sort of conversational game.—Of, or On, purpose, with design, intentionally; To the purpose, to the point, or material to the question. [O. Fr. pourpos, propos—L. propositum, a thing intended—pro, forward, ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Purpose, pur′pos, v.t. to intend (often followed by an infinitive or participial clause as its object).—v.i. to have an intention: (Spens.) to discourse.—adj. Pur′poseful, having an object: full of meaning.—adv. Pur′posefully.—n. Pur′posefulness.—adj. Pur′poseless, without purpose or effect: aimless.—adv. Pur′poselessly.—n. Pur′poselessness.—adj. Pur′pose-like, having a definite purpose: having the appearance of being fit for a purpose.—adv. Pur′posely, with purpose: intentionally.—n. Pur′poser.—adj. Pur′posive, having an aim: (biol.) functional.—n. Pur′posiveness. [O. Fr. purposer, form of proposer, influenced by Fr. propos.]

Purprise, pur-prīz′, n. an enclosure: the whole compass of a manor.—n. Purprest′ure, a private encroachment upon a public highway, &c. [O. Fr. pourpris—pour, for, prendre—L. prehendĕre, to take.]

Purpura, pur′pū-ra, n. a genus of marine gasteropods: an eruption of small purple spots, caused by extravasation of blood in the skin—also called the Purples.—adj. Pur′purāte, of purple colour.—n. Pur′pure, purple.—adjs. Purpū′real, purple; Purpū′ric, relating to purpura. [L.,—Gr. porphyra.]

Purr, Pur, pur, v.i. to utter a low, murmuring sound, as a cat when pleased: to signify by, or as by, purring.—ns. Purr; Purr′ing, the low, murmuring sound of a cat.—adv. Purr′ingly. [Imit.]

Purse, purs, n. a small bag for money, orig. made of skin: a sum of money, esp. a sum given as a present or offered as a prize: a treasury: a person's finances.—v.t. to put into a purse: to contract as the mouth of a purse: to draw into folds or wrinkles.—n. Purse′-bear′er, one who has charge of the purse of another: a treasurer.—adj. Purse′-bear′ing, pouched, marsupiate.—ns. Purse′ful, as much as a purse can hold: enough to fill a purse; Purse′-mouth (Tenn.), a pursed-up mouth; Purse′-net, a kind of net that can be closed like a purse; Purse′-pride.—adj. Purse′-proud, proud of one's purse or wealth: insolent from wealth.—ns. Purs′er, an officer who has charge of the provisions, clothing, and accounts of a ship, now termed a 'paymaster;' Purs′ership; Purse′-seine, a seine which can be pursed into the shape of a bag.—n.pl. Purse′-strings, the strings fastening a purse.—n. Purse′-tak′ing, robbing.—A light, or empty, purse, poverty; A long, or heavy, purse, riches; Privy purse, an allowance for the private expenses of the British sovereign: an officer in the royal household who pays the sovereign the grant of the civil list for his private expenses. [O. Fr. borse (Fr. bourse)—Low L. bursa—Gr. byrsa, a hide.]

Purslane, Purslain, purs′lān, n. an annual plant, frequently used in salads. [O. Fr. porcelaine—L. porcilaca, portulaca.]

Pursue, pur-sū′, v.t. to follow after in order to overtake: to follow with haste: to chase: to follow up: to be engaged in: to carry on: to seek to obtain: to seek to injure: to imitate: to continue.—v.i. to follow: to go on or continue: to act as a prosecutor at law.—n. (Spens.) pursuit.—adj. Pursū′able.—n. Pursū′ance, the act of pursuing or following out: process: consequence.—adj. Pursū′ant, done while pursuing or seeking any purpose, hence agreeable.—adv. agreeably: conformably—also Pursū′antly.—n. Pursū′er, one who pursues: (Scots law) a plaintiff. [O. Fr. porsuir (Fr. poursuivre)—L. prosequi, -secutus—pro, onwards, sequi, to follow.]

Pursuit, pur-sūt′, n. the act of pursuing: endeavour to attain: occupation: employment.

Pursuivant, pur′swi-vant, n. an attendant or follower: a state messenger: an attendant on the heralds: one of four inferior officers in the English College of Arms. [Fr., pr.p. of poursuivre, to pursue.]

Pursy, purs′i, adj. puffy: fat and short: short-breathed.—n. Purs′iness. [O. Fr. pourcif (Fr. poussif), orig. poulsif, broken-winded—O. Fr. poulser (Fr. pousser), to push—L. pulsāre, to push.]

Purtenance, pur′ten-ans, n. that which pertains or belongs to: (B.) the inwards or intestines of an animal. [Appurtenance.]

Purulence, pū′rū-lens, n. the forming of pus or matter: pus—also Pū′rulency.—adj. Pū′rulent, consisting of, full of, or resembling pus or matter.—adv. Pū′rulently. [Pus.]

Purvey, pur-vā′, v.t, to provide, esp. with conveniences: to procure.—v.i. to provide: to buy in provisions for several persons: (with to) to pander.—ns. Purvey′ance, the act of purveying: a procuring of victuals: that which is supplied: the former royal prerogative of pre-emption of necessaries; Purvey′or, one who provides victuals: an officer who formerly exacted provisions for the use of the king's household: a procurer. [O. Fr. porvoir (Fr. pourvoir)—L. providēre, to provide.]

Purview, pur′vū, n. a condition or disposition: the part of a statute beginning with 'Be it enacted:' scope: limits. [O. Fr. pourvieu—pourvoir, to provide.]

Pus, pus, n. a thick yellowish fluid exuded from inflamed tissues: that which has become putrid. [L. pus, puris, matter; akin to Gr. pyon.]

Puseyism, pū′zi-izm, n. a name given to the High Church and Catholic principles of Dr E. B. Pusey (1800-82), and other Oxford divines, as set forth in 'Tracts for the Times.'—adjs. Pūseyist′ic, -al.—n. Pū′seyite, one who holds the views of Dr Pusey.

Push, pōōsh, v.t. to thrust or press against: to drive by pressure: to press forward: to urge: to press hard: to thrust, as with a sword.—v.i. to make a thrust: to make an effort: to press against: to burst out.—n. a thrust: an impulse: assault: effort: exigence: (Bacon) a pustule, a pimple, eruption.—n. Push′er, one who pushes: a stem or rod.—adj. Push′ing, pressing forward in business: enterprising: vigorous.—n. Push′ing-jack, an implement for starting a railway-carriage, &c.—adv. Push′ingly.—n. Push′-pin (Shak.), a children's game in which pins are pushed alternately. [Fr. pousser—L. pulsāre, freq. of pellĕre, pulsum, to beat.]

Pushtu, Pushtoo, push′tōō, n. the language of the Afghans proper.—Also Push′to. [Afghan.]

Pusillanimous, pū-si-lan′i-mus, adj. wanting firmness of mind: of small courage: having a little mind: mean-spirited: cowardly.—adv. Pusillan′imously.—ns. Pusillan′imousness, Pusillanim′ity, state or quality of being weak-minded: lack of spirit or courage: timidity. [L. pusillanimis—pusillus, very little, animus, the mind.]

Puss, pōōs, n. a familiar name for a cat: a hare, in sportsmen's language: a playful name for a child or a girl.—ns. Puss′-clov′er, the rabbit's foot or stone-clover; Puss′-gen′tleman, a dandy; Puss′-moth, a moth of the genus Cerura; Puss′-tail, a common grass with bristly spikes, belonging to the genus Setaria—also called Foxtail; Puss′y, a dim. of puss—also Puss′y-cat; Puss′y-cat, the silky catkin of various willows; Puss′y-will′ow, a common American willow, Salix discolor, with silky spring catkins.—Puss in the corner, a children's game in which the places are continually being changed, while the player who is out tries to secure one of them. [Dut. poes, puss; Ir. and Gael. pus, a cat.]

Pustule, pus′tūl, n. a small pimple containing pus: anything like a pustule, on plants or animals: a small blister.—adjs. Pus′tūlar, Pus′tūlous, covered with pustules.—v.t. Pus′tūlāte, to form into pustules.—n. Pustūlā′tion. [Fr.,—L. pustula, a pimple.]

Put, pōōt, v.t. to push or thrust: to cast, throw: to drive into action: to throw suddenly, as a word: to set, lay, or deposit: to bring into any state or position: to offer: to propose: to express, state: to apply: to oblige: to incite: to add.—v.i. to place: to turn:—pr.p. putting (pōōt′-); pa.t. and pa.p. put.—n. a push or thrust: a cast, throw, esp. of a heavy stone from the shoulder (see Putting): an attempt: a game at cards: a contract by which one person, in consideration of a certain sum of money paid to another, acquires the privilege of selling or delivering to the latter within a certain time certain securities or commodities, at a stipulated price (see Options).—ns. Put′-off, -by, an excuse, a makeshift, evasion; Put′ter, one who puts.—Put about, to change the course, as of a ship: to put to inconvenience, trouble: to publish; Put an end, or stop, to, to check, hinder: cause to discontinue; Put away, to renounce, to divorce; Put back, to push backward: to delay: to say nay; Put by, to lay aside: to divert: to store up; Put down, to crush: to degrade: (Shak.) to confute: to enter, as a name: (rare) to give up: to start for; Put for, to set out vigorously towards a place; Put forth, to extend: to propose: to publish: to exert: to depart; Put in, to introduce: to hand in: to appoint: to insert: to conduct a ship into a harbour; Put in for, to put in an application or claim for; Put in mind, to bring to one's memory; Put off, to lay aside: to baffle or frustrate: to defer or delay: to push from shore: (Shak.) to discard; Put on, or upon, to invest: to impute: to assume: to promote: to instigate: to impose upon: to hasten: to inflict: to deceive, trick: to foist or palm upon; Put out, to expel, to extinguish: to place at interest: to extend: to publish: to disconcert: to offend: to expend: to dislocate; Put over (Shak.), to refer: to send: to defer: to place in authority; Put the case, Put case, suppose the case to be; Put the hand to, to take hold of: to take or seize: to engage in (any affair); Put this and that together, to infer from given premises; Put through, to bring to an end: to accomplish; Put to, to apply, use: to add to: to bring or consign to; Put to death, to kill; Put to it, to press hard: to distress; Put to rights, to bring into proper order; Put to sea, to set sail: to begin a voyage; Put to, or on, trial, to test: to try; Put two and two together, to draw a conclusion from certain circumstances; Put up, to startle from a cover, as a hare: to put back to its ordinary place when not in use, as a sword: to accommodate with lodging: to nominate for election: (with) to bear without complaint: to take lodgings; Put up to, to give information about, to instruct in. [A.S. potian, to push; prob. Celt., as Gael. put, W. pwtio.]

Put, put, n. a rustic, simpleton. [Perh. W. pwt, pytiau, any short thing.]

Put, put, n. a strumpet.—ns. Pū′tāge, a law phrase for a woman's fornication; Pū′tanism, the habit of prostitution. [O. Fr. pute, a whore.]

Putamen, pū-tā′men, n. the hard bony stone of some fruits—cherry, peach, &c.: the soft shell of an egg: the outer and darker portion of the lenticular nucleus of the brain. [L.,—putāre, to prune.]

Putative, pū′tā-tiv, adj. supposed: reputed: commonly supposed to be.—n. Putā′tion, act of considering, estimation.—Putative marriage, a marriage prohibited by canon law, but entered into in good faith by at least one of the parties. [Fr.,—L. putativus—putāre, -ātum, to suppose.]

Putchock, pōō-chok′, n. the fragrant costus-root, exported from India to China—a chief ingredient in the Chinese pastille-rod, commonly called jostick.—Also Putchuk′. [Perh. Telegu pāch'ckāku, 'green leaf;' or more prob. Malay.]

Puteal, pū′tē-al, n. a well-curb. [L.,—puteus, a well.]

Puteli, put′e-li, n. a flat-bottomed Ganges boat.

Putid, pū′tid, adj. rotten: stinking: worthless.—n. Pū′tidness. [L. putidus, putrid.]

Put-log, put′-log, n. a cross-piece in a scaffolding, the inner end resting in a hole left in the wall.

Putois, pü-twa′, n. a brush of polecat's hair for pottery. [Fr.]

Putoo, put′ōō, n. a dish made of palmyra-nut meal, scraped coco-nut, &c.

Putorius, pū-tō′ri-us, n. a large family of Mustelidæ, including weasels, stoats, polecats, ferrets, &c.

Putrefy, pū′tre-fī, v.t. to make putrid or rotten: to corrupt.—v.i. to become putrid: to rot:—pa.t. and pa.p. pū′trefied.—adjs. Pūtred′inous, having an offensive smell; Putrefā′cient (also n.), Putrefac′tive, pertaining to or causing putrefaction.—ns. Putrefac′tion, the act or process of putrefying: rottenness: corruption; Putrefac′tiveness; Putres′cence.—adjs. Putres′cent, becoming putrid: pertaining to putrefaction; Pū′trid, in a state of decay: showing putrefaction: stinking: rotten: corrupt.—ns. Putrid′ity, Pū′tridness, state of being putrid: corrupt matter: rottenness: corruption.—adj. Pū′trifiable, liable to putrefy. [O. Fr. putrefier—L. putrefacĕre, to make putrid—puter, putris, rotten.]

Putt, put, v.i. in golf, to play with a putter.—n. a short stroke made with a putter in attempting to hole a ball.—ns. Putt′er, one who throws a stone: one who takes coal along underground roads: a short, stiff golf-club used in putting; Putt′er-on (Shak.), an instigator; Putt′er-out (obs.), one who deposited money on going abroad, on condition of receiving a larger sum on his return, the money to be forfeited in case of non-return; Putt′ing, the act of hurling a heavy stone from the hand by a sudden push from the shoulder: the act of striking a golf-ball when near a hole, so as to cause it to fall into it; Putt′ing-green, the prepared ground immediately round a hole in a golf-course; Putt′ing-stone, a heavy stone raised by the hand and thrust forward from the shoulder, as a trial of strength and skill. [Put.]

Putties, put′tiz, n.pl. strips of cloth wound round the legs, from ankle to knee, as leggings.

Puttock, pōōt′ok, n. (Shak.) a kite, a buzzard.

Puttoo, put′ōō, n. a cloth made in Cashmere from the longer and coarser wool of the goat.

Putty, put′i, n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin, used in polishing glass, &c.—jewellers' putty: a cement of whiting and linseed-oil, used in glazing windows: a fine cement of lime only—plasterers' putty.—v.t. to fix or fill with putty:—pa.t. and pa.p. putt′ied.—n. Putt′ier, a glazier.—adj. Putt′y-faced, having a face resembling putty in pastiness or colour.—ns. Putt′y-knife, a knife with a blunt, flexible blade for laying on putty; Putt′y-pow′der, an artificially prepared oxide of tin used for polishing glass; Putt′y-root, an American orchid the corm of whose root-stock contains a highly glutinous matter; Putt′y-work, decoration in a soft substance which grows very hard. [O. Fr. potée, properly that which is contained in a pot, Fr. pot.]

Put-up, poot′-up, adj. speciously conceived, planned, or carried out. [Put.]

Puture, pū′tūr, n. the claim to food for man, horse, and dog within the bounds of a forest, &c.—Also Pul′tūre. [O. Fr. peulture.]

Puxi, puk′si, n. the edible larvæ of various flies of the genus Ephydra, found in the alkali lakes of western North America. [Mex. Ind.]

Puy, pwē, n. one of the small volcanic cones in Auvergne, &c. [Fr.]

Puzzel, puz′l, n. (obs.) a drab. [Fr. pucelle.]

Puzzle, puz′l, n. a difficulty to be solved: perplexity: something to try the ingenuity, as a toy or riddle.—v.t. to set a difficult question to: to pose: to perplex.—v.i. to be bewildered: to think long and carefully (with out, over).—ns. Puzz′ledom (coll.), bewilderment; Puzz′le-head, one who is puzzle-headed.—adj. Puzz′le-head′ed, having the head full of confused notions.—ns. Puzz′le-head′edness; Puzz′lement, the state of being puzzled; Puzz′le-monk′ey (same as Monkey-puzzle, q.v.); Puzz′le-peg, a piece of wood so secured under a dog's jaw as to keep his nose from the ground; Puzz′ler; Puzz′le-ring, a ring made of several small rings intricately linked together, capable of being taken apart and put together again.—adj. Puzz′ling, posing: perplexing.—adv. Puzz′lingly. [From M. E. opposaile (Eng. opposal), an objection—opposen, posen. Cf. Pose and Oppose.]

Puzzolana, puz-ō-lä′na, n. a loosely coherent volcanic sand found at Pozzuoli, near Naples, forming a hydraulic cement with ordinary lime.—Also Puzzolä′no, Pozzuolä′na.

Pyæmia, Pyemia, pī-ē′mi-a, n. a disease caused by the introduction into the blood of decomposing matter, from pus, &c.—adjs. Pyæ′mic, Pyē′mic. [Gr. pyon, pus, haima, blood.]

Pycnid, pik′nid, n. a special receptacle in ascomycetous fungi, resembling a perithecium, in which stylospores or pycnospores are produced—also Pycnid′ium.—n. Pyc′nospore, a stylospore. [Gr. pyknos, thick.]

Pycnite, pik′nīt, n. a columnar variety of topaz.

Pycnogonida, pik-nō-gon′i-da, n.pl. a division of marine arthropods, the sea-spiders.—adj. Pycnog′onoid. [Gr. pyknos, thick, gony, the knee.]

Pycnometer, pik-nom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for determining the specific gravity of solid bodies. [Gr. pyknos, thick, metron, measure.]

Pycnon, pik′non, n. (mus.) a small interval in Greek music, a quarter-tone: in medieval music, a semi-tone. [Gr. pyknos, thick.]

Pycnostyle, pik′nō-stīl, adj. (archit.) noting a lower degree of intercolumniation, usually 1½ diameters. [Gr. pyknos, thick, stylos, a column.]

Pyebald. See Piebald.

Pyelitis, pī-e-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney—also Endonephritis.—adjs. Pyelit′ic; Pyelonephrit′ic.—n. Pyelonephrī′tis, inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. [Gr. pyelos, the pelvis, nephros, the kidney.]

Pyengadu, pī-eng′ga-dōō, n. a large acacia-like tree of Burma, India, &c., with reddish-brown wood of great heaviness and hardness.—Also Pyn′kado.

Pygal, pī′gal, adj. belonging to the rump or posteriors of an animal.—n. the posterior median or supracaudal plate of a chelonian carapace.—n. Py′garg, a kind of antelope: the osprey or sea-eagle. [Gr. pygē, the rump, argos, white.]

Pygmy, Pigmy, pig′mi, n. one of a fabulous dwarfish race of antiquity: a dwarf: any diminutive thing: one of several pygmy races in equatorial Africa and elsewhere: one of the ancient diminutive dwellers in underground houses, &c., in whom David MacRitchie sees the historical originals of the fairies and elves of folklore.—adj. resembling a pygmy: very small.—adj. Pygmē′an, dwarfish: diminutive. [O. Fr. pigme, pygme—L. Pygmæi—Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies, a (Gr.) pygmē—13½ in. long—pygmē, fist.]

Pygopus, pī′gō-pus, n. a genus of Australian lizards.

Pygostyle, pī′gō-stīl, n. the vomer or ploughshare bone of a bird's tail.—adj. Py′gostyled. [Gr. pygē, the rump, stylos, a column.]

Pyjamas, pe-jä′maz, n.pl. loose drawers or trousers tied round the waist, in India, used also by Europeans.—Also Paijä′mas, Pajä′mas. [Hind. pāëjāma, lit. 'leg-clothing.']

Pylon, pī′lon, n. a gateway to an Egyptian temple: the mass of building through which the gateway was pierced. [Gr. pylōn—pylē, a gate.]

Pylorus, pi-lō′rus, n. the lower opening of the stomach leading to the intestines.—adj. Pylor′ic. [L.,—Gr. pylōros—pylē, an entrance, ouros, a guardian.]

Pyogenesis, pī-ō-jen′e-sis, n. the formation of pus.—adjs. Pyogenet′ic, Pyogen′ic, Py′oid.—ns. Pyopoiē′sis, suppuration; Pyop′tysis, expectoration of pus; Pyorrhē′a, purulent discharge; Pyō′sis, the formation of pus.

Pyramid, pir′a-mid, n. a solid figure on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, with triangular sides meeting in a point: (pl.) 'the Pyramids,' or great monuments of Egypt: a game played on a billiard-table in which the balls are arranged in pyramid shape.—adjs. Pyram′idal, Pyramid′ic, -al, having the form of a pyramid.—advs. Pyram′idally, Pyramid′ically.—ns. Pyramid′icalness; Pyramid′ion, the small pyramidal apex of an obelisk; Pyram′idist, one versed in the history of the Pyramids; Pyr′amis (Shak.), a pyramid:—pl. Pyram′ides.—adjs. Pyr′amoid, Pyram′idoid. [L.,—Gr. pyramis, pyramidos; prob. Egypt. pir-em-us. Some connection with Gr. pyr, fire.]

Pyramidon, pi-ram′i-don, n. in organ-building a stop having wooden pipes in the form of an inverted pyramid, giving very deep notes somewhat like those of a stopped diapason.

Pyrargyrite, pī-rar′ji-rīt, n. an ore of silver consisting of the sulphide of silver and antimony. [Gr. pyr, fire, argyros, silver.]

Pyre, pīr, n. a pile of wood, &c., on which a dead body is burned.—adj. Pyr′al. [L.,—Gr.,—pyr, fire.]

Pyrene, pī′rēn, n. a stone or putamen.—n. Pyrē′nocarp, any drupaceous fruit.—adjs. Pyrē′noid, globular, nucleiform; Pyrē′nous. [Gr. pyrēn.]

Pyrene, pī′rēn, n. a hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar.

Pyrenean, pir-ē-nē′an, adj. of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, the range of mountains between France and Spain.—n. Pyrenē′ite, a grayish-black garnet. [L. Pyrenæi (montes), the Pyrenees.]

Pyrenomycetes, pī-rē-nō-mī-sē′tez, n.pl. an order of ascomycetous fungi, including ergot, black-rot, &c. [Gr. pyren, a stone, mykēs, pl. mycētes, a mushroom.]

Pyrethrum, pir-eth′rum, n. a genus of plants containing the fever-few, or golden-feather, so much used in gardens as a bordering. [L.,—Gr.,—pyr, fire.]

Pyretic, pī-ret′ik, adj. pertaining to fever.—n. a remedy for fever.—ns. Pyretol′ogy, the science of fevers; Pyrex′ia, fever.—adjs. Pyrex′ial, Pyrex′ic. [Gr. pyrektikos—pyretos, fever—pyr, fire.]

Pyrgoidal, pir-goi′dal, adj. tower-shaped. [Gr., pyrgos, a tower.]

Pyrheliometer, pir-hē-li-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun.—adj. Pyrheliomet′ric. [Gr. pyr, fire, hēlios, sun, metron, measure.]

Pyriform, pir′i-form, adj. pear-shaped. [L. pirum, a pear, forma, form.]

Pyrite, pī′rīt, n. native iron disulphide of a pale-yellow colour and very hard—also Iron pyrites.—Copper pyrites, yellow sulphide of copper and iron. [L.,—Gr. pyrites, a flint—pyr, fire.]

Pyritegium, pir-i-tē′ji-um, n. the curfew-bell. [Low L.]

Pyrites, pir-ī′tēz, n. a term applied to a large class of mineral compounds of metals with sulphur, or with arsenic, or with both—crystalline, hard, generally brittle, and frequently yellow.—adjs. Pyritā′ceous; Pyrit′ic, -al; Pyritif′erous.—v.t. Pyr′itise, to convert into pyrites.—n. Pyritol′ogy, knowledge of pyrites.—adj. Pyr′itous. [L.,—Gr. pyr, fire.]

Pyritohedron, pī-rī-tō-hē′dron, n. a pentagonal dodecahedron.—adj. Pyritohē′dral. [Gr. pyritēs, pyrites, hedra, a seat.]

Pyro-acetic, pī′rō-a-set′ik, adj. relating to acetic acid under heat.

Pyroballogy, pī-rō-bal′ō-ji, n. the art of throwing fire: (Sterne) the science of artillery. [Gr. pyr, fire, ballein, to throw, logia—legein, to speak.]

Pyroclastic, pī-rō-klas′tik, adj. formed by volcanic agencies. [Gr. pyr, fire, klastos, broken.]

Pyro-electricity, pī′rō-e-lek-tris′i-ti, n. that branch of electricity which deals with electrification as produced by change of temperature in certain crystallised bodies.—adj. Py′ro-elec′tric.

Pyrogallic, pī-rō-gal′ik, adj. obtained from gallic acid by the action of heat.

Pyrogen, pī′rō-jen, n. any substance which causes fever when introduced into the blood.—adjs. Pyrogenet′ic, Pyrog′enous, producing fire: produced by fire; Pyrogen′ic, producing fever. [Gr. pyr, fire, root of gignesthai, to become.]

Pyrognomic, pī-rog-nom′ik, adj. becoming incandescent when heated to a certain degree. [Gr. pyr, fire, gnōmōn, a mark.]

Pyrognostic, pī-rog-nos′tik, adj. pertaining to fire or heat. [Gr. pyr, fire, gnōstikos, knowing.]

Pyrography, pī-rog′ra-fi, n. the art of producing a design on wood by applying heat and pressure. [Gr. pyr, fire, graphein, to write.]

Pyrogravure, pī-rō-grā-vūr′, n. a method of engraving on wood by a red-hot metallic point: a picture so produced.

Pyrola, pī′rō-la, n. a genus of plants of the heath kind, called also Wintergreen: a single plant of this genus. [L., dim. of pirus, a pear-tree.]

Pyrolatry, pī-rol′a-tri, n. fire-worship.—n. Pyrol′ater, a fire-worshipper. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, latreia, worship.]

Pyroleter, pī-rol′e-tėr, n. a fire-extinguishing chemical apparatus by which carbonic acid is generated and thrown on the fire. [Gr. pyr, fire, oletēr, destroyer—ollynai, to destroy.]

Pyroligneous, pī-rō-lig′ne-us, adj. procured by the distillation of wood—applied to a kind of acetic acid.—Also Pyrolig′nic, Pyrolig′nous.

Pyrology, pī-rōl-ō-ji, n. the science of heat: a treatise on heat.—n. Pyrol′ogist. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, logos, discourse.]

Pyrolusite, pī-rō-lū′sīt, n. native manganese dioxide.

Pyromagnetic, pī-rō-mag-net′ik, adj. pertaining to magnetism as modified by the action of heat.

Pyromancy, pī′rō-man-si, n. divination by fire.—adj. Pyroman′tic. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, manteia, divination.]

Pyromania, pī-rō-mā′ni-a, n. a mania for destroying things by fire: insanity which takes this form.—n. Pyromā′niac.—adjs. Pyromā′niac, -al.

Pyrometamorphism, pī-rō-met-a-mor′fizm, n. metamorphism due to heat, as opp. to Hydrometamorphism, that due to water.

Pyrometer, pī-rom′e-tėr, n. an instrument in the form of a metallic bar for measuring the temperature of bodies under heat.—adjs. Pyromet′ric, -al.—n. Pyrom′etry, the science or art of measuring degrees of heat beyond the compass of the mercurial thermometer. [Gr. pyr, fire, metron, a measure.]

Pyromorphous, pī-rō-mor′fus, adj. assuming a crystallised form after fusion by heat. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, morphē, form.]

Pyronomics, pī-rō-nom′iks, n. the science of heat.

Pyrope, pī′rōp, n. a gem nearly allied to garnet, of a deep-red colour and translucent, generally occurring in roundish grains. [Gr. pyrōpos, fiery-eyed—pyr, pyros, fire, ōps, opos, the face.]

Pyrophanous, pī-rof′a-nus, adj. made transparent by heat.—n. Py′rophāne, an opal translucent while hot by melted wax. [Gr. pyr, fire, phainein, to show.]

Pyrophone, pī′rō-fōn, n. a musical instrument invented by Eugene Kastner (1873), in which the tones are produced by means of burning jets of hydrogen enclosed in graduated glass tubes. [Gr. pyr, fire, phōnē, sound.]

Pyrophorus, pī-rof′ō-rus, n. a substance which takes fire on exposure to air: a genus of elaterid beetles.—n. Py′rophōre, any composition which takes fire on exposure to air or water.—adjs. Pyrophor′ic, Pyroph′orous. [Gr. pyr, fire, pherein, to carry.]

Pyrophosphoric, pī-rō-fos-for′ik, adj. formed by heating phosphoric acid.

Pyrophotography, pī-rō-fō-tog′ra-fi, n. any photographic process in which heat is applied to fix the picture.

Pyroscope, pī′rō-skōp, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of radiating heat. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, skopein, to view.]

Pyrosilver, pī-rō-sil′vėr, n. electroplated ware in which the silver is made to sink into the pores of the plated baser metal by the action of heat.

Pyrosis, pī-rō′sis, n. water-brash (q.v.). [Gr.,—pyr, fire.]

Pyrosoma, pī-rō-sō′ma, n. a genus of compound Tunicates, with brilliant phosphorescence, inhabiting the Mediterranean and the Atlantic—fire-flames. [Gr. pyr, fire, sōma, body.]

Pyrostat, pī′rō-stat, n. an automatic draught-regulator for chimney-stacks, smoke-pipes, &c. [Gr. pyr, fire, statos—histanai, to stand.]

Pyrosulphuric, pī-rō-sul-fū′rik, adj. obtained from sulphuric acid by the action of heat.

Pyrotechnics, pī-rō-tek′niks, n. the art of making fireworks: the use and application of fireworks—also Py′rotechny.—adjs. Pyrotech′nic, -al, pertaining to fireworks.—n. Pyrotech′nist, a maker of fireworks: one skilled in pyrotechny. [Gr. pyr, fire, technikos, artistic—technē, art.]

Pyrotic, pī-rot′ik, adj. burning: caustic.—n. a caustic medicine. [Gr. pyrōtikos—pyr, pyros, fire.]

Pyroxene, pī′rok-sēn, n. an important mineral species, occurring in monoclinic crystals.—adj. Pyroxen′ic. [Gr. pyr, fire, xenos, a guest.]

Pyroxylic, pī-rok-sil′ik, adj. obtained by distilling wood.—ns. Pyrox′yle, Pyrox′ylin, -e, gun-cotton.—Pyroxylic spirit, a mixture of acetone, methyl-alcohol, acetate of methyl, &c., obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in the manufacture of pyroligneous acid. [Gr. pyr, fire, xylon, wood.]

Pyrrhic, pir′ik, n. a kind of war-dance among the ancient Greeks: a poetical foot consisting of two short syllables.—adj. pertaining to the dance or to the poetical foot.—n. Pyr′rhicist, one who dances the pyrrhic. [Gr. pyrrhichē (orchēsis), a kind of war-dance, so called from Pyrrhichos, the inventor.]

Pyrrhic, pir′ik, adj. of or pertaining to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus (318-272 B.C.).—Pyrrhic victory, a victory gained at too great a cost, in allusion to Pyrrhus's exclamation after his victory of Asculum (279), 'Another such victory and we are lost!'

Pyrrhonist, pir′rō-nist, n. one who holds the tenets of Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis (360-270 B.C.), who taught universal scepticism: a sceptic.—adjs. Pyrrhō′nean, Pyrrhon′ic.—n. Pyr′rhonism, scepticism.

Pyrrhous, pir′us, adj. reddish. [Gr.]

Pyrus, pī′rus, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Rosaceæ, sub-order Pomeæ. [L. pyrus, for pirus, a pear-tree.]

Pythagorean, pi-thag-ō-rē′an, adj. pertaining to Pythagoras (c. 532 B.C.), a celebrated Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy.—n. a follower of Pythagoras.—ns. Pythag′orism, Pythagorē′anism, his doctrines.—Pythagorean proposition, the 47th proposition of Euclid, Book I., said to have been discovered by Pythagoras; Pythagorean system, the astronomical system of Copernicus, erroneously attributed to Pythagoras; Pythagorean triangle, a triad of whole numbers proportional to the sides of a right-angled triangle—e.g. 3, 4, 5.

Pythian, pith′i-an, adj. pertaining to the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered the oracles of the god there: noting one of the four national festivals of ancient Greece, in honour of Apollo, held every four years at Delphi.—Pythian verse, the dactylic hexameter.

Pythogenic, pī-thō-jen′ik, adj. produced by filth.—n. Pythogen′esis. [Gr. pythein, to rot, root of gignesthai, to become.]

Pythometric, pī-thō-met′rik, adj. pertaining to the gauging of casks. [Gr. pithos, a wine-jar, metron, a measure.]

Python, pī′thon, n. a genus of serpents of the boa family, all natives of the Old World, and differing from the true boas by having the plates on the under surface of the tail double: a demon, spirit.—n. Py′thoness, the priestess of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, in Greece: a witch.—adj. Python′ic, pretending to foretell future events, like the Pythoness: prophetic: like a python.—ns. Py′thonism, the art of predicting events by divination; Py′thonist. [Gr. Pythōn, the serpent slain near Delphi by Apollo.]

Pyx, piks, n. (R.C.) the sacred box in which the host is kept after consecration: the box at the British Mint containing sample coins.—v.t. to test the weight and fineness of, as the coin deposited in the pyx.—Trial of the pyx, final trial by weight and assay of the gold and silver coins of the United Kingdom, prior to their issue from the Mint. [L. pyxis, a box—Gr. pyxis—pyxos (L. buxus), the box-tree.]

Pyxidium, pik-sid′i-um, n. (bot.) a pod or seed-vessel which opens in two halves, the upper one resembling a lid. [Gr. pyxidion, dim. of pyxis.]

the seventeenth letter of our alphabet—absent from the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, in which the sound was expressed by cw; in Scotland replacing hw, now always followed by u: Roman numeral=500.

Qua, kwä, adv. as far as. [L.]

Quab, Quob, kwob, v.i. (obs.) to tremble.

Quack, kwak, v.i. to cry like a duck: to boast: to practise as a quack.—v.t. to doctor by quackery.—n. the cry of a duck: a boastful pretender to skill which he does not possess, esp. medical skill: a mountebank.—adj. pertaining to quackery: used by quacks.—n. Quack′ery, the pretensions or practice of a quack, esp. in medicine.—adj. Quack′ish, like a quack: boastful: trickish.—n. Quack′ism.—v.i. Quack′le (rare), to quack, croak.—n. Quack′salver, a quack who deals in salves, ointments, &c.: a quack generally.—adj. Quack′salving. [Imit.; cf. Ger. quaken, Dut. kwaken, Gr. koax, a croak.]

Quad, kwod, n. a quadrangle: (slang) a prison.—v.t. (slang) to put in prison.—Also Quod. [Quadrangle.]

Quad, kwod, n. (print.) an abbreviation of quadrat.—v.t. to fill with quadrats.

Quadra, kwod′ra, n. a frame enclosing a bas-relief:—pl. Quad′ræ (-ē). [L. quadrus, square.]

Quadragenarian, kwod-ra-jē-nā′ri-an, adj. consisting of forty: forty years old.—n. Quad′ragene, an indulgence for forty days.

Quadragesima, kwod-ra-jes′i-ma, n. the Latin name for the whole season of Lent, with its forty days: the name commonly assigned to the first Sunday in Lent, by analogy with the three Sundays which precede Lent—Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima.—adj. Quadrages′imal, belonging to or used in Lent. [L.—quadragesimus, fortieth—quadraginta, forty—quatuor, four.]

Quadrangle, kwod′rang-gl, n. a square surrounded by buildings: (geom.) a plane figure having four equal sides and angles: in the jargon of palmistry, the space between the line of the heart and that of the head.—adj. Quadrang′ular, of the form of a quadrangle.—adv. Quadrang′ularly. [Fr.,—L. quadrangulum—quatuor, four, angulus, an angle.]

Quadrans, kwod′ranz, n. a Roman copper coin, the fourth part of the as:—pl. Quadran′tes. [L.]

Quadrant, kwod′rant, n. (geom.) the fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 90°: an instrument used in astronomy for the determination of angular measurements: an instrument of navigation for measuring the altitude of the sun.—adj. Quadrant′al, pertaining to, equal to, or included in a quadrant. [L. quadrans, from quatuor, four.]

Quadrat, kwod′rat, n. a piece of type-metal lower than the letters, used in spacing between words and filling out blank lines (commonly Quad)—distinguished as en (), em (), two-em (), and three-em ().

Quadrate, kwod′rāt, adj. squared: having four equal sides and four right angles: divisible into four equal parts: (fig.) balanced: exact: suited.—n. a square or quadrate figure: the quadrate bone, that between the lower jaw and the cranium in birds and reptiles, suspending the lower jaw.—v.i. to square or agree with: to correspond.—adj. Quadrat′ic, pertaining to, containing, or denoting a square.—n. (alg.) an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is the second: an old instrument for measuring latitudes: (pl.) that branch of algebra which treats of quadratic equations.—adj. Quadratif′erous, having a distinct quadrate bone.—ns. Quadrā′trix, a curve by which may be found straight lines equal to the circumference of circles or other curves; Quad′rāture, a squaring: (geom.) the finding, exactly or approximately, of a square that shall be equal to a given figure of some other shape: the position of a heavenly body when 90° distant from another: (Milt.) a square space; Quadrā′tus, the quadratus femoris, or square muscle of the femur in man, the quadratus lumborum, that of the loins, the depressor labii inferioris, that of the chin, which draws down the upper lip.—Quadrature of the circle, the problem of squaring the circle, insoluble both by the arithmetical and the geometrical method.—Method of quadratures, the name applied to any arithmetical method of determining the area of a curve. [O. Fr. quadrat—L. quadratus, pa.p. of quadrāre, to square—quatuor, four.]

Quadrel, kwod′rel, n. a square stone, brick, or tile: a square piece of turf.

Quadrennial, kwod-ren′yal, adj. comprising four years: once in four years.—adv. Quadrenn′ially.—ns. Quadrenn′iate, Quadrenn′ium, Quadrienn′ium, a period of four years. [L. quadrennis—quatuor, four, annus, a year.]

Quadric, kwod′rik, adj. (alg.) of the second degree, quadratic—esp. in solid geometry and where there are more than two variables.—n. Quad′ricone, a quadric cone.

Quadricentennial, kwod-ri-sen-ten′i-al, adj. pertaining to a period of 400 years.—n. the 400th anniversary of an event or its celebration.

Quadriceps, kwod′ri-seps, n. the great muscle which extends the leg upon the thigh.—adj. Quadricip′ital. [L. quatuor, four, caput, head.]

Quadricorn, kwod′ri-korn, adj. and n. having four horns, antennæ, &c.—Also Quadricorn′ous.

Quadricycle, kwod′ri-sī-kl, n. a four-wheeled vehicle propelled by the feet. [L. quatuor, four, Low L. cyclus—Gr. kyklos, a circle.]

Quadridentate, kwod-ri-den′tāt, adj. having four teeth. Quadridigitate, kwod-ri-dij′i-tāt, adj. having four digits: quadrisulcate.

Quadrifid, kwod′ri-fid, adj. four-cleft.

Quadrifoliate, kwod-ri-fō′li-āt, adj. four-leaved.

Quadriform, kwod′ri-form, adj. fourfold in form, arrangement, &c.

Quadriga, kwod-rī′ga, n. in Greek and Roman times a two-wheeled car drawn by four horses abreast:—pl. Quadrī′gæ. [L., a contr. of quadrijugæ—quatuor, four, jugum, a yoke.]

Quadrigeminous, kwod-ri-jem′i-nus, adj. fourfold, having four similar parts.—Also Quadrigem′inal, Quadrigem′ināte.

Quadrigenarious, kwod-ri-jē-nā′ri-us, adj. consisting of four hundred.

Quadrijugate, kwod-ri-jōō′gāt, adj. (bot.) pinnate with four pairs of leaflets.—Also Quadriju′gous.

Quadrilateral, kwod-ri-lat′ėr-al, adj. having four sides.—n. (geom.) a plane figure having four sides: the four fortresses—Mantua, Verona, Peschiera, and Legnago—which form the points of a quadrilateral.—n. Quadrilat′eralness. [L. quadrilaterus—quatuor, four, latus, lateris, a side.]

Quadriliteral, kwod-ri-lit′ėr-al, adj. of four letters.—n. a word or a root having four letters. [L. quatuor, four, litera, a letter.]

Quadrille, kwa-dril′, n. a square dance for four couples, consisting of five movements: music for such square dances: a game played by four with forty cards.—v.i. to play at quadrille: to dance quadrilles. [Fr.,—Sp. cuadra, a square—L. quadra, a square—quatuor, four.]

Quadrillion, kwod-ril′yun, n. a million raised to the fourth power, represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers. [Coined from L. quater, four times, on the model of million.]

Quadrilobate, kwod-ri-lō′bāt, adj. having four lobes or lobules.—Also Quad′rilobed.

Quadrilocular, kwod-ri-lok′ū-lar, adj. having four cells, cavities, or compartments.

Quadrimanous, kwod-rim′a-nus, adj. Same as Quadrumanous.

Quadrinomial, kwod-ri-nō′mi-al, adj. (alg.) consisting of four divisions or terms.—n. an expression of four terms. [L. quatuor, four, Gr. nomē, a division—nemein, to distribute.]

Quadripartite, kwod-ri-par′tīt, adj. divided into four parts: (bot.) deeply cleft into four parts, as a leaf: (archit.) divided, as a vault, into four compartments.—n. a treatise divided into four parts.—adv. Quadripar′titely.—n. Quadriparti′tion. [L.,—quatuor, four, partīre, -ītum, to divide.]

Quadripennate, kwod-ri-pen′āt, adj. and n. having four wings.

Quadriphyllous, kwod-ri-fil′us, adj. having four leaves.

Quadrireme, kwod′ri-rēm, n. a galley with four benches of oars. [L. quadriremis—quatuor, four, remus, an oar.]

Quadrisection, kwod-ri-sek′shun, n. a division into four equal parts. [L. quatuor, four, secāre, sectum, to cut.]

Quadrisyllable, kwod-ri-sil′a-bl n. a word consisting of four syllables.—adjs. Quadrisyllab′ic, -al. [L. quatuor, four, syllaba, a syllable.]

Quadrivalvular, kwod-ri-val′vū-lar, adj. having four valves or valvular parts.—Also Quad′rivalve.

Quadrivium, kwod-riv′i-um, n. the Pythagorean name for the four branches of mathematics—arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy—when preceded by the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric—together making up the seven liberal arts taught in the schools of the Roman Empire.—adjs. Quadriv′ial, Quadriv′ious. [L., 'the place where four roads meet'—L. quatuor, four, via, a way.]

Quadroon, kwod-rōōn′, n. the offspring of a mulatto and a white person, one 'quarter-blooded.'—Also Quarteroon′. [Sp. cuarteron—cuarto, a fourth.]

Quadrumane, kwod′rōō-mān, n. one of the Quadru′mana, an order of mammalia having four hands, or four feet, with an opposable thumb—also Quad′ruman.—adj. Quadru′manous, having four hands. [L. quatuor, four, manus, a hand.]

Quadruped, kwod′rōō-ped, n. a four-footed animal.—adjs. Quad′ruped, -al, having four feet.—n. Quad′rupedism, the state of being a quadruped. [L. quatuor, four, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Quadruple, kwod′rōō-pl, adj. fourfold.—n. four times the quantity or number.—v.t. to increase fourfold.—v.i. to become four times as many.—n. Quad′ruplet, any combination of four things—also Quart′et: one of four born at a birth.—adj. Quad′ruplex, fourfold, esp. of a telegraphic system capable of sending four messages, two in each direction, simultaneously over one wire.—n. an instrument of this kind.—v.t. to arrange for quadruplex transmission.—adj. Quadru′plicate, fourfold.—n. one of four corresponding things.—v.t. to make fourfold.—ns. Quadruplicā′tion; Quadru′plicāture; Quadruplic′ity.—adv. Quad′ruply, in a fourfold manner.—Quadruple Alliance, a league formed in 1718 between England, France, Austria, and Holland to counteract the ambitious schemes of Alberoni. [Fr.,—L. quadruplus—quatuor, four.]

Quæsitum, kwē-sī′tum, n. something sought or required:—pl. Quæsī′ta. [L. neut. of quæsitus, pa.p. of quærĕre, to seek.]

Quæstor, kwēs′tor, n. a magistrate with charge of the Roman public funds—originally who investigated cases of murder and executed sentence: in the Middle Ages an officer who announced indulgences: a treasurer—also Ques′tor.—ns. Quæs′torship, Ques′torship. [L.,—quærere, quæsitum, to seek.]

Quaff, kwaf, v.t. to drink in large draughts.—v.i. to drink largely.—n. Quaff′er. [Quach, quaich,—Gael. and Ir. cuach, a bowl.]

Quag, kwag, n. a quagmire (q.v.).—adj. Quagg′y, spongy, boggy.

Quagga, kwag′a, n. one of the three species of striped wild horses, or more properly wild asses, peculiar to Africa, of which the zebra is the type. [Hottentot.]

Quagmire, kwag′mīr, n. wet, boggy ground that yields under the feet.—v.t. to entangle, as in a quagmire.—adj. Quag′miry. [Quake and mire.]

Quahog, kwa-hog′, n. the common round clam of the North American Atlantic coast.—Also Quahaug′. [Amer. Ind. poquauhock.]

Quaid, kwād, adj. (Spens.) quelled, crushed.

Quaigh, kwāh, n. (Scot.) a kind of drinking-cup, usually made of wood. [Gael. cuach, a cup.]

Quail, kwāl, v.i. to cower: to fail in spirit: (Shak.) to slacken.—v.t. to subdue: to terrify.—n. Quail′ing (Shak.), act of one who quails: a failing in courage. [A.S. cwelan, to die; Ger. quälen, to suffer.]

Quail, kwāl, n. a small gallinaceous bird, related to the partridge family: (Shak.) a whore.—ns. Quail′-call, -pipe, a call for alluring quails into a net. [O. Fr. quaille—Low L. quaquila—Old Dut. quakele; cf. Low Ger. quackel, and Quack.]

Quaint, kwānt, adj. unusual: odd: whimsical: (obs.) prim, affectedly nice: fine: (Shak.) clever.—adv. Quaint′ly.—n. Quaint′ness. [O. Fr. coint—L. cognitus, known. Some confusion with L. comptus, neat, is probable.]

Quake, kwāk, v.i. to tremble, esp. with cold or fear: to tremble from want of firmness.—v.t. to cause to tremble:—pr.p. quā′king; pa.t. and pa.p. quāked.—n. a shake: a shudder.—ns. Quā′kiness; Quā′king; Quā′king-grass, a native grass of the genus Briza, so called from the tremulous motion of its spikelets.—adv. Quā′kingly.—adj. Quā′ky, shaky. [A.S. cwacian; perh. allied to quick.]

Quaker, kwā′kėr, n. one of the Society of Friends, a religious sect founded by George Fox (1624-90): a dummy cannon: a collector's name for certain noctuoid moths.—n. Quā′ker-bird, the sooty albatross.—n.pl. Quā′ker-butt′ons, the round seeds of nux vomica.—ns. Quā′ker-col′our, drab; Quā′kerdom, the Quakers as a class; Quā′keress, a female Quaker.—adjs. Quā′kerish, Quā′kerly, like a Quaker.—n. Quā′kerism, the tenets of the Quakers.—Stewed Quaker, molasses or honey, with butter and vinegar, taken hot against colds. [The nickname Quakers was first given them by Judge Bennet at Derby, because Fox bade him and those present quake at the word of the Lord.]

Qualify, kwol′i-fī, v.t. to render capable or suitable: to furnish with legal power: to limit by modifications: to soften: to abate: to reduce the strength of: to vary: (Scots law) to prove, confirm.—v.i. to take the necessary steps to fit one's self for a certain position.—adj. Qual′ifiable.—ns. Qualificā′tion, that which qualifies: a quality that fits a person for a place, &c.: (logic) the attaching of quality, or the distinction of affirmative and negative, to a term: abatement: (Shak.) pacification; Qual′ificātive, that which qualifies, modifies, or restricts: a qualifying term or statement; Qual′ificātor (R.C.), one who prepares ecclesiastical causes for trial.—adj. Qual′ificātory.—p.adj. Qual′ified, fitted: competent: modified: limited.—adv. Qual′ifiedly.—ns. Qual′ifiedness; Qual′ifier.—adj. Qual′ifying.—Property qualification, the holding of a certain amount of property as a condition to the right of suffrage, &c. [Fr.,—Low L. qualificāre—L. qualis, of what sort, facĕre, to make.]

Quality, kwol′i-ti, n. that which makes a thing what it is: property: peculiar power: acquisition: character: rank: superior birth or character: (logic) the character of a proposition as affirmative or negative: (Shak.) character in respect to dryness or moisture, heat or cold: (Shak.) cause, occasion.—adj. Qual′itātive, relating to quality: (chem.) determining the nature of components.—adv. Qual′itātively.—adj. Qual′itied, furnished with qualities.—Accidental quality, a quality whose removal would not impair the identity of its subject, as opposed to an Essential quality; The quality, persons of high rank, collectively. [Fr.,—L. qualitas, qualitatis.]

Qualm, kwäm, n. a sudden attack of illness: a sensation of nausea: a scruple, as of conscience.—adj. Qualm′ish, affected with qualm, or a disposition to vomit, or with slight sickness: uneasy.—adv. Qualm′ishly.—n. Qualm′ishness. [A.S. cwealm, death; Ger. qualm, nausea; Sw. qvalm, a suffocating heat.]

Quamash, kwa-mash′, n. camass.

Quandang, kwan′dang, n. a small Australian tree, with edible fruit, the native peach. [Austr.]

Quandary, kwon-dā′ri, or kwon′da-ri, n. a state of difficulty or uncertainty: a hard plight. [Prob. M. E. wandreth, peril—Ice. vandrætdi, trouble.]

Quannet, kwan′et, n. a file for scraping zinc plates: a kind of file used in comb-making.

Quant, kwant, n. a pushing or jumping pole, with a flat cap at the end, used in marshes.

Quantic, kwon′tik, n. (math.) a rational integral homogeneous function of two or more variables.—adj. Quan′tical. [L. quantus, how great.]

Quantify, kwon′ti-fī, v.t. to determine with respect to quantity: to fix or express the quantity of.—n. Quantificā′tion, the art, process, or form by which anything is quantified.—Quantification of the predicate, a phrase belonging to logic, signifying the attachment of the signs of quantity to the predicate. [L. quantus, how great, facĕre, to make.]

Quantity, kwon′ti-ti, n. the amount of anything: bulk: size: a determinate amount: a sum or bulk: a large portion: (logic) the extent of a conception: (gram.) the measure of a syllable: (mus.) the relative duration of a tone: (math.) anything which can be increased, divided, or measured: (Shak.) a small part: (Shak.) proportion.—adj. Quan′titātive, relating to quantity: measurable in quantity: (chem.) determining the relative proportions of components.—advs. Quan′titātively, Quan′titively.—ns. Quan′titātiveness; Quantiv′alence (chem.), the combining power of an atom as compared with that of the hydrogen atom, valence.—adj. Quantiv′alent.—Quantitative logic, the doctrine of probability.—Constant quantity (math.), a quantity that remains the same while others vary. [Fr.,—L. quantitas, quantitatis—quantus, how much—quam, how.]

Quantum, kwon′tum, n. quantity: amount:—pl. Quan′ta.—Quantum sufficit—as much as is sufficient. [L. quantum, neut. of quantus, how great.]

Quaquaversal, kwä-kwä-ver′sal, adj. (geol.) inclining outward in all directions from a centre: facing all ways.—adv. Quaquaver′sally. [L. quaqua, wheresoever, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Quarantine, kwor′an-tēn, n. a forced abstinence from communication with the shore which ships are compelled to undergo when they are last from some port where certain infectious diseases are raging—the time originally forty days: (coll.) the isolation of a person, house, district, &c. afflicted with or recovering from contagious disease.—v.t. to prohibit from intercourse from fear of infection.—adj. Quarantin′able, admitting of, or controlled by, quarantine.—Quarantine flag, a yellow flag displayed by a ship to signify the presence on board of contagious disease. [Fr. quarantaine—L. quadraginta, forty—quatuor, four.]

Quarl, kwärl, n. a segment of fireclay used in making covers for retorts, &c.

Quarl, kwärl, n. a medusa or jelly-fish.

Quarrel, kwor′el, n. a square of glass placed diagonally: a lozenge or diamond: a diamond pane of glass: a small square tile: a square-headed arrow for a cross-bow: a graver, glaziers' diamond, or other tool having a several-edged head or point.—ns. Quarr′elet, a small lozenge; Quarr′el-pane. [O. Fr.,—Low L. quadrellus—L. quadrus, square—quatuor, four.]

Quarrel, kwor′el, n. an angry dispute: a breach of friendship: (Shak.) a cause of complaint: a brawl: (Shak.) a quarreller.—v.i. to cavil, find fault: to dispute violently: to fight: to disagree.—v.t. (Scot.) to find fault with: to affect by quarrelling:—pr.p. quarr′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. quarr′elled.—ns. Quarr′eller; Quarr′elling, strife: dissension: brawling.—adjs. Quarr′ellous (Shak.), quarrelsome; Quarr′elsome, disposed to quarrel: brawling: easily provoked.—adv. Quarr′elsomely.—n. Quarr′elsomeness.—Quarrel with one's bread and butter, to act in a way prejudicial to one's means of subsistence.—Pick a quarrel with, to try to get into a dispute with; Take up a quarrel (Shak.), to settle a dispute. [O. Fr. querele—L. querela—queri, questus, to complain.]

Quarrender, kwor′en-dėr, n. (prov.) a kind of apple.

Quarry, kwor′i, n. an excavation from which stone is taken for building, &c., by cutting, blasting, &c.—v.t. to dig from a quarry:—pa.t. and pa.p. quarr′ied.—adj. Quarr′iable, capable of being quarried.—ns. Quarr′ier, Quarr′y-man, a man who works in a quarry.—adj. Quarr′y-faced, rough-faced.—ns. Quarr′ying-machine′, a rock-drill; Quarr′y-wa′ter, the water contained in the pores of stone while unquarried, or newly quarried, before its evaporation. [O. Fr. quarriere (Fr. carrière)—Low L. quadraria—L. quadratus, square.]

Quarry, kwor′i, n. the entrails of the game given to the dogs after the chase: the object of the chase: the game a hawk is pursuing or has killed: a heap of dead game. [O. Fr. curee, cuiree—cuir, the skin—L. corium, hide.]

Quarry, kwor′i, n. a small square tile.—adj. Quarr′ied, paved with such. [O. Fr. quarre—L. quadratus, square.]

Quart, Quarte, kärt, n. a sequence of four cards: one of the eight thrusts and parries in fencing.—Quart and tierce, practice between fencers. [Fr. quarte.]

Quart, kwort, or kwawrt, n. the fourth part of a gallon, or two pints: a vessel containing two pints: (Spens.) a quarter: the peck or quarter of a bushel: (mus.) the interval of a fourth.—n. Quartā′tion, the parting of gold and silver by means of nitric acid.—Quart d'écu (Shak.), a cardecu. [Fr. quarte—L. quartus, fourth—quatuor, four.]

Quartan, kwor′tan, adj. occurring every fourth day, as a fever or ague.—n. an ague of this character. [Fr. quartaine—L. quartanus, of the fourth.]

Quarter, kwor′tėr, n. a fourth part: the fourth part of a cwt.=28 lb. avoirdupois (abbrev. qr.): 8 bushels, as a measure of capacity, for grain, &c.: the fourth part of an hour—of the year—of the moon's period—of a carcass (including a limb)—of the horizon, &c.: a cardinal point: (her.) one of the four parts into which a shield is divided by quartering (dexter chief, sinister chief, dexter base, sinister base), an ordinary occupying one-fourth of the field: a region of a hemisphere: a division of a town, &c.: place of lodging, as for soldiers, esp. in pl.: mercy granted to a disabled antagonist, prob. from the idea of the captor sending the prisoner to his quarters: (Shak.) peace, concord: (naut.) the part of a ship's side between the mainmast and the stern.—v.t. to divide into four equal parts: to divide into parts or compartments: to furnish with quarters: to lodge: to allot or share: to furnish with entertainment: (her.) to bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms: to beat the ground for game.—v.i. to be stationed: to shift or change position: to range for game: to drive across a road from side to side.—ns. Quar′terāge, a quarterly payment: quarters, lodging: a name applied to a particular tax; Quar′ter-back, a certain player or position in football (see Back); Quar′ter-bend, a bend in a pipe or rod altering its direction 90°; Quar′ter-bill, a list of the stations for men on board a man-of-war during action; Quar′ter-blank′et, a horse-blanket for the hind quarters.—n.pl. Quar′ter-blocks, blocks fitted under the quarters of a yard, on each side the slings, for the topsail-sheets, &c., to reeve through.—ns. Quar′ter-board, topgallant bulwarks; Quar′ter-boat, any boat hung to davits over the ship's quarter; Quar′ter-boot, a leather boot to protect an overreaching horse's fore feet from being struck by the hind feet.—adj. Quar′ter-bound, having leather or cloth on the back only.—n.pl. Quar′ter-boys, automata which strike the quarter-hours in certain belfries.—adjs. Quar′ter-bred, having only one-fourth pure blood, as horses, cattle, &c.; Quar′ter-cast, cut in the quarter of the hoof.—ns. Quar′ter-day, the first or last day of a quarter, on which rent or interest is paid; Quar′ter-deck, the part of the deck of a ship abaft the mainmast; Quar′ter-deck′er (coll.), a stickler for small points of etiquette on board ship.—adj. Quar′tered, divided into four equal parts: lodged, stationed for lodging: having hind quarters of a particular kind, as a short-quartered horse: sawed into quarters: (her.) having a square piece cut out of the centre.—ns. Quar′ter-ē′vil, -ill, symptomatic anthrax, an infectious and frequently fatal disease of cattle, marked by hemorrhage into the subcutaneous areolar tissue of the limbs—also Black-leg, Quarter, or Spaul, &c.; Quar′terfoil (archit.), an ornamental carving disposed in four segments of circles like an expanded flower; Quar′ter-gall′ery, a projecting balcony on each of the quarters of a large ship: a small structure on a ship's quarters containing the water-closet and bath-tub; Quar′ter-gun′ner, a petty-officer in the United States navy, having care, under the gunner, of arms, ammunition, &c.—adj. Quar′tering, sailing nearly before the wind: striking on the quarter of a ship, as a wind.—n. assignment of quarters to soldiers: (archit.) a series of small upright posts for forming partitions of rooms, lathed and plastered only, or boarded also: (her.) the bearing of two or more coats-of-arms on a shield divided by horizontal and perpendicular lines, denoting the alliances of the family—also, one of the divisions thus formed.—ns. Quar′tering-block, a block on which the body of a person condemned to be quartered was cut in pieces; Quar′ter-line, the position of ships of a column ranged in a line when one is four points forward or abaft another's beam.—adj. Quar′terly, relating to a quarter: consisting of, or containing, a fourth part: once a quarter of a year.—adv. once a quarter: (her.) arranged according to the four quarters of a shield.—n. a periodical published every quarter of a year.—ns. Quar′termaster, an officer who looks after the quarters of the soldiers, and attends to the supplies—he is assisted by a non-commissioned officer named Quar′termaster-ser′geant: (naut.) a first-class petty officer who attends to the helm, signals, &c.; Quar′termaster-gen′eral, in the British army, a staff-officer of high rank (major-general or colonel) who deals with all questions of transport, marches, quarters, fuel, clothing, &c.; Quar′tern, the fourth part of a peck, a stone, or a pint: the quarter of a pound; Quar′tern-loaf, a loaf weighing, generally, four pounds; Quarteroon′ (see Quadroon); Quar′ter-plate, in photography, a size of plate measuring 3¼ by 4¼ inches: a picture of this size; Quar′ter-round, a moulding having an outline approximating to a quadrant, an ovolo: any tool adapted for making such; Quar′ter-seal, the seal kept by the director of the Chancery of Scotland—the testimonial of the Great Seal; Quar′ter-ses′sions, a criminal court held quarterly by Justices of the Peace, established in 1350-51, but having had most of its administrative powers transferred in 1888 to the County Councils: county or borough sessions held quarterly; Quar′ter-staff, a long staff or weapon of defence, grasped at a quarter of its length from the end and at the middle; Quar′ter-tone (mus.), an interval equivalent to one-half of a semitone; Quar′ter-watch (naut.), one-half of the watch on deck; Quartette′, Quartet′, anything in fours: a musical composition of four parts for voices or instruments: a stanza of four lines.—adj. Quar′tic (math.), of the fourth degree or order.—n. an algebraic function of the fourth degree.—n. Quar′tile (astrol.), an aspect of planets when their longitudes differ by 90°.—adj. Quar′to, having the sheet folded into four leaves (abbrev. 4to).—n. a book of a quarto size:—pl. Quar′tos (demy quarto, 8¾ × 11¼ in.; medium quarto, 9¼ × 11¾ in.; royal quarto, 10 × 12½ in.).—Beat up the quarters of, to disturb: to visit unceremoniously; Come to close quarters, to get into a hand-to-hand struggle.—Small quarto, a square octavo: a book having eight leaves to a sheet but the shape of a quarto.—Winter quarters, the quarters or station of an army during the winter. [O. Fr.,—L. quartarius—quartus, fourth.]

Quartodeciman, kwor-tō-des′i-man, n. one of those who celebrated the Paschal festival on the 14th day of Nisan without regard to the day of the week. The western churches kept it on the Sunday after the 14th day—the usage approved by the Council of Nice (325 A.D.). [L. quartodecimus, fourteenth, quatuor, four, decem, ten.]

Quartz, kworts, n. the common form of native silica, or the oxide of silicon, occurring both in crystals and massive, scratching glass easily, and becoming positively electrical by friction, colourless when pure—Rock-crystal, Common, and Compact Quartz.—ns. Quartz′-crush′er, -mill, a machine, mill, where auriferous quartz is reduced to powder, and the gold separated by amalgamation.—adj. Quartzif′erous.—ns. Quartz′ite, Quartz′-rock, a common rock, usually white, gray, or rusty in colour, and composed of an aggregate of quartz-grains welded together.—adjs. Quartzit′ic; Quartz′ose, of or like quartz; Quartz′y. [Ger. quarz.]

Quash, kwosh, v.t. to crush: to subdue or extinguish suddenly and completely: to annul. [O. Fr. quasser (Fr. casser)—L. quassāre, inten. of quatĕre, to shake.]

Quashee, kwosh′e, n. a negro, esp. in West Indies.

Quashey, kwosh′i, n. a pumpkin.

Quasi, kwā′sī, conj. and adv. as if: in a certain manner, sense, or degree—in appearance only, as 'quasi-historical,' &c. [L.]

Quasimodo, kwas-i-mō′do, n. the first Sunday after Easter, Low Sunday. [From the first words of the introit for the day, 1 Peter, ii. 2; L. Quasi modo geniti infantes, as new-born babes, &c.]

Quass, kwas, n. See Kvass.

Quassation, kwas-sā′shun, n. the act of shaking: the state of being shaken: concussion.—adj. Quas′sative. [L. quassatio—quassāre, to shake.]

Quassia, kwash′i-a, n. a South American tree, the bitter wood and bark of which are used as a tonic.—ns. Quass′ine, Quass′ite, the bitter principle of quassia-wood, the Bitter-wood of the West Indies. [So called by Linnæus from a negro named Quassi, who first discoverer its value against fever.]

Quat, kwot, n. (Shak.) a pimple: an insignificant person.

Quatch, kwoch, adj. (Shak.) squat, flat.

Quatercentenary, qua-ter-sen′te-nā-ri, n. a 400th anniversary.

Quaterfoil, kat′ėr-foil, n. See Quarterfoil.

Quaternary, kwa-tėr′nar-i, adj. consisting of four: by fours: pertaining to strata more recent than the Upper Tertiary: (math.) containing four variables.—n. a group of four things.—adjs. Quāt′ern, Quāter′nāte, composed of, or arranged in, sets of four.—n. Quāter′nion, a set or group of four: a word of four syllables: (pl.) in mathematics, a calculus of peculiar power and generality invented by Sir W. R. Hamilton of Dublin, as a geometry, primarily concerning itself with the operations by which one directed quantity or vector is changed into another.—v.t. to divide into quaternions: (Milt.) to divide into companies.—ns. Quāter′nionist, a student of quaternions; Quātern′ity, the state of being four, a group of four.—Quaternary number, ten; so called by the Pythagoreans because equal to 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.

Quatorze, ka-torz′, n. the four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens in the game of piquet.—n. Quator′zain, a stanza or poem of fourteen lines. [Fr.]

Quatrain, kwot′rān, n. a stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. [Fr.]

Quatre-foil, Fr. Quatre-feuille=Quarterfoil.

Quattrocento, kwot-rō-chen′to, n. in Italian, a term for the 15th century, its literature and art: the early Renaissance.—n. Quattrocen′tist. Outstanding quattrocentisti in art are Donatello, Masaccio, Lippo Lippi, and Mantegna. [It., 'four hundred,' contr. for 1400.]

Quaver, kwā′vėr, v.i. to shake: to sing or play with tremulous modulations.—n. a trembling: a vibration of the voice: a note in music=half a crotchet or one-eighth of a semibreve.—n. Quā′verer.—adv. Quā′veringly. [Imit.; cf. Quiver, and Ger. quabbeln.]

Quay, kē, n. a landing-place: a wharf for the loading or unloading of vessels.—n. Quay′age, payment for use of a quay. [O. Fr. quay—Celt., as in Bret. kaé, and W. cae, an enclosure.]

Quayd, kwād, adj. (Spens.). Same as Quelled.

Queachy, kwē′chi, adj. shaking: unsteady. [From queach, a variant of quitch.]

Quean, kwēn, n. a saucy girl or young woman: a woman of worthless character. [Queen.]

Queasy, kwē′zi, adj. sick, squeamish: inclined to vomit: causing nausea: fastidious: ticklish, nice.—adv. Quea′sily.—n. Quea′siness. [Scand.; Norw. kveis, sickness after a debauch, Ice. -kveisa, pains, as in idhra-kveisa, pains in the stomach.]

Quebracho, ke-brä′chō, n. the bark of several hard-wooded South American trees—good in fever. [Port.,—quebrahacho, axe-breaker—quebrar, to break, hacha, facha, axe.]

Quebrada, ke-brä′da, n. a ravine. [Sp. Amer.]

Queen, kwēn, n. the wife of a king: a female sovereign: the best or chief of her kind: a queen-bee or queen-ant: of playing-cards, one with the queen painted on it: the piece in chess which is the most deadly in attack.—v.i. to play the queen.—ns. Queen′-app′le, Queen′ing, the name of several varieties of apple; Queen′-bee, the sole female of a bee-hive, considerably larger than an ordinary bee; Queen′-con′sort, the wife of the reigning sovereign—opp. to Queen′-reg′nant, holding the crown in her own right; Queen′craft, craft or policy on the part of a queen; Queen′dom, queenly rule or dignity: the realm of a queen; Queen′-dow′ager, the widow of a deceased king; Queen′hood, the state of being a queen; Queen′let, a petty queen.—adjs. Queen′-like, Queen′ly, like a queen: becoming or suitable to a queen.—n. Queen′liness.—adv. Queen′ly, like a queen.—ns. Queen′-moth′er, a queen-dowager, the mother of the reigning king or queen; Queen′-of-the-mead′ows, the meadow-sweet; Queen′-post (archit.), one of two upright posts in a trussed roof, resting upon the tie-beam, and supporting the principal rafters; Queen′-rē′gent, a queen who reigns as regent; Queen's′-arm, a musket; Queen′ship, the state, condition, or dignity of a queen; Queen′-stitch, a square or chequer pattern in embroidery stitch.—Queen Anne's Bounty, a fund for augmenting the incomes of the poorer clergy of England, set aside in 1703; Queen Anne style (archit.), the style popular in the early part of the 18th century, the buildings plain and simple, with classic cornices and details, and frequently with large windows divided by mullions; Queen of heaven, a title often given to the goddess Astarte or Ashtoreth: among Roman Catholics, a title for the Virgin Mary; Queen of the May=May-queen (see May); * Queen's Bench (court of: see King); * Queen's colour, one of the pair of colours belonging to each regiment in our army; * Queen's counsel (see Counsel); * Queen's English, correct use of the English language; * Queen's evidence (see Evident); * Queen's messenger (see Message); Queen's metal, an alloy consisting chiefly of tin; Queen's tobacco pipe, the facetious designation of a peculiarly shaped kiln which used to be situated at the corner of the tobacco warehouses belonging to the London Docks, and in which contraband goods were burned; Queen's ware, a variety of Wedgwood ware, otherwise known as cream-coloured ware; Queen's yellow, the yellow subsulphate of mercury. [A.S. cwén; Goth. kwēns, Ice. kván, kvæn.]

* Now King's Bench, &c.

Queer, kwēr, adj. odd, singular, quaint: open to suspicion, dubious: counterfeit: having a sensation of coming sickness.—v.t. (slang) to banter, ridicule.—adj. Queer′ish, somewhat singular.—n. Queer′ity (rare).—adv. Queer′ly.—n. Queer′ness.—Queer Street, the imaginary residence of persons in financial and other difficulties.—A queer fish (see Fish); Shove the queer (slang), to pass bad money. [Low Ger. queer, across, oblique (Ger. quer); cf. Thwart.]

Queet, kwēt, n. (Scot.) an ankle. [Coot (2).]

Queez-madam, kwēz′-mad′am, n. (Scot.) the cuisse-madam, a French jargonelle pear.

Queint, kwānt, adj. (Spens.). Same as Quaint.

Queint, kwent (Spens.), pa.t. and pa.p. of quench.

Quelch, kwelch, v.i. (prov.) to make a sucking sound like that of water in one's boots.

Quelea, kwē′le-a, n. the weaver-bird of Africa.

Quell, kwel, v.t. to crush: subdue: to allay.—v.i. to die, perish, (Shak.) abate.—ns. Quell (Shak.), murder: (Keats) power of quelling; Quell′er, one who quells or crushes: a slayer. [A.S. cwellan, to kill, causal of cwelan, to die. Cf. Quail (v.).]

Queme, kwēm, v.t. (Spens.) to please, suit, fit. [A.S. cwéman; cf. Ger. bequem, fit.]

Quench, kwensh, v.t. to put out: to destroy: to check: to allay: to place in water.—v.i. to lose zeal, grow cold.—adj. Quench′able, that may be extinguished.—ns. Quench′er, one who, or that which, quenches: a draught or drink; Quench′ing, act of extinguishing: the act of cooling the surface of molten metal and forming rosettes in the crust.—adj. Quench′less, that cannot be extinguished: irrepressible.—adv. Quench′lessly.—n. Quench′lessness. [A.S. cwencan, to quench, causal of cwincan; cf. Old Fries. kwinka, to go out.]

Quenelle, ke-nel′, n. a forcemeat ball of chicken, veal, or the like. [Fr.]

Quenouille-training, ke-nōō′lye-trā′ning, n. the training of trees in a conical shape with the branches bent downwards. [Fr. quenouille, a distaff—Low L. colucula—L. colus, a distaff.]

Quercetum, kwer-sē′tum, n. a collection of living oaks. [L.,—quercus, an oak.]

Quercitron, kwer′si-tron, n. the name both of a dye-stuff and of the species of oak of which it is the bark—the Quercus coccinea of North America, also called Dyer's oak and Yellow-barked oak.—ns. Quer′cite, a sweet crystalline compound found in acorns; Quer′citin, a yellow crystalline compound derived from quercitrin by the action of mineral acids; Quer′citrin, a glucoside, the colouring-matter of quercitron-bark. [L. quercus, oak, citrus, a tree of the lemon kind.]

Querela, kwe-rē′la, n. a complaint preferred in a court.—n. Quē′rent, a plaintiff. [L.]

Querimonious, kwer-i-mō′ni-us, adj. complaining: discontented.—adv. Querimō′niously.—n. Querimō′niousness. [L. querimonia, a complaining—queri, to complain.]

Querist, kwē′rist, n. one who inquires or asks questions. [Query.]

Querk, kwėrk, v.t. (prov.) to throttle.—v.i. to grunt.

Querl, kwėrl, v.t. (U.S.) to twirl.—n. a coil.

Quern, kwėrn, n. a stone handmill for grinding grain. [A.S. cwyrn, cweorn; Ice. kvern, Goth, kwairnus.]

Querquedula, kwer-kwed′ū-la, n. the teal. [L.]

Querulous, kwer′ū-lus, adj. complaining: discontented: quarrelsome.—adv. Quer′ulously.—n. Quer′ulousness. [L.,—queri, to complain.]

Query, kwē′ri, n. an inquiry: the mark of interrogation.—v.t. to inquire into: to question: to doubt of: to mark with a query.—v.i. to question:—pa.t. and pa.p. quē′ried.—adj. Ques′itive, interrogatory. [L. quære, imper. of quærĕre, quæsitum, to inquire.]

Quest, kwest, n. the act of seeking: search: pursuit: a searching party: a jury of inquest: inquiry, investigation: request or desire.—v.i. to go in search of, to go begging: to give tongue, as a dog after game.—ns. Quest′ant, Quest′er (Shak.), one who seeks after anything, a candidate.—adj. Quest′ful. [O. Fr. queste (Fr. quête)—L. quæsita (res), a thing sought—quærĕre, quæsitum, to seek.]

Question, kwest′yun, n. a seeking: an inquiry: an examination, esp. by torture: an investigation: dispute: doubt: a subject of discussion, esp. the particular point actually before the house, the measure to be voted upon: (Shak.) conversation.—v.t. to ask questions of: to examine by questions: to inquire of: to regard as doubtful: to challenge, take exception to: to have no confidence in.—v.i. to ask questions: to inquire: to debate, consider, to converse.—adj. Quest′ionable, that may be questioned: doubtful: uncertain: suspicious.—n. Quest′ionableness.—adv. Quest′ionably.—adj. Quest′ionary, asking questions.—n. one who hawks about for sale indulgences or relics.—ns. Quest′ioner; Quest′ioning, a query, doubt, suspicion.—adv. Quest′ioningly.—n. Quest′ionist, a questioner, a doubter: at Cambridge, a student qualified to be a candidate for a degree.—adj. Quest′ionless, unquestioning: beyond question or doubt: certainly.—n. Quest′rist (Shak.), a seeker, a pursuer.—adj. Quest′uary (obs.), greedy of gain, yielding gain.—Question of fact, consideration as to the actual occurrence of an event.—Beg the question (see Beg); Call in question, to challenge, to subject to judicial inquiry; In question, under consideration, referring to a thing just mentioned; Leading-question (see Lead); Out of question, doubtless; Out of the question, not to be thought of; Pop the question (see Pop); Previous question (see Previous). [Fr.,—L. quæstion-em—quærĕre, quæsitum, to seek.]

Questor, Questorship. See Quæstor.

Quetzal, kwet′sal, n. the resplendent trogon, a native of Central America, the plumage of the male a magnificent golden green.—Also Ques′al, Quij′al.

Queue, kū, n. a pendent braid of hair at the back of the head, a pigtail: a file of persons waiting in the order of arrival: a tailpiece, as of a violin: (her.) the tail of a beast.—v.t. to tie or fasten in a queue or pigtail. [Fr.,—L. cauda, a tail.]

Quey, kwā, n. (Scot.) a young cow or heifer, a cow that has not yet had a calf. [Ice. kvíga; Dan. kvie.]

Quhilk, hwilk, pron. an obsolete Scotch form of which.

Quib, kwib. Same as Quip.

Quibble, kwib′l, n. a turning away from the point in question into matters irrelevant or insignificant: an evasion, a pun: a petty conceit.—v.i. to evade a question by a play upon words: to cavil: to trifle in argument: to pun.—n. Quibb′ler.—adv. Quibb′lingly. [Freq. of quip.]

Quich, kwich, v.i. (Spens.) to stir, to move.—Also Quinch, Quitch. [A.S. cweccan, causal of cwacian, to quake.]

Quick, kwik, adj. living: lively: speedy: nimble: ready: sensitive: hasty: pregnant: active, piercing.—adv. without delay: rapidly: soon.—n. a living animal or plant: the living: the living flesh: the sensitive parts: a hedge of some growing plant, quickset.—adj. Quick′-an′swered (Shak.), quick at giving an answer.—n. Quick′beam, the mountain-ash or rowan.—adj. Quick′-conceiv′ing, quick at conceiving or understanding.—v.t. Quick′en, to make quick or alive: to revive: to reinvigorate: to cheer: to excite: to sharpen: to hasten.—v.i. to become alive: to move with activity.—n. the couch or quitch-grass.—ns. Quick′ener, one who, or that which, reinvigorates; Quick′ening, the period in pregnancy when the mother first becomes conscious of the movement of the child—from the sixteenth or seventeenth week onwards.—adj. Quick′-eyed, having acute sight.—ns. Quick′-grass=Quitch-grass; Quick′-hedge, a hedge of living plants; Quick′lime, recently burnt lime, caustic and unslaked: carbonate of lime without its carbonic acid.—adv. Quick′ly.—ns. Quick′march (same as Quick′step); Quick′match (see Match); Quick′ness; Quick′sand, a movable sandbank in a sea, lake, &c., any large mass of sand saturated with water, often dangerous to travellers: anything treacherous.—adj. Quick′-scent′ed, having a keen scent.—n. Quick′set, a living plant set to grow for a hedge, particularly the hawthorn.—adj. consisting of living plants.—adj. Quick′-sight′ed, having quick or sharp sight: quick in discernment.—ns. Quick′-sight′edness, sharpness of sight or discernment; Quick′silver, the common name for fluid mercury, so called from its great mobility and its silvery colour.—v.t. to overlay or to treat with quicksilver.—adj. Quick′silvered.—ns. Quick′silvering, the mercury on the back of a mirror; Quick′step, a march in quick time: (mus.) a march written in military quick time.—adj. Quick′-tem′pered, irascible.—n. Quick′-wa′ter, a solution of nitrates of mercury and of gold, for water-gilding.—adj. Quick′-wit′ted, having ready wit.—ns. Quick′-wit′tedness; Quick′-work, the part of a ship under water when laden: the part of the inner upper-works of a ship above the covering board: the short planks worked inside between the ports: spirketting.—Some quick (Spens.), something alive. [A.S. cwic; Ice. kvikr, Goth. kwius, living; allied to L. vivus.]

Quicunque, kwī-kung′kwe, n. the so-called Athanasian Creed, from its first words, Quicunque vult='whosoever will.'

Quid, kwid, n. what, substance: something.—Tertium quid, something distinct from both mind and matter, itself immediately known, mediating between the mind and the reality. [L., what.]

Quid, kwid, n. something chewed or kept in the mouth, esp. a piece of tobacco. [A corr. of cud.]

Quid, kwid, n. (slang) a sovereign.

Quidam, kwī′dam, n. somebody, one unknown. [L.]

Quiddany, kwid′a-ni, n. a confection of quince-juice and sugar. [L. cydonium. Cf. Quince.]

Quiddit, kwid′it, n. an equivocation: a subtilty or quibble. [A contr. of quiddity.]

Quiddity, kwid′i-ti, n. the essence of anything: any trifling nicety: a cavil: a captious question.—adjs. Quidd′ative, Quidd′itātive. [Low L. quidditas—L. quid, what.]

Quiddle, kwid′l, v.i. to spend time in trifling.—n. one who does so.—n. Quidd′ler, a trifler.—adj. Quidd′ling. [L. quid.]

Quidnunc, kwid′nungk, n. one always on the lookout for news: one who pretends to know all occurrences. [L., 'what now?']

Quid pro quo, kwid prō kwō, n. something given or taken as equivalent to something else. [L., 'something for something.']

Quien sabe, kien sä′be, who knows? a common reply to a question in the south-western United States, meaning 'I do not know.' [Sp. quien, who—L. quis, who; sabe, 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of saber, to know—L. sapĕre, to have sense.]

Quiescent, kwī-es′ent, adj. being quiet, resting: not sounded, as a quiescent letter: still: unagitated: silent.—v.i. Quiesce′, to become quiet: to become silent in pronunciation, as a letter.—ns. Quies′cence, Quies′cency, state of being at rest: rest of mind: silence: torpor.—adv. Quies′cently. [L. quiescens, -entis, pr.p. of quiescĕre, to rest.]

Quiet, kwī′et, adj. at rest: calm: smooth: peaceable: gentle, inoffensive: silent, still: free from gaudiness, in good taste: free from bustle or formality.—n. the state of being at rest: repose: calm: stillness: peace.—v.t. to bring to rest: to stop motion: to calm or pacify: to lull: to allay.—v.i. to become quiet, to abate.—n. Quī′etāge (Spens.), quiet.—v.t. Quī′eten, to make quiet, calm.—v.i. to become quiet.—n. Quī′eter (Shak.), a person or thing that quiets.—v.t. Quī′etise, to make quiet.—ns. Quī′etism, rest of the mind: mental tranquillity: apathy: the doctrine that religious perfection on earth consists in passive and uninterrupted contemplation of the Deity; Quī′etist, one who believes in this doctrine (Molinos, Mme. Guyon, &c.).—adj. Quietist′ic, pertaining to quietism.—n. Quī′etive, anything that induces quiet.—adv. Quī′etly, in a quiet manner: without motion or alarm: calmly: silently: patiently.—ns. Quī′etness, Quī′etude, rest: repose: freedom from agitation or alarm: stillness: peace: silence.—adj. Quī′etsome (Spens.), calm, still, undisturbed.—n. Quiē′tus, a final settlement or discharge: ending generally: (slang) a severe blow.—At quiet (B.), peaceful; In quiet, quietly; On the quiet, clandestinely; Out of quiet, disturbed. [L. quietus—quiscĕre, to rest.]

Quight, kwīt, adv. a misspelt form of quite.

Qui-hi, -hye, kwī′hī′, n. in Bengal, the Anglo-Indian call for a servant: (coll.) an Anglo-Indian in Bengal. [Hind. koī hai, 'who is there?']

Quill, kwil, n. a fold of a plaited or fluted ruff.—v.t. to flute: form with rounded ridges.—adj. Quilled, crimped, fluted.—n. Quill′ing, a narrow bordering of plaited lace or ribbon. [Fr. quille, a keel.]

Quill, kwil, n. a reed-pen: the feather of a goose or other bird used as a pen, hence a pen generally: the profession of letters: anything like a quill: the hollow basal stem of a feather: one of the large hollow sharp spines (modified hairs) of the hedgehog, porcupine, &c.: the reed on which weavers wind their thread: the instrument for striking the strings of certain instruments: the tube of a musical instrument: the hollow shaft or mandril of the seal-engraver's lathe: a train for igniting a blast: bark in a cylindrical roll.—v.t. to plait with small ridges like quills: to wind on a quill: to pluck out quills from.—ns. Quill′-driv′er (slang), one who works with a quill or pen, a clerk; Quill′-driv′ing, writing.—adj. Quilled, furnished with quills, or formed into a quill.—ns. Quill′-nib, a quill-pen shortened for use with a holder; Quill′-turn, the machine in which a weaver's quill is turned; Quill′-work, embroidery with porcupine quills, done by the North American Indians; Quill′-wort, any plant of the genus Isoëtes, esp. Isoëtes lacustris.—In the quill (Shak.), perhaps=penned, though others interpret 'in form and order like a quilled ruff.' [Explained by Skeat as orig. a stalk, hence anything pointed, O. Fr. quille, a peg—Old High Ger. kegil or chegil (Ger. kegel), a cone-shaped object, ninepin.]

Quillet, kwil′et, n. a trick in argument: a petty quibble. [L. quidlibet, 'what you will.']

Quillet, kwil′et, n. (prov.) a furrow: a small croft.

Quillon, kē-lyong′, n. one of the branches of the cross-guard of a sword.

Quilt, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two cloths sewed together with something soft between them: a thick coverlet.—v.t. to make into a quilt: to stitch together with something soft between, to stitch in: to sew like a quilt.—adj. Quilt′ed, stitched together as a quilt: (Spens.) padded.—ns. Quilt′er, a person or machine for making quilting; Quilt′ing, the act of making a quilt: that which is quilted: a cotton or linen cloth, like diaper, with raised pattern, for vests, &c.: a kind of coating formed of sinnet, strands of rope, &c., outside any vessel containing water: a thrashing with a rope's end; Quilt′ing-bee, in New England, a gathering of women to help one in quilting a counterpane, followed by a supper to which men are admitted; Quilt′ing-cott′on, cotton-wadding; Quilt′ing-frame, an adjustable frame for holding a fabric for quilting. [O. Fr. cuilte (Fr. couette)—L. culcita, a cushion.]

Quin, kwin, n. (prov.) a kind of scallop.

Quinarian, kwī-nā′ri-an, adj. classified in sets of five: (zool.) relating to the circular or so-called natural system of classification, propounded in 1819 and much elaborated by Swainson in 1835—also Quī′nary.—n. one who supports this theory. [L. quinarius—quini, five each—quinque, five.]

Quinate, kwī′nāt, adj. (bot.) having five leaflets on a petiole. [L. quini, five each.]

Quince, kwins, n. the golden, globose or pear-shaped, fragrant fruit of a large shrub or small tree (Pyrus Cydonia) of the rose family, too austere to be eaten raw, but excellent for jellies, marmalade, and flavouring other fruits. [Pl. of quine—O. Fr. coin (Fr. coing)—L. cydonium—Gr. Cydōnia, in Crete.]

Quincentenary, kwin-sen′te-nā-ri, adj. relating to five hundred, especially five hundred years.—n. a five hundredth anniversary.

Quinch, kwinsh, v.t. (Spens.). Same as Quitch, v.t.

Quincunx, kwin′kungks, n. an arrangement of five things, so as to occupy each corner and the centre of a square, esp. of trees or plants.—adj. Quincun′cial.—adv. Quincun′cially. [L. quinque, five, uncia, a twelfth part, an ounce.]

Quindecemvir, kwin-dē-sem′vir, n. one of a college of fifteen men in ancient Rome who had the charge of the Sibylline books:—pl. Quindecem′viri.—ns. Quindec′agon, a plane figure with fifteen sides and angles; Quindecem′virate, the body of the quindecemviri or their office; Quindec′ima (mus.), the interval of a fifteenth, or double-octave. [L.,—quindecim, fifteen (quinque, five, decem, ten), vir, a man.]

Quinible, kwin′i-bl, n. (mus.) an interval of a fifth: a descant sung at the fifth. [L. quinque, five.]

Quinine, kwin′ēn, ki-nēn′, or kwī′nīn, n. a colourless, inodorous, and very bitter alkaloid, obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree, its salts used for agues and fevers.—ns. Quī′na, the bark of various species of Cinchona; Quinam′ine, a natural white crystalline alkaloid obtained from various Cinchona barks; Quinaquī′na, the bark of various species of Cinchona.—adj. Quin′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, quinine.—ns. Quin′idine, a white crystalline compound, isomeric with quinine, found in some Cinchona barks; Quinol′ogy, the knowledge of quinine and other Cinchona alkaloids. [Fr.,—Sp. and Port. quinina—Peruv. quina, kina, bark.]

Quinisext, kwin′i-sekst, adj. pertaining to five and six, or to the fifth and sixth.

Quinnat, kwin′at, n. the king-salmon.

Quinoa, kē′no-a, n. a Chilian and Mexican food-plant, resembling some British species of chenopodium, cultivated for its farinaceous seeds. [Peruv.]

Quinoline, kwin′ō-lin, n. a pungent, colourless liquid obtained by the distillation of bones, coal-tar, and various alkaloids—the base of many organic bodies, isomeric with Leucol.—Also Chin′oline. [Peruv. quina, kina, bark.]

Quinone, kwin′ōn, n. or Benzoquinone, a golden-yellow crystalline compound usually prepared by oxidising aniline with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid: a general name applied to all benzene derivatives in which two oxygen atoms replace two hydrogen atoms.—Also Kinone (kē′nōn), as Kinic—Quinic.

Quinquagesima, kwin-kwa-jes′i-ma, n. a period of fifty days.—n. Quinquagenā′rian, one who is between fifty and sixty years old.—Quinquagesima Sunday, the Sunday before Ash Wednesday, being the fiftieth day before Easter. [L. quinquaginta, fifty—quinque, five.]

Quinquangular, kwin-kwang′gū-lar, adj. having five angles.—adjs. Quinquartic′ular, of five articles; Quinquecap′sular, having five capsules; Quinquecos′tāte, -d having five ribs; Quinqueden′tate, -d (bot.), five-toothed; Quinquefā′rious, disposed in five sets or rows; Quin′quefid, cleft into five segments; Quinquefō′liate, -d (bot.), having five leaves or leaflets; Quinquelit′eral, consisting of five letters; Quinquelō′bate, having five lobes; Quinqueloc′ular, having five loculi; Quinquepär′tite, five-parted; Quinquesep′tate, having five septa; Quinquesē′rial, arranged in five series; Quinquesyllab′ic, having five syllables; Quinquev′alent, having an equivalence of five; Quin′quevalve, Quinqueval′vular, having five valves.

Quinquenniad, kwin-kwen′i-ad, n. a period of five years—also Quinquenn′ium.—adj. Quinquenn′ial, occurring once in five years: lasting five years.—n. a fifth anniversary or its celebration.

Quinquereme, kwin′kwe-rēm, n. an ancient galley having five banks of oars. [L.,—quinque, five, remus, an oar.]

Quinquina, kin-kī′nä, n. quinaquina. [Quinine.]

Quinquino, kin′ki-nō, n. the tree (Myroxylon Pereiræ) which yields the balsam of Peru.

Quinsy, kwin′zi, n. an inflammatory affection of the substance of the tonsils, attended when fully developed by suppuration.—ns. Quin′sy-berr′y, the common black-currant; Quin′sy-wort, a small trailing British herb of the madder family. [O. Fr. squinancie (Fr. esquinancie)—Gr. kynanchē—kyōn, a dog, anchein, to throttle.]

Quint, kwint, n. a set or a sequence of five: (mus.) a fifth: the E string of a violin.—adj. Quint′an, recurring on every fifth day.—n. a malarial fever whose paroxysms recur on every fifth day. [Fr.,—L. quintus, fifth—quinque, five.]

Quinta, kwin′tä, n. a country house in Madeira. [Sp.]

Quintad, kwin′tad, n. the same as Pentad.

Quintadena, kwin-ta-dē′na, n. in organ-building, a mutation stop yielding a tone one-twelfth above the digital struck.

Quintain, kwin′tān, n. a post with a turning and loaded top or cross-piece, to be tilted at.—Also Quin′tin. [Fr.,—L. quintana, quintus, fifth, the place of recreation in the Roman camp being between the fifth and sixth maniples.]

Quintal, kwin′tal, n. a hundredweight, either 112 or 100 pounds according to the scale.—The Quintal métrique, the modern French quintal, is 100 kilograms=220 lb. avoirdupois. [Fr. and Sp. quintal—Ar. qintăr—L. centum, a hundred.]

Quintessence, kwin-tes′ens, n. the pure concentrated essence of anything, the most essential part of anything: the fifth essence, according to the Pythagoreans, beyond earth, water, fire, air.—adj. Quintessen′tial.—v.t. Quintessen′tialise. [Fr.,—L. quinta essentia, fifth essence, orig. applied to ether, supposed to be purer than fire, the highest of the four ancient elements.]

Quintet, Quintette, kwin-tet′, n. a musical composition for five voices or instruments: a company of five singers or players. [It. quintetto, dim. of quinto, a fifth part—L. quintus, fifth—quinque, five.]

Quintic, kwin′tik, adj. of the fifth degree.

Quintile, kwin′til, n. the aspect of planets distant from each other the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°.

Quintillion, kwin-til′yun, n. the fifth power of a million, or a unit followed by thirty ciphers: generally, in U.S., the sixth power of one thousand, or a unit followed by eighteen ciphers.

Quintole, kwin′tōl, n. a five-stringed viol common in France in the 18th century: a group of five notes to be played in the time of three, four, or six. [It. quinto—L. quintus, fifth.]

Quintroon, kwin-trōōn′, n. the offspring of a white by one who has one-sixteenth part of negro blood. [Sp. quinteron—L. quintus, fifth—quinque, five.]

Quintuple, kwin′tū-pl, adj. fivefold: (mus.) having five crotchets in a bar.—v.t. to make or to increase fivefold.—ns. Quin′tūplet, a set of five things: (pl.) five young at a birth: (mus.) same as Quintole; Quintū′plicāte, consisting of five: one of five exactly corresponding things.—v.t. to make or to increase a set of fivefold.—n. Quintuplicā′tion. [Fr.,—L. quintuplex—quintus, fifth, plicāre, to fold.]

Quinzaine, kwin′zān, n. the fifteenth day onward from a feast day, counting itself: a stanza of fifteen lines. [Fr. quinze, fifteen—L. quindecim—quinque, five, decem, ten.]

Quinze, kwinz, n. a card-game, like vingt-et-un, the object being to count as nearly to fifteen as possible without going above it.

Quip, kwip, n. a sharp, sarcastic turn, a gibe: a quick retort.—v.i. to use sarcasms.—v.t. to sneer at.—adj. Quip′pish. [W. chwip, a quick turn, chwipio, to move briskly.]

Quipu, kē′pōō, or kwip′ōō, n. the mnemonic language of coloured and knotted cords used by the Incas of ancient Peru—depending on order, colour, and kind.—Also Quip′o. [Peruv., 'a knot.']

Quire, kwīr, n. a collection of paper consisting of twenty-four sheets, the twentieth part of a ream, each having a single fold.—v.t. to fold in quires. [O. Fr. quaier (Fr. cahier), prob. from Low L. quaternum, a set of four sheets,—L. quatuor, four.]

Quire, kwīr, n. old form of choir.—n. Quī′rister, a chorister.

Quirinus, kwi-rī′nus, n. an Italic divinity identified with the deified Romulus.—n. Quirinā′lia, a festival in ancient Rome in honour of Quirinus, on Feb. 17.

Quirites, kwi-rī′tez, n.pl. the citizens of ancient Rome in their civil capacity.

Quirk, kwėrk, n. a quick turn: an artful evasion: a quibble: a taunt or retort: a slight conceit: inclination, turn: fantastic phrase: (archit.) an acute angle or recess.—v.i. to turn sharply.—v.t. to twist or turn: to furnish with a quirk or channel.—adjs. Quirk′ish, consisting of quirks; Quirk′y, abounding in quirks. [Skeat explains as prob. for obs. Eng. quirt, to turn; from W. chwired, a piece of craft, from chwiori, to turn briskly; cf. Gael. cuireid, a turn.]

Quirt, kwėrt, n. a riding-whip much used in the western states of North America.—v.t. to flog with a quirt. [Perh. Sp. cuerda, a rope.]

Quiscalus, kwis′ka-lus, n. a genus of birds, the American grackles or crow-blackbirds.

Quit, kwit, v.t. to pay, requite: to release from obligation, accusation, &c.: to acquit: to depart from: to give up: to clear by full performance: (Spens.) to remove by force: (coll.) to give over, cease:—pr.p. quit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. quit′ted.—adj. (B.) set free: acquitted: released from obligation.—n. Quit′-claim, a deed of release.—v.t. to relinquish claim or title to.—n. Quit′-rent, a rent by which the tenants are discharged from all other services—in old records called white rent, as being paid in silver money.—adj. Quit′table, capable of being quitted.—ns. Quit′tal (Shak.), requital, repayment; Quit′tance, a quitting or discharge from a debt or obligation: acquittance: recompense.—v.t. (obs.) to repay.—Quit cost, to pay expenses; Quit one's self (B.), to behave; Quit scores, to balance accounts.—Be quits, to be even with one; Cry quittance, to get even; Double or quits, in gambling, said when a stake due is either to become double or be reduced to nothing, according to the issue of a certain chance; Notice to quit (law), notice to a tenant of real property that he must surrender possession. [O. Fr. quiter (Fr. quitter)—Low L. quietāre, to pay—L. quietāre, to make quiet—quietus, quiet.]

Qui tam, kwī tam, an action on a penal statute, brought partly at the suit of the state and partly at that of an informer—from the first words. [L. qui, who, tam, as well.]

Quitch, kwich, n. couch-grass.—Also Quitch′-grass, Quick′ens. [Assibilated form of quick.]

Quitch, kwich, v.i. (Spens.) to move. [A.S. cweccan, causative of cwacian, to quake.]

Quite, kwīt (Spens.). Same as Quit.

Quite, kwīt, adv. completely: wholly: entirely.—Quite a little, a good few: considerable; Quite so, a phrase denoting assent in conversation. [Merely an adv. use of the adj. quit.]

Quitter, kwit′ėr, n. a fistulous sore on the quarters or the heel of the coronet of a horse's hoof.—v.i. to suppurate.

Quiver, kwiv′ėr, adj. (Shak.) nimble, active.

Quiver, kwiv′ėr, n. a case for arrows.—adj. Quiv′ered, furnished with a quiver: sheathed, as in a quiver. [O. Fr. cuivre; from Old High Ger. kohhar (Ger. köcher); cog. with A.S. cocer.]

Quiver, kwiv′ėr, v.i. to shake with slight and tremulous motion: to tremble: to shiver.—ns. Quiv′er, Quiv′ering, a tremulous motion, shiver.—adv. Quiv′eringly, with quivering.—adj. Quiv′erish, tremulous. [A.S. cwifer, seen in adv. cwiferlíce, eagerly. Cf. Quick and Quaver.]

Qui vive, kē vēv, Who goes there?—the challenge of French sentries to those who approach their posts.—Be on the qui vive, to be on the alert. [Fr.,—qui, who, vive, 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of vivre, to live—L. vivĕre.]

Quixotic, kwiks-ot′ik, adj. like Don Quixote, the knight-errant in the great romance of Cervantes (1547-1616), extravagantly romantic, aiming at an impossible ideal.—adv. Quixot′ically.—ns. Quix′otism, Quix′otry, absurdly romantic, impracticable, and magnanimous notions, schemes, or actions like those of Don Quixote.

Quiz, kwiz, n. a riddle or enigma: one who quizzes another: an odd fellow: a monocular eye-glass, often with a handle: (coll.) an oral examination of a pupil or class by a teacher.—v.t. to puzzle: to banter or make sport of: to examine narrowly and with an air of mockery.—v.i. to practise derisive joking:—pr.p. quiz′zing; pa.t. and pa.p. quizzed.—ns. Quiz′zer; Quiz′zery.—adj. Quiz′zical.—ns. Quizzical′ity; Quizzificā′tion.—v.t. Quiz′zify, to turn into a quiz.—ns. Quiz′ziness, oddness; Quiz′zing, raillery; Quiz′zing-glass, a single eye-glass. [Origin obscure; doubtless framed from question, or direct from L. quæso, I ask.]

Quoad, kwō′ad, prep. as far as, to this extent.—Quoad hoc, as far as this; Quoad omnia, in respect of all things; Quoad sacra, as far as concerns sacred matters, as a parish disjoined for ecclesiastical purposes only. [L.]

Quod, kwod, n. (slang) prison.

Quodlibet, kwod′li-bet, n. a scholastic argument upon a subject chosen at will, almost invariably theological: a humorous fanciful combination of two or more familiar melodies.—n. Quodlibetā′rian, one given to quodlibets.—adjs. Quodlibet′ic, -al. [L., 'what you please'—quod, what, libet, it pleases.]

Quodlin, kwod′lin, n. (Bacon). Same as Codlin.

Quoif, koif, n. a cap or hood.—v.t. to cover or dress with a coif.

Quoin, koin, n. (archit.) a wedge used to support and steady a stone: an external angle, esp. of a building: (gun.) a wedge of wood or iron put under the breech of heavy guns or the muzzle of siege-mortars to raise them to the proper level: (print.) a wedge used to fasten the types in the forms.—v.t. to wedge or steady with quoins. [Coin.]

Quoit, koit, n. a heavy flat ring of iron for throwing as near as possible to one hob or pin from the other—18 to 21 yards apart—the points in the game counted as in bowls or curling: (pl.) the game played with such rings.—v.i. to throw quoits: to throw as with a quoit. [Perh. from O. Fr. coiter, to drive, which may be from L. coactāre—cogĕre, to force.]

Quondam, kwon′dam, adj. that was formerly: former. [L., formerly.]

Quoniam, kwō′ni-am, n. the part of the 'Gloria in Excelsis' beginning 'For Thou only art holy:' the musical setting thereof: (obs.) a kind of drinking-cup. [L., 'since now.']

Quook, kwook (Spens.), pa.t. of quake.

Quop, kwop, v.i. to move: to throb, as the heart.—Also Quab, Quap.

Quorum, kwō′rum, n. a number of the members of any body sufficient to transact business. [The first word of a commission formerly issued to certain justices, of whom (L. quorum) a certain number had always to be present when the commission met.]

Quota, kwō′ta, n. the part or share assigned to each.—n. Quot′ity (Carlyle), the number of individuals in a collection. [It.,—L. quotus, of what number?—quot, how many?]

Quote, kwōt, v.t. to repeat the words of any one: to adduce for authority or illustration: to give the current price of: to enclose within quotation marks: (Shak.) to set down in writing.—v.i. to make a quotation.—adj. Quō′table, that may be quoted.—ns. Quō′tableness, Quōtabil′ity.—adv. Quō′tably.—ns. Quōtā′tion, act of quoting: that which is quoted: the current price of anything; Quōtā′tion-mark, one of the marks used to note the beginning and the end of a quotation—generally consisting of two inverted commas at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end of a quotation; but a single comma and a single apostrophe are frequently used; Quō′ter. [O. Fr. quoter, to number—Low L. quotāre, to divide into chapters and verses—L. quotus, of what number?—quot, how many?]

Quoth, kwōth, v.t. say, says, or said—used only in the 1st and 3d persons present and past, and always followed by its subject.—interj. Quō′thä, forsooth, indeed. [A.S. cwethan, pa.t. cwæth, to say. For quoth'a, said he—'a being a corr. of he.]

Quotidian, kwō-tid′i-an, adj. every day: occurring daily.—n. anything returning daily: (med.) a kind of ague that returns daily. [Fr.,—L. quotidianus—quot, as many as, dies, a day.]

Quotient, kwō′shent, n. (math.) the number which shows how often one number is contained in another.—n. Quōtī′ety, the proportionate frequency of an event. [Fr.,—L. quotiens, quoties, how often?—quot, how many?]

Quotum, kwō′tum, n. quota: share: part or proportion. [L., neut. of quotus; cf. Quota.]

Quo warranto, kwō wo-ran′to, n. (law) the title of a writ by which a person or corporate body is summoned to show by what warrant a particular franchise or office is claimed. [So called from these words in the writ. L. quo, by what (abl. sing. neut. of quis, who, which, what), warranto, abl. of Low L. warrantum, warrant.]

the eighteenth letter in our alphabet, belonging to the class of liquids—the 'dog's letter' (littera canina), from the trilling or vibration of the tip of the tongue: as a medieval numeral=80; R=80,000.—The three R's, a humorous term for reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Ra, rä, n. the supreme sun-god of the Memphite system of ancient Egyptian mythology.

Rabanna, ra-ban′a, n. matting made from the fibre of the raffia, in Madagascar. [Malagasy.]

Rabat, ra-bä′, n. a neck-band with flaps worn by French ecclesiastics: a turned-down collar or ruff—(obs.) Rab′atine, Rabā′to. [Fr.]

Rabate, ra-bāt′, v.t. to beat down.—n. abatement. [Fr. rabattre, to beat down—re-, again, abattre—L. ad, to, batuĕre, to beat.]

Rabbet, rab′et, n. a groove cut in the edge of a plank so that another may fit into it.—v.t. to groove a plank thus.—ns. Rabb′eting-machine′, -plane, -saw, for ploughing and cutting grooves; Rabb′et-joint, a joint formed by fitting together timber with rabbets. [O. Fr. raboter, to plane—rabouter—re-, again, aboter, abouter, to thrust against.]

Rabbi, rab′i, or rab′ī, Rabbin, rab′in, n. Jewish title of a doctor or expounder of the law:—pl. Rabbis (rab′īz), Rabb′ins.—ns. Rabb′an ('our master'), a title of greater honour than rabbi; Rabb′inate, the dignity of a rabbi.—adjs. Rabbin′ic, -al, pertaining to the rabbis or to their opinions, learning, and language.—n. Rabbin′ic, the later Hebrew.—adv. Rabbin′ically.—ns. Rabb′inism, the doctrine or teaching of the rabbis: a rabbinical peculiarity of expression: the late Jewish belief which esteemed the oral law equally with the written law of God; Rabb′inist, Rabb′inite, one who adheres to the Talmud and traditions of the rabbis; Rabbō′ni, my great master. [Gr.,—Heb. rabbí—rab, great, master—rābab, to be great. Cf. Ar. rabb, master, the Lord.]

Rabbit, rab′it, n. a small rodent burrowing animal of the hare family: a cony: any member of the hare family.—v.i. to hunt rabbits.—ns. Rabb′it-brush, a North American composite plant; Rabb′it-ear, a long slender oyster; Rabb′iter, one who hunts rabbits; Rabb′it-fish, the 'king of the herrings;' Rabb′it-hutch, a box for the rearing of rabbits; Rabb′it-moth, a moth in United States of a furry appearance; Rabb′it-mouth, harelip; Rabb′it-root, the wild sarsaparilla; Rabb′itry, a rabbit-warren; Rabb′it-squirr′el, a chincha, a South American rodent; Rabb′it-suck′er (Shak.), a sucking rabbit; Rabb′it-warr′en, a place where rabbits are kept and bred.—Snow-shoe rabbit, an American hare found in the Rocky Mountains which turns white in winter; Welsh rabbit, melted cheese with a little ale poured over a slice of hot toast—sometimes written 'Welsh rarebit' by wiseacres. [M. E. rabet, dim. of a form seen in Old Dut. robbe.]

Rabbit, rab′it, v.t. an interjectional expression, like confound. [Perh. a corr. of rabate.]

Rabble, rab′l, n. a disorderly, noisy crowd: a mob: the lowest class of people.—adj. disorderly.—v.i. to utter nonsense.—v.t. (Scot.) to mob.—ns. Rabb′lement, a tumultuous crowd of low people; Rabb′ling (Scot.), the act of assaulting in a disorderly manner, mobbing. [Allied to Old Dut. rabbelen, to gabble, Prov. Ger. rabbeln.]

Rabble, rab′l, n. an iron bar used in puddling.—v.t. to stir with a rabble.—n. Rabb′ler. [O. Fr. roable (Fr. râble)—L. rutabulum, a poker.]

Rabdomancy. Same as Rhabdomancy.

Rabelaisian, rab-e-lā′zi-an, n. characteristic of Rabelais (1490-1553), broadly humorous, coarse.

Rabi, rab′i, n. the great grain crop of Hindustan.

Rabid, rab′id, adj. furious: mad: affected with rabies, as a dog: foolishly intense.—adj. Rab′ic, pertaining to rabies.—adv. Rab′idly.—ns. Rab′idness; Rā′bies, the disease (esp. of dogs) from which hydrophobia is communicated: canine madness.—adjs. Rābiet′ic, resembling madness; Rābif′ic, communicating hydrophobia; Rā′bious, raging. [L. rabidus—rabĕre, to rave.]

Rabot, rab′ot, n. a rubber used in polishing marble.

Raca, rā′ka, adj. worthless—a term of contempt used by the Jews of Christ's day; cf. Matt. v. 22. [Chaldee rēkā, worthless; perh. conn. with raq, to spit (Ar. rīq), or with rīqā, empty.]

Raccahout, rak′a-hōōt, n. an Eastern dish made from the edible acorns of the oak. [Fr.,—Ar. rāquat, rāqaout, a nourishing starch.]

Raccoon, Racoon, ra-kōōn′, n. a genus of the bear family of North America, valuable for its fur.—ns. Raccoon′-berr′y, the May apple of the United States; Raccoon′-oys′ter, an oyster growing on the shores of the sea in United States. [Amer. Ind.]

Race, rās, n. the human family: the descendants of a common ancestor: a breed or variety: a tribal or national stock: a line of persons, as of statesmen, or of animals, as the feline race: a herd: peculiar flavour, as of wine, by which its origin may be recognised: (Shak.) intrinsic character, vigour. [Fr.,—Old High Ger. reiza, a line.]

Race, rās, n. rapid motion: trial of speed: progress: course of action: a strong and rapid current: a canal to a water-wheel: a competitive trial of speed in running, walking, &c.: a horse-race, as the Ascot races.—v.i. to run swiftly: to contend in running.—v.t. to cause to race, as steamers, horses, &c.—ns. Race′-card, a card containing information about races; Race′-course, -ground, -track, the course over which races are run; Race′-cup, a piece of plate forming a prize at a race; Race′horse, a horse bred for racing; Race′-meet′ing, a meeting for purposes of horse-racing; Rā′cer, one who races: a racehorse; Race′-way, a mill-race; Rā′cing, the running of races; Rā′cing-bit, a light jointed ring-bit; Consolā′tion-race (see Consolation); Flat′-race, a horse-race over level or clear ground—opp. to a Hurdle-race or Steeplechase, which are called generally Obstacle-races.—Racing calendar, a full list of races to be run. [A.S. rǽs, stream; Ice. rás, rapid course.]

Race, rās, n. (Shak.) a root.—n. Race′-gin′ger, unpulverised ginger. [O. Fr. rais—L. radix, a root.]

Race, rās, v.t. (obs.)=Raze.—adj. Raced.

Raceme, ra-sēm′, n. a cluster: a flower-cluster, as in the currant.—adjs. Racemed′, having racemes; Racem′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, grapes: an acid obtained from a certain kind of grape; Racemif′erous, bearing racemes; Rac′emōse, Rac′emous, growing in, or resembling, a raceme.—n. Rac′emūle, a small raceme.—adj. Racem′ulōse, bearing small racemes. [Fr.,—L. racemus.]

Rach, Ratch, rach, n. a dog that hunts by scent. [A.S. ræcc, a dog; Ice. rakki.]

Rachianectes, ra-ki-an-ek′tez, n. the gray whale of the North Pacific. [Gr. rhachia, a rocky shore, nēktēs, a swimmer.]

Rachis, rā′kis, n. the spine: (bot.) a branch or axis of inflorescence which proceeds in nearly a straight line from the base to the apex:—pl. Rā′chidēs.—n. Rāchial′gia, pain in the spine.—adjs. Rāchial′gic; Rāchid′ial, Rāchid′ian.—n. Rāchil′la, a secondary rachis in a compound inflorescence.—adj. Rāchit′ic, rickety.—ns. Rāchī′tis, rickets in children (see Rickets): (bot.) a disease which produces abortion in the fruit; Rāch′itome, an anatomical instrument for opening the spinal canal. [Gr. rachis, the spine.]

Racial, rā′si-al, adj. relating to lineage, peculiar to a race.—adv. Rā′cially.

Rack, rak, n. an instrument for racking or extending: an engine for stretching the body in order to extort a confession, hence (fig.) extreme pain, anxiety, or doubt: a framework on which articles are arranged, as hat-rack, plate-rack, letter-rack, &c.: the grating above a manger for hay: (mech.) a straight bar with teeth to work into those of a wheel, pinion, or endless screw, for converting a circular into a rectilinear motion, or vice versâ: (Scot.) the course in curling.—v.t. to stretch forcibly: to strain: to stretch on the rack or wheel: to torture: to exhaust: to worry, agitate: to wrest, overstrain: to practise rapacity: to extort: to place in a rack or frame: (naut.) to seize together with cross-turns, as two ropes.—n. Rack′er, one who tortures.—adj. Rack′ing, tormenting.—ns. Rack′-rail, a railway having cogs which work into similar cogs on a locomotive; Rack′-rent, an annual rent stretched to the utmost value of the thing rented, exorbitant rent.—v.t. to subject to such rents.—ns. Rack′-rent′er, one who exacts or pays rack-rent; Rack′-stick, a stick for stretching a rope; Rack′-tail, a bent arm in a repeating clock connected with the striking mechanism; Rack′work, a strong bar with cogs to correspond with similar cogs on a wheel, which either moves or is moved by the bar.—Live at rack and manger, to live sumptuously and wastefully; On the rack, stretched upon it: tortured by anxiety; Put to the rack, to put to the torture of the rack: to subject to keen suffering. [The radical sense is to stretch, closely allied to reach (q.v.); cf. Ice. rakkr, straight, Ger. rack, a rail, recken, to stretch.]

Rack, rak, n. same as Wrack=Wreck—now used only in the phrases Go to rack, Go to rack and ruin. [Cf. the next word.]

Rack, rak, n. thin or broken clouds drifting across the sky.—v.i. to drift, to drive. [Wrack; cf. Ice. rek.]

Rack, rak, v.t. to strain or draw off from the lees, as wine.—ns. Rack′ing-can, a vessel from which wine can be drawn without disturbing the lees; Rack′ing-cock, -fau′cet, a cock used in drawing off liquour from a cask; Rack′ing-pump, a pump for the transfer of liquor to casks. [O. Fr. raquer, vin raqué; prob. cog. with Sp. rascar, to scrape.]

Rack, rak, n. (prov.) the neck and spine of a fore-quarter of veal or mutton: the neck of mutton or pork.

Rack, rak, n. the gait of a horse between a trot and a gallop.—n. Rack′er, a horse that moves in this gait. [Perh. rack, to drift, or rock.]

Rack, rak, n. same as Arrack.—Rack punch, a punch made with arrack.

Rack, rak, n. a young rabbit. [Orig. unknown.]

Rackabones, rak′a-bōnz, n. (Amer.) a very lean person or animal.

Rackarock, rak′a-rok, n. an explosive of potassium chlorate and nitro-benzol.—Also Rend′rock.

Racket, Racquet, rak′et, n. a bat for playing tennis: a snow-shoe: an organ-stop: a 17th-cent. musical instrument: (pl.) a modern variety of the old game of tennis.—v.t. to strike, as with a racket.—ns. Rack′et-, Racq′uet-court, -ground, a court for playing rackets: a tennis-court; Rack′et-tail, a humming-bird with two feathers like rackets.—adj. Rack′et-tailed. [O. Fr. rachete (Fr. raquette)—Sp. raqueta—Ar. rāhat, the palm of the hand.]

Racket, rak′et, n. a clattering noise: hurly-burly.—v.i. to make a clattering noise: to engage in racket of any kind: to be dissipated.—n. Rack′eter.—adj. Rack′ety.—v.t. and v.i. Rack′le (prov.), to rattle.—n. noisy talk. [Gael. racaid—rac, to cackle.]

Raconteur, ra-kong-tėr′, n. a story-teller. [Fr.]

Racoon. See Raccoon.

Racovian, ra-kō′vi-an, n. a 17th-cent. Polish Socinian—their seminary being at Rakow.

Racy, rā′si, adj. having a strong flavour imparted by the soil, as wine: exciting to the mind by strongly characteristic thought or language: spirited: pungent, as a racy story: peculiar to the race.—adv. Rā′cily.—n. Rā′ciness. [Race, a family.]

Rad, rad (Spens.), pa.t. of read and ride.

Rad, rad, adj. (Scot.) afraid.

Rad, rad, n. short for radical.

Raddle, rad′l, v.t. to interweave: to beat.—n. a hedge formed by interweaving the branches of trees: a hurdle: split wood like laths: a wooden bar used in domestic weaving. [Perh. a transposed form of hurdle; or perh. formed from wreathe, or writhe, and confused with hurdle.]

Raddle, rad′l, n. a layer of red pigment—also Redd′le.—v.t. to colour coarsely, as with raddle: to do work in a slovenly way. [Ruddle.]

Rade, rād, old form of rode.

Radial, rā′di-al, adj. shooting out like a ray or radius: pertaining to the radius of the forearm: (bot.) developing uniformly on all sides.—ns. Rādiā′le, the radiocarpal bone:—pl. Rādiā′lia; Rādiā′lis, a radial muscle, artery, or nerve:—pl. Rādiā′les; Rādialisā′tion, arrangement in radiating forms.—v.t. Rā′dialise, to make ray-like: to cause to radiate.—n. Rādial′ity, radial symmetry.—adv. Rā′dially, in the manner of a radius or of rays.—adjs. Rā′diocar′pal, pertaining to the wrist or carpus; Rā′diomus′cular, pertaining to the radius and to muscles; Rā′dio-ul′nar, pertaining to the radius and the ulna.—Radial artery, the smaller of the branches of the branchial artery at the elbow.

Radian, rā′di-an, n. the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal to the radius.

Radiant, rā′di-ant, adj. emitting rays of light or heat: issuing in rays: beaming with light: shining: (her.) edged with rays.—n. (opt.) the luminous point from which light emanates: (astron.) the centre point from which meteoric showers proceed: (geom.) a straight line from a point about which it is conceived to revolve.—ns. Rā′diance, Rā′diancy, quality of being radiant: brilliancy: splendour.—adv. Rā′diantly.—adj. Rā′dious (obs.), radiant.—Radiant energy, energy in the form of light or radiant heat; Radiant heat, heat proceeding in rays or direct lines from a centre. [L. radians, -antis, pr.p. of radiāre, -ātum, to radiate—radius.]

Radiata, rā-di-ā′ta, n.pl. the lowest of Cuvier's four great divisions of the animal kingdom—the organs of sense and motion disposed as rays round a centre.

Radiate, rā′di-āt, v.i. to emit rays of light: to shine: to proceed in direct lines from any point or surface.—v.t. to send out in rays: to furnish with rays.—adjs. Rā′diāte, -d, formed of rays diverging from a centre: (bot.) consisting of a disc in which the florets are tubular: (min.) having crystals diverging from a centre: belonging to the Radiata: in coins, represented with rays proceeding from a centre, as a head or bust.—adv. Rā′diately, in a radiate manner: with radiation from a centre.—adj. Rādiā′tiform, having the appearance of being radiate.—adv. Rā′diatingly.—n. Rādiā′tion, act of radiating: the emission and diffusion of rays of light or heat.—adj. Rā′diative.—n. Rā′diator, a body which radiates or emits rays of light or heat: a part of a heating apparatus for a room.—adj. Rā′diatory.—ns. Rādioflagell′ata, marine animalcules; Rā′diograph, an instrument by which solar radiation is measured.—adj. Rādiolā′rian, pertaining to the ooze at the bottom of the sea, composed of the shells of Radiolā′rians, a class of marine rhizopod Protozoa, so called from their having thread-like processes of living matter radiating outwards on all sides.—ns. Rādī′olus, one of the barbules of the main shaft of a feather; Rādiom′eter, an instrument consisting of four horizontal arms of very fine glass, carefully poised so as to revolve easily on a point, the whole contained in a glass vessel almost exhausted of air—the arms move round under light or heat, more or less swiftly according to the strength of the rays.—adj. Rādiomet′ric.—ns. Rādiomicrom′eter, an instrument for measuring very small amounts of heat; Rā′diophone, an instrument for producing or transmitting sound by heat-rays.—adj. Rādiophon′ic.—ns. Rādiophon′ics, Rā′diophony, the production of sound by radiant heat; Rā′dium, a rare element whose radiations act upon photographic plates and have properties like the X-rays.

Radical, rad′i-kal, adj. pertaining to the root or origin: original: fundamental: intrinsic: primitive: implanted by nature: not derived: serving to originate: (bot.) proceeding immediately from the root: (politics) ultra-liberal, democratic.—n. a root: a primitive word or letter: one who advocates radical reform, an uncompromising democratic politician: (chem.) the base of a compound.—v.t. Rad′icalise, to make radical.—v.i. to become radical, adopt radical political principles.—n. Rad′icalism, the principles or spirit of a radical or democrat.—adv. Rad′ically.—n. Rad′icalness. [Radix.]

Radicate, rad′i-kāt, adj. deeply rooted: firmly established: (zool.) fixed at the bottom as if rooted: (conch.) adhering like a limpet.—v.t. to root: to plant or fix deeply and firmly:—pr.p. rad′icāting; pa.p. rad′icāted.—adjs. Rad′icant (bot.), sending out roots from the stem above the ground; Radicā′rian, relating to roots; Rad′icated, rooted.—ns. Radicā′tion, the act or process of radicating or taking root deeply: (bot.) the disposition of the root with respect to the ascending or descending stem; Rad′icel, a rootlet.—adjs. Radicic′olous, Radic′olous, living on roots, pertaining to the root-form of the phylloxera; Radiciflō′rous, flowering from the root; Radic′iform, like a root.—n. Rad′icle, a little root: the part of a seed which in growing becomes the root.—adjs. Rad′icōse, having a large root; Radic′ūlar, pertaining to a radicle.—n. Rad′icūle (bot.), that end of the embryo which is opposite to the cotyledons.—adj. Radic′ūlōse (bot.), covered with rootlets: radicose, having a large root. [L. radicāri, -ātus, to take root—radix, a root.]

Radish, rad′ish, n. an annual whose succulent pungent root is eaten raw as a salad.—ns. Rad′ish-fly, an American insect; Sea′side-rad′ish, the wild radish. [Fr. radis—Prov. raditz—L. radix, radicis, a root.]

Radius, rā′di-us, n. (geom.) a straight line from the centre to the circumference of a circle: anything like a radius, as the spoke of a wheel: a ray: (anat.) the exterior bone of the arm: (bot.) the ray of a flower: the movable arm of a sextant: one of the radiating lines of a geometrical spider's web:—pl. Rā′dii (ī).—ns. Rā′dius-bar, -rod, in a steam-engine, a rod pivoted at one end and connected at the other with a concentrically moving part at a fixed distance.—Radius vector (pl. Radii vectores), the distance from a fixed origin to any point of a curve. [L., a rod.]

Radix, rā′diks, n. a root: primitive source: a primitive word from which other words are formed: the base of a system of logarithms:—pl. Radices (rā-dī′sēz). [L. radix, radic-is.]

Radoub, ra-dōōb′, n. the refitting of a ship. [Fr., radouber, to mend. Cf. Redub.]

Radula, rad′ū-la, n. the tongue or lingual ribbon of a mollusc.—adjs. Rad′ūlar; Rad′ūlāte; Radūlif′erous, bearing a radula; Rad′ūliform, rasp-like: like a file. [L.,—radĕre, to scrape.]

Raff, raf, n. the sweepings of society, the rabble: the riff-raff: rubbish: a low worthless fellow, a rowdy.—v.t. (obs.) to snatch, to sweep off.—adj. Raff′ish, worthless. [O. Fr. raffer, to catch; cog. with Ger. raffen, to snatch; cf. Riff-raff.]

Raff, Raffe, raf, n. (naut.) a three-cornered sail set on a schooner when before the wind.—Also Raff′ie.

Raffia. Same as Raphia.

Raffle, raf′l, n. a kind of sale by chance or lottery in which the price is subscribed equally by all who hope to win.—v.i. to try a raffle.—n. Raff′ler. [Fr. rafle, a certain game of dice—rafler, to sweep away—Ger. raffeln, freq. of raffen (A.S. reafian), to seize.]

Raffle, raf′l, n. lumber, rubbish. [Cf. Raff (1).]

Raffled, raf′ld, adj. having the edge finely notched.

Rafflesia, raf-lē′zi-a, n. a remarkable genus of apetalous parasitic plants, named after Sir T. Stamford Raffles (1781-1826), British governor in Sumatra (1818).

Raft, raft, n. (U.S.) a miscellaneous or promiscuous lot. [A variant of Raff (1).]

Raft, raft, n. a collection of pieces of timber fastened together for a support on the water: planks conveyed by water.—v.t. to transport on a raft: to form into a raft.—v.i. to manage a raft, travel by raft.—ns. Raft′-bridge, a bridge supported on rafts; Raft′-dog, an iron bar fitted for securing logs in a raft; Raft′-duck, the black-head duck of the United States; Raft′-port, a square hole in some ships for convenience in loading and unloading timber; Raft′-rope, a rope used in whaling-vessels for stringing blubber; Rafts′man, one who guides a raft. [Ice. raptr (pron. raftr), a rafter—ráf, ræfr, a roof; cf. Old High Ger. rāfo, a spar.]

Rafter, raft′ėr, n. an inclined beam supporting the roof of a house.—v.t. to furnish with rafters.—n. Raft′er-bird, the spotted fly-catcher.—Principal rafter, a main timber in supporting the weight of a roof. [A.S. ræfter, a beam; Ice. raptr (raftr), a beam; Dan. raft, a pole.]

Rag, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: a rock having a rough irregular surface: a remnant, scrap: a beggarly person: anything rent or worn out.—adj. made of rags.—v.t. to make ragged.—v.i. to become ragged, to fray: (U.S. slang) to dress (out).—ns. Rag′abash, a low fellow; Rag′amuffin, a low, disreputable person.—adj. Rag′amuffinly.—ns. Rag′-bush, in some heathen countries, a bush dedicated to some deity and decorated with rags torn from the clothes of pilgrims; Rag′-dust, the refuse of rags used by dyers; Rag′-fair, a fair or market for rags, old clothes, &c.; Rag′gery, rags collectively; Rag′ging, the first rough separation of the ore from dross; Rag′-man, a man who collects or deals in rags; Rag′-mon′ey (slang), paper money; Rag′-pick′er, one who collects rags, &c., from ash-heaps, dung-hills, &c.: a machine for tearing old rags, &c., to pieces; Rag′-shop, a shop where rag-pickers dispose of their finds; Rag′-sort′er, one who sorts out rags for paper-making; Rag′-stone, Ragg, an impure limestone, consisting chiefly of lime and silica; Rag′-tag, the rabble; Rag′weed, any plant of the composite genus Ambrosia; Rag′wheel, a wheel with teeth or cogs on the rim, which fit into the links of a chain or into rackwork: a cutlass polishing-wheel; Rag′-wool, shoddy; Rag′work, mason-work built of small stones about the size of bricks: a manufacture from strips of rag.—Rag-tag and bobtail, a rabble. [Ice. rögg, shagginess.]

Rag, rag, v.t. to banter, torment.—Also n. [Perh. from the previous word; others refer to Ice. rægja, to calumniate; cog. with A.S. wrégan, to accuse.]

Ragbolt, rag′bōlt, n. an iron pin with barbed shank.

Rage, rāj, n. violent excitement: enthusiasm: rapture: furious anger: intensity: any object much sought after, the fashion.—v.i. to be furious with anger: to exercise fury: to prevail fatally, as a disease: to be violently agitated, as the waves.—v.t. to enrage.—adjs. Rage′ful, full of rage, furious; Rā′ging, acting with rage, violence, or fury.—adv. Rā′gingly.—All the rage (coll.), quite the fashion. [Fr.,—L. rabies—rabĕre, to rave.]

Ragg, rag, n. (geol.)=Ragstone. See under Rag (1).

Ragged, rag′ed, adj. torn or worn into rags: having a rough edge: ruggedly uneven, jagged: wearing ragged clothes: shabby.—adv. Ragg′edly.—ns. Ragg′edness; Ragg′ed-rob′in, the cuckoo flower; Ragg′ed-sail′or, the prince's feather-plant; Ragg′ed-school, a school for the destitute; Ragg′ed-staff (her.), a knotted stick with short stumps of branches on each side. [Cf. Rag.]

Raggee, rag′ē, n. a species of millet, grown in Southern India. [Hind.]

Raggle, rag′l, v.t. to notch irregularly.—n. a ragged piece. [Freq. of rag.]

Raglan, rag′lan, n. a loose, wide-sleeved overcoat. [From Lord Raglan (1788-1855), commander of the English forces in the Crimea.]

Ragman-roll, rag′man-rōl, n. a parchment roll with pendent seals, any important document, esp. the collection of instruments by which the Scotch nobles subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, 1291-2-6, and at the parliament of Berwick: a vague story (cf. Rigmarole). [Prob. Ice. ragmenni, a craven—ragr, cowardly (A.S. earg), madhr, man.]

Ragnarök, rag′na-rōōk′, n. the end of the world when the gods (Odin, Thor, &c.) shall be overcome by their enemies and the world burnt up. [Ice. ragna rökr, twilight of the gods—rögn, régin, the gods, rökr, darkness; but orig. ragna rök, the history of the gods—rök, reason, judgment.]

Ragout, ra-gōō′, n. a stew of meat with kitchen herbs, the French equivalent of Irish stew: any spicy mixture or combination, even of persons. [Fr.,—ragoûter, to restore the appetite—L. re, again, Fr. à (=ad), to, goût—L. gustus, taste.]

Raguly, rag′ū-li, adj. (her.) ragged or notched at the edges.—Also Rag′uled.

Ragwort, rag′wurt, n. any one of several herbs of genus Senecio: a large coarse weed with a yellow flower.—Golden ragwort, a North American plant; Woolly ragwort, a plant from one to three feet high, found in the United States, and covered with hoary wool. [Rag, and A.S. wyrt, a plant.]

Rahu, rä′hōō, n. in Hindu mythology, the demon who causes eclipses of sun and moon.

Raible, rā′bl, v.t. and v.i. a Scotch form of rabble.

Raid, rād, n. a hostile or predatory invasion: a sudden onset: an irruption, as if for assault or seizure.—v.t. to make a sudden attack.—n. Raid′er, one who makes a raid.—Raid the market, to derange prices by a panic. [A.S. rád, a riding; Ice. reidh.]

Rail, rāl, n. a bar of timber or metal extending from one support to another, as in fences, staircases, &c.: one of those steel bars used on the permanent way of a railway, generally of that form known as the T-rail: a barrier: the railway as a means of travel or transport: (archit.) the horizontal part of a frame and panel: (naut.) the forecastle-rail, poop-rail, and top-rail are bars across the forecastle, &c.—v.t. to enclose with rails: to furnish with rails.—ns. Rail′-bend′er, a screw-press for straightening rails; Rail′-bor′er, a hand-drill for rails; Rail′-chair, an iron block by which the rails are secured to the sleepers; Rail′-clamp, a wedge for clamping a rail firmly; Rail′-coup′ling, a bar by which the opposite rails of a railway are connected at curves, switches, &c.; Rail′-guard, a guard-rail before a front wheel; Rail′ing, a fence of posts and rails: material for rails; Rail′-punch, a machine for punching holes in the webs of rails; Rail′road, Rail′way, a road or way laid with iron rails on which carriages run.—v.t. Rail′road (U.S.), to push forward fast.—ns. Rail′roader, one employed about a railway; Rail′road-worm, the apple maggot; Rail′-saw, a portable machine for sawing off metal rails; Rail′-split′ter (U.S.), one who splits logs into rails for a fence; Rail′way-car, a vehicle for the transportation of passengers and goods; Rail′way-carr′iage, a carriage for the conveyance of passengers; Rail′way-cross′ing, an intersection of railway-lines: an intersection of an ordinary road with a railroad; Rail′way-slide, a turn-table; Rail′way-stitch, a loose and rapid stitch in knitting or crochet-work; Rail′way-train (see Train).—Railway company, a stock company formed for the construction and working of a railway, usually organised by a legislative enactment.—Elevated railway, an elevated bridge-like structure used for railway purposes, to avoid obstruction of surface roadways; Military railway, a railway equipped for military service, the locomotives being armoured, and the carriages armour-plated and provided with portholes for rifles; Portable railway, a light railway made in detachable sections, and so suited for carrying easily from place to place. [Low Ger. regel, prob. through O. Fr. reille; cf. Ger. riegel, a bar. Some refer to L. regula through O. Fr. reille.]

Rail, rāl, v.i. to brawl: to use insolent language.—v.t. to scoff at, affect by railing.—n. Rail′er, one who rails: one who insults or defames by opprobrious language.—adj. Rail′ing, reproachful, insulting.—n. reproachful and insulting language.—adv. Rail′ingly, in a railing manner: scoffingly: insultingly.—n. Raillery (rāl′ėr-i, or ral′-), railing or mockery: banter: good-humoured irony. [Fr. railler—L. rallum, a hoe—radĕre, to scrape.]

Rail, rāl, n. a genus of wading-birds with a harsh cry.—n. Rail′-bird, the Carolina rail.—Golden rail, a rail snipe. [O. Fr. rasle (Fr. râle)—Old Dut. ratelen, to rattle.]

Rail, rāl, v.i. (Spens.) to flow or pour down.

Rail, rāl, n. a robe—now only in Night-rail.

Raiment, rā′ment, n. that in which one is dressed: clothing in general. [For arraiment. Cf. Array.]

Rain, rān, n. water from the clouds in drops: a shower: a fall of any substance through the atmosphere in the manner of rain.—v.i. to fall from the clouds: to drop like rain.—v.t. to pour like rain.—ns. Rain′band, a dark band in the solar spectrum; Rain′-bird, a bird, like the Rain′-crow, supposed to foretell rain by its cries and actions; Rain′bow, the brilliant-coloured bow or arch seen when rain is falling opposite the sun, called lunar rainbow when formed by the moon; Rain′bow-dart′er, the soldier-fish.—adjs. Rain′bowed, formed with, or like, a rainbow; Rain′bow-tint′ed, having tints like those of a rainbow: iridescent.—ns. Rain′bow-trout, a variety of the Californian salmon; Rain′-cham′ber, an attachment to a furnace in which the fumes of any metal are condensed; Rain′-chart, -map, a chart giving information as to the distribution of rain in any part of the world; Rain′-cloud, a cloud in meteorology called nimbus; Rain′drop, a drop of rain; Rain′fall, a fall of rain: the amount of water that falls in a given time in the form of rain; Rain′-gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain that falls; Rain′iness, the state of being rainy.—adj. Rain′less, without rain.—ns. Rain′-mak′er, -doc′tor, a sorcerer, as those of Africa, professing to bring rain; Rain′-pour, a heavy rainfall; Rain′-print, one of the small pits seen on the surfaces of some argillaceous rocks, and believed to be the impressions of raindrops.—adjs. Rain′-proof, -tight, impervious to rain.—ns. Rain′storm; Rain′-tree, the genisaro of South America; Rain′-wa′ter, water which falls in rain from the clouds.—adj. Rain′y, abounding with rain: showery.—Rain cats and dogs (see Cat).—A rainy day (fig.), a time of need or hardship: future want or need; The former and the latter rain, Palestine, the rain in spring and in autumn: rain in its season. [A.S. regn, rén, rain; Dut. and Ger. regen, Ice. regn.]

Raindeer. Same as Reindeer.

Raise, rāz, v.t. to cause to rise: to lift up: to hoist: to set upright: to originate or produce: to bring together: to cause to grow or breed: to produce: to give rise to: to exalt: to increase the strength of: to excite: to collect: muster: (Scot.) to rouse, inflame: to recall from death: to cause to swell, as dough: to extol: to bring up: to remove, take off, as a blockade: to collect, as to raise a company: to give rise to, as to raise a laugh.—n. an ascent, a cairn: (coll.) an enlargement, increase.—adj. Rais′able, capable of being raised.—ns. Rais′er, one who, or that which, raises a building, &c.: (archit.) the upright board on the front of a step in a flight of steps; Rais′ing, the act of lifting: the embossing of sheet-metal by hammering or stamping: the process of deepening colours in dyeing: that with which bread is raised; Rais′ing-bee, a gathering of neighbours to help in raising the frame of a house, &c.; Rais′ing-board, a ribbed board by which to raise the grain of leather; Rais′ing-gig, a machine for raising a nap on cloth; Rais′ing-piece, a piece of timber laid on a brick wall, or on a frame, to carry a beam or beams; Rais′ing-plate, a horizontal timber supporting the heels of rafters.—Raise a siege, to relinquish a siege, or cause this to be done; Raise bread, to make it light, as by yeast or leaven; Raise Cain, the devil, hell, the mischief, &c., to create confusion or riot; Raised beach (geol.), a terrace of gravel, &c., marking the margin of an ancient sea; Raised embroidery, that in which the pattern is raised in relief from the ground; Raised work, in lace-making, work having the edge or some other part of the pattern raised in relief; Raise money on, to get money by pawning something; Raise one's dander (see Dander); Raise the market upon (coll.), to charge more than the regular price; Raise the wind, to obtain money by any shift. [M. E. reisen—Ice. reisa, causal of rísa, to rise. Cf. Rise.]

Raisin, rā′zn, n. a dried ripe grape.—Raisin wine, wine made from dried grapes. [Fr.,—L. racemus, a bunch of grapes.]

Raison d'être, rā-zong′ dā′tr, n. reason or excuse for being: rational ground for existence.—adj. Raisonné (rā-zo-nā′), reasoned out, systematic, as in 'catalogue raisonné.' [Fr. raison, reason, de, of, être, to be.]

Rajah, Raja, rä′ja, n. a native prince or king in Hindustan.—ns. Raj (räj), rule; Ra′jahship, the dignity or principality of a rajah; Rajpoot, Rajput (räj-poot′), a member of various tribes in India, descended either from the old royal races of the Hindus or from the warrior caste. [Sans. rājan, a king, cog. with L. rex; Sans. putra, a son.]

Rake, rāk, n. an instrument with teeth or pins for smoothing earth, &c.: any tool consisting of a flat blade at right angles to a long handle.—v.t. to scrape with something toothed: to draw together: to gather with difficulty: to level with a rake: to search diligently: to pass over violently and swiftly: (naut.) to fire into, as a ship, lengthwise: to inter or hide, as by raking earth over a body.—v.i. to work with a rake: to search minutely.—ns. Rā′ker; Rā′king, the act or operation of using a rake: the space raked at once: the quantity collected at once with a rake: sharp criticism.—adj. such as to rake, as a raking fire.—Rake hell, to search even hell to find a person equally bad; Rake up, to cover with material raked or scraped together: to draw from oblivion, to revive. [A.S. raca, a rake; Ger. rechen, Ice. reka, a shovel.]

Rake, rāk, n. [Contr. of rakehell.]

Rake, rāk, n. (naut.) the projection of the stem and stern of a ship beyond the extremities of the keel: the inclination of a mast from the perpendicular.—v.i. to incline from the perpendicular or the horizontal.—v.t. to cause to incline or slope.—adj. Rā′kish, having a rake or inclination of the masts.—adv. Rā′kishly. [Scand., Sw. raka, to reach.]

Rake, rāk, n. a dissolute person: a libertine.—v.i. to lead a debauched life, esp. to make a practice of lechery.—n. Rake′hell, a rascal or villain: a debauchee.—adjs. Rake′hell, -y, dissolute.—ns. Rakehellō′nian, a rakehell; Rā′kery, dissoluteness; Rake′shame (Milt.), a base, dissolute wretch.—adj. Rā′kish, like a rake: dissolute: debauched.—adv. Rā′kishly.—n. Rā′kishness, dissoluteness: the state of being rakish or dissolute: dissolute practices. [Corr. of M. E. rakel, corr. into rakehell, shortened to rake; Scand., as Sw. rakkel, a vagabond, Ice. reikall, unsettled—reika, to wander.]

Rake, rāk, v.i. (prov.) to wander, to take a course, proceed: (hunting) of a hawk, to fly wide of the game: of a dog, to follow a wrong course.—Rake about (Scot.), to gad or wander about. [M. E. raken—A.S. racian, to run; confused with M. E. raiken—Ice. reika, to wander.]

Raki, rak′ē, n. a spirituous liquor used in the Levant and Greece.—Also Rak′ee. [Turk.]

Rakshas, -a, rak′shas, -ä, n. in Hindu mythology, one of a class of evil spirits or genii, generally hideous, frequenting cemeteries.

Râle, räl, n. (path.) an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the lungs. [Fr.,—râler, to rattle—Low Ger. ratelen, to rattle.]

Rallentando, ral-len-tan′dō, adj. (mus.) becoming slower.—Also Rallenta′to, and abbrev. Rall. [It., rallentare, to slacken.]

Rallier, ral′i-ėr, n. one who rallies.

Rallus, ral′us, n. a genus containing the true rails, water-rails, and marsh-hens.—adjs. Rall′iform; Rall′ine. [Rail.]

Rally, ral′i, v.t. to gather again: to collect and arrange, as troops in confusion: to recover.—v.i. to reassemble, esp. after confusion: to recover wasted strength:—pa.t. and pa.p. rallied (ral′id).—n. act of rallying: a mêlée of pantomimists, as at the end of a transformation scene: recovery of order: recovery of prices: the return of the ball in tennis, playing frequently from one side to the other.—n. Rall′ying-point, a place or person at or about whom people come together for action. [O. Fr. rallier—L. re-, again, ad, to, ligāre, to bind. Cf. Ally.]

Rally, ral′i, v.t. to attack with raillery: to banter.—v.i. to exercise raillery:—pa.t. and pa.p. rall′ied.—n. satirical merriment.—adv. Rall′yingly. [Fr. railler. A variant of rail (v.i.).]

Ralph, ralf, n. (slang) the imp of mischief in a printing-house: a raven.

Ram, ram, n. a male sheep, a tup: (astron.) Aries (q.v.), one of the signs of the zodiac: an engine of war for battering, with a head like that of a ram: a hydraulic engine, called water-ram: a ship-of-war armed with a heavy iron beak for running down a hostile vessel.—v.t. to thrust with violence, as a ram with its head: to force together: to drive hard down:—pr.p. ram′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. rammed.—n. Ram′-head, an iron lever for raising great stones: a cuckold. [A.S. ram, rom; Ger. ramm.]

Ram, ram, adj. strong-scented: (used as a prefix) very.—n. Ram′-cat, a tom-cat.—adj. Ram′mish, strong-scented: lewd.—n. Ram′mishness.—adj. Ram′my. [Ice. ramr, strong, as Ice. ramliga, strongly.]

Ramadan, Ramadhan, ram-a-dan′, n. the ninth month of the Mohammedan year, throughout which the faithful are required to fast from dawn to sunset—prop. Ramazan′. [Ar.,—ramed, to be hot.]

Ramal. See Ramus.

Ramayana, rä-mä′ya-nä, n. one of the two great epic poems of ancient India—the history of Rama.

Rambade, ram′bād, n. the elevated platform built across the prow of a vessel for boarding. [Fr.]

Ramble, ram′bl, v.i. to go from place to place without object: to visit many places: to be desultory, as in discourse.—n. a roving about: an irregular excursion: a place in which to ramble.—n. Ram′bler.—adj. Ram′bling, moving about irregularly: desultory.—adv. Ram′blingly, in a rambling manner. [Freq. of M. E. ramen, to roam.]

Rambustious, ram-bus′tyus, adj. (slang) boisterous.

Rambutan, ram-bōō′tan, n. the edible fruit of a lofty Malaysian tree (Nephelium lappaceum).—Also Rambōō′tan, Rambost′an. [Malay.]

Ramé, ra-mā′, adj. (her.) attired. [O. Fr., 'branched.']

Rameal, rā′mē-al, adj.; Ramify, &c. See under Ramus.

Ramed, ramd, adj. framed on the stocks, and adjusted by the Ram′-line, a small rope or line used for setting the frames fair, helping to form the sheer of the ship, &c. [Fr. rame, a branch—L. ramus.]

Ramekin, ram′e-kin, n. toasted cheese and bread. [Fr. ramequin—Old Flem. rammeken.]

Rament, rā-ment′, n. (bot.) a bristle-shaped leaflet in the angle of a petiole:—pl. Rāmen′ta, loose foliaceous scales on plants, esp. on the petioles and leaves of ferns.—adj. Rāmentā′ceous (bot.), covered with ramenta. [L. ramenta, scrapings, pl. of ramentum—radĕre, to scrape.]

Ramfeezle, ram-fē′zl, v.t. (Scot.) to weary out.

Ramgunshock, ram-gun′shok, adj. (Scot.) rough.

Ramicorn, rā′mi-korn, n. the horny sheath of the side of the lower mandible in birds.—adj. possessing ramified antennæ. [L. ramus, branch, cornu, horn.]

Ramie, Ramee, ram′ē, n. China-grass, Bœhmeria nivea, or its fibre, long used in the East for ropes and cordage, and for cloth in China and Japan.—Also Rhea and China-grass. [Malay.]

Ramify, Ramification, &c. See under Ramus.

Ramilie, ram′il-ē, n. a name applied to various 18th-cent. articles or fashions of dress, in honour of Marlborough's victory over the French at Ramillies in Belgium in 1706—esp. to a form of cocked hat, and to a wig with a long plaited tail.

Ramism, rā′mizm, n. the system of logic of Peter Ramus (1515-72).

Ram-line, ram′-līn. See under Ramed.

Rammel, ram′el, n. refuse wood.—v.i. to turn to rubbish. [Through Fr. and Low L. forms from L. ramus, a branch.]

Rammer, ram′ėr, n. one who, or that which, rams or drives: an instrument used by founders and pavers for ramming, also by gunners.

Ramollescence, ram-o-les′ens, n. softening, mollifying.—n. Ramollisse′ment, a morbid softening of some organ or tissue of the body.

Ramoon, ra-mōōn′, n. a West Indian mulberry. [Sp.,—L. ramus, a branch.]

Ramose, rā′mōs, adj. branching, much-branched: (bot.) branched as a stem or root.—adv. Rā′mosely.—adj. Rā′mous, branched, branchy.

Ramp, ramp, v.i. to climb or creep up, as a plant: to leap or bound: to adapt a piece of iron to the woodwork of a gate.—n. a leap or bound: a gradual slope or inclined plane between one level and another: a concave bend at the top or cap of a railing, wall, or coping: a romp.—adj. Rampā′cious=Rampageous (q.v.).—ns. Rampā′dgeon, a furious fellow; Ram′pāge, or Rampāge′, a state of passion or excitement.—v.i. to storm or prance violently.—adj. Rampā′geous, unruly: boisterous: glaring.—ns. Rampā′geousness; Rampall′ian (Shak.), a mean wretch; Ramp′er, a ruffian who infests race-courses; Ramps′man (slang), a highway robber. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to clamber; from the Teut.; cf. Low Ger. rappen, to snatch, Ger. raffen.]

Rampant, ramp′ant, adj. overgrowing usual bounds: rank in growth: overleaping restraint: (her.) standing on the hind-legs.—n. Ramp′ancy, state of being rampant.—adv. Ramp′antly.—Rampant arch, an arch whose abutments are not on the same level.

Rampart, ram′part, n. that which defends from assault or danger: (fort.) a mound or wall surrounding a fortified place.—v.t. to fortify with ramparts, to strengthen. [O. Fr. rempart (orig. rempar)—remparer, to defend—re, again, em, to (=en), in, parer, to defend—L. parāre, to prepare.]

Rampick, ram′pik, n. any dead tree—also Ram′pike.—adj. Ram′picked. [Prob. ran, as in roan-tree, rantle-tree, and pick or pike.]

Rampion, ram′pi-on, n. a perennial plant with esculent root. [Prob. through It. and Low L. forms from L. rapum, rapa, a turnip.]

Rampire, ram′pīr, n.=Rampart.—adj. Ram′pired.

Rampler, ramp′lėr, n. (Scot.) a roving fellow.

Ramrod, ram′rod, n. a rod used in ramming down the charge in a gun.—n. Ram′rod-bay′onet.—adj. Ram′roddy, stiff like a ramrod.

Ramshackle, ram′shak′l, adj. tumble-down: ill-made: out of repair—also Ram′shackled.—n. (Scot.) a careless fellow.—adj. Ram′shackly. [Ice. ramskakkr, quite wrong—ramr, strong, very, skakkr, wry, unequal.]

Ramshackle, ram′shak′l, v.t.=Ransack.

Ramshorn, ramz′horn, n. a semicircular work of low profile in the ditch of a fortified place: an ammonite: a fossil cephalopod.

Ramskin, ram′skin, n. a cake made of dough mixed with grated cheese. [Prob. Ramekin.]

Ramsons, ram′zonz, n.pl. broad-leaved garlic. [A.S. hramsan (pl.), with pl. -s added.]

Ramstam, ram′stam, adj. reckless: (Scot.) forward.—adv. headlong.—n. a headstrong, giddy person. [Ram, intens. pfx., stam, a form of stamp.]

Ramus, rā′mus, n. a small spray or twig.—adjs. Rā′mal, Rā′meal, pertaining to a branch; Rā′mēous (bot.), belonging to, or growing on, a branch.—n. Ramificā′tion, division or separation into branches: a branch: a division or subdivision: (bot.) manner of producing branches.—adjs. Ram′ified, branched; Ramiflō′rous, flowering on the branches; Rā′miform (bot.), resembling a branch.—v.t. Ram′ify, to make or divide into branches.—v.i. to shoot into branches: to be divided or spread out:—pa.t. and pa.p. ram′ifīed.—adj. Ramip′arous, producing branches.—ns. Ram′ule, Ram′ulus, a small branch or artery.—adjs. Ramūlif′erous, Ram′ūlose, Ram′ūlous, having small branches.—n. Ramus′cūle, a branchlet. [L. ramus, a branch.]

Ran, pa.t. of run.

Rana, rā′na, n. the genus of the frogs.—n. Ranā′rium, a place where frogs are reared. [L., 'a frog.']

Rana, rä′nä, n. prince or chief in Rajputana. [Hind.]

Rance, rans, n. a prop, as for the support of a congreve-rocket. [O. Fr. ranche—L. ramex, -icis, a staff—ramus, a branch.]

Ranch, ranch, n. a stock farm in the west part of the United States.—v.i. to manage or work upon a ranch—also Ranche, Ranch′o.—ns. Ranch′er, Ranchero (ran-chā′rō), Ranch′man, one employed in ranching; Rancheria (ran-chā-rē′a), a herdsman's hut: a village of herdsmen: a settlement of Indians; Ranch′ing, the business of cattle-breeding. [Sp. rancho, prop. 'mess' or 'mess-room;' in Mexico, a herdsman's hut, a grazing-farm.]

Ranch, ransh, v.t. (Dryden) to tear, wound. [Wrench.]

Rancid, ran′sid, adj. partially decomposed (used of oil or any greasy substance): sour: disgusting.—adj. Rances′cent, becoming rancid.—adv. Ran′cidly.—ns. Ran′cidness, Rancid′ity, the quality of being rancid. [L. rancidus, putrid.]

Rancour, rang′kur, n. deep-seated enmity: spite: virulence: (Shak.) sourness.—adjs. (obs.) Ranck=Rank; Ran′corous, malicious: virulent.—adv. Ran′corously. [Fr.,—L. rancor, an old grudge—rancere, to be rancid.]

Rand, rand, n. a strip of flesh or of leather: one of the slips beneath the heel of the shoe, called the heel-rand: a margin, border, edge, of a stream: a territory, as the Rand in the Transvaal.—ns. Rand′ing-machine′, a machine for fitting rands to heel-blanks; Rand′ing-tool, a tool for cutting out rands for shoes. [A.S. rand, rond, border.]

Rand, rand, v.i. an old form of rant.

Randall-grass, ran′dal-gras, n. the meadow fescue.

Randan, ran′dan, n. a noise or uproar: a spree—in phrase, 'On the randan:' the finest part of the bran of wheat: a boat impelled by three oarsmen—also Randan gig. [Prob. from rand, a variant of rant.]

Randle-bar, ran′dl-bar, n. the horizontal bar in an open chimney on which cooking-vessels are hung.—Also Ran′dle-balk.

Randle-tree. See Rantle-tree.

Random, ran′dum, adj. done or uttered at haphazard: left to chance: aimless—(obs.) Ran′don.—n. something done without aim, chance—now only in phrase, At random, haphazard.—adv. Ran′domly, without direction: by chance. [O. Fr. randon, urgency, haste; from Teut.; Ger. rand, a brim.]

Randy, ran′di, n. a virago: (Scot.) a romping girl: a violent beggar. [Rand, rant.]

Ranee. See Rani.

Rang, rang, pa.t. of ring.

Range, rānj, v.t. to rank or set in a row: to place in proper order: to rove or pass over: to sail in a direction parallel to.—v.i. to be placed in order: to lie in a particular direction: to have range or direction: to rove at large: to beat about, as for game: to sail or pass near: to be on a level: to extend.—n. a row or rank: a class or order: a wandering: room for passing to and fro: space occupied by anything moving: capacity of mind: extent of acquirements: the horizontal distance to which a shot is carried: a space through which a body moves, as the range of a thermometer: the long cooking-stove of a kitchen: a fire-grate.—adj. Rangé (her.), arranged in order, said of small bearings set in a row fessewise.—n. Range′-find′er, an instrument for determining the range of an object by sight.—n.pl. Range′-lights, lights placed in line, usually at or near a lighthouse, so as to direct the course of a ship through a channel: lights on board ship so placed as to give a ready indication of changes of course to other vessels.—n. Rang′er, a rover: a dog that beats the ground: an officer who superintends a forest or park.—n.pl. Rang′ers, a body of mounted troops: a name sometimes taken by clubs of football players, &c.—ns. Rang′ership; Range′-stove, a portable cooking-range.—adj. Ran′gy, disposed to roam: roomy. [Fr. ranger, to range—rang, a rank.]

Rangia, ran′ji-a, n. a family of bivalves. [From Rang, a French conchologist.]

Rangifer, ran′ji-fer, n. a genus of Cervidæ, to which the reindeer belongs.—adjs. Ran′gerine, Rangif′erine. [O. Fr. rangier, a reindeer, most prob. the Ice. hreinn, reindeer, L. fera, a wild beast.]

Rani, Ranee, ran′ē, n. the wife of a rajah. [Hind. rānī—Sans. rājñi, queen, fem. of rājan.]

Ranidæ, ran′i-dē, n.pl. the largest family of batrachians, including about 250 species, of several genera.—adjs. Ran′iform, frog-like; Rā′nine, pertaining to frogs; Rāniv′orous, frog-eating. [L. rana, a frog.]

Rank, rangk, n. a row or line, esp. of soldiers standing side by side: class or order: grade or degree: station: high social position or standing.—v.t. to place in a line: to range in a particular class: to place methodically: to take rank over.—v.i. to be placed in a rank or class: to have a certain degree of distinction: to be admitted as a claim against the property of a bankrupt.—n. Rank′er, one who arranges or disposes in ranks: an officer who has risen from the ranks.—Rank and file, the whole body of common soldiers.—Take rank of, to have the right to take a higher place than; Take rank with, to take the same rank as; The ranks, the order of common soldiers. [O. Fr. renc (Fr. rang)—Old High Ger. hring or hrinc, Eng. ring.]

Rank, rangk, adj. growing high and luxuriantly: coarse from excessive growth: raised to a high degree: excessive: very fertile: strong-scented: strong-tasted: rancid: utter, as rank nonsense: coarse: indecent: (Shak.) ruttish: (slang) eager: (law) excessive: (mech.) cutting deeply.—adv. (Spens.) rankly, fiercely.—v.i. Rank′le, to be inflamed: to fester: to be a source of disquietude or excitement: to rage.—v.t. to irritate.—adv. Rank′ly, offensively: to an inordinate degree.—n. Rank′ness, exuberant growth: (Shak.) insolence.—adjs. Rank′-rī′ding, hard-riding; Rank′-scent′ed (Shak.), strong-scented: rancid. [A.S. ranc, fruitful, rank; Ice. rakkr, bold, Dan. rank, lank, slender.]

Ransack, ran′sak, v.t. to search thoroughly: to plunder: to pillage.—n. eager search.—n. Ran′sacker. [Scand. rannsaka—rann, a house, sak (sækja), Eng. seek.]

Ransom, ran′sum, n. price paid for redemption from captivity or punishment: release from captivity: atonement: expiation.—v.t. to redeem from captivity, punishment, or ownership: (Shak.) to set free for a price: (Shak.) to expiate.—adj. Ran′somable.—n. Ran′somer.—adj. Ran′somless, without ransom: incapable of being ransomed. [Fr. rançon—L. redemptio; cf. Redemption.]

Rant, rant, v.i. to use extravagant language: to be noisy in words: to be noisily merry.—n. empty declamation: bombast: (Scot.) a frolic.—ns. Rant′er, a noisy talker: a jovial fellow: a boisterous preacher: a byname for the Primitive Methodists: a nickname applied to the members of a sect of the Commonwealth time; Rant′erism.—adv. Rant′ingly, boisterously.—adj. Rant′ipole, wild.—n. a reckless fellow. [Old Dut. ranten, to rave; Low Ger. randen, Ger. ranzen.]

Rantle-tree, ran′tl-trē, n. (Scot.) a beam built into the gable of a cottage.

Ranula, ran′ū-la, n. a tumour on the tongue of cattle.—adj. Ran′ūlar. [L.]

Ranunculus, rā-nung′kū-lus, n. a genus of plants, including the crowfoot, buttercup, &c.:—pl. Rānun′culī, Rānun′culuses.—adj. Rānunculā′ceous, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the order of which the ranunculus is the typical genus. [L., a dim. of rana, a frog.]

Ranz-des-vaches, rong′-dā-väsh′, n. a melody of the Swiss, played on the alpenhorn. [Swiss Fr., either 'the lowing of the cows' or 'the line of cows.' Vaches, pl. of vache—L. vacca, a cow; ranz, either Swiss dial. ranz (cf. Ger. ranzen), or for rangs, pl. of rang, a line.]

Rap, rap, n. a sharp blow: a knock, or a sound made by knocking: a counterfeit coin current in Ireland for a halfpenny in the time of George I.—hence, 'Not worth a rap.'—v.t. and v.i. to strike with a quick blow: to knock: to utter sharply, as to rap out a lie: to swear falsely:—pr.p. rap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. rapped.—n. Rap′per, one who raps: a door-knocker. [Scand., as Dan. rap; imit.]

Rap, rap, v.t. to seize and carry off: to transport out of one's self: to affect with rapture:—pr.p. rap′ping; pa.p. rapped or rapt. [Scand., as Ice. hrapa, to rush headlong, cog. with Ger. raffen, to snatch.]

Rapacious, ra-pā′shus, adj. seizing by violence: given to plunder: ravenous: greedy of gain.—n. Rapā′ces, the beasts and birds of prey.—adv. Rapā′ciously.—ns. Rapā′ciousness, Rapac′ity, the quality of being rapacious: ravenousness: extortion. [L. rapax, rapacis—rapĕre, raptum, to seize and carry off.]

Rape, rāp, n. the act of seizing and carrying away by force: carnal knowledge of a woman without her consent.—adj. Rape′ful, given to violence or lust. [M. E. rapen, to haste, a variant of rappen, to seize, confused with L. rapĕre, to snatch.]

Rape, rāp, n. a division of the county of Sussex, greater than the hundred. [Ice. hreppr, district.]

Rape, rāp, n. a plant nearly allied to the turnip, cultivated for its herbage and oil-producing seeds: cole-seed.—ns. Rape′-cake, cake made of the refuse, after the oil has been expressed from the rape-seed; Rape′-oil, oil obtained from rape-seed; Rape′-seed, the seed of the rape, cole-seed. [Through Fr. from L. rapa, rapum, a turnip; cog. with Gr. rhapys.]

Rape, rāp, n. the stalk and skin of grapes.

Rap-full, rap′-fool, adj. full of wind—of sails when close-hauled.—n. a sail full of wind.

Raphaelesque, raf-ā-el-esk′, adj. in the manner of the great Italian painter Raphael, Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483-1520).—ns. Raph′āelism, the principles of art of Raphael; Raph′āelite, one who follows the principles of Raphael; Raph′āelitism.

Raphania, raf-ā′ni-a, n. ergotism, a disease occurring in two forms, a spasmodic and a gangrenous, due to the use of rye, wheat, rice, &c., in which a poisonous fungus has developed.—n. Raph′anus, a genus of Cruciferæ, the radish family.

Raphe, rā′fē, n. (anat.) a seam-like union of two lateral halves, either a median septum of connective tissue or a longitudinal ridge: the fibro-vascular cord joining the hilum of an anatropous or amphitropous ovule or seed with the chalaza: a line or rib connecting the nodules on a diatom-valve. [Gr. rhaphē, a seam.]

Raphia, rā′fi-a, n. a genus of handsome pinnately-leaved palms. [Malagasy.]

Raphides, raf′i-dēz, n.pl. crystals found in the interior of the cells of plants:—sing. Rā′phis.—adjs. Rāphid′ian, Raphidif′erous. [Gr. rhaphis, rhaphidos, a needle—rhaptein, to sew.]

Raphigraph, raf′i-graf, n. a kind of typewriter for the blind, pricking characters in paper by needle-points. [Gr. rhaphis, a needle, graphein, to write.]

Rapid, rap′id, adj. hurrying along: very swift: speedy.—n. that part of a river where the current is most rapid (gen. in pl.).—n. Rapid′ity, quickness of motion or utterance: swiftness: velocity.—adv. Rap′idly.—n. Rap′idness. [Fr. rapide—L. rapidus—rapĕre, to seize.]

Rapidamente, ra-pē-dä-men′te, adv. (mus.) rapidly.—adv. Rap′ido, with rapidity. [It.]

Rapier, rā′pi-ėr, n. a light, highly tempered, edgeless, thrusting weapon, finely pointed, and about 3 feet in length, long the favourite weapon in duelling.—n. Rā′pier-fish, a swordfish. [Fr. rapière, prob. from Sp. raspadera—raspar, rapar, to rasp.]

Rapine, rap′in, n. act of seizing and carrying away forcibly: plunder: violence. [Fr.,—L. rapina—rapĕre, to seize.]

Raping, rā′ping, adj. (her.) tearing its prey: (obs.) transporting, ravishing.

Raploch, rap′loh, n. and adj. (Scot.) homespun.

Rapparee, rap-ar-ē′, n. a wild Irish plunderer: a vagabond. [Ir. rapaire, a robber.]

Rappee, ra-pē′, n. a coarse, strong-flavoured snuff. [Fr. râpé, rasped, grated—râper, to rasp.]

Rappel, ra-pel′, n. the beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms. [Fr.]

Rapper, rap′ėr, n. one who raps, esp. a spiritualistic medium: a swinging knocker for making signals at the mouth of a shaft: a loud oath or bold lie.—adj. Rap′ping (prov.), remarkably large.

Rapport, ra-pōr′, n. accord, as in the French phrase, 'en rapport,' in harmony. [Fr.]

Rapprochement, ra-prōsh′mong, n. reunion. [Fr.]

Rapscallion, rap-skal′yun, n. a rascal: a wretch. [Rascallion.]

Rapt, rapt, adj. raised to rapture: transported: ravished:—pa.t. and pa.p. of rap (2).—v.t. (obs.) to grasp or carry off.—n. Rap′tor, a ravisher. [Rap, to seize, influenced by L. rapĕre, to snatch.]

Raptores, rap-tō′rēz, n.pl. an order of birds of prey distinguished by a hooked bill and sharp claws, and including the vultures, falcons, and owls—also Raptatō′res.—adjs. Raptō′rial, seizing by violence, as a bird of prey; Raptō′rious. [L. raptor, a plunderer—rapĕre, to seize.]

Rapture, rap′tūr, n. a seizing and carrying away: extreme delight: transport: ecstasy.—adj. Rap′tūred.—n. Rap′tūrist (Spens.), one filled with rapture.—adj. Rap′tūrous, seizing and carrying away: ecstatic.—adv. Rap′tūrously.

Rara avis, rā′ra ā′vis, n. a rare bird: a remarkable person:—pl. Rā′ræ ā′ves. [L.]

Rare, rār, adj. (comp. Rā′rer; superl. Rā′rest) thin: not dense, as rarefied atmosphere: sparse: seldom met with: uncommon: excellent: especially good: extraordinary.—ns. Rāre′bit, an erroneous form of Welsh-rabbit; Rarefac′tion, act of rarefying: expansion of aëriform bodies.—adj. Rar′efiable, capable of being rarefied.—v.t. Rarefy (rar′e-fī, or rā′re-fī), to make rare, thin, or less dense: to expand a body.—v.i. to become less dense:—pa.t. and pa.p. rar′efied.—adv. Rāre′ly, seldom: remarkably well.—ns. Rāre′ness, tenuity: scarcity; Rarity (rar′i-ti), state of being rare: thinness: subtilty: something valued for its scarcity: uncommonness. [Fr.,—L. rārus.]

Rare, rār, adj. underdone—of meat. [A.S. hrēr.]

Raree-show, rar′ē-shō, n. a show carried about in a box: a peep-show. [A corr. of rarity-show.]

Rareripe, rār′rīp, adj. early ripe. [Rathripe.]

Ras, ras, n. the chief vizier in Abyssinia: a headland, cape. [Ar., 'head.']

Rasant, rā′zant, adj. (fort.) sweeping or flanking, applied to fire. [Fr.]

Rascal, ras′kal, n. a dishonest fellow: a knave, rogue, scamp.—adj. worthless: mean.—ns. Ras′caldom, the class of rascals; Ras′calism, Rascal′ity, mean trickery or dishonesty: fraud: villainy: the rabble.—adj. Ras′calliest (Shak., superl. of Rascally).—n. Rascall′ion, a rascal: one of the lowest people: a low, mean wretch.—adjs. Ras′cally, Ras′cal-like, mean: vile: base. [Fr. racaille, scum of the people, through Low L. forms from L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Rase, rāz, v.t. to scratch or blot out: to efface: to cancel: to level with the ground, demolish, or ruin (in this sense raze is generally used).—n. a slight wound.—ns. Rā′sing, in shipbuilding, the act of marking figures upon timber; Rā′sing-ī′ron, a caulking-iron for cleaning the pitch, &c., from a vessel's seams; Rā′sing-knife, an edged tool for making marks on timber, &c.; Rā′sion, a scraping: rasure; Rā′sure, act of scraping, shaving, or erasing: obliterating: an erasure. [Fr. raser—L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Rash, rash, adj. (comp. Rash′er; superl. Rash′est) hasty: headstrong: incautious.—adj. Rash′-embraced′ (Shak.), rashly undertaken.—ns. Rash′er, a thin slice of broiled bacon, perh. because quickly roasted; Rash′ling, a rash person.—adv. Rash′ly, precipitately.—n. Rash′ness. [Dan. and Sw. rask; Ger. rasch, rapid.]

Rash, rash, n. a slight eruption on the skin. [O. Fr. rasche (Fr. rache)—L. radĕre, to scratch.]

Rash, rash, v.t. (obs.) to tear, to lacerate. [Fr. arracher, to uproot.]

Raskolnik, ras-kol′nik, n. in Russia, a schismatic, a dissenter from the orthodox or Greek Church.

Rasorial, ra-sō′ri-al, adj. belonging to an order of birds which scrape the ground for their food, as the hen.—n.pl. Rasō′res, the Gallinæ. [Rase.]

Rasp, rasp, v.t. to rub with a coarse file: to utter in a grating manner.—v.i. to have a grating effect.—n. a coarse file.—ns. Rasp′atory, a surgeon's rasp; Rasp′er, that which rasps: (coll.) a difficult fence; Rasp′-house, a place where wood is reduced to powder for dyeing; Rasp′ing, a filing.—adj. exasperating.—adv. Rasp′ingly.—ns. Rasp′ing-machine′, a bark-cutting machine; Rasp′ing-mill; Rasp′-punch, a tool for cutting the teeth of rasps.—adj. Rasp′y, rough. [O. Fr. rasper (Fr. râper)—Old High Ger. raspōn, whence Ger. raspeln, to rasp.]

Raspberry, raz′ber-i, n. the fruit of several plants of genus Rubus, the plant producing it—also Rasp.—n. Rasp′berry-bush, the shrub which yields the raspberry.—Raspberry borer, the larvæ of one of the clear-winged sphinxes; Raspberry vinegar, a drink of raspberry juice, vinegar, and sugar.

Rastrum, ras′trum, n. a music-pen. [Rase.]

Rat, rat, n. an animal of the genus Mus, larger and more destructive than the mouse: a renegade, turncoat: a workman who accepts lower than the authorised wages, who declines to join in a strike, or who takes a striker's work: a roll of anything used to puff out the hair which is turned over it.—v.i. (coll.) to desert one's party and join their opponents for gain or power: to take lower than current wages, to refuse to join in a strike, to take a striker's place:—pr.p. rat′ting; pa.p. and pa.t. rat′ted.—ns. Rat′-catch′er, one whose business it is to catch rats; Rat′-catch′ing; Rat′-hole (print.), a pigeon-hole; Rat′-pit, an enclosure where rats are killed; Rat′-poi′son, a preparation of arsenic; Rat's′-bane, poison for rats: arsenious acid; Rat′-tail, an excrescence growing on a horse's leg.—adj. Rat′-tailed, having a tail like a rat.—ns. Rat′ter, a terrier which catches rats; Rat′tery, apostasy; Rat′ting, deserting one's principles: working for less than the usual prices: setting a dog to kill rats in a pit; Rat′-trap, a trap for catching rats.—Rat-tailed larva, the larva of certain syrphid flies.—Smell a rat, to have a suspicion. [A.S. ræt; Ger. ratte.]

Rata, rä′ta, n. a New Zealand tree related to various species of Ironwood, its wood once much used for making clubs, and valuable for shipbuilding.

Ratable, Rateable, rā′ta-bl, adj. See Rate.

Ratafia, rat-a-fē′a, n. a flavouring essence made with the essential oil of almonds: a fancy cake. [Fr.,—Malay araqtáfía, from Ar. ‛araq, Malay táfía, rum.]

Ratan, ra-tan′, n. Same as Rattan.

Ratany, rat′a-ni, n. a perennial procumbent shrub, yielding the medicinal ratany root. [Peruv.]

Rataplan, rat-a-plong′, n. the sound or rattle of the military drum, a tattoo. [Fr.; imit.]

Rat-a-tat, rat′-a-tat′, n. sound of repeated knocks, as of a drumstick.—Also Rat′-tat. [Imit.]

Ratch, rach, n. a rack or bar with teeth into which a click drops: the wheel which makes a clock strike: a white mark on the face of a horse.—v.t. to stretch: to streak.—v.i. to sail by tacks.—ns. Ratch′et, a bar acting on the teeth of a ratchet-wheel: a click or pall; Ratch′et-coup′ling, a device for uncoupling machinery in the event of a sudden stoppage; Ratch′et-drill, a tool for drilling holes, the bit mounted in a stock and rotated by a ratchet-wheel and lever; Ratch′et-jack, a form of screw-jack; Ratch′et-lē′ver, a lever fitted round a ratchet-wheel; Ratch′et-punch, a punch worked by means of a ratchet-lever; Ratch′et-wheel, a wheel having teeth against which a ratchet abuts, for changing a reciprocating into a rotatory motion, &c.; Ratch′et-wrench, a ratchet bed-key wrench.—adj. Ratch′ety, jerky.—n. Ratch′ment (archit.), a flying buttress springing from corner principals. [Rack.]

Ratchel, rach′el, n. (prov.) broken-stone, hard-pan.—Also Ratch′il.

Rate, rāt, n. a ratio or proportion: allowance: standard: value: price: the class of a ship and of seamen: movement, as fast or slow: a tax.—v.t. to calculate: to estimate: to settle the relative rank, scale, or position of.—v.i. to make an estimate: to be placed in a certain class: to ratify.—ns. Rātabil′ity, Rā′tableness, quality of being ratable.—adj. Rā′table, Rā′teable, that may be rated or set at a certain value: subject to taxation.—adv. Rā′tably.—ns. Rāte′-book, a book of valuations; Rāte′payer, one who pays a local tax.—adj. Rāte′paying, paying, or relating to, an assessed local tax.—ns. Rā′ter, one who makes an estimate; Rāte′-tithe, a tithe paid for sheep and cattle; Rā′ting, a fixing of rates: classification according to rank or grade.—At any rate, by any means; By no rate, by no means. [O. Fr.,—Low L. rata, rate—L. rēri, ratus, to think.]

Rate, rāt, v.t. to tax: to scold: to chide: to reprove. [M. E. raten, acc. to Skeat, from O. Fr. aretter, to impute—L. ad, to, reputāre, to count. Others explain as Scand., Sw. rata, to reject.]

Ratel, rā′tel, n. a genus of quadrupeds of the bear family, nearly allied to the gluttons, and very like the badgers. [Fr., dim. of rat.]

Rat-goose, rat′-gōōs, n. the brent or brant goose.

Rath, räth, adj. early, soon—also Rathe.—adv. Rath (arch.), early, soon.—adj. Rath′erest (Shak.), superl. of Rath.—adv. Rath′ly, suddenly.—adj. Rath′ripe, early ripe. [A.S. hræth, quickly; Ice. hradhr, swift, Mid. High Ger. hrad, quick.]

Rath, rath, n. a prehistoric hill-fort. [Ir.]

Rath, rät, n. a name given to some Indian rock-cut Buddhist temples.

Rath, rät, n. a Burmese state-carriage.

Rather, räth′ėr, adv. more willingly: in preference: especially: more so than otherwise: on the contrary: somewhat, in some degree: more properly: (coll.) considerably, very much.—adj. Rath′erish, to a slight degree, somewhat.—Rather better than, somewhat in excess of.—The rather, by so much the more. [A.S. hrathor, comp. of hrathe, early.]

Ratify, rat′i-fī, v.t. to approve and sanction: to settle:—pa.t. and pa.p. rat′ified.—ns. Ratificā′tion, act of ratifying or confirming: confirmation; Rat′ifier, one who, or that which, ratifies or sanctions. [Fr. ratifier—L. ratus, fixed by calculation—rēri, ratus, to think, facĕre, to make.]

Ratio, rā′shi-o, n. the relation or the proportion of one thing to another: reason, cause: (mus.) the relation between the vibration-numbers of two tones. [L. ratio, reason—rēri, ratus, to think.]

Ratiocinate, rash-i-os′i-nāt, v.i. to reason:—pr.p. ratioc′inating; pa.p. ratioc′inated.—n. Ratiocinā′tion, the process of reasoning: deduction from premises.—adjs. Ratioc′inātive, Ratioc′inātory. [L. ratiocināri, -ātus—ratio, reason.]

Ration, rā′shon, n. the quantity of provisions distributed to a soldier or sailor daily: an allowance.—n. Rā′tion-mon′ey, money paid as commutation for rations. [Fr.,—L. ratio.]

Rational, rash′on-al, adj. pertaining to the reason: endowed with reason: agreeable to reason: sane: intelligent: judicious: (arith., alg.) noting a quantity which can be exactly expressed by numbers.—n. Rationabil′ity, the possession of reason.—adj. Rat′ionable, reasonable.—ns. Rationā′le, a rational account of anything, with reasons for its existence: a theoretical explanation or solution; Rationalisā′tion, subjection to rational principles.—v.t. Rat′ionalise, to interpret like a rationalist: to think for one's self.—v.i. to rely entirely or unduly on reason.—ns. Rat′ionalism, the religious system or doctrines of a rationalist; Rat′ionalist, one who believes himself guided in his opinions solely by reason, independently of authority, esp. in regard to religion—denying supernatural revelation.—adjs. Rationalist′ic, -al, pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism.—adv. Rationalist′ically, in a rationalistic manner.—n. Rational′ity, quality of being rational: the possession or due exercise of reason: reasonableness.—adv. Rat′ionally, reasonably.—n. Rat′ionalness.—n.pl. Rat′ionals, dress for women convenient for bicycling, &c.—breeches instead of skirts.

Rational, rash′on-al, n. the breast-plate of the Jewish high-priest: a pectoral worn by a bishop. [L. rationale, a mistaken rendering in the Vulgate of the Gr. logion, oracle.]

Ratitæ, rā-tī′tē, n. a division of birds, including the ostriches, cassowaries, emus, and kiwis.—n. Rā′tite, Rat′itate, raft-breasted, as a bird.

Ratiuncule, rā-shi-ung′kūl, n. a ratio very near unity. [Dim. of L. ratio.]

Ratline, Ratlin, rat′lin, n. one of the small lines or ropes traversing the shrouds and forming the steps of the rigging of ships—also Rat′ling, Ratt′ling.—n. Rat′line-stuff (naut.), a tarred rope from which ratlines are made. [Prob. rat-lines.]

Ratoon, ra-tōōn′, n. a new shoot from the root of a sugar-cane.—v.i. to send up new shoots from the root after cropping. [Hind. ratun.]

Rattan, rat-an′, n. a genus of palms having a smooth, reed-like stem several hundreds of feet in length: a walking-stick made of rattan: stems of rattan palm used as a raft. [Malay rótan.]

Rattan, ra-tan′, n. the continuous beat of a drum.

Ratteen, rat-tēn′, n. a thick woollen stuff. [Fr.]

Ratten, rat′n, v.t. to break or take away a workman's tools, &c., for disobeying the trades-union—the loss being ironically attributed to rats.

Rattinet, rat-ti-net′, n. a thin variety of ratteen.

Ratting. See Rat.

Rattle, rat′l, v.i. to clatter: to move along rapidly, with a clattering noise: to speak eagerly and noisily.—v.t. to cause to make a clatter: to stun with noise: to speak rapidly: to scold loudly.—n. a sharp noise rapidly repeated, as the death-rattle: a clatter: loud empty talk: loud scolding: a toy or instrument for rattling: a brisk jabberer: an annual meadow herb: a lousewort.—adjs. Ratt′le-brained, -head′ed, -pat′ed, noisy: giddy: unsteady.—ns. Ratt′le-mouse, a bat; Ratt′lepate, a noisy chatterer; Ratt′ler, a loud, inconsiderate talker: (coll.) a stunning blow: (coll.) an impudent lie; Ratt′lesnake, a poisonous snake having a number of hard, bony rings loosely jointed at the end of the tail, which make a rattling noise; Ratt′lesnake-grass, an American grass; Ratt′lesnake-mas′ter, -root, an American plant reputed to cure the bite of a rattlesnake; Ratt′lesnake-weed, a hawk-weed of the United States; Ratt′le-trap, a rickety vehicle; Ratt′lewort, a plant of genus Crotalaria; Ratt′ling, a clattering: railing.—adj. making a rattle: smart, lively: (coll.) strikingly great. [A.S. hrætele, hratele, a plant—from the rattling of the seeds in the capsules; Ger. rasseln, Dut. ratelen, to rattle.]

Rattling, rat′ling, n. Same as Ratline.

Raucity, raws′i-ti, n. hoarseness: harshness of sound.—adjs. Rauc′id, Raucous (raw′kus), hoarse.—adv. Rauc′ously. [L. raucus, hoarse.]

Raucle, rawk′l, adj. (Scot.) rough: fearless.

Raught, rawt (Spens.)—(obs.) pa.t. of reach.

Ravage, rav′āj, v.t. to lay waste: to destroy: to pillage.—n. devastation: ruin.—n. Rav′ager. [Fr.,—ravir, to carry off by force—L. rapĕre.]

Rave, rāv, v.i. to be mad: to be wild or raging, like a madman: to talk irrationally.—v.t. to utter wildly.—ns. Rā′ver, one who raves or is furious; Rā′ving, furious talk.—adj. delirious: distracted.—adv. Rā′vingly, in a raving manner: with frenzy: with distraction. [O. Fr. râver (Fr. rêver), to be delirious—L. rabies, madness.]

Rave, rāv, n. one of the side pieces of a wagon.

Rave, rāv, old pa.t. of rive.

Rave-hook, rāv′-hook, n. a ripping-iron.

Ravel, rav′el, v.t. to confuse, entangle: to untwist or unweave: to unravel (in this sense usually with out).—v.i. to be untwisted or unwoven: to become entangled: to search (with into):—pr.p. rav′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. rav′elled.—n. a ravelled thread.—adj. Rav′elled, denoting bread made from flour and bran.—ns. Rav′elling, a ravelled thread; Rav′elling-en′gine, a machine for tearing rags.—adv. Rav′elly.—n. Rav′elment, discord. [Dut. ravelen.]

Ravelin, rav′lin, n. a detached work with two embankments raised before the counterscarp. [Fr.,—It. rivellino.]

Raven, rā′vn, n. a kind of crow, noted for its croak and glossy black plumage.—adj. black, like a raven.—adj. Rā′ven-col′oured (Shak.).—ns. Rā′ven's-duck, fine hempen sail-cloth; Rā′venstone, a gallows. [A.S. hræfn; Ice. hrafn, Dut. raaf.]

Raven, Ravin (B.), rav′n, v.t. to obtain by violence: to devour with great eagerness or voracity.—v.i. to prey rapaciously.—n. prey: plunder.—ns. Rav′ener, a plunderer; Rav′ening (B.), eagerness for plunder.—adjs. Rav′enous, Rav′ined, voracious: devouring with rapacity: eager for prey or gratification.—adv. Rav′enously.—n. Rav′enousness. [O. Fr. ravine, plunder—L. rapina, plunder.]

Ravine, ra-vēn′, n. a long, deep hollow, worn away by a torrent: a deep, narrow mountain-pass. [Fr.,—L. rapina, rapine, violence.]

Ravish, rav′ish, v.t. to seize or carry away by violence: to rob: to have sexual intercourse with by force: to fill with ecstasy.—n. Rav′isher.—p.adj. Rav′ishing, delighting to rapture: transporting: ecstatic.—adv. Rav′ishingly, in a ravishing manner: with rapture.—n. Rav′ishment, act of ravishing: abduction: rape: ecstatic delight: rapture. [Fr. ravir—L. rapĕre.]

Raw, raw, adj. not altered from its natural state: not cooked or dressed: unbaked: not prepared or manufactured: not mixed: having the skin abraded: sore, as from abrasion of the skin: unfinished: immature: inexperienced: chilly and damp.—n. a galled place: an inveterate sore: hence (fig.) a point on which one is particularly sensitive.—adjs. Raw′bone (Spens.), Raw′boned, with little flesh on the bones: gaunt; Raw′-cold (Shak.), damp and cold.—ns. Raw′head, a spectre mentioned to frighten children; Raw′hide, an untanned skin: a whip made of twisted, untanned leather.—adj. Raw′ish, rather raw.—adv. Raw′ly.—ns. Raw′ness; Raw′-port, a porthole through which an oar can be worked in a small vessel. [A.S. hreáw; Dut. raauw, Ice. hrár, Ger. roh.]

Rax, raks, v.t. (Scot.) to reach out, hand. [Rack.]

Ray, rā, n. array.—v.t. to array—hence, ironically, (Shak.) to bedaub. [Array.]

Ray, rā, n. a line of light or heat: a beam or gleam of intellectual light: a radiating part of any structure: (bot.) the outer part of a flower-cluster.—v.t. to radiate: to furnish with rays.—v.i. to shine out.—adjs. Rayed, having rays; Ray′less, without rays: destitute of light. [Fr. raie—L. radius, a rod.]

Ray, rā, n. a popular name for such flat, cartilaginous fishes as the skate, thornback, and torpedo.—n. Ray′-oil, oil prepared from the livers of ray-fish. [Fr. raie—L. raia.]

Ray, rā, n. the scab—a disease of sheep.

Ray, rā, n. (mus.) the second note of the diatonic scale.

Rayah, rä′ya, n. a non-Mohammedan subject of Turkey who pays the capitation tax. [Ar. raiya—ra‛a, to pasture.]

Rayle, rāl, v.i. (Spens.). Same as Rail.

Rayne, rān, v.i. and n. (Spens.). Same as Rain.

Rayon, rā′on, n. (Spens.) a ray. [Fr.]

Rayonnant, rā′o-nant, adj. (her.) sending forth rays. [Fr., pr.p. of rayonner, to emit rays—rayon, a ray.]

Raze, rāz, n. (Shak.). Same as Race (3).

Raze, rāz, v.t. to lay level with the ground: to overthrow: to destroy. [Rase.]

Raze, rāz, n. a swinging fence in a water-course to prevent the passage of cattle.

Razee, ra-zē′, n. a ship-of-war cut down by reducing the number of decks. [Fr. rasé, cut down.]

Razor, rā′zor, n. a keen-edged implement for shaving: a tusk, as the razors of a boar.—adj Rā′zorable (Shak.), fit to be shaved.—ns. Rā′zor-back, a kind of baleen whale, also called Rorqual, Fin-back, or Finner: a hog whose back has the form of a ridge; Rā′zor-bill, a species of auk, common on the coasts of the northern Atlantic; Rā′zor-blade, -clam, -fish, -shell, a bivalve mollusc with an elongated, narrow shell; Rā′zor-hone, a hone for sharpening razors; Rā′zor-paste, a paste for spreading on a razor-strop; Rā′zor-strop, a strop for razors. [Fr. rasoir—L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Razure, rā′zhōōr, n. Same as Erasure.

Razzia, rat′si-a, n. a pillaging incursion—Algerian.

Re, rā, n. (mus.). Same as Ray.

Re, rē, n. a word used in the legal phrase In re, in the case (of). [L., abl. of res, thing, case.]

Reabsorb, rē-ab-sorb′, v.t. to absorb, suck in, or swallow up again.—n. Reabsorp′tion.

Reaccommodate, rē-a-kom′o-dāt, v.t. to readjust.

Reaccuse, rē-a-kūz′, v.t. to accuse again.

Reach, rēch, v.t. to stretch or extend: to attain or obtain by stretching out the hand: to hand over: to extend to: to arrive at: to get at: to gain.—v.i. to be extended: to mount up in quantity or number: to stretch out the hand: to try to obtain: to arrive.—n. act or power of reaching: extent of stretch: extent of force: penetration: artifice: contrivance: a straight portion of a stream between bends: (naut.) the distance traversed between tacks.—adj Reach′able, within reach.—ns. Reach′er, one who reaches; Reach′ing-post, in rope-making, a post fixed at the lower end of a rope-walk.—adjs Reach′less, unattainable; Reach′-me-down, ready-made.—Head reach, the distance to windward traversed by a vessel while tacking. [A.S. rǽcan; Ger. reichen, to reach.]

Reacquite, rē-a-kwīt′, v.t. to pay back: to requite.

React, rē-akt′, v.t. to act anew.—v.i. to return an impulse in the opposite direction: to act mutually on each other.—n. Reac′tion, action resisting other action: mutual action: backward tendency from revolution, reform, or progress.—adj Reac′tionary, for or implying reaction.—n. one who attempts to reverse political action.—n. Reac′tionist.—adj Reac′tive.—adv. Reac′tively.—ns. Reac′tiveness, Reactiv′ity.

Read, rēd, v.t. to utter aloud written or printed words: to peruse: to comprehend: to study, as to read law, science: to teach: to make out, from signs: to solve, as to read a dream: to interpret: to understand, as reading the stars: to note the indication of, as to read a barometer: impute by inference, as to read a meaning into a book.—v.i. to perform the act of reading: to practise much reading: to appear on reading: to advise: to speak: to acquire information: to utter the words of a book: (mus.) to render music at first sight: to put a certain expression upon it: to be suitable for perusal:—pa.t. and pa.p. read (red).—n. Read, a reading, perusal: (Spens.) counsel, a saying, an interpretation.—adj Read (red), versed in books: learned.—ns. Readabil′ity, Read′ableness.—adj Readable (rēd′a-bl), that may be read: worth reading: interesting: enabling to read.—adv. Read′ably.—ns. Read′er, one who reads: one whose office it is to read prayers in a church, or lectures in a university, &c.: one who reads or corrects proofs: one who reads much: a reading-book; Read′ership, the office of a reader.—adj. Read′ing, addicted to reading.—n. act of reading: perusal: study of books: public or formal recital: the way in which a passage reads: an interpretation of a passage or work: a version: noting an instrument, as the reading of a barometer.—ns. Read′ing-book, a book of exercises in reading; Read′ing-boy (print.), a reader's assistant; Read′ing-desk, a desk for holding a book or paper while it is read: a church-lectern; Read′ing-lamp, a form of lamp for use in reading; Read′ing-room, a room with papers, periodicals, &c., resorted to for reading.—Read between the lines, to detect a meaning not expressed; Read one's self in, in the Church of England, to read the Thirty-nine Articles and repeat the declaration of assent prescribed by law to a new incumbent.—Penny reading, an entertainment consisting of readings, &c., to which the admission is a penny. [A.S. rǽdan, to discern, read—rǽd, counsel; Ger. rathen, to advise.]

Readdress, rē-ad-dres′, v.t. to address again.

Readeption, rē-a-dep′shun, n. (Bacon) the act of regaining, recovery.—v.t. Readept′. [L. re-, again, adipisci, adeptus, to obtain.]

Readjourn, rē-ad-jurn′, v.t. to adjourn again.—n. Readjourn′ment.

Readjust, rē-ad-just′, v.t. to adjust or put in order again, or in a new way.—n. Readjust′ment.

Readmit, rē-ad-mit′, v.t. to admit again.—ns. Readmis′sion, act of readmitting: state of being readmitted; Readmit′tance, admittance or allowance to enter again.

Readorn, rē-a-dorn′, v.t. to decorate again.

Ready, red′i, adj. prepared at the moment: in proper time: prepared in mind: willing: not slow or awkward: dexterous: prompt: quick: present in hand: at hand: near: easy: on the point of: opportune: off-hand, as a ready retort.—n. a waiter's answer to a call: the position of a soldier's weapon after the order 'Make ready!' (slang) ready-money.—v.t. to dispose: to arrange.—adv. in a state of readiness or preparation.—adv. Read′ily.—n. Read′iness.—adj. Read′y-made, made and ready for use: not made to order.—ns. Read′y-mon′ey, cash payment; Read′y-pole, a bar across the chimney to support the pot-hook; Read′y-reck′oner, a book of tables giving the value of any number of things from the lowest monetary unit upwards: also the interest on any sum of money from a day upwards.—adj. Read′y-wit′ted, having ready wit: clever: sharp.—Make ready, to prepare. [A.S. rǽde—rídan, to ride; Scot. red, to put in order, Ger. be-reit, ready.]

Reaffirm, re-af-fėrm′, v.t. to affirm again.—n. Reaffirmā′tion.

Reafforest, rē-af-for′est, v.t. to convert anew into a forest.—n. Reafforestā′tion.

Reagent, rē-ā′jent, n. a substance that reacts on and detects the presence of other bodies: a test: one who exerts reflex influence.—n. Reā′gency.

Reaggravation, rē-ag-rav-ā′shun, n. the last monitory before the excommunication.

Reagree, rē-a-grē′, v.i. to become reconciled.

Reak, rēk, n. (obs.) a freak: a prank.

Real, rē′al, adj. actually existing: not counterfeit or assumed: true: genuine: sincere: authentic: (law) pertaining to things fixed, as lands or houses.—adj. Rē′alisable, that may be realised.—n. Realisā′tion, act of realising or state of being realised: a realising sense or feeling.—v.t. Rē′alise, to make real: to bring into being or act: to accomplish: to convert into real property or money: to obtain, as a possession: to feel strongly: to comprehend completely: to bring home to one's own experience.—n. Rē′aliser, one who realises.—p.adj. Rē′alising, serving to make real or bring home to one as a reality: conversion of property into money.—ns. Rē′alism, the medieval doctrine that general terms stand for real existences—opp. to Nominalism: the doctrine that in external perception the objects immediately known are real existences: the tendency in art to accept and to represent things as they really are—opp. to Idealism—a method of representation without idealisation, raised by modern French writers into a system, claiming a monopoly of truth in its artistic treatment of the facts of nature and life; Rē′alist, one who holds the doctrine of realism: one who believes in the existence of the external world.—adj. Rēalist′ic, pertaining to the realists or to realism: life-like.—adv. Rēalist′ically.—n. Rēal′ity, that which is real and not imaginary: truth: verity: (law) the fixed, permanent nature of real property.—adv. Rē′ally, in reality: actually: in truth.—ns. Rē′alness, the condition of being real; Rē′alty, land, with houses, trees, minerals, &c. thereon: the ownership of, or property in, lands—also Real estate.—Real presence (see Presence); Real school, a modern German preparatory, scientific, or technical school—the highest grade being the Real gymnasium, or first-class modern school, as opp. to the gymnasium proper, or classical school. [Low L. realis—L. res, a thing.]

Real, rē-al′, n. a Spanish coin, 100 of which=£1 sterling. [Sp.,—L. regalis, royal.]

Realgar, rē-al′gar, n. a native sulphuret of arsenic, a mineral consisting of about 70 parts of arsenic and 30 of sulphur, and of a brilliant red colour. [Fr.,—Ar. rahj-al-ghar, 'powder of the mine.']

Reallege, rē-al-lej′, v.t. to allege again.

Really, rē-a-lī′, v.t. (Spens.) to bring together again: to reform.—v.t. to arrange again.—n. Reallī′ance, a renewed alliance.

Realm, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdiction: kingdom: province: country: dominion. [O. Fr. realme—Low L. regalimen—L. regalis, royal.]

Realty, rē′al-ti, n. fealty: royalty (see also Real, 1).

Ream, rēm, n. a quantity of paper consisting of 20 quires of 24 sheets. [O. Fr. raime (Fr. rame)—Sp. resma—Ar. rizma (pl. rizam), a bundle.]

Ream, rēm, v.i. (prov.) to cream: to froth.—n. Ream′iness.—adj. Ream′y.

Ream, rēm, v.t. to stretch: to enlarge by a rotatory cutter.—ns. Ream′er; Ream′ing-bit.

Reame, rēm, n. (Spens.) a realm.

Rean, rēn, n. a gutter. [Run.]

Reanimate, rē-an′i-māt, v.t. to restore to life: to infuse new life or spirit into: to revive.—n. Reanimā′tion.

Reannex, rē-an-neks′, v.t. to annex again, to reunite.—n. Reannexā′tion.

Reanoint, rē-an-oint′, v.t. to anoint anew.

Reanswer, rē-an′sėr, v.t. and v.i. (Shak.) to answer back, to react.

Reap, rēp, v.t. to cut down, as grain: to clear off a crop: to gather by effort: to receive as a reward: to obtain a harvest.—ns. Reap′er, Reap′man; Reap′ing-hook, a hook-shaped instrument, with a handle, for cutting grain: a sickle; Reap′ing-machine′, a machine for cutting grain, drawn by horses, &c.; Reap′-sil′ver, money paid by feudal tenants as a commutation for their services in reaping the crops. [A.S. rípan, to pluck; Goth. raupjan, Ger. raufen.]

Reapparel, rē-ap-par′el, v.t. to clothe again.

Reappear, rē-ap-pēr′, v.i. to appear again or a second time.—n. Reappear′ance, a second appearance.

Reapply, rē-ap-plī′, v.t. and v.i. to apply again.—n. Reapplicā′tion.

Reappoint, rē-ap-point′, v.t. to appoint again.—n. Reappoint′ment.

Reapportion, rē-ap-pōr′shun, v.t. to apportion again.—n. Reappor′tionment.

Reapproach, rē-ap-prōch′, v.t. and v.i. to approach again.

Rear, rēr, n. the back or hindmost part: the last part of an army or fleet.—ns. Rear′-ad′miral, an officer of the third rank, who commands the rear division of a fleet; Rear′dorse, an open fireplace, without a chimney, against the rear wall of a room; Rear′-front, the rear-rank of a body of troops when faced about; Rear′-guard, troops which protect the rear of an army; Rear′horse, an insect of the family Mantidæ; Rear′ing-bit, a bit to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing; Rear′ing-box, in fish-culture, a fish-breeder; Rear′-line, the last rank of a battalion, &c., drawn up in open order; Rear′most, last of all; Rear′-rank, the hindermost rank of a body of troops; Rear′ward, Rere′ward, (B.), the rear-guard, the part which comes last. [O. Fr. riere—L. retro, behind.]

Rear, rēr, v.t. to bring up to maturity: to educate: to erect: (Milt.) to lift upward, as steps: (Spens.) to carry off by force: to stir up.—v.i. to rise on the hind-legs, as a horse.—n. Rear′er, one who rears or raises: in coal-mines, a seam having an inclination of more than 30°. [A.S. rǽran, to raise, the causal of rísan, to rise.]

Rear, rēr, adj. early: underdone.—adjs. Rear′-boiled; Rear′-roast′ed. [Rare.]

Reargue, rē-ar′gū, v.t. to argue over again.—n. Rear′gument.

Rearmouse. Same as Reremouse.

Rearrange, rē-ar-rānj′, v.t. to arrange anew.—n. Rearrange′ment.

Reascend, rē-as-send′, v.t. and v.i. to ascend, mount, or climb again.—ns. Reascen′sion, Reascent′.

Reason, rē′zn, n. an idea which supports or justifies an act or belief: a motive: proof: excuse: cause: an explanation: the faculty of the mind by which man draws conclusions, and determines right and truth: the exercise of reason: just view of things: right conduct: propriety: justice: that which is conformable to reason: (logic) a premise placed after its conclusion.—v.i. to exercise the faculty of reason: to deduce inferences from premises: to argue: to debate: (B.) to converse.—v.t. to examine or discuss: to debate: to persuade by reasoning.—adj. Rea′sonable, endowed with reason: rational: acting according to reason: agreeable to reason: just: not excessive: moderate.—n. Rea′sonableness.—adv. Rea′sonably.—ns. Rea′soner; Rea′soning, act of reasoning: that which is offered in argument: course of argument.—adj. Rea′sonless.—n. Rea′son-piece, a wall plate.—By reason of, on account of: in consequence of; Principle of sufficient reason, the proposition that nothing happens without a sufficient reason why it should be as it is and not otherwise; Pure reason, reason absolutely independent of experience. [Fr. raison—L. ratio, rationis—rēri, ratus, to think.]

Reassemble, rē-as-sem′bl, v.t. and v.i. to assemble or collect again.—n. Reassem′blage.

Reassert, rē-as-sert′, v.t. to assert again.—n. Reasser′tion.

Reassess, rē-as-ses′, v.t. to assess again.—n. Reassess′ment.

Reassign, rē-as-sīn′, v.t. to assign again: to transfer back what has been assigned.—n. Reassign′ment.

Reassume, rē-as-sūm′, v.t. to assume or take again.—n. Reassump′tion.

Reassure, rē-a-shōōr′, v.t. to assure anew: to give confidence to: to confirm: to insure an insurer.—ns. Reassur′ance, repeated assurance: a second assurance against loss; Reassur′er.—adj. Reassur′ing.—adv. Reassur′ingly.

Reast, rēst, v.t. to dry or smoke (as meat). [Roast.]

Reata, Riata, rē-ä′ta, n. a rope of raw hide, used in America for catching animals. [Sp.,—L. re-, back, aptare, to fit on.]

Reattach, rē-at-tach′, v.t. to attach again.—n. Reattach′ment.

Reattain, rē-at-tān′, v.t. to attain again.

Reattempt, rē-at-temt′, v.t. to attempt again.

Réaumur's scale. See Thermometer.

Reave, rēv, v.t. to take away by violence:—pa.t. and pa.p. reft.—n. Reav′er. [A.S. reáfian, to rob—reáf, clothing, spoil; Ger. rauben, to rob.]

Reawake, rē-a-wāk′, v.i. to awake again.

Reballing, rē-bawl′ing, n. the catching of eels with earthworms fastened to a ball of lead.

Rebaptise, rē-bap-tīz′, v.t. to baptise again.—ns. Rebap′tiser; Rebap′tism, Rebaptisā′tion; Rebap′tist, one who baptises again: an anabaptist.

Rebate, rē-bāt′, v.t. (Shak.) to beat to obtuseness, to blunt: to beat back: to allow as discount.—n. Rēbāte′ment, deduction: diminution: narrowing: (her.) a shortening, as of one arm of a cross. [Fr. rebattre, to beat back—L. re-, back, battuĕre, to beat.]

Rebate, rē-bāt′, n. same as Rabate—also a hard freestone used in pavements: wood fastened to a handle in beating mortar.

Rebec, Rebeck, rē′bek, n. a musical instrument of the violin kind, with three strings played with a bow, introduced by the Moors into Spain. [O. Fr. rebec (Sp. rabel)—Ar. rabāba.]

Rebeccaite, rē-bek′a-īt, n. one of a set of rioters in South Wales, in 1843-44, who scoured the country by night, the leaders disguised in women's clothes, and threw down the toll-bars on the public roads; they were called 'Rebecca and her daughters,' from Gen. xxiv. 60.—n. Rebecc′aism.

Rebel, reb′el, n. one who rebels.—adj. rebellious.—v.i. (re-bel′) to renounce the authority of the laws and government to which one owes allegiance, or to take up arms and openly oppose them: to oppose any lawful authority:—pr.p. rebel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. rebelled′.—n. Rebel′ler, one who rebels: a rebel.—adj. Reb′el-like (Shak.), like a rebel.—n. Rebell′ion, act of rebelling: open opposition to lawful authority: revolt: the Great Rebellion in England from 1642 to 1660: the American civil war of 1861-65.—adj. Rebell′ious, engaged in rebellion: characteristic of a rebel or rebellion: (of things) refractory.—adv. Rebell′iously, in a rebellious manner: in opposition to lawful authority.—n. Rebell′iousness.—adj. Reb′elly, rebellious. [Fr. rebelle—L. rebellis, insurgent—re-, again, bellum, war.]

Rebellow, rē-bel′ō, v.i. (Spens.) to bellow in return: to echo back a loud noise.

Rebind, rē-bīnd′, v.t. to bind anew.

Rebirth, rē-bėrth′, n. a new entrance into a living form, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis.

Rebite, rē-bīt′, v.t. to freshen worn lines in a plate.

Reboant, reb′ō-ant, adj. rebellowing: loudly resounding.—n. Reboā′tion. [L. reboans, -antis, pr.p. of reboāre—re-, again, boāre, to cry aloud.]

Reboil, rē-boil′, v.t. and v.i. to cause to boil again.

Reborn, rē-bawrn′, adj. endowed with fresh life.

Rebound, rē-bownd′, v.i. to bound or start back: to bound repeatedly: to recoil: to reverberate: to re-echo.—v.t. to repeat as an echo.—n. act of rebounding: recoil.

Rebrace, rē-brās′, v.t. to renew the strength of.

Rebuff, rē-buf′, n. a. beating back: sudden check: defeat: unexpected refusal.—v.t. to beat back: to check: to repel violently: to refuse. [O. Fr. rebuffe—It. rebuffo, a reproof—It. ri (—L. re-), back, buffare, to puff.]

Rebuild, rē-bild′, v.t. to build again: to renew.—n. Rebuild′er.

Rebuke, rē-būk′, v.t. to check with reproof: to chide or reprove: (B.) to chasten.—n. direct reproof: reprimand: reprobation: (B.) chastisement: a severe check.—adjs. Rebūk′able; Rebuke′ful.—adv. Rebuke′fully.—n. Rebūk′er.—adv. Rebūk′ingly. [O. Fr. rebouquer (Fr. reboucher), from re-, back, bouque (Fr. bouche), the mouth—L. bucca, the cheek.]

Rebullition, rē-bul-ish′un, n. a renewed effervescence. [L. rebullīre, to bubble up.]

Reburse, rē-bėrs′, v.t. to pay over again. [L. re-, again, bursa, purse.]

Rebus, rē′bus, n. an enigmatical representation of a name or thing by using pictorial devices for letters, syllables, or parts of words: a riddle: (her.) a coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of the bearer:—pl. Rē′buses. [L., res, a thing—prob. from the device speaking to the beholder non verbis sed rebus.]

Rebut, rē-but′, v.t. to butt or drive back: to repel: to reject: (law) to oppose by argument or proof.—v.i. (law) to return an answer:—pr.p. rebut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rebut′ted.—adj. Rēbut′table.—ns. Rēbut′tal; Rēbut′ter, that which rebuts: a plaintiff's answer to a defendant's rejoinder. [O. Fr. rebuter, to repulse—L. re-, back, Mid. High Ger. bōzen, to beat.]

Recalcitrant, rē-kal′si-trant, adj. showing repugnance or opposition: refractory.—v.i. or (rarely) v.t. Recal′citrate, to show repugnance.—n. Recalcitrā′tion. [L. recalcitrans, -antis—re-, back, calcitrāre, -ātum, to kick—calx, calcis, the heel.]

Recalesce, rē-kal-es′, v.t. to show anew a state of glowing heat.—n. Recales′cence (phys.), a peculiar behaviour of iron when cooling from a white-heat. At 1000°, e.g., it glows more brilliantly for a short time. [L. re-, again, calescĕre, to grow hot.]

Recall, rē-kawl′, v.t. to call back: to command to return: to revoke: to call back to mind.—n. act of recalling or revoking: a signal to soldiers to return.—adj. Recall′able, capable of being recalled.—n. Recal′ment, revocation.

Recant, rē-kant′, v.t. to withdraw (a former declaration): to retract.—v.i. to revoke a former declaration: to unsay what has been said, esp. to declare one's renunciation of a religious belief which one formerly maintained.—ns. Rēcantā′tion, act of recanting: a declaration contradicting a former one; Rēcant′er.

Recapitulate, rē-ka-pit′ū-lāt, v.t. to go over again the chief points of anything.—n. Recapitūlā′tion, act of recapitulating: a summary of the main points of a preceding speech, treatise, &c.—adjs. Recapit′ūlātive; Recapit′ūlātory, repeating again: containing a recapitulation. [L. recapitulāre, -ātum—re-, again, capitulum—caput, head.]

Recaption, rē-kap′shun, n. reprisal: (law) taking back goods, wife, or children from one who has no right to detain them.

Recapture, rē-kap′tūr, v.t. to capture back or retake, esp. a prize from a captor.—n. act of retaking: a prize recaptured.—n. Recap′tor.

Recarburise, rē-kär′bū-rīz, v.t. to restore the carbon to metal from which it has been removed.—n. Recarbonisā′tion.

Recarnify, rē-kär′ni-fī, v.t. to convert again into flesh. [L. re-, again, carnify, to change into flesh.]

Recarry, rē-kar′i, v.t. to carry back or anew.—n. Recarr′iage.

Recast, rē-kast′, v.t. to cast or throw again: to cast or mould anew: to compute a second time.—n. a moulding or shaping anew, as of a book.

Recede, rē-sēd′, v.i. to go or fall back: to retreat: to bend or tend in a backward direction: to withdraw: to give up a claim.—v.t. to cede back, as to a former possessor.—adj. Reced′ing, sloping backward. [L. recedĕre, recessum—re-, back, cedĕre, to go.]

Receipt, rē-sēt′, n. act of receiving: place of receiving: power of holding: a written acknowledgment of anything received, a legal acknowledgment of money received in discharge of a debt or demand: that which is received: a recipe in cookery.—v.t. to give a receipt for: to sign: to discharge.—adj. Receipt′able, that may be receipted.—ns. Receipt′-book, a book containing receipts; Receipt′or, one who gives a receipt. [O. Fr. recete (Fr. recette)—L. recipere, receptum.]

Receive, rē-sēv′, v.t. to take what is offered: to accept: to embrace with the mind: to assent to: to allow: to give acceptance to: to give admittance to: to welcome or entertain: to hold or contain: (law) to take goods knowing them to be stolen: (B.) to bear with, to believe in.—v.i. to be a recipient: to hold a reception of visitors.—n. Receivabil′ity, Receiv′ableness, the quality of being receivable.—adj. Receiv′able, that may be received: a waiting payment, as bills receivable.—ns. Receiv′edness, the state or quality of being received or current; Receiv′er, one who receives: an officer who receives taxes: a person appointed by a court to hold and manage property which is under litigation, or receive the rents of land, &c.: one who receives stolen goods: (chem.) a vessel for receiving and holding the products of distillation, or for containing gases: the glass vessel of an air-pump in which the vacuum is formed: the receiving part of a telegraph, telephone, &c.; Receiv′er-gen′eral, an officer who receives the public revenue; Receiv′ership, the office of a receiver; Receiv′ing, the act of receiving; Receiv′ing-house, a depôt: a house where letters and parcels are left for transmission; Receiv′ing-in′strument, an appliance by which operators at two telegraph stations can communicate; Receiv′ing-off′ice, a branch post-office for receipt of letters, &c.; Receiv′ing-ship, a stationary ship for recruits for the navy. [O. Fr. recever (Fr. recevoir)—L. recipĕre, receptum—re-, back, capĕre, to take.]

Recelebrate, rē-sel′ē-brāt, v.t. to celebrate again.

Recency, rē′sen-si, n. newness. [Recent.]

Recension, rē-sen′shun, n. a critical revisal of a text: a text established by critical revision: a review.—n. Recen′sionist. [L. recensio—recensēre—re-, again, censēre, to value.]

Recent, rē′sent, adj. of late origin or occurrence: fresh: modern: (geol.) belonging to the present geological period.—adv. Rē′cently.—n. Rē′centness. [Fr.,—L. recens, recentis.]

Receptacle, rē-sep′ta-kl, n. that into which anything is received or in which it is contained: (bot.) the basis of a flower: (zool.) an organ that receives and holds a secretion.—n. Rē′cept, an idea taken into the mind from without.—adj. Receptac′ular (bot.), pertaining to or serving as a receptacle.—n. Receptibil′ity, receivability.—adj. Recept′ible, receivable.—ns. Recep′tion, the act of receiving: admission: state of being received: acceptance: a receiving officially: (Milt.) capacity for receiving: a receiving of guests for entertainment: welcome: treatment at first coming; Recep′tion-room.—adj. Recept′ive, having the quality of receiving or containing: (phil.) capable of receiving, or quick to receive, impressions.—ns. Recept′iveness; Receptiv′ity, quality of being receptive. [L. recipĕre, receptum, to receive.]

Recess, rē-ses′, n. a going back or withdrawing: retirement: seclusion: a period of remission of business: part of a room formed by a receding of the wall: a retired spot: a nook: a sinus or depressed par.—v.t. to make a recess in: to put into a recess.—adj. Recessed′, having a recess.—Recessed arch, one arch within another. [Recede.]

Recession, rē-sesh′un, n. act of receding: withdrawal: the state of being set back.—adjs. Reces′sional; Recess′ive.—adv. Recess′ively.—n. Recess′us, a recess.

Recession, rē-sesh′un, n. a ceding or giving back.

Rechabite, rek′a-bīt, n. one of the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who abstained from drinking wine, in obedience to the injunction of their ancestor (Jer. xxxv. 6): a total abstainer from intoxicating drinks: a member of the Rechabite order of total abstainers.—n. Rech′abitism.

Réchauffé, rā-shō-fā′, n. a warmed-up dish: a fresh concoction of old literary material. [Fr.]

Recheat, rē-chēt′, n. (Shak.) a recall on the horn when the hounds have lost the scent, or at the end of the chase. [O. Fr. recet.]

Recherché, rē-sher′shā, adj. extremely nice: peculiar and refined: rare. [Fr.]

Rechlesse, rek′les, adj. Same as Reckless.

Rechristen, rē-kris′n, v.t. to name again.

Recidivate, rē-sid′i-vāt, v.i. to fall again: to backslide.—ns. Recidivā′tion; Recid′ivist (Fr. law), a relapsed criminal.—adj. Recid′ivous, liable to backslide. [Fr.,—L. recidīvus, falling back.]

Recipe, res′i-pē, n. a medical prescription: any formula for the preparation of a compound: a receipt:—pl. Recipes (res′i-pēz). [L., lit. 'take,' the first word of a medical prescription, imper. of recipĕre.]

Recipient, rē-sip′i-ent, adj. receiving.—n. one who receives, that which receives.—ns. Recip′ience, Recip′iency, a receiving: receptiveness. [L. recipiens, -entis, pr.p. of recipĕre, to receive.]

Reciprocal, rē-sip′rō-kal, adj. acting in return: mutual: alternating: interchangeable: giving and receiving.—n. that which is reciprocal: (math.) the quotient resulting from the division of unity by any given quantity.—n. Reciprocal′ity, the state or quality of being reciprocal: mutual return.—adv. Recip′rocally, mutually: interchangeably: inversely.—ns. Recip′rocalness; Recip′rocant (math.), a contravariant expressing a certain condition of tangency: a differential invariant.—adj. Recip′rocantive, relating to a reciprocant.—v.t. Recip′rocāte, to give and receive mutually: to requite: to interchange: to alternate.—v.i. to move backward and forward: (coll.) to make a return or response.—ns. Recip′rocating-en′gine, an engine in which the piston moves forward and backward in a straight line; Reciprocā′tion, interchange of acts: alternation.—adj. Recip′rocātive, acting reciprocally.—n. Reciproc′ity, mutual obligations: action and reaction: equality of commercial privileges.—adjs. Rec′iprock, Rec′iproque (Bacon), reciprocal; Recip′rocous (rare), turning back: reciprocal.—Reciprocal proportion is when, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third; Reciprocal ratio, the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities; Reciprocal terms, those that have the same signification and consequently are convertible; Reciprocating motion, by this the power is transmitted from one part of a machine to another. [L. reciprocus.]

Reciprocornous, rē-sip′rō-kor-nus, adj. having horns like a ram.

Recision, rē-sizh′un, n. the act of cutting off. [Fr.,—L.,—recidĕre, recisum, to cut off.]

Recite, rē-sīt′, v.t. to read aloud from paper, or repeat from memory: to narrate: to give the particulars of.—v.i. to rehearse in public.—ns. Recī′tal, act of reciting: rehearsal: that which is recited: a narration: a vocal or instrumental performance, as a piano recital: (law) that part of a deed which recites the circumstances; Recitation (res-i-tā′shun), act of reciting: a public reading: rehearsal; Recitā′tionist, a public reciter; Recitative (-tēv′), (mus.) a style of song resembling declamation, a kind of union of song and speech.—adj. in the style of recitative.—adv. Recitative′ly, in the manner of recitative.—ns. Recitati′vo (mus.), recitative; Recit′er; Recit′ing-note, a note in chanting on which several syllables are sung. [Fr. réciter—L. recitāre—L. re-, again, citāre, -ātum, to call.]

Reck, rek, v.t. to care for: to regard.—v.i. (usually with not, and fol. by of) care: heed.—adj. Reck′less, careless: heedless of consequences: rash.—adv. Reck′lessly.—ns. Reck′lessness; Reck′ling, a reckless person: the weakest in a litter: a helpless babe.—adj. stunted.—It recks (Milt.), it concerns. [A.S. récan, from a root seen in Old High Ger. ruoh, care, Ger. ruchlos, regardless.]

Reckon, rek′n, v.t. to count: to place in the number or rank of: to esteem: to think, believe.—v.i. to calculate: to charge to account: to make up accounts: to settle accounts (fol. by with): to count or rely (with on or upon): to have an impression: to think: to suppose.—ns. Reck′oner; Reck′oning, an account of time: settlement of accounts, &c.: charges for entertainment: standing as to rank: (naut.) a calculation of the ship's position: (B.) estimation: value.—Reckon for, to be answerable for; Reckon on, or upon, to count or depend upon; Reckon without his host (see Host).—Day of reckoning, the day when an account must be given and a settlement made: the judgment-day. [A.S. ge-recenian, to explain; Ger. rechnen.]

Reclaim, rē-klām′, v.t. to demand the return of: to regain: to bring back from a wild or barbarous state, or from error or vice: to bring into a state of cultivation: to bring into the desired condition: to make tame or gentle: to reform.—v.i. to cry out or exclaim: (Scots law) to appeal from the Lord Ordinary to the inner house of the Court of Session.—adj. Reclaim′able, that may be reclaimed or reformed.—adv. Reclaim′ably.—ns. Reclaim′ant, one who reclaims; Reclamā′tion, act of reclaiming: state of being reclaimed, as of waste land: demand: recovery. [Fr.,—L. re-, again, clamāre, to cry out.]

Reclasp, rē-klasp′, v.t. to clasp again.

Reclinate, rek′li-nāt, adj. reclined: (bot.) bent downward, so as to have the point lower than the base, as a leaf.—n. Reclinā′tion, the act of reclining or leaning: the angle which the plane of a dial makes with a vertical plane, the intersection being a horizontal line: an operation in surgery for the cure of cataract. [L. reclināre, -ātum, to recline.]

Recline, rē-klīn′, v.t. to lean or bend backwards: to lean to or on one side.—v.i. to lean: to rest or repose.—adjs. Recline′ (Milt.), leaning; Reclined′ (bot.), same as Reclinate.—n. Reclī′ner.—adj. Reclī′ning (bot.), bending away from the perpendicular: recumbent.—ns. Reclī′ning-board, a board on which persons recline to gain erectness to the figure; Reclī′ning-chair, an invalid's chair. [Fr.,—L. reclināre—re-, back, clināre, to bend.]

Reclose, rē-klōz′, v.t. to close again.

Reclothe, rē-klōth, v.t. to clothe again.

Recluse, rē-klōōs′, adj. secluded: retired: solitary.—n. one shut up or secluded: one who lives retired from the world: a religious devotee living in a single cell, generally attached to a monastery.—adv. Recluse′ly, in retirement or seclusion from society.—ns. Recluse′ness, seclusion from society: retirement; Reclu′sion, religious retirement or seclusion: the life of a recluse.—adj. Reclu′sive (Shak.), affording retirement or seclusion.—n. Reclu′sory, a recluse's cell. [Fr.,—L. reclusus, pa.p. of recludĕre, to open, shut away—re-, away, claudĕre, to shut.]

Recoct, rē-kokt′, v.t. to cook anew, to vamp up.—n. Recoc′tion.

Recognise, rek′og-nīz, v.t. to know again: to recollect: to acknowledge: to see the truth of.—adj. Rec′ognisable, that may be recognised or acknowledged.—adv. Rec′ognisably, in a recognisable manner.—ns. Recog′nisance, a recognition: an avowal: a profession: a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate to do, or not do, some particular act: to enter into recognisances; Rec′ogniser, one who recognises; Recogni′tion, act of recognising: state of being recognised: recollection: avowal: (Scots law) a return of the feu to the superior.—adjs. Recog′nitive, Recog′nitory. [L. recognoscĕre—re-, again, cognoscĕre, to know.]

Recoil, rē-koil′, v.t. to start back: to rebound: to return: to shrink from.—n. a starting or springing back: rebound: an escapement in which after each beat the escape-wheel recoils slightly.—n. Recoil′er, one who recoils.—adj. Recoil′ing.—adv. Recoil′ingly.—n. Recoil′ment. [Fr. reculer—L. re-, back, Fr. cul, the hinder part—L. culus.]

Recoin, rē-koin′, v.t. to coin over again.—ns. Recoin′age; Recoin′er.

Recollect, rē-kol-ekt′, v.t. to collect again.

Recollect, rek-ol-ekt′, v.t. to remember: to recover composure or resolution (with reflex. pron.).—n. Recollec′tion, act of recollecting or remembering: the power of recollecting: memory: that which is recollected: reminiscence.—adj. Recollec′tive, having the power of recollecting.

Recollect, rek′ol-ekt, n. a member of a congregation of a monastic order following a very strict rule—mostly of the Franciscan order forming a branch of the Observantines.—Also Rec′ollet.

Recombine, rē-kom-bīn′, v.t. to combine again.—n. Recombinā′tion.

Recomfort, rē-kum′furt, v.t. to comfort or console again: (Bacon) to give new strength.—adj. Recom′fortless (Spens.), comfortless.—n. Recom′forture (Shak.), restoration of comfort.

Recommence, rē-kom-ens′, v.t. to commence again.—n. Recommence′ment.

Recommend, rek-o-mend′, v.t. to commend to another: to bestow praise on: to introduce favourably: to give in charge: to commit, as in prayer: to advise.—adj. Recommend′able, that may be recommended: worthy of praise.—n. Recommend′ableness, the quality of being recommendable.—adv. Recommend′ably, so as to deserve recommendation.—n. Recommendā′tion, act of recommending: act of introducing with commendation: repute: letter of recommendation.—adj. Recommend′ātory, that recommends: commendatory.—n. Recommend′er, one who, or that which, recommends.

Recommit, rē-kom-it′, v.t. to commit again: particularly, to send back to a committee.—ns. Recommit′ment, Recommit′tal.

Recommunicate, rē-kom-ūn′i-kāt, v.t. and v.i. to communicate again.

Recompact, rē-kom-pakt′, v.t. to join anew.

Recompense, rek′om-pens, v.t. to return an equivalent for anything: to repay or requite: to reward: to compensate: to remunerate.—n. that which is returned as an equivalent: repayment: reward: compensation: remuneration.—n. Rec′ompenser. [Fr. récompenser—L. re-, again, compensāre, to compensate.]

Recompile, rē-kom-pīl′, v.t. to compile anew.—ns. Recompilā′tion, Recompile′ment, a new compilation.

Recomplete, rē-kom-plēt′, v.t. to complete anew.—n. Recomplē′tion.

Recompose, rē-kom-pōz′, v.t. to compose again or anew: to form anew: to soothe or quiet.—ns. Recompos′er; Recomposi′tion.

Reconcile, rek′on-sīl, v.t. to restore to friendship or union: to bring to agreement: to bring to contentment: to pacify: to make consistent: to adjust or compose.—adj. Rec′oncilable, that may be reconciled: that may be made to agree: consistent.—n. Rec′oncilableness, possibility of being reconciled: consistency: harmony.—adv. Rec′oncilably, in a reconcilable manner.—ns. Rec′onciler; Reconciliā′tion, Rec′oncilement, act of reconciling: state of being reconciled: renewal of friendship: propitiation: atonement: the bringing to agreement things at variance.—adj. Reconcil′iatory, serving or tending to reconcile. [Fr. réconcilier—L. re-, again, conciliāre, -ātum, to call together.]

Recondense, rē-kon-dens′, v.t. to condense again.—n. Recondensā′tion.

Recondite, rē-kon′dit, or rek′on-dīt, adj. secret: abstruse: profound.—ns. Recondite′ness; Recon′ditory, a storehouse. [L. recondĕre, -itum, to put away—re-, again, condĕre, to put together.]

Reconduct, rē-kon-dukt′, v.t. to conduct back or anew.

Reconfirm, rē-kon-fėrm′, v.t. to confirm again.

Reconjoin, rē-kon-join′, v.t. to join anew.

Reconnaissance, re-kon′i-sans, n. the act of reconnoitring: a survey or examination: the examination of a tract of country with a view to military or engineering operations.—Reconnaissance in force, an attack by a body of troops to discover the strength of the enemy. [Fr.]

Reconnoitre, rek-o-noi′tėr, v.t. to survey or examine: to survey with a view to military operations.—v.i. to make preliminary examination:—pa.t. and pa.p. reconnoi′tred.—n. a preliminary survey. [O. Fr. reconoistre (Fr. reconnaître)—L. recognoscĕre, to recognise.]

Reconquer, rē-kong′kėr, v.t. to conquer again: to recover: to regain.—n. Recon′quest.

Reconsecrate, rē-kon′sē-krāt, v.t. to consecrate anew.—n. Reconsecrā′tion.

Reconsider, rē-kon-sid′ėr, v.t. to consider again, as to reconsider a motion or vote: to review.—n. Reconsiderā′tion.

Reconsolate, rē-kon′sō-lāt, v.t. (obs.) to comfort again.

Reconsolidate, rē-kon-sol′i-dāt, v.t. to consolidate anew.—n. Reconsolidā′tion.

Reconstitute, rē-kon′sti-tūt, v.t. to construct anew.—adj. Reconstit′ūent.—n. Reconstitū′tion.

Reconstruct, rē-kon-strukt′, v.t. to construct again: to rebuild.—n. Reconstruc′tion.—adj. Reconstruc′tionary.—n. Reconstruc′tionist.—adj. Reconstruc′tive, able or tending to reconstruct.

Recontinue, rē-kon-tin′ū, v.t. and v.i. to continue anew.—n. Recontin′ūance.

Reconvalescence, rē-kon-val-es′ens, n. restoration to health.

Reconvene, rē-kon-vēn′, v.t. to convene or call together again.—v.i. to come together again.

Reconvent, rē-kon-vent′, v.t. to assemble together again.—n. Reconven′tion, a counter-action by a defendant against a plaintiff.

Reconvert, rē-kon-vėrt′, v.t. to convert again.—n. Reconver′sion.

Reconvey, rē-kon-vā′, v.t. to transfer back to a former owner, as an estate.—n. Reconvey′ance.

Record, rē-kord′, v.t. to write anything formally, to preserve evidence of it: to bear witness to: to register or enrol: to celebrate.—adj. Record′able, able to be recorded, worthy of record.—ns. Recordā′tion (Shak.), remembrance; Record′er, one who records or registers, esp. the rolls, &c., of a city: a judge of a city or borough court of quarter-sessions: an old musical instrument somewhat like a flageolet, but with the lower part wider than the upper, and a mouthpiece resembling the beak of a bird: a registering apparatus in telegraphy; Record′ership, the office of recorder, or the time of holding it. [O. Fr. recorder—L. recordāre, to call to mind—re-, again, cor, cordis, the heart.]

Record, rek′ord, n. a register: a formal writing of any fact or proceeding: a book of such writings: a witness, a memorial: memory, remembrance: anything entered in the rolls of a court, esp. the formal statements or pleadings of parties in a litigation.—n. Rec′ord-off′ice, a place where public records are kept.—Beat, or Break, the record, to outdo the highest achievement yet done; Close the record, an act of a Scottish judge after each party has said all he wishes to say by way of statement and answer; Public records, contemporary authenticated statements of the proceedings of the legislature, and the judgments of those higher courts of law known as Courts of Record; Trial by record, a common law mode of trial when a disputed former decision of the court is settled by producing the record.

Recount, rē-kownt′, v.t. to count again: to tell over again: to narrate the particulars of: to detail.—n. a second or repeated count.—ns. Recount′al, Recount′ment, relation in detail, recital. [O. Fr. reconter—re-, again, conter, to tell.]

Recoup, rē-kōōp′, v.t. to make good: to indemnify.—adj. Recoupé (her.), divided a second time.—n. Recoup′ment, reimbursement: (law) reduction of the plaintiff's damages by keeping out a part. [Fr. recouper, to cut again—re-, again, couper, to cut, coup, a stroke—Low L. colpus—L. colaphus.]

Recoure, rē-kōōr′, v.t. (Spens.) to recover.

Recourse, rē-kōrs′, n. a going to for aid or protection: access.—v.i. to return.—adj. Recourse′ful, returning. [Fr. recours—L. recursus—re-, back, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Recover, rē-kuv′ėr, v.t. to cover again.

Recover, rē-kuv′ėr, v.t. to get possession of again: to make up for: to retrieve: to cure: to revive: to bring back to any former state: to rescue: to obtain as compensation: to obtain for injury or debt: to reconcile.—v.i. to regain health: to regain any former state: (law) to obtain a judgment.—n. recovery: the forward movement in rowing, after one stroke to take another.—n. Recoverabil′ity, the state of being recoverable.—adj. Recov′erable, that may be recovered or regained: capable of being brought to a former condition.—ns. Recov′erableness, the state of being recoverable: capability of being recovered; Recoveree′, one against whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery; Recov′erer, one who recovers; Recov′eror, one who recovers a judgment in common recovery; Recov′ery, the act of recovering: the act of regaining anything lost: restoration to health or to any former state: the power of recovering anything: (law) a verdict giving right to the recovery of debts or costs. [O. Fr. recovrer—L. recuperāre—re-, again, and Sabine cuprus, good; some suggest cupĕre, to desire.]

Recreant, rek′rē-ant, adj. cowardly: false: apostate: renegade.—n. a mean-spirited wretch: an apostate: a renegade.—n. Rec′rēancy, the quality of a recreant: a yielding, mean, cowardly spirit.—adv. Rec′rēantly. [O. Fr., pr.p. of recroire, to change belief—Low L. (se) re-credĕre, to own one's self beaten—L. re-, again, credĕre, to believe.]

Recreate, rek′rē-āt, v.t. to revive: to reanimate: to cheer or amuse: to refresh: to delight.—v.i. to take recreation.—n. Recreā′tion, the act of recreating or state of being recreated: refreshment after toil, sorrow, &c.: diversion: amusement: sport.—adjs. Recreā′tional, Rec′reātive, serving to recreate or refresh: giving relief in weariness, &c.: amusing.—adv. Rec′reātively, so as to afford recreation or diversion.—n. Rec′reātiveness, the quality of being refreshing or amusing.

Recrement, rek′rē-ment, n. superfluous matter: dross.—adjs. Recrement′al, Recrementi′tial, Recrementi′tious. [L. recrementum, dross.]

Recriminate, rē-krim′in-āt, v.t. to criminate or accuse in return.—v.i. to charge an accuser with a similar crime.—n. Recriminā′tion, the act of recriminating or returning one accusation by another: a countercharge or accusation.—adjs. Recrim′inātive, Recrim′inātory, recriminating or retorting accusations or charges.—n. Recrim′inātor, one who recriminates.

Recross, rē-kros′, v.t. to cross again.—adj. Recrossed′ (her.), having the ends crossed.

Recrucify, rē-krōōs′i-fī, v.t. to crucify anew.

Recrudescent, rē-krōō-des′ent, adj. growing sore or painful again.—v.i. Recrudesce′, to become raw again: to be renewed.—ns. Recrudes′cence, Recru′dency, Recrudes′cency, the state of becoming sore again: a state of relapse: (med.) increased activity after recovery: (bot.) the production of a fresh shoot from a ripened spike. [L. recrudescens, -entis, pr.p. of recrudescĕre, to become raw again—re-, again, crudescĕre, to become raw—crudis, crude.]

Recruit, rē-krōōt′, v.i. to obtain fresh supplies: to recover in health, &c.: to enlist new soldiers.—v.t. to repair: to supply: to supply with recruits.—n. the supply of any want: a substitute for something wanting: a newly enlisted soldier.—ns. Recruit′al, renewed supply; Recruit′er.—adj. Recruit′ing, obtaining new supplies: enlisting recruits.—n. the business of obtaining new supplies or enlisting new soldiers.—ns. Recruit′ing-ground, a place where recruits may be obtained; Recruit′ing-par′ty, a party of soldiers engaged in enlisting recruits; Recruit′ing-ser′geant, a sergeant who enlists recruits; Recruit′ment, the act, business, or employment of raising new supplies of men for an army. [O. Fr. recruter—re-, croître—L. recrescĕre—re-, again, crescĕre, to grow.]

Recrystallisation, rē-kris-tal-īz-ā′shun, n. the process of crystallising again.—v.t. and v.i. Rēcrys′tallise.

Recta, rek′ta, n.pl.—adj. Rec′tal. See Rectum.

Rectangle, rek′tang-gl, n. a four-sided figure with all its angles right angles and its opposite sides equal.—adjs. Rec′tangled, having right angles; Rectang′ūlar, right-angled.—n. Rectangūlar′ity, the state or quality of being right-angled.—adv. Rectang′ūlarly, with, or at, right angles.—n. Rectang′ūlarness.—Rectangular hyperbola, a hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right angles to one another; Rectangular solid, a solid whose axis is perpendicular to its base. [Fr.,—L. rectus, right, angulus, an angle.]

Rectify, rek′ti-fī, v.t. to make straight or right: to adjust: to correct or redress: to purify by repeated crystallisation or sublimation, or by distillations: (math.) to determine the length of a curve included between two limits: to prepare a sun-dial for an observation:—pa.t. and pa.p. rec′tified.—adj. Rectifī′able, that may be rectified or set right.—ns. Rectificā′tion, the act of rectifying or setting right: the process of refining any substance by repeated distillation: rectification of a globe, its adjustment preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem; Rec′tifier, one who corrects: one who refines a substance by repeated distillation.—Rectify the course of a vessel, to determine its true course from indications of the ship's compass, and allowing for magnetic variations, &c.; Rectify the globe, to bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on a globe to the brass meridian. [Fr.,—L. rectus, straight, facĕre, to make.]

Rectigrade, rek′ti-grād, adj. walking straight forward. [L. rectus, straight, gradi, to step.]

Rectilineal, rek-ti-lin′ē-al, adj. bounded by straight lines: straight—also Rectilin′ear.—adv. Rectilin′eally.—n. Rectilinear′ity, the state or quality of being right-lined.—adv. Rectilin′early, in a right line.—n. Rectilin′earness. [L. rectus, straight, linea, a line.]

Rectinerved, rek′ti-nervd, adj. (bot.) straight or parallel nerved.

Rection, rek′shun, n. (gram.) the influence of a word in regard to the number, case, &c. of another word in a sentence.

Rectipetality, rek-ti-pe-tal′i-ti, n. (bot.) the natural tendency of stems to grow in a straight line.

Rectirostral, rek′ti-ros′tral, adj. having a straight bill. [L. rectus, straight, rostrum, a beak.]

Rectiserial, rek-ti-sē′ri-al, adj. placed in a straight line: (bot.) arranged in one or more straight ranks.

Rectitis, rek′tī-tis, n. inflammation of the rectum.—adj. Rectit′ic.

Rectitude, rek′ti-tūd, n. uprightness: correctness of principle or practice: integrity: correctness. [Fr.,—L. rectitudo—rectus, straight.]

Recto, rek′tō, n. (print.) the right-hand page—opp. to Reverso or Verso: (law) a writ of right.

Rector, rek′tor, n. a ruler: in the Church of England, a clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish where the tithes are not impropriate, and who accordingly has the whole right to the ecclesiastical dues therein: a common name for all incumbents in the Episcopal churches of the United States and (since 1890) Scotland: the head-master of a superior public school in Scotland, Germany, &c.: the chief elective officer of certain Scotch and French universities: the head of Lincoln and of Exeter Colleges, Oxford, &c.: (R.C.) an ecclesiastic in charge of a congregation, a college, or religious house, esp. the head of a Jesuit seminary.—adjs. Rec′toral, Rectō′rial, pertaining to a rector or to a rectory—ns. Rec′torate, Rec′torship; Rec′toress, a female rector: a governess; Rec′tory, the province or mansion of a rector.—Rector magnificus, the head of a German university.—Lay rector, a layman who enjoys the great tithes of a parish; Missionary rector (R.C.), a priest appointed to the charge of some important mission in England. [L.,—regĕre, rectum, to rule.]

Rectrix, rek′triks, n. one of the long tail-feathers of a bird, so called because used in steering the bird in its flight:—pl. Rectrices (rek′tri-sēz).

Rectum, rek′tum, n. the lowest part of the large intestine:—pl. Rec′ta.—adj. Rec′tal.—ns. Rec′toscope, a speculum for rectal examination; Rectot′omy, the operation for dividing a rectal stricture.—adjs. Rec′to-urē′thral, pertaining to the rectum and to the urethra; Rec′to-ū′terine, to the rectum and the uterus; Rec′to-vag′inal, to the rectum and the vagina; Rec′to-ves′ical, to the rectum and the bladder. [L. rectus, straight.]

Rectus, rek′tus, n. a muscle so called from the straightness of its course:—pl. Rec′ti.

Recubant, rek′ū-bant, adj. reclining, recumbent—n. Recubā′tion. [L. recubāre, -ātum, to lie back.]

Recuil, Recule, rē-kūl′ (Spens.). Same as Recoil.

Recultivate, rē-kul′ti-vāt, v.t. to cultivate again.—n. Recultivā′tion.

Recumbent, rē-kum′bent, adj. lying back: reclining: idle.—ns. Recum′bence, Recum′bency.—adv. Recum′bently. [L. recumbĕre—re-, back, cubāre, to lie down.]

Recuperative, rē-kū′pėr-a-tiv, adj. tending to recovery—also Recū′peratory.—adj. Rēcū′perable, recoverable.—v.t. Recū′perāte, to recover, to regain strength.—ns. Recuperā′tion, recovery, as of something lost; Recū′perātor, one who, or that which, recuperates. [L. recuperativus—recuperāre, to recover.]

Recur, rē-kur′, v.i. to return, resort: to happen at a stated interval:—pr.p. recur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. recurred′.—ns. Recur′rence, Recur′rency, return.—adj. Recur′rent, returning at intervals: (anat.) running back in the opposite to a former direction: (entom.) turned back toward the base.—adv. Recur′rently.—Recurring decimal, a decimal in which after a certain point the digits are continually repeated—repeating, if but one recurring figure; circulating, if more than one. [Fr.,—L. recurrĕre—re-, back, currĕre, to run.]

Recure, rē-kūr′, v.t. to cure again: to recover—also n.—adjs. Recure′ful; Recure′less, incurable.

Recursant, rē-kur′sant, adj. (her.) turned backwards, of an animal with its back toward the spectator. [L. re-, back, cursans, -antis, pr.p. of cursāre, to run.]

Recurve, rē-kurv′, v.t. to curve or bend back—also Recur′vate.—ns. Recurvā′tion, Recur′vity, Recur′vature, the act of recurving: the state of being recurved: a bending backwards.—adjs. Recurved′; Recurviros′tral, having a recurved bill; Rēcur′vous, bent backward.

Recusant, rek′ū-zant, or rē-kū′zant, adj. obstinate in refusal, esp. to comply with the Anglican ritual.—n. a nonconformist: one who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the sovereign in religious matters.—ns. Rec′ūsance, Rec′ūsancy, state of being a recusant: nonconformity, or its tenets; Recusā′tion.—adj. Recū′sative. [Fr.,—L. recusans, pr.p. of recusāre—re-, against, causa, a cause.]

Recuse, rē-kūz′, v.t. (law) to reject.—adj. Recū′sative.

Recussion, rē-kush′un, n. the act of beating or striking back. [L. recutĕre, recussum, to beat back—re-, back, quatĕre, to shake.]

Red, red, adj. (comp. Red′der; superl. Red′dest) of a colour like blood: ultra-radical, revolutionary.—n. one of the primary colours, of several shades, as scarlet, pink, carmine, vermilion, &c.: a red cent, the smallest coin of the United States.—adjs. Red′-backed, having a red back; Red′-beaked, -billed, having a red beak or bill; Red′-bell′ied, having the under parts red.—n. Red′-bell′y, the United States slider, a terrapin: the Welsh torgoch, a char.—adj. Red′-belt′ed, having a red band or bands.—n. Red′-bird, the common European bullfinch: the United States grosbeak, also the tanager.—adj. Red′-blood′ed, having reddish blood.—ns. Red′-book, a book containing the names of all persons in the service of the state: the peerage; Red′breast, a favourite song-bird, so called from the red colour of its breast, the robin; Red′-bud, the Judas-tree of America; Red′-cabb′age, a variety of cabbage, with purplish heads, used for pickling; Red′-cap, a species of goldfinch, having a conical crest of red feathers on the top of the head: a ghost with long teeth who haunts some Scotch castles; Red′-cent, a copper cent; Red′-chalk, -clay (see Reddle); Red′-coat, a British soldier, so called from his red coat; Red′-cock (slang), an incendiary fire; Red′-cor′al, the most important kind of coral in commerce, found off the coasts of Algiers and Tunis and the Italian islands.—adj. Red′-corpus′cled, having red blood-discs.—n. Red′-Crag, a division of the Pliocene.—adjs. Red′-crest′ed, having a red crest; Red′-cross, wearing or distinguished by a cross of a red colour.—n. the badge and flag adopted by every society, of whatever nation, formed for the aid of the sick and wounded in time of war, recognised by the military authorities of its own nation, and enjoying certain privileges and immunities under the Convention of Geneva (1864).—n. Red′-deer, a species of deer which is reddish-brown in summer: the common stag.—v.t. Red′den, to make red.—v.i. to grow red: to blush.—adj. Red′dish, somewhat red: moderately red.—ns. Red′dishness; Red′-dog, the lowest grade of flour in high milling; Red′-drum, the southern red-fish, or red-bass, of the southern Atlantic coast of the United States; Red′-earth, the reddish loam frequently found in regions composed of limestones; Red′-eye, or Rudd, a fresh-water fish of the same genus as the roach, chub, and minnow.—adjs. Red′-faced (Shak.), having a red face; Red′-fig′ured, relating to an ancient Greek ceramic ware, in which a black glaze was painted over the surface so as to leave the design in the red of the body.—n. Red′-gum, strophulus, a skin disease usually occurring in infants about the time of teething, and consisting of minute red pimples with occasional red patches.—adjs. Red′-haired, Red′-head′ed, having red hair.—n. Red′-hand, a bloody hand: (her.) a sinister hand, erect, open, and 'couped,' the distinguishing badge of baronets.—adj. Red′-hand′ed, in the very act, as if with bloody hands.—n. Red′-head, a person with red hair: the pochard, a red-headed duck.—adj. Red′-hot, heated to redness.—ns. Red′-lac, the Japan wax-tree; Red′-latt′ice (Shak.), an alehouse window, then usually painted red; Red′-lead, a preparation of lead of a fine red colour, used in painting, &c.—adj. Red′-legged, having red legs or feet, as a bird.—n. Red′-legs, the European red-legged partridge: the turnstone: the red-shank: (bot.) the bistort.—adj. Red′-lett′er, having red letters: auspicious or fortunate, as a day, the holidays or saints' days being indicated by red letters in the old calendars.—n. Red′-liq′uor, a crude aluminium acetate, used as a mordant in calico-printing.—adjs. Red′-litt′en, showing a red light; Red′-looked (Shak.), having a red look.—adv. Red′ly.—adj. Red′-mad (prov.), quite mad.—n. Red′-met′al, one of several alloys of copper used in silver-ware: a Japanese alloy used in decorative metal-work.—adj. Red′-necked, having a red neck.—n. Red′ness.—adjs. Red′-nose, -nosed, having a red nose, like a habitual drunkard.—ns. Red′-oak, an oak with heavy and durable reddish wood, rising to ninety feet high in eastern North America; Red′-plague, a form of the plague marked by a red spot or bubo; Red′-poll, a small northern finch: the common European linnet: the North American palm-warbler.—adjs. Red′-polled; Red′-ribbed (Tenn.), having red ribs.—ns. Red′-root, a genus of plants of the natural order Rhamnaceæ—New Jersey Tea; Reds, or Red Republicans (see Republic); Red′-saun′ders, the sliced or rasped heart-wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, used for giving colour to alcoholic liquors &c.—v.i. Red′sear, to break when too hot.—ns. Red′seed, small crustaceans which float on the sea; Red′-shank, an aquatic bird of the snipe family, with legs of a bright-red colour: a name given in ridicule to the Scottish Highlanders, and to the Irish.—adj. Red′-short, noting iron that is brittle at red-heat.—ns. Red′-short′ness; Red′skin, a Red Indian; Red′-staff, a miller's straight-edge, used in dressing millstones; Red′start, a bird belonging to the family of the warblers, appearing in Britain as a summer bird of passage; Red′streak, an apple, so called from the colour of its skin; Red′-tail, the red-tailed buzzard, one of the commonest hawks of North America.—adj. Red′-tailed (Shak.), having a red tail.—ns. Red′-thrush, the red-wing; Red′-top, a kind of bent grass; Red′-wa′ter, a disease of cattle, named from the urine being reddened with the red globules of the blood.—adj. Red′-wat′-shod (Scot.), walking in blood over the shoes.—ns. Red′-weed, the common poppy; Red′-wing, a species of thrush well known in Britain as a winter bird of passage, having an exquisite, clear, flute-like song; Red′wood, a Californian timber-tree, growing to nearly three hundred feet high.—adj. Red′-wud (Scot.), stark mad.—Red-cross knight, a knight having on his shield a red cross; Red ensign, the British flag for all vessels not belonging to the navy, consisting of a plain red flag, having the canton filled by the Union-jack (before 1864 also the special flag of the Red Squadron); Red-gum tree, a species of Eucalyptus attaining the height of 200 feet; Red pheasant, a tragopan; Red snow, snow coloured by the minute alga Protococcus nivalis, found in large patches in arctic and alpine regions.—Indian red, a permanent red pigment, orig. a natural earth rich in oxide of iron, now prepared artificially.—Royal Red Cross, a decoration for nurses, instituted by Queen Victoria in 1883. [A.S. reád; Ger. roth, L. ruber, Gr. e-rythros, Gael. ruath.]

Red, red, v.t. to put in order, make tidy: to disentangle: (coll.) to separate two men in fighting.—ns. Red′der (Scot.), one who endeavours to settle a quarrel; Red′ding, the process of putting in order; Red′ding-comb, a large-toothed comb for dressing the hair; Red′ding-straik (Scot.), a stroke received in trying to separate fighters.

Red, Redd, red (Spens.), pa.t. of read, declared.

Redaction, rē-dak′shun, n. the act of arranging in systematic order, esp. literary materials: the digest so made: an editorial staff.—v.t. Redact′, to edit, work up into literary form.—n. Redact′or, an editor.—adj. Redactō′rial. [Fr.,—L. redactus, pa.p. of redigĕre, to bring back.]

Redan, rē-dan′, n. (fort.) the simplest form of fieldwork, consisting of two faces which form a salient angle towards the enemy, serving to cover a bridge or causeway—quite open at the gorge. [O. Fr. redan, redent—L. re-, back, dens, a tooth.]

Redargue, rē-där′gū, v.t. to disprove.—n. Redargū′tion. [O. Fr. redarguer—L. redarguĕre—re-, back, arguĕre, to argue.]

Reddendum, re-den′dum, n. (law) the clause by which the rent is reserved in a lease:—pl. Redden′da.—n. Redden′do (Scots law), a clause in a charter specifying the services to be rendered by a vassal to his superior. [L., fut. part. pass. of reddĕre.]

Redding. See Red (2).

Reddition, re-dish′un, n. a giving back of anything: surrender: a rendering of the sense: explanation.—adj. Redd′itive, returning an answer. [Fr.,—L. reddition-em—reddĕre, redditum, to restore.]

Reddle, red′l, n. an impure peroxide of iron (ferric oxide) associated with very variable proportions of clay or chalk—also Red′-clay, Radd′le, Red′-chalk.—n. Redd′leman, a dealer in red clay.

Rede, rēd, v.t. to counsel or advise.—n. advice: a phrase: a motto.—n. Rede′craft, logic.—adj. Rede′less, without counsel or wisdom. [Read.]

Redecorate, rē-dek′o-rāt, v.t. to decorate again.

Rededication, rē-ded-i-kā′shun, n. a second or renewed dedication.

Redeem, rē-dēm′, v.t. to ransom: to relieve from captivity by a price: to rescue, deliver: to pay the penalty of: to atone for: to perform, as a promise: to improve, put to the best advantage: to recover, as a pledge.—adj. Redeem′able, that may be redeemed.—ns. Redeem′ableness; Redeem′er, one who redeems or ransoms, esp. Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world.—adjs. Redeem′ing, saving: good, as exceptional to what is bad; Redeem′less, incurable; Redemp′tive, pertaining to redemption: serving or tending to redeem; Redemp′tory, serving to redeem: paid for ransom. [O. Fr. redimer—L. redimĕre—red-, back, emĕre, to buy.]

Redeliberate, rē-de-lib′ėr-āt, v.i. to deliberate again.

Redeliver, rē-de-liv′ėr, v.t. to deliver back or again: to liberate a second time.—ns. Redeliv′erance; Redeliv′ery, the act of delivering back: a second delivery or liberation.

Redemand, rē-dē-mand′, v.t. to demand back or again.—n. the repetition of a demand: a demand for the return of a thing.

Redemise, rē-dē-mīz′, v.t. to convey back, as an estate.—n. such a transfer.

Redemption, rē-demp′shun, n. act of redeeming or buying back: ransom: release: the deliverance of mankind from sin and misery by Christ.—ns. Redemp′tionary, one who is set at liberty, or released from a bond, by paying a compensation or fulfilling some stipulated conditions; Redemp′tioner, one who redeemed himself from debt, or the like, by service; Redemp′tionist, one of an order of monks devoted to the redemption of Christian captives from slavery; Redemp′torist, one of a congregation of R.C. missionary priests, founded by Alfonso Liguori in 1732, whose object is the religious instruction of the people and the reform of public morality, by periodically visiting, preaching, and hearing confessions. [Fr.,—L.,—redemptus, pa.p. of redimĕre, to redeem.]

Redented, rē-den′ted, adj. formed like the teeth of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a double notching—L. re-, again, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Redescend, rē-dē-send′, v.i. to descend again.—n. Redescent′, a descending again.

Redescribe, rē-dē-skrīb′, v.t. to describe again.

Redetermine, rē-dē-tėr′min, v.t. to determine again.

Redevelop, rē-dē-vel′op, v.t. to intensify in photography by a second process.—n. Redevel′opment.

Redhibition, red-hi-bish′un, n. (law) an action to oblige the seller to annul the sale because of a defect—also Rehibi′tion.—adjs. Redhib′itory, Rehib′itory.

Redia, rē′di-a, n. a stage in some trematode worms immediately before cercaria:—pl. Rē′diæ. [From Redi, an Italian naturalist.]

Redifferentiate, rē-dif-e-ren′shi-āt, v.i. to differentiate a differential coefficient.—n. Redifferentiā′tion.

Redigest, rē-di-jest′, v.t. to reduce to form again.

Redingote, red′ing-gōt, n. a double-breasted outer coat with long full skirts, worn by men, also a similar outer garment for women.

Redintegrate, rē-din′tē-grāt, v.t. to restore to integrity again: to renew:—pr.p. redin′tegrāting; pa.p. redin′tegrāted.—n. Redintegrā′tion, restoration to integrity or to a whole or sound state: renovation. [L. redintegrāre, -ātum—re-, again, integrāre, to make whole—integer.]

Redirect, rē-di-rekt′, v.t. to direct anew.

Redisburse, rē-dis-burs′, v.t. to refund.

Rediscover, rē-dis-kuv′ėr, v.t. to discover again.—n. Rediscov′ery.

Redispose, rē-dis-pōz′, v.t. to dispose or adjust again.—n. Redisposi′tion.

Redisseize, rē-dis-sēz′, v.t. to disseize anew.—ns. Redisseiz′in (law), a writ to recover seizin of lands; Redisseiz′or.

Redissolve, rē-di-zolv′, v.t. to dissolve again.—n. Redissolū′tion.

Redistribute, rē-dis-trib′ūt, v.t. to apportion anew.—n. Redistribū′tion, a second or renewed distribution.

Redistrict, rē-dis′trikt, v.t. to divide again, as a state into districts.—n. Redis′tricting (U.S.).

Redition, rē-dish′un, n. the act of going back.

Redivide, rē-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide again or anew.

Redivivus, red-i-vī′vus, adj. alive again: restored.

Redolent, red′ō-lent, adj. diffusing odour or fragrance: scented.—ns. Red′olence, Red′olency.—adv. Red′olently. [Fr.,—L. redolens, -entis—red-, re-, again, olēre, to emit an odour.]

Redondilla, red-on-dē′lya, n. an early form of versification in which the 1st and 4th and the 2d and 3d lines of the stanza generally rhymed: in later Spanish use, a term applied to verses of 6 and 8 syllables in general, whether making perfect rhymes or assonances only. [Sp.,—L. rotundus, round.]

Redorse, rē-dors′, n. the reverse side of a dorsal or dorse.

Redouble, rē-dub′l, v.t. to double again or repeatedly: to increase greatly: to multiply.—v.i. to become greatly increased: to become twice as much.

Redoubt, Redout, rē-dowt′, n. (fort.) a field-work enclosed on all sides, its ditch not flanked from the parapet: a central or retired work within any other works, intended to afford the garrison a last retreat—also Reduit′.—adj. (her.) bent in many angles. [Fr. redoute, réduit, a redoubt—It. ridotto—L. reducĕre, reductum—to bring back.]

Redoubt, rē-dowt′, v.t. (arch.) to fear.—adjs. Redoubt′able, valiant; Redoubt′ed (Spens.).—n. Redoubt′ing. [O. Fr. redouter, to fear greatly—L. re-, back, dubitāre, to doubt.]

Redound, rē-downd′, v.i. to be sent back by reaction, to rebound: to result, turn out: (Spens., Milt.) to overflow, to be in excess.—n. the coming back, as an effect or consequence, return.—n. Redound′ing. [Fr. rédonder—L. redundāre—re-, back, undāre, to surge—unda, a wave.]

Redowa, red′ō-a, n. a Bohemian round dance, one form resembling the waltz, the other the polka: the music for such a dance, usually in quick triple time. [Fr.,—Bohem. rejdowák.]

Redraft, rē-draft′, n. a second draft or copy: a new bill of exchange which the holder of a protested bill draws on the drawer or endorsers, for the amount of the bill, with costs and charges.

Redraw, rē-draw′, v.t. to draw again: to draw a second copy: to draw a new bill: to meet another bill of the same amount.

Redress, rē-dres′, v.t. to set right: to relieve from: to make amends to: to compensate: to dress again.—n. relief: reparation.—n. Redress′er, one who gives redress.—adjs. Redress′ible, that may be redressed; Redress′ive, affording redress; Redress′less, without relief.—n. Redress′ment, the act of redressing.

Redrive, rē-drīv′, v.t. to drive back.

Red-tape, red′-tāp, n. the red tape used in public, and esp. government, offices for tying up documents, &c.: applied satirically to the intricate system of routine in vogue there: official formality.—adj. pertaining to official formality.—ns. Red′-tā′pism, the system of routine in government and other public offices; Red′-tā′pist, a great stickler for routine.

Redub, rē-dub′, v.t. (obs.) to make amends for.—n. Redub′ber, one who buys stolen cloth and so alters it as not to be recognised.

Reduce, rē-dūs′, v.t. to bring into a lower state, as to reduce the ores of silver: to lessen: to impoverish: to subdue: to arrange: (arith. and alg.) to change numbers or quantities from one denomination into another: to reduce to its proper form, as to reduce a fracture: to bring into a new form, as to reduce Latin to English: to weaken: to bring into a class: (Scots law) to annul by legal means: (mil.) to strike off the pay-roll.—ns. Reduc′er, one who reduces: a joint-piece for connecting pipes of varying diameter; Reducibil′ity, Reduc′ibleness, the quality of being reducible.—adj. Reduc′ible, that may be reduced.—ns. Reduc′ing-scale, a scale used by surveyors for reducing chains and links to acres and roods; Reduc′tion, act of reducing or state of being reduced: diminution: subjugation: a rule for changing numbers or quantities from one denomination to another.—adj. Reduc′tive, having the power to reduce.—Reduce to the ranks, to degrade, for misconduct, to the condition of a private soldier; Reductio ad absurdum, the proof of a proposition by proving the falsity of its contradictory opposite; Reduction works, smelting works. [L. reducĕre, reductum—re-, back, ducĕre, to lead.]

Reduit. See Redoubt (1).

Redundance, rē-dun′dans, n. quality of being superfluous: superabundance—also Redun′dancy.—adj. Redun′dant, superfluous, as in words or images: (Milt.) flowing back, as a wave.—adv. Redun′dantly. [Fr.,—L. redund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of redundāre, to redound.]

Reduplicate, rē-dū′pli-kāt, v.t. to double again: to multiply: to repeat.—adj. doubled.—n. Reduplicā′tion, the act of redoubling: the repetition of a syllable, or of the initial part, in inflection and word-formation, as in L. fefelli, perf. of fallo, Gr. tetupha, perf. of tuptō: (anat.) a folding or doubling of a part or organ.—adj. Redū′plicātive.

Reduviidæ, red-ū-vī′i-dē, n.pl. a family of predacious bugs.—adj. Redū′vioid.—n. Redū′vius, a genus embracing about fifty species, mostly African—the Fly-bug is European.

Redux, rē′duks, adj. led back, as from captivity, &c., as in Dryden's poem on the Restoration entitled Astræa Redux: (med.) noting the reappearance of certain physical signs after interruption in consequence of disease.

Ree, rē, (prov.) v.t. to riddle.

Ree, rē, adj. (prov.) wild, tipsy.

Reebok, rē′bok, n. a South African antelope.

Re-echo, rē-ek′ō, v.t. to echo back.—v.i. to give back echoes: to resound.—n. an echo repeated.

Reechy, rēch′i, adj. (Shak.) smoky, sooty, tanned.—n. Reech, smoke—the Scotch reek (q.v.).

Reed, rēd, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) to deem.

Reed, rēd, n. the common English name of certain tall grasses, growing in moist or marshy places, and having a very hard or almost woody culm: a musical pipe anciently made of a reed: the sounding part of several musical instruments, as the clarinet, bassoon, oboe, and bagpipe: the speaking part of the organ, though made of metal: the appliance in weaving for separating the threads of the warp, and for beating the weft up to the web: a tube containing the powder-train leading to the blast-hole: a piece of whalebone, &c., for stiffening the skirt or waist of a woman's dress: (poet.) a missile weapon: reeds or straw for thatch: a measuring reed.—v.t. to thatch.—ns. Reed′-band, a musical band including clarinets and other reed-instruments; Reed′-bird, the bobolink; Reed′-bunt′ing, the black-headed bunting of Europe.—adjs. Reed′ed, covered with reeds: formed with reed-like ridges or channels; Reed′en, consisting of a reed or reeds.—ns. Reed′er, a thatcher; Reed′-grass, any one of the grasses called reeds; Reed′iness, the state of being reedy; Reed′ing, the milling on the edge of a coin: (archit.) ornamental beaded mouldings, &c.; Reed′-in′strument, a musical instrument, the tone of which is produced by the vibration of a reed; Reed′-knife, a metal implement for adjusting the tuning wires in a pipe-organ; Reed′ling, the European bearded titmouse; Reed′-mace, any plant of the genus Typha, esp. either of two species, also called Cat's tail, the most common of which grows to a height of five or six feet, and is sometimes called Bulrush; Reed′-mō′tion, the mechanism which in power-looms moves the batten; Reed′-or′gan, a key-board musical instrument of which the harmonium and the American organ are the principal types; Reed′-pheas′ant, the bearded titmouse or reedling; Reed′-pipe, in organ-building, a pipe whose tone is produced by the vibration of a reed: Reed′-plane, a concave-soled plane used in making beads; Reed′-stop, a set of reed-pipes in organs, the use of which is controlled by a single stop-knob; Reed′-war′bler, a species of the warblers, frequenting marshy places, and building its nest on the reeds which grow there—also Reed′-thrush; Reed′-wren, the greater reed-warbler: an American wren.—adj. Reed′y, abounding with reeds: resembling or sounding as a reed—n. masses of rods of iron imperfectly welded together. [A.S. hreód; Dut. riet, Ger. ried.]

Re-edify, rē-ed′i-fī, v.t. to rebuild.—n. Re-edificā′tion, the act of rebuilding: the state of being rebuilt.

Reef, rēf, n. a chain of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water: a shoal or elevated bank: a lode, vein, or ledge, in Australian mining phraseology. [Dut. rif; Ice. rif.]

Reef, rēf, n. a portion of a sail rolled or folded up.—v.t. to reduce the exposed surface of, as a sail: to gather up any material in a similar way.—ns. Reef′-band, a strong strip of canvas extending across a sail to strengthen it; Reef′er, a reef-oyster: one who reefs: a short jacket worn by sailors: a midshipman; Reef′-goose, the common wild goose of North America; Reef′ing, the gathering up of a curtain in short festoons; Reef′ing-jack′et, a pea-jacket; Reef′-knot, a square knot; Reef′-line, a temporary means of spilling a sail; Reef′-pend′ant, in fore and aft sails, a rope through a sheave-hole in the boom; Reef′-squid, a lashing used aboard the luggers on the south coast of England; Reef′-tack′le, a tackle used to facilitate reefing.—adjs. Reef′y, full of reefs; Close′-reefed, the condition of a sail when all its reefs have been taken in. [Dut. reef, reef; Ice. rif, Dan. reb.]

Reef, rēf, adj. (Scot.) scabby.—n. the itch. [A.S. hreóf, scabby.]

Reek, rēk, n. smoke: vapour.—v.i. to emit smoke or vapour: to steam.—adj. Reek′y, full of reek: smoky: soiled with steam or smoke: foul. [A.S. réc; Ice. reykr, Ger. rauch, Dut. rook, smoke.]

Reel, rēl, n. a lively Scottish dance for two couples or more, its music generally written in common time of four crotchets in a measure, but sometimes in jig time of six quavers: music for such a dance.—v.i. to dance a reel. [Gael. righil.]

Reel, rēl, n. a rolling or turning frame for winding yarn, &c.—v.t. to wind on a reel.—adj. Reel′able, capable of being reeled.—ns. Reel′-click, an attachment to an angler's reel, which checks the line from running out too freely; Reel′-cott′on, sewing cotton thread wound on reels or spools; Reel′er, one who reels: the grasshopper-warbler; Reel′-hold′er, a rotatory frame to hold spools or reels of thread used in sewing: one of the watch in a man-of-war who hauls in the line when the log is heaved to ascertain the ship's speed; Reel′ing-machine′, a machine for winding thread on spools or reels: a machine which winds into hanks the cotton yarn received from the bobbins of the spinning-frames; Reel′-line, a fishing-line used on a reel by anglers, esp. the part reeled, as distinguished from that cast; Reel′-plate, the metal plate of a fishing-reel that fits into the reel-seat; Reel′-seat, the groove on an angler's rod which receives the reel.—Reel off, to give out with rapidity or fluency. [A.S. reól, hreól.]

Reel, rēl, v.i. to stagger: to vacillate.—n. giddiness.—adv. Reel′-rall (Scot.), topsy-turvy. [Conn. with preceding word.]

Re-elect, rē-ē-lekt′, v.t. to elect again.—n. Re-elec′tion.

Re-elevate, rē-el′e-vāt, v.t. to elevate again or anew.

Re-eligible, rē-el′i-ji-bl, adj. capable of re-election.—n. Re-eligibil′ity.

Reem, rēm, n. an animal mentioned in Job, xxxix. 9—unicorn, wild ox, or ox-antelope.

Re-embark, rē-em-bärk′, v.t. to embark or put on board again.—n. Re-embarkā′tion.

Re-embattle, rē-em-bat′l, v.t. (Milt.) to range again in order of battle.

Re-embody, rē-em-bod′i, v.t. to embody again.

Re-embrace, rē-em-brās′, v.t. or v.i. to embrace again.

Re-emerge, rē-ē-mėrj′, v.i. to emerge again.—n. Re-emerg′ence, the act of emerging again.

Reeming, rēm′ing, n. the act of opening the seams between the planks of a vessel with a caulking-iron, in order to admit the oakum.

Re-enact, rē-en-akt′, v.t. to enact again.—n. Re-enact′ment.

Re-encouragement, rē-en-kur′āj-ment, n. renewed or repeated encouragement.

Re-endow, rē-en-dow′, v.t. to endow again or anew.

Re-enforce, Re-enforcement. Same as Reinforce, Reinforcement.

Re-engage, rē-en-gāj′, v.t. and v.i. to engage again or a second time.—n. Re-engage′ment, a renewed or repeated engagement.

Re-engender, rē-en-jen′dėr, v.t. to regenerate.

Re-engrave, rē-en-grāv′, v.t. to engrave again or anew.

Re-enjoy, rē-en-joi′, v.t. to enjoy anew or a second time.

Re-enlist, rē-en-list, v.t. or v.i. to enlist again.

Re-enter, rē-en′tėr, v.t. and v.i. to enter again or anew: in engraving, to cut deeper where the aqua fortis has not bitten sufficiently.—p.adj. Re-en′tering, entering again: turning inwards.—n. Re-en′trance, the act of entering again.—adj. Re-en′trant (same as Re-entering).—n. Re-en′try, an entering again: the resuming a possession lately lost.—Re-entering angle, an angle pointing inwards.

Re-enthrone, rē-en-thrōn′, v.t. to restore to the throne.—n. Re-enthrone′ment.

Re-erect, rē-e-rekt′, v.t. to erect again.

Reermouse. Same as Reremouse.

Reesk, rēsk, n. (Scot.) rank grass, or waste land growing such.

Reest, Reist, rēst, v.i. (Scot.) of a horse, suddenly to refuse to move, to baulk.—v.t. to arrest, stop.

Re-establish, rē-es-tab′lish, v.t. to establish again: to restore.—ns. Re-estab′lisher, one who re-establishes; Re-estab′lishment.

Re-estate, rē-es-tāt′, v.t. to re-establish.

Reeve, rēv, n. a steward or other officer (now used only in composition, as in sheriff)—a title applied to several classes of old English magistrates over various territorial areas, as borough-reeves, over boroughs; port-reeves, in trading towns, in ports; high-reeves, &c. [M. E. reve—A.S. geréfa—róf, excellent. Cf. Ger. graf.]

Reeve, rēv, v.t. to pass the end of a rope through any hole, as the channel of a block:—pa.t. and pa.p. reeved, also rove (naut.). [Reef (2).]

Re-examine, rē-eg-zam′in, v.t. to examine again or anew.—n. Re-examinā′tion, a renewed or repeated examination.

Re-exchange, rē-eks-chānj′, v.t. to exchange again or anew.—n. a renewed exchange.

Re-exhibit, rē-eg-zib′it, v.t. to exhibit again.

Re-expel, rē-eks-pel′, v.t. to expel again.

Re-export, rē-eks-pōrt′, v.t. to export again, as what has been imported.—n. Re-exportā′tion, the act of exporting what has first been imported.

Refaction, rē-fak′shun, n. (obs.) retribution.

Refait, re-fā′, n. a drawn game, esp. in rouge-et-noir.

Refashion, rē-fash′un, v.t. to fashion or mould again.—n. Refash′ionment.

Refasten, rē-fas′n, v.t. to fasten again.

Refection, rē-fek′shun, n. refreshment: a meal or repast.—n. Refec′tioner.—adj. Refec′tive, refreshing.—n. Refec′tory, the place where refections or meals are taken, esp. in convents or monasteries. [Fr.,—L. refectio—reficĕre, refectum—re-, again, facĕre, to make.]

Refel, rē-fel′, v.t. (Shak.) to refute, to disprove. [O. Fr.,—L. refellĕre—re-, again, fallĕre, to deceive.]

Refeoff, rē-fef′, v.t. to reinvest.

Refer, rē-fėr, v.t. to submit to another person or authority: to assign: to reduce: to carry back: to trace back: to hand over for consideration: to deliver over, as to refer a matter: to appeal: to direct for information.—v.i. to direct the attention: to give a reference: to have reference or recourse: to relate: to allude:—pr.p. refer′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. referred′.—adjs. Ref′erable, Refer′rible, that may be referred or assigned to.—ns. Referēē′, one to whom anything is referred: an arbitrator, umpire, or judge; Ref′erence, the act of referring: a submitting for information or decision: relation: allusion: one who, or that which, is referred to: (law) the act of submitting a dispute for investigation or decision: a testimonial: a direction in a book, a quotation; Ref′erence-Bī′ble, a Bible having references to parallel passages; Ref′erence-book, a book to be referred to or consulted, as an encyclopædia; Ref′erence-Lī′brary, a library containing books to be consulted only in the premises.—n.pl. Ref′erence-marks (print.), the characters *, †, &c., used to refer to notes, &c.—ns. Referendar′, in Germany, a legal probationer who has passed the first of the two examinations for the judicial service; Referen′dary, one to whose decision a cause is referred, a referee: formerly a public official whose duty was to procure, execute, and despatch diplomas and charters, or who served as the medium of communication with a sovereign: the official through whom the patriarch of Constantinople communicates with the civil authorities; Referen′dum, in Switzerland, the right of the people to have all legislative acts passed in the Federal or Cantonal Assemblies referred to them en masse.—adj. Referen′tial, containing a reference: pointing or referring to something else.—adv. Referen′tially, in the way of reference.—ns. Refer′ment; Refer′rer. [O. Fr. referer (référer)—L. referre, to carry back—re-, back, ferre, to carry.]

Referrible. Same as Referable.

Refigure, rē-fig′ūr, v.t. to represent anew: (astrol.) to restore the parabolic figure of, as of a parabolic mirror.

Refill, rē-fil′, v.t. to fill again.

Refind, rē-fīnd′, v.t. to find or experience again.

Refine, rē-fīn′, v.t. to separate from extraneous matter: to reduce to a fine or pure state: to purify: to clarify: to polish: to make elegant: to purify the manners, morals, language, &c.—v.i. to become fine or pure: to affect nicety: to improve in any kind of excellence.—p.adj. Refined′, made fine: polished: highly cultivated.—adv. Refin′edly, in a refined manner: with affected elegance.—ns. Refin′edness, Refine′ment, act of refining or state of being refined: purification: separation from what is impure, &c.: cultivation: elegance: polish: purity: an excessive nicety; Refin′er, one who refuses anything: a piece of mechanism for refining, as a gas purifier; Refin′ery, a place for refining; Refin′ing, the act or process of refining or purifying, particularly metals. [L. re-, denoting change of state, and fine; cf. Fr. raffiner.]

Refit, rē-fit′, v.t. to fit or prepare again.—v.i. to repair damages.—ns. Refit′, Refit′ment.

Reflame, rē-flām′, v.i. to burst again into flame.

Reflect, rē-flekt′, v.t. to bend back: to throw back after striking upon any surface, as light, &c.—v.i. to be thrown back, as light, heat, &c.: to revolve in the mind: to consider attentively or deeply: to ponder: to cast reproach or censure (with on, upon).—p.adj. Reflect′ed, cast or thrown back: turned upward: reflexed.—adjs. Reflect′ible, capable of being reflected; Reflect′ing, throwing back light, heat, &c.: given to reflection: thoughtful.—adv. Reflect′ingly, with reflection: with censure.—Reflecting telescope, a form of telescope in which the image of the object to be viewed is produced by a concave reflector instead of a lens, as in the refracting telescope. [Fr.,—L. reflectĕre, reflexum—re-, again, flectĕre, to bend.]

Reflection, Reflexion, rē-flek′shun, n. the act of reflecting: the change of direction when a ray of light, &c., strikes upon a surface and is thrown back: the state of being reflected: that which is reflected: the action of the mind by which it is conscious of its own operations: attentive consideration: contemplation: censure or reproach: (anat.) the folding of a part, a fold.—adj. Reflect′ive, reflecting: considering the operations of the mind: exercising thought or reflection: (gram.) reciprocal.—adv. Reflect′ively.—ns. Reflect′iveness; Reflect′or, one who, or that which, reflects: a mirror or polished reflecting surface: a censurer.—adj. Reflect′ory.

Reflet, re-flā′, n. iridescent glaze, as on pottery: ware possessing this property.

Reflex, rē′fleks, adj. bent or turned back: reflected: reciprocal: acting and reacting, as reflex influence: (physiol.) said of certain movements which take place independent of the will, being sent back from a nerve-centre in answer to a stimulus from the surface: (paint.) illuminated by light reflected from another part of the same picture.—n. reflection: light reflected from an illuminated surface: a copy.—v.t. Reflex′, to bend back.—p.adj. Reflexed′ (bot.), bent backward or downward.—n. Reflexibil′ity.—adjs. Reflex′ible, Reflect′ible, that may be reflected or thrown back.—n. Reflex′ity.—adj. Reflex′ive, turning backward: reflective: respecting the past: relating to a verb in which the action turns back upon the subject, as I bethought myself.—adv. Reflex′ively.—n. Reflex′iveness, the state or quality of being reflexive.—adv. Rē′flexly (also Reflex′ly).—adj. Reflexogen′ic, tending to increase reflex motions.

Refloat, rē-flōt′, n. ebb.

Reflorescence, rē-flor-es′ens, n. a blossoming anew.—v.i. Reflour′ish.

Reflow, rē-flō′, v.i. to flow back.—ns. Reflow′, Reflow′ing.

Reflower, rē-flow′ėr, v.i. to bloom again.

Refluent, ref′lōō-ent, adj. flowing back: ebbing.—ns. Ref′luence, Ref′luency.—adj. Rē′flux, flowing or returning back: reflex.—n. a flowing back: ebb.—n. Reflux′ing. [L. refluens, -entis, pr.p. of refluĕre—re-, back, fluĕre, fluxum, to flow.]

Refocillate, rē-fos′il-āt, v.t. (obs.) to revive.—n. Refocillā′tion. [L. re-, again, focillāre, to cherish—focus, a hearth.]

Refold, rē-fōld′, v.t. to fold again.—adj. Refold′ed.

Refoot, rē-fōōt′, v.t. to supply with a new foot.

Reforest, rē-for′est, v.t. to plant again with trees.—n. Reforestā′tion.

Reforge, rē-fōrj′, v.t. to forge again or anew: to make over again.—n. Reforg′er.

Reform, rē-form′, v.t. to form again or anew: to transform: to make better: to remove that which is objectionable from: to repair or improve: to reclaim.—v.i. to become better: to abandon evil: to be corrected or improved.—n. a forming anew: change, amendment, improvement: an extension or better distribution of parliamentary representation, as in the Reform Bill.—adj. Refor′mable.—n. Reformā′tion, the act of forming again: the act of reforming: amendment: improvement: the great religious revolution of the 16th century, which gave rise to the various evangelical or Protestant organisations of Christendom.—adjs. Refor′mātive, forming again or anew: tending to produce reform; Refor′mātory, reforming: tending to produce reform.—n. an institution for reclaiming youths and children who have been convicted of crime.—adj. Reformed′, formed again or anew: changed: amended: improved: denoting the churches formed after the Reformation, esp. those in which the Calvinistic doctrines, and still more the Calvinistic polity, prevail, in contradistinction to the Lutheran.—ns. Refor′mer, one who reforms: one who advocates political reform: one of those who took part in the Reformation of the 16th century; Refor′mist, a reformer.—Reformed Presbyterians, a Presbyterian denomination originating in Scotland (see Cameronian); Reform school, a reformatory. [L. re-, again, formāre, to shape—forma, form.]

Reformade, ref-or-mād′, n. (Bunyan) a reduced or dismissed soldier.—n. Reformā′do, an officer without a command.—adj. degraded: penitent.

Refortify, rē-for′ti-fī, v.t. to fortify again or anew.

Refound, rē-fownd′, v.t. to establish on a new basis: to cast anew.—n. Refound′er.

Refract, rē-frakt′, v.t. to break back or open: to break the natural course, or bend from a direct line, as rays of light, &c.—adj. Rēfrac′table.—p.adjs. Rēfrac′ted, turned out of its straight course, as a ray of light: (bot., &c.) bent back at an acute angle; Rēfrac′ting, serving or tending to refract: refractive.—n. Rēfrac′tion, the act of refracting: the change in the direction of a ray of light, heat, &c., when it enters a different medium.—adj. Rēfrac′tive, refracting: pertaining to refraction.—ns. Rēfrac′tiveness; Rēfractiv′ity; Rēfractom′eter, an instrument for measuring the refractive power of different substances; Rēfrac′tor, a refracting telescope.—Angle of refraction, the angle between a perpendicular and a ray of light after its change of direction, bearing a constant ratio to the sine of the angle of incidence—the index of refraction; Astronomical, or Atmospheric, refraction, the apparent angular elevation of the heavenly bodies above their true places, caused by the refraction of the rays of light in their passage through the earth's atmosphere; Double refraction, the separation of an incident ray of light into two refracted rays, polarised in perpendicular planes. [L. refringĕre, refractum—re-, back, frangĕre, to break.]

Refractory, rē-frak′to-ri, adj. breaking through rules: unruly: unmanageable: obstinate: perverse: difficult of fusion, as metals, &c.: not susceptible, as to disease.—adv. Refrac′torily.—n. Refrac′toriness.

Refracture, rē-frak′tūr, n. a breaking again.

Refragable, ref′ra-ga-bl, adj. that may be resisted: capable of refutation.—ns. Refragabil′ity, Ref′ragableness.—v.i. Ref′ragāte (obs.), to be contrary in effect. [L. refragāri, to resist—re-, again, frangĕre, to break.]

Refrain, rē-frān′, n. a burden or chorus recurring at the end of each division of a poem: the musical form to which the burden of a song is set: an after-taste or other sense impression. [O. Fr. refrain—refraindre—L. refringĕre (refrangĕre).]

Refrain, rē-frān′, v.t. to curb: to restrain.—v.i. to keep from action: to forbear.—ns. Refrain′er; Refrain′ment. [O. Fr. refraindre (Fr. refréner)—Low L. refrenāre—re-, back, frenum, a bridle.]

Reframe, rē-frām′, v.t. to frame again.

Refranation, rēf-ra-nā′shun, n. (astrol.) the failure of a planetary aspect to occur.

Refrangible, rē-fran′ji-bl, adj. that may be refracted, or turned out of a direct course, as rays of light, heat, &c.—ns. Refrangibil′ity, Refran′gibleness.

Refreeze, rē-frēz′, v.t. to freeze a second time.

Refrenation, ref-rē-nā′shun, n. (obs.) the act of restraining.

Refresh, rē-fresh′, v.t. to give new strength, spirit, &c. to: to revive after exhaustion: to enliven: to restore a fresh appearance to.—v.i. to become fresh again: (coll.) to take refreshment, as food and drink.—v.t. Rēfresh′en, to make fresh again.—n. Rēfresh′er, one who, or that which, refreshes: a fee paid to counsel for continuing his attention to a case, esp. when adjourned.—adj. Rēfresh′ful, full of power to refresh: refreshing.—adv. Rēfresh′fully.—p.adj. Rēfresh′ing, reviving, invigorating.—adv. Rēfresh′ingly, in a refreshing manner: so as to revive.—ns. Rēfresh′ingness; Refresh′ment, the act of refreshing: new strength or spirit after exhaustion: that which refreshes, as food or rest—(pl.) usually food and drink.—Refreshment, or Refection, Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent.

Refrigerant, rē-frij′ė-rant, adj. making cold: cooling: refreshing.—n. that which cools.—v.t. Rēfrig′erāte, to make cold: to cool: to refresh.—n. Rēfrigerā′tion.—adjs. Rēfrig′erātive, Rēfrig′erātory, cooling: refreshing.—ns. Rēfrig′erātor, an apparatus for preserving food by keeping it at a low temperature: an ice-safe; Rēfrig′erātor-car, a freight-car fitted for preserving meat, &c., during transmission, by means of cold; Rēfrig′erātory, a cooler: a vessel or apparatus for cooling, used in brewing, &c.; Rēfrigē′rium (obs.), cooling refreshment. [Fr.,—L. re-, denoting change of state, frigerāre, -ātum, to cool, frigus, cold.]

Refringe, rē-frinj′, v.t. to infringe.—n. Rēfring′ency, refractive power.—adj. Rēfrin′gent.

Reft, reft, pa.t. and pa.p. of reave.

Refuge, ref′ūj, n. that which affords shelter or protection: an asylum or retreat: a resource or expedient.—v.t. to find shelter for.—v.i. to take shelter.—ns. Refugēē′, one who flees for refuge to another country, esp. from religious persecution or political commotion; Refugēē′ism.—City of refuge (see City); House of refuge, an institution for the shelter of the destitute. [Fr.,—L. refugium—re-, back, frugĕre, to flee.]

Refulgence, rē-ful′jens, n. state of being refulgent: brightness: brilliance—also Rēful′gency.—adj. Rēful′gent, casting a flood of light: shining: brilliant.—adv. Rēful′gently. [Fr.,—L. refulgens, -entis, pr.p. of refulgēre—re-, inten., fulgēre, to shine.]

Refund, rē-fund′, v.t. to repay: to restore: to return what has been taken.—ns. Refund′; Refund′er; Refund′ment. [Fr.,—L. refundĕre, refusum—re-, back, fundĕre, to pour.]

Refurbish, rē-fur′bish, v.t. to furbish again: to polish.

Refurnish, rē-fur′nish, v.t. to furnish again: to supply or provide anew.

Refuse, rē-fūz′, v.t. to reject: to deny, as a request, &c.: to disown: to fail to receive, to repel: (mil.) to hold troops back from the regular alignment.—v.i. to decline acceptance: not to comply.—adj. Refū′sable, capable of being refused.—ns. Refū′sal, denial of anything requested: rejection: the right of taking in preference to others; Rēfū′ser. [Fr. refuser, prob. due to confusion of L. refutāre, to drive back, recusāre, to make an objection against.]

Refuse, ref′ūs, adj. refused: worthless.—n. that which is rejected or left as worthless: dross.

Refuse, rē-fūz′, v.t. to melt again.—n. Rēfū′sion, repeated fusion or melting, as of metals: restoration.

Refute, rē-fūt′, v.t. to repel: to oppose: to disprove.—n. Rēfutabil′ity.—adj. Rēfū′table, that may be refuted or disproved.—adv. Rēfū′tably.—n. Refutā′tion, the act of refuting or disproving.—adj. Rēfū′tātory, tending to refute: refuting.—n. Rēfū′ter, one who, or that which, refutes. [Fr. réfuter—L. refutāre—re-, back, root of fundĕre, futilis.]

Regain, rē-gān, v.t. to gain back or again: to recover.

Regal, rē′gal, adj. belonging to a king: kingly: royal.—adv. Rē′gally. [Fr.,—L. regalis—rex, a king—regĕre, to rule.]

Regal, rē′gal, n. a small portable organ used to support treble voices.—Also Rig′ole. [Fr.,—It.,—L. regalis, royal.]

Regale, rē-gāl′, v.t. to entertain in a sumptuous manner: to refresh: to gratify.—v.i. to feast.—n. a regal or magnificent feast.—ns. Regale′ment, the act of regaling: entertainment: refreshment; Regā′ler. [Fr. régaler, derived by Diez, like Sp. regalar, from L. regelāre, to thaw. Scheler prefers to connect with O. Fr. galer, to rejoice (cf. Gala), and Skeat follows him.]

Regalia, rē-gā′li-a, n.pl. the ensigns of royalty: the crown, sceptre, &c., esp. those used at a coronation: the rights and privileges of kings: the distinctive symbols of a particular order.—n. Rēgā′lē, the power of the sovereign in ecclesiastical affairs.—adj. Rēgā′lian, regal, sovereign.—ns. Rē′galism, Rēgal′ity, state of being regal: royalty: sovereignty: (Scot.) a territorial jurisdiction formerly conferred by the king.—adv. Rē′gally. [Neut. pl. of L. regalis, royal.]

Regalia, rē-gā′lya, n. a superior Cuban cigar.

Regard, rē-gärd′, v.t. to observe particularly: to hold in respect or affection: to pay attention to: to care for: to keep or observe: to esteem: to consider as important or valuable: to have respect or relation to.—n. (orig.) look, gaze: attention with interest: observation: respect: affection: repute: relation: reference: (pl.) good wishes.—adjs. Regar′dable; Regar′dant, looking to: (her.) looking behind or backward.—n. Regar′der.—adj. Regard′ful, full of regard: taking notice: heedful: attentive.—adv. Regard′fully.—n. Regard′fulness.—prep. Regar′ding, respecting, concerning.—adj. Regard′less, without regard: not attending: negligent: heedless.—adv. Regard′lessly.—ns. Regard′lessness; Regard′-ring, a ring set with stones whose initial letters make the word regard, as ruby, emerald, garnet, amethyst, ruby, diamond.—As regards, with regard to; In regard of, in view of; In this regard, in this respect. [Fr. regarder—re-, again, garder, to keep.]

Regather, rē-gath′ėr, v.t. to gather again.

Regatta, rē-gat′a, n. a race of yachts: any rowing or sailing match. [It. regatta, rigatta—Old It. regattare, to haggle, prob. a form of It. recatare, to retail—L. re-, again, captāre, to catch.]

Regelation, rē-jē-lā′shun, n. the act of freezing anew.—v.i. Rē′gelāte, to freeze together. [L. re-, again, gelāre, to freeze.]

Regency, rē′jen-si, n. the office, jurisdiction, or dominion of a regent: a body entrusted with vicarious government.—n. Rē′gence (obs.), government.

Regenerate, rē-jen′ėr-āt, v.t. to produce anew: (theol.) to renew the heart and turn it to the love of God.—adj. regenerated, renewed: changed from a natural to a spiritual state.—ns. Regen′erācy, Regen′erāteness, state of being regenerate.—n. Regenerā′tion, act of regenerating: state of being regenerated: (theol.) new birth, the change from a carnal to a Christian life: the renewal of the world at the second coming of Christ.—adj. Regen′erātive, pertaining to regeneration: renewal.—adv. Regen′erātively.—n. Regen′erātor, a chamber filled with a checker-work of fire-bricks, in which the waste heat is, by reversal of the draught, alternately stored up and given out to the gas and air entering the furnace.—adj. Regen′erātory.—n. Regen′esis, the state of being renewed.—Baptismal regeneration (see Baptise). [L. regenerāre, -ātum, to bring forth again—re-, again, generāre, to generate.]

Regent, rē′jent, adj. invested with interim or vicarious sovereign authority.—n. one invested with interim authority: one who rules for the sovereign: a college professor, as formerly in Scotland and elsewhere: a master or doctor who takes part in the regular duties of instruction and government in some universities.—ns. Rē′gent-bird, an Australian bird related to the bower-birds; Rē′gentess; Rē′gentship, office of a regent: deputed authority. [Fr.,—L. regens, -entis, pr.p. of regĕre, to rule.]

Regerminate, rē-jėr′min-āt, v.i. to germinate or bud again.—n. Regerminā′tion.

Regest, rē-jest′, v.t. (obs.) to throw back.—n. a register.

Reget, rē-get′, v.t. to get or obtain again.

Regian, rē′ji-an, n. (obs.) a royalist.—Rē′giam majestā′tem, a collection of ancient laws bearing to have been compiled by order of David I. of Scotland, now generally believed to be a compilation from Glanville's Tractatus de legibus.

Regible, rej′i-bl, adj. governable.

Regicide, rej′i-sīd, n. the murderer of a king—applied esp. to the members of the High Court of Justice who sentenced Charles I. to death.—adj. Regicī′dal. [Fr.,—L. rex, regis, a king, cædĕre, to kill.]

Regifugium, rē-ji-fū′ji-um, n. an ancient Roman festival commemorating the expulsion of the Tarquins.

Regild, rē-gild′, v.t. to gild again or anew.

Régime, rā-zhēm′, n. mode of ruling one's diet: form of government: administration.—Ancien régime, the political system that prevailed in France before the Revolution of 1789. [Fr.,—L. regimen—regĕre, to rule.]

Regimen, rej′i-men, n. rule prescribed: orderly government: any regulation for gradual improvement: (med.) rule of diet, habit with regard to food: (gram.) the government of one word by another: words governed:—pl. Regim′ina.—adj. Regim′inal. [L.]

Regiment, rej′i-ment, n. a body of soldiers constituting the largest permanent unit, commanded by a colonel: rule.—v.t. to form into a regiment: to organise.—adj. Regiment′al, relating to a regiment.—n.pl. the uniform of a regiment.—n. Regimentā′tion, classification.—Regimental district, the territory allotted to each regiment for recruiting purposes.

Regina, rē-jī′na, n. (U.S.) the striped water-snake.

Region, rē′jun, n. a portion of land: country: any area or district, with respect to fauna, flora, &c.: (Shak.) rank, dignity: (Shak.) the elemental space between the earth and the moon's orbit.—adj. Rē′gional, topical: local: topographical.—n. Rē′gionalism, sectionalism.—adv. Rē′gionally.—n. Regionā′rius, a title given to R.C. ecclesiastics who have jurisdiction over certain districts of Rome.—adjs. Rē′gionary; Rēgion′ic. [O. Fr.,—L. regio, regionis—regĕre, to rule.]

Register, rej′is-tėr, n. a written record, regularly kept: the book containing the register: that which registers or records: one who registers, as the Scotch 'Lord Clerk Register:' that which regulates, as the damper of a furnace or stove: a stop or range of pipes on the organ, &c.: the compass of a voice or of a musical instrument: (print.) exact adjustment of position in the presswork of books printed on both sides.—v.t. to enter in a register: to record.—adjs. Reg′isterable, Reg′istrable, capable of being registered; Reg′istered, enrolled, as a registered voter.—ns. Reg′ister-grate, a grate with a shutter behind; Reg′ister-off′ice, a record-office: an employment office; Reg′ister-plate, in rope-making, a disc having holes so arranged as to give the yarns passing through them their proper position for entering into the general twist; Reg′istrant, one who registers, esp. a trade-mark or patent; Reg′istrar, one who keeps a register or official record; Reg′istrar-gen′eral, an officer having the superintendence of the registration of all births, deaths, and marriages; Reg′istrarship, office of a registrar.—v.t. Reg′istrāte.—ns. Registrā′tion, act of registering: in organ-playing, the act of combining stops for the playing of given pieces of music; Reg′istry, act of registering: place where a register is kept: facts recorded.—Registration Act, a statute of 1885 extending the borough system of registration to county towns; Registration of British ships, a duty imposed on ship-owners in order to secure to their vessels the privileges of British ships; Registration of copyright, the recording of the title of a book for the purpose of securing the copyright; Registration of trade-marks, the public system of registering such, with a view to secure their exclusive use.—Parish register, a book in which the births, deaths, and marriages are inscribed; Ship's register, a document showing the ownership of a vessel. [O. Fr. registre—Low L. registrum, for L. regestum, pl. regesta—re-, back, gerĕre, to carry.]

Regius, rē′ji-us, adj. appointed by the Crown, as Rē′gius profess′or, one whose chair was founded by Henry VIII.; in Scotland, any professor whose chair was founded by the Crown.—Rē′gium dō′num, an annual grant of public money to Presbyterian and other nonconformist ministers in England, Scotland, and esp. Ireland, where it only ceased in 1871.

Regive, rē-giv′, v.t. to restore.

Reglement, reg′l-ment, n. (Bacon) regulation.—adj. Reglemen′tary. [Fr.]

Reglet, reg′let, n. a flat, narrow moulding, used to separate panels, &c.: a fillet: (print.) a ledge of wood thicker than a lead, and used for a like purpose.—n. Reg′let-plane, a plane for making printers' reglets. [Fr., dim. of règle—L. regula, a rule.]

Reglow, rē-glō′, v.i. to recalesce.—n. recalescence.

Regma, reg′ma, n. (bot.) a capsule with two or more lobes, each of which dehisces at maturity:—pl. Reg′mata. [Gr. rhēgma, a fracture.]

Regmacarp, reg′ma-kärp, n. any dehiscent fruit.

Regnal, reg′nal, adj. pertaining to the reign of a monarch.—n. Reg′nancy, condition of being regnant: reign: predominance.—adj. Reg′nant, reigning or ruling: predominant: exercising regal authority.—ns. Reg′nicide, the destroyer of a kingdom; Reg′num, a badge of royalty, esp. the early form of the pope's tiara.—Regnal year, the year of a sovereign's reign. [L. regnans, regnantis, pr.p. of regnāre, regĕre, to rule.]

Regorge, rē-gorj′, v.t. to swallow again: (Milt.) to swallow eagerly: to vomit, to throw back.

Regrade, rē-grād, v.i. (obs.) to retire.

Regraft, rē-graft′, v.t. to graft again.

Regrant, rē-grant′, v.t. to grant back.—n. a fresh grant.

Regrate, rē-grāt′, v.t. in masonry, to remove the outer surface so as to give a fresh appearance.

Regrate, rē-grāt′, v.t. to buy and sell again in the same market, thus raising the price—once a criminal offence in England.—ns. Regrā′ter, -tor, a huckster who buys and sells provisions in the same fair; Regrā′ting. [O. Fr. regrater—Low L. recatare, to retail—L. re-, back, captāre, to catch.]

Regrede, rē-grēd′, v.i. to retrograde.—n. Regrē′dience.

Regreet, rē-grēt′, v.t. (Shak.) to greet or salute again.—n. (Shak.) exchange of salutation.

Regress, rē-gres′, n. passage back: return: power of returning: re-entry.—v.i. to go back: to return to a former place or state: (astron.) to move from east to west.—n. Regres′sion, act of going back or returning.—adj. Regress′ive, going back: returning.—adv. Regress′ively, in a regressive manner: by return. [L. regressus, perf. p. of regredi—re-, back, gradi, gressus, to step, go.]

Regret, rē-gret′, v.t. to grieve at: to remember with sorrow:—pr.p. regret′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. regret′ted.—n. sorrow for anything: concern: remorse: a written expression of regret.—adj. Regret′ful, full of regret.—adv. Regret′fully.—adj. Regret′table.—adv. Regret′tably. [O. Fr. regrater, to desire, prob. from L. re-, again, and an Old Low Ger. form, appearing in A.S. grǽtan, Goth. gretan, to weep, Scot. greet. Others explain as from L. re-, in neg. sense, and gratus, pleasing.]

Regrowth, rē-grōth′, n. a new growth.

Reguerdon, rē-gėr′dun, v.t. (Shak.) to reward.—n. (Shak.) a reward.—n. Reguer′donment.

Regula, reg′ū-la, n. a book of rules for a religious house: (archit.) one of the bands under a Doric triglyph or between the canals of the triglyphs:—pl. Reg′ulæ (-lē). [L. regula, a rule.]

Regular, reg′ū-lar, adj. according to rule, or to law, order, custom, established practice, or mode prescribed: in accordance with nature or art, or the ordinary form or course of things: governed by rule: uniform: periodical: unbroken: methodical, orderly, systematic: strict: pursued with steadiness: straight: level: instituted according to established forms: normal, natural: consistent: usual, customary: (gram.) according to ordinary rule, as 'regular verbs:' (bot.) symmetrical in form: (geom.) having all the sides and angles equal: belonging to the permanent or standing army—opp. to Militia and Volunteer: (coll.) thorough, out and out, as 'a regular deception:' as opp. to Secular in the R.C. Church, denoting monks, friars, &c. under a monastic rule.—n. a soldier belonging to the permanent army: a member of a religious order who has taken the three ordinary vows: (chron.) a number for each year, giving, added to the concurrents, the number of the day of the week on which the paschal full moon falls: a fixed number for each month serving to ascertain the day of the week, or the age of the moon, on the first day of any month.—n.pl. Regulā′ria, the regular sea-urchins.—n. Regularisā′tion.—v.t. Reg′ularise, to make regular.—n. Regular′ity, conformity to rule: method: uniformity.—adv. Reg′ularly.—n. Reg′ularness.—v.t. Reg′ulāte, to make regular: to adjust by rule: to subject to rules or restrictions: to put in good order.—ns. Reg′ulating-screw, in organ-building, a screw by which the dip of the digitals of the keyboard of an organ may be adjusted; Regulā′tion, act of regulating: state of being regulated: a rule or order prescribed: precept: law.—adj. Reg′ulātive, tending to regulate.—n. Reg′ulātor, one who, or that which, regulates: a lever which regulates the motion of a watch, &c.: anything that regulates motion.—adj. Reg′ulātory.—n.fem. Reg′ulātress. [L. regularis—regula, a rule—regĕre, to rule.]

Regulus, reg′ū-lus, n. an intermediate and impure product in the smelting of metallic ores: antimony: the golden-crested wren.—adj. Reg′uline.—v.t. Reg′ulise. [L., 'little king.']

Regur, rē′gur, n. the rich black cotton soil of India, full of organic matter.—Also Rē′gar. [Hind.]

Regurgitate, rē-gur′ji-tāt, v.t. to throw or pour back from a deep place.—v.i. to be thrown or poured back:—pr.p. regur′gitāting; pa.p. regur′gitāted.—n. Regurgitā′tion, the act of pouring or flowing back. [O. Fr.,—Low L. regurgitāre, -ātum—re-, back, gurges, gurgitis, a gulf.]

Reh, rā, n. a saline efflorescence which comes to the surface in extensive tracts of Upper India.

Rehabilitate, rē-ha-bil′i-tāt, v.t. to reinstate, restore to former privileges.—n. Rehabilitā′tion, the act of restoring to forfeited rights or privileges. [Fr. réhabiliter—L. re-, again, habilitāre—habēre, to have.]

Rehandle, rē-hand′l, v.t. to remodel.

Rehash, rē-hash′, v.t. to hash over again.—n. something made up of materials formerly used.

Rehead, rē-hed′, v.t. to furnish with a head again.

Rehear, rē-hēr′, v.t. to hear again: to try over again, as a lawsuit.—n. Rehear′ing.

Rehearsal, rē-hėr′sal, n. act of rehearsing: recital: recital and performance for practice previous to public representation.—v.t. Rehearse′, to repeat what has already been said: to narrate: to recite before a public representation.—ns. Rehear′ser; Rehear′sing. [O. Fr. rehercer, reherser—re-, again, hercer, to harrow—herce (Fr. herse), a harrow.]

Reheat, rē-hēt, v.t. to heat anew.—n. Reheat′er, an apparatus for restoring heat to a body.

Reheel, rē-hēl′, v.t. to supply a heel to a stocking, boot, &c.

Rehibition. See Redhibition.

Rehybridise, rē-hī′bri-dīz, v.t. to cause to interbreed with a different species.

Rehypothecate, rē-hī-poth′ē-kāt, v.t. to lend as security bonds already pledged.—n. Rehypothecā′tion.

Reichsrath, rīhs′rät, n. the chief deliberative body in the western part of the Austrian Empire, excluding Hungary, which has its own parliament.

Reichstag, rīhs′täh, n. the chief deliberative body in the German Empire, exercising legislative power in conjunction with the Bundesrath: the diet of the old German Empire.

Reification, rē-if-i-kā′shun, n. materialisation.—v.t. Rē′ify, to make real or material.

Reign, rān, n. rule: dominion, as Reign of Terror: royal authority: supreme power: influence: time during which a sovereign rules.—v.i. to rule: to have sovereign power: to be predominant. [Fr. règne—L. regnum—regĕre, to rule.]

Reilluminate, rē-il-lū′min-āt, v.t. to illuminate or enlighten again.—n. Reilluminā′tion.

Reimburse, rē-im-burs′, v.t. to refund: to pay an equivalent to for loss or expense.—adj. Reimburs′able, capable of being repaid: intended to be repaid.—ns. Reimburse′ment, act of reimbursing; Reimburs′er, one who reimburses. [Fr. rembourser—re-, back, embourser, to put in a purse—bourse, a purse.]

Reimplace, rē-im-plās′, v.t. (obs.) to replace.

Reimplant, rē-im-plant′, v.t. to implant again.—n. Reimplantā′tion.

Reimport, rē-im-pōrt′, v.t. to bring back: to import again.—n. Reimportā′tion.

Reimpose, rē-im-pōz′, v.t. to retax.—n. Reimposi′tion, the act of reimposing: a tax levied anew.

Reimpress, rē-im-pres′, v.t. to impress anew.—n. Reimpres′sion, a second or repeated impression: the reprint of a work.—v.t. Reimprint′, to print again.

Reimprison, rē-im-pris′n, v.t. to imprison again.—n. Reimpris′onment.

Rein, rān, n. the strap of a bridle: an instrument for curbing or governing: government.—v.t. to govern with the rein or bridle: to restrain or control: to rein in, to curb.—v.i. to obey the rein.—ns. Rein′-hold′er, a clasp on the dash-board of a carriage for holding the reins; Rein′-hook, a hook on a gig-saddle for holding the bearing-rein.—adj. Rein′less, without rein or restraint.—n. Reins′man, a skilful driver.—Rein up, to bring a horse to a stop.—Give the reins to, to leave unchecked; Take the reins, to take the control. [O. Fr. reine (Fr. rêne), through Late L. retina, from retinēre, to hold back.]

Reinaugurate, rē-in-aw′gū-rāt, v.t. to inaugurate again or anew.

Reincarnate, rē-in-kär′nāt, v.t. to embody anew.—n. Reincarnā′tion.

Reincense, rē-in-sens′, v.t. to rekindle.

Reincite, rē-in-sīt′, v.t. to reanimate.

Reincorporate, rē-in-kor′pō-rāt, v.t. to incorporate or embody again or anew.

Reincrease, rē-in-krēs′, v.t. to augment.

Reincrudation, rē-in-krōō-dā′shun, n. recrudescence.

Reindeer, rān′dēr, n. a kind of deer in the north, valuable for the chase and for domestic uses.—n. Rein′deer-moss, a lichen, the winter food of the reindeer. [Ice. hreinn, and Eng. deer.]

Reinfect, rē-in-fekt′, v.t. to infect again.—n. Reinfec′tion.

Reinflame, rē-in-flām′, v.t. to rekindle.

Reinforce, rē-in-fōrs′, v.t. to enforce again: to strengthen with new force or support: (Spens.) to compel.—ns. Reinforce′ment, the act of reinforcing: additional force or assistance, esp. of troops; Reinfor′cer, any additional strengthening added to a thing.—adj. Reinfor′cible.

Reinform, rē-in-form′, v.t. to inform anew.

Reinfund, rē-in-fund′, v.t. to flow in again.

Reinfuse, rē-in-fūz′, v.t. to infuse again.

Reingratiate, rē-in-grā′shi-āt, v.t. to recommend again: to favour.

Reinhabit, rē-in-hab′it, v.t. to inhabit again.

Reinoculation, rē-in-ok-ū-lā′shun, n. subsequent inoculation.

Reins, rānz, n.pl. the kidneys: the lower part of the back over the kidneys: (B.) the inward parts: the heart. [O. Fr.,—L. renes.]

Reinscribe, rē-in-skrīb′, v.t. to record a second time.

Reinsert, rē-in-sėrt′, v.t. to insert a second time.—n. Reinser′tion.

Reinspect, rē-in-spekt′, v.t. to inspect again.—n. Reinspec′tion.

Reinspire, rē-in-spīr′, v.t. to inspire anew.

Reinstall, rē-in-stawl′, v.t. (Shak.) to put again in possession: (Milt.) to seat again.—n. Reinstal′ment.

Reinstate, rē-in-stāt′, v.t. to place in a former state.—ns. Reinstāte′ment, Reinstā′tion, act of reinstating: re-establishment.

Reinstruct, rē-in-strukt′, v.t. to instruct again.

Reinsure, rē-in-shōōr′, v.t. to insure a second time by other underwriters.—ns. Reinsur′ance; Reinsur′er.

Reintegrate, rē-in′te-grāt, v.t. to bring into harmony.—n. Reintegrā′tion.

Reinter, rē-in-ter′, v.t. to bury again.

Reinterrogate, rē-in-ter′ō-gāt, v.t. to interrogate again.—n. Reinterrogā′tion.

Reintroduce, rē-in-trō-dūs′, v.t. to introduce again.—n. Reintroduc′tion.

Reinvent, rē-in-vent′, v.t. to create anew or independently.—n. Reinven′tion.

Reinvest, rē-in-vest′, v.t. to invest again or a second time.—n. Reinvest′ment, act of reinvesting: a second investment.

Reinvestigate, rē-in-ves′ti-gāt, v.t. to investigate again.—n. Reinvestigā′tion.

Reinvigorate, rē-in-vig′or-āt, v.t. to invigorate again.—n. Reinvigorā′tion.

Reinvite, rē-in-vīt′, to repeat an invitation.—n. Reinvitā′tion.

Reinvolve, rē-in-volv′, v.t. to involve anew.

Reis, rās, n. a Portuguese money, of which 1000 make a milreis—4s. 5d. [Port., pl. of real.]

Reissue, rē-ish′ōō, v.t. to issue again.—n. a second issue.—adj. Reis′suable.

Reiter, rī′tėr, n. a German cavalry soldier. [Ger.]

Reiterate, rē-it′e-rāt, v.t. to iterate or repeat again: to repeat again and again.—adj. Reit′erant, reiterating.—adv. Reit′eratedly.—n. Reiterā′tion, act of reiterating.—adj. Reit′erātive (gram.), a word signifying repeated action.

Reject, rē-jekt′, v.t. to throw away: to refuse: to renounce: to despise.—adjs. Rejec′table, Rejec′tible.—n.pl. Rejectamen′ta, excrement.—ns. Rejec′ter, -or; Rejec′tion, act of rejecting: refusal.—adj. Rejec′tive.—n. Reject′ment. [L. rejicĕre, rejectum—re-, back, jacĕre, to throw.]

Rejoice, rē-jois′, v.i. to feel and express joy again and again: to be glad: to exult or triumph.—v.t. to make joyful: to gladden.—ns. Rejoice′ment, rejoicing; Rejoic′er; Rejoic′ing, act of being joyful: expression, subject, or experience of joy.—adv. Rejoic′ingly, with joy or exultation. [O. Fr. resjoir (Fr. réjouir)—re-, again, jouir, to enjoy—joie, joy.]

Rejoin, rē-join′, v.t. to join again: to unite what is separated: to meet again.—v.i. to answer to a reply.—ns. Rejoin′der, an answer joined on to another, an answer to a reply: (law) the defendant's answer to a plaintiff's replication; Rejoin′dūre (Shak.), a joining again.

Rejoint, rē-joint′, v.t. to joint anew: to fill up the joints of, as with mortar.

Rejolt, rē-jolt′, v.t. to shake anew.—n. a new shock.

Rejourn, rē-jurn′, v.t. (Shak.) to adjourn or postpone, to defer.—n. Rejourn′ment. [Fr. réajourner.]

Rejudge, rē-juj′, v.t. to re-examine.

Rejuvenate, rē-jōō′ve-nāt, v.t. to renew: to make young again.—n. Rejuvenā′tion.—v.i. Rejuvenesce′, to grow young again.—n. Rejuvenes′cence, growing young again: (biol.) a transformation whereby the entire protoplasm of a vegetative cell changes into a cell of a different character.—adj. Rejuvenes′cent.—v.t. Reju′venise, to rejuvenate. [L. re-, again, and juvenescent.]

Rekindle, rē-kin′dl, v.t. to kindle again: to set on fire or arouse anew.—v.i. to take fire anew.

Relais, re-lā′, n. (fort.) a walk left within a rampart to keep earth from falling into the ditch. [Fr.]

Relapse, rē-laps′, v.i. to slide, sink, or fall back: to return to a former state of practice: to backslide.—n. a falling back into a former bad state: (med.) the return of a disease after convalescence.—n. Relap′ser.—adj. Relap′sing. [L. relabi, relapsus—re-, back, labi, to slide.]

Relate, rē-lāt′, v.t. to describe: to tell: to ally by connection or kindred.—v.i. to have reference: to refer.—adj. Relā′ted, allied or connected by kindred or blood.—ns. Relā′tedness; Relā′ter, -or, one who relates; Relā′tion, act of relating or telling: recital: that which is related: mutual connection between two things, analogy: resemblance, affinity: connection by birth or marriage: a person related by blood or marriage, a relative.—adj. Relā′tional, having relation: exhibiting some relation.—ns. Relātional′ity; Relā′tionism, the doctrine that relations have a real existence; Relā′tionist; Relā′tionship; Relā′tor (law), an informant on whose behalf certain writs are issued:—fem. Relā′trix. [O. Fr.,—L. referre, relatum—re-, back, ferre, to carry.]

Relative, rel′a-tiv, adj. having relation: respecting: not absolute or existing by itself: considered as belonging to something else: (gram.) expressing relation.—n. that which has relation to something else: a relation: (gram.) a pronoun which relates to something before, called its antecedent.—adj. Relatī′val (or Rel′atival).—adv. Rel′atively.—ns. Rel′ativeness, Relativ′ity.—Relativity of human knowledge, the doctrine that the nature and extent of our knowledge is determined not merely by the qualities of the objects known, but necessarily by the conditions of our cognitive powers.

Relax, rē-laks′, v.t. to loosen one thing away from another: to slacken: to make less close, tense, or rigid: to make less severe: to relieve from attention or effort: to divert: to open or loosen, as the bowels: to make languid.—v.i. to become less close: to become less severe: to attend less.—adj. Relax′able.—ns. Relax′ant, a relaxing medicine; Relaxā′tion, act of relaxing: state of being relaxed: remission of application: unbending: looseness.—adj. Relax′ative. [Fr.,—L. relaxāre, -ātum—re-, away from, laxāre, to loosen—laxus, loose.]

Relay, rē-lā′, n. a supply of horses, &c., to relieve others on a journey: a fresh set of dogs in hunting: a shift of men: a supplementary store of anything: (electr.) an apparatus by which the current of the receiving telegraphic station is strengthened. [O. Fr. relais—relaisser—L. relaxāre, to loosen.]

Relay, rē-lā′, v.t. to lay again, as a pavement.

Release, rē-lēs′, v.t. to grant a new lease of.—ns. Releasēē′, Relessēē′, the one to whom a release is granted; Releas′or, Reless′or, one who grants a release.

Release, rē-lēs′, v.t. to let loose from: to set free: to discharge from: to relieve: to let go, give up a right to.—n. a setting free: discharge or acquittance: the giving up of a claim: liberation from pain.—adj. Releas′able.—ns. Release′ment (Milt.), act of releasing or discharging; Releas′er, -or, Reless′or, one who executes a release. [O. Fr. relaissier—L. laxāre, to relax.]

Relegate, rel′e-gāt, v.t. to send away, to consign: to exile: to dismiss: to remit.—n. Relegā′tion. [L. relegāre, -ātum—re-, away, legāre, to send.]

Relent, rē-lent′, v.i. to slacken, to soften or grow less severe: to grow tender: to feel compassion.—adj. soft-hearted: yielding.—n. (Spens.) relenting.—adjs. Relent′ing, inclining to yield: too soft; Relent′less, without relenting: without tenderness or compassion: merciless.—adv. Relent′lessly.—ns. Relent′lessness; Relent′ment, the state of relenting: relaxation: compassion. [O. Fr. ralentir, to retard—L. relentescĕre—re-, back, lentus, pliant.]

Relet, rē-let′, v.t. to let again, as a house.

Relevancy, rel′e-van-si, n. state of being relevant: pertinence: applicability: obvious relation: (Scots law) sufficiency for a decision—the arguments and evidence in point of law and of fact against and in favour of the accused—also Rel′evance.—adj. Rel′evant, bearing upon, or applying to, the purpose: pertinent: related: sufficient legally. [Fr., pr.p. of relever, to raise again—L. relevāre, to relieve.]

Relevation, rel-e-vā′shun, n. (obs.) a raising up.

Reliable, rē-lī′a-bl, adj. that may be relied upon: trustworthy.—ns. Reliabil′ity, Relī′ableness.—adv. Relī′ably.—n. Relī′ance, trust: confidence.—adj. Relī′ant, confident in one's self. [Rely.]

Relic, rel′ik, n. that which is left after loss or decay of the rest: a corpse (gener. pl.): (R.C.) any personal memorial of a reputed saint, to be held in reverence as an incentive to faith and piety: a memorial, a souvenir: a monument.—n. Rel′ic-mong′er, one who traffics in relics. [Fr. relique—L. reliquiæ—relinquĕre, relictum, to leave behind.]

Relict, rel′ikt, n. a woman surviving her husband, a widow. [L. relicta—relinquĕre.]

Relicted, rē-lik′ted, adj. (law) left bare, as land by the permanent retrocession of water.—n. Relic′tion, land left bare by water: the recession of water.

Relief, rē-lēf′, n. the removal of any evil: release from a post or duty, replacement: one who replaces another: that which relieves or mitigates: aid: assistance to a pauper, as outdoor relief: a certain fine or composition paid by the heir of a tenant at the death of the ancestor: (fine art) the projection of a sculptured design from its ground, as low relief (bas-relief, basso-rilievo), middle relief (mezzo-rilievo), and high relief (alto-rilievo), according as the carved figures project very little, in a moderate degree, or in a very considerable degree from the background: a work of art executed in relief: (her.) the supposed projection of a charge from the surface of a field, indicated by shading on the sinister and lower sides: the condition of land surfaces as regards elevations and depressions—as indicated in a Relief′-map, in which the form of the country is expressed by elevations and depressions of the material used.—ns. Relief′-perspec′tive, the art of applying the principles of perspective to relief in painting and sculpture, in theatrical settings, &c.; Relief′-work, public work to provide employment for the poor in times of distress.—Relief Church, a body who left the Established Church of Scotland on account of the oppressive exercise of patronage, organised in 1761, uniting with the United Secession Church in 1847 to form the United Presbyterian Church. [O. Fr. relef—relever, to raise up—L. re-, again, levāre, to raise.]

Relieve, rē-lēv′, v.t. to remove from that which weighs down or depresses: to lessen: to ease: to help: to release: to support: to mitigate: to raise the siege of: (art) to set off by contrast: (law) to redress.—adj. Reliev′able.—n. Reliev′er, one who, or that which, relieves: (slang) a garment kept for being lent out.—adj. Reliev′ing, serving to relieve: (naut.) a temporary tackle attached to the tiller of a vessel in a storm.—Relieving arch, an arch in a wall to relieve the part below it from a superincumbent weight; Relieving officer, a salaried official who superintends the relief of the poor. [O. Fr. relever, to raise again—L. relevāre—re-, again, levāre, to raise—levis, light.]

Relievo, Rilievo, rē-lyā′vō, n. See Alto-relievo, Bas-relief.

Relight, rē-līt′, v.t. and v.i. to light or take light anew.

Religion, rē-lij′un, n. the recognition of supernatural powers and of the duty lying upon man to yield obedience to these: the performance of our duties of love and obedience towards God: piety: any system of faith and worship: sense of obligation or duty.—ns. Relig′ioner, Relig′ionary.—v.t. Relig′ionise, to imbue with religion.—v.i. to make profession of religion.—ns. Relig′ionism, Religios′ity, religiousness, religious sentimentality; Relig′ionist, one attached to a religion: a bigot.—adj. Relig′ionless, having no religion.—adv. Religiō′so (mus.), in a devotional manner.—Established religion, that form which is officially recognised by the state; Natural religion, that religion which is derived from nature and not revelation; Revealed religion, that which is derived from positive revelation by divinely inspired Scripture, or otherwise. [L. religio, -onis—re-, back, ligāre, to bind.]

Religious, rē-lij′us, adj. pertaining to religion: concerned with or set apart to religion, as a religious society, religious books: pious: godly: (R.C.) bound to a monastic life: strict.—n. one bound by monastic vows.—ns. Religieuse (rė-lē-zhi-ėz′), a nun; Religieux (rė-lē-zhi-ė′), a monk.—adv. Relig′iously.—n. Relig′iousness, the state of being religious.

Relinquish, rē-ling′kwish, v.t. to abandon: to give up: to renounce a claim to.—adj. Relin′quent, relinquishing.—ns. Relin′quisher; Relin′quishment, act of giving up. [O. Fr. relinquir—L. relinquĕre, relictum—re-, away from, linquĕre, to leave.]

Reliquary, rel′i-kwā-ri, n. a small chest or casket for holding relics: (law) one who owes a balance.—Also Reliquaire′. [Fr. reliquaire; cf. Relic.]

Relique, re-lēk′, n. a relic.—n.pl. Reliquiæ (rē-lik′wi-ē), remains, esp. of fossil organisms: (archæology) artifacts, or things made or modified by human art.

Reliquidate, rē-lik′wi-dāt, v.t. to adjust anew.—n. Reliquidā′tion.

Relish, rel′ish, v.t. to like the taste of: to be pleased with: to enjoy.—v.i. to have an agreeable taste: to give pleasure.—n. an agreeable peculiar taste or quality: enjoyable quality: power of pleasing: inclination or taste for: appetite: just enough to give a flavour: a sauce.—adj. Rel′ishable. [O. Fr. relecher, to lick again, from re-, again, lecher—L. re-, again, and Old High Ger. lechōn, lick.]

Relisten, rē-lis′n, v.i. to listen again or anew.

Relive, rē-liv′, v.i. to live again.—v.t. (Spens.) to bring back to life.

Reload, rē-lōd′, v.t. to load again.

Relocate, rē-lō′kāt, v.t. to locate again.—n. Relocā′tion, the act of relocating: renewal of a lease.

Relove, rē-luv′, v.t. to love in return.

Relucent, rē-lū′sent, adj. shining: bright.

Reluctant, rē-luk′tant, adj. struggling or striving against: unwilling: disinclined.—v.i. Rēluct′, to make resistance.—ns. Reluc′tance, Reluc′tancy, state of being reluctant: unwillingness.—adv. Reluc′tantly.—v.i. Reluc′tāte, to be reluctant.—n. Reluctā′tion, repugnance. [L. reluctans, -antis, pr.p. of reluctāri—re-, against, luctāri, to struggle.]

Relume, rē-lūm′, v.t. to light anew, to rekindle:—pr.p. relūm′ing; pa.p. relūmed′.—v.t. Relū′mine (Shak.), to relume, light anew. [Fr. relumer—L. re-, again, lumen, light.]

Rely, rē-lī′, v.i. to rest or repose: to have full confidence in: to lean:—pa.t. and pa.p. relied′.—n. Relī′er. [Acc. to Skeat, compounded from re-, back, and lie, to rest. Others explain as O. Fr. relier—L. religāre, to bind back.]

Remain, rē-mān′, v.i. to stay or be left behind: to continue in the same place: to be left after or out of a greater number: to continue in an unchanged form or condition: to last.—n. stay: abode: what is left, esp. in pl. Remains′, a corpse: the literary productions of one dead.—n. Remain′der, that which remains or is left behind after the removal of a part: the balance: an interest in an estate to come into effect after a certain other event happens: that which remains of an edition when the sale of a book has practically ceased.—adj. left over. [O. Fr. remaindre—L. remanēre—re-, back, manēre, to stay.]

Remake, rē-māk′, v.t. to make anew.

Remanation, rē-ma-nā′shun, n. the act of returning: reabsorption. [L. remanāre, -ātum, to flow back.]

Remand, rē-mand, v.t. to recommit or send back.—n. state or act of being remanded or recommitted, as a prisoner.—n. Rem′anence, Rem′anency, permanence.—adj. Rem′anent, remaining: (Scot.) additional.—ns. Remanes′cence, a residuum; Rem′anet, a postponed case. [O. Fr. remander—L. remandāre—re-, back, mandāre, to order.]

Remark, rē-märk′, v.t. to mark or take notice of: to express what one thinks or sees: to say.—n. words regarding anything: notice: any distinguishing mark on an engraving or etching indicating a certain state of the plate before completion, also a print or proof bearing this special remark—also Remarque′.—adj. Remark′able, deserving remark or notice: distinguished: famous: that may excite admiration or wonder: strange: extraordinary.—n. Remark′ableness.—adv. Remark′ably.—adj. Remarked′, conspicuous: bearing a remark, as an etching.—n. Remark′er. [O. Fr. remarquer—re-, inten., marquer, to mark.]

Re-mark, rē-märk′, v.t. to mark a second time.

Remarry, rē-mar′i, v.t. to marry again.—n. Remarr′iage.

Remasticate, rē-mas′ti-kāt, v.t. to ruminate.—n. Remasticā′tion.

Remblai, rong-blā′, n. (fort.) the materials used to form the rampart and parapet: the mass of earth brought to form a railway embankment, &c. [Fr.]

Remble, rem′bl, v.t. (prov.) to remove.

Rembrandtesque, rem-bran-tesk′, adj. like Rembrandt (1607-1669), esp. in his characteristic contrast of high lights and deep shadows, and in his treatment of chiaroscuro.—Also Rem′brandtish.

Remeant, rē′mē-ant, adj. (rare) coming back. [L. remeāre—re-, back, meāre, to go.]

Remeasure, rē-mezh′ūr, v.t. (Spens.) to measure anew.

Remedy, rem′e-di, n. any medicine, appliance, or particular treatment that cures disease: that which counteracts any evil or repairs any loss—(obs.) Remēde′.—v.t. to remove, counteract, or repair:—pa.t. and pa.p. rem′edied.—adj. Remē′diable, that may be remedied: curable.—n. Remē′diableness.—adv. Remē′diably.—adj. Remē′dial, tending to remedy or remove.—adv. Remē′dially.—adjs. Remē′diāte (Shak.), remedial; Rem′ediless, without remedy: incurable.—adv. Rem′edilessly.—n. Rem′edilessness.—p.adj. Rem′edying. [O. Fr. remede—L. remedium—re-, back, medēri, to restore.]

Remember, rē-mem′bėr, v.t. to keep in mind: to recall to mind: to recollect: (B.) to meditate on: (Shak.) to mention: to bear in mind with gratitude and reverence: to attend to: to give money for service done.—adj. Remem′berable, that may be remembered.—adv. Remem′berably.—ns. Remem′berer; Remem′brance, memory: that which serves to bring to or keep in mind: a memorial: the power of remembering: the length of time a thing can be remembered; Remem′brancer, that which reminds: a recorder: an officer of exchequer.—Remember one to, to commend one to. [O. Fr. remembrer—L. rememorāre—re-, again, memorāre, to call to mind—memor, mindful.]

Remercie, Remercy, rē-mėr′si, v.t. (Spens.) to thank. [O. Fr. remercier, re-, again, mercier, to thank, merci, thanks.]

Remerge, rē-mėrj′, v.t. (Tenn.) to merge again.

Remex, rē′meks, n. one of the flight-feathers of a bird:—pl. Rem′igēs. [L., 'a rower'—remus, an oar, agĕre, to move.]

Remiform, rem′i-form, adj. shaped like an oar.—adj. Rem′igable, capable of being rowed upon. [L. remus, an oar, forma, form, agĕre, to move.]

Remigia, rē-mij′i-a, n. a genus of noctuid moths.—adj. Remig′ial.

Remigrate, rē-mī′grāt, v.i. to migrate again.—n. Remigrā′tion.

Remind, rē-mīnd′, v.t. to bring to the mind of again: to bring under the notice or consideration of.—n. Remind′er, one who, or that which, reminds.—adj. Remind′ful, tending to remind: calling to mind.

Reminiscence, rem-i-nis′ens, n. recollection: an account of what is remembered: the recurrence to the mind of the past.—n. Reminis′cent, one who calls past events to mind.—adj. capable of calling to mind.—adjs. Reminiscen′tial, Reminis′citory, tending to remind. [Fr.,—Low L. reminiscentiæ, recollections—L. reminisci, to recall to mind.]

Remiped, rem′i-ped, adj. oar-footed.—n. one of an order of insects having feet adapted for swimming. [L. remus, an oar, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Remise, rē-mīz′, v.t. to send or give back: to release, as a claim.—n. (law) return or surrender, as of a claim: an effective second thrust after the first has missed: a livery-carriage. [O. Fr.,—Low L. remissa, a pardon—L. remittĕre, remissum, to remit.]

Remiss, rē-mis′, adj. remitting in attention, &c.: negligent: not punctual: slack: not vigorous.—adj. Remiss′ful, tending to remit or forgive: lenient.—n. Remissibil′ity.—adj. Remiss′ible, that may be remitted or pardoned.—n. Remis′sion, slackening: abatement: relinquishment of a claim: release: pardon: remission of sins: the forgiveness of sins.—adj. Remiss′ive, remitting: forgiving.—adv. Remiss′ly.—n. Remiss′ness.—adj. Remiss′ory, pertaining to remission. [O. Fr. remis—L. remissus, slack—remittĕre, to remit.]

Remit, rē-mit′, v.t. to relax: to pardon: to resign: to restore: to transmit, as money, &c.: to put again in custody: to transfer from one tribunal to another: to refer for information.—v.i. to abate in force or violence:—pr.p. remit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. remit′ted.—n. (law) a communication from a superior court to one subordinate.—ns. Remit′ment, act of remitting; Remit′tal, a remitting: surrender; Remit′tance, that which is remitted: the sending of money, &c., to a distance: also the sum or thing sent; Remittēē′, the person to whom a remittance is sent.—adj. Remit′tent, increasing and remitting, or abating alternately, as a disease.—ns. Remit′ter, one who makes a remittance; Remit′tor (law), a remitting to a former right or title—(obs.) Remit′ter. [O. Fr. remettre—L. remittĕre, remissum—re-, back, mittĕre, to send.]

Remnant, rem′nant, n. that which remains behind after a part is removed, of a web of cloth, &c.: remainder: a fragment. [O. Fr. remenant, remainder.]

Remoboth, rem′ō-both, n. a class of isolated hermit societies in Syria which would be bound by no rule, after the regulation of monasticism by Pachomius and Basil—like the Sarabaites in Egypt.

Remodel, rē-mod′l, v.t. to model or fashion anew.

Remodification, rē-mod-i-fi-kā′shun, n. the act of modifying again.—v.t. Remod′ify, to mould anew.

Remolade, rē-mo-lad′, n. a kind of salad-dressing. [Fr.]

Remoleculisation, rē-mol-ek′u-lī-zā-shun, n. a rearrangement of the molecules leading to the formation of new compounds.

Remollient, rē-mol′i-ent, adj. mollifying.

Remolten, rē-mōlt′n, p.adj. melted again.

Remonetise, rē-mon′e-tīz, v.t. to restore to circulation in the form of money.—n. Remonetisā′tion.

Remonstrance, rē-mon′strans, n. strong statement of reasons against an act: expostulation.—adj. Remon′strant, inclined to remonstrate.—n. one who remonstrates.—adv. Remon′strantly.—n.pl. Remon′strants, the Dutch Arminians whose divergence from Calvinism was expressed in five articles in the Remonstrance of 1610.—v.i. Remon′strāte, to set forth strong reasons against a measure.—n. Remonstrā′tion.—adjs. Remon′strative, Remon′stratory, expostulatory.—n. Remon′strātor.—Grand Remonstrance, a famous statement of abuses presented to Charles I. by the House of Commons in 1641. [L. re-, again, monstrāre, to point out.]

Remontant, rē-mon′tant, adj. blooming a second time.—n. a flower which blooms twice in a season.

Remora, rem′ō-ra, n. the sucking-fish, a genus not far removed from mackerel: an obstacle: a stoppage: (her.) a serpent.

Remorse, rē-mors′, n. the gnawing pain of anguish or guilt: (obs.) pity, softening.—v.t. Remord′ (obs.), to strike with remorse.—n. Remord′ency, compunction.—adj. Remorse′ful, full of remorse: compassionate.—adv. Remorse′fully.—n. Remorse′fulness, the state of being remorseful.—adj. Remorse′less, without remorse: cruel.—adv. Remorse′lessly.—n. Remorse′lessness. [O. Fr. remors (Fr. remords)—Low L. remorsus—L. remordēre, remorsum, to bite again—re-, again, mordēre, to bite.]

Remote, rē-mōt′, adj. moved back to a distance in time or place: far: distant: primary, as a cause: not agreeing: not nearly related.—adv. Remote′ly.—ns. Remote′ness; Remō′tion (Shak.), act of removing: remoteness. [Remove.]

Remould, rē-mōld′, v.t. to mould or shape anew.

Remount, rē-mownt′, v.t. and v.i. to mount again.—n. a fresh horse, or supply of horses.

Remove, rē-mōōv′, v.t. to put from its place: to take away: to withdraw: to displace: to make away with.—v.i. to go from one place to another.—n. any indefinite distance: a step in any scale of gradation, as promotion from one class to another, also a class or division: a dish to be changed while the rest remain: (Shak.) the raising of a siege, a posting-stage.—n. Removabil′ity.—adj. Remo′vable, that may be removed.—adv. Remo′vably.—n. Remo′val, the act of taking away: displacing: change of place: a euphemism for murder.—adj. Removed′ (Shak.), remote: distant by degrees of relationship.—ns. Remo′vedness (Shak.), the state of being removed: remoteness; Remo′ver, one who removes: (Bacon) an agitator.—Removal terms (Scot.), Whitsunday and Martinmas. [O. Fr.,—L. removēre, remōtum—re-, away, movēre, to move.]

Rempli, rong-plē′, adj. (her.) having another tincture than its own covering the greater part. [Fr.]

Remplissage, rong-plē-säzh′, n. padding. [Fr.]

Remunerate, rē-mū′nė-rāt, v.t. to render an equivalent for any service: to recompense.—n. Remunerabil′ity, capability of being rewarded.—adj. Remū′nerable, that may be remunerated: worthy of being rewarded.—n. Remunerā′tion, reward: recompense: requital.—adj. Remū′nerative, fitted to remunerate: lucrative: yielding due return.—n. Remū′nerativeness.—adj. Remū′neratory, giving a recompense. [L. remunerāre, -ātum—re-, in return, munerāre, to give something—munus, munĕris, a gift.]

Remurmur, rē-mur′mur, v.t. to murmur again: to repeat in low sounds.—v.i. to murmur back.

Remutation, rē-mū-tā′shun, n. alteration to a previous form.

Renaissance, re-nā′sans, n. a new birth: the period (in the 15th century) at which the revival of arts and letters took place, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern world—hence 'Renaissance architecture,' &c.—adj. relating to the foregoing. [Fr.; cf. Renascent.]

Renal, rē-nal, adj. pertaining to the reins or kidneys.—n. Ren, the kidney:—pl. Renes (rē′nez). [L. renalis—renes, the kidneys.]

Rename, rē-nām′, v.t. to give a new name to.

Renard=Reynard (q.v.).

Renascent, rē-nas′ent, adj. rising again into being.—ns. Renas′cence, Renas′cency, the same as Renaissance.—adj. Renas′cible, capable of being reproduced. [L. renascens, -entis, pr.p. of renasci—re-, again, nasci, to be born.]

Renate, rē-nāt′, adj. (obs.) born again: renewed.

Renavigate, re-nav′i-gāt, v.t. to navigate again.

Rencounter, ren-kownt′ėr, Rencontre, räng-kong′tr, n. a meeting in contest: a casual combat: a collision.—v.t. to encounter. [Fr. rencontre.]

Rend, rend, v.t. to tear asunder with force: to split: to tear away.—v.i. to become torn: pa.t. and pa.p. rent. [A.S. rendan, to tear.]

Render, ren′dėr, v.t. to give up: to make up: to deliver, furnish, present: to cause to become: to translate into another language: to perform officially, as judgment: to cause to be: to reproduce, as music: to clarify: to plaster without the use of lath.—n. a surrender: a payment of rent: an account given.—adj. Ren′derable.—ns. Ren′derer; Ren′dering, the act of rendering: version: translation: interpretation; Rendi′tion, the act of surrendering, as fugitives from justice: translation.—adj. Rend′ible, capable of being yielded up, or of being translated. [O. Fr. rendre—L. reddĕre—re-, away, dăre, to give.]

Rendezvous, ren′de-vōō, or räng′-, n. an appointed place of meeting, esp. for troops or ships: a place for enlistment: a refuge:—pl. Ren′dezvous.—v.i. to assemble at any appointed place. [Fr. rendez vous, render yourselves—rendre, to render.]

Renegade, ren′ē-gād, n. one faithless to principle or party: an apostate: a deserter—also Renegā′do.—n. Ren′egate, a renegade.—adj. apostate, traitorous.—n. Renegā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Renēge′ (Shak.), to deny, disown: to revoke at cards—also Renig′ (U.S.).—n. Renē′ger (obs.). [Sp.,—Low L. renegatus—L. re-, inten., negāre, -ātum, to deny.]

Renerve, rē-nėrv′, v.t. to reinvigorate.

Renew, rē-nū′, v.t. to renovate: to transform to new life, revive: to begin again: to make again: to invigorate: to substitute: to regenerate.—v.i. to be made new: to begin again.—n. Renewabil′ity.—adj. Renew′able, that may be renewed.—ns. Renew′al, renovation: regeneration: restoration; Renew′edness; Renew′er; Renew′ing.

Renfierse, ren-fērs′, v.t. (Spens.) to reinforce.—pa.p. Renforst′.

Renidify, rē-nid′i-fī, v.i. to build another nest.—n. Renidificā′tion.

Reniform, ren′i-form, adj. (bot.) kidney-shaped. [L. renes, the kidneys, forma, form.]

Renitence, ren′i-tens, or rē-nī′tens, n. the resistance of a body to pressure: disinclination—also Ren′itency.—adj. Ren′itent. [Fr.,—L. renitens, -entis, pr.p. of reniti, to resist.]

Renne, ren, v.i. (Spens.) to run.

Rennet, ren′et, n. prepared inner membrane of a calf's stomach, used to make milk coagulate—also Runn′et.—v.t. to treat with rennet.—n. Renn′et-bag, the fourth stomach of a ruminant. [A.S. rinnan, to run; Old Dut. rinsel, curds.]

Rennet, ren′et, n. a sweet kind of apple. [O. Fr. reinette, dim. of reine, queen—L. regina, a queen; or rainette, dim. of raine, a frog—L. rana.]

Renominate, rē-nom′i-nāt, v.t. to nominate again.—n. Renominā′tion.

Renounce, rē-nowns′, v.t. to disclaim: to disown: to reject publicly and finally: to forsake.—v.i. to fail to follow suit at cards.—n. a failure to follow suit at cards.—ns. Renounce′ment, act of renouncing, disclaiming, or rejecting; Renoun′cer. [O. Fr.,—L. renuntiāre—re-, away, nuntiāre, -ātum, to announce—nuntius, a messenger.]

Renovate, ren′ō-vāt, v.t. to renew or make new again: to restore to the original state.—ns. Renovā′tion, renewal: state of being renewed: (theol.) regeneration: Renovā′tionist, one who believes in the improvement of society by the spiritual renovation of the individual; Ren′ovātor. [L. re-, again, novāre, -ātum, to make new—novus, new.]

Renown, rē-nown′, n. a great name: celebrity: éclat.—v.t. to make famous.—adj. Renowned′, celebrated: illustrious: famous.—adv. Renown′edly.—n. Renown′er, one who gives renown: a swaggerer.—adj. Renown′less. [O. Fr. renoun (Fr. renom)—L. re-, again, nomen, a name.]

Rent, rent, n. an opening made by rending: fissure: break: tear: a schism, as a rent in a church. [Rend.]

Rent, rent, n. annual payment in return for the use of property held of another, esp. houses and lands: revenue.—v.t. to hold or occupy by paying rent: to let, or to hire, for a rent.—v.i. to be let for rent: to endow.—adj. Rent′able.—ns. Rent′al, a schedule or account of rents, with the tenants' names, &c.: a rent-roll: rent; Rent′aller; Rent′-charge, a rent on a conveyance of land in fee simple; Rent′-day, the day on which rents are paid; Rente (Fr.), annual income; Rent′er, one who holds by paying rent for; Rent′er-ward′en, the warden of a company who receives rents.—adj. Rent′-free, without payment of rent.—ns. Rent′-gath′erer, a collector of rents; Rent′-roll, a roll or account of rents: a rental or schedule of rents. [Fr. rente—L. reddita (pecunia), money paid—reddĕre, to pay.]

Rent, rent, pa.t. and pa.p. of rend.

Renter, ren′tėr, v.t. to sew together edge to edge, without doubling.—n. Rent′erer. [Fr. rentraire, to sew together.]

Rentier, rong-tyā′, n. one who has a fixed income from stocks, &c.: a fund holder.

Renuent, ren′ū-ent, adj. (anat.) applied to muscles which throw back the head. [L. renuens, pr.p. of renuĕre, to nod the head.]

Renule, ren′ūl, n. a small kidney. [L. ren, kidney.]

Renumber, rē-num′bėr, v.t. to affix a new number.—v.t. Renū′merāte, to count again.

Renunciation, re-nun-si-ā′shun, n. disowning: rejection: abandonment: (law) the legal act by which a person abandons a right acquired, but without transferring it to another: in the Anglican baptismal service, the part in which the candidate in person or by his sureties renounces the devil and all his works.—n. Renun′ciance, renunciation.—adj. Renun′ciātory.—Renunciation of a lease, the surrender of a lease. [Renounce.]

Renverse, ren-vėrs′, v.t. (Spens.) to reverse: to upset.—adj. (her.) reversed.—n. Renverse′ment.

Renvoy, ren-voi′, v.t. (obs.) to send back.—Also n.

Reobtain, rē-ob-tān′, v.t. to obtain again.—adj. Reobtain′able.

Reoccupy, rē-ok′ū-pī, v.t. to occupy anew.—n. Reoccupā′tion.

Reopen, rē-ō′pn, v.t. and v.i. to open again.

Reoppose, rē-ō-pōz′, v.t. to oppose again.

Reordain, rē-or-dān′, v.t. to ordain again, when the first ordination is defective.—n. Reordinā′tion, a second ordination.

Reorder, rē-or′dėr, v.t. to repeat a command: to arrange anew.

Reorganise, rē-or′gan-īz, v.t. to organise anew: to rearrange.—n. Reorganisā′tion, the act of reorganising, as of troops.

Reorient, rē-ō′ri-ent, adj. arising again.

Reossify, rē-os′i-fī, v.t. to ossify again.

Rep, Repp, rep, n. a kind of cloth having a finely corded surface. [Prob. a corruption of rib.]

Rep, rep, n. a slang abbreviation of reputation.

Repace, rē-pās′, v.t. to pace again, retrace.

Repacify, rē-pas′i-fī, v.t. to pacify again.

Repack, rē-pak′, v.t. to pack a second time.—n. Repack′er.

Repaid, rē-pād′, pa.t. and pa.p. of repay.

Repaint, rē-pānt′, v.t. to paint anew.

Repair, rē-pār′, v.i. to betake one's self to: to go: to resort.—n. a retreat or abode. [O. Fr. repairer, to return to a haunt—Low L. répatriāre, to return to one's country—L. re-, back, patria, native country.]

Repair, rē-pār′, v.t. to restore after injury: to make amends for: to make good, as a loss: to mend: (Spens.) to recover into position, as a weapon.—n. restoration after injury or decay: supply of loss.—ns. Repair′er, one who restores or amends; Repair′ment; Reparabil′ity.—adj. Rep′arable, that may be repaired.—adv. Rep′arably.—n. Reparā′tion, repair: supply of what is wasted: amends.—adj. Repar′ative, amending defect or injury.—n. that which restores to a good state: that which makes amends. [O. Fr. reparer—L. reparāre—re-, again, parāre, to prepare.]

Repand, rē-pand′, adj. bent or curved backward or upward: (bot.) of leaves with uneven, slightly sinuous margin.—adjs. Repandoden′tāte, repand and toothed; Repand′ous, curved convexly upward. [L. repandus—re-, back, pandus, bent.]

Repart, rē-part′, v.t. to divide, share.

Repartee, rep-ar-tē′, n. a smart, ready, and witty reply.—v.i. to make witty replies. [O. Fr. repartie—repartir, to go back again—re-, back, partir, to set out—L. partīri, to divide.]

Repartimiento, re-pär-ti-mi-en′tō, n. a division: an assessment: allotment. [Sp.]

Repartition, rē-par-tish′un, n. a second partition: a division into smaller parts.

Repass, rē-pas′, v.t. to pass again: to travel back.—v.i. to pass or move back.—n. Repass′age, the process of passing a second coat of glue as a finish over unburnished surfaces.

Repassion, rē-pash′un, n. the reception of an effect from one body to another.

Repast, rē-past′, n. a meal: the food taken: victuals: repose—(obs.) Repas′ture.—v.t. to feed.—v.i. to take food.—n. Repast′er, one who takes repast. [O. Fr.,—Low L. repastus (whence Fr. repas)—L. re-, inten. pastus, food—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Repastination, rē-pas-tin-ā′shun, n. (obs.) a second digging up, as of a garden.

Repatriate, rē-pā′tri-āt, v.t. to restore to one's country.—n. Repatriā′tion.

Repay, rē-pā′, v.t. to pay back: to make return for: to recompense: to pay again or a second time.—v.i. to requite.—adj. Repay′able, that is to be repaid: due, as a bill due in thirty days.—n. Repay′ment, act of repaying: the money or thing repaid.

Repeal, rē-pēl′, v.t. to revoke by authority, as a law: to abrogate: to recall: to dismiss.—n. a revoking or annulling.—ns. Repealabil′ity, Repeal′ableness.—adj. Repeal′able, that may be repealed.—ns. Repeal′er, one who repeals: one who seeks for a repeal, esp. of the union between Great Britain and Ireland; Repeal′ment, recall.—Repeal agitation, a movement for the repeal of the legislative union between Great Britain and Ireland. [O. Fr. rapeler—re-, back, apeler—L. appellāre, to call.]

Repeat, rē-pēt′, v.t. to do again: to speak again, to iterate: to quote from memory: to rehearse: (Scots law) to refund.—v.i. to strike the hours, as a watch: to recur: the act of repeating.—n. (mus.) a part performed a second time: a mark directing a part to be repeated.—adjs. Repeat′able; Repeat′ed, done again: frequent.—adv. Repeat′edly, many times repeated: again and again: frequently.—ns. Repeat′er, one who, or that which, repeats: a decimal in which the same figure or figures are continually repeated: a watch that strikes again the previous hour at the touch of a spring: a frigate appointed to attend an admiral in a fleet, and to repeat any signal he makes: (teleg.) an instrument for automatically retransmitting a message: in calico-printing, a figure repeated at equal intervals in a pattern; Repeat′ing, the fraud of voting at an election for the same candidate more than once.—Repeating firearm, a firearm that may be discharged many times in quick succession; Repeat one's self, to say again what one has said already; Repeat signals, to repeat those of the senior officer: to make a signal again. [O. Fr. repeter (Fr. répéter)—L. repetĕre, repetitum—re-, again, petĕre, to seek.]

Repel, rē-pel′, v.t. to drive back: to repulse: to check the advance of, to resist.—v.i. to act with opposing force: (med.) to check or drive inwards:—pr.p. repel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. repelled′.—ns. Repel′lence, Repel′lency.—adj. Repel′lent, driving back: able or tending to repel.—n. that which repels.—n. Repel′ler.—adj. Repel′less. [O. Fr.,—L. repellĕre—re-, back, pellĕre, to drive.]

Repent, rē-pent′, v.i. to regret or sorrow for what one has done or left undone: to change from past evil: (theol.) to feel such sorrow for sin as produces newness of life.—v.t. to remember with sorrow—often used impersonally, as 'it repenteth me.'—adj. Repent′able.—n. Repent′ance, sorrow for what has been done or left undone: contrition for sin, producing newness of life.—adj. Repent′ant, repenting or sorry for past conduct: showing sorrow for sin.—n. a penitent.—adv. Repent′antly.—n. Repent′er.—adv. Repent′ingly.—adj. Repent′less. [O. Fr. repentir—re-, and O. Fr. pentir—L. pœnitēre, to cause to repent.]

Repent, rē′pent, adj. (bot.) creeping. [L. repĕre, to creep.]

Repeople, rē-pē′pl, v.t. to people anew.

Repercept, rē-pėr-sept′, n. a represented percept.—n. Repercep′tion.

Repercolation, rē-pėr-ko-lā′shun, n. in pharmacy, the successive application of the same menstruum to fresh parts of the substance to be percolated.

Repercussion, rē-pėr-kush′un, n. a striking or driving back: reverberation: (mus.) frequent repetition of the same sound.—v.t. Repercuss′.—adj. Repercuss′ive, driving back: causing to reverberate. [L. repercussio—re-, back, percutĕre—per, through, quatĕre, to strike.]

Repertoire, rep′ėr-twor, n. the list of musical works which a performer is ready to perform.

Repertor, rē-pėr′tor, n. a finder.

Repertory, rep′ėr-tō-ri, n. a place where things are kept to be brought forth again: a treasury: a magazine. [Fr.,—Low L. repertorium—L. reperīre, to find—re-, again, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Reperuse, rē-pėr-ūz′, v.t. to peruse again.—n. Reperūs′al.

Repet=L. repetatur, used in prescriptions=Let it be repeated.

Repetition, rep-ē-tish′un, n. act of repeating: recital from memory.—ns. Rep′etend, that part of a repeating decimal which recurs continually: the burden of a song; Repetent′, a tutor or private teacher in Germany.—adjs. Repeti′tional, Repeti′tionary.—n. Repeti′tioner.—adj. Repeti′tious, using undue repetitions.—n. Repeti′tiousness.—adj. Repet′itive.—n. Repet′itor, a repetent.

Repine, rē-pīn′, v.i. to fret one's self (with at or against): to feel discontent: to murmur: to envy.—n. (Shak.) a repining.—ns. Repī′ner; Repī′ning, the act of one who repines: (Spens.) a failing, as of courage.—adv. Repī′ningly.

Repique, rē-pēk′, n. at piquet, the winning of thirty points or more from combinations or in one's own hand, before playing begins.—v.t. to score a repique.

Replace, rē-plās′, v.t. to place back: to put again in a former place, condition, &c.: to repay: to provide a substitute for: to take the place of.—adj. Replace′able.—ns. Replace′ment, act of replacing: the removal of an edge of crystal, by one plane or more; Replac′er, a substitute; Car′-replac′er, a device on American railways for replacing derailed wheels on the track.—Replacing switch, a pair of iron plates fitting over the rails, used as a bridge to replace on the track derailed railway stock.

Replait, rē-plāt′, v.t. to plait or fold again.

Replant, rē-plant′, v.t. to plant anew: to reinstate.—adj. Replant′able.—n. Replantā′tion.

Replead, rē-plēd′, v.t. and v.i. to plead again.—n. Replead′er, a second course allowed for the correction of mispleading.

Repledge, rē-plej′, v.t. to pledge again: to demand judicially.—n. Repled′ger.

Replenish, rē-plen′ish, v.t. to fill again: to fill completely: to stock abundantly.—p.adj. Replen′ished (Shak.), complete, consummate.—ns. Replen′isher, one who replenishes: (electr.) a static induction machine used for maintaining the charge of a quadrant electrometer; Replen′ishment. [O. Fr. replenir, from replein, full—re-, again, plenus, full.]

Replete, rē-plēt′, adj. full: completely filled, abounding.—v.t. to fill to repletion.—ns. Replete′ness, Replē′tion, superabundant fullness: surfeit: (med.) fullness of blood: plethora.—adj. Replē′tive.—adv. Replē′tively.—adj. Replē′tory. [O. Fr.,—L. repletus, pa.p. of replēre—re-, again, plēre, to fill.]

Replevy, rē-plev′i, v.t. (law) to recover goods distrained upon giving a pledge or security to try the right to them at law.—n. replevin.—adjs. Replev′iable, Replev′isable.—ns. Replev′in, an action for replevying; Replev′isor, a plaintiff in replevin. [O. Fr. replevir—re-, back, plevir, to pledge.]

Replica, rep′li-ka, n. (paint.) a copy of a picture done by the same hand that did the original: (mus.) the same as repeat. [It.,—L. replicāre, to repeat.]

Replicant, rep′li-kant, n. one who makes a reply.

Replicate, rep′li-kāt, adj. folded: (bot.) folded outward as in vernation, inward as in æstivation: (mus.) a tone one or more octaves from a given tone.—adj. Rep′licātile.—n. Replicā′tion.—adj. Rep′licātive.

Replier, rē-plī′ėr, n. a respondent.

Replum, rep′lum, n. (bot.) the frame-like placenta across which the septum stretches.

Replume, rē-plōōm′, v.t. to preen, as feathers.

Replunge, rē-plunj′, v.t. to immerse anew.

Reply, rē-plī′, v.t. to fold back: to answer.—v.i. to make response: to meet an attack, as to reply to the enemy's fire—(law) to a defendant's plea.—n. an answer: the power of answering: a counter-attack: (mus.) the answer of a figure.—ns. Rep′licant; Replicā′tion, a reply: repetition: (law) the plaintiff's answer to a plea.—adj. Replicā′tive. [O. Fr. replier—L. replicāre, re-, back, plicāre, to fold.]

Repolish, rē-pol′ish, v.t. to polish again.

Repone, rē-pōn′, v.t. to replace: to reply. [O. Fr.,—L. reponĕre, re-, back, ponĕre, to put.]

Repopulate, rē-pop′ū-lāt, v.t. to repeople.—n. Repopulā′tion.

Report, rē-pōrt′, v.t. to bring back, as an answer or account of anything: to give an account of: to relate: to circulate publicly: to write down or take notes of, esp. for a newspaper: to lay a charge against: to echo back.—v.i. to make a statement: to write an account of occurrences.—n. a statement of facts: description: a formal or official statement, esp. of a judicial opinion or decision: rumour: sound: noise: (B.) repute: hearsay: reputation.—adj. Report′able, fit to be reported on.—ns. Report′age, report; Report′er, one who reports, esp. for a newspaper; Report′erism, the business of reporting; Report′ing, the act of drawing up reports—newspaper reporting.—adv. Report′ingly (Shak.), by common report.—adj. Reportō′rial.—Report one's self, to give information about one's self, one's whereabouts, &c.—Be reported of, to be spoken well or ill of. [O. Fr.,—L. reportāre—re-, back, portāre, to carry.]

Repose, rē-pōz′, v.t. to lay at rest: to compose: to place in trust (with on or in): to deposit: to tranquillise.—v.i. to rest: to sleep: to rest in confidence (with on or upon): to lie.—n. a lying at rest: sleep: quiet: rest of mind: (fine art) that harmony which gives rest to the eye.—n. Repō′sal (Shak.), the act of reposing: that on which one reposes.—adj. Repōsed′, calm: settled.—adv. Repō′sedly.—n. Repō′sedness.—adj. Repōse′ful.—n. Repō′ser.—v.t. Repos′it, to lodge, as for safety—also n.—ns. Repōsi′tion, reduction; Repos′itor, an instrument for restoring a displaced organ; Repos′itory, a place where anything is laid up for safe keeping: a place where things are kept for sale: a shop. [Fr. reposer—re-, back, poser, to pose.]

Repossess, rē-poz-zes′, v.t. to possess again: to regain possession of.—n. Reposses′sion.

Reposure, rē-pō′zhur, n. quiet repose.

Repot, rē-pot′, v.t. to shift plants from pot to pot.

Repour, rē-pōr′, v.i. to pour again.

Repoussage, rē-pōō′säj, n. the hammering from behind of ornamental patterns upon a metal plate: or of etched plates making hollows which would show as spots in printing.

Repoussé, rē-pōō′sā, adj. raised in relief by means of the hammer.—Repoussé work, vessels ornamented by hammering on the reverse side.

Repped, rept, adj. corded transversely. [Rep.]

Reprehend, rep-rē-hend′, v.t. to blame: to reprove.—n. Reprehen′der.—adj. Reprehen′sible, worthy of being reprehended or blamed.—n. Reprehen′sibleness.—adv. Reprehen′sibly, culpably.—n. Reprehen′sion, reproof: censure.—adj. Reprehen′sive, containing reproof: given in reproof.—adv. Reprehen′sively.—adj. Reprehen′sory. [O. Fr.,—L. reprehendĕre, -hensum—re-, inten., prehendĕre, to lay hold of.]

Represent, rep-rē-zent′, v.t. to exhibit the image of: to serve as a sign of: to personate or act the part of: to stand in the place of: to bring before the mind: to describe: to portray: to exemplify.—n. Representabil′ity.—adj. Represent′able, that may be represented.—ns. Representā′men, representation; Represent′ance (obs.), likeness.—adj. Represent′ant, having vicarious power.—n. Representā′tion, act of representing or exhibiting: that which represents: an image: picture: dramatic performance: part performed by a representative: share, participation: statement: delegation.—adj. Representā′tional.—ns. Representā′tionism, the doctrine of Descartes, that in the perception of the external world the immediate object represents another object beyond the sphere of consciousness; Representā′tionist.—adj. Represent′ative, representing: showing a likeness: bearing the character or power of others: replacing: presenting the full character of a class: (logic) mediately known.—n. one who stands for another, a deputy, delegate: (law) an heir.—adv. Represent′atively.—ns. Represent′ativeness; Represent′er; Represent′ment.—Representative faculty, the imagination.—House of Representatives, the lower branch of the United States Congress, consisting of members chosen biennially by the people. [O. Fr.,—L. repræsentāre, -ātum—re-, again, præsentāre, to place before.]

Repress, rē-pres′, v.t. to restrain, quell—also n.—ns. Repress′er, -or.—adj. Repress′ible, that may be restrained.—adv. Repress′ibly.—n. Repres′sion, act of repressing.—adj. Repress′ive, tending or able to repress.—adv. Repress′ively.

Repress, rē-pres′, v.t. to press a second time.—n. Repress′ing-machine′, a machine for making pressed bricks: a press for compressing cotton bales.

Reprief, rē-prēf, n. (Spens.) reproof.

Reprieve, rē-prēv′, v.t. to delay the execution of a criminal: to give a respite to: (obs.) acquit, release.—n. a suspension of a criminal sentence: interval of ease or relief.—n. Repriev′al. [O. Fr. reprover (Fr. réprouver)—L. reprobāre, to reprove.]

Reprimand, rep′ri-mand, or -mand′, n. a severe reproof.—v.t. to chide: to reprove severely: to administer reproof publicly or officially. [O. Fr.,—L. reprimendum—reprimĕre, repressum, to press back—re-, back, primĕre, to press.]

Reprimer, rē-prī′mėr, n. an instrument for setting a cap upon a cartridge shell.

Reprint, rē-print′, v.t. to print again: to print a new impression of: printed matter from some other publication.—n. Rē′print, another impression of a printed book or paper.

Reprisal, rē-prī′zal, n. a seizing back or in retaliation: the retaking of goods captured by an enemy: anything seized, or inflicted, in retaliation: that which is seized for injury inflicted: (rare) a restitution. [O. Fr. represaille—It. ripresaglia—ripreso (Fr. reprise), retaken—L. re-pre(he)ndĕre, to seize again.]

Reprise, rē-prīz′, v.t. (Spens.) to take again, retake.—n. in maritime law, a ship recaptured from an enemy: in masonry, the return of a moulding in an internal angle: (law) yearly deductions, as annuities, &c.: (mus.) the act of repeating a passage. [Fr. reprise—reprendre—L. reprehendĕre.]

Reprive, rē-prīv′, v.t. (Spens.) to deprive, take away.

Reproach, rē-prōch′, v.t. to cast in one's teeth: to censure severely: to upbraid: to revile: to treat with contempt.—n. the act of reproaching: reproof: censure: blame in opprobrious language: disgrace: occasion of blame: an object of scorn.—adj. Reproach′able, deserving reproach: opprobrious.—n. Reproach′ableness.—adv. Reproach′ably.—n. Reproach′er.—adj. Reproach′ful, full of reproach or blame: abusive: scurrilous: bringing reproach: shameful: disgraceful.—adv. Reproach′fully.—n. Reproach′fulness.—adj. Reproach′less, without reproach.—The Reproaches, antiphons chanted in R.C. churches on Good Friday after the prayers which succeed the Gospel of the Passion, their subject the ingratitude of the Jews in rejecting and crucifying Christ. [Fr. reprocher—re-, back, proche, near—L. propius, comp. of prope, near.]

Reprobate, rep′rō-bāt, adj. condemned: base: given over to sin: depraved: vile: (B.) that will not stand proof or trial: (Sterne) condemnatory.—n. an abandoned or profligate person: one lost to shame.—v.t. to disapprove: to censure: to disown.—ns. Rep′rōbācy, state of being a reprobate; Rep′robance (Shak.), reprobation; Rep′robāteness; Rep′robāter; Reprobā′tion, the act of reprobating: rejection: the act of abandoning to destruction: state of being so abandoned: the doctrine of the fore-ordination of the impenitent to eternal perdition: (mil.) disqualification to bear office; Reprobā′tioner, one who maintains the doctrine of reprobation by divine decree.—adj. Reprobā′tive, criminatory.—n. Rep′robātor (Scots law), an old form of action to prove a witness to be perjured or biassed.—adj. Rep′robātory, reprobative. [L. reprobatus, pa.p. of reprobāre, to reprove.]

Reproduce, rē-prō-dūs′, v.t. to produce again: to form anew: to propagate: to represent.—n. Reprodū′cer, one who reproduces: the diaphragm used in producing speech in the phonograph.—adj. Reprodū′cible.—n. Reproduc′tion, the act of producing new organisms—the whole process whereby life is continued from generation to generation: repetition.—adj. Reproduc′tive, tending to reproduce.—ns. Reproduc′tiveness, Reproductiv′ity.—adj. Reproduc′tory.—Reproductive faculty, the faculty of the association of ideas; Reproductive organs (bot.), the organs appropriate to the production of seeds or spines: (zool.) the generative system.

Repromission, rē-prō-mish′un, n. (obs.) a promise.

Repromulgate, rē-prō-mul′gāt, v.t. to republish.—n. Repromulgā′tion.

Reproof, rē-prōōf′, n. a reproving or blaming: rebuke: censure: reprehension.—adj. Reprovable (-ōōv′-), deserving reproof, blame, or censure.—n. Reprov′ableness.—adv. Reprov′ably.—n. Repro′val, the act of reproving: reproof.—v.t. Reprove′, to condemn: to chide: to convict: to censure: to disprove or refute.—ns. Repro′ver; Repro′ving.—adv. Repro′vingly. [O. Fr. reprover (Fr. réprouver)—L. reprobāre, the opposite of approbāre (cf. Approve)—re-, off, probāre, to try.]

Reprune, rē-prōōn′, v.t. to trim again.

Reptant, rep′tant, adj. crawling: pertaining to the Reptantia, those gasteropod mollusca adapted for crawling.—n. Reptā′tion, the act of creeping: (math.) the motion of one plane figure around another, so that the longest diameter of one shall come into line with the shortest of the other.—adjs. Reptatō′rial, creeping or crawling; Rep′tatory (zool.), creeping.

Reptile, rep′tīl, adj. moving or crawling on the belly or with very short legs: grovelling: low.—n. an animal that moves or crawls on its belly or with short legs: an oviparous quadruped: one of the class of Reptil′ia (n.pl.) occupying a central position in the Vertebrate series, beneath them Amphibians and Fishes, above them Birds and Mammals: a grovelling, low person.—adjs. Reptil′ian, belonging to reptiles; Reptilif′erous, producing reptiles; Reptil′iform, related to reptiles; Reptil′ious, like a reptile.—n. Reptil′ium, a place where reptiles are kept.—adjs. Reptiliv′orous, feeding upon reptiles; Rep′tiloid, reptile form.—Reptilian age (geol.), the Mesozoic age, during which reptiles attained great development. [Fr.,—L. reptilis—repĕre, to creep.]

Republic, rē-pub′lik, n. a commonwealth: a form of government without a monarch, in which the supreme power is vested in representatives elected by the people.—adj. Repub′lican, belonging to a republic: agreeable to the principles of a republic.—n. one who advocates a republican form of government: a democrat: one of the two great political parties in the United States, opposed to the Democrats, favouring a high protective tariff, a liberal expenditure, and an extension of the powers of the national government.—v.t. Repub′licanise.—n. Repub′licanism, the principles of republican government: attachment to republican government.—n. Republicā′rian.—Republic of Letters, a name for the general body of literary and learned men.—Republican era, the era adopted by the French after the downfall of the monarchy, beginning with 22d September 1792.—Red republican, a violent republican, from the red cap affected by such. [Fr. république—L. respublica, commonwealth.]

Republish, rē-pub′lish, v.t. to publish again or anew.—ns. Republicā′tion, act of republishing: that which is republished, esp. a reprint of a book, &c.: a second publication of a former will; Repub′lisher.

Repudiate, rē-pū′di-āt, v.t. to reject: to disclaim, as liability for debt: to disavow: to divorce.—adj. Repū′diable, that may be repudiated: fit to be rejected.—ns. Repudiā′tion, the act of repudiating: rejection: an unprincipled method for the extinction of a debt by simply refusing to acknowledge the obligation: the state of being repudiated; Repudiā′tionist; Repū′diātor. [L. repudiāre, -ātum—repudium—re-, away, pudēre, to be ashamed.]

Repugn, rē-pūn′, v.t. (Shak.) to fight against, to oppose.—adj. Repugnable (rē-pū′-, or rē-pug′-na-bl), capable of being resisted.—ns. Repugnance (rē-pug′-, like all the succeeding words), the state of being repugnant: resistance: aversion: reluctance; Repug′nancy.—adj. Repug′nant, hostile: adverse: contrary: distasteful: at variance.—adv. Repug′nantly.—n. Repug′nantness.—v.t. Repug′nate, to oppose: to fight against.—adj. Repugnatō′rial, serving as a means of defence.—n. Repugner (rē-pū′nėr), one who rebels. [Fr.,—L. repugnāre—re-, against, pugnāre, to fight.]

Repullulate, rē-pul′ū-lāt, v.i. to sprout again.—n. Repullulā′tion.—adj. Repullules′cent.

Repulpit, rē-pōōl′pit, v.t. to restore to the pulpit.

Repulse, rē-puls′, v.t. to drive back: to repel: to beat off: to refuse, reject.—n. the state of being repulsed or driven back: the act of repelling: refusal.—ns. Repul′ser; Repul′sion, act of repulsing or driving back: state of being repelled: aversion: the action by which bodies or their particles repel each other.—adj. Repul′sive, that repulses or drives off: repelling: cold, reserved, forbidding: causing aversion and disgust.—adv. Repul′sively.—n. Repul′siveness.—adj. Repul′sory. [L. repulsus, pa.p. of repellĕre—re-, back, pellĕre, to drive.]

Repurchase, rē-pur′chās, v.t. to purchase or buy back or again.—n. the act of buying again: that which is bought again.

Repurge, rē-purj′, v.t. to cleanse again.

Repurify, rē-pū′ri-fī, v.t. to purify again.

Reputation, rep-ū-tā′shun, n. state of being held in repute: estimation: character in public opinion: credit: fame.—adj. Rep′ūtable, in good repute: respectable: honourable: consistent with reputation.—n. Rep′ūtableness.—adv. Rep′ūtably.—adj. Rep′ūtātive, reputed: putative.—adv. Rep′ūtātively, by repute. [Fr.,—L. reputation-em, consideration—re-putāre, to think over.]

Repute, rē-pūt′, v.t. to account or estimate: to hold.—n. estimate: established opinion: character.—adv. Repūt′edly, in common repute or estimation.—adj. Repute′less (Shak.), without good repute, disreputable.—Reputed owner, a person who has to all appearance the title to the property. [Fr.,—L. reputāre, -ātum—re-, again, putāre, to reckon.]

Requere, rē-kwēr′, v.t. (Spens.) to require.

Request, rē-kwest′, v.t. to ask for earnestly: to entreat: to desire.—n. petition: prayer: desire: demand: that which is requested: a want: a question: the state of being desired.—n. Request′er.—Request note, in the inland revenue, an application to obtain a permit for removing excisable articles: programme.—Court of Requests, a former Court of Equity in England, inferior to the Court of Chancery, abolished in 1641: a local tribunal instituted in London by Henry VIII. for the recovery of small debts—called also Court of Conscience: Letters of Request, the formal instrument by which in English ecclesiastical law an inferior judge waives his jurisdiction over a cause, and refers it to a higher court. [O. Fr. requeste (Fr. requête)—L. requisitum, pa.p. of requirĕre—re-, away, quærĕre, to seek.]

Requicken, rē-kwik′n, v.t. to give new life to.

Requiem, rē′kwi-em, n. a hymn or mass sung for the rest of the soul of the dead: a grand musical composition in honour of the dead: (obs.) rest, peace.—n. Requies′cence, repose.—Requiescat in pace, may he (or she) rest in peace, often abbreviated R.I.P. [L., accus. of requies—(re-, inten., quies, rest); so called from the initial words of the introit, Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine! 'Give eternal rest to them, O Lord!']

Require, rē-kwīr′, v.t. to ask: to demand: to need: to exact: to direct.—adj. Requir′able, that may be required: fit or proper to be required.—ns. Require′ment, act of requiring: claim: demand; Requir′er; Requir′ing. [Fr.,—L. requirĕre.]

Requisite, rek′wi-zit, adj. required: needful: indispensable.—n. that which is required: anything necessary or indispensable.—adv. Req′uisitely.—ns. Req′uisiteness, state of being requisite; Requisi′tion, the act of requiring: an application—for a public meeting, for a person to become a candidate for Parliament, &c.: a demand, as for necessaries for a military force: a written request or invitation.—v.t. to make a requisition or demand upon, to seize.—n. Requisi′tionist, one who makes a requisition.—adj. Requis′itive.—n. Requis′itor.—adj. Requis′itory.—n. Requis′itum, that which a problem asks for.

Requite, rē-kwīt′, v.t. to repay: to retaliate.—adjs. Requit′ (Spens.), requited, returned; Requī′table.—ns. Requī′tal, the act of requiting: payment in return: recompense: reward; Requite′, requital.—adjs. Requite′ful; Requite′less, without requital: free.—ns. Requite′ment; Requī′ter.

Rerail, rē-rāl′, v.t. to replace on the rails.

Reread, rē-rēd′, v.t. to read again.

Rerebrace, rēr′brās, n. the armour of the upper arm from shoulder to elbow.—Also Arrière-bras.

Rerebrake, rēr-brāk′, n. an appurtenance of a mounted warrior in the fifteenth century.

Reredos, rēr′dos, n. the wall or screen at the back of an altar, usually in the form of a screen detached from the east wall, adorned with niches, statues, &c., or with paintings or tapestry: the back of an open fire-hearth, in medieval halls. [O. Fr., rere, rear, dos—L. dorsum, back.]

Rerefief, rēr′fēf, n. (Scot.) an under-fief.

Re-reiterated, rē-rē-it′ėr-āt-ed, p.adj. (Tenn.) reiterated or repeated again and again.

Reremouse, rēr′mows, n. a bat. [A.S. hréremús—hréran, to move, mús, a mouse.]

Reresupper, rēr′sup-ėr, n. a late supper.

Rereward. Same as Rearward.

Res, rēz, n. a thing, a point.—Res angusta domi, straitened circumstances; Res gestæ, things done; Res judicāta, a matter decided.

Resail, rē-sāl′, v.i. to sail back.

Resale, rē-sāl′, n. a second sale.

Resalute, rē-sa-lūt′, v.t. to salute anew or in return.

Resaw, rē-saw′, v.t. to saw into still thinner pieces.

Rescind, rē-sind′, v.t. to cut away or off: to annul: to repeal: to reverse.—adj. Rescind′able.—ns. Rescind′ment; Rescis′sion, the act of rescinding: the act of annulling or repealing.—adj. Rescis′sory.—Rescissory actions (law), those actions whereby deeds are declared void. [Fr.,—L. rescindĕre, rescissum—re-, back, scindĕre, to cut.]

Rescore, rē-skōr′, v.t. to rearrange music for voices and instruments.

Rescribe, rē-skrīb′, v.t. to write again.—n. Rescrib′endāry, a papal official who determines what documents are to be copied and registered, &c.

Rescript, rē′skript, n. the official answer of a pope or an emperor to any legal question: an edict or decree.—n. Rescrip′tion, the answering of a letter.—adj. Rescrip′tive.—adv. Rescrip′tively. [Fr.,—L. rescriptum—re-, back, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Rescue, res′kū, v.t. to free from danger or violence: to deliver: to liberate:—pr.p. res′cūing; pa.t. and pa.p. res′cūed.—n. the act of rescuing: deliverance from violence or danger: forcible release from arrest or imprisonment.—adj. Res′cuable.—ns. Res′cuer; Rescūssēē′, the party rescued; Rescus′sor, one who makes an unlawful rescue. [M. E. rescous, a rescue—O. Fr. rescousse—rescourre—L. re-, away, excutĕre, to shake out—ex, out, quatĕre, to shake.]

Rescue-grass, res′kū-gras, n. a species of brome-grass, native to South America.

Research, rē-sėrch′, n. a careful search: diligent examination or investigation: scrutiny.—v.i. to examine anew.—n. Research′er.—adj. Research′ful, inquisitive, prone to investigation.

Reseat, rē-sēt′, v.t. to furnish with new seats.

Réseau, rā-zō′, n. a fine meshed ground for lace-work.

Resection, rē-sek′shun, n. act of cutting off: removal of a bone's articular extremity.—v.t. Resect′, to cut off. [L. resecāre, re-, again, secāre, to cut.]

Reseda, rē-sē′da, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, the mignonette family.

Reseek, rē-sēk′, v.t. and v.i. to seek again.

Reseize, rē-sēz′, v.t. (Spens.) to seize again: to reinstate.—ns. Reseiz′er; Reseiz′ūre.

Resell, rē-sel′, v.t. to sell again.

Resemble, rē-zem′bl, v.t. to be similar to: to have the likeness of: to possess similar qualities or appearance: to compare: to make like.—adj. Resemblable, admitting of being compared.—n. Resem′blance, the state of resembling: similitude: likeness: similarity: that which is similar.—adj. Resem′blant.—n. Resem′bler.—adj. Resem′bling.—adv. Resem′blingly. [O. Fr. resembler (Fr. ressembler)—re-, again, sembler, to seem—L. simulāre, to make like—similis, like.]

Reseminate, rē-sem′i-nāt, v.t. to propagate again.

Resend, rē-send′, v.t. to send again or back.

Resent, rē-zent′, v.t. to take ill: to consider as an injury or affront: to be indignant at: to express indignation: to have a strong perception of: to perceive by the sense of smell—v.i. to be indignant.—n. Resent′er.—adj. Resent′ful, full of, or prone to, resentment.—advs. Resent′fully; Resent′ingly.—adj. Resent′ive.—n. Resent′ment, the act of resenting: displeasure: anger. [O. Fr. resentir, ressentir—L. re-, in return, sentīre, to feel.]

Reserve, rē-zėrv′, v.t. to keep back: to keep for future or other use: to retain, except: to keep safe.—n. that which is reserved: that which is kept for future use: a part of an army or a fleet reserved to assist those engaged in action: that which is kept back in the mind: mental concealment: absence of freedom in words or action: caution: that part of capital which is retained to meet average liabilities.—n. Reservā′tion, the act of reserving or keeping back: the withholding from a statement of a word or clause necessary to convey its real meaning: something withheld: safe keeping: a clause, proviso, or limitation by which something is reserved: (U.S.) a tract of public land reserved for some special purpose, as for Indians, schools, &c.: the practice of reserving part of the consecrated bread of the eucharist for the communion of the sick: the act of the pope to reserve to himself the right to nominate to certain benefices.—adj. Reserv′ative.—n. Reserv′atory.—n.pl. Reserves′, the reserve forces of a country, the men composing such.—n. Reser′vist, a soldier who belongs to the reserves.—Mental reservation, the act of reserving or holding back some word or clause which is necessary to convey fully the meaning really intended by the speaker—distinct from equivocation (L. equivocatio or amphibolia).—Without reserve, a phrase implying that a property will be sold absolutely, neither the vendor nor any one acting for him bidding it in. [O. Fr. reserver—L. reservāre—re-, back, servāre, to save.]

Reserved, rē-zėrvd′, adj. characterised by reserve: not free or frank in words or behaviour: shy: cold.—adv. Reser′vedly.—ns. Reser′vedness; Reser′ver.—Reserved case, a sin, the power to absolve from which is reserved to the pope, or his legate, &c.; Reserved list, formerly a list of officers on half-pay, who might be called upon in an emergency; Reserved power, a reservation made in deeds, &c.; Reserved powers (U.S.), powers pertaining to sovereignty, but not delegated to a representative body.

Reservoir, rez′ėr-vwor, n. a place where anything is kept in store: a place where water and other liquids are stored for use.—Also v.t. [Fr.]

Reset, rē-set′, v.t. and v.i. to set again.—n. printed matter set over again.—adj. Reset′table (Tenn.), that may be reset.

Reset, re-set′, v.t. (Scot.) to receive and hide, as stolen goods, or a criminal.—n. Reset′ter, one who receives and hides stolen goods. [Perh. receipt.]

Resettle, rē-set′l, v.t, and v.i. to settle again.—n. Resett′lement.

Reshape, rē-shāp′, v.t. to give a new shape to.

Reship, rē-ship′, v.t. to ship again.—n. Reship′ment, the act of reshipping: things reshipped.

Resiant, rez′i-ant, adj. (obs.) resident, always residing in a place.—n. Res′iance. [Doublet of resident.]

Reside, rē-zīd′, v.i. to remain sitting: to dwell permanently: to abide: to live: to inhere.—ns. Res′idence, act of dwelling in a place: place where one resides, a domicile: that in which anything permanently inheres: the settling of liquors; Res′idency, residence: the official dwelling of a government officer in India.—adj. Res′ident, dwelling in a place for some time: residing on one's own estate: residing in the place of one's duties: not migratory.—n. one who resides: a public minister at a foreign court.—n. Res′identer (Scot.).—adjs. Residen′tial, residing: having actual residence—(rare) Resident′al; Residen′tiary, residing, esp. of one bound to reside for a certain time every year at a cathedral church.—n. one who keeps a certain residence, esp. an ecclesiastic.—ns. Residen′tiaryship; Res′identship; Resī′der. [O. Fr.,—L. residēre—re-, back, sedēre, to sit.]

Residue, rez′i-dū, n. that which is left behind after a part is taken away: the remainder: the residuum of an estate after payment of debts and legacies.—adj. Resid′ual, remaining as residue.—n. that which remains after a subtraction, as the difference between one of a series of observed values and the mean of the series, &c.—ns. Resid′ual-air, that portion of air which cannot be expelled by the most violent efforts from the lungs; Resid′ual-charge, a charge of electricity spontaneously acquired by coated glass; Resid′ual-mag′netism, remanent magnetism; Resid′ual-quan′tity, a binomial connected with the sign - (minus).—adj. Resid′uary, pertaining to the residue: receiving the remainder, as residuary estate.—ns. Resid′uary-clause, that part of a will which disposes of whatever may be left after satisfying the other provisions of the will; Resid′uary-legatēē′, the legatee to whom is bequeathed the residuum.—v.t. Resid′uate, to find the residual of.—ns. Residuā′tion, the act of finding the residual; Resid′uent, a by-product left after the removal of a principal product.—adj. Resid′uous, residual.—n. Resid′ūum, that which is left after any process of purification: a residue. [O. Fr. residu—L. residuum—residēre, to remain behind.]

Resign, rē-sīn′, v.t. to sign again.

Resign, rē-zīn′, v.t. to yield up to another: to submit calmly: to relinquish: to entrust.—v.i. to submit one's self: to give up an office, &c.—n. Resignā′tion, act of giving up: state of being resigned or quietly submissive: acquiescence: patience: (Scots law) the form by which a vassal returns the feu into the hands of a superior.—p.adj. Resigned′, calmly submissive: uncomplaining.—adv. Resigned′ly, with submission.—ns. Resignēē′, the person to whom a thing is resigned; Resign′er; Resign′ment. [O. Fr.,—L. resignāre, -ātum, to annul—re-, sig. reversal, signāre—signum, a mark.]

Resile, rē-zīl′, v.i. to leap back: to fly from: to recoil, to recede:—pr.p. resīl′ing; pa.p. resīled′.—ns. Resile′ment; Resil′ience, Resil′iency, act of springing back or rebounding.—adj. Resil′ient, springing back or rebounding.—ns. Resili′tion; Resiluā′tion, renewed attack. [O. Fr.,—L. resilīre, to leap back—re-, back, salīre, to leap.]

Resin, rez′in, n. an amorphous substance that exudes from plants, supposed to be the product of oxidation of volatile oils secreted by the plant: the precipitate obtained from a vegetable tincture by treatment with water.—v.t. to coat with resin.—adj. Resinā′ceous, resinous.—n. Res′ināte, a salt of the acids obtained from turpentine.—adj. Resinif′erous, yielding resin.—n. Resinificā′tion, the process of treating with resin.—adj. Res′iniform.—vs.t. Res′inify, to change into resin; Res′inise, to treat with resin.—adjs. Res′ino-elec′tric, containing negative electricity; Res′inoid; Res′inous, having the qualities of, or resembling, resin.—adv. Res′inously.—n. Res′inousness.—adj. Res′iny, like resin.—Gum resins, the milky juices of certain plants solidified by exposure to air; Hard resins, at ordinary temperatures solid and brittle, easily pulverised, containing little or no essential oil (copal, lac, jalap, &c.); Soft resins, mouldable by the hand—some are viscous and semi-fluid balsams (turpentine, storax, Canada balsam, &c.). [Fr.,—L. resīna.]

Resinata, rez-i-nā′ta, n. the common white wine in Greece, its peculiar odour due to the resin of the wine.—v.t. Res′ināte.

Resipiscence, res-i-pis′ens, n. change to a better frame of mind.—adj. Resipis′cent, right-minded. [Fr.,—L. resipiscentia—resipiscĕre, to repent—re-, again, sapĕre, to be wise.]

Resist, rē-zist′, v.t. to strive against: to oppose.—v.i. to make opposition.—n. a composition applied to a surface to enable it to resist chemical action: a material, as a paste, applied to a fabric to prevent the action of a dye or mordant from affecting the parts not to be coloured.—ns. Resis′tal (obs.); Resis′tance, act of resisting: opposition: (mech.) the power of a body which acts in opposition to the impulse of another: (electr.) that property of a conductor in virtue of which the passage of a current through it is accompanied with a dissipation of energy; Resis′tance-box, a box containing one or more resistance-coils; Resis′tance-coil, a coil of wire which offers a resistance to the passage of a current of electricity; Resis′tant, one who, or that which, resists.—adjs. Resis′tant, Resis′tent, making resistance.—ns. Resis′ter; Resistibil′ity, Resis′tibleness.—adj. Resis′tible.—advs. Resis′tibly; Resis′tingly.—adj. Resis′tive.—adv. Resis′tively.—n. Resistiv′ity.—adj. Resist′less, irresistible: unresisting, unable to resist.—adv. Resist′lessly.—ns. Resist′lessness; Resist′-style, in calico printing, the process of dyeing in a pattern by the use of a resist; Resist′-work, calico printing, in which the pattern is produced by means of resist which preserves parts uncoloured. [Fr.,—L. resistĕre—re-, against, sistĕre, to make to stand.]

Resmooth, rē-smōōth′, v.t. to smooth again.

Resolder, rē-sol′dėr, v.t. to solder again.

Resoluble, rez′ō-lū-bl, adj. that may be resolved, soluble.—n. Res′olubleness.

Resolute, rez′ō-lūt, adj. resolved: determined: having a fixed purpose: constant in pursuing a purpose: bold.—n. a determined person.—adv. Res′olūtely.—n. Res′olūteness.

Resolution, rez-o-lū′shun, n. act of resolving: analysis: solution: state of being resolved: fixed determination: steadiness: that which is resolved: certainty: (mus.) the relieving of a discord by a following concord: a formal proposal put before a public assembly, or the formal determination of such on any matter: (math.) reduction, solution: (med.) the disappearance or dispersion of a tumour or inflammation.—n. Resolū′tioner, one of a party in Scotland who approved of the resolutions of the Commission of General Assembly (1650) admitting to take part in the struggle against Cromwell all persons except those excommunicate and hostile to the Covenant—opp. to the Protesters.—adj. Res′olūtive.—Resolution of forces, or of velocities, the application of the principle of the parallelogram of forces or velocities to the separation of a force or velocity into parts.

Resolve, rē-zolv′, v.t. to separate into parts: to analyse: to free from doubt or difficulty: to explain: to decide: to fix by resolution or formal declaration: (math.) to solve: (med.) to disperse, as a tumour: (mus.) to carry a discord into a concord.—v.i. to determine.—n. anything resolved or determined: resolution: fixed purpose.—n. Resolvabil′ity.—adj. Rosol′vable, that may be resolved or reduced to its elements.—n. Resol′vableness.—adv. Resol′vably.—adj. Resolved′, fixed in purpose.—adv. Resol′vedly, firmly: clearly.—n. Resol′vedness.—adj. Resol′vent, having power to resolve.—n. that which causes solution: (med.) a substance which resolves tumours: (math.) an equation upon whose solution the solution of a given problem depends.—n. Resol′ver. [Fr.,—L. resolvĕre, resolutum—re-, inten., solvĕre, to loose.]

Resonance, rez′ō-nans, n. act of resounding: the returning of sound by reflection or by the production of vibrations in other bodies: the sound discovered by means of auscultation—also Res′onancy.—n. Res′onance-box, a chamber in a musical instrument for increasing its sonority.—adj. Res′onant, returning sound: vibrating.—adv. Res′onantly.—v.i. Res′onāte, to resound.—n. Resonā′tor, a vessel for the analysis of complex sounds. [L. resonāre, re-, back, sonāre, to sound.]

Resorb, rē-sorb′, v.t. to reabsorb, to swallow up.—adj. Resorb′ent. [L. resorbĕre, to suck back.]

Resorcin, rē-sor′sin, n. a colourless crystalline phenol.—adj. Resor′cinal.—n. Resor′cinism. [Fr.]

Resorption, rē-sorp′shun, n. the disappearance of an organ by absorption.—adj. Resorp′tive.

Resort, rē-zort′, v.i. to go: to betake one's self: to have recourse: to apply.—n. act of resorting: a place much frequented: a haunt: resource: company.—n. Resort′er, a frequenter.—Last resort, the last means of relief, the final tribunal—the French dernier ressort. [Fr. ressortir—L. re-, back, sortīri, to cast lots—sors, sortis, a lot.]

Resound, rē-zownd′, v.t. to sound back: to echo: to praise or celebrate with sound: to spread the fame of.—v.i. to be sent back or echoed: to echo: to sound loudly: to be much mentioned.—ns. Resound′; Resound′er, a monotelephone.

Resource, re-sōrs′, n. a source of help: an expedient: (pl.) means of raising money: means of any kind: funds.—adj. Resource′ful, shifty.—n. Resource′fulness.—adj. Resource′less. [O. Fr. resource—resourdre—L. resurgĕre, to rise again.]

Resow, rē-sō′, v.t. to sow again.

Respeak, rē-spēk′, v.i. to speak again, echo.

Respect, rē-spekt′, v.t. to esteem for merit: to honour: to relate to: to regard unduly: to heed.—n. act of esteeming highly: regard: expression of esteem: deportment arising from esteem: relation: reference: point of view, any particular: (B.) good-will, also undue regard: partiality: reflection: decency: reputation.—n. Respectabil′ity, state or quality of being respectable.—adj. Respec′table, worthy of respect or regard: moderate in excellence or number: not mean or despicable: reputable: moderately well-to-do.—n. Respec′tableness.—adv. Respec′tably, moderately: pretty well.—adj. Respec′tant (her.), facing one another—said of figures of animals.—n. Respec′ter.—adj. Respect′ful, full of respect: marked by civility.—adv. Respect′fully.—n. Respect′fulness.—prep. Respec′ting, regarding: considering.—n. Respec′tion, respect.—adj. Respec′tive, having respect or reference to: relative: relating to a particular person or thing: particular.—adv. Respec′tively.—ns. Respec′tiveness; Respec′tivist (obs.), a captious critic.—adjs. Respect′less, regardless; Respec′tūous (obs.), causing respect: respectful.—Have respect of persons, unduly to favour certain persons, as for their wealth, &c.; In respect of, in comparison with; With respect to, with regard to. [O. Fr.,—L. respicĕre, respectum—re-, back, specĕre, to look.]

Respell, rē-spel′, v.t. to spell again, or in new form.

Resperse, rē-spers′, v.t. to sprinkle.—n. Resper′sion.

Respire, rē-spīr′, v.i. to breathe again and again: to breathe: to take rest.—v.t. to breathe out—in the higher animals there is an absorption of oxygen and a discharge of carbonic acid, also in plants.—n. Respīrabil′ity, quality of being respirable.—adj. Respīr′able, that may be breathed: fit for respiration.—n. Respīr′ableness; Respirā′tion, the function of breathing: relief from toil.—adjs. Respirā′tional; Respīr′ative.—ns. Res′pirātor, a network of fine wire for respiring or breathing through; Respiratō′rium, a gill-like organ used by certain insects to draw water from the air.—adj. Rēspi′ratory (or res′pi-rā-tō-ri), pertaining to, or serving for, respiration.—ns. Respīr′ing; Respirom′eter, an apparatus for supplying air to a diver under water.—Artificial respiration, respiration induced by artificial means. [Fr.,—L. respirāre—re-, sig. repetition, spirāre, -ātum, to breathe.]

Respite, res′pit, n. temporary cessation of anything: pause: interval of rest: (law) temporary suspension of the execution of a criminal.—v.t. to grant a respite to: to relieve by a pause: to delay.—adj. Res′piteless. [O. Fr. respit (Fr. répit)—L. respectus, respect.]

Resplendent, rē-splen′dent, adj. very splendid, shining brilliantly: very bright: (her.) issuing rays.—ns. Resplen′dence, Resplen′dency, state of being resplendent.—adv. Resplen′dently. [L. resplendēre—re-, inten., splendēre, to shine.]

Resplit, rē-split′, v.t. to split again.

Respond, rē-spond′, v.i. to answer or reply: to correspond to or suit: to be answerable: to make a liturgical response: to be liable for payment.—v.t. to satisfy.—n. a versicle, &c., occurring at intervals, as in the responses to the commandments in the Anglican service: (archit.) a pilaster, &c., in a wall for receiving the impost of an arch.—ns. Respon′dence, Respon′dency, act of responding: reply: (Spens.) correspondence.—adj. Respon′dent, answering: corresponding to expectation.—n. one who answers, esp. in a law-suit: one who refutes objections.—ns. Responden′tia, a loan on the cargo of a vessel; Respon′sal, a liturgical response: a proctor for a monastery; Response′, a reply: an oracular answer: the answer made by the congregation to the priest during divine service: reply to an objection in a formal disputation: a short anthem sung at intervals during a lection; Responsibil′ity, Respon′sibleness, state of being responsible: what one is responsible for: a trust.—adj. Respon′sible, liable to be called to account or render satisfaction: answerable: capable of discharging duty: able to pay.—adv. Respon′sibly.—n.pl. Respon′sions, the first of the three examinations for the B.A. degree at Oxford, familiarly called 'smalls.'—adj. Respon′sive, inclined to respond: answering: correspondent.—adv. Respon′sively.—n. Respon′siveness, the state of being responsive.—adj. Responsō′rial, responsive.—n. an office-book containing the responsories.—adj. Respon′sory, making answer.—n. a portion of a psalm sung between the missal lections: the answer of the people to the priest in church service: a response book.—n. Respon′sūre (obs.), response. [Fr.,—L. respondēre, responsum—re-, back, spondēre, to promise.]

Ressaut, res-awt′, n. (archit.) a projection of one part from another. [Fr.,—L. resilīre, to leap back.]

Rest, rest, n. cessation from motion or disturbance: peace: quiet: sleep: the final sleep, or death: place of rest, as an inn, &c.: repose: release: security: tranquillity: stay: that on which anything rests or is supported: a pause of the voice in reading: (mus.) an interval between tones, also its mark: in ancient armour, a projection from the cuirass to support the lance: a quick and continued returning of the ball at tennis: in the game of primero, the final stake made by the player.—v.i. to cease from action or labour: to be still: to repose: to sleep: to be dead: to be supported: to lean or trust: to be satisfied: to come to an end: to be undisturbed: to take rest: to lie: to trust: (law) to terminate voluntarily the adducing of evidence: to be in the power of, as 'it rests with you.'—v.t. to lay at rest: to quiet: to place on a support.—n. Rest′-cure, the treatment of exhaustion by isolation in bed.—adj. Rest′ful (Shak.), being at rest, quiet, giving rest.—adv. Rest′fully, in a state of rest.—ns. Rest′fulness, the state or quality of being restful: quietness; Rest′-house a house of rest for travellers in India, a dak-bungalow Rest′iness (obs.), sluggishness.—adj. Rest′ing-ow′ing (Scots law), indebted.—ns. Rest′ing-place, a place of security, or of rest, the grave: in building, a landing in a staircase; Rest′ing-spore, a spore which germinates after a period of dormancy; Rest′ing-stage, -state, a state of suspended activity, as of woody plants, bulbs; Rest′ing-while, a period of leisure.—At rest, applied to a body, means, having no velocity with respect to that on which the body stands. [A.S. rest, ræst; Ger. rast, Dut. rust.]

Rest, rest, n. that which remains after the separation of a part: remainder: others: balance of assets above liabilities.—v.i. to remain.—For the rest, as regards other matters. [Fr. reste—L. restāre, to remain—re-, back, stāre, to stand.]

Rest, rest, v.t. (coll.) to arrest.

Restant, res′tant, adj. remaining persistent.

Restate, rē-stāt′, v.t. to state again.—n. Restate′ment.

Restaur, res-tawr′, n. the remedy which assurers have against each other, or a person has against his guarantor. [Fr.]

Restaurant, res′tō-rang, or res′tō-rant, n. a house for the sale of refreshments: an eating-house.—n. Restaurateur (res-tō′ra-tėr), the keeper of a restaurant. [Fr.,—restaurer, to restore.]

Restem, rē-stem′, v.t. (Shak.) to force back against the current: to move back against, as a current.

Rest-harrow, rest′-har′ō, n. a half-shrubby plant with a spiny stem and tough, woody roots, common in ill-cleaned land: a small moth.

Restibrachium, res-ti-brā′ki-um, n. (anat.) the inferior peduncle of the cerebellum.—adj. Restibrā′chial.

Restiff, an obsolete form of restive.

Restiform, res′ti-form, adj. cord-like.—Restiform body, the inferior peduncle of the cerebellum. [L. restis, a net, forma, form.]

Restily, res′ti-li, adv. stubbornly, sluggishly.

Restinction, rē-stingk′shun, n. the act of extinguishing.—v.t. Resting′uish, to quench.

Restio, res′ti-ō, n. a genus of glumaceous plants.—n. Restioi′deæ.

Restipulate, rē-stip′ū-lāt, v.i. to stipulate anew.—n. Restipulā′tion.

Restitution, res-ti-tū′shun, n. act of restoring what was lost or taken away: indemnification: making good: (law) the restoration of what a party had gained by a judgment.—v.t. Res′titūte (obs.), to restore.—adj. Res′titūtive.—n. Res′titūtor. [L. restitutio—restituĕre, to set up again—re-, again, statuĕre, to make to stand.]

Restive, res′tiv, adj. unwilling to go forward: obstinate: jibbing back like a restive horse.—adv. Res′tively.—n. Res′tiveness. [O. Fr. restif—L. restāre, to rest.]

Restless, rest′les, adj. in continual motion: uneasy: passed in unquietness: seeking change or action: unsettled: turbulent.—adv. Rest′lessly.—n. Rest′lessness. [Rest, cessation from motion.]

Restore, rē-stōr′, v.t. to repair: to replace: to return: to bring back to its former state: to revive: to cure: to compensate: to mend: (mus.) to bring a note back to its original signification.—adj. Restōr′able, that may be restored to a former owner or condition.—ns. Restōr′ableness, the state or quality of being restorable; Restōrā′tion, act of restoring: replacement: recovery: revival: reparation: renewal: restoration of a building to its original design: (theol.) receiving of a sinner to the divine favour: the final recovery of all men: (palæont.) the proper adjustment of the bones of an extinct animal; Restōrā′tionist, one who holds the belief that after a purgation all wicked men and angels will be restored to the favour of God, a universalist.—adj. Restōr′ative, able or tending to restore, esp. to strength and vigour.—n. a medicine that restores.—adv. Restōr′atively.—ns. Restōre′ment; Restōr′er.—The Restoration, the re-establishment of the monarchy with the return of Charles II. in 1660. [Fr. restaurer—L. restaurāre, -ātum—re-, again, root stāre, to stand.]

Restrain, rē-strān′, v.t. to hold back: to check: to withhold, to forbid: to hinder: to limit.—adj. Restrain′able, capable of being restrained.—adv. Restrain′edly.—n. Restrain′er (phot.), a chemical used to retard the act of the developer in an overexposed plate, &c.—p.adj. Restrain′ing.—ns. Restrain′ment; Restraint′, act of restraining: state of being restrained: want of liberty: limitation: hinderance: reserve; Restraint′-bed, -chair, used for the insane. [O. Fr. restraindre—L. restringĕre, restrictum—re-, back, stringĕre, to draw tightly.]

Restrengthen, rē-strength′n, v.t. to strengthen anew.

Restriall, rē-strī′al, adj. (her.) divided barwise, palewise, and pilewise.

Restrict, rē-strikt′, v.t. to limit: to confine: to repress: to attach limitations.—adv. Restric′tedly.—n. Restric′tion, act of restricting: limitation: confinement.—adj. Restric′tive, having the power or tendency to restrict: astringent.—adv. Restric′tively.—n. Restric′tiveness, the state or quality of being restrictive. [Restrain.]

Restrike, rē-strīk′, v.t. to strike again, as a coin.

Restringe, rē-strinj′, v.t. to contract: to astringe.—ns. Restrin′gend, Restrin′gent, an astringent.

Resty, rest′i, adj. (Spens.) restive: (Milt.) disposed to rest, indolent.

Resublime, rē-sub-līm′, v.t. to sublime again.—n. Resublimā′tion.

Resudation, rē-sū-dā′shun, n. a sweating again.

Result, rē-zult′, v.i. to issue (with in): to follow as a consequence from facts: to rebound: to be the outcome: to terminate.—n. consequence: conclusion: decision: resolution, as the result of a council.—n. Resul′tance, act of resulting.—adj. Resul′tant, resulting from combination.—n. (phys.) a force compounded of two or more forces.—n. Resul′tāte (obs.), a result.—adjs. Result′ful, having results or effect; Resul′tive; Result′less, without result.—n. Result′lessness.—Resultant tone, a tone produced by the simultaneous sounding of two sustained tones; Resulting force, a motion which is the result of two or more motions combined. [Fr.,—L. resultāre—resilīre. Cf. Resilient.]

Resume, rē-zūm′, v.t. to take back what has been given: to take up again: to begin again after interruption.—adj. Resū′mable, liable to be taken back again, or taken up again. [L. resumĕre—re-, back, sumĕre, sumptum, to take.]

Résumé, rā-zū-mā′, n. a summing up: a summary.—v.t. Resume′. [Fr.,—L. resumĕre, to resume.]

Resummon, rē-sum′un, v.t. to summon again: to recover.—n. Resumm′ons, a second summons.

Resumption, rē-zump′shun, n. act of resuming or taking back again, as the resumption of a grant: the return to special payments.—adj. Resump′tive.—n. a restoring medicine.

Resupinate, rē-sū′pin-āt, adj. lying on the back: (bot.) inverted in position by a twisting of the stalk upside down—also Resūpine′.—n. Resupinā′tion. [L. resupinatus, pa.p. pass. of resupināre, to bend back—re-, back, supinus, bent backward.]

Resurge, rē-surj′, v.i. to rise again.—n. Resur′gence.—adj. Resur′gent, rising again or from the dead.—v.t. Resurrect′ (coll.), to restore to life.—n. Resurrec′tion, the rising again from the dead: the life thereafter: a restoration: body-snatching.—adj. Resurrec′tionary.—v.t. Resurrec′tionise.—ns. Resurrec′tionist, Resurrec′tion-man, one who steals bodies from the grave for dissection. [L. re-, again, surgĕre, surrectum, to rise.]

Resurprise, rē-sur-prīz′, n. a second surprise.

Resurvey, rē-sur-vā′, v.t. to survey again, to review.—n. a second or renewed survey.

Resuscitate, rē-sus′i-tāt, v.t. to revive, to revivify.—v.i. to revive: to awaken and come to life again.—adjs. Resus′citable; Resus′citant.—n. one who, or that which, resuscitates.—n. Resuscitā′tion, act of reviving from a state of apparent death: state of being revivified.—adj. Resus′citātive, tending to resuscitate: reviving: revivifying: reanimating.—n. Resus′citātor, one who resuscitates.—Resuscitative faculty, the reproductive faculty of the mind. [L. re-, again, suscitāre—sus-, sub-, from beneath, citāre, to put into quick motion—ciēre, to make to go.]

Ret, ret, v.t. to expose hemp, jute, &c. to moisture.

Retable, rē-tā′bl, n. a shelf behind the altar for the display of lights, vases of flowers, &c. [Fr.]

Retail, rē-tāl′, v.t. to sell or deal out in small parts: to sell in broken parts, or at second hand: to hand down by report.—adj. pertaining to retail.—ns. Rē′tail, the sale of goods in small quantities; Retail′er; Retail′ment. [Fr. retailler, to cut again—re-, again, tailler, to cut.]

Retaille, rė-ta-lyā′, adj. (her.) cut or divided twice.

Retain, rē-tān′, v.t. to keep in possession: to detain: to employ by a fee paid: to restrain: to keep up, as to retain a custom: to keep in mind.—adj. Retain′able, that may be retained.—ns. Retain′er, one who is retained or kept in service: a dependant, but higher than a servant: a sutler: a retaining fee; Retain′ership; Retain′ment.—Retaining fee, the advance fee paid to a lawyer to defend a cause; Retaining wall, a wall to prevent a bank from slipping down.—General retainer, a fee to secure a priority of claim on a counsel's services; Special retainer, a fee for a particular case. [Fr.,—L. retinēre—re-, back, tenēre, to hold.]

Retake, rē-tāk′, v.t. to take or receive again: to recapture.

Retaliate, rē-tal′i-āt, v.t. to return like for like: to repay.—v.i. to return like for like.—n. Retaliā′tion, act of retaliating: 'lex talionis:' retribution.—adjs. Retal′iātive, Retal′iātory, returning like for like. [L. retaliāre, -ātum—re-, in return, talio, -onis, like for like—talis, of such a kind.]

Retama, re-tä′mä, or re-tā′mä, n. a group of yellow-flowered shrubs, with rush-like branches.

Retard, rē-tärd′, v.t. to keep back: to delay: to defer.—adj. Retar′dant.—n. Retardā′tion, delay: hinderance: obstacle: (phys.) a continuous decrement in velocity: in acoustics, the distance by which one wave is behind another: (mus.) the act of diminishing the rate of speed: (teleg.) decrease in the speed of telegraph signalling.—adjs. Retar′dātive, tending or serving to retard; Retar′dātory.—ns. Retar′der; Retard′ment.—Retardation of mean solar time, the change of the sun's right ascension in a sidereal day. [Fr.,—L. retardāre—re-, inten., tardāre, to make slow—tardus, slow.]

Retch, rech, v.i. to try to vomit: to strain: to reach. [A.S. hrǽcan—hrǽc, a cough; Ice. hrækja.]

Retchless, rech′les, adj. (obs.) reckless.—adv. Retch′lessly.—n. Retch′lessness.

Rete, rē′tē, n. a network of blood-vessels, a plexus.—adjs. Retē′cious; Rē′tial.

Retection, rē-tek′shun, n. the act of disclosing something concealed.

Retell, rē-tel′, v.t. to tell again.

Retention, rē-ten′shun, n. act or power of retaining: memory: restraint: custody: preservation: (med.) power of retaining, inability to void: (Scots law) a lien, the right of withholding a debt until a debt due to the claimant is paid.—n. Retent′, that which is retained.—adj. Reten′tive, having power to retain.—adv. Reten′tively.—ns. Reten′tiveness, Retentiv′ity; Reten′tor, a muscle which serves to retain an organ in place.—Magnetic retentiveness, coercive force.

Retepore, rē′te-pōr, n. a coral of the genus Reteporidæ.

Retex, rē-teks′, v.t. to annul.

Retexture, rē-tekst′ūr, n. a second or new texture.

Retiary, rē′shi-ā-ri, adj. net-like: constructing a web to catch prey: provided with a net.—n. a gladiator who fights with a net—also Retiā′rius.—n.pl. Rē′tiāriæ, the spinning spiders. [L. retiarius—rete, a net.]

Reticence, ret′i-sens, n. concealment by silence: reserve in speech—also Ret′icency.—adj. Ret′icent, concealing by silence: reserved in speech. [Fr.,—L. reticēre—re-, tacēre, to be silent.]

Reticle, ret′i-kl, n. Same as Reticule.

Reticule, ret′i-kūl, Reticle, ret′i-kl, n. a little network bag: a lady's workbag: an attachment to a telescope consisting of a network of lines ruled on glass.—adj. Retic′ular, having the form of network: formed with interstices: (anat.) cellular.—ns. Reticulā′rē; Reticulā′ria, a genus of the myxomycetous fungi.—n.pl. Reticulariā′ceæ.—adjs. Reticulā′rian; Reticulā′rious.—adv. Retic′ularly.—adjs. Retic′ulary; Retic′ulāte, -d, netted: having the form or structure of a net: having veins crossing like network, as a reticulate leaf.—n. Reticulā′tion, a method of copying a painting by the help of threads stretched across a frame.—adj. Retic′ulōse, finely reticulate.—n. Retic′ulum, a network: the second stomach of a ruminant: a southern constellation.—Reticular cartilage, a cartilage in which the matrix is permeated with elastic fibres; Reticular layer of skin, the deeper part of the corium; Reticulated glass, ware made from glass, in which one set of coloured lines meets with another; Reticulated micrometer, a micrometer for an optical instrument with a reticule in the focus of an eyepiece; Reticulated moulding, a fillet interlaced in various ways; Reticulated work, masonry constructed with diamond-shaped stones. [L. reticulum—rete, net.]

Retiercé, rē-tyār′sā, adj. (her.) divided fesswise into three equal parts.

Retifera, rē-tif′er-a, n. the true limpet.

Retiform, rē′ti-form, adj. having the form or structure of a net. [L. rete, net, forma, form.]

Retina, ret′i-na, n. the innermost coating of the eye, consisting of a fine network of optic nerves.—adj. Ret′inal, pertaining to the retina of the eye.—n. Retinī′tis, inflammation of the retina. [Fr.,—L. rete, a net.]

Retinaculum, ret-i-nak′ū-lum, n. (anat.) a connecting band: one of the annular ligaments which hold the tendons close to the bones of the larger joints: (zool.) one of the retractor muscles of the proboscis of certain worms: (bot.) a small viscid gland.

Retinalite, rē-tin′a-līt, n. a green translucent variety of serpentine.

Retinerved, rē′ti-nėrvd, adj. netted, veined.

Retinite, ret′i-nīt, n. pitch-stone or obsidian.

Retinoid, ret′i-noid, adj. resin-like.

Retinol, ret′i-nol, n. a hydro-carbon oil used in printers' ink.

Retinophora, ret-i-nof′ō-ra, n. a cell of the embryonic eye of anthropods.

Retinoscopy, ret′in-ō-skō-pi, n. examination of the retina with an ophthalmoscope.

Retinospora, ret-in-os′pō-ra, n. a genus of coniferous trees, in use for lawn decoration.

Retinue, ret′i-nū, n. the body of retainers who follow a person of rank: a suite: a cortege. [Retain.]

Retinula, rē-tin′ū-la, n. (entom.) a group of pigmented cells.—adj. Retin′ular.

Retiped, rē′tip-ed, n. having reticulated tarsi.

Retiracy, rē-tīr′ā-si, n. retirement.

Retirade, ret-i-räd′, n. a retrenchment in the body of a bastion which a garrison may defend. [Fr.]

Retire, rē-tīr′, v.i. to draw back: to retreat: to recede: to go to bed.—v.t. to withdraw from circulation, as to retire a bill: to cause to retire.—n. a call sounded on a bugle: act of retiring: retreat: (obs.) a place of retreat.—n. Retī′ral, the act of taking up a bill when due.—adj. Retired′, withdrawn: secluded: private: withdrawn from business.—adv. Retired′ly.—ns. Retired′ness; Retire′ment, act of retiring or withdrawing from society or from public life, or of an army: state of being retired: solitude: privacy.—p.adj. Retir′ing, reserved: unobtrusive: retreating: modest: given to one who retires from a public office or service.—Retired list, a list of officers who are relieved from active service but receive a certain amount of pay. [O. Fr. retirer—re-, back, tirer, to draw.]

Retitelæ, ret-i-tē′lē, n.pl. a group of spiders which spin irregular webs.—n. Retitelā′rian.

Retold, rē-tōld′, pa.t. and pa.p. of retell.

Retorque, rē-tōrk′, v.t. (obs.) to turn back.

Retorsion, rē-tōr′shun, n. retaliation.

Retort, rē-tort′, v.t. to throw back: to return: to retaliate: to separate by means of a retort.—v.i. to make a sharp reply.—n. a ready and sharp reply: a witty answer: a vessel used in distillation, properly a spiral tube.—p.adj. Retor′ted (her.), interlaced.—ns. Retor′ter; Retor′tion.—adj. Retor′tive.—n. Retort′-seal′er, an instrument for removing the encrustation in coal-gas retorts. [Fr.,—L. retortum, pa.p. of retorquēre—re-, back, torquēre, to twist.]

Retoss, rē-tos′, v.t. to toss back.

Retouch, rē-tuch′, v.t. to improve, as a picture, by new touches.—n. the reapplication of the artist's hand to a work: (phot.) the act of finishing and correcting.—ns. Retouch′er; Retouch′ment.—Retouching frame, a desk formed of fine ground glass, used for retouching negatives.

Retour, rē-tōōr′, n. a returning: (Scots law) an extract from chancery of the service of an heir to his ancestor.—adj. Retoured′.

Retourn, rē-turn′, v.t. (Spens.) to turn back.

Retrace, rē-trās′, v.t. to trace back: to go back by the same course: to renew the outline of: to repeat.—adj. Retrace′able.

Retract, rē-trakt′, v.t. to retrace or draw back: to recall: to recant.—v.i. to take back what has been said or granted.—adjs. Retrac′table, Retrac′tible, capable of being retracted or recalled.—n. Retractā′tion.—p.adj. Retrac′ted (her.), couped by a line diagonal to the main direction: (bot.) bent back.—adj. Retrac′tile, that may be drawn back, as claws.—n. Retrac′tion, act of retracting or drawing back: recantation.—adj. Retrac′tive, able or ready to retract.—adv. Retrac′tively.—n. Retrac′tor, one who, or that which, retracts or draws back: in breech-loading firearms, a device for withdrawing a cartridge-shell from the barrel: (surg.) an instrument for holding apart the edges of a wound during operation: a bandage to protect the soft parts from injury by the saw: (zool.) a muscle serving to draw in any part. [Fr.,—L. retrahĕre, retractum—re-, back, trahĕre, to draw.]

Retrad, rē′trad, adv. (anat.) backward.

Retrahens, rē′trā-henz, n. (anat.) a muscle which draws the ear backward.—adj. Rē′trāhent.

Retrait, rē-trāt′, n. (Spens.) a picture, a portrait: aspect.—adj. retired. [O. Fr.,—retraire, to draw back, to take a portrait—L. retrahĕre—re-, back, trahĕre, to draw.]

Retral, rē′tral, adj. back, posterior.

Retranché, re-trong-shā′, adj. (her.) divided bend-wise twice or into three parts.

Retransfer, rē-trans-fėr′, v.t. to transfer back.—n. Retrans′fer.

Retransform, rē-trans-form′, v.t. to transform or change back again.—n. Retransformā′tion, a second or renewed transformation: a change back to a former state.

Retranslate, rē-trans-lāt′, v.t. to translate anew: to translate back into the original languages.—n. Retranslā′tion.

Retransmission, rē-trans-mish′un, n. a repeated transmission.—v.t. Rē′transmit.

Retrate, rē-trāt′, n. (Spens.)=retreat.

Retraverse, rē-trav′ėrs, v.t. to traverse again.

Retraxit, rē-trak′sit, n. (law) the open renunciation of a suit in court.

Retreat, rē-trēt′, n. a drawing back or retracing one's steps: retirement: place of privacy: withdrawal: a place of security: a shelter: (mil.) the act of retiring in order from before the enemy, or from an advanced position: the signal for retiring from an engagement or to quarters: a special season of religious meditation.—v.i. to draw back: to recede: to consider: to retire, esp. to a place of shelter: to retire before an enemy or from an advanced position: in fencing, to move back so as to avoid the point of the adversary's sword: to slope back, as a retreating forehead.—ns. Retreat′er; Retreat′ment. [O. Fr. retrete—L. retractus, pa.p. of retrahĕre.]

Retree, rē-trē′, n. in paper-making, broken or imperfect paper.

Retrench, rē-trensh′, v.t. to cut off or away: to render less: to curtail.—v.i. to live at less expense: to economise.—n. Retrench′ment, cutting off: lessening or abridging: reduction: economy: (fort.) a work within another for prolonging the defence. [O. Fr. retrencher (Fr. retrancher)—re-, off, trencher, to cut, which, acc. to Littré, is from L. truncāre, to cut off.]

Retrial, rē-trī′al, n. a repetition of trial.

Retribute, rē-trib′ūt, v.t. to give back: to make repayment of.—ns. Rētrib′ūter, -or; Retribū′tion, repayment: suitable return: reward or punishment: retaliation.—adjs. Rētrib′ūtive, repaying: rewarding or punishing suitably; Rētrib′ūtory. [L. retributio—retribuĕre, to give back—re-, back, tribuĕre, to give.]

Retrieve, rē-trēv′, v.t. to recover: to recall or bring back: to bring back to a former state: to repair: to search for and fetch, as a dog does game—also n. (obs.).—adj. Retriev′able, that may be recovered.—n. Retriev′ableness, the state of being retrievable.—adv. Retriev′ably.—ns. Retriev′al; Retrieve′ment; Retriev′er, a dog trained to find and fetch game that has been shot. [O. Fr. retreuver (Fr. retrouver)—re-, again, trouver, to find—Low L. tropare—L. tropus, a song—Gr. tropos, a trope.]

Retrim, rē-trim′, v.t. to trim again.

Retriment, ret′ri-ment, n. dregs. [L. retrimentum.]

Retroact, rē-trō-akt′, v.i. to act backward, or in return or opposition, or on something past or preceding.—n. Retroac′tion.—adj. Retroac′tive.—adv. Retroac′tively, in a retroactive manner: by operating on something past.—Retroactive law, a retrospective law. [L. retroactus, retroagĕre—retro, backward, agĕre, actum, to do.]

Retrobulbar, rē-trō-bul′bär, adj. being behind the eyeball.

Retrocede, rē-trō-sēd′, v.t. to go back: to relapse: to retire: to give back.—adj. Retrocē′dent.—n. Retroces′sion (med.), the disappearance of a tumour inwardly: a retreating outline: (Scots law) the act of retroceding, or giving back, as of a right by an assignee. [Fr.,—L. retrocedĕre, -cessum—retro, backward, cedĕre, to go.]

Retrochoir, rē′trō-kwīr, n. (archit.) an extension of a church behind the high altar, as a chapel.

Retroclusion, rē-trō-klōō′zhun, n. a method of using the pin in acupressure.

Retrocollic, rē-trō-kol′ik, adj. pertaining to the back of the neck.

Retrodate, rē′trō-dāt, v.t. to assign a date to a book earlier than its actual publication.

Retroduct, rē-trō-dukt′, v.t. to draw back: to withdraw.—n. Retroduc′tion.

Retroflex, rē′trō-fleks, adj. reflexed, bent backward—also Rē′troflexed.—n. Retroflec′tion. [L. retro, backward, flectĕre, flexum, to bend.]

Retrofract, -ed, rē′trō-frakt, -ed, adj. (bot.) bent sharply back, so as to appear as if broken. [L. retro, backward, fractus, pa.p. of frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Retrograde, ret′rō-, or rē′trō-grād, adj. going backward: falling from better to worse: contrary: (biol.) becoming less highly organised, as 'a retrograde theory:' swimming backwards, as many animals: (astron.) moving westwards relatively to the fixed stars.—v.i. to go backwards.—ns. Retrogradā′tion, deterioration; Rē′trogress, falling off; Rētrogres′sion, a going backward: a decline in quality or merit.—adjs. Rētrogres′sional, Rētrogress′ive.—adv. Rētrogress′ively.—n. Rētrogress′iveness. [L. retrogradus, going backward—retro, backward, gradi, gressus, to go.]

Retrolingual, rē-trō-ling′gwal, adj. serving to retract the tongue.

Retromingent, rē-trō-min′jent, adj. urinating backward.—n. Retromin′gency.—adv. Retromin′gently.

Retro-ocular, rē-trō-ok′ū-lar, adj. situated behind the eyeball.

Retro-operative, rē-trō-op′e-rā-tiv, adj. retrospective in effect.

Retroposition, rē-trō-pō-zish′un, n. displacement backward.

Retropulsion, rē-trō-pul′shun, n. a disorder of locomotion: repulsion.—adj. Retropul′sive.

Retrorse, rē-trors′, adj. turned back or downward—adv. Retrorse′ly.

Retroserrate, rē-trō-ser′āt, adj. (entom.) armed with minute retrorse teeth.

Retrospect, ret′rō-spekt, or rē′-, n. a looking back: a contemplation of the past: the past.—n. Retrospec′tion, the act or faculty of looking back on the past.—adj. Retrospec′tive.—adv. Retrospec′tively. [L. retrospectus, pa.p. of retrospicĕre—retro, back, specĕre, to look.]

Retrosternal, rē-trō-ster′nal, adj. being behind the sternum.

Retrotarsal, rē-trō-tar′sal, adj. being behind the tarsus of the eye.

Retrotracheal, rē-trō-trā′kē-al, adj. being at the back of the trachea.

Retroussage, re-trōō-sazh′, n. a method of producing effective tones in the printing of etchings by skilful treatment of the ink in certain parts.

Retroussé, re-trōō-sā′, adj. turned up: pug.

Retrovaccinate, rē-trō-vak′si-nāt, v.t. to vaccinate a cow with human virus.—ns. Retrovaccinā′tion; Retrovac′cine.

Retrovene, rē′trō-vēn, adj. inclined backward.

Retrovert, rē′trō-vėrt, v.t. to turn back.—n. one who returns to his original creed.—n. Retrover′sion, a turning or falling back. [L. retro, backward, vertĕre, to turn.]

Retrovision, rē-trō-vizh′un, n. the power of mentally seeing past events.

Retrude, rē-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust back.—adj. Retruse′.—n. Retru′sion. [L. retrudĕre, retrusum.]

Retry, rē-trī′, v.t. to try again: to put on trial a second time.

Retting, ret′ing, n. the act or process of preparing flax for use by rotting the useless part of the plant.—n. Rett′ery. [Conn. with rot.]

Retund, rē-tund′, v.t. to blunt, as the edge of a weapon.

Return, rē-turn′, v.i. to come back to the same place or state: to answer: to retort: to turn back: to repeat: to revert: to recur: to reappear.—v.t. to bring or send back: to transmit: to give back: to repay: to give back in reply: to report: to give an account: to cast back: to reflect: to re-echo: to revolve: to restore: to requite: to return a call: to elect, as a member of parliament: in card-playing, to lead back in response to the lead of one's partner: in tennis, to bat the ball back over the net: in fencing, to give a thrust or cut after parrying a sword-thrust.—n. the act of going back: revolution: periodic renewal: the act of bringing or sending back: restitution: repayment: the profit on capital or labour: a reply: a report or account, esp. official: (pl.) a light-coloured and mild kind of tobacco: (law) the rendering back of a writ to the proper officer: (mil.) the return of the men fit for duty: (archit.) the continuation in a different direction of the face of a building, as a moulding.—adj. Retur′nable, legally requiring to be returned.—ns. Return′-bend, a pipe-coupling in the shape of the letter ; Return′-car′go, a cargo brought back in place of merchandise previously sent out; Return′-check, a ticket for readmission; Return′-day, the day fixed when the defendant is to appear in court; Retur′ner; Retur′ning-off′icer, the officer who makes returns of writs, &c.: the presiding officer at an election.—adj. Return′less.—ns. Return′-match, a second match played by the same set of players; Return′-shock, an electric shock due to the action of induction sometimes felt after a lightning-flash; Return′-tag, a tag attached to a railway-car as evidence of its due arrival; Return′-tick′et, a ticket issued by a company for a journey and its return, usually at a reduced charge; Return′-valve, a valve which opens to allow reflux of a fluid in case of overflow. [Fr. retourner—re-, back, tourner, to turn—L. tornāre, to turn.]

Retuse, rē-tūs′, adj. (bot.) terminating in a round end, with a centre somewhat depressed. [L. retusus—retundĕre, to blunt.]

Retyre, rē-tīr′, n. (Spens.) retirement.

Retzia, ret′si-a, n. a genus of brachiopods.

Reune, rē-ūn′, v.t. (obs.) to reunite.—v.i. to hold a reunion.—adjs. Reū′nient; Reū′nitive.

Reunion, rē-ūn′yun, n. a union after separation: an assembly or social gathering. [Fr. réunion—re-, again, union, union.]

Reunite, rē-ū-nīt′, v.t. to join after separation: to reconcile after variance.—v.i. to become united again: to join again.—v.t. Reū′nify.—adv. Reunī′tedly.—n. Reuni′tion.—adj. Reū′nitive.

Reurge, rē-urj′, v.t. to urge again.

Reus, rē′us, n. (law) a defendant. [L.]

Reuse, rē-ūz′, v.t. to use again.—n. (rē-ūs′) repeated use.

Reutilise, rē-ū′til-īz, v.t. to make use of a second time.

Reutter, rē-ut′ėr, v.t. to utter again.

Rev., an abridgment of Reverend, in addressing clergymen, as 'Rev. Thomas Davidson;' deans are styled 'Very Reverend,' also principals of universities in Scotland, if clergymen, and the moderator of the General Assembly for the time being; bishops are styled 'Right Reverend,' and archbishops, 'Most Reverend.'

Revaccinate, rē-vak′si-nāt, v.t. to vaccinate again.—n. Revaccinā′tion.

Revalenta, rev-a-len′ta, n. the ordinary name of lentil-meal.

Revalescent, rev-a-les′ent, adj. beginning to grow well.—n. Revales′cence.

Revalue, rē-val′ū, v.t. to value again.—n. Revaluā′tion.

Revamp, rē-vamp′, v.t. to patch up again.

Reve, rev, v.i. (obs.) to dream. [Rave.]

Reveal, rē-vēl′, v.t. to unveil: to make known, as by divine agency: to disclose.—n. Revealabil′ity.—adj. Reveal′able.—ns. Reveal′ableness; Reveal′er; Reveal′ment, revelation.—Revealed religion, that which has been supernaturally revealed. [O. Fr. reveler (Fr. révéler)—L. revelāre—re-, back, velāre, to veil—velum, a veil.]

Reveal, rē-vēl′, n. (archit.) the square ingoing of a window, doorway, or the like, between the frame and the outer surface of the wall.—Also Revel′.

Revehent, rē′vē-hent, adj. carrying forth: taking away.

Reveille, re-vāl′ye, n. the sound of the drum or bugle at daybreak to awaken soldiers. [O. Fr. reveil—re-, again, esveiller, to awake—L. vigilāre, to watch.]

Revel, rev′el, v.i. to feast in a riotous or noisy manner: to carouse.—v.i. to draw back:—pr.p. rev′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. rev′elled.—n. a riotous feast: carousal: a kind of dance: a wake.—ns. Rev′el-coil, Rev′el-dash (obs.), a wild revel; Rev′eller, one who takes part in carousals: a low liver; Rev′el-mas′ter, the director of Christmas revels: the lord of misrule; Rev′elment; Rev′el-rout, lawless revelry; Rev′elry, riotous or noisy festivity. [O. Fr. reveler—L. rebellāre, to rebel.]

Revelation, rev-ē-lā′shun, n. the act of revealing: that which is revealed: the revealing divine truth: that which is revealed by God to man: the Apocalypse or last book of the New Testament.—adj. Revelā′tional.—n. Revelā′tionist.—adj. Rev′elātory. [Fr.,—L. revelatio—revelāre, to reveal.]

Revellent, rē-vel′ent, adj. causing revulsion.

Revenant, rev′ē-nant, n. one who returns after a long absence, esp. from the dead: a ghost. [Fr.]

Revenge, rē-venj′, v.t. to punish in return: to avenge.—v.i. to take vengeance.—n. the act of revenging: injury inflicted in return: a malicious injuring in return for an injury received: the passion for retaliation.—adj. Revenge′ful, full of revenge or a desire to inflict injury in return: vindictive: malicious.—adv. Revenge′fully.—n. Revenge′fulness.—adj. Revenge′less.—ns. Revenge′ment; Reveng′er.—adv. Reveng′ingly.—Give one his revenge, to play a return match with a defeated opponent. [O. Fr. revenger, revencher (Fr. revancher)—L. re-, in return, vindicāre, to lay claim to.]

Revenue, rev′en-ū (earlier rē-ven′ū), n. the receipts or rents from any source: return, as a revenue of praise: income: the income of a state.—n. Rev′enue-cut′ter, an armed vessel employed by custom-house officers in preventing smuggling.—adj. Rev′enued.—ns. Rev′enue-en′sign, a distinctive flag authorised in 1798 in United States; Rev′enue-off′icer, an officer of the customs or excise; In′land-rev′enue, revenue derived from stamps, excise, income-tax, &c. [Fr. revenue, pa.p. of revenir, to return—L. revenīre—re-, back, venīre, to come.]

Reverberate, rē-vėr′bėr-āt, v.t. to send back, echo: to reflect: to drive from side to side: to fuse.—v.i. to echo: to resound: to bound back: to be repelled: to use heat, as in the fusion of metals.—v.t. Reverb′ (Shak.).—adj. Rever′berant, resounding, beating back.—n. Reverberā′tion, the reflection of sound, &c.—adj. Rever′berātive.—n. Rever′berātor.—adj. Rever′berātory.—Reverberatory furnace, a furnace in which the flame is reflected on the substance to be burned. [L.,—re-, back, verberāre, -ātum, to beat—verber, a lash.]

Reverdure, rē-ver′dūr, v.t. to cover again with verdure.

Revere, rē-vēr′, v.t. to regard with respectful awe: to venerate.—adj. Revēr′able, worthy of reverence.—n. Rev′erence, fear arising from high respect: respectful awe: veneration: honour: an act of revering or obeisance: a bow or courtesy: a title of the clergy.—v.t. to regard with reverence: to venerate or honour.—n. Rev′erencer.—adjs. Rev′erend, worthy of reverence: a title of the clergy (see Rev.): (B.) awful: venerable; Rev′erent, showing reverence: submissive: humble; Reveren′tial, proceeding from reverence: respectful: submissive.—advs. Reveren′tially; Rev′erently.—n. Re′verer, one who reveres.—Do reverence, to do honour; Make reverence, to worship; Saving your reverence, with all due respect to you. [O. Fr. reverer (Fr. révérer)—L. reverēri—re-, inten., verēri, to feel awe.]

Reverie, Revery, rev′e-ri, n. an irregular train of thoughts or fancies in meditation: voluntary inactivity of the external senses to the impressions of surrounding objects during wakefulness: mental abstraction: a waking dream: a brown study.—n. Rev′erist. [O. Fr. resveri (Fr. rêverie)—resver, rever, to dream.]

Revers, re-vār′ (gener. rē-vēr′), n. that part of a garment which is turned back, as the lapel of a coat.

Reverse, rē-vėrs′, v.t. to place in the contrary order or position: to change wholly: to overthrow: to change by an opposite decision: to annul: to revoke, as a decree: to recall.—n. that which is reversed: the opposite: the back, esp. of a coin or medal: change: misfortune: a calamity: in fencing, a back-handed stroke: (her.) the exact contrary of what has been described just before, as an escutcheon.—adj. turned backward: having an opposite direction: upset.—n. Rever′sal, act of reversing.—adj. Reversed′, turned or changed to the contrary: inside out: (bot.) resupinate.—adv. Rever′sedly.—adj. Reverse′less, unalterable.—adv. Reverse′ly, in a reverse order: on the other hand: on the opposite.—ns. Rever′ser (Scots law), a mortgager of land; Rever′si, a game played by two persons with sixty-four counters; Reversibil′ity, the capability of being reversed, as of heat into work and work into heat.—adj. Rever′sible, that may be reversed, as in a fabric having both sides well finished.—ns. Rever′sing-cyl′inder, the cylinder of a small auxiliary steam-engine; Rever′sing-gear, those parts of a steam-engine by which the direction of the motion is changed; Rever′sing-lē′ver, a lever in a steam-engine which operates the slide-valve; Rever′sing-machine′, a moulding-machine in founding, in which the flask can be reversed; Rever′sing-mō′tion, any mechanism for changing the direction of motion of an engine; Rever′sing-shaft, a shaft which permits a reversal of the order of steam passage through the ports; Rever′sing-valve, the valve of a reversing-cylinder; Rever′sion, the act of reverting or returning: that which reverts or returns: the return or future possession of any property after some particular event: the right to future possession: (biol.) return to some type of ancestral character: return to the wild state after domestication.—adj. Rever′sionary, relating to a reversion: to be enjoyed in succession: atavic.—ns. Rever′sioner; Rever′sis, an old French game of cards in which the aim was to take the fewest tricks.—adj. Rever′sive.—n. Rever′so (print.), any one of the left-hand pages of a book.—Reverse a battery, to turn the current of electricity by means of a commutator; Reverse shell, a univalve shell which has its volutions the reversed way of the common screw; Reversionary annuity, a deferred annuity. [L. reversus, pa.p. of revertĕre, to turn back—re-, back, vertĕre, to turn.]

Revert, rē-vėrt′, v.t. to turn or drive back: to reverse.—v.i. to return: to fall back: to refer back: to return to the original owner or his heirs.—adjs. Rēver′tant (her.), flexed, bent twice at a sharp angle; Rēver′ted, reversed; Rēver′tible, that may revert or be reverted; Rēver′tive, tending to revert: changing: turning to the contrary.—adv. Rēver′tively, by way of reversion. [Fr.,—L. revertĕre.]

Revery. Same as Reverie.

Revest, rē-vest′, v.t. (Spens.) to clothe again: to vest again in a possession or office.—v.i. to take effect again: to return to a former owner. [Fr.,—L.,—revestīre—re-, again, vestīre, to clothe.]

Revestiary, rē-ves′ti-ā-ri, n. an apartment in a church in which ecclesiastical garments are kept.

Revestu, rē-ves′tū, adj. (her.) covered by a square set diagonally, the corners of which touch the edges of the space covered. [O. Fr.]

Revesture, rē-ves′tūr, n. (obs.) vesture.

Revet, rē-vet′, v.t. (fort.) to face with masonry, &c., as an embankment with a steep slope.—n. Revet′ment, a retaining wall, a facing of stone, wood, &c. [Fr. revêtir, to reclothe.]

Revibrate, rē-vī′brāt, v.i. to vibrate back or in return.—n. Revibrā′tion.

Revict, rē-vikt′, v.t. (obs.) to reconquer.—n. Revic′tion, return to life, revival.

Revictual, rē-vit′l, v.t. to furnish again with provisions.

Revie, rē-vī′, v.t. to vie with, or rival: to stake a larger sum at cards: to outdo.—v.i. to exceed an adversary's wager in card-playing: to retort.

Review, rē-vū′, v.t. to re-examine: to revise: to examine critically: to see again: to retrace: to inspect, as a body of troops.—n. a viewing again: a reconsideration: a revision: a careful or critical examination: a critique: a written discussion: a periodical with critiques of books, &c.: the inspection of a body of troops or a number of ships: (law) the judicial revision of a higher court.—adj. Review′able, capable of being reviewed.—ns. Review′age, the work of reviewing; Review′al, a review of a book: a critique on a new publication; Review′er, an inspector: a writer in a review.—Court of Review, the court of appeal from the commissioners of bankruptcy. [Fr. revue, pa.p. of revoir—L. re-, again, vidēre, to see.]

Revigorate, rē-vig′or-āt, v.t. to give new vigour to:—pr.p. revig′orāting: pa.p. revig′orāted.—p.adj. Revig′orāted, endued with new vigour or strength. [L. re-, again, vigorātus, vigorāre—vigor, vigour.]

Revile, rē-vīl′, v.t. to reproach: to calumniate.—v.i. to speak contemptuously.—ns. Revile′ment, the act of reviling, reproach; Revil′er.—adv. Revil′ingly. [Pfx. re-, again, O. Fr. aviler, to make vile, from a—L. ad, vil—L. vilis, cheap.]

Revince, rē-vins′, v.t. (obs.) to refute, to disprove.

Revindicate, rē-vin′di-kāt, v.t. to reclaim, to claim what has been illegally taken away.—n. Revindicā′tion. [Low L. revindicāre, -ātum—L. re-, again, vindicāre, -ātum, to lay claim to.]

Revire, rē-vīr′, v.t. (obs.) to revive.—n. Revires′cence (Swinburne), renewal of youth or vigour.

Revise, rē-vīz′, v.t. to review and amend: to examine with a view to correction.—n. review: a second proof-sheet.—ns. Revī′sal, Revi′sion, review: re-examination; Revīsed′-ver′sion, a fresh English translation of the Bible, issued, the New Testament in 1881, the Old in 1885; Revī′ser, -or (print.), one who examines proofs; Revī′sing-barr′ister, a barrister appointed annually by the English judges to revise the list of voters for members of parliament, the revision generally taking place between August and October of each year.—adjs. Revi′sional, Revi′sionary, pertaining to revision.—n. Revi′sionist.—adj. Revī′sory. [Fr. reviser—L. revisĕre—re-, back, visĕre, inten. of vidēre, to see.]

Revisit, rē-viz′it, v.t. to visit again.—ns. Revis′it; Revis′itant.—adj. revisiting.—n. Revisitā′tion.

Revitalise, rē-vī′tal-īz, v.t. to restore vitality to.—n. Revitalisā′tion.

Revive, re-vīv′, v.i. to return to life, vigour, or fame: to recover from neglect, oblivion, or depression: to regain use or currency: to have the memory refreshed.—v.t. to restore to life again: to reawaken in the mind: to recover from neglect or depression: to bring again into public notice, as a play: to recall, to restore to use: to reproduce: (chem.) to restore to its natural state.—n. Revīvabil′ity.—adj. Revī′vable, capable of being revived.—adv. Revī′vably.—ns. Revī′val, recovery from languor, neglect, depression, &c.: renewed performance of, as of a play: renewed interest in or attention to: a time of extraordinary religious awakening: restoration: quickening: renewal, as of trade: awakening, as revival of learning: (law) reinstatement of an action; Revī′valism; Revī′valist, one who promotes religious revivals: an itinerant preacher.—adj. Revīvalis′tic.—ns. Revīve′ment; Revī′ver, one who, or that which, revives: a compound for renovating clothes; Revivificā′tion (chem.), the reduction of a metal from a state of combination to its natural state.—v.t. Reviv′ify, to cause to revive: to reanimate: to enliven.—v.i. to become efficient again as a reagent.—adv. Revī′vingly.—n. Revivis′cence, an awakening from torpidity, after hibernation.—adj. Revivis′cent.—n. Revī′vor (law), the revival of a suit which was abated by the death of a party or other cause.—The Anglo-Catholic revival, a strong reaction within the Church of England towards the views of doctrine and practice held by Laud and his school (see Tractarianism). [O. Fr. revivre—L. re-, again, vivĕre, to live.]

Revoke, rē-vōk′, v.t. to annul by recalling: to repeal: to reverse: to neglect to follow suit (at cards).—n. revocation, recall: act of revoking at cards.—adj. Rev′ocable, that may be revoked.—ns. Rev′ocableness, Revocabil′ity.—adv. Rev′ocably.—n. Revocā′tion, a recalling: repeal: reversal.—adj. Rev′ocātory.—n. Revoke′ment (Shak.), revocation.—Revocation of the edict of Nantes, the taking away by Louis IV., in 1685, of the Huguenot privileges granted by Henry IV. in 1598. [Fr.,—L. revocāre—re-, back, vocāre, to call.]

Revolt, rē-vōlt′, v.i. to renounce allegiance: to be grossly offended: to mutiny: to be shocked.—v.t. to cause to rise in revolt: to shock.—n. a rebellion: insurrection, desertion: a change of sides: fickleness.—n. Revol′ter.—adj. Revol′ting, causing a turning away from: shocking: repulsive.—adv. Revol′tingly. [O. Fr. revolte—It. rivolta—L. revolvĕre, to roll back, re-, back, volvĕre, volutum, to turn.]

Revolution, rev-ō-lū′shun, n. act of revolving: motion round a centre: course which brings to the same point or state: space measured by a revolving body: a radical change, as of one's way of living: fundamental change in the government of a country: a revolt: a complete rotation through 360°: a round of periodic changes, as the revolutions of the seasons: the winding of a spiral about its axis: change of circumstances: consideration.—adj. Revolū′tionary, pertaining to, or tending to, a revolution in government.—v.t. Revolū′tionise, to cause a revolution or entire change of anything.—ns. Revolū′tionism; Revolū′tionist, one who promotes or favours a revolution.—The American Revolution, the change from the position of colonies to that of national independence effected by the thirteen American colonies of England in 1776; The French Revolution, the downfall of the old French monarchy and the old absolutism (1789); The Revolution, the expulsion of James II. from the throne of England (1689), and the establishment of a really constitutional government under William III. and Mary. [Revolve.]

Revolve, rē-volv′, v.i. to roll back: to roll round on an axis: to move round a centre: to rotate, as the planets: to meditate.—v.t. to cause to turn: to consider.—n. a radical change.—v.i. Rev′olute, to revolve.—adj. rolled backward.—adjs. Rev′olūtive, cogitating; Revol′vable.—ns. Revolve′ment, reflection; Revol′vency, revolution.—adj. Revol′ving, turning, moving round.—ns. Revol′ving-fur′nace, a furnace used in making black ash; Revol′ving-light, a lamp in a lighthouse so arranged as to appear and disappear at intervals. [Fr.,—L. revolvĕre, revolūtum—re-, back, volvĕre, to roll.]

Revolver, rē-volv′ėr, n. that which revolves: a firearm having barrels or chambers which revolve upon a common centre, and are fired in turn by one lock mechanism: a revolving cannon.

Revomit, rē-vom′it, v.t. to reject from the stomach.

Revulsion, rē-vul′shun, n. disgust: the diverting of a disease from one part to another: forced separation: a sudden change, esp. of feeling: a counter-irritant.—adj. Revul′sive, tending to revulsion.—n. Revul′sor, an apparatus for applying heat and cold in turns for medical purposes. [L. revulsio—revellĕre, revulsum—re-, away, vellĕre, to tear.]

Rew, rōō, v.t. (Spens.). Same as Rue.

Rew, rōō, n. (Spens.). Same as Row.

Rewaken, rē-wā′kn, v.i. to waken again.

Reward, rē-wawrd′, n. that which is given in return for good or evil: recompense: retribution: the fruit of one's own labour: regard: requital: remuneration: guerdon: consideration.—v.t. to give in return: to requite, whether good or evil: to punish: (B.) to recompense: to compensate: to notice carefully: to watch over.—adj. Rewar′dable, capable or worthy of being rewarded.—n. Rewar′dableness.—adv. Rewar′dably.—n. Rewar′der, one who rewards.—adjs. Reward′ful, yielding reward; Reward′less, having or receiving no reward. [O. Fr. rewarder, reswarder, regarder—re-, again, warder, guarder, to guard; of Teut. origin.]

Reweigh, rē-wā′, v.t. to weigh again.

Rewet, rōō′et, n. the revolving part of a wheel-lock.

Rewin, rē-win′, v.t. to win back or again.

Rewood, rē-wōōd′, v.t. to plant again.

Reword, rē-wurd′, v.t. to repeat in the same words, to re-echo: to put into different words.

Rewrite, rē-rīt′, v.t. to write a second time.

Rex, reks, n. a king.—Play rex (obs.), to handle roughly. [L.; cf. Sans. rājan, Gael. righ.]

Reynard, rā′nard, or ren′ard, n. a fox, from the name given to the fox in the famous beast epic of Low Ger. origin, Reynard the Fox—also Ren′ard.—adj. Ren′ardine. [Fr.,—Old Flem. Reinaerd, Reinaert—Mid. High Ger. Reinhart (Old High Ger. Reginhart), lit. 'strong in counsel.']

Rhabarbarate, ra-bär′ba-rāt, adj. (obs.) impregnated with rhubarb.—n. Rhabar′barum, rhubarb.

Rhabarbarine, ra-bär′ba-rin, n. chrysophanic acid.

Rhabdamminina, rab-da-mi-nī′na, n. a group of marine imperforate foraminiferous protozoans. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, ammos, sand.]

Rhabdite, rab′dīt, n. a smooth, rod-like structure found in the cells of the integument of most turbellarian worms: one of the hard parts composing the ovipositor of some insects.—adj. Rhabdit′ic. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod.]

Rhabdocœla, rab-dō-sē′la, n. a prime division of turbellarian worms.—adjs. Rhabdocœ′lidan, Rhabdocœ′lous. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, koilos, hollow.]

Rhabdocrepida, rab-dō-krep′i-da, n. a sub-order of lithistidan sponges. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, krēpis, a foundation.]

Rhabdoid, rab′doid, n. a spindle-shaped body chemically related to the plastids, found in certain cells of irritable plants like Drosera, Dionæa, &c.—adj. Rhabdoid′al, rod-like: (anat.) sagittal. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod.]

Rhabdolith, rab′dō-lith, n. a minute rhabdoidal concretion of calcareous matter forming the armature of a rhabdosphere.—adj. Rhabdolith′ic.

Rhabdology, rab-dol′ō-ji, n. the art of computing by Napier's bones or rods.—Also Rabdol′ogy.

Rhabdom, rab′dom, n. (entom.) a tubular rod-like structure in the eye, the central axis of a retinula.—adj. Rhab′dōmal.

Rhabdomancy, rab′dō-man-si, n. divination by means of rods, esp. the impudent imposture of finding water, &c., by means of the divining-rod.—n. Rhab′domancer.—adj. Rhabdoman′tic. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, manteia, divination.]

Rhabdome, rab′dōm, n. in sponges, the shaft of a cladose rhabdus, bearing the cladome.

Rhabdomesodon, rab-dō-mes′ō-don, n. a genus of polyzoans. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, mesos, middle, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Rhabdomyoma, rab-dō-mī-ō′ma, n. a myoma consisting of striated muscular fibres.

Rhabdonema, rab-dō-nē′ma, n. a genus of small nematoid worms. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, nēma, a thread.]

Rhabdophane, rab′dō-fān, n. a rare phosphate of the yttrium and cerium earths. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, phanēs, appearing.]

Rhabdophora, rab-dof′ō-ra, n. a group of fossil organisms.—adjs. Rhabdoph′ōran, Rhabdoph′ōrous.

Rhabdopleura, rab-dō-plōō′ra, n. a marine polyzoan. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, pleuron, a rib.]

Rhabdosphere, rab′dō-sfēr, n. a minute spherical body found in the depths of the Atlantic. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, sphaira, sphere.]

Rhabdosteidæ, rab-dos-tē′i-dē, n. a family of fossil-toothed cetaceans—its typical genus, Rhabdos′tēus. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, osteon, bone.]

Rhabdostyla, rab-dō-stī′la, n. a genus of peritrichous ciliate infusorians. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, stylos, pillar.]

Rhabdus, rab′dus, n. a simple, straight spicule.—adj. Rhab′dous. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod.]

Rhachiomyelitis, rā-ki-ō-mī-e-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the spinal cord—myelitis.—ns. Rhachiot′omy, incision into the spinal canal; Rhachis′chisis, defective formation of the spinal canal—spina bifida. [Gr. rhachis, the spine, myelos, marrow.]

Rhachitis=Rachitis (q.v.).

Rhacochilus, rak-ō-kī′lus, n. a genus of embiotocoid fishes. [Gr. rhakos, a rag, cheilos, the lip.]

Rhacophorus, rā-kof′ō-rus, n. a genus of batrachians, with long and webbed feet, adapting it for long leaps. [Gr. rhakos, a rag, pherein, to bear.]

Rhadamanthine, ra-da-man′thin, n. of Rhadamanthus, judge of the lower world, with Minos and Æacus—applied generally to a solemn and final judgment.—Also Rhadaman′tine.

Rhætian, rē′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the ancient Rhætians or their country Rhætia, a Roman province between the Po and the Danube—also Rhæ′tic.—adj. and n. Rhæ′to-Roman′ic, pertaining to a group of Romance dialects spoken in south-eastern Switzerland.—Rhætic beds, a series of strata forming the uppermost portion of the Trias, extensively developed in the Rhætian Alps.

Rhagades, rag′a-dēz, n.pl. fissures of the skin. [Gr. rhagas (pl. rhagades), a crack.]

Rhagodia, ra-gō′di-a, n. a genus of apetalous plants. [Gr. rhagōdēs, like grapes—rhax, rhagos, a grape.]

Rhagon, rag′on, n. a form of sponge with clustered spherical flagellated endodermal chambers.—adjs. Rhag′onāte, Rhag′ose. [Gr. rhax, rhagos, a grape.]

Rhamnaceæ, ram-nā′sē-ē, n. an order of polypetalous plants.—adj. Rhamnā′ceous.

Rhamnus, ram′nus, n. a genus of polypetalous shrubs and trees, including the buckthorn. [Gr.]

Rhamphastidæ, ram-fas′ti-dē, n. a family of picarian birds, toucans. [Gr. rhamphos, a beak.]

Rhamphocelus, ram-fō-cē′lus, n. a remarkable genus of tanagers, native to South America.

Rhamphodon, ram′fō-don, n. the saw-billed humming-bird. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, odous, a tooth.]

Rhamphoid, ram′foid, adj. beak-shaped.

Rhampholeon, ram-fō′lē-on, n. a genus of chameleons. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, leōn, lion.]

Rhamphomicron, ram-fō-mik′ron, n. a genus of humming-birds. [Gr. rhamphos, a beak, mikros, little.]

Rhamphorhynchus, ram-fō-ring′kus, n. a genus of pterodactyls. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, rhyngchos, a beak.]

Rhamphotheca, ram-fō-thē′ka, n. (ornith.) the integument of the whole beak. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, thēkē, a sheath.]

Rhapidophyllum, ra-pi-dō-fil′um, n. a genus of palms—the blue palmetto of Florida.—n. Rhā′pis, a genus of Chinese palms. [Gr. rhapis, rod, phyllon, leaf.]

Rhapontic, rā-pon′tik, n. rhubarb. [L., 'Pontic rha.']

Rhapsodic, -al, rap-sod′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling rhapsody: gushing.—adv. Rhapsod′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Rhap′sodise, to write or utter rhapsodies: to express with poetic feeling:—pr.p. rhap′sodīsing; pa.p. rhap′sodīsed.—n. Rhap′sodist, one who recites or sings rhapsodies, esp. one of a class of men in ancient Greece who travelled from place to place reciting Homer and other epic poetry—also Rhap′sode: one who composes verses extempore: one who speaks or writes disjointedly.—adj. Rhapsodis′tic.—ns. Rhap′sodomancy, divination by means of verses; Rhap′sody, any wild unconnected composition: a part of an epic poem for recitation at one time: a jumble: (mus.) composition irregular in form. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. rhapsōdia, rhaptein, to sew, ōdē, a song.]

Rhea, rē′a, n. the ramie plant or fibre.

Rhea, rē′a, n. the daughter of Uranus and Ge, wife and sister of Kronos: the only three-toed ostrich: the fifth satellite of Jupiter.

Rheic, rē′ik, adj. pertaining to rhubarb.—n. Rhē′ine, rheic acid.

Rhein-berry, rīn′ber-i, n. the common buckthorn.—Also Rhine′-berr′y.

Rhematic, rē-mat′ik, adj. derived from a verb.—n. the doctrine of propositions.

Rhemish, rē′mish, adj. pertaining to Rheims in north-eastern France.—Rhemish version, the English translation of the New Testament used by Roman Catholics, prepared at Rheims in 1582, forming part of the Douay Bible—Old Testament part prepared at Douay in 1609-10.

Rhenish, ren′ish, adj. pertaining to the river Rhine.—n. Rhine wine, hock, light and still. [L. Rhenus.]

Rheocord, rē′ō-kord, n. a metallic wire used in measuring the resistance of an electric current. [Gr. rhein, to flow, chordē, a cord.]

Rheometer, Reometer, rē-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the strength of currents, as of electricity: a galvanometer.—adj. Rheomet′ric.—n. Rheom′etry, fluxions. [Gr. rhein, to flow, metron, measure.]

Rheoscope, rē′ō-skōp, n. an electroscope.—adj. Rheoscop′ic. [Gr. rhein, to flow, skopein, to view.]

Rheostat, rē′o-stat, n. the name given by Wheatstone to an instrument for varying an electric resistance between given limits.—adj. Rheostat′ic.—n. Rheostat′ics, the statics of fluids. [Gr. rhein, to flow, statos, verbal adj. of histanai, to stand.]

Rheotome, rē′ō-tōm, n. a means by which an electric current can be periodically interrupted. [Gr. rhein, to flow, temnein, to cut.]

Rheotrope, rē′ō-trōp, n. an instrument for periodically changing the direction of an electric current.—n. Rheot′rōpism, the effect of a current of water upon the direction of plant growth. [Gr. rhein, to flow, trepein, to turn.]

Rhesus, rē′sus, n. the boonder, one of the most widely distributed Indian monkeys, much venerated by the natives: (entom.) a genus of coleopterous insects.—adj. Rhē′sian. [Gr.]

Rhetoric, ret′or-ik, n. the theory and practice of eloquence, whether spoken or written, the whole art of using language so as to persuade others: the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force: artificial oratory: declamation.—adj. Rhetor′ical, pertaining to rhetoric: oratorical.—adv. Rhetor′ically.—v.i. Rhetor′icāte (obs.), to act the orator.—ns. Rhetoricā′tion (obs.); Rhetori′cian, one who teaches the art of rhetoric: an orator.—v.i. Rhet′orise, to play the orator. [Fr.,—L. rhetorica (ars)—Gr. rhētorikē (technē), the rhetorical (art)—rhētōr, a public speaker—erein, to speak.]

Rheum, rōōm, n. the mucous discharge from the lungs or nostrils caused by cold: (obs.) spleen, choler: a genus of apetalous plants.—n. Rheumat′ic, one who suffers from rheumatism: (pl.) rheumatic pains (coll.).—adjs. Rheumat′ic, -al, pertaining to or affected with rheumatism: choleric.—n. Rheum′atism, a name still used somewhat loosely, but applying specially to an acute febrile disease, with swelling and pain in and around the larger joints.—adjs. Rheumatis′mal; Rheum′atoid, resembling rheumatism.—n. Rheumophthal′mia, rheumatic ophthalmia.—adj. Rheum′y, full of or causing rheum. [L.,—Gr. rheuma—rhein, to flow.]

Rhexia, rek′si-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, native to North America, of the tribe Rhexieæ (rek-sī′ē-ē). [L.,—Gr. rhēxis—rhēgnynai, to break.]

Rhigolene, rig′ō-lēn, n. a volatile product of petroleum distillation. [Gr. rhigos, cold, elaion, oil.]

Rhinacanthus, rī-na-kan′thus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants in tropical Africa, India, &c. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, akanthos, acanthus.]

Rhinæ, rī′nē, n.pl. one of the main divisions of sharks. [L.,—Gr. rhinē, a file.]

Rhinæsthesia, rī-nez-thē′si-a, n. sense of smell. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, aisthēsis, perception.]

Rhinal, rī′nal, adj. pertaining to the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose.]

Rhinalgia, rī-nal′ji-a, n. neuralgic pains in the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, algos, pain.]

Rhinanthus, rī-nan′thus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, anthos, flower.]

Rhinarium, rī-nā′ri-um, n. (entom.) the nostril-piece. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose.]

Rhinaster, rī-nas′tėr, n. the two-horned rhinoceros: the star-nosed moles. [Gr. rhis, nose, astēr, star.]

Rhinencephalon, rī-nen-sef′a-lon, n. the olfactory lobe of the brain.—adjs. Rhinencephal′ic, Rhinenceph′alous. [Gr. rhis, nose, enkephalos, brain.]

Rhinestone, rīn′stōn, n. an imitation gem-stone made of paste or strass.

Rhineurynter, rī-nū-rin′tėr, n. a small inflatable bag used for plugging the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, eurynein, to widen.]

Rhinichthys, rī-nik′this, n. a North American genus of cyprinoid fishes. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, ichthys, fish.]

Rhinidæ, rī′ni-dē, n. a family of plagiostomous fishes. [L. rhina, shark—Gr. rhinē.]

Rhinitis, ri-nī′tis, n. inflammation of the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose.]

Rhino, rī′nō, n. (slang) money, cash.—Also Rī′no.

Rhinobatus, rī-nob′a-tus, n. the typical genus of the Rhinobatidæ, or shark-rays: (entom.) a genus of coleopterous insects.

Rhinoblennorrhea, rī-nō-blen-ō-rē′a, n. mucous discharges from the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, blennos, mucus, rhoia, flow.]

Rhinocaul, rī′nō-kawl, n. the support of the olfactory bulb. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, kaulos, stalk.]

Rhinoceros, rī-nos′ėr-os, n. a genus forming a family of ungulate mammals, found in Africa and India, having a very thick skin lying in enormous folds, clumsy, and with one or two horns on the nose:—pl. Rhinoc′eroses.—adjs. Rhinocē′rial, Rhinocē′rical.—ns. Rhinoc′eros-auk, a bird belonging to the family Alcidæ; Rhinoc′eros-bee′tle, a beetle of the genus Dynastes having a large up-curved horn on the head; Rhinoc′eros-bird, a beefeater, the hornbill; Rhinoc′eros-tick, the tick which infests rhinoceroses; Rhinoc′erot (obs.), a rhinoceros.—adjs. Rhinocerot′ic; Rhinocerot′iform, shaped like a rhinoceros. [L.,—Gr. rhinokerōs—rhis, rhinos, nose, keras, a horn.]

Rhinochilus, rī-nō-kī′lus, n. a genus of harmless serpents. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, cheilos, a lip.]

Rhinocleisis, rī-nō-klī′sis, n. nasal obstruction. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, kleisis, klēsis, a closing.]

Rhinocrypta, rī-nō-krip′ta, n. a remarkable genus of rock-wrens. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, kryptos, hidden.]

Rhinoderma, rī-nō-der′ma, n. a genus of batrachians, some species bearing a large pouch for the young. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, derma, skin.]

Rhinodon, rī′nō-don, n. an immense shark in the Indian Ocean. [Gr. rhinē, a shark, odous, tooth.]

Rhinodynia, rī-nō-din′i-a, n. pain in the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, odynē, pain.]

Rhinolith, rī′nō-lith, n. a stony concretion found in the nose.—n. Rhinolithī′asis. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, lithos, a stone.]

Rhinology, rī-nol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of the nose.—adj. Rhinolog′ical.—n. Rhinol′ogist, a specialist in diseases of the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose—logia—legein, to speak.]

Rhinolophus, rī-nol′ō-fus, n. a genus of horse-shoe bats. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, lophos, crest.]

Rhinomacer, rī-nom′a-sėr, n. a genus of rhynchophorous beetles. [Gr. rhis, nose, makros, long.]

Rhinopharyngitis, rī-nō-far-in-jī′tis, n. inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pharyngx.]

Rhinophis, rī′nō-fis, n. a genus of shield-tailed serpents. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, ophis, a serpent.]

Rhinophore, rī′nō-fōr, n. an organ bearing an olfactory sense. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pherein, to bear.]

Rhinophryne, rī-nō-frī′nē, n. a genus of spade-footed toads. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, phrynē, a toad.]

Rhinophylla, rī-nō-fil′a, n. a genus of South American small tailless bats. [Gr. rhis, nose, phyllon, a leaf.]

Rhinophyma, rī-nō-fī′ma, n. hyperemia of nose-skin. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, phyma, a tumour.]

Rhinoplastic, rī-nō-plas′tik, adj. noting a surgical operation for affixing an artificial nose.—ns. Rhī′noplast, one who undergoes this operation; Rhī′noplasty, plastic surgery of the nose. [Gr. rhis, nose, plastikos, moulding—plassein, to mould.]

Rhinopoma, rī-nō-pō′ma, n. a genus of Old World bats. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pōma, a cover.]

Rhinopomastes, rī-nō-pō-mas′tēz, n. a genus of African wood-hoopoes. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pōmatērion, dim. of pōma, a cover.]

Rhinoptera, rī-nop′te-ra, n. a genus of rays. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pteron, wing.]

Rhinorrhagia, rī-nō-rā′ji-a, n. hæmorrhage from the nose. [Gr. rhis, nose, rhagia—rhegnynai, break.]

Rhinorrhea, rī-nō-rē′a, n. mucous discharge from the nose.—adj. Rhinorrhē′al. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, rhoia—rhein, to flow.]

Rhinortha, rī-nor′tha, n. a genus of cuckoos: a genus of hemipterous insects. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, orthos, straight.]

Rhinoscleroma, rī-nō-sklē-rō′ma, n. a disease with reddish swelling and thickening of nose, lips, and pharynx. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, sklēros, hard.]

Rhinoscope, rī′nō-skōp, n. an instrument for examining the nose.—adj. Rhinoscop′ic.—n. Rhī′noscopy. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, skopein, to see.]

Rhinotheca, rī-nō-thē′ka, n. the integument of a bird's upper mandible. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, thēkē, a sheath.]

Rhipicera, rī-pis′e-ra, n. a genus of serricorn beetles native to South America and Australia. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, keras, horn.]

Rhipidate, rip′i-dāt, adj. fan-shaped.—n. Rhīpid′ion, in the Greek Church, the eucharistic fan or flabellum. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan.]

Rhipidistia, rip-i-dis′ti-a, n. an order of rhipidopterygian fishes.—adj. Rhipidis′tious. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, histion, a sail.]

Rhipidoglossa, rip-i-dō-glos′a, n. a group of prosobranchiate gasteropods. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, glōssa, the tongue.]

Rhipidogorgia, rip-i-dō-gor′ji-a, n. a genus of alcyonarian polyps of fan-like shape. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, gorgos, fierce.]

Rhipidoptera, rip-i-dop′te-ra, n.pl. fan-winged insects—a group of the coleoptera.—adj. Rhipidop′terous. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, pteron, a wing.]

Rhipidopterygia, rip-i-dop-te-rij′i-a, n.pl. a superorder of teleostomous fishes.—adj. Rhipidopteryg′ian. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, pteryx, a wing.]

Rhipidura, rip-i-dū′ra, n. the posterior pair of pleopods of a crustacean: the fan-tailed fly-catcher. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, oura, a tail.]

Rhipiphorus, rī-pif′o-rus, n. a genus of heteromerous beetles. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, pherein, to carry.]

Rhipiptera, rī-pip′te-ra, n.pl. an order of insects.—n. Rhipip′teran, a rhipipter.—adj. Rhipip′terous. [Rhipidoptera.]

Rhipsalis, rip′sa-lis, n. a genus of Cacti. [Gr. rhips, a mat.]

Rhiptoglossa, rip-tō-glos′a, n. a sub-order of lizards.—adj. Rhiptogloss′ate. [Gr. rhiptein, to throw, glōssa, the tongue.]

Rhizanth, rī′zanth, n. a plant that seems to flower from the root.—n.pl. Rhizantheæ (rī-zan′thē-ē), one of the five classes into which Lindley divides the vegetable kingdom.

Rhizic, rī′zik, adj. pertaining to the root of an equation. [Gr. rhizikos—rhiza, a root.]

Rhizina, ri-zī′na, n. a rhizoid.—Also Rhī′zine.

Rhizocarpic, rī-zō-kär′pik, adj. with annual stem and perennial root—also Rhizocar′pous.—n.pl. Rhizocar′peæ, a group of cryptogams.—adj. Rhizocar′pēan. [Gr. rhiza, root, karpos, fruit.]

Rhizocaul, rī′zō-kawl, n. the root-stock of a polyp. [Gr. rhiza, root, kaulos, stalk.]

Rhizocephala, rī-zō-sef′a-la, n. a group of small parasitic crustaceans.—adj. Rhizoceph′alous. [Gr. rhiza, root, kephalē, head.]

Rhizocrinus, rī-zok′ri-nus, n. a genus of crinoids.—n. Rhizoc′rinoid, a crinoid of this genus. [Gr. rhiza, root, krinon, lily.]

Rhizodont, rī′zō-dont, n. having teeth rooted or ankylosed to the jaw in sockets, as crocodiles. [Gr. rhiza, root, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Rhizoflagellata, rī-zō-flaj-e-lā′ta, n. an order of flagellate infusoria.—adj. Rhizoflag′ellate. [Gr. rhiza, root, and Eng. flagellum.]

Rhizogen, rī′zō-jen, n. a parasitic plant growing on the root of another plant.—adjs. Rhizogen′ic, Rhizog′enous. [Gr. rhiza, root, genēs, producing.]

Rhizoid, rī′zoid, adj. root-like.—n. a filamentous organ like a root developed on all kinds of thalli, and on moss-stems.—adjs. Rhizoi′dal, Rhizoi′dēous. [Gr. rhizō-dēs, root-like—rhiza, a root.]

Rhizomania, rī-zō-mā′ni-a, n. an abnormal development of adventitious roots, as in the ivy, fig, &c. [Gr. rhiza, root, mania, madness.]

Rhizome, rī′zōm, n. a root-stock, an underground stem when its shape is cylindrical, ending in a bud and bearing leaves or scales.—Also Rhizō′ma. [Gr. rhizōma—rhiza, root.]

Rhizomorph, rī′zō-morf, n. (bot.) a term for the peculiar mycelial growths by which certain fungi attach themselves to higher plants.—adjs. Rhizomor′phoid, Rhizomor′phous. [Gr. rhiza, root, morphē, form.]

Rhizomys, rī′zō-mis, n. a genus of mole-rats, including the Asian bay bamboo-rat. [Gr. rhiza, root, mys, mouse.]

Rhizonychium, rī-zō-nik′i-um, n. a claw-joint.—adj. Rhizonych′ial. [Gr. rhiza, root, onyx, a claw.]

Rhizophagous, rī-zof′a-gus, adj. root-eating: pertaining to the Rhizophaga.—n. Rhizoph′aga, a class of marsupials, as the wombat. [Gr. rhiza, root, phagein, to eat.]

Rhizophora, rī-zof′ō-ra, n. a small genus of trees, the mangroves.

Rhizophore, rī′zō-fōr, n. the structure bearing the true roots in certain species of Selaginella.—adj. Rhizoph′orous. [Gr. rhiza, root, pherein, to bear.]

Rhizophydium, rī-zō-fid′i-um, n. a genus of unicellular fungi.—adj. Rhizophyd′ial. [Gr. rhiza, root, pheidos, sparing.]

Rhizopod, rī′zō-pod, n. one of the Rhizop′oda, a division of the Protozoa, esp. a class with pseudopodia for locomotion and the ingestion of food.—adjs. Rhizop′odal, Rhizop′odous. [Gr. rhiza, a root, pous, podos, a foot.]

Rhizoristic, rī-zō-ris′tik, adj. (math.) pertaining to the separation of the roots of an equation. [Gr. rhiza, root, horizein, to limit.]

Rhizostomata, rī-zō-stō′ma-ta, n.pl. an order of discomedusans:—sing. Rhizos′toma.—adjs. Rhizostō′matous, Rhizostō′mean. [Gr. rhiza, root, stoma, stomatos, mouth.]

Rhizota, rī-zō′ta, n. an order of Rotifera.—adj. Rhī′zote, rooted. [Gr. rhiza, root.]

Rhizotaxis, rī-zō-tak′sis, n. the arrangement of roots.—Also Rhī′zotaxy. [Gr. rhiza, root, taxis, order.]

Rhizotrogus, rī-zō-trō′gus, n. a genus of melolonthine beetles. [Gr. rhiza, root, trōgein, to gnaw.]

Rhodanic, rō-dan′ik, adj. (chem.) producing a rose-red colour. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodeina, rō-dē-ī′na, n. a group of cyprinoid fishes—its typical genus, Rhō′dēus. [Gr. rhodon, rose.]

Rhodeoretin, rō-dē-or′e-tin, n. one of the elements of resin of jalap.—adj. Rhodeoretin′ic. [Gr. rhodon, rose, rhētinē, resin.]

Rhodian, rō′di-an, adj. pertaining to Rhodes.—Rhodian laws, the earliest system of marine law; Rhodian school, a school of Hellenistic sculpture, of which the Laocoon is the greatest product.

Rhodites, rō-dī′tēz, n. a genus of gallflies infesting the rose. [Gr. rhoditēs, rosy—rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodium, rō′di-um, n. a white, very hard metal, resembling aluminium, extracted from the ore of platinum, and so called from the rose-colour of its salts. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodium-wood, rō′di-um-wōōd, n. a sweet-scented wood.

Rhodocrinus, rō-dok′ri-nus, n. a genus of paleozoic encrinites. [Gr. rhodon, rose, krinon, lily.]

Rhododendron, rō-dō-den′dron, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Ericaceæ, having evergreen leaves and large, beautiful flowers like roses. [Gr. rhodon, rose, dendron, tree.]

Rhodomela, rō-dom′e-la, n. a genus of marine algæ. [Gr. rhodon, rose, melas, black.]

Rhodomontade. Same as Rodomontade.

Rhodonite, rō′dō-nīt, n. a native manganese silicate. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodope, rō′dō-pē, n. a genus of the family Rhodopidæ, marine invertebrates of dubious relationships. [Rhodopē, a Thracian nymph.]

Rhodophane, rō′dō-fān, n. a red pigment found in the retinal cones of the eyes of certain fishes, reptiles, and birds. [Gr. rhodon, rose, phanēs, appearing.]

Rhodophyl, rō′dō-fil, n. the compound pigment found in the red algæ.—adj. Rhodophyl′lous. [Gr. rhodon, rose, phyllon, leaf.]

Rhodopsin, rō-dop′sin, n. a purple pigment found in the retina. [Gr. rhodon, rose, opsis, view.]

Rhodora, rō-dō′ra, n. a handsome shrub with terminal clusters of pale purple flowers preceding the deciduous leaves: a genus of Ericaceæ, now included in Rhododendron. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodostaurotic, rō-dō-staw-rot′ik, adj. (obs.) rosicrucian. [Gr. rhodon, rose, stauros, a cross.]

Rhodostethia, rō-dō-stē′thi-a, n. a genus of Laridæ, with rose-tinted breast and wedge-shaped tail. [Gr. rhodon, rose, stēthos, the breast.]

Rhodothamnus, rō-dō-tham′nus, n. a genus of small shrubs, the ground Cistus. [Gr. rhodon, rose, thamnos, bush.]

Rhodymenia, rō-di-mē′ni-a, n. a genus of marine algæ. [Gr. rhodon, rose, hymēn, membrane.]

Rhœadic, rē-ad′ik, adj. pertaining, to or derived from, the red poppy, Papaver Rhœas.—n. Rhœ′adine, a non-poisonous alkaloid found in the same. [Gr. rhoias, rhoiados, a poppy.]

Rhomb, romb, n. a quadrilateral figure having its sides equal but its angles not right angles: (crystal.) a rhombohedron: (Milt.) a material circle—also Rhom′bus.—adj. Rhom′bic.—ns. Rhombicosidodecahē′dron, a solid having sixty-two faces; Rhombicuboctahē′dron, a solid having twenty-six faces.—adjs. Rhom′biform, Rhom′boid, shaped like a rhomb.—Fresnel's rhomb, a rhomb of crown glass so cut that a ray of light entering one of its faces at right angles shall emerge at right angles at the opposite face, after undergoing two total reflections. [L. rhombus—Gr. rhombos—rhembein, to turn round and round.]

Rhombocœlia, rom-bō-sē′li-a, n. a dilatation of the spinal cord in the sacral region.—adj. Rhombocœ′lian. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, koilia, a cavity.]

Rhombogen, rom′bō-jen, n. the infusoriform embryo of a nematoid worm.—adjs. Rhombogen′ic, Rhombog′enous. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, genēs, producing.]

Rhombohedron, rom-bō-hē′dron, n. a solid bounded by six rhombic planes.—adj. Rhombohē′dral.—adv. Rhombohē′drally. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, hedra, a base.]

Rhomboid, rom′boid, n. a figure of the form of a rhomb: a quadrilateral figure having only its opposite sides and angles equal.—adj. Rhomboid′al, having the shape of a rhomboid. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, eidos, form.]

Rhomboideum, rom-boi′dē-um, n. (anat.) the ligament which unites the sternal end of the clavicle with the cartage of the first rib.

Rhombus. Same as Rhomb.

Rhonchus, rong′kus, n. a râle, esp. when bronchial.—adjs. Rhonch′al, Rhonch′ial. [L.,—Gr. rhengchos, a snoring—rhengkein, to snore.]

Rhopalic, rō-pal′ik, n. a hexameter in which each succeeding word contains one syllable more than what precedes it. [Gr. rhopalikos, club-like, rhopalon, a club.]

Rhopalocera, rō-pa-los′e-ra, n.pl. an order of Lepidoptera, with clubbed antennæ.—adjs. Rhopaloc′eral, Rhopaloc′erous. [Gr. rhopalon, a club, keras, a horn.]

Rhopalodinidæ, rō-pa-lō-din′i-dē, n.pl. the sea-gourds.

Rhotacism, rō′ta-sizm, n. erroneous pronunciation of the letter r: burring: the tendency of s to change into r.—v.i. Rhō′tacise.

Rhubarb, rōō′bärb, n. a plant, the tender acidulous leaf-stalks of which are much used in cooking, and the root in medicine: the root of any medicinal rhubarb, with cathartic properties.—adj. Rhu′barby.—Monk's rhubarb, the patience dock. [O. Fr. rheubarbe—Low L. rheubarbarum—Gr. rhēon barbaron—rhēon, adj. of rha, the rha-plant, from the Rha, the Volga.]

Rhumb, rumb, or rum, n. any vertical circle, hence any point of the compass.—ns. Rhumb′-line, a line which cuts all the meridians at the same angle; Rhumb′-sail′ing, the course of a vessel keeping straight on a rhumb-line. [Fr. rumb, a by-form of rhombe, through L., from Gr. rhombos, rhomb.]

Rhus, rus, n. a genus of shrubs and trees, the cashew-nut family. [L.,—Gr. rhous, sumac.]

Rhusma, rus′ma, n. a mixture of quicklime and orpiment, used as a depilatory.—Also Rus′ma.

Rhyacolite, rī-ak′ō-līt, n. a glassy feldspar found at Mt. Somma in Italy. [Gr. rhyax, rhyakos, a stream, lithos, stone.]

Rhyacophilidæ, rī-a-kō-fil′i-dē, n. a family of neuropterous insects.—n. Rhyacoph′ilus, a genus of Scolopacidæ—the green or solitary sandpiper. [Gr. rhyax, a stream, philein, to love.]

Rhyme, Rime, rīm, n. the recurrence of similar sounds at certain intervals: (orig.) words arranged in numbers or verse: poetry: metre: a short poem.—v.i. to correspond in sound: to harmonise: to chime: to make rhymes or verses.—v.t. to put into rhyme.—adj. Rhyme′less, without rhyme or reason: without sound or sense: neither pleasant to the mind nor to the ear.—ns. Rhyme′-lett′er, the repeated letters in alliteration (q.v.); Rhy′mer, Rhy′mist, Rī′mist, an inferior poet: a minstrel; Rhyme′-roy′al (so called from its use by King James I. of Scotland in the King's Quair), a seven-line stanza borrowed by Chaucer from the French—its formula, a b a b b c c; Rhyme′ster, a poetaster: a would-be poet.—adjs. Rhy′mic, Rī′mic.—Feminine rhyme (see Feminine); Male, or Masculine, rhyme, a rhyme in which the accent and rhyme fall on the final syllable only.—Neither rhyme nor reason, without either sound or sense.—The Rhymer, Thomas the Rhymer, the earliest poet of Scotland (flor. 1286). [Properly rime (the hy being due to the influence of Rhythm)—A.S. rim, number, cog. with Old High Ger. rīm (Ger. reim).]

Rhynchænus, ring-kē′nus, n. a genus of coleopterous insects, of the family of snout-beetles. [Gr. rhyngchaina, having a large snout.]

Rhynchea, ring-kē′a, n. the painted snipe.—adj. Rhynchæ′an. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout.]

Rhynchetidæ, ring-ket′i-dē, n.pl. a family of suctorial infusorians—its typical genus, Rhynchē′ta. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, chaitē, a mane.]

Rhynchites, ring-kī′tēz, n.pl. a genus of weevils. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchocœla, ring-kō-sē′la, n.pl. a group of proctuchous turbellarians, the nemerteans.—adj. Rhynchocœ′lan. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, koilos, hollow.]

Rhynchocyonidæ, ring-kō-sī-on′i-dē, n.pl. a family of small insectivorous mammals, native to eastern Africa.—n. Rhynchoc′yon. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, kyōn, a dog.]

Rhynchodont, ring′kō-dont, adj. having the beak toothed, as the falcon. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, odous, odontos, tooth.]

Rynchoflagellate, ring-kō-flaj′e-lāt, adj. having a flagellum like a snout.

Rhyncholite, ring′kō-līt, n. the fossil beak of a tetrabranchiate cephalopod. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, lithos, stone.]

Rhynchonella, ring-kō-nel′a, n. a typical genus of Rhynchonellidæ, a family of arthropomatous brachiopods. [Gr rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchophora, ring-kof′ō-ra, n.pl. a section of tetramerous coleopterous insects: the weevils.—adjs. Rhynchoph′oran, Rhynchoph′orous. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, pherein, to bear.]

Rhynchops, ring′kops, n. the skimmers or scissor-bills. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, ōps, ōpos, an eye.]

Rhynchosia, ring-kō′si-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchospora, ring-kos′pō-ra, n. a genus of sedge-like plants—the beak-rush or beak-sedge. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, sporos, seed.]

Rhynchota, ring-kō′ta, n. an order of true hexapod insects.—adjs. Rhynch′ōte, beaked; Rhynchō′tous, belonging to the Rhynchota. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchotus, ring-kō′tus, n. a genus of the South American tinamous, including the ynambu. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhyne, rīn, n. the best kind of Russian hemp.

Rhyolite, rī′ō-līt, n. an igneous rock, called also Liparite and Quartz-trachyte.—adj. Rhyolit′ic. [Gr. rhyax, a stream, lithos, a stone.]

Rhyparography, rip-a-rog′ra-fi, n. genre or still-life pictures, esp. of low subjects.—adj. Rhyparograph′ic. [Gr. rhyparos, dirty, graphein, to write.]

Rhyphus, rī′fus, n. a genus of gnats.

Rhypticus, rip′ti-kus, n. a genus of serranoid fishes—the soap-fishes. [Gr. rhyptikos—rhypein, to cleanse—rhypos, dirt.]

Rhysimeter, rī-sim′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the velocity of fluids and the speed of ships. [Gr. rhysis, a flowing, metron, a measure.]

Rhyssa, ris′a, n. a genus of long-tailed ichneumon flies. [Gr. rhyssos, wrinkled, eryein, to draw.]

Rhyssodes, ri-sō′dēz, n.pl. a genus of clavicorn beetles. [Gr. rhyssodēs, wrinkled-looking—rhyssos, wrinkled, eidos, form.]

Rhythm, rithm, or rithm, n. flowing motion: metre: regular recurrence of accents: harmony of proportion: a measure, or foot: (mus.) the regular succession of heavy and light accents: (phys.) the succession of alternate and opposite states.—adjs. Rhyth′mic, -al, having or pertaining to rhythm or metre.—adv. Rhyth′mically.—n. Rhyth′mics, the science of rhythm.—v.t. and v.i. Rhyth′mise, to subject to rhythm: to observe rhythm.—n. Rhyth′mist, one who composes in rhythm.—adj. Rhythm′less, destitute of rhythm.—ns. Rhythmom′eter, an instrument for marking rhythms for music, a metronome; Rhythmopœ′ia, the art of composing rhythmically. [L.,—Gr. rhythmos—rhein, to flow.]

Rhytina, ri-tī′na, n. a genus of Sirenia, akin to the dugong and the manatee, once plentiful in the northern Pacific. [Gr. rhytis, a wrinkle.]

Rhyton, rī′ton, n. a Greek drinking-vase, with one handle, generally ending in a beast's head:—pl. Rhy′ta. [Gr.]

Rialto, ri-al′tō, n. a famous bridge over the Grand Canal, Venice, [It., rio, stream—L. rivus, a stream—It. alto, deep—L. altus, deep.]

Riant, rī′ant, adj. laughing: gay.—n. Rī′ancy. [Fr.,—L. ridens, pr.p. of ridēre, to laugh.]

Riata. See Reata.

Rib, rib, n. one of the bones from the backbone which encircle the chest: anything like a rib in form or use: a piece of meat containing one or more ribs: a piece of timber which helps to form or strengthen the side of a ship: a vein of a leaf, or an insect's wing: a prominence running in a line: a ridge: (archit.) a moulding or projecting band on a ceiling: one of the rods on which the cover of an umbrella is extended: (coll.) a wife (from Gen. ii., 21-23).—v.t. to furnish or enclose with ribs: to form with rising lines—as corduroy: to enclose:—pr.p. rib′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. ribbed.—ns. Rib′-band, a piece of timber bolted longitudinally to the ribs of a vessel to hold them in position; Rib′bing, an arrangement of ribs; Rib′-grass, the ribwort plantain.—adj. Rib′less, having no ribs.—n. Rib′let, a rudimentary rib.—adjs. Rib′-like, like a rib: resembling a rib; Rib′-nosed, having the snout ribbed, as a baboon.—v.t. Rib′-roast, to beat soundly.—ns. Rib′-roast′er (coll.), a severe blow on the ribs; Rib′-roast′ing, a severe beating; Rib′-vault′ing. [A.S. ribb; Ger. rippe.]

Rib, rib, n. hound's tongue: water-cress. [A.S. ribbe.]

Ribald, rib′ald, n. a loose, low character.—adj. low, base, mean: licentious: foul-mouthed—also Rib′aud (Spens.).—adjs. Rib′aldish, Rib′aldrous, ribald.—n. Rib′aldry, obscenity: filthiness: low and vulgar scurrility—also Rib′audry (obs.). [O. Fr. ribald, ribaut (Fr. ribaud, It. ribaldo)—Old High Ger. hrīpā, Mid. High Ger. ribe, a whore.]

Riband, rib′and, n. Same as Ribbon.

Ribattuta, rē-bat-tōō′ta, n. (mus.) a melodic embellishment. [It.]

Ribaudequin, ri-baw′de-kin, n. a movable cheval-de-frise. [O. Fr.; of doubtful origin.]

Ribble-rabble, rib′l-rab′l, n. a mob: indecent language.—n. Ribb′le-row, a list of rabble.

Ribbon, rib′on, n. a fillet or strip of silk: a narrow strip: (pl.) reins for driving: a shred: a watch-spring: an endless saw: (her.) a bearing considered usually as one of the subordinaries: (naut.) a painted moulding on the side of a ship—also Rib′and, Ribb′and.—adj. made of ribbon: having bands of different colours.—v.t. to adorn with ribbons: to stripe: to streak.—ns. Ribb′on-brake, a brake having a band which nearly surrounds the wheel whose motion is to be checked; Ribb′on-fish, a long, slender, compressed fish, like a ribbon; Ribb′on-grass, a variety of striped canary-grass: Lady's Garter; Ribb′onism, a system of secret associations among the lower classes in Ireland, at its greatest height from about 1835 to 1855—from the green badge worn; Ribb′onman, a member of a Ribbon society; Ribb′on-map, a map printed on a long strip which winds on an axis within a case; Ribb′on-seal, a North Pacific seal, banded and striped; Ribb′on-snake, a harmless striped snake abundant in the United States; Ribb′on-stamp, a simple form of printing-press for transferring colours to paper; Ribb′on-wave, a common geometrid moth; Ribb′on-weed, a seaweed whose frond has a long, flat blade; Ribb′on-wire, a strong tape with wire threads for strengthening garments; Ribb′on-worm, tapeworm.—Blue Ribbon, the ribbon of the Order of the Garter: anything which marks the attainment of some ambition, also the object itself: the badge adopted by a teetotal society; Red Ribbon, the ribbon of the Order of the Bath. [O. Fr. riban (Fr. ruban), perh. Celt.; cf. Ir. ribin, Gael. ribean. Diez suggests Dut. ring-band, necktie, collar.]

Ribes, ribz, n.sing. and pl. a currant, currants.—n.sing. Ribes (rī′bēz), a genus of shrubs belonging to the natural order Ribesiaceæ, familiar examples of which are the garden Gooseberry and the Currant. [O. Fr. ribes—Low L. ribus—Ar. rībēs, rībās.]

Ribibe, rib-īb′, n. (obs.) a rebec: an old woman.—v.i. to play on a ribibe. [Rebec.]

Ribston-pippin, rib′ston-pip′in, n. a fine variety of winter apple—from Ribston in Yorkshire, where Sir Henry Goodricke (1642-1705) first introduced them.

Ricardian, ri-kär′di-an, adj. pertaining to the political economist David Ricardo (1772-1823), or his theory.

Ricasso, ri-kas′ō, n. that part of a rapier-blade next to the hilt. [Ety. unknown.]

Riccia, rik′si-a, n. a genus of cryptogamous plants. [From the Italian botanist P. Francisco Ricci.]

Rice, rīs, n. one of the most useful and extensively cultivated of grains, like oats when ripe.—ns. Rice′-bird, the reed-bird: the paddy bird or Java sparrow; Rice′-bis′cuit, a sweet biscuit made of flour mixed with rice; Rice′-dust, Rice′-meal, the refuse of rice, a valuable food for cattle; Rice′-field-mouse, the rice-rat; Rice′-flour, a ground rice for puddings, for a face-powder, &c.; Rice′-glue, a cement made by boiling rice-flour in soft water; Rice′-hen, the common American gallinule; Rice′-milk, milk boiled and thickened with rice; Rice′-pā′per, a white smooth paper, made by the Chinese from the pith of Fatsia (Aralia) papyrifera, a tree peculiar to Formosa; Rice′-plant′er, an implement for sowing rice; Rice′-pound′er, a rice-mill; Rice′-pudd′ing, a pudding made of rice and milk, sweetened, often with eggs, raisins, &c.; Rice′-soup, a soup of rice with flour, &c.; Rice′-stitch, an embroidery-stitch resembling rice in grain; Rice′-wa′ter, water in which rice has been boiled—a nourishing drink for invalids; Rice′-wee′vil, a weevil that destroys stored rice, &c. [O. Fr. ris—L. oryza—Gr. oryza, from Old Pers., whence also Ar. uruzz, ruzz.]

Ricercata, rē-cher-kä′ta, n. a very elaborate form of fugue. [It. ricercare, to search out.]

Rich, rich (comp. Rich′er, superl. Rich′est), adj. abounding in possessions: wealthy: valuable: sumptuous: fertile: full of agreeable or nutritive qualities: affluent: productive, as a rich mine: costly: mighty: ruling: ample: of superior quality: luxurious: of great moral worth: highly seasoned or flavoured, as rich pastry: bright, as a colour: full of harmonious sounds, as a rich voice: full of beauty, as a rich landscape: of a vivid colour: extravagant, as a rich joke.—v.t. (Shak.) to enrich.—v.i. to grow rich.—v.i. Rich′en, to become rich, or of higher quality of any kind.—adj. Rich′-left (Shak.), left with much wealth, richly endowed.—adv. Rich′ly.—n. Rich′ness, wealth: abundance: fruitfulness: value: costliness: abundance of imagery. [A.S. ríce, rich; Ger. reich, Dut. rijk, Goth. reiks.]

Richardia, ri-chär′di-a, n. a small genus of South African herbs of the Arum family, including the calla-lily. [From the French botanists, L. C. M. Richard (1754-1821) and his son.]

Richardsonia, rich-ärd-sō′ni-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, belonging to the madder family, native to the warmer parts of America. [Named from the 17th-cent. Eng. botanist, Richard Richardson.]

Richel-bird, rich′el-bėrd, n. (prov.) the least tern.

Riches, rich′ez, n.pl. (in B. sometimes n.sing.) wealth: richness: abundance: an intellectual treasure, as the riches of wisdom: the pearl, flower, or cream of anything. [M. E. richesse (n.sing.)—O. Fr. richesse—Mid. High Ger. ríche.]

Riciniæ, rī-sin′i-ē, n. a division of mites or acarines. [L. ricinus, a tick.]

Ricinium, rī-sin′i-um, n. a mantle, chiefly worn by women, among the ancient Romans.

Ricinus, ris′i-nus, n. a genus of apetalous plants, whose one species is Ricinus communis, the castor-oil plant.—adj. Ricinol′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, castor-oil. [L. ricinus, the castor-oil plant.]

Rick, rik, n. a pile or heap, as of hay.—n.pl. Rick′ers, the stems of young trees cut up for spars, &c.—ns. Rick′le (Scot.), a pile of stones loosely thrown together: a small rick of grain; Rick′-rack, a kind of open-work edging made of serpentine braid; Rick′-stand, a flooring on which a rick is made; Hay′-rick′er, a horse-rake for cocking up hay. [A.S. hreác; Ice. hraukr.]

Rickets, rik′ets, n.sing. a disease of children, characterised by softness and curvature of the bones.—adv. Rick′etily, shakily.—n. Rick′etiness, unsteadiness.—adjs. Rick′etly, shaky; Rick′ety, affected with rickets: feeble, unstable. [From M. E. wrikken, to twist, allied to A.S. wringan, to twist. The medical term rachitis was coined about 1650, with a punning allusion to Gr. rhachis, the spine.]

Ricochet, rik-ō-shā′, or -shet′, n. a rebound along the ground, as of a ball fired at a low elevation.—v.i. to skip along the ground:—pr.p. ricochet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. ricochet′ted. [Fr.; ety. unknown.]

Ricolite, rē′kō-līt, n. a stratified ornamental stone. [Rico in New Mexico, Gr. lithos, a stone.]

Rictus, rik′tus, n. the gape of the bill: the throat of the calyx.—adj. Ric′tal. [L., a gaping.]

Rid, rid, v.t. to free: to deliver: to remove by violence: to clear: to disencumber: to expel: to separate: to despatch: (obs.) to banish, to kill:—pr.p. rid′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. rid.—ns. Rid′dance, act of ridding or freeing: destruction: the earth thrown up by a burrowing animal; Rid′der, one who rids or relieves.—A good riddance, a welcome relief; Get rid of, to get deliverance from. [A.S. hreddan, to snatch away; Ger. retten.]

Riddle, rid′l, n. an obscure description of something which the hearer is asked to name: a puzzling question: an enigma: anything puzzling, even a person.—v.i. to make riddles: to speak obscurely: to plait.—adj. Ridd′le-like (Shak.), like a riddle or enigma.—ns. Ridd′ler; Ridd′ling (Spens.), skill in explaining riddles.—adv. Ridd′lingly. [A.S. rǽdelse—rǽdan, to guess, to read—rǽd, counsel; cog. with Dut. raad, Ger. rath.]

Riddle, rid′l, n. a large sieve for separating coarser materials from finer.—v.t. to separate with a riddle, as grain from chaff: to make full of holes like a riddle, as with shot.—n.pl. Ridd′lings, siftings. [A.S. hridder; Gael. criathar.]

Riddlemeree, rid′l-me-rē′, n. rigmarole.

Ride, rīd, v.i. to be borne, as on horseback or in a carriage: to practise riding: to manage a horse: to float, as a ship at anchor: to move easily: to domineer: to overlap.—v.t. to do or perform by riding, as a race: to be carried through: to gallop through: to rest on so as to be carried: to control, esp. harshly:—pa.t. rōde; pa.p. rid′den.—n. act of riding: an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle: the course passed over in riding, a place for riding: a district inspected by an excise-officer: (print.) a fault caused by the overlapping of leads, &c.—adjs. Rī′dable, Rī′deable, capable of being ridden: passable on horseback.—n. Rī′der, one who rides on a horse: one who manages a horse: one who breaks a horse: a commercial traveller: an addition to a document after its completion, on a separate piece of paper: an additional clause: a mounted robber: a knight: a small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance to measure the weight: a Dutch gold coin.—adjs. Rī′dered, having stakes laid across the bars; Rī′derless, without a rider; Rī′ding, used to ride or travel: suitable for riding on, as a horse.—n. a road for riding on: a district visited by an excise-officer.—n.pl. Rī′ding-bitts, the bitts to which a ship's cable is secured when riding at anchor.—ns. Rī′ding-boot, a high boot worn in riding; Rī′ding-clerk, a mercantile traveller; Rī′ding-commit′tee, a committee of ministers sent by the General Assembly to carry out an ordination or induction, where the local presbytery refused to act, under the Moderate domination in Scotland in the 18th century; Rī′ding-glove, a gauntlet; Rī′ding-hab′it, the long upper habit, garment, or skirt worn by ladies when riding; Rī′ding-hood, a hood formerly worn by women when riding.—n.pl. Rī′ding-in′terests (Scots law), interests depending on other interests.—ns. Rī′ding-light, a light hung out in the rigging at night when a vessel is riding at anchor; Rī′ding-mas′ter, one who teaches riding; Rī′ding-rhyme, the iambic pentameter, heroic verse—from its use in Chaucer's Tales of the Canterbury pilgrims; Rī′ding-robe, a riding-habit; Rī′ding-rod, a light cane for equestrians; Rī′ding-sail, a triangular sail; Rī′ding-school, a place where riding is taught, esp. a military school; Rī′ding-skirt, a skirt fastened round a woman's waist in riding; Ri′ding-spear, a javelin; Rī′ding-suit, a suit adapted for riding; Rī′ding-whip, a switch with short lash, used by riders; Bush′-rī′der, in Australia, a cross-country rider.—Ride a hobby, to pursue to excess a favourite theory; Ride and tie, to ride and go on foot alternately; Ride down, to overthrow, treat with severity; Ride easy, when a ship does not pitch—opp. to Ride hard, when she pitches violently; Ride in the marrow-bone coach(slang), to go on foot; Ride out, to keep afloat throughout a storm; Ride over, to domineer; Ride rough-shod, to pursue a course regardless of the consequences to others; Ride shank's mare (slang), to walk; Ride the high horse, to have grand airs; Ride the marches (see March); Ride the Spanish mare, to be put astride a boom as a punishment; Ride the wild mare (Shak.), to play at see-saw; Ride to hounds, to take part in a fox-hunt, esp. to ride close behind the hounds; Riding the fair, the ceremony of proclaiming a fair. [A.S. ridan; Dut. rijden, Ger. reiten.]

Rideau, rē-dō′, n. an eminence commanding a plain, covering the entrance to a camp, &c. [Fr.]

Ridge, rij, n. the back, or top of the back: anything like a back, as a long range of hills: an extended protuberance: a crest: the earth thrown up by the plough between the furrows, a breadth of ground running the whole length of the field, divided from those on either side by broad open furrows, helping to guide the sowers and reapers and effecting drainage in wet soils: the upper horizontal timber of a roof: the highest portion of a glacis.—v.t. to form into ridges: to wrinkle.—ns. Ridge′-band, that part of the harness of a cart which goes over the saddle; Ridge′-bone, the spine.—adj. Ridged, having ridges on a surface: ridgy.—ns. Ridge′-fill′et, a fillet between two flutes of a column; Ridge′-harr′ow, a harrow made to lap upon the sides of a ridge over which it passes; Ridge′-plough, a plough with a double mould-board; Ridge′-pole, the timber forming the ridge of a roof; Ridge′-rope, the central rope of an awning.—adj. Ridg′y, having ridges. [A.S. hrycg; Ice. hryggr, Ger. rücken, back.]

Ridgel, rij′el, n. a male animal with but one testicle.—Also Ridg′il, Ridg′ling—(Scot.) Rig′lan, Rig′got.

Ridicule, rid′i-kūl, n. wit exposing one to laughter: derision: mockery.—v.t. to laugh at: to expose to merriment: to deride: to mock.—n. Rid′i cūler.—v.t. Ridic′ūlise.—n. Ridicūlos′ity.—adj. Ridic′ūlous, deserving or exciting ridicule: absurd: (obs.) outrageous.—adv. Ridic′ūlously.—n. Ridic′ūlousness. [L. ridiculus—ridēre, to laugh.]

Riding, rī′ding, n. one of the three divisions of the county of York. [A corr. of thriding—Ice. þridjungr, the third, þriði, third, þrir, three.]

Ridotto, ri-dot′ō, n. a house of public entertainment: a dancing party.—v.i. to frequent such. [It.]

Rie, an old spelling of rye.

Riem, rēm, n. a raw-hide thong. [Dut.]

Riesel-iron, rē′zel-ī′urn, n. a kind of nipper used to remove irregularities from the edges of glass.

Rieve, Riever. Same as Reave, Reaver.

Rifacimento, rē-fä-chi-men′tō, n. a recasting of literary works:—pl. Rifacimen′ti. [It.]

Rife, rīf, adj. prevailing: abundant: plentiful: well supplied: current: manifest.—adv. Rife′ly.—n. Rife′ness. [A.S. rífe; Dut. rijf, Ice. rífr.]

Riffle, rif′l, n. in mining, the lining of the bottom of a sluice: in seal engraving, a small iron disc at the end of a tool.—n. Riff′ler, a curved file for working in depressions. [Dan. rifle, a groove.]

Riff-raff, rif′-raf, n. sweepings: refuse: the rabble, the mob. [Explained by Skeat as M. E. rif and raf—O. Fr. rif et raf, also rifle et rafle. Rifler, to rifle, ransack—Ice. hrífa, to catch; rafler—Teut., cf. Ger. raffen, to seize.]

Rifle, rī′fl, v.t. to carry off by force: to strip, to rob: to whet, as a scythe.—n. Rī′fler. [O. Fr. rifler—Scand., Ice. hrífa, to seize.]

Rifle, rī′fl, v.t. to groove spirally, as a gun-barrel.—n. a musket with a barrel spirally grooved—many varieties, the Enfield, Minié, Martini-Henry, Chassepot, Mannlicher-repeating, Remington, Lee-Metford, &c.—ns. Rī′fle-bird, an Australian bird-of-Paradise; Rī′fle-corps, a body of soldiers armed with rifles; Rī′fleman, a man armed with a rifle; Rī′fle-pit, a pit dug to shelter riflemen; Rī′fle-range, a place for practice with the rifle; Rī′fling, the act of cutting spiral grooves in the bore of a gun; Rī′fling-machine′. [Scand.; Dan. rifle, to groove, freq. of rive, to tear.]

Rift, rift, n. an opening split in anything: a fissure: a veil: a fording-place.—v.t. to rive: to cleave.—v.i. to split: to burst open. [Rive.]

Rig, rig, v.t. to clothe, to dress: to put on: to equip: (naut.) to fit with sails and tackling:—pr.p. rig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. rigged.—n. sails and tackling: an equipage, or turn-out, for driving, &c.: fishing-tackle: (coll.) costume, dress.—ns. Rig′ger, one who rigs or dresses: in machinery, a large cylindrical pulley, or narrow drum; Rig′ging, tackle: the system of cordage which supports a ship's masts and extends the sails: the roof; Rig′ging-loft, the place in a theatre from which the scenery is raised; Rig′ging-screw, a machine formed of a clamp worked by a screw; Rig′ging-tree, a roof-tree; Rig′-out, an outfit.—Rig out, to furnish with complete dress, &c.; Rig the market, to raise or lower prices artificially. [Scand.; Norw. rigga, to bandage, to put on sails, rigg, rigging.]

Rig, rig, n. (Scot.) a ridge: a path. [Ridge.]

Rig, rig, n. a frolic, trick: (obs.) a wanton.—v.i. to romp, act the wanton.—adj. Rig′gish (Shak.), wanton, lewd.—n. Rig′gite, one who plays rigs, a jester.—Run a rig, to play a trick; Run the rig upon, to play a trick upon. [Prob. wriggle.]

Rigadoon, rig-a-dōōn′, n. a lively dance for one couple, or its music: formerly in the French army, a beat of drum while culprits were being marched to punishment. [Fr. rigaudon.]

Rigation, rī-gā′shun, n. irrigation. [Irrigation.]

Rigescent, rī-jes′ent, n. growing stiff.

Riggle, rig′l, n. a species of sand-eel.

Right, rīt, adj. straight: most direct: upright: erect: according to truth and justice: according to law: true: correct: just: fit: proper: exact: most convenient: well performed: most dexterous, as the hand: on the right-hand: on the right-hand of one looking towards the mouth of a river: righteous: duly genuine: correct in judgment: equitable: not crooked: to be preferred: precise: in good health: denoting the side designed to go outward, as cloth: opposed to left, as the right-hand: (math.) upright from a base: containing 90 degrees.—n. Right′ness. [A.S. riht; Ger. recht, L. rectus.]

Right, rīt, adv. in a straight or direct line: in a right manner: according to truth and justice: correctly: very: in a great degree.

Right, rīt, n. that which is right or correct: truth: justice: virtue: freedom from error: what one has a just claim to: privilege: property: the right side.—n. Right′-about′, in the opposite direction.—adj. Right′-ang′led, having a right angle or angles; Right′-drawn (Shak.), drawn in a right or just cause.—v.t. Right′en, to set right.—n. Right′er, one who sets right or redresses wrong.—adj. Right′ful, having a just claim: according to justice: belonging by right.—adv. Right′fully.—ns. Right′fulness, righteousness: justice; Right′-hand, the hand which is more used, convenient, and dexterous than the other.—adj. chiefly relied on.—adj. Right′-hand′ed, using the right-hand more easily than the left: dextral: clockwise.—ns. Right′-hand′edness; Right′-hand′er, a blow with the right-hand.—adjs. Right′-heart′ed, having right or kindly dispositions: good-hearted; Right′less, without right.—adv. Right′ly, uprightly: suitably: not erroneously.—adj. Right′-mind′ed, having a right or honest mind.—ns. Right′-mind′edness, the state of being right-minded; Right′ness, the character of being right, correctness: the state of being on the right-hand; Right-of-way, the right which the public has to the free passage over roads or tracks, esp. such as are not statutory roads.—advs. Rights (obs.); Right′ward.—n. Right′-whale, the Greenland whale, the most important species of the true whales.—Right and left, on both sides; Right ascension (see Ascension); Right bank of a river, the bank on the right hand of a person looking in the direction the water flows; Right down, plainly; Right of action, a right which will sustain a civil action; Right off, immediately; Right the helm, to put it amidships, in a line with the keel.—Absolute rights, those which belong to human beings as such; At all rights, in all points; Base right (Scots law), the right which a disposer acquires when he disposes of feudal property; By right, or rights, rightfully; Claim of Right, the statement of the right of the church to spiritual independence and liberty from the interference of the civil courts in her spiritual functions, adopted by an immense majority of the General Assembly in 1842; Contingent rights, such as are distinguished from vested rights; Declaration and Bill of Rights, the instrument drawn up by the Convention Parliament which called the Prince and Princess of Orange to the throne of England in 1689, stating the fundamental principles of the constitution; Declaration of the Rights of Man, a famous statement of the constitution and principles of civil society and government adopted by the French National Assembly in August 1789; Do one right, to do one justice; Have a right, to be under a moral necessity; Have right, to be right; In one's own right, by absolute and personal right; In the right, free from error; Natural rights, those which exist by virtue of natural law—liberty, security of person and property; Petition of right, an action by which a subject vindicates his rights against the Crown; Public rights, the rights which the state has over the subject, and the subject against the state; Put to rights, to arrange; The Right, among continentals, the conservatives, from their usually sitting on the president's right in legislative assemblies; The right side, the place of honour; Writ of right, an action to establish the title to real property.

Righteous, rī′tyus, adj. living and acting according to right and justice: free from guilt or sin: equitable: merited.—adv. Right′eously, in a righteous manner: (arch.) justly.—n. Right′eousness, purity of life: rectitude: conformity to a right standard: a righteous act or quality: holiness: the coming into spiritual reconciliation with God by means of the righteousness of Christ being imputed to a man in consequence of faith.—Original righteousness, the condition of man before the Fall as made in the image of God. [A.S. rihtwís—riht, right, wís, wise.]

Rigid, rij′id, adj. not easily bent: stiff: severe: strict: unyielding: harsh: without delicacy: wanting in ease.—n. Rigid′ity, the quality of resisting change of form: stiffness of manner.—adv. Rig′idly.—n. Rig′idness.—adj. Rigid′ūlous, rather stiff. [L. rigidus—rigēre, to be stiff with cold.]

Rigmarole, rig′ma-rōl, n. a repetition of foolish words: a long story: balderdash.—adj. prolix, tedious. [A corr. of ragman-roll, a document with a long list of names, or with numerous seals pendent.]

Rigol, rig′ol, n. (Shak.) a ring, a circle of a crown or coronet. [It. rigolo—Teut.; Ger. ringel, a ring.]

Rigolette, rig-ō-let′, n. a light head-wrap.

Rigor, rī′gur, n. the same as Rigour: (med.) a sense of chilliness with contraction of the skin, a preliminary symptom of many diseases.—n. Rī′gor-mor′tis, the characteristic stiffening of the body caused by the contraction of the muscles after death.

Rigour, rig′ur, n. the quality of being rigid or severe: stiffness of opinion or temper: strictness: exactness: violence: relentlessness: severity of climate: (med., spelt Rigor; see above).—adj. Rig′orous, exercising rigour: allowing no abatement: marked by severity: harsh: scrupulously accurate: very severe.—adv. Rig′orously.—ns. Rig′orousness; Rig′ourism (R.C.), the opposite of Probalilism; Rig′ourist, a person of strict principles: a purist. [L. rigor—rigēre.]

Rigsdag, rigz′dag, n. the parliament of Denmark.

Rigveda, rig-vā′da, n. the first of the four Vedas. [Sans., rich, a hymn, veda, knowledge.]

Rigwiddie, rig-wid′i, n. (Scot.) the rope that goes over a horse's back to support the shafts of the vehicle it draws. [Rig, the back, widdie, withy, a rope.]

Rile, rīl, v.t. to make angry, to vex—a form of roil.

Rilievo, or Relievo. See Alto-relievo.

Rill, ril, n. a small murmuring brook: a streamlet.—v.i. to flow in small streams.—ns. Rill′et (Tenn.), a rivulet, a little rill; Rill′-mark, a marking produced by the oozing of water on sand. [Low Ger. rille, a channel; Ger. rille, a furrow.]

Rim, rim, n. a raised margin, border, brim: in a wheel, the circular part farthest from the nave.—v.t. to put a rim to:—pr.p. rim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. rimmed.—n. Rim′-fire, a cartridge which has a detonating substance placed in some part of the rim of its base.—adjs. Rim′iform; Rim′less.—ns. Rim′mer, an instrument for ornamenting pastry; Rim′-plān′er, a machine for dressing wheel-fellies; Rim′-saw, a saw, the cutting part of which is annular. [A.S. rima.]

Rim, rim, n. a membrane: the peritoneum. [A.S. reóma.]

Rimbase, rim′bās, n. a short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon.

Rime, rīm, n. hoar-frost: frozen dew.—adj. Rī′my. [A.S. hrím; Dut. rijm, Ger. reif.]

Rime, rīm, n. a rent, chink, or fissure—also Rī′ma:—pl. Rī′mæ.—adj. Rīmose′, full of rimes or chinks: having numerous minute fissures, mostly parallel, like the bark of a tree.—n. Rimos′ity, state of being rimose or chinky.—adj. Rī′mous, rimose. [L. rima.]

Rimple, rim′pl, v.i. to wrinkle.

Rimula, rim′ū-la, n. (conch.) a genus of fossil keyhole limpets.—adjs. Rim′ūliform, shaped like a crack; Rim′ūlose. [L., dim. of rima, a crack.]

Rinabout, rin′a-bowt, n. (Scot.) a vagrant.

Rind, rīnd, n. the external covering, as the skin of fruit, the bark of trees, &c.—v.t. to strip the rind from.—adj. Rind′ed.—n. Rind′-gall, a defect in timber. [A.S. rinde; Dut. and Ger. rinde; prob. Old High Ger. rinta, rinda.]

Rinderpest, rin′dėr-pest, n. a malignant and contagious disease of cattle. [Ger., 'cattle-plague.']

Rine, rīn, v.t. to touch.—n. the same as Rind. [A.S. hrínan; Ice. hrína, to hurt.]

Rine, rīn, n. (prov.) a ditch or water-course.—Also Rhine, Rone, Rune. [A.S. ryne, a run, flow—rinnan, to run; Ger. ronne, a channel.]

Rinforzando, rin-for-tsan′dō, adj. (mus.) with special emphasis. [It.]

Ring, ring, n. a circle: a small hoop, usually of metal, worn on the finger or in the ear as an ornament: a circular area for races, &c.: a circular course, a revolution: a clique organised to control the market: an arena or prize-ring: the commercial measure of staves for casks: (archit.) a cincture round a column: (anat.) an annulus: a group or combination of persons.—v.t. to encircle: to fit with a ring: to surround: to wed with a ring: (hort.) to cut out a ring of bark from a tree.—v.i. to move in rings.—ns. Ring′-ar′mature, an armature in which the coils of wire are wound round a ring; Ring′-arm′our, armour made of metal rings (see Chain-mail).—v.t. Ring′-bark, to strip a ring of bark round a tree to kill it.—ns. Ring′bill, the ring-necked duck; Ring′-bolt, an iron bolt with a ring through a hole at one end; Ring′bone, in farriery, a bony callus on a horse's pastern-bone, the result of inflammation: the condition caused by this; Ring′-bunt′ing, the reed-bunting; Ring′-carr′ier, a go-between; Ring′-dī′al, a portable sun-dial; Ring′-dog, an iron apparatus for hauling timber; Ring′-dott′erel, the ringed plover; Ring′dove, the cushat or wood-pigeon, so called from a white ring or line on the neck; Ring′-drop′ping, a trick practised by rogues upon simple people.—adj. Ringed, surrounded as with a ring, annulose, annulate: wearing a wedding-ring.—ns. Ringed′-car′pet, a British geometrid moth; Ring′-fence, a fence continuously encircling an estate, a limit; Ring′-fing′er, the third finger of the left hand, on which women wear their marriage-ring.—adj. Ring′-formed, annular.—ns. Ring′-frame, any one of a class of spinning-machines with vertical spindles; Ring′-gauge, a measure consisting of a ring of fixed size used for measuring spherical objects; Ring′leader, the head of a riotous body: one who opens a ball; Ring′let, a little ring: a curl, esp. of hair.—adj. Ring′leted.—ns. Ring′lock, a puzzle-lock; Ring′-mail, chain-armour; Ring′man, the third finger of the hand: one interested in the prize-ring; Ring′-mas′ter, one who has charge of a circus-ring and the performances in it; Ring′-mon′ey, rudely formed rings anciently used for money; Ring′-neck, a kind of ring-plover: the ring-necked duck; Ring′-net, a net for catching butterflies; Ring′-ou′sel, a species of thrush, with a white band on the breast; Ring′-parr′ot, a common Indian parrot; Ring′-perch, the perch of North America; Ring′-plov′er, a ring-necked plover; Ring′-rope, a rope for hauling the cable in rough weather; Ring′-saw, a scroll-saw with annular web; Ring′-small, broken stones of such a size as to pass through a ring two inches in diameter; Ring′-snake, the collared snake, a harmless serpent of the United States; Ring′ster, a member of a ring; Ring′-stop′per, a piece of rope by which the ring of an anchor is secured to the cat-head.—adjs. Ring′-straked (B.), -streaked, streaked with rings.—n. Ring′-tail (naut.), a studding-sail set upon the gaff of a fore-and-aft sail: a light sail set abaft and beyond the spanker: the female of the hen-harrier, named from a rust-coloured ring formed by the tips of the tail-feathers when expanded.—adj. Ring′-tailed, having the tail marked with bars or rings of colour, as a lemur: having a tail curled at the end.—ns. Ring′-thrush, the ring-ousel; Ring′-time (Shak.), time for marrying; Ring′-valve, a hollow cylindrical valve; Ring′-work, a material composed of rings interlinked; Ring′worm, a skin disease in which itchy pimples appear in rings.—Ring the changes (see Change).—Ride, or Tilt, at the ring, to practise the sport of riding rapidly, spear in hand, and carrying off with it a ring hung up; The ring, pugilism and the persons connected with it. [A.S. hring; Ice. hring-r, Ger., Dan., and Sw. ring.]

Ring, ring, v.i. to sound as a bell when struck: to tinkle: to practise the art of ringing bells: to continue to sound: to be filled with report: to resound: to echo.—v.t. to cause to sound, as a metal: to produce by ringing:—pa.t. rang, rung; pa.p. rung.—n. a sound, esp. of metals: the sound of many voices: a chime of many bells.—ns. Ring′er; Ring′ing, the act of causing to sound, as music-bells: resounding.—adv. Ring′ingly.—Ring backward, to change the order of ringing; Ring down, to conclude; Ring in (theat.), to signal the conductor to begin; Ringing of the ears, a sound in the ears; Ring up, to rouse by the ringing of a bell. [A.S. hringan; cog. with Ice. hringja, to ring bells, hringla, to clink, Dan. ringle, to tinkle.]

Ringe, rinj, n. a whisk made of heather.

Ringent, rin′jent, adj. gaping.

Ringicula, rin-jik′ū-la, n. a genus of tectibranchiates.

Rink, ringk, n. the area where a race is run or games are played: a place artificially prepared for skating: a certain piece of ice marked off for curling—about 40 yards in length, and 9 in breadth. [Simply a variant of ring, a circle.]

Rinse, rins, v.t. to cleanse by introducing water: to cleanse with clean water.—ns. Rins′er; Rins′ing-machine′, in cotton manufacture, a series of tanks for cleansing. [O. Fr. rinser (Fr. rincer)—Ice. hreinsa; Ger. and Dut. rein, pure.]

Rinthereout, rin′thār-ōōt, n. (Scot.) a vagrant: a vagabond.

Rio, Riyo, rā-ō′, n. a Japanese ounce, esp. of silver: a tael.

Riot, rī′ot, n. uproar: tumult: a disturbance of the peace: excessive feasting: luxury.—v.i. to brawl: to raise an uproar: to run to excess in feasting, behaviour, &c.: to be highly excited: to throw into a tumult: to annoy.—ns. Rī′oter; Rī′oting; Rī′otise (Spens.), riot, extravagance.—adj. Rī′otous, engaging in riot: seditious: tumultuous: luxurious: wanton.—adv. Rī′otously.—ns. Rī′otousness; Rī′otry.—Riot Act, a statute designed to prevent riotous assemblies.—Run riot, to act without restraint or control. [Fr. riotte; ety. dub.]

Rip, rip, v.t. to divide by cutting or tearing: to cut open: to take out by cutting or tearing: to tear up for search or alteration: to explode, give vent to.—v.i. to break out violently.—v.t. to utter violently (with out):—pr.p. rip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. ripped.—n. a tear: a rent: a place torn: (slang) a vicious person: a worthless horse: a ripple. [Scand., Norw. ripa, to scratch; Ice. rífa, to rive.]

Rip, rip, n. (Scot.) a handful of grain not thrashed.

Riparian, rī-pā′ri-an, adj. belonging to a river-bank: of animals, shore-loving.—adj. Ripā′rial.—Riparian nations, nations possessing opposite banks of the same river; Riparian proprietor, an owner who has property in the soil to the centre of the stream; Riparian rights, the right of fishery belonging to the proprietor of a stream. [L. ripa, a river-bank.]

Ripe, rīp, adj. ready for harvest: arrived at perfection: fit for use: developed to the utmost: finished: ready: resembling ripe fruit: mature, as ripe judgment.—v.i. to grow ripe, to ripen.—v.t. (Shak.) to make ripe.—adv. Ripe′ly.—v.i. Rī′pen, to grow ripe: to approach or reach perfection.—v.t. to make ripe: to bring to perfection.—n. Ripe′ness. [A.S. ripe, conn. with rip, harvest; cog. with Dut. riip, Ger. reif; akin to A.S. ripan, to reap.]

Ripe, rīp, v.t. to search, to rummage. [Rip.]

Ripidolite, rī-pid′ō-līt, n. the commonest member of the chlorite family of minerals.

Ripieno, ri-pyā′nō, adj. (mus.) supplementary.—n. a supplementary instrument or performer:—pl. Ripie′ni.—n. Ripienist (ri-pyā′nist), a supplementary instrumentalist. [It.]

Ripon, Rippon, rip′on, n. a spur. [Ripon, city.]

Riposte, ri-pōst′, n. a quick short thrust in fencing: a repartee. [Fr.]

Ripper, rip′ėr, n. a tool used in shaping roof-slates: a ripping-tool: one who does his work well: a robber.

Ripper, rip′ėr, n. one who brings fish from the coast inland. [L. riparius.]

Ripper, rip′ėr, n. a fog-horn.

Ripple, rip′l, n. the light fretting of the surface of water: a little curling wave.—v.t. to cause a ripple in.—v.i. to curl on the surface, as running water.—ns. Ripp′le-barr′el, a drum used in theatres; Ripp′le-grass, the rib-grass; Ripp′le-mark, a mark produced on sand at the bottom by the gentle flow of water: (geol.) the mark left on a sea-beach by receding waves, and left impressed on the surface of rocks.—adj. Ripp′le-marked.—ns. Ripp′let, a small ripple: rippling: an eddy; Ripp′ling, an eddy caused by conflicting currents or tides—also adj.—adv. Ripp′lingly.—adj. Ripp′ly, rippling. [Variant of earlier rimple, A.S. hrimpan, to wrinkle, pa.p. hrumpen.]

Ripple, rip′l, v.t. to pluck the seeds from stalks of flax by drawing them through an iron comb.—n. the comb for rippling.—n. Ripp′ler, an apparatus for rippling flax. [Low Ger. repel, reppel, a ripple, hoe, Ger. riffel.]

Riprap, rip′rap, n. broken stones used for walls.

Ripsack, rip′sak, n. the Californian gray whale.

Rip-saw, rip′-saw, n. a hand-saw, with large but narrow-set teeth, for sawing timber lengthwise.

Ript=ripped. See Rip.

Ripuarian, rip-ū-ā′ri-an, adj. riparian.

Risaldar, ris-al-där′, n. the native commander of a troop of cavalry in the British Indian army.—n. Ris′ala, a troop of native irregular cavalry.

Risban, ris′ban, n. a piece of ground upon which a fort is constructed for defence of a post. [Fr.,—Ger. rissbank.]

Risberm, ris-berm′, n. a glacis in jetties to withstand the violence of the sea.

Rise, rīz, v.i. to move from a lower to a higher position: to stand up: to ascend: to grow upward: to swell in quantity or extent: to take an upright position: to leave the place of rest: to tower up: to appear above the horizon: to break forth: to appear: to have its source: to increase in size, value, &c.: to become excited or hostile: to break forth into commotion or insurrection: to increase in rank, fortune, or fame: to be promoted: to be perceptible to other senses: to excavate upward: to come to mind: to close a session: (B.) to ascend from the grave:—pa.t. rōse; pa.p. risen (riz′n).—n. act of rising: ascent: degree of elevation: a steep: origin: increase: (archit.) the upright piece of a step from tread to tread: (mining) a shaft excavated from below: (mus.) elevation of the voice.—n. Rī′ser, a rebel: one who, or that which, rises.—Rise from the ranks, to win a commission; Rise to the occasion, to be equal to an emergency.—Take a rise out of, to take the conceit out of a person by making him ridiculous. [A.S. rísan; Ice. rísa, Goth. reisan, Ger. reisen.]

Rise, rīs, n. a twig, a small bush.—ns. Rise′bush, a faggot; Rī′sel, a support for a climbing vine; Rise′-wood, small wood cut for hedging. [A.S. hrís; Ger. reis.]

Rishi, rish′i, n. a sage or poet, the author of a Vedic hymn.—The seven rishis, the stars of the Great Bear. [Sans.]

Risible, riz′i-bl, adj. capable of exciting laughter: laughable: amusing.—ns. Risibil′ity, quality of being risible; Ris′ibleness.—adv. Ris′ibly. [L. risibilis—ridēre, risum, to laugh.]

Rising, rī′zing, n. act of rising: a revolt: resurrection: the quantity of dough set to rise at one time: (B.) a tumour.—adj. increasing in importance: advancing: approaching a specified amount, as rising three years old.—ns. Rī′sing-lark, the skylark; Rī′sing-line, a line drawn to determine the sweep of the floor-heads throughout the ship's length; Rī′sing-main, the column of pumps in a mine through which water is lifted to the surface; Rī′sing-seat, in a Friends' meeting, that occupied by ministers and elders.

Risk, risk, n. hazard: chance of loss or injury.—v.t. to expose to hazard: to venture, to take the chance of.—n. Risk′er, one who risks.—adj. Risk′y, dangerous: venturesome.—Run a risk, to incur hazard. [Fr. risque (It. risico)—Sp. risco, a rock—L. resecāre, to cut off—re-, off, secāre, to cut.]

Risley, riz′li, n. a Risley performer is an acrobat who lies on his back and carries burdens on his feet.

Risorial, rī-sō′ri-al, adj. risible, causing laughter.—n. Risō′rius, the laughing muscle. [Risible.]

Risotto, ri-zot′tō, n. a stew of onions, butter, rice. [It.]

Risp, risp, v.t. (Scot.) to rasp.

Risp, risp, n. a branch, green stalks.

Rissa, ris′a, n. the genus of birds including the kittiwakes.

Rissole, ris′ōl, n. fish or meat minced and fried with bread-crumbs and egg. [Fr.]

Ristori, ris-tō′ri, n. a woman's loose open jacket—from Madame Ristori, the famous actress.

Risus, rī′sus, n. a laugh: a grin. [L.]

Rit, rit, v.t. (Scot.) to strike.—n. a scratch, tear, &c. [Dut. ritten, to tear.]

Ritardando, rē-tar-dan′dō, adj. (mus.) diminishing in speed. [It.]

Rite, rīt, n. a religious usage or ceremony.—adv. Rite′ly, with due rites.—Ambrosian rite, the Ambrosian office and liturgy; Mozarabic rite (see Mozarabic). [L. ritus.]

Rithe, rīth, n. (prov.) a small stream. [A.S. ríth.]

Ritornelle, rē-tor-nel′, n. (mus.) an instrumental prelude belonging to a vocal work.—Also Ritornel′lo. [It.]

Ritter, rit′ėr, n. a knight.—n. Ritt′-mas′ter, a captain of cavalry. [Ger. ritter.]

Rittock, rit′ok, n. the common tern.—Also Rípp′ock.

Ritual, rit′ū-al, adj. consisting of or prescribing rites.—n. manner of performing divine service, or a book containing it: the body of rites employed in the church: the code of ceremonies observed by an organisation, as the ritual of the Freemasons.—ns. Rit′ūalism, systems of rituals or prescribed forms of religion: the observance of them: the name popularly given to the great increase of ceremonial and symbolism by means of special vestments, &c., in the Church of England since about 1860-65: Rit′ūalist, one skilled in or devoted to a ritual: one of the party devoted to ritualism in the Church of England.—adj. Ritūalist′ic, pertaining to the ritual.—adv. Rit′ūally. [L. ritualis; cf. Rite.]

Riva, rī′va, n. a rift or cleft. [Ice. rifa.]

Rivage, riv′āj, n. a bank, shore. [Fr.,—L. ripa, a bank.]

Rival, rī′val, n. one pursuing the same object as another: one who strives to equal or excel another: a competitor.—adj. having the same claims: standing in competition.—v.t. to stand in competition with: to try to gain the same object as another: to try to equal or excel:—pr.p. rī′valling; pa.t. and pa.p. rī′valled.—n. Rī′valess, a female rival.—adj. Rī′val-hāt′ing, jealous.—v.i. Rī′valise, to enter into rivalry.—ns. Rival′ity (Shak.), rivalry, equality in rank or authority; Rī′valry, act of rivalling: competition: emulation; Rī′valship, emulation. [Fr.,—L. rivalis—rivus, a brook.]

Rive, rīv, v.t. to tear asunder: to split: to pierce: to explode.—v.i. to be split asunder:—pa.t. rīved; pa.p. rīved, riv′en.—n. that which is torn. [Scand., Ice. rífa, to rive; Dut. rijven, Ger. reiben.]

Rive, rīv, n. a bank: shore.—v.i. to land.

Rivel, riv′el, v.t. to wrinkle. [A.S. rifian, to wrinkle.]

Riveling, riv′ling, n. a rough shoe once worn in Scotland: (obs.) a Scotchman. [A.S. rifeling.]

River, riv′ėr, n. a large running stream of water.—adj. Riv′erain, riparian.—ns. Riv′er-bank, the bank of a river; Riv′er-bās′in, the whole region drained by a river and its affluents; Riv′er-bed, the channel in which a river flows; Riv′er-birch, the red birch; Riv′er-bott′om, the alluvial land along the margin of a river; Riv′er-carp, the common carp; Riv′er-chub, the horny-head or jerker; Riv′er-course, the bed of a river; Riv′er-crab, a fresh-water crab; Riv′er-craft, small vessels which ply on rivers; Riv′er-cray′fish, a crayfish proper; Riv′er-dol′phin, a Gangetic dolphin; Riv′er-drag′on (Milt.), a crocodile; Riv′er-duck, a fresh-water duck; Riv′eret, Riv′erling, a small river; Riv′er-flat, alluvial land along a river; Riv′er-god, the tutelary deity of a river; Riv′er-head, the spring of a river; Riv′er-hog, the capybara; Riv′er-horse, the hippopotamus.—adj. Riv′erine, pertaining to, or resembling, a river.—ns. Riv′er-jack, the common water-snake of Europe; Riv′er-man, one who makes his livelihood by dragging the river for sunken goods; River-muss′el, a fresh-water mussel; Riv′er-ott′er, the common European otter; Riv′er-perch, a Californian surf-fish; Riv′er-pie, the water-ousel; Riv′er-shore, the shore or bank of a river; Riv′er-side, the bank of a river; Riv′er-smelt, the gudgeon; Riv′er-snail, a pond snail; Riv′er-swall′ow, the sand-martin; Riv′er-tide, the tide from the sea rising or ebbing in a river; Riv′er-tor′toise, a soft-shelled turtle; Riv′er-wall, a wall made to confine the waters of a river within definite bounds.—adj. Riv′ery, pertaining to rivers, like rivers. [Fr. rivière (It. riviera, shore, river)—Low L. riparia, a shore district—L. ripa, a bank.]

Rivesaltes, rēv′salt, n. a sweet wine made from Muscat grapes. [Rivésaltes in southern France.]

Rivet, riv′et, n. bearded wheat.

Rivet, riv′et, n. a bolt of metal fastened by being hammered at both ends.—v.t. to fasten with a rivet: to make firm or immovable:—pr.p. riv′eting; pa.t. and pa.p. riv′eted.—ns. Riv′et-cut′ter, a tool for cutting off the ends of rivets; Riv′eter, Riv′etter; Riv′et-hearth, a light portable furnace for heating rivets; Riv′eting; Riv′eting-hamm′er; Riv′eting-machine′, a power-machine for forcing hot rivets into position in metal-work, and heading them; Riv′eting-set, a hollow-faced punch for swaging rivet-heads; Riv′et-knob, a tool for swaging rivet-heads; Riv′et-machine′, a machine for making rivets from rod-iron. [O. Fr. rivet; acc. to Diez from the root of Ice. rífa, Dan. rive, Ger. reiben, Eng. rive.]

Rivière, rē-viār, n. a necklace of precious stones, particularly diamonds. [Fr.]

Rivina, ri-vī′na, n. a genus of apetalous plants, the pokeweed family.

Riving, rī′ving, n. the act of separating.—ns. Ri′ving-knife, a tool for splitting shingles; Rī′ving-machine′, a machine for splitting wood for hoops.

Rivo, rī′vō, interj. (Shak.) a drinking cry.

Rivose, rī′vōs, adj. furrowed. [L. rivus, a stream.]

Rivularia, riv-ū-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of fresh-water algæ.

Rivulet, riv′ū-let, n. a small stream, brook: a geometrid moth.—adj. Riv′ūlose (bot.), marked with irregular lines. [L. rivulus—rivus, a stream.]

Rix-dollar, riks′-dol′ar, n. the rigs-daler of Denmark, &c.

Rixy, rik′si, n. (prov.) the sea-swallow.

Rixy, rik′si, adj. quarrelsome.—n. Rixā′tion, a brawl. [Fr. rixe—L. rixa, a quarrel.]

Rizom, riz′om, n. a plume, as of oats.—adj. Riz′omed (her.), having grains, as an oat-stalk.

Rizzer, riz′ėr, v.t. (Scot.) to dry in the sun.—n. a rizzered haddock.

Rizzer, riz′ėr, n. (Scot.) a red currant.

Rizzle, riz′l, v.t. (prov.) to roast imperfectly.

Rizzle, riz′l, v.i. (prov.) to creep, as ivy.

Roach, rōch, n. a silvery fresh-water fish: a concave curve in the foot of a square sail.—v.t. to arch: to cut short. [O. Fr. roche—Teut.; Ger. roche.]

Roach, rōch, n. a rock: refuse gritty stone.—As sound as a roach, perfectly sound.

Road, rōd, n. a highway for traffic: (B.) a plundering excursion.—ns. Road, Road′stead, Roads, a place where ships ride at anchor; Road′-āg′ent, a highwayman: a commercial traveller; Road′-bed, the bed or foundation of a road: the whole superstructure thereon; Road′-book, a guide-book; Road′-car, a kind of omnibus; Road′-harr′ow, a machine for dragging over roads out of repair; Road′ing, the act of running races with teams; Road′-lev′el, a plumb-level used in the construction of roads; Road′-locomō′tive, a road-steamer; Road′-machine′, a scraper used in road-making; Road′man, Roads′man, one who keeps a road in repair; Road′-met′al, broken stones for roads; Road′-roll′er, a heavy roller used on a macadamised road; Road′-run′ner, a large ground-cuckoo; Road′-scrāp′er, an implement for levelling roads and clearing them of loose stones, &c.; Road′side, footpath: wayside; Road′stead, a place near a shore where vessels may anchor; Road′-steam′er, a locomotive with broad wheels for roads; Road′ster, a horse for driving or riding on the road: a coach-driver: a bicycle, or tricycle; Road′-survey′or, one who supervises roads; Road′way, the way or part of a road or street travelled by carriages; Road′-weed, a plant of the genus Plantago.—adj. Road′worthy, fit for the road.—By the road, by the highway; On the road, travelling; Rule of the road, the custom of the country in passing on a highway; Take to the road, to become a highwayman. [A.S. rád, a riding—rád, pa.t. of rídan, to ride.]

Roam, rōm, v.i. to rove about: to ramble.—v.t. to wander over: to range.—n. Roam′er, a wanderer. [M. E. romen, ramen; allied to A.S. á-rǽman, to spread out, Old High Ger. rāman, rāmen, to direct one's course; the meaning influenced by M. E. Rome-rennere, a pilgrim.]

Roan, rōn, adj. having a bay or dark colour, with spots of gray and white: of a mixed colour, with a decided shade of red.—n. a roan colour: a roan horse: grained sheepskin leather. [O. Fr. roan (Fr. rouan)—Low L. rufanus—L. rufus, red.]

Roan-tree, rōn′-trē. See Rowan.

Roar, rōr, v.i. to utter a full, loud sound: to bellow, as a beast: to cry aloud: to bawl: to guffaw.—n. a full, loud sound: the cry of a beast: an outcry of mirth, esp. of laughter.—ns. Roar′er; Roar′ing, act or sound of roaring: a disease of horses causing them to roar in breathing.—adv. Roar′ingly.—Roaring boys, swaggerers; Roaring forties, the stormy tract between 49° and 50° N. latitude; Roaring game, curling. [A.S. rárian; Mid. High Ger. rēran, Ger. röhren, to cry as a stag, to bellow.]

Roast, rōst, v.t. to cook before a fire, or in an oven: to expose a person to ridicule: to parch by exposure to heat: to heat to excess: to dissipate the volatile parts of by heat.—n. that which is roasted.—ns. Roas′ter, anything suitable for roasting: a furnace used in making ball soda; Roas′ter-slag, slag from the fifth stage of copper-smelting; Roas′ting; Roas′ting-cyl′inder, a furnace for roasting ore; Roas′ting-ear, an ear of maize fit for roasting; Roas′ting-jack, an apparatus for turning the spit on which meat is roasted; Roas′ting-kiln; Roas′ting-ov′en; Roast′-ī′ron, a gridiron.—Roastbeef plant, an iris of Western Europe.—Rule the roast, to domineer. [A.S. róstian; cog. with Dut. roosten, Ger. rösten; or O. Fr. rostir (Fr. rôtir)—Old High Ger. rōstan; or Celt., as Gael. rost, W. rhostio, Bret. rosta, all meaning to roast.]

Rob, rob, v.t. to take away from by force or theft: to plunder: to steal: to deprive: (B.) to withhold what is due.—v.i. to commit robbery:—pr.p. rob′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. robbed.—ns. Rob′ber, one who robs; Rob′ber-coun′cil (Latrocinium Ephesinum), the council which met at Ephesus in August 449, under the presidency of Dioscurus, whose horde of fanatical monks by sheer violence carried the restoration of Eutyches—its resolutions were annulled at Chalcedon in 451; Rob′ber-crab, a hermit-crab; Rob′ber-fly, any dipterous insect of the family Asilidæ; Rob′ber-gull, the skua; Rob′bery, theft from the person, aggravated by violence or intimidation: plundering.—Robbing Peter to pay Paul, paying and repaying out of the same fund: taking what is due to one to pay another. [O. Fr. rober—Old High Ger. roubōn, Ger. rauben.]

Rob, rob, n. the juice of ripe fruit mixed with honey or sugar. [Fr.,—Sp.,—Ar. robb, purified syrup of boiled fruit.]

Robalo, rob′a-lō, n. a fish of the genus Centropomus. [Sp.,—L. labrus—Gr. labrax.]

Robbin, rob′in, n. a short piece of spun-yarn to fasten the head of a sail: the spring of a carriage: the package in which spices, &c., are exported from the East Indies.

Robe, rōb, n. a gown or outer garment: a dress of dignity or state: a rich dress: a dressed skin: the largest and strongest tobacco-leaves: the early form of the chasuble.—v.t. to dress, clothe.—v.i. to assume official vestments.—ns. Robe′-de-cham′bre, a dressing-gown; Robe′-māk′er, a maker of official robes; Rob′ing, the act of putting on ceremonious apparel: a trimming on women's garments; Rob′ing-room, a room in which those wearing official robes, as lawyers, &c., put them on.—Master of the robes, an officer having the charge of the sovereign's robes; The robe, or The long robe, the legal profession. [Fr. robe, robbe; from Old High Ger. raup (Ger. raub), booty.]

Roberd, rob′ėrd, n. the chaffinch.

Robertsman, rob′ėrts-man, n. a stout robber.—Also Rob′erdsman.

Robin, rob′in, n. the Rob′in-red′breast, a well-known and widely-spread singing bird of the family Sylviidæ, with a reddish-orange breast: the red-breasted thrush of North America: the sea-robin or red-breasted merganser: a trimming in front of a dress.—ns. Rob′in-breast, the robin-snipe; Rob′in-dip′per, the buffle-headed duck; Rob′inet, a chaffinch: a little robin: a tap; Rob′in-Good′fellow, the English name of a domestic spirit or brownie, described as the offspring of a woman and Oberon, king of the fairies: an elf or fairy generally, Puck; Rob′in-run-in-the-hedge, the ground-ivy: the bed-straw; Rob′in-snipe, the red-breasted sandpiper; Rob′in's-rye, the hair-cap moss. [A familiar form of Robert; cf. Jack-daw, Mag-pie.]

Robinia, rō-bin′i-a, n. a genus of leguminous trees and shrubs—the Locust-tree, the False Acacia, Thorn Acacia, often simply Acacia. [From the Paris gardener Jean Robin (1550-1629).]

Roble, rō′bl, n. one of the white oaks of California. [Sp.,—L. robur, oak.]

Roborant, rob′or-ant, adj. giving strength.—n. a strengthening medicine.—adj. Robō′reous, like oak, strong. [L. roborāre, to strengthen.]

Roburite, rob′ū-rīt, n. a flameless explosive, composed of chlorinated dinitro-benzene mixed with sufficient ammonium nitrate to completely oxidise it.

Robust, rō-bust′, adj. of great strength or vigour: requiring strength: rude, rough.—adj. Robust′ious (Milt.), violent, rough.—adv. Robust′iously.—n. Robust′iousness.—adv. Robust′ly.—n. Robust′ness. [Fr.,—L. robustus—robur, oak.]

Roc, rok, n. an immense fabulous bird, able to carry off an elephant—also Rok, Ruc, Rukh.—Roc's egg, a mare's nest. [Pers. rukh.]

Rocaille, rō-kal′-ye, n. a scroll ornament of the eighteenth century.

Rocambole, rok′am-bōl, n. a plant of the same genus with garlic, onion, leek, &c., long cultivated in kitchen-gardens.—Also Rok′ambole.

Roccella, rok-sel′a, n. a genus of parmeliaceous lichens, yielding dyers' archil or orchil.—adjs. Roccel′lic, Roccel′line. [Cf. Archil.]

Roccus, rok′us, n. a genus of serranoid fishes, including the rock-fish or striped bass of the United States.

Rochea, rō′kē-a, n. a genus of plants of the order Crassulaceæ. [From the botanist Laroche.]

Rochelle-powder, rō-shel′-pow′dėr, n. seidlitz-powder.—n. Rochelle′-salt, the popular name of the tartrate of soda and potash discovered in 1672 by a Rochelle apothecary named Seignette.

Rochet, roch′et, n. a close-fitting fine linen or lawn vestment proper to bishops and abbots: a mantlet worn by the peers of England during ceremonies. [O. Fr., dim. of Low L. roccus—Old High Ger. roch (A.S. rocc, Ger. rock), a coat.]

Roches moutonnées, rosh mōō-to-nā, n.pl. smooth, rounded, hummocky bosses and undulating surfaces of rock, common in regions overflowed by glacier-ice. [Fr., roche, a rock, moutonnée, masc. moutonné, rounded like a sheep's back.]

Rock, rok, n. a large mass of stone: (geol.) a natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay: that which has the firmness of a rock, foundation, support, defence: (Scot.) a distaff: a hard sweetmeat.—v.t. to throw stones at.—ns. Rock′-al′um, alum stone; Rock′-away, a four-wheeled North American pleasure-carriage; Rock′-bad′ger, a ground-squirrel of North America; Rock′-bās′in, a lacustrine hollow in a rock, excavated by glacier-ice; Rock′-bass, a centrarchoid fish, the goggle-eye; Rock′-bird, a cock of the rock.—adj. Rock′-bound, hemmed in by rocks.—ns. Rock′-break′er, a machine for breaking stones for road-metal; Rock′-butt′er, an impure alum efflorescence of a butter-like consistency found oozing from some alum slates; Rock′-can′dy, pure sugar in large crystals: candy-sugar; Rock′-cist, a plant of the genus Helianthemum; Rock′-cook, the small-mouthed wrasse; Rock′-cork, mountain cork, a variety of asbestos; Rock′-crab, a crab found at rocky sea-bottoms.—adj. Rock′-crowned, surmounted with rocks.—ns. Rock′-crys′tal, the finest and purest quartz, the name being generally applied, however, only to crystals in which the six-sided prism is well developed; Rock′-dol′phin, the sea-scorpion; Rock′-dove, the rock-pigeon or blue-rock; Rock′-drill, a machine-drill worked by steam, &c.; Rock′-eel, a fish of the family Xiphidiontidæ; Rock′-elm, an American elm; Rock′er, the rock-dove; Rock′ery, Rock′work, a mound made with pieces of rock, earth, &c. for the cultivation of ferns, &c.; Rock′-fē′ver, intermittent fever; Rock′-fire, in pyrotechny, a composition of resin, sulphur, nitre, regulus of antimony, and turpentine, burning slowly; Rock′-fish, a name applied to various different varieties of wrasse, the striped bass, black goby, &c.; Rock′-goat, an ibex; Rock′-hawk, the merlin; Rock′-head, bed-rock; Rock′-hop′per, a curl-crested penguin; Rock′ie (Scot.), the rock-lintie or twite; Rock′iness; Rock′-leath′er, rock-cork; Rock′-lil′y, a tropical American cryptogamous plant: a white-flowered Australian orchid; Rock′-lim′pet, a limpet which adheres to rocks; Rock′ling, a genus of fishes of the cod family Gadidæ, of which several species frequent the British seas; Rock′-lin′tie (Scot.), the twite: the Rock′-lark; Rock′-man′ikin, a rock-bird; Rock′-moss, lichen which yields archil; Rock′-oil, petroleum; Rock′-ou′sel, the ring-ousel; Rock′-oys′ter, an oyster-like bivalve; Rock′-pi′geon, a pigeon inhabiting rocks and caves: the sand-pigeon; Rock′-pip′it, the British tit-lark.—n.pl. Rock′-plants, a term applied in gardening to a very miscellaneous group of plants which by their habit of growth are adapted to adorn rockeries.—ns. Rock′-plov′er, the rock-snipe; Rock′-rabb′it, a hyrax; Rock′-rose, a plant of either of the genera Cistus and Helianthemum of the rock-rose family (Cistaceæ); Rock′-ru′by, a ruby-red garnet; Rock′-salm′on, the coal-fish: an amber-fish; Rock′-salt, salt in solid form; Rock′-ser′pent, a venomous Indian serpent, allied to the cobra; Rock′-slāt′er, a wood-louse; Rock′-snake, a python or anaconda; Rock′-snipe, the purple sandpiper; Rock′-soap, a deep-black mineral used for crayons, consisting of silica, alumina, peroxide of iron, and water; Rock′-sparr′ow, a finch: the ring-sparrow; Rock′-star′ling, the rock-ousel; Rock′-swift, the white-throated rock-swift of North America; Rock′-tar, petroleum; Rock′-tem′ple, a temple hewn out of the solid rock; Rock′-thrush, any bird of the genus Monticola or Petrocincla; Rock′-tripe, lichens of the genus Umbilicaria; Rock′-trout, the common American brook-trout: sea-trout; Rock′-vī′olet, an alga growing on moist rocks in the Alps; Rock′-war′bler, a small Australian bird; Rock′-win′kle, a periwinkle; Rock′-wood, ligniform asbestos; Rock′work (archit.), masonry in imitation of masses of rock: a rockery; Rock′-wren, a wren which frequents rocks.—adj. Rock′y, full of rocks: resembling a rock: hard: unfeeling. [O. Fr. roke, roche; prob. Celt., as in Gael. roc, W. rhwg, a projection.]

Rock, rok, n. a distaff.—n. Rock′ing, an evening party in the country. [Ice. rokkr; Ger. rocken.]

Rock, rok, v.t. to move backward and forward: to lull or quiet.—v.i. to be moved backward and forward, to reel.—ns. Rock′er, the curved support on which a cradle or rocking-chair rocks: a rocking-horse or chair: a mining cradle; Rock′-cam, a cam keyed to a rock-shaft; Rock′ing, a swaying backward and forward: the abrading of a copper plate with a rocker, preparatory to mezzo-tinting: the motion by which the design on a steel mill is transferred to a copper cylinder; Rock′ing-beam, an oscillating beam in an automatic transmitter; Rock′ing-chair, a chair mounted on rockers; Rock′ing-horse, the figure of a horse, of wood or other material, mounted on rockers for children: a hobby-horse; Rock′ing-pier, a pier fastened by a movable joint so as to allow it to rock slightly; Rock′ing-stone, a logan, or large mass of rock so finely poised as to move backward and forward with the slightest impulse; Rock′ing-tree, in weaving, the axle from which the lay of a loom is suspended; Rock′-shaft, in steam-engines, a shaft that oscillates instead of revolving.—adj. Rock′y, disposed to rock: tipsy. [A.S. roccian; cf. Dan. rokke, to rock, Ger. rücken, to pull.]

Rockel, rok′el, n. (prov.) a woman's cloak.

Rocket, rok′et, n. a firework which is projected through the air, used for making signals in war, and for saving life at sea by conveying a line over a stranded vessel.—v.i. to fly straight up rapidly when flushed.—ns. Rock′et-case, a case for holding the materials of a rocket; Rock′eter. [Old It. rocchetto; of Teut. origin. Cf. Rock, a distaff.]

Rocket, rok′et, n. any one of several ornamental Old World herbs of the genus Hesperis, of the mustard family. [O. Fr. roquette—L. eruca, cole-wort.]

Rococo, rō-kō′kō, n. a debased style of architecture and decoration in the 18th century, marked by endless multiplication of ornamental details. [Fr., prob. from Fr. rocaille, rockwork.]

Rocta, rok′ta, n. a medieval musical instrument, resembling the violin.

Rod, rod, n. a long twig: a slender stick: anything long and slender, as a magic rod, a lightning-rod, a fishing-rod, &c.: an instrument of correction: an emblem of power or authority: a pole or perch (5½ yards, or 16½ feet)—the square rod, generally called rood, is employed in estimating masonry-work, and contains 16½ × 16½, or 272¼ sq. feet: (fig.) punishment: authority: oppression: (B.) race or tribe: one of the layers of rods composing the retina of the eye: any bar connecting parts of a machine.—v.t. to furnish with rods, esp. lightning-rods.—ns. Rod′-fish′er; Rod′-fish′ing, fly-fishing: angling; Rod′-line, a fishing-line not wound on a reel; Rod′-machine′, in wood-working, a machine for cutting cylindrical sticks such as broom-handles; Rod′-ring, one of the rings along a fishing-rod through which the line runs; Rod′ster, an angler.—Napier's rods (see Napierian). [A.S. ród; Dut. roede, Ger. ruthe; L. rudis.]

Roddin, rod′in, n. (Scot.) rowan-tree.

Rode, rōd, pa.t. of ride.

Rode, rōd, n. (Spens.) a raid, an incursion: also, a roadstead. [Road.]

Rodent, rō′dent, adj. gnawing: belonging to the Rodentia.—n. a rodent mammal.—n.pl. Roden′tia, an order of mammals including squirrels, beavers, rats, rabbits, &c. [L. rodĕre, to gnaw.]

Rodeo, rō-dā′ō, n. a gathering of cattle to be branded. [Sp., rodar, to go round—L. rotāre, to wheel.]

Rodge, roj, n. (prov.) the gray duck.—Also Radge.

Rodomel, rod′ō-mel, n. the juice of roses mixed with honey. [Gr. rhodon, rose, meli, honey.]

Rodomontade, rod-ō-mon-tād′, n. vain boasting, like that of Rodomonte in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto (earlier Rod′omont).—v.i. to bluster or brag.—ns. Rodomontā′dist, Rodomontā′do (obs.).

Roe, rō, n. the eggs or spawn of fishes: a mottled appearance in wood, esp. mahogany.—adj. Roed, containing roe. [Ice. hrogn; Ger. rogen.]

Roe, rō, n. a species of deer, smaller than the fallow-deer: also the female of the hart.—ns. Roe′buck, the male of the roe, having usually one front antler and two hinder ones; Roe′buck-berr′y, the stone-bramble; Roe′-deer, a roebuck or roe. [A.S. ráh; Ger. reh, Dut. ree.]

Roe-stone, rō′-stōn, n. the same as Oolite (q.v.).

Rog, rog, v.t. (obs.) to shake.

Rogation, rō-gā′shun, n. an asking: supplication.—n.pl. Rogā′tion-days, the three days before the festival of Ascension, the Litany being anciently recited in procession then.—ns. Rogā′tion-flow′er, the milk-wort; Rogā′tion-Sun′day, that before Ascension-day; Rogā′tion-week, the week in which the rogation-days occur.—adj. Rog′atory. [L.,—rogāre, to ask.]

Roger, roj′ėr, n. (prov.) ram: a rogue.—(Sir) Roger-de-Coverley, an English country-dance.

Roggan, rog′an, n. (prov.) a rocking-stone.

Roggenstein, rog′en-stīn, n. a kind of oolite in which the grains are cemented by argillaceous matter. [Ger., roggen, rye, stein, stone.]

Roggle, rog′l, v.i. (prov.) to shake.

Rogue, rōg, n. a dishonest person: a knave: a mischievous or frolicsome person: a vagrant, a sturdy beggar: a wag: a playful person: a plant that falls short of a standard.—v.i. to play the rogue.—v.t. to cheat.—ns. Rogue′-el′ephant, one which lives solitarily, and is of dangerous temper; Rogue′-house, a lock-up; Rogue′-mon′ey, an assessment formerly levied in every county in Scotland for the expenses of catching and prosecuting criminals; Rog′uery, knavish tricks: fraud: mischievousness: waggery; Rogue′ship; Rogue's′-march, music played when drumming a soldier from a regiment, or driving any one away in disgrace.—adj. Rog′uish, knavish: mischievous: waggish.—adv. Rog′uishly.—n. Rog′uishness.—adj. Rō′guy (obs.).—Rogues' gallery, a collection of photographs of criminals kept at police headquarters. [O. Fr. rogue, proud; either from Bret. rok, proud, or acc. to Diez, from Ice. hrók-r, proud.]

Rohan, rō′han, n. an East Indian timber-tree—called also Red-wood and East Indian mahogany.

Roil, roil, v.t. to render turbid: to vex: to rile: to salt fish with a machine called a Roil′er—also Royle.—adj. Roil′y, muddy. [O. Fr. roeler, roler, to disturb, cog. with roll; or O. Fr. roille—L. robigo, rust.]

Roinish, roi′nish, adj. (Shak.) mangy, mean.—Also Roi′nous. [O. Fr. roigneux—L. robiginosus, rusty—robigo, rust.]

Roist, roist, Roister, rois′tėr, v.i. to bluster, swagger, bully.—ns. Rois′ter (arch.), Rois′terer.—adj. Rois′terous.—p.adj. Rois′ting (Shak.), blustering, bullying. [O. Fr. rustre, a rough, rude fellow—O. Fr. ruste—L. rusticus, rustic.]

Roitelet, roi′te-let, n. a petty king: (ornith.) a kinglet or gold-crest.

Roke, rōk, n. (prov.) mist: smoke.—adj. Rō′ky, misty, foggy.

Rokeage, rō′kāj, n. parched and sweetened Indian corn—also Rō′kee.—Also called Pinole.

Rokelay, rok′e-lā, n. Same as Roquelaure.

Roker, rōk′ėr, n. the thornback ray.

Roland, rō′land, n. a chivalrous hero, from Roland in the Charlemagne legend, slain by the Gascons at Roncesvalles in 778.—A Roland for an Oliver, a blow for a blow, anything done or said to match something else.

Rôle, rōl, n. the part performed by an actor in a play: any important part played in public life. [Fr.]

Role, rōl, n. an ancient unit of quantity, seventy-two sheets of parchment.

Roll, rōl, v.i. to turn like a wheel: to turn on an axis: to be formed into a roll or cylinder: to move, as waves: to be tossed about: to move tumultuously: to be hurled: to rock, or move from side to side: to wallow: to spread under a roller: to sound as a drum beaten rapidly: to move onward.—v.t. to cause to roll: to turn on an axis: to wrap round on itself: to enwrap: to drive forward: to move upon wheels: to press or smooth with rollers: to beat rapidly, as a drum.—n. act of rolling: that which rolls: a revolving cylinder making sheets, plates, &c.: a roller: that which is rolled up—hence parchment, paper, &c. wound into a circular form: a document: a register: a kind of fancy bread: the continued sound of a drum, of thunder, &c.: a swagger or rolling gait.—adj. Roll′-about′, podgy.—ns. Roll′-call, the calling of the roll or list of names, as in the army; Roll′-cū′mūlus, a form of strato-cumulus cloud; Roll′er, that which rolls: a cylinder used for rolling, grinding, &c.: one of a family of Picarian birds: a long, broad bandage: (pl.) long heavy waves; Roll′er-skate, a skate mounted on wheels or rollers for use on asphalt or some other smooth surface.—adj. Roll′ing, modulating: moving on wheels: making a continuous sound.—ns. Roll′ing-mill, a place in which metal is made into sheets, bars, rails, or rods, by working it between pairs of rolls: a machine for rolling metal, &c., into any required form, or for crushing materials between rollers; Roll′ing-pin, a cylindrical piece of wood for rolling dough, paste, &c. to any required thickness; Roll′ing-press, a press of two cylinders for rolling or calendering cloth; Roll′ing-stock, the stock or store of locomotive-engines, carriages, &c. of a railway; Roll′way, an incline: a shoot.—Master of the Rolls, the head of the Record-office. [O. Fr. roler, roeler (Fr. rouler)—Low L. rotulāre—L. rotula, a little wheel—rota, a wheel.]

Rollick, rol′lik, v.i. to move or act with a careless, swaggering, frolicsome air:—pr.p. rol′licking; pa.p. rol′licked.—adj. Rol′licking, careless, swaggering. [Prob. roll, with dim. suffix.]

Rollock. See Rowlock.

Roly-poly, rōl′i-pōl′i, n. a pudding made of a sheet of paste, covered with sweetmeats, and rolled up: a stout podgy person: an old game in which balls are bowled into holes or thrown into hats placed on the ground.—adj. round, podgy.

Rom, rom, n. a gipsy. [Gipsy rom, man, husband.]

Romage, rum′āj, n. (Shak.) tumult. [Rummage.]

Romaic, ro-mā′ik, n. modern Greek, the language of the descendants of the Eastern Romans: Hellenic.—adj. pertaining to the foregoing.—n. Romā′ika, a modern Greek dance. [Fr. Romaïque—modern Gr. Rhōmaikos—Rhōmē, Rome.]

Romal, rō-mal′, n. a braided thong of leather, serving as a horseman's whip. [Sp. ramal—L. ramale—ramus, a branch.]

Romalea, rō-mā′lē-a, n. a genus of large-bodied, short-winged locusts. [Gr. rhōmē, strength.]

Roman, rō′man, adj. pertaining to Rome or to the Romans: pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion, papal: (print.) noting the letters commonly used, as opposed to Italics: written in letters (as IV.), not in figures (as 4).—n. a native or citizen of Rome: a Romanist in religion: a Roman letter or type.—adj. Roman′ic, pertaining to Rome or its people.—n. Romanisā′tion.—v.t. Rō′manīse, to convert to the Roman Catholic religion: to Latinise: to represent by Roman letters or types.—v.i. to conform to Roman Catholic opinions or practices: to print in Roman letters.—n. Romanī′ser.—adj. Rō′manish, pertaining to Romanism.—ns. Rō′manism, the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church; Rō′manist, a Roman Catholic.—adj. Roman Catholic.—adj. Rō′mano-Byzan′tine, pertaining to an early medieval style of architecture in which Byzantine and Western elements are combined.—ns. Rome′-penn′y, -scot, Peter's pence.—adv. Rome′ward, toward the Roman Catholic Church.—adj. Rō′mish, belonging to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church.—n. Rō′mist.—Roman architecture, a style characterised by the size and boldness of its round arches and vaults, &c.—baths, aqueducts, basilicas, amphitheatres, &c.; Roman candle, a firework discharging a succession of white or coloured stars; Roman Catholic, denoting those who recognise the spiritual supremacy of the Pope or Bishop of Rome—as a noun, a member of the Roman Catholic Church; Roman Catholicism, the doctrines and polity of the Roman Catholic Church collectively; Roman cement, a cement which hardens under water; Roman collar, a collar made of lawn or fine linen, bound and stitched, worn by priests over a black collar, by bishops over a purple, and cardinals over a scarlet; Roman Empire, the ancient empire of Rome, divided in the 4th century into the Eastern and Western Empires; Roman law, the civil law.—Holy Roman Empire (see Holy). [L. Romanus—Roma, Rome.]

Romance, rō-mans′, n. a general name for those modern languages in southern Europe which sprang from a corruption of the Roman or Latin language—Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Provençal, French, Roumanian, Romansch, &c.: a tale written in one of these dialects: any fictitious and wonderful tale: a fictitious narrative in prose or verse which passes beyond the limits of real life: a ballad.—adj. belonging to the dialects called Romance.—v.i. to write or tell romances: to talk extravagantly: to build castles in the air.—ns. Roman′cer, Roman′cist.—adjs. Roman′cical (Lamb), dealing with romance; Roman′ic, Romance: derived from the Roman alphabet. [O. Fr. romans—Low L. adv. (loqui) romanice, (to speak) in the Roman or Latin tongue—L. Romanicus, Roman.]

Romanesque, rō-man-esk′, n. that which pertains to romance: (archit.) the style of round-arched and vaulted architecture which succeeded Roman architecture, from about the time of Constantine (c. 350 A.D.) till it was gradually superseded by Gothic in the 12th century: the dialect of Languedoc. [Fr.,—Sp. Romanesco—L. Romanicus.]

Romansch, rō-mansh′, n. the language spoken from the Grisons to Friuli on the Adriatic.—Also Rhæ′to-Roman′ic.

Romant, rō-mant′, v.i. to romance: to exaggerate.—n. a romance—generally Rōmaunt′.

Romantic, rō-man′tik, adj. pertaining to or resembling romance: fictitious: extravagant, wild: fantastic: sentimental: imaginative.—adv. Roman′tically.—ns. Roman′ticism, the revolt from the severity, pedanticism, and commonplaceness of a classical or pseudo-classical to a more picturesque, original, free and imaginative style in literature and art, marking the close of the 18th century: romantic feeling; Roman′ticist; Roman′ticness.

Romany, Rommany, rom′a-ni, n. a gipsy: the language of the gipsies.—adj. belonging to the gipsies.—Romany rye, a gentleman who affects the society of gipsies. [Gipsy, rom, man.]

Romero, rō-mā′rō, n. the pilot-fish.

Romic, rō′mik, n. a phonetic notation devised by Henry Sweet, based upon the original Roman values of the letters, supplemented by turned and ligatured letters and diagraphs—in part a recasting of Ellis's Glossic.

Romp, romp, v.i. to play noisily: to skip about in play.—n. a girl who romps: rude frolic.—adv. Romp′ingly, in a romping manner: boisterously: rudely.—adj. Romp′ish, fond of romping or noisy play.—adv. Romp′ishly.—n. Romp′ishness. [Ramp.]

Rompu, rom-pū′, adj. (her.) fracted. [Fr.]

Roncador, rong′ka-dōr, n. one of several sciænoid fishes of the Pacific coast. [Sp.,—L. rhonchus, a snoring.]

Ronchil. See Ronquil.

Rondache, ron-dash′, n. a buckler. [O. Fr. rond.]

Ronde, rond, n. (print.) an angular writing-type.

Rondeau, ron′dō, n. a form of poem characterised by closely-knit rhymes and a refrain, and, as defined in the 17th century, consisting of thirteen lines, divided into three unequal strophes—the two or three first words of the first line serving as the burden, recurring after the eighth and thirteenth lines—brought into vogue by Swinburne: (mus.) a rondo.—ns. Ron′del, a form of French verse, earlier than the rondeau, consisting of thirteen octosyllabic or decasyllabic lines on two rhymes—practised by Charles of Orleans, &c.; Ron′delet, a poem of five lines and two refrains; Ron′do, a musical composition of several strains, during which the first part or subject is repeated several times—often occurring as one of the movements of a sonata: the musical setting of a rondeau: a game of hazard played with small balls; Rondolet′to, a simple rondo. [Fr., from rond, round.]

Rondelle, ron-del′, n. anything round: one of the successive crusts formed on molten metal when cooling, a rosette.—n. Rond′le, a round, step of a ladder (same as Rondelle). [O. Fr., dim. of rond, round.]

Rondure, ron′dūr, n. (Shak.) a round, a circle, the globe. [Fr. rondeur—rond, round.]

Rone, rōn, n. (Scot.) a shrub, a thicket.

Rone, rōn, n. the gutter which collects the rain from the roof—a dial. form of rine.

Rong, rong (Spens.), pa.t. and pa.p. of ring.

Rongeur, rong-zhėr, n. a forceps for gouging bones.

Ronin, rō′nin, n. a discharged Japanese samurai, an outcast or outlaw. [Jap., lit. 'wave-man.']

Ronion, Ronyon, run′yun, n. a mangy, scabby animal or person. [Fr. rogneux—rogne, mange.]

Ronquil, rong′kil, n. a fish of the North Pacific.—Also Ron′chil. [Sp. ronquillo—ronco—L. raucus, hoarse.]

Ront, ront. Same as Runt (q.v.).

Röntgen rays. See X-rays.

Rood, rōōd, n. the fourth part of an acre, or forty perches—from the rod used in measuring: a figure of Christ's cross, and often of the crucifix, esp. that placed at the entrance to the choir in medieval churches.—ns. Rood′-beam (archit.), a beam across the chancel of a church for supporting the rood; Rood′-loft, a gallery over the rood-screen; Roodmas-day, Holy-rood-day; Rood′-screen, an ornamental partition separating the choir from the nave; Rood′-steep′le, a spire built over the entrance to the chancel; Rood′-tree, the cross; Hō′ly-rood, a crucifix. [Same as rod. A.S. ród.]

Roodebok, rōōd′e-bok, n. the bush-buck. [Dut. rood, red, bok, buck.]

Roof, rōōf, n. the top covering of a house or building: a vault or arch, or the inner side of it: a house or dwelling: the upper part of the palate: the loftiest part, the roof and crown of things: the top of a subterraneous excavation: (geol.) the overlying stratum.—v.t. to cover with a roof: to shelter.—ns. Roof′er, one who roofs; Roof′ing, covering with a roof: materials for a roof: the roof itself: shelter.—adj. Roof′less, without a roof: having no house or home: unsheltered.—ns. Roof′let, a small roof or covering; Roof′-plate, a wall-plate which receives the lower ends of the rafters of a roof.—adj. Roof′-shaped, shaped like a gable roof.—ns. Roof′-stā′ging, a scaffold used in working on an inclined roof; Roof′-tree, the beam at the peak of a roof: the roof.—adj. Roof′y, having a roof or roofs.—French roof, a form of roof with almost vertical sides; Gothic roof, a very high-pitched roof; Mansard roof (see Mansard); Square roof, one in which the chief rafters meet at a right angle. [A.S. hróf; Dut. roef.]

Rook, rook, n. a species of crow—from its croak: the ruddy duck: a cheat: a simpleton.—v.i. to cheat.—ns. Rook′er, a swindler; Rook′ery, a group of trees on which rooks build: a cluster of mean tenements: a resort of thieves: a disturbance.—adj. Rook′y (Shak.), inhabited by rooks. [A.S. hróc; Goth. hrukjan, to croak.]

Rook, rook, n. a castle or piece used in playing chess. [O. Fr. roc—Pers. rokh.]

Rookle, rōōk′l, v.i. to poke about like a pig. [Rootle.]

Rool, rōōl, v.t. to raggle, to ruffle.

Room, rōōm, n. space: a chamber: extent of place: space unoccupied: freedom to act: fit occasion: place of another: stead: (B.) a seat: a particular place: a box in a theatre: office: the inner room of a cottage: a garret.—v.i. to occupy a room, to lodge.—adv. (naut.) off from the wind.—n. Room′age, capacity.—adj. Roomed, containing rooms.—ns. Room′er, a lodger; Room′ful, as much or as many as a room will hold.—adv. Room′ily.—n. Room′iness.—adsj. Room′-rid′den, confined to one's room; Room′some, roomy.—adv. Room′y, having ample room: wide: spacious.—Give room, to withdraw so as to leave space for others; Make room, to open a way. [A.S. rúm; Ger. raum, Dut. ruim.]

Room, rōōm, n. a deep-blue dye.—Also Roum.

Roon, rōōn, n. (Scot.) a rim or border.

Roop, rōōp, v.i. (obs.) to roar.—n. hoarseness.—adsj. Roop′it, Roop′y (Scot.), hoarse. [A.S. hrópan, pa.t. hreóp; cf. Ger. rufen, to cry out.]

Roose, rōōz, v.t. (Scot.) to praise highly. [M. E. rosen—Scand., Ice. hrósa, to praise.]

Roost, rōōst, n. a pole or support on which a bird rests at night: a number of fowls resting together: (Scot.) the inner roof of a cottage.—v.i. to sit or sleep on a roost.—n. Roost′er, the male of the domestic fowl, cock: any bird that roosts.—At roost, roosting, asleep. [A.S. hróst; Dut. roest.]

Root, rōōt, n. the part of a plant which is fixed in the earth, and which draws up sap from the soil: an edible root: anything like a root, a growing plant together with its root: the bottom: a word from which others are derived: the cause, occasion, or basis of anything: the source: the lowest place: the first ancestor, or progenitor: (math.) the factor of a quantity which multiplied by itself produces that quantity: any value of the unknown quantity in an equation which will render both sides of it identical.—v.i. to fix the root: to be firmly established: to tear up: to eradicate: to exterminate.—v.t. to plant in the earth: to implant deeply.—ns. Root′age, the act of striking roots; Root′-beer, a drink made from roots of dandelion, sassafras, &c.; Root′-bōr′er, an insect which bores the roots of plants.—adj. Root′-bound (Milt.), fixed in the earth by, or as by, the root.—ns. Root′-cap, a cap-like layer of cells at the tip of roots; Root′-crop, a crop of esculent roots, esp. of single-rooted plants, as turnips, &c.; Root′-dig′ger, a form of tongs for raising carrots, &c.; Root′-eat′er, any animal feeding habitually on roots.—adj. Root′ed, firmly planted: fixed by the roots: deep-seated, as a rooted dislike.—adv. Root′edly.—ns. Root′edness; Root′er.—adj. Root′-fast, firmly rooted.—ns. Root′-fī′bril, one of the fine divisions of a root; Root′-form, a form assumed by an insect when feeding on roots; Root′-graft′ing, the process of grafting scions on a part of the root of some appropriate stock; Root′-hair, a delicate filament developed from a single cell.—adj. Root′-head′ed, fixed as if rooted by the head.—ns. Root′-house, a rustic-house: a storehouse for potatoes, &c.; Root′-knot, an abnormal knot of a root.—adj. Root′less, destitute of roots.—ns. Root′let, a little root: a radicle; Root′-louse, one of the plant-lice; Root′-par′asite, a plant which grows upon, and derives its nourishment from, the root of another plant; Root′-pres′sure, an upward flow of sap, 'bleeding;' Root′-pulp′er, a mill for grinding roots; Root′-sheath, the sheath of the root of a hair or feather; Root′-stock (bot.), a prostrate rooting stem, either fleshy or woody, which yearly produces young branches or plants: origin.—adj. Root′y, abounding in roots: rank.—Root and branch, completely; Root of bitterness, a dangerous error drawing away to apostasy; Root of the matter, that which is essential.—Strike, or Take, root, to root, to become fixed. [Scand.; Ice. rót; Dan. rod; Goth. waurts, A.S. wyrt.]

Root, rōōt, v.t. to turn up with the snout.—v.i. to turn up the earth with the snout.—n. Root′er.—v.t. Root′le. [A.S. wrótan—wrót, a snout.]

Ropalic=Rhopalic (q.v.).

Rope, showing method of construction.

Rope, rōp, n. a thick twisted cord: a string consisting of a number of things united, as a rope of pearls: anything glutinous and stringy: a local lineal measure, 20 feet.—v.i. to fasten with a rope, to restrain: to catch with a noosed rope: to tether: to enclose: to extend into a thread, as by a glutinous quality.—ns. Rope′-clamp, a pair of clamping jaws for securing the end of a cord; Rope′-danc′er, one who performs acrobatic feats on a rope: a rope-walker; Rope′-drill′ing, a method of boring holes in which a rope is used; Rope′-house, an evaporating-house in salt manufacture; Rope′-ladd′er, a ladder made of ropes; Rope′-machine′, a machine for making ropes from yarn; Rope′-māk′er, Rō′per, a maker of ropes; Rope′-māk′ing; Rope′-por′ter, a pulley to save the ropes of steam-ploughs from friction; Rope′-pull′ing, the sport of pulling at a rope, each party endeavouring to draw the other over a line; Rope′-pump, a machine for raising water by an endless rope; Rō′per, a crafty fellow: one who throws the lasso; Rope′-rail′way, a cable-railway.—adj. Rope′-ripe, deserving to be hanged.—ns. Rope′-run′ner, a railway brakesman; Rō′pery, a place where ropes are made; Rope′-spin′ner, one who spins ropes by a revolving wheel; Rope′-stitch, a kind of work in which the stitches are laid diagonally side by side; Rope′-trick, a juggling trick in which a man is firmly tied with ropes from which he extricates himself: (Shak.) a trick deserving the gallows; Rope′-walk, a long narrow shed used for the spinning of ropes; Rope′-winch, a set of three whirlers for twisting simultaneously the three yarns of a rope; Rope′-yarn, a yarn of many fibres for ropes.—adv. Rō′pily.—n. Rō′piness, stringiness: viscosity.—adjs. Rō′ping, Rō′pish, Rō′py, stringy, glutinous.—Rope in, to gather in, to enlist; Rope of sand, a tie easily broken; Rope's end, an instrument of punishment.—Be at the end of one's rope, to have exhausted one's powers or resources; Give a person rope, to allow a person full scope; On the high rope, elated, arrogant. [A.S. ráp; Ice. reip, Dut. reep, Ger. reif.]

Roquelaure, rok′e-lōr, n. a short cloak worn in the 18th century. [Fr.]

Roquet, rō-kā′, n. in the game of croquet, a stroke by which a player strikes another's ball.—v.t. to make this shot. [Prob. formed from croquet.]

Roric, rō′rik, adj. pertaining to dew: dewy—(obs.) Rō′ral.—n. Rorid′ula, a genus of polypetalous plants of the Sundew family.—adjs. Rorif′erous, producing dew; Rorif′luent, flowing with dew; Rō′rulent, full of dew: covered with bloom which may be rubbed off. [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Rorqual, ror′kwal, n. a genus of whales of the largest size. [Sw. rörhval—rör, round, hval, whale.]

Rosaceous, rō-zā′shus, adj. (bot.) pertaining to the rose family: with the petals arranged like the rose.—ns. Rosā′rian, a rose-fancier; Rosā′rium, a rose-garden; Rō′sa-sō′lis, a cordial made with spirits and various flavourings.—adj. Rō′sāted, crowned with roses. [L. rosaceous—rosa, a rose.]

Rosalia, rō-zā′li-a, n. a form of melody in which a phrase is repeated, each time being transposed a step forward. [It.]

Rosaniline, rō-zan′i-lin, n. a derivative of aniline: magenta: roseine.

Rosary, rō′za-ri, n. the string of beads by which Roman Catholics count their prayers: a series of devotions, aves, paternosters, and glorias: a rose-garden: a chaplet: an anthology.—Festival of the Rosary, a festival on the first Sunday in October, commemorating the victory over the Turks at Lepanto in 1571. [O. Fr. rosarie—Low L. rosarium—L. rosa, a rose.]

Roscid, ros′id, adj. dewy. [L.,—ros, roris, dew.]

Rose, pa.t. of rise.

Rose, rōz, n. any shrub of the genus Rosa, having stems generally prickly, flowers terminal, often corymbose, in colour white, yellow, pink, or red: a flower of one of these shrubs: any one of various plants resembling the true rose: a rosette: a perforated nozzle of a pipe, &c.: light crimson, the colour of the rose: an ornamental tie: erysipelas: (her.) a conventional representation of the flower.—v.t. to flush.—n. Rose′-acā′cia, the moss-locust, a tree with deep rose-coloured flowers.—adjs. Rō′seal, like a rose in smell or colour; Rō′seāte, rosy: full of roses: blooming: red.—ns. Rose′-bee′tle, -bug, a coleopterous insect about an inch long, which is destructive to flowers, esp. roses: the rose-chafer; Rose′-berr′y, the fruit of the rose: a hip; Rose′-bit, a cylindrical bit, the oblique surface of which is cut into teeth.—adj. Rose′-breast′ed, having rose-colour on the breast.—ns. Rose′-bud, the bud of the rose: a young girl; Rose′-burn′er, Rosette′-burn′er, a gas-burner in which the gas issues from a series of openings arranged radially round a centre; Rose′-bush, the shrub which bears roses; Rose′-cam′phor, one of the two volatile oils composing attar-of-roses; Rose′-cam′pion, a red flower, Lychnis coronaria; Rose′-carnā′tion, a carnation striped with rose-colour; Rose′-chāf′er, an injurious beetle whose grubs destroy the roots of strawberries, &c.; Rose′-col′our, the colour of a rose, pink: fancied beauty or attractiveness.—adj. Rose′-col′oured, having the colour of a rose.—n. Rose′-cross, a cross within a circle: a Rosicrucian.—adj. Rose′-cut, cut with a smooth, round surface, as a precious stone, and not in facets.—p.adj. Rosed (Shak.), crimsoned, flushed.—ns. Rose′-dī′amond, a diamond nearly hemispherical, cut into twenty-four triangular facets; Rose′-drop, a rose-flavoured orange: a pimply eruption on the nose caused by tippling; Rose′-en′gine, a form of lathe combining the rotary motion of the mandrel with a radial movement of the tool-rest; Rose′-fes′tival, a festival celebrated on 8th June, at Salency in France; Rose′-fly′catcher, an American fly-catching warbler; Rose′-gall, a gall produced on roses by an insect; Rose′-gerā′nium, a house-plant with rose-scented leaves; Rose′-haw, the fruit of the wild-rose: a Rose′-hip.—adj. Rose′-hued, rose-coloured.—n. Rose′-knot, a rosette of ribbon or other soft material.—adj. Rose′-lipped, having red lips.—ns. Rose′-mall′ow, a plant of the same genus, but larger, and having a finer flower than the common mallow, the hollyhock; Rose′-mould′ing (archit.), a moulding ornamented with roses; Rose′-nō′ble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, and current at the value of 6s. 8d. (see Noble, a coin).—adj. Rose′-pink, having a pink or rose colour: sentimental.—n. a crimson-pink colour.—ns. Rose′-quartz, a transparent quartz; Rose′-rash (see Roseola).—adjs. Rose′-red, red as a rose; Rose′-ringed, with a collar of red feathers, as a parrot.—ns. Rose′-root, a succulent herb, having a rose-scented root; Rō′sery, a place where roses are cultivated; Rose′-saw′fly, a sawfly which attacks the rose; Rose′-tan′ager, the summer red-bird; Rose′-tō′paz, an artificial colour of the true topaz produced by heat; Rose′-tree, a standard rose; Rose′-vin′egar, an infusion made by steeping roses in vinegar; Rose′-wa′ter, water distilled from rose-leaves.—adj. sentimental, as 'rose-water philosophy.'—ns. Rose′-win′dow, a circular window with its compartments branching from a centre, like a rose; Rose′wood, the wood of a Brazilian tree having a fragrance like that of roses; Rose′wood-oil, oil obtained from rosewood; Rose′-worm, the larva of a moth which feeds on the leaves of the rose, &c.; Rose′-yard, a rose-garden.—adj. Rō′sied, decorated with roses or the colour of roses.—n. Rō′sier (Spens.), a rose tree or bush.—adv. Rō′sily.—n. Rō′siness.—adjs. Rō′sy, like a rose: red: blooming: blushing: charming; Rō′sy-bos′omed, -col′oured; Rō′sy-bright, bright like a rose: blooming.—n. Rō′sy-drop, acne rosacea: a grog-blossom.—adjs. Rō′sy-fing′ered, Homer's favourite epithet of the dawn: with rosy fingers; Rō′sy-kin′dled, blushing with a rosy colour; Rō′sy-mar′bled, marbled with rosy colour.—ns. Rō′sy-marsh, -rus′tic, -wave, names of moths.—adj. Rō′sy-tint′ed, tinted of a rose-colour.—Under the rose (L., sub rosâ), under the pledge of secrecy, the rose being, among the ancients, the symbol of secrecy; Wars of the Roses, a disastrous dynastic struggle between the Houses of Lancaster and York, which desolated England during the 15th century, from the first battle of St Albans (1455) to that of Bosworth (1485). [A.S. róse—L. rosa, Gr. rhodon.]

Roselet, roz′let, n. the summer fur of the ermine.

Roselite, rō′ze-līt, n. a mineral occurring in small red crystals, being a native arseniate of cobalt. [Ger. roselith, from the mineralogist Gustav Rose (1798-1873), Gr. lithos, a stone.]

Rosella, rō-zel′a, n. the Australian rose-parrakeet.

Roselle, rō-zel′, n. an East Indian rose-mallow.

Rosemary, rōz′mā-ri, n. a small fragrant evergreen shrub of a pungent taste, growing in the countries round the Mediterranean—an ancient emblem of fidelity. [O. Fr. rosmarin—L. ros-marinus—ros, dew, marinus—mare, the sea.]

Roseola, rō-zē′ō-la, n. a rash of rose-coloured patches.

Roset, rō′zet, n. a red colour used by painters.

Roset, ros′et, n. (Scot.) rosin.

Rosetta-stone, rō-zet′a-stōn, n. a slab of black basalt found at Rosetta in Egypt in 1799, having inscribed upon it, in hieroglyphics, demotic or enchorial, and Greek, a decree in honour of Ptolemy V.—the first clue to the decipherment of hieroglyphics.

Rosetta-wood, rō-zet′a-wōōd, n. a handsome orange-wood used in cabinet-making.

Rosette, rō-zet′, n. an imitation of a rose by means of a ribbon: a form of knot: (archit.) a rose-shaped ornament: a disc formed by throwing water on melted metal.—adj. Roset′ted.—Red rosette, or button, the rosette worn by officers of the Legion of Honour. [Fr., dim. of rose.]

Rosicrucian, roz-i-krōō′shi-an, n. one of a secret society of the 17th century, the members of which made great pretensions to an acquaintance with the secrets of Nature, the transmutation of metals, power over elemental spirits, magical signatures, &c.—n. Rosicru′cianism. [Prob. Latinised from Christian Rosenkreuz ('rose cross,' L. rosa, rose, crux, cross), the alleged founder in 1459; or from L. roscidus, dewy—ros, dew, crux, crucis, a cross.]

Rosin, roz′in, n. the solid left after distilling off the oil from crude turpentine.—v.t. to rub or cover with rosin.—adj. Ros′ined.—ns. Ros′in-oil, an oil from pine resin for lubricating machinery; Ros′in-wood, any plant of the genus Silphium.—adj. Ros′iny, like or containing rosin. [Resin.]

Rosing, rō′zing, n. the operation of imparting a pink tint to raw white silk.

Rosland, ros′land, n. (prov.) moorish land.—n. Ross, a swamp.

Rosmarine, roz′ma-rēn, n. (Spens.) a sea-monster supposed to lick dew off the rocks: rosemary: the walrus. [Rosemary.]

Rosmarus, ros′ma-rus, n. the genus containing the walruses.

Rosminianism, ros-min′i-an-izm, n. the philosophical system of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797-1855), founder of the Institute of the Brethren of Charity—its fundamental conception, being considered as the form of the intelligence.—n. Rosmin′ian, a member of the foregoing.

Rosolio, Rosoglio, rō-zō′li-ō, n. a red wine of Malta: a sweet cordial from raisins. [Fr.,—It.,—L. ros solis, dew of the sun.]

Ross, ros, n. the scaly matter on the surface of trees: (Scot.) the refuse of plants.—v.t. to strip the bark from.—n. Ross′ing-machine′, a machine for removing the bark of a tree. [Norw. ros, scale.]

Rossignol, ros′i-nyol, n. the nightingale. [Fr.]

Rostellaria, ros-te-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of marine univalves.—adj. and n. Rostellā′rian.—adjs. Ros′tellate; Rostel′liform.—n. Rostel′lum, any small beak-shaped process, as in the stigma of many violets: the forepart of the head of tapeworms—also Ros′tel. [L. rostellum, a little beak.]

Roster, ros′tėr, n. the list of individuals, or corps, kept by the various staff officers of the army to ensure the allotment of duties in proper rotation: (coll.) any roll of names. [Dut. rooster—L. register, a list.]

Rostrum, ros′trum, n. in ancient Rome, an erection for public speakers in the Forum, adorned with the beaks or heads of ships taken in war: the platform from which a speaker addresses his audience: the snout of an animal, or the beak of a bird: the beak of a ship, an ancient form of ram:—pl. Ros′trums, Ros′tra.—adjs. Ros′tral, like a rostrum or beak; Ros′trāte, -d, beaked.—n.pl. Rostrif′era, a suborder of gasteropods, with contractile rostrum or snout.—adjs. Rostrif′erous, having a rostrum; Ros′triform, shaped like a rostrum; Ros′tro-anten′nary, pertaining to the rostrum and antennæ of a crustacean; Ros′troid, resembling a rostrum; Rostrolat′eral, situated alongside the rostrum.—n. Ros′trulum, the mouth part of a flea. [L. rostrum, the beak—rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Rosula, roz′ū-la, n. a small rose: a genus of Echinoderms.—adjs. Ros′ūlar, Ros′ūlate, having the leaves in rose-like clusters.

Rot, rot, v.i. to putrefy: to become decomposed: to become morally corrupt: to become affected with sheep-rot.—v.t. to cause to rot: to bring to corruption:—pr.p. rot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rot′ted.—n. decay: putrefaction: a special disease of the sheep, as of the potato: a decay (called dry-rot) which attacks timber: (slang) rant, bosh.—ns. Rot′-grass, the soft grass: the butterwort: the penny-rot; Rot′gut, bad liquor; Rot′-steep, the process of steeping cottons to remove impurities. [A.S. rotian, pa.p. rotod; cf. Ice. rotinn, putrid.]

Rota, rō′ta, n. a wheel: a course: a school or military roll: an ecclesiastical tribunal in the R.C. Church, consisting of twelve prelates called auditors, having its seat at the papal court.—adj. Rō′tal.—n.pl. Rotā′lia, the typical genus of Rotaliidæ, small foraminifers of rotate figure.—adjs. Rotā′lian; Rotal′iform; Rō′taline.—n. Rō′talite, a fossil rotalian.—adj. Rō′tary, turning round like a wheel: rotatory: held in rotation.—v.t. Rō′tāte, to turn anything round like a wheel: to cause to turn or to pass in rotation.—v.i. to turn round like a wheel: to go round in succession.—adj. wheel-shaped.—ns. Rotā′ting-ring, a band of brass, &c., placed round a projectile to give it rotation; Rotā′tion, a turning round like a wheel: series or appropriate succession, as of crops: recurrent order.—adjs. Rotā′tional, Rō′tātive.—adv. Rō′tātively.—n. Rotā′tor, any rotational agency: a muscle producing rotatory motion.—n.pl. Rotatō′ria, the wheel-animalcules—also Rotif′era.—adjs. Rotatō′rial, Rotatō′rian; Rō′tatory, turning round like a wheel: following in succession. [L. rota, a wheel.]

Rotche, roch, n. the little auk, or sea-dove.—Also Rotch′ie. [Prob. Dut. rotje, a petrel.]

Rote, rōt, n. the mechanical repetition of words without knowledge of the meaning: a row or rank.—v.t. (Shak.) to learn by rote. [O. Fr. rote, a track—Low L. rupta, a road—rumpĕre, to break.]

Rote, rōt, n. a musical instrument with strings.—n. Rō′tour. [O. Fr. rote, a fiddle (cf. Old High Ger. hrotā), from Celt.; W. crwth, Gael. cruit.]

Rote, rōt, n. the sound of the surf.

Rotella, rō-tel′a, n. a disc, a round shield: a genus of gasteropods. [Dim. of L. rota, a wheel.]

Rother, roth′ėr, adj. (Shak.) roaring, lowing, denoting cattle generally, or horned or black cattle.—n. Roth′er-beast. [A.S. hrýther, an ox, a cow; cf. Ger. pl. rinder, horned cattle.]

Rothesay Herald, one of the six Scottish heralds.

Rotifer, rōt′if-ėr, n. one of a class of minute aquatic animals, popularly called wheel-animalcules, with an anterior equipment of cilia whose movements suggest a rapidly rotating wheel:—pl. Rotif′era.—adjs. Rotif′eral; Rotif′erous; Rō′tiform, wheel-shaped: (bot.) having a short tube and spreading limb. [L. rota, a wheel, ferre, to carry.]

Rotl, rot′l, n. an Arabian pound of twelve ounces.

Rotonde, rō-tond′, n. a ruff worn during the beginning of the 17th century: a cope. [Fr.]

Rotor, rō′tor, n. a quantity having magnitude, direction, and position. [Rotator.]

Rotten, rot′n, adj. putrefied: corrupt: decomposed: unsound: treacherous: fetid: friable, as rottenstone.—adv. Rott′enly, in a rotten manner: defectively.—ns. Rott′enness; Rott′enstone, a soft and earthy stone powdered to polish brass, &c.—v.t. to polish with rottenstone. [Rot.]

Rottlera, rot′ler-a, n. a genus of Indian euphorbiaceous plants now included under Mallotus, yielding kamila (q.v.) dye.

Rottolo, rot′ō-lō, n. a Levantine weight. [It.]

Rotula, rot′ū-la, n. the patella or knee-pan: one of the five radial pieces in the dentary apparatus of the sea-urchin.—adjs. Rot′ūlar; Rot′ūliform.

Rotund, rō-tund′, adj. round: spherical: convexly protuberant.—ns. Rotun′da, Rotun′do, a round building, esp. with a dome, as the Pantheon at Rome.—adjs. Rotun′dāte, rounded off, specifically noting bodies rounded off at the end; Rotundifō′lious, having round leaves; Rotun′dious, Rotundō′vate (bot.), egg-shaped.—ns. Rotund′ness, Rotun′dity, globular form.—adj. Rotund′-point′ed, bluntly pointed. [L. rotundus—rota, a wheel.]

Roture, rō-tūr′, n. in Canadian law, a grant made of feudal property: plebeian rank in France.—n. Roturier (ro-tü-ri-ā′), a plebeian. [Fr.,—Low L. ruptura, ground broken by the plough—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rouble. Same as Ruble.

Rouched, rowcht, adj. wrinkled, puckered. [Ruck, a wrinkle.]

Roucou, rōō′kōō, n. a dye—arnotto. [Fr.,—Braz.]

Roué, rōō-ā′, n. a fashionable profligate: a rake, debauchee.—n. Rou′erie, debauchery. [A name given by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 1715-23, to his dissolute companions—Fr. roué, one broken on the wheel—pa.p. of rouer—roue—L. rota, a wheel.]

Rouelle, rōō-el′, n. a wheel-like amulet of the ancient Gauls, intended to symbolise the sun.—n. Rouelle′-guard, a guard having the shape of a disc, as on some old daggers. [Fr.]

Rouen-cross. See Cross.

Rouge, rōōzh, n. a powder used to give artificial colour to the cheeks or lips.—v.t. to colour with rouge.—v.i. to use rouge: to blush.—ns. Rouge′-berr′y, a shrub of tropical America, whose berries supply a cosmetic; Rouge′-dish, a saucer containing a thin layer of dry rouge; Rouge-et-noir, a modern game of chance, played by the aid of packs of cards on a table covered with green cloth—also Trente-un and Trente-et-quarante.—Rouge croix, one of the four pursuivants of the English College of Heralds; Rouge dragon, one of the pursuivants of the Heralds' College. [Fr. rouge (It. roggio, robbio)—L. rubeus, red.]

Rouget, rōō-zhā′, n. an infectious disease of swine. [Fr.,—rouge, red.]

Rough, ruf, adj. not smooth: uneven: uncut: unpolished: unfinished: boisterous: tempestuous: violent: harsh: severe: rude: coarse: disordered in appearance: hasty, as a rough guess: stale: astringent: in Greek grammar, marking the stronger aspiration, equivalent to Eng. h.—n. rough condition, crudeness: a piece inserted in a horse's shoe to keep him from slipping: a bully, a ruffian, a rowdy.—v.t. to make rough: to roughen a horse's shoes to keep him from slipping: to shape roughly: to roughen.—v.i. to break the rules in boxing by too great violence.—n. Rough′age, coarse material for bedding cattle, &c.—adj. Rough′-billed, having a rough, horny excrescence on the beak.—v.t. Rough′-cast, to mould in a rough, unfinished way: to form anything in its first rudiments.—n. a rude model: a form in its rudiments: a kind of semi-fluid mortar containing fine gravel, thrown in a thin coating on outer walls.—vs.t. Rough′-cull, to cull oysters hastily; Rough′-draft, -draw, to trace roughly; Rough′-dry, to dry without smoothing.—adj. dry without having been smoothed.—v.t. Rough′en, to make rough.—v.i. to become rough.—n. Rough′er, a workman who shapes something preparatory to a finishing operation: a piece of woollen cloth in preparation for fulling.—adjs. Rough′-foot′ed, having feathered feet, as a grouse; Rough′-grained, coarse-grained.—v.t. Rough′-grind, to grind roughly.—n. Rough′-head, the iguanoid lizard.—v.t. Rough′-hew, to hew coarsely: (Shak.) to give to anything the first appearance of form.—n. Rough′-hew′er.—p.adj. Rough′-hewn, not yet nicely finished: unpolished: unrefined.—ns. Rough′-hound, the dogfish: a kind of shark; Rough′ie (Scot.), dried heath; Rough′ing-mill, a metal disc charged with wet emery, &c., for grinding gems.—adjs. Rough′ish, rather rough; Rough′-legged, having legs covered with feathers.—adv. Rough′ly, coarsely: harshly: rudely.—ns. Rough′ness, crudeness: rawness: harshness: asperity: physical or mental rudeness: (U.S.) fodder consisting of dried corn-stalks: (Scot.) plenty, esp. of food.—adj. Rough′-per′fect, of an actor when nearly perfect in the memorising of a part.—ns. Rough′-rid′er, one who rides rough or untrained horses: a horse-breaker; Rough′-scuff, a coarse fellow: the rabble.—adj. Rough′-shod, shod with roughened shoes, as a horse in frosty weather.—n. Rough′-slant, a shed partially enclosed, for shelter.—adj. Rough′-spun, rude, homely.—ns. Rough′-string, one of the supports for the steps of a wooden stairway; Rough′-stuff, coarse paint laid on after the priming, and before the finish; Rough′-tail, a shield-tail snake.—adj. Rough′-tailed.—n. Rough′-wing, a British moth: a rough-winged swallow.—adj. Rough′-winged.—v.t. Rough′-work, to work over hastily without attention to execution in detail—also n.—Rough and ready, rough in manner but prompt in action; Rough and tumble, said of fighting in any style or by any means: indiscriminate, confused, not too particular about decorum, fairness, &c.; Rough diamond (see Diamond); Rough it, to take what comes.—Cut up rough, to become quarrelsome or violent; In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; Ride rough-shod (see Ride). [A.S. rúh, rough; Ger. rauch, rauh, Dut. ruig.]

Rought, rawt, an obsolete pret. of reck.

Roulade, rōō-lad′, n. (mus.) a melodic embellishment: a run. [Fr.,—rouler, to roll.]

Roule, rōōl, n. an obsolete form of roll.

Rouleau, rōō-lō′, n. a roll of paper containing a certain number of coins: a large piping or trimming: one of a bundle of fascines to cover besiegers:—pl. Rouleaux′. [Fr.]

Roulette, rōōl-et′, n. a little ball or roller: a game of chance played on an oblong table divided into numbered and coloured spaces, and having in the centre a rotating disc on which a ball is rolled until it drops into one of the spaces, the player winning if he has staked his money on that space or its colour: an engraver's tool: a cylindrical object used to curl hair upon: (geom.) a particular kind of curve. [Fr.,—rouler, to roll.]

Roum. See Room (2).

Rounce, rowns, n. a wheel-pulley in a hand printing-press: a game of cards.

Rounceval, rown′se-val, n. (obs.) a giant: anything large and strong: the marrow-fat pea.

Rouncy, rown′si, n. (obs.) a common hackney: a nag: a vulgar woman.

Round, rownd, v.t. (Spens.) to address in a whisper. [A.S. runian, to whisper.]

Round, rownd, adj. circular: globular: cylindrical: whole: complete: plump: large: not inconsiderable, as a sum: whole, unbroken: smooth-flowing, continuous, as a sound: full, expressive: open: plain: positive: bold, brisk, without hesitation or delicacy, plain-spoken: candid, as a 'round unvarnished tale': severe: well turned, in a literary sense: periodic: (archit.) vaulted.—adv. on all sides: every way: circularly: in a revolution: from one side or party to another: not in a direct line, circuitously: in a round manner: from beginning to end.—prep. around: on every side of: all over.—n. that which is round: a circle or globe: a series of actions: the time of such a series: a turn: routine: revolution: cycle: an accustomed walk: a rundle or step of a ladder: a song or dance having a frequent return to the same point: a volley or general discharge of firearms, a single charge of ammunition for a musket or field-piece: that in which a whole company takes part, as a treat of liquor, &c.: prescribed circuit, as a policeman's round: the whole scope, as the round of science: one of a series, as rounds of applause: a bout in a boxing match: a brewer's vessel for holding beer while undergoing fermentation.—v.t. to make round: to surround: to go round: to complete: to make full and flowing: to encircle: to make a course round.—v.i. to grow or become round or full: to go round: to go the rounds, as a guard.—adj. Round′about, encircling: circuitous: indirect.—n. a horizontal revolving wheel on which children ride: a round-dance: a short jacket.—adv. Round′aboutly.—ns. Round′aboutness; Round′-all, an acrobatic feat.—adjs. Round′-arched, of a style characterised by semicircular arches; Round′-arm, in cricket, swinging the arm more or less horizontally; Round′-backed, having a round or curved back: round-shouldered; Round′-crest′ed, fan-crested.—ns. Round′-dance, a dance in a circle, or in which the couples wheel; Round′er, one that frequents a place: a tool for making an edge round: (pl.) an English game out of which base-ball grew, played with a small ball and a bat about two feet long.—adj. Round′-faced, having a round face.—ns. Round′-fish, the common carp: the shadwaiter; Round′hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are well rounded and free; Round′head, a Puritan, so called in the time of Charles I. from the Puritan fashion of having the hair cut close to the head.—adj. Round′headed.—ns. Round′-house, in ships, a cabin or house on the after-part of the quarterdeck: on American railways, an engine-house; Round′ing, in bookbinding, the shaping the folded and sewed sheets into a convex form at the back; Round′ing-machine′, various machines for producing round forms, as a machine for sawing out circular heads for casks; Round′ing-plane, a woodworking tool for rounding the handles of rakes, &c.; Round′ing-tool, an instrument used in forging for rounding a rod: a kind of draw-plate in saddlery for shaping round leather straps; Round′-ī′ron, a plumber's tool for finishing soldered work.—adj. Round′ish, somewhat round.—ns. Round′ishness; Round′le (Spens.), a roundelay; Round′let, a little circle.—adv. Round′ly, in a round manner: fully: completely: boldly: openly: plainly: briskly: generally.—adj. Round′-mouthed (zool.), having a mouth without any lower jaw.—n. Round′ness, quality of being round, globular, or cylindrical: cylindrical form: fullness: smoothness of flow: plainness: boldness: a kind of muff.—n.pl. Round′-num′bers, an indefinite or approximate statement of a number, as a population, say, of 10,000.—v.t. Round′-ridge, to plough into round ridges.—ns. Rounds′man (U.S.), a policeman who acts as inspector; Round′-stone, small stones used for paving; Round′-tā′ble, the group of twelve knights, the bravest of all the throng, who form the centre of the mythical King Arthur's retinue, sitting with the king at a round table; Round′-top, a round platform at the mast-head.—n.pl. Round′-tow′ers, tall narrow circular towers tapering gradually from the base to the summit, found abundantly in Ireland, and occasionally in Scotland, now generally believed to be the work of Christian architects and built for religious purposes.—n. Round′-up, the forming of upward curves: the bringing together of all the cattle in a ranch: a finishing of an arrangement: the convexity of a deck.—adj. Round′-winged, having rounded wings, as some British moths.—n. Round′-worm, one of a class of worms (Nematoda) in which the body is elongated and more or less cylindrical, most of them parasitic—opposed to the flatworms or Plathelminthes, such as tapeworms and flukes.—Round about, in an opposite direction: an emphatic form of round; Round of beef, a cut of the thigh, through and across the bone; Round off, to finish completely; Round to, to turn the head of a ship to the wind.—All round, in all respects; Bring round (see Bring); Come round (see Come); Scold roundly, to bring to book. [O. Fr. roond (Fr. rond)—L. rotundus—rota, a wheel.]

Roundel, rown′del, n. anything of a round form or figure: a circle: a ring-dance, a rondel.—n. Roun′delay, a round: a song in which parts are repeated: a dance in a ring. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. rondeau), dim. of rond, round.]

Roundrobin, rownd-rob′in, n. a name given to a protest signed by a number of persons in a circular form, so that no one shall be obliged to head the list. [Fr. rond ruban, round ribbon.]

Roundure, rown′dūr, n. (Shak.)=Rondure.

Roup, rowp, n. (Scot.) a sale by auction.—v.t. to sell by auction.

Roup, rōōp, n. an infectious disease of the respiratory passages of poultry.

Rouse, rowz, v.t. to raise up: to stir up: to awaken: to excite to anything: to put into action: to startle or start, as an animal: to work about in salt, to roil.—v.i. to awake: to be excited to action.—n. the reveille.—adv. (obs.) vehemently.—adj. Rous′ant (her.), starting up, as a bird in the attitude of rising.—ns. Rouse′ment, an awakening religious discourse; Rous′er, one who, or that which, rouses, anything astonishing.—adj. Rous′ing, having power to awaken: great, violent.—adv. Rous′ingly.—adj. Rous′y, noisy, riotous. [Scand., Sw. rusa, Dan. ruse, to rush.]

Rouse, rowz, n. a carousal: a bumper. [Scand., Sw. rus, drunkenness, Ice. rúss; cf. Dut. roes, Ger. rausch.]

Roussette, rōō-set′, n. a fruit-eating bat: a dogfish. [Fr.]

Roust, rowst, v.t. to stir up.—v.i. to move energetically.

Roust, rōōst, n. a current in the sea.—v.i. to drive strongly.

Roustabout, rowst′a-bowt′, n. (Amer.) a common wharf labourer: a shiftless vagrant.—Also Rous′ter.

Rout, rowt, n. a tumultuous crowd, a rabble: a large party: a fashionable evening assembly.—n. Rout′-cake, a rich sweet cake for evening parties.—adjs. Rout′ish, clamorous: disorderly; Rout′ous. [O. Fr. route, a band—Low L. rupta, thing broken—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rout, rowt, n. the defeat of an army or body of troops: the disorder of troops defeated: a pack of wolves.—v.i. to assemble together.—v.t. to put to disorderly flight: to defeat and throw into confusion: to conquer: to drag out, or into the light.—Put to rout, to put to flight. [O. Fr. route—L. ruptus, rupta, pa.p. of rumpĕre, to break.]

Rout, rowt, v.i. to roar like a cow: to snore: to howl like the wind. [A.S. hrútan, to roar.]

Rout, rowt, v.t. to root up, as a pig: to scoop out.—v.i. to poke about—also Wrout.—n. Rout′er, a sash-plane, as Rout′er-gauge, for inlaid work.—v.t. Rout′er, to cut out, leaving some parts in relief.—ns. Rout′er-plane, a plane for the bottoms of rectangular cavities; Rout′er-saw; Rout′ing-machine′, a shaping-machine for wood, metal, or stone. [Root.]

Rout, rowt, n. the brent goose. [Ice. hrota.]

Route, rōōt, n. a course to be traversed: a line of march: road: track.—n. Route′-step, an order of march in which soldiers are not required to keep step.—Star route, in the United States, a post route by means other than steam, the blank contracts for which have three groups of four stars. [Fr.,—L. rupta (via), 'a broken way.']

Routh, rowth, adj. (Scot.) plentiful, abundant—also n.—adj. Routh′ie, plentiful, well filled.

Routier, rōō-ti-ā′, n. a French brigand of the 12th century: any brigand or armed robber.

Routine, rōō-tēn′, n. course of duties: regular course of action: an unvarying round.—adj. keeping an unvarying round.—adj. Routi′nary, customary, ordinary.—ns. Routineer′; Routi′nism; Routi′nist. [Fr.]

Routle, row′tl, v.t. (dial.) to disturb: to root out.

Roux, rōō, n. a mixture of melted butter and flour for soups, &c. [Fr.]

Rove, rōv, v.t. to wander over: to plough into ridges.—v.i. to wander about: to ramble: to range: to aim, as in archery, at some casual mark: to be light-headed: to be full of fun.—n. a wandering.—ns. Rō′ver, one who roves: a robber or pirate: a wanderer: an inconstant person: in archery, a person shooting with a long bow and arrow: an arrow used by a rover: an irregular point to be aimed at: in croquet, a ball that has gone through all the hoops; Rō′very; Rō′ving, the act of wandering.—adv. Rō′vingly.—n. Rō′vingness.—Shoot at rovers, to shoot at random. [M. E. rover, a robber—Dut. roover, a pirate, rooven, to rob—roof. The verb rove is from the noun roof, plunder.]

Rove, rōv, v.t. to draw through an eye: to bring wool into the form it receives before being spun into thread: to ravel out thread: to undo what has been knit: to card.—n. a roll of wool or cotton drawn out and twisted.—ns. Rō′ving, the process of giving the first twist to yarn: a slightly twisted sliver of carded fibre; Rō′ving-frame, a machine for the manufacture of cotton and worsted; Rō′ving-machine′, a machine for winding on bobbins; Rō′ving-plate, a scraper used for giving a grindstone a true circular form; Rō′ving-reel, a device for measuring a hank of yarn. [Prob. a variant of reeve or of rive.]

Rove-beetle, rōv′-bē′tl, n. a brachelytrous coleopterous insect, as the devil's coach-horse.—n. Rō′ver-bee′tle, a salt-water insect.

Row, rō, n. a line: a rank: persons or things in a line.—v.t. to arrange in a line. [A.S. ráw, ráwe; Ger. reihe, Dut. rij.]

Row, rō, v.t. to impel with an oar: to transport by rowing.—v.i. to work with the oar: to be moved by oars.—n. an excursion in a rowing-boat.—adj. Row′able.—ns. Row′boat, a boat moved by rowers; Row′er; Row′-port, a small square hole in small vessels near the water-line for the oars in a calm. [A.S. rówan; Ger. rudern, Ice. róa.]

Row, row, n. a noisy squabble: uproar: an outbreak: a brawl.—v.t. to injure by wild treatment: to abuse, scold.—v.i. to behave in a riotous way.—adj. Row′dy, noisy and turbulent, given to quarrelling.—n. a rough, disreputable fellow.—n. Row′dy-dow, a sustained noise or hubbub, a row.—adjs. Row′dy-dow′dy, given to raising rows, uproarious; Row′dyish.—ns. Row′dyism, the conduct of a rowdy or rough, turbulence; Row′er, one given to quarrels. [Put for rouse (q.v.).]

Row, row, n. (Scot.) a form of roll.—n. Row′-cloth, a folding cloak of warm cloth.

Rowan, row′an, n. the mountain-ash, or quicken-tree, a British tree belonging to the natural order Rosaceæ, whose acid fruit—Rowan berries—is sometimes used for preserves.—Also Roan-tree. [Scand., Sw. röun, Dan. rön, Ice. reynir.]

Rowel, row′el, n. the little wheel in a spur, set with sharp points: a little flat wheel or ring on horses' bits: a seton inserted in the flesh of an animal.—v.t. to put spurs on: to apply the spur to.—ns. Row′el-head, the axis on which a rowel turns; Row′eling-need′le, a needle used for inserting a rowel or seton; Row′eling-scis′sors, a farrier's instrument for inserting rowels; Row′el-spur, a spur having several radiating points. [Fr. rouelle—Low L. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel.]

Rowen, row′en, n. the aftermath, or second crop of hay: (prov.) a stubble-field.

Rowlock, rō′lok, or rul′uk, n. a contrivance on the wale of a boat, to rest the oar in rowing.—Also Roll′ock, Rull′ock. [Prob. A.S. árlóc.]

Rowme, rowm, n. (Spens.) room, space, place.

Roxburghe, roks′bur-ō, n. a style of binding for books, with cloth or paper sides, plain leather back, gilt-top, other sides untrimmed, named from the Duke of Roxburghe (1740-1804).

Roy, roi, n. (obs.) a king. [O. Fr.,—L. rex, regis.]

Royal, roi′al, adj. regal, kingly: magnificent: illustrious: magnanimous: enjoying the favour or patronage of the sovereign: of more than common size or excellence.—n. a large kind of paper (19 by 24 in. for writing-paper, 20 by 25 for printing-paper): (obs.) a royal person, a king: a gold coin: a sail immediately above the topgallant sail: one of the shoots of a stag's head: a small mortar: a tuft of beard on the lower lip, an imperial.—n. Roy′alet, a petty king.—v.t. Roy′alise (Shak.), to make royal.—ns. Roy′alism, attachment to kings or to kingly government; Roy′alist, an adherent of royalism: a cavalier during the English civil war: in American history, an adherent of the British government: in French history, a supporter of the Bourbons—also adj.—adv. Roy′ally.—n. Roy′al-mast, the fourth and highest part of the mast from the deck, commonly made in one piece with the topgallant mast.—adj. Roy′al-rich (Tenn.), rich as a king.—n. Roy′alty, kingship: the character, state, or office of a king: majesty: the person of the king or sovereign: fixed sum paid to the Crown or other proprietor, as on the produce of a mine, &c.: kingdom: royal authority: a royal domain: (Scot.) the bounds of a royal burgh.—Royal bounty, a fund from which the sovereign grants money to the female relatives of officers who die of wounds; Royal cashmere, a thin material of pure wool; Royal fern (Osmunda regalis), the most striking of British ferns; Royal horned caterpillar, a large bombycid moth of the United States; Royal household, the body of persons in the service of the sovereign.—The Royals, a name formerly given to the first regiment of foot in the British army. [Fr.,—L. regalis, regal.]

Royena, roi′e-na, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the ebony family. [From the 18th-century Dutch botanist Adrian van Royen.]

Royne, roin, v.t. to bite, to gnaw.—adj. Roy′nish (Shak.), scurvy, mangy: mean. [O. Fr. rogne, mange—L. rubigo, rust.]

Royne, roin, v.i. to whisper, mutter.—Also Roin, Rownd. [Cf. Round, to whisper.]

Roysterer, roist′ėr-ėr, n. Same as Roisterer.

Roytish, roi′tish, adj. (obs.) wild: irregular.

Rub, rub, v.t. to move something over the surface of with pressure or friction: to clean, polish, or smooth, by passing something over: to wipe: to scour: to remove by friction (with off, out): to erase or obliterate (with out): to touch hard, fret: at bowls, to touch the jack with the bowl.—v.i. to move along with pressure, friction, or difficulty: to get through difficulties: to grate, to fret:—pr.p. rub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. rubbed.—n. the act of rubbing: that which rubs: a collision: an obstruction: difficulty: a pinch: a joke: a sarcasm: a flaw: a rubber at cards.—ns. Rub′-a-dub, the sound of the drum when beaten; Rub′-ī′ron, a wheel-guard, or wheel-guard plate; Rub′stone, a whetstone: a coarse-grained sandstone used for sharpening instruments.—Rubbed work, work in stone smoothed by rubbing with gritstone; Rub down, to rub from top to bottom; Rub in, to force into the pores of by friction: to reiterate or emphasise; Rub out, to erase; Rub the wrong way, to irritate by opposition; Rub up, to polish: to freshen the memory. [Most prob. Celt.; Gael. rub, W. rhwbio, to rub, to grind.]

Rubasse, rōō-bas′, n. a beautiful variety of rock-crystal. [Fr.,—L. rubeus, reddish.]

Rubato, rōō-bä′to, adj. (mus.) in modified or distorted rhythm. [It., pa.p. of rubare, to steal.]

Rubber, rub′ėr, n. one who rubs down horses: one who practises massage: a coarse towel for rubbing the body: a piece of caoutchouc for erasing pencil-marks, india-rubber: a brush for erasing marks of chalk: the cushion of an electric machine: a whetstone, a file: an emery-cloth: an overshoe: a rub, as 'One who plays with bowls must expect to meet with rubbers': a contest of three games, as at whist—also the deciding game in such a series.—adj. made of caoutchouc or india-rubber.—ns. Rubb′er-cloth, a fabric coated with caoutchouc; Rubb′er-dam, a sheet of caoutchouc used by dentists to keep saliva out of a tooth while being filled; Rubb′er-gauge, a device for measuring the amount of india-rubber needed to make a given article; Rubb′er-mould, a vulcanite mould used by dentists in shaping the plates for artificial teeth; Rubb′er-mount′ing, in saddlery, harness-mounting with vulcanite in imitation of leather-work.—n.pl. Rubb′ers, a disease in sheep, with great heat and itchiness.—ns. Rubb′er-saw, a circular rotatory knife for cutting india-rubber; Rubb′er-stamp, an instrument for stamping by hand with ink, the letters, &c., being in flexible vulcanised rubber; Rubb′er-type, a type cast in rubber; Rubb′ing, an application of friction: a copy of an inscribed surface produced by rubbing heel-ball or plumbago upon paper laid over it.—ns. Rubb′ing-machine′, a machine used in linen bleaching; Rubb′ing-post, a stone or wooden post set up for cattle to rub themselves against; Rubb′ing-stone, a gritstone for erasing the marks on a stone.

Rubbish, rub′ish, n. waste matter: the fragments of ruinous buildings: any mingled mass: nonsense: trash: trumpery: litter.—n. Rubb′ish-heap, a pile of rubbish.—adj. Rubb′ishing, trashy: paltry.—n. Rubb′ish-pull′ey, a gin-block.—adj. Rubb′ishy, worthless. [M. E. robows, robeux—O. Fr. robeux, pl. of robel, dim. of robe, robbe, trash, whence also rubble; cf. It. roba, rubbish, spoil.]

Rubble, rub′l, n. the upper fragmentary decomposed matter of a mass of rock: water-worn stones: small, undressed stones used in coarse masonry.—ns. Rubb′le-stone (same as Rubble): also (geol.) a kind of conglomerate rock; Rubb′le-work, a coarse kind of masonry of stones left almost as they come from the quarry, or only dressed a little with the hammer.—adj. Rubb′ly. [O. Fr. robel, pl. robeux, dim. of robe, robbe, rubbish; cf. It. roba, and the cognate rob.]

Rubecula, rōō-bek′ū-la, n. a genus of birds, such as the robin redbreast. [L. rubēre, to be red.]

Rubedity, rōō-bed′i-ti, n. ruddiness.—adj. Rubed′inous. [L. rubedo, redness—rubēre, to be red.]

Rubefacient, rōōb-e-fā′shent, adj. making ruby or red.—n. (med.) an external application which stimulates and consequently reddens the skin.—n. Rubefac′tion, the effect or action of a rubefacient. [L. rubēre, to be red, faciens, -entis, pr.p. of facĕre, to make.]

Rubella, rōō-bel′a, n. a contagious disease, with rose-coloured eruption.—Also Rubē′ola, and German measles.

Rubescent, rōō-bes′ent, adj. tending to a red colour.—n. Rubes′cence, a growing or becoming red: tendency to redness. [L. rubescĕre, to grow red—ruber, red.]

Rubia, rōō′bi-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, including the madder.—n. Ru′bian, a colour-producing matter of madder.—adj. Rubian′ic.—n. Ru′biate. [L.,—rubeus, reddish, rubēre, to be red.]

Rubican, rōō′bi-kan, adj. of a bay, sorrel, or black colour, with some light-gray or white on the flanks: of a red predominant over gray colour. [Fr.,—L. rubricāre, to colour red.]

Rubicel, Rubicelle, rōō′bi-sel, n. an orange or flame-coloured variety of spinel.

Rubicon, rōōb′i-kon, n. a stream of Central Italy, forming the boundary in the republican period of ancient Roman history between the province of Gallia Cisalpina and Italia proper.—Pass the Rubicon, to take a decisive, irrevocable step, as Julius Cæsar's crossing this stream, the limit of his province—a virtual declaration of war against the republic.

Rubicund, rōō′bi-kund, adj. inclining to redness: ruddy.—n. Rubicun′dity. [Fr.,—L. rubicundus, very red—rubēre, to be red.]

Rubidium, rōō-bid′i-um, n. a soft silvery-white metallic element. [L. rubidus, red.]

Rubify, rōō′bi-fī, v.t. to make red.—adj. Rubif′ic.—n. Rubificā′tion.—adj. Ru′biform. [Fr.,—L. rubefacĕre—rubēre, to be red, facĕre, to make.]

Rubigo, rōō-bī′gō, n. a kind of rust on plants: mildew.—adjs. Rubig′inose, brown-red; Rubig′inous. [L., rust.]

Rubine, rōō′bin, n. an aniline dye.—adj. Rubin′eous, of a glassy semi-transparent crimson. [L. rubeus, red.]

Rubiretin, rōō-bi-ret′in, n. a resinous colouring matter in madder. [L. rubeus, red, Gr. hrētinē, resin.]

Ruble, Rouble, rōō′bl, n. the unit of the Russian money system, divided into 100 copecks—the present silver ruble is equivalent to 2s. 1½d. [Russ. rublĭ—rubitĭ, cut off, prob. from Pers. rūpīya, a rupee.]

Rubric, rōō′brik, n. the directions for the service, in office-books, formerly in red letters: any heading, guiding, rule, &c. printed conspicuously in red: a flourish after a signature: a thing definitely settled: red ochre.—v.t. to enjoin services.—adjs. Ru′bric, -al, agreeing with a rubric.—adv. Ru′brically, over formally.—v.t. Ru′bricate, to illuminate with red letters: to formulate as a rubric.—adj. represented in red.—ns. Rubricā′tion, that which is illuminated; Rubricā′tor, one who rubricates; Rubric′ian, one versed in the rubric; Rubric′ity, accordance with the rubric.—adj. Ru′bricose (bot.), marked with red.—n. Ru′brisher (obs.), a painter of ornamental letters in early manuscripts. [L. rubrica, red earth—ruber, red.]

Rubus, rōō′bus, n. a genus of rosaceous plants including the raspberry, &c. [L., a bramble-bush.]

Ruby, rōō′bi, n. a pure transparent red-coloured corundum, inferior in hardness to the diamond only among gems: redness, anything red: (her.) the tincture red or gules: (print.) a type smaller than nonpareil and larger than pearl—5½ points in the new system: the red bird of Paradise: the ruby hummer of Brazil.—adj. red.—v.t. to make red:—pa.t. and pa.p. ru′bied.—adj. Ru′bied (Shak.), red as a ruby.—n. Ru′bine (Spens.), same as Ruby.—adj. Ru′bious (Shak.), ruby, red, ruddy.—ns. Ru′by-blende, a clear red variety of zinc sulphide: ruby silver; Ru′by-tail, a gold-wasp, or cuckoo-fly.—adj. Ru′by-throat′ed, like a humming-bird, with a ruby gorget.—ns. Ru′by-tī′ger, a British moth; Ru′by-wood, red sandalwood.—Rock ruby, a ruby-red garnet. [O. Fr. rubi—L. rubeus—ruber, red.]

Rucervus, rōō-ser′vus, n. a genus of East Indian Cervidæ.—adj. Rucer′vine.

Ruche, rōōsh, n. a plaited frilling.—Also Ruch′ing. [Fr., prob. Celt., Bret. rusk.]

Ruck, ruk, n. a wrinkle, fold, or crease.—v.t. to wrinkle, to crease: to annoy, ruffle.—v.i. to have a folded, wrinkled, or ridgy surface. [Ice. hrukka, a wrinkle.]

Ruck, ruk, v.i. to squat: to crouch down: to cower: to huddle together.—v.t. to perch, to roost.

Ruck, ruk, n. a crowd: a press: the common run: trash, nonsense.—v.t. to gather in heaps. [Prob. Scand.; Old Sw. ruka, a heap.]

Ruck, ruk, n. a small heifer.

Ruckle, ruk′l, n. (Scot.) a rattling noise in the throat, as from suffocation.—v.i. to emit such a sound. [Prob. cog. with Dut. rogchelen, to hawk.]

Ructation, ruk-tā′shun, n. the act of belching: eructation. [L. ructāre, to belch.]

Ruction, ruk′shun, n. (slang) a vexation: a disturbance: a rumpus. [Prob. a corr. of eruption.]

Rud, rud, n. redness: blush: flush: red ochre for marking sheep.—v.t. to make red. [A.S. rudu, redness, reódan, to redden.]

Rud, rud, v.t. (prov.) to rub: to polish.

Rudas, rōō′das, n. (Scot.) a foul-mouthed old woman: a randy, a hag.—adj. bold, coarse.

Rudbeckia, rud-bek′i-a, n. a genus of composite plants, abundant in the eastern and central United States, the cone-flowers. [Named from the Swedish botanist Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1702).]

Rudd, rud, n. the fish red-eye.

Rudder, rud′ėr, n. the instrument by which a ship is rowed or steered, its primitive form an oar working at the stern: that which guides anything: a bird's tail-feather.—ns. Rudd′er-band, a gearing with which the rudder is braced when the ship is at anchor; Rudd′er-brace, a strap to receive a pintle of the rudder; Rudd′er-brake, a compressor for controlling the rudder in a seaway; Rudd′er-chain, a strong chain often shackled to the after-part of a rudder to prevent its loss; Rudd′er-coat, a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water rushing in at the rudder-hole; Rudd′er-fish, the pilot-fish: the amber-fish: the barrel-fish.—adj. Rudd′erless, having no rudder.—ns. Rudd′er-post, the shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments at the other; Rudd′er-stock, the blade of the rudder, connected by hinges with the sternpost of a vessel; Rudd′er-trunk, a casing of wood fitted into the post, through which the rudder-stock is inserted; Rudd′er-wheel, a small wheel at the end of a plough helping to guide it. [A.S. róther; Ger. ruder, an oar.]

Rudder, rud′ėr, n. a riddle or sieve.—v.t. Rudd′le, to sift together: to mix, as through a sieve.

Ruddle, rud′l, v.t. to interweave: to cross-plait, as in making lattice-work. [Raddle.]

Ruddle, rud′l, n. a species of red earth, red ochre: (obs.) ruddiness.—v.t. to mark with ruddle—also Radd′le, Redd′le.—n. Rudd′leman=Reddleman. [A.S. rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Ruddoc, Ruddock, rud′uk, n. (Spens.) the redbreast: a gold coin: a kind of apple. [A.S. rudduc—rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Ruddy, rud′i (comp. Rudd′ier, superl. Rudd′iest), adj. red: of the colour of the skin in high health: rosy, glowing, bright.—v.t. to make red.—adv. Rudd′ily.—ns. Rudd′iness; Rudd′y-div′er, -duck, an American duck with wedge-shaped tail; Rudd′y-rudd′er, the long-eared sun-fish. [A.S. rudig, rudi—rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Rude, rōōd (comp. Ru′der, superl. Ru′dest), adj. crude: uncultivated: barbarous: rough: harsh: ignorant: uncivil: not smoothed: of low rank: mean: savage: brutal: ferocious: ill-bred: boorish: stormy: robust: not in good taste.—adj. Rude′-grow′ing, rough: wild.—adv. Rude′ly.—ns. Rude′ness; Rudes′by (Shak.), an uncivil fellow. [Fr.,—L. rudis, rough.]

Rudenture, rōō-den′tūr, n. the figure of a rope with which the flutings of columns are sometimes filled.—adj. Ruden′ted. [Fr.]

Ruderal, rōō′de-ral, adj. (bot.) growing in waste places or among rubbish.—n. Ruderā′tion, the act of paving with small stones and mortar. [L. rudus, rubbish.]

Rudesheimer, rü′des-hī-mėr, n. one of the white Rhine wines highly esteemed—named from Rüdesheim on the Rhine, opposite Bingen.

Rudge, ruj, n. (prov.) a partridge.

Rudge-wash, ruj′-wash, n. kersey cloth made of fleece wool as it comes from the sheep's back.

Rudiment, rōōd′i-ment, n. anything in its rude or first state: a first principle or element: (pl.) the introduction to any science: (biol.) that which is in its first stage of development: the beginning of any part or organ, that which is vestigial, an aborted part.—v.t. to ground: to settle in first principles.—adjs. Rudimen′tal, Rudimen′tary, pertaining to, consisting in, or containing rudiments or first principles: initial: elementary: undeveloped: (biol.) beginning to be formed: arrested in development.—adv. Rudimen′tarily.—n. Rudimentā′tion.

Rudmas-day, rud′mas-dā, n. Holy Rood Day.

Rue, rōō, n. a plant of any species of genus Ruta, with bitter leaves and greenish-yellow flowers—an emblem of bitterness and grief—called Herb of grace: any bitter infusion.—ns. Rue′-anem′one, an American wild-flower; Rue′-wort, a plant of the rue family. [Fr. rue—L. ruta—Gr. rhytē.]

Rue, rōō, v.t. to be sorry for: to lament: to repent of: to compassionate: to try to withdraw from, as a bargain.—v.i. to be sorrowful: to suffer: to have pity upon:—pr.p. rue′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. rued.—n. sorrow.—n. Rue′-bar′gain, a forfeit for withdrawing from a bargain.—adj. Rue′ful, sorrowful: piteous: deplorable: mournful: melancholy.—adv. Rue′fully.—ns. Rue′fulness; Ru′ing, repentance. [A.S. hreówan, to be sorry for—hreów, sorrow; Ger. reue, Old High Ger. hriuwa, mourning.]

Ruelle, rōō-el′, n. the space between the bed and the wall, a bed-chamber where great French ladies held receptions in the morning in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Fr., a lane—L. ruga, a wrinkle.]

Ruellia, rōō-el′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, tropical and American—the manyroot, spiritleaf, Christmas-pride of Jamaica, &c. [From the 16th-century French botanist, Jean Ruel.]

Rufescence, rōō-fes′ens, n. reddishness.—adj. Rufes′cent. [L. rufescĕre, to grow reddish—rufus, red.]

Ruff, ruf, n. an ornament of frills formerly worn round the neck: anything plaited: a bird belonging to the sandpiper sub-family of the Snipe family, the male with an erectile ruff during the breeding season—fem. Reeve: a band of long hair growing round the neck of some dogs: (mach.) an annular ridge formed on a shaft to prevent motion endwise: a breed of domestic pigeons: (obs.) a display.—v.t. to pucker: to draw up in folds: to ruffle, disorder: in falconry, to hit without trussing: (Scot.) to applaud by making noise with hands or feet.—adj. Ruffed, having a ruff, as the ruffed grouse. [Prob. ruffle.]

Ruff, ruf, n. an old game at cards: the act of trumping when the player has no cards of the suit left.—v.t. to trump in this way. [Perh. conn. with It. ronfa, a card-game.]

Ruff, ruf, n. ruggedness.—v.t. to heckle flax on a coarse heckle: to nap hats.—n. Ruff′er, a coarse heckle for flax.—adj. Ruff′y-tuff′y, disordered, rough.—adv. helter-skelter, pell-mell.

Ruff, ruf, n. a low vibrating beat of a drum.

Ruff, ruf, n. a small fresh-water fish of the Perch family, abundant in England, about six inches long, with only one dorsal fin.—Also Pope.

Ruffian, ruf′i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous fellow: a robber: a murderer: a pander.—adj. brutal: boisterous: licentious: stormy.—v.i. to play the ruffian, to rage.—n. Ruff′ianage.—adj. Ruff′ianish, having the qualities or manners of a ruffian.—n. Ruff′ianism, conduct of a ruffian.—adjs. Ruff′ianly, like a ruffian: violent; Ruff′inous (obs.), ruffianly, outrageously. [O. Fr. ruffian (Fr. rufien; It. rufiano), prob. from Old Dut. roffen, roffelen, a pander.]

Ruffin, ruf′in, n. (Spens.) the ruff-fish.

Ruffle, ruf′l, v.t. to make like a ruff, to wrinkle: to form into plaits: to form with ruffles: to disorder: to agitate.—v.i. to grow rough: to flutter.—n. annoyance: a quarrel: a plaited article of dress: a tumult: agitation.—adj. Ruff′led.—ns. Ruff′lement; Ruff′ler, a machine for making ruffles; Ruff′ling, ruffles generally.—Ruffle one's feathers, to make one angry. [Cf. Dut. ruifelen, to wrinkle, ruyffel, a wrinkle.]

Ruffle, ruf′l, v.i. to act turbulently: to swagger.—v.t. to bully.—n. Ruff′ler, a bully. [Ruffian.]

Rufous, rōō′fus, adj. reddish or brownish-red: having reddish hair.—adj. Ru′fūlous, somewhat rufous. [L. rufus, akin to ruber, red.]

Rug, rug, n. a coarse, rough woollen cloth or coverlet: a soft, woolly mat: a cover for a bed: a blanket or coverlet: a covering for the floor: a travelling robe: a rough, shaggy dog: a kind of strong liquor.—n. Rug′ging, heavy napped cloth for rugs: a coarse cloth for horse-boots. [Scand., Sw. rugg; cf. Rough.]

Rug, rug, v.t. (Scot.) to pull roughly.—n. a tug.—Get a rug, to get a haul at something desirable.

Rug, rug, adj. (prov.) snug: warm.

Ruga, rōō′ga, n. a fold: a crease: a corrugation.—adj. Ru′gate. [L., a fold.]

Rugby, rug′bi, n. the game of football according to the rules of the Rugby Football Union (1871), the sides numbering 15 each, played on ground 110 by 75 yards.

Rugged, rug′ed, adj. rough: uneven: shaggy: sour: stormy: grating to the ear: wrinkled: ruffled: homely: unpolished: rough: ungentle: (U.S.) robust.—adv. Rugg′edly.—n. Rugg′edness.—adjs. Rugg′y, rough: uneven; Rug′-head′ed, shock-headed. [Scand.; cf. Rug.]

Rugine, rōō′jin, n. a surgeon's rasp, a nappy cloth.—v.t. to use a rugine. [Fr.]

Rugosa, rōō-gō′sa, n. an order of sclerodermatous stone corals.

Rugose, rōō′gōs, adj. wrinkled: full of wrinkles: (bot.) having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage—also Ru′gous.—adv. Ru′gosely.—n. Rugos′ity.—adj. Ru′gūlose. [L. rugosus—ruga, a wrinkle.]

Ruin, rōō′in, n. a rushing or falling down violently: destruction: overthrow: that which destroys: the remains of a building demolished or decayed (usually in pl.): the state of being ruined: wreck, material or moral.—v.t. to demolish: to destroy: to defeat: to impoverish: to bring to ruin: to undo: to spoil: to seduce, debauch.—v.i. to run to ruin: to fall into decay: to do irreparable harm.—adj. Ru′inable (Bacon), capable of being ruined.—v.t. Ru′ināte (Shak.), to ruin, to destroy: to demolish: to reduce to poverty.—v.i. (Spens.) to fall:—pr.p. ru′ināting; pa.p. ru′ināted.—adj. (obs.) falling to ruin: ruined.—ns. Ruinā′tion, overthrow: subversion; Ru′iner.—adjs. Ru′iniform, having the appearance of ruins; Ru′inous, fallen to ruins: decayed: pernicious.—adv. Ru′inously.—n. Ru′inousness, the state or quality of being ruinous: mischievousness. [Fr.,—L. ruina—ruĕre, to tumble down.]

Rule, rōōl, n. government: a principle: a standard: a statute, a maxim, formula, or order: an instrument used in drawing lines or making calculations mechanically: a minor law, something established for guidance and direction, esp. the regulations of monasteries, corporate societies, &c.: the limits of a prison (esp. in pl.): conformity to rule, uniformity: in American parliamentary law, the regulations adopted by a deliberative body for the regulation of its proceedings: (gram.) the expression of some established form of construction: the description of a process for solving a problem: a general proposition, as 'Failure is the rule, success the exception': (law) an order regulating the court: (print.) a thin strip of rolled brass, cut type high, used for printing: in plastering, a strip of wood on the face of the wall as a guide to assist in keeping the plane surface.—v.t. to dispose: to regulate: to dominate: to govern: to manage: to prevail upon: to settle as by a rule: to establish by decision: to determine, as a court: to mark with lines.—v.i. to exercise power (with over): to decide: to lay down and settle: to stand or range, as prices.—adj. Ru′lable, governable: allowable.—ns. Rule′-case (print.), a tray with partitions for rules; Rule′-cut′ter (print.), a machine for cutting brass rules into short lengths; Rule′-drill′er, a teacher who teaches by rote; Rule′-joint, a pivoted joint used by surveyors, &c.—adj. Rule′less, lawless.—ns. Rule′lessness; Rule′-mong′er, a stickler for rules; Ru′ler, a sovereign: a governor: an instrument used in drawing lines: in engraving, a straight steel bar employed in engraving the lines; Ru′lership; Rule′-work (print.), work with many rules, as tables of figures, &c.—adj. Ru′ling, predominant: prevailing: reigning.—n. the determination by a judge, esp. an oral decision: the act of making ruled lines.—n. Ru′ling-en′gine, a machine for ruling diffraction gratings.—adv. Ru′lingly.—ns. Ru′ling-machine′, a machine used by engravers for ruling in flat tints: a machine for ruling parallel coloured lines upon writing-paper; Ru′ling-pen, a form of pen for drawing lines of even thickness; Slid′ing-rule, a rule having one or more scales which slide over others for the purpose of facilitating calculations.—Rule of faith, not the sum of the Christian faith as laid down in creeds and confessions, but, in polemical theology, the sources whence the doctrines of the faith are to be authoritatively derived—the Scriptures, the tradition of the Church, the teaching of the Fathers, &c.; Rule of the road, the regulations to be observed in the movements of conveyances either on land or at sea—thus in England drivers, riders, and cyclists take the left side in meeting, and the right in passing; Rule of three, the method of finding the fourth term when three are given; Rule of thumb, any rough process of measurement.—A rule to show cause, or A rule nisi, a rule which is conditional (see Nisi); As a rule, on the whole; One hour rule, a rule prohibiting members of the United States House of Representatives speaking more than an hour. [O. Fr. reule (Fr. règle)—L. regula—regĕre, to rule.]

Rule, rōōl, n. revelry.—v.i. to revel. [Revel.]

Rullion, rul′yon, n. a shoe made of untanned leather: a coarse woman: (Scot.) an ill-conditioned beast. [A.S. rifeling, a kind of shoe.]

Rum, rum, n. a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, or from molasses.—ns. Rum′-barge, a warm drink; Rum′-bloss′om, -bud, a pimple on the nose; Rum′-cherr′y, the wild black cherry of North America; Rum′-sell′er (U.S.), the keeper of a rum-shop; Rum′-shop; Rum′-shrub, a liqueur of rum, sugar, lime or lemon juice, &c. [Abbrev. of rumbullion; prob. related to rumble.]

Rum, rum, adj. good: queer, droll, odd.—n. any odd person or thing.—adv. Rum′ly, finely (used ironically). [A Gipsy word, rom, a husband.]

Rumal, rōō′mal, n. a handkerchief: a small shawl or veil.—Also Roo′mal, Ro′mal. [Hind.]

Rumble, rum′bl, v.i. to make a confused noise from rolling heavily: to roll about.—v.t. to rattle.—n. a low, heavy, continued sound: a jarring roar, rumour: confusion: a seat for servants behind a carriage: a revolving box in which articles are polished by mutual attrition.—ns. Rum′bler; Rum′ble-tum′ble, a rumble-seat; Rum′bling, a low, heavy, continued sound.—adv. Rum′blingly. [Teut.; found in Dut. rommelen, rummeln.]

Rumbo, rum′bō, n. a strong liquor.—n. Rumbooze′, a tipple: a mixed drink. [Rum.]

Rumbullion, rum-bul′yon, n. a great tumult: a strong liquor.—Also Rumboul′ing.

Rumen, rōō′men, n. the paunch and first stomach of a ruminant:—pl. Ru′mina. [L.]

Rumex, rōō′meks, n. a genus of apetalous plants to which belong dock and sorrel, &c.

Rumfustian, rum-fus′tyan, n. a hot drink of sherry, eggs, &c.

Rumgumption, rum-gump′shun, n. (Scot.) rough and homely common-sense: shrewdness of intellect—also Rum′blegump′tion.—adj. Rumgump′tious, shrewd: sharp.

Ruminant, rōō′mi-nant, adj. having the power of ruminating or chewing the cud—also Ru′minal.—n. an animal that chews the cud, as the ox, &c.—n.pl. Ruminan′tia, the even-toed or Artiodactyl Ungulates, which chew the cud—the Tragulidæ, often called musk-deer; the Cotylophora, including antelopes, sheep, goats, oxen, giraffes, deer; the Camelidæ, or camels and llamas.—adv. Ru′minantly.—v.i. Ru′mināte, to chew the cud: to meditate.—v.t. to chew over again: to muse on.—adj. (bot.) appearing as if chewed, as in the nutmeg, &c.—adv. Ru′minātingly.—n. Ruminā′tion, act of chewing the cud: calm reflection.—adj. Ru′minative, well-considered.—n. Ru′minātor. [L. rumināre, -ātum—rumen, the gullet.]

Rumkin, rum′kin, n. (obs.) a kind of drinking-vessel.

Rumkin, rum′kin, n. a tailless fowl.

Rummage, rum′āj, v.t. to turn things over in search: to clear a ship's hold of goods: to pack: to stow closely: to ransack: to explore: to bring to light: to stir.—v.i. to make a search.—n. a careful search: an upheaval.—n. Rumm′ager.—Rummage sale, a sale of unclaimed goods. [Room-age.]

Rummer, rum′ėr, n. a large drinking-glass. [Dut. roemer; Ger. römer—prob. from such being used in the Römersaal at Frankfurt.]

Rummy, rum′i, adj. rum: queer.

Rumour, rōō′mur, n. flying report; a current story.—v.t. to report: to circulate by report.—adj. Ru′morous, vaguely heard.—n. Ru′mourer (Shak.), a reporter, a spreader of news. [Fr.,—L. rumor, a noise.]

Rump, rump, n. the end of the backbone of an animal with the parts adjacent.—n. Rum′per.—adj. Rump′-fed (Shak.), fattened in the rump, fat-bottomed.—adj. Rump′less, having no tail.—ns. Rump′-post, the share bone or pygostyle of a bird; Rump′-steak, steak cut from the thigh near the rump.—The rump, the remnant of the Long Parliament, after Col. Pryde's expulsion of about a hundred Presbyterian royalist members. [Ice. rumpr, Ger. rumpf, Dut. rumpe.]

Rumple, rum′pl, v.t. to crush out of shape: to make uneven.—n. a fold or wrinkle. [A variant of rimple. A.S. hrimpan, to wrinkle; Dut. rompelen.]

Rumpus, rum′pus, n. an uproar: a disturbance.

Rumswizzle, rum′swiz′l, n. a cloth made in Ireland from pure wool undyed.

Run, run, v.i. to move swiftly on the legs, to hasten, rush on: to move, travel, ply regularly to: to pass by: to have a certain form: (law) to have legal authority: to be current, as money: to average: to reach, have course in any direction: to make a fault, to slip, as thread in knitting: to stand as a candidate: to pass from one state to another: to pass quickly in thought, to dwell repeatedly upon in thought: to continue in operation, be in constant motion, to be carried, to extend: to move swiftly: to pass quickly on the ground: to flee: to go, as ships, &c.: to have course in any direction, to extend, spread: to flow: to dart: to turn: to extend through a period: to pierce: to fuse or melt: to turn or rotate: to be busied: to become: to be in force: to discharge matter, as a sore: to have a general tendency: to pass, fall: to creep: to press with immediate demands for payment, as a bank.—v.t. to cause to move swiftly, to keep running: to force forward: to push: to cause to pass: to fuse: to discharge, as a sore: to pursue in thought: to incur: to pour forth: to execute: to chase: to break through, as to run the blockade: to pierce: to sew: to fish in: to evade: to manage: to tease:—pr.p. run′ning; pa.t. ran; pa.p. run, as 'run brandy,' that which has been smuggled in.—n. act of running: course: flow: discharge from a sore: distance sailed: voyage: continued series: general reception: prevalence: popular clamour: an unusual pressure, as on a bank, for payment: a trip: the run of events: a small stream: the quantity run: the act of migrating: in base-ball, the complete circuit made by the player which enables him to score one: in cricket, a passing from one wicket to another, by which one point is scored: a range of pasturage: a pair of millstones: the aftermost part of a ship's bottom: (mus.) a succession of consecutive notes: a roulade.—ns. Run′about, a gadabout: a vagabond: an open wagon; Run′away, one who runs away from danger or restraint: a fugitive.—adj. fleeing from danger or restraint: done by or in flight.—ns. Run′let, Run′nel, a little run or stream: a brook; Run′man, a deserter from a ship-of-war; Run′ner, one who, or that which, runs: a racer: a messenger, agent, one employed to solicit patronage: a rooting stem that runs along the ground: a rope to increase the power of a tackle: a deserter: a smuggler: a manager of an engine: a Bow Street officer: in saddlery, a loop of metal through which a rein is passed: that on which anything slides: in moulding, a channel cut in a mould: the rotating-stone of a grinding-mill: the movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached: a tool in which lenses are fastened for polishing: a vessel for conveying fish, oysters, &c.—adj. Run′ning, kept for the race: successive: continuous: flowing: easy: cursive: discharging matter.—prep. (coll.) approaching or about.—n. act of moving swiftly: that which runs or flows, the quantity run: a discharge from a wound: the act of one who risks dangers, as in running a blockade: strength to run: the ranging of any animal.—n. Run′ning-block, a block in an arrangement of pulleys.—n.pl. Run′ning-days, the days occupied on a voyage, &c., under a charter, including Sundays.—ns. Run′ning-fight, a fight kept up between one party that flees and another that pursues; Run′ning-fire (mil.), a rapid succession of firing; Run′ning-gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle; Run′ning-hand, a style of rapid writing without lifting the pen; Run′ning-knot, a knot made so as to form a noose when the rope is pulled.—n.pl. Run′ning-lights, the lights shown by vessels between sunset and sunrise.—adv. Run′ningly.—ns. Run′ning-or′nament, an ornament in which the design is continuous; Run′ning-rein, a form of driving-rein; Run′ning-rig′ging, all the rigging except the shrouds, stays, and lower mast-head pendants; Run′ning-thrush, a disease in the feet of horses; Run′ning-tī′tle, the title of a book, &c., continued from page to page on the upper margin; Run′ning-trap, a pipe so formed as to be a seal against the passage of gases; Run′way, a trail, track, or passage-way.—Run across, to come upon by accident; Run away with, to carry away in uncontrollable fright: to carry off in fleeing; Run down, to chase to exhaustion: to run against and sink, as a ship: to overbear, to crush; Run down a coast, to sail along it; Run hard, to press hard behind in a race or other competition; Run in, to go in: to arrest and take to a lock-up: (print.) to insert a word, &c., without making a break or new paragraph: to alter the position of matter to fill vacant space; Run into debt, to get into debt; Run in the blood, family, to belong to one by natural descent; Run off, to cause to flow out: to take impressions of, to print: to repeat, recount; Run on (print.), to continue in the same line, and not a new paragraph; Run out, to come to an end; Run over, to overflow: to go over cursorily; Run riot (see Riot); Run the chance, to encounter all risks; Run through, to expend, to waste, to pierce through and through; Run together, to mingle or blend; Run to seed, to shoot up too rapidly, to become exhausted, to go to waste; Run up, to make or mend hastily: to build hurriedly: to string up, hang.—In the long-run, in the end or final result; In the running, or Out of the running, competing, or not competing, in a contest, with good hopes of success in a candidature, &c., or the opposite; Make good one's running, to keep abreast with others; Take up the running, to go off at full speed; The common run, The run, or The run of mankind, ordinary people. [A.S. rinnan; Ger. rennen, Ice. renna, to run.]

Runagate, run′a-gāt, n. a vagabond: renegade: an apostate: a fugitive. [A corr. of renegade, but modified both in form and meaning by run.]

Runch, runch, n. the charlock: the wild radish.—n.pl. Runch′-balls, dried charlock.

Runch, runch, v.t. (Scot.) to grind, as with the teeth.

Runcinate, runs′in-āt, adj. (bot.) having the lobes convex before and straight behind, or pointing backward as in the dandelion. [L. runcinatus, pa.p. of runcināre, to plane off—runcina, a plane.]

Rundale, run′dāl, n. a system of holding land in single holdings made up of detached pieces.

Rundle, run′dl, n. a round, a rung or step of a ladder: a ring, an orbit: a ball.—adj. Run′dled. [Roundel.]

Rundlet, rund′let, n. a small barrel.—Also Run′let.

Rune, rōōn, n. one of the characters or letters used by the peoples of northern Europe down to the 16th century: (pl.) the ancient Scandinavian alphabet or futhorc—from its first six letters f, u, th, o, r, c (the writing is called Runic, the individual letters Rune-staves, or less correctly Runes): a secret, a mystic sentence: any song mystically expressed.—n. Rune′craft.—adj. Runed.—n. Ru′ner.—adj. Ru′nic, relating to runes, to the ancient Teutonic nations, or to their characters.—ns. Runol′ogist, one versed in Runic remains; Runol′ogy.—Runic knots, a form of interlaced ornament. [A.S. rún, a secret. The word is found in M. E. rounen, to whisper, and is cog. with Old High Ger. runa, a secret, Goth. runa, secret.]

Rung, rung, n. one of the floor-timbers of a ship: one of the rounds of a ladder: a bar: a heavy staff: a cudgel: one of the radial handles of a steering-wheel. [A.S. hrung, a beam; Ger. runge.]

Rung, rung, pa.t. and pa.p. of ring.—adj. having a ring through the nose, as a hog.

Runkle, runk′l, v.i. to wrinkle: to crease.

Runn, run, n. in India, a tract of sandy or boggy land—often overflowed by the tide. [Hind. rān.]

Runnel, run′el, n. a little brook. [A.S. rynel, dim. of ryne, a stream—rinnan, to run.]

Runrig, run′rig, n. a species of ownership under which the alternate ridges of a field belong to different owners—also Run′ridge, Run′dale, a survival of the simple form of open-field husbandry, under the tribal system once universally prevalent in the western districts of Britain.

Runt, runt, n. a young ox or cow: an undersized animal: a dwarf: a bow: a breed of domestic pigeons: the dead stump of a tree: the stem of a cabbage.—adj. Runt′y.

Rupee, rōō-pē′, n. an East Indian silver coin, nominally worth about 2s.—at present about 1s. 4½d. [Hind. rūpīyah—Sans. rūpya, silver.]

Rupert's-drop, rōō′perts-drop, n. a detonating bulb, or glass bubble—probably discovered by Prince Rupert (1619-82).

Rupestrine, rōō-pes′trin, adj. rock-inhabiting. [L. rupes, a rock.]

Rupia, rōō′pi-a, n. a severe form of skin disease, with flattish distinct bullæ or blebs, containing a serous, purulent, or sanious fluid, becoming thick scabs. [Gr. hrypos, filth.]

Rupicapra, rōō-pi-kap′ra, n. a genus of antelopes—the chamois.

Rupicola, rōō-pik′ō-la, n. a genus of rock-manikins or cocks of the rock.—adjs. Rupic′oline, Rupic′olous, growing or living among rocks. [L. rupes, a rock, colĕre, to inhabit.]

Ruppia, rup′i-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Naiadaceæ—to which Ditch or Tassel grass belongs. [From the 18th-cent. German botanist H. B. Ruppius.]

Rupture, rup′tūr, n. the act of breaking or bursting: the state of being broken: a breach of the peace: hernia (q.v.), esp. abdominal.—v.t. to break or burst: to part by violence.—v.i. to suffer a breach: (bot.) to dehisce irregularly.—adj. Rup′tile (bot.), dehiscent by an irregular splitting of the walls.—n. Rup′tion, a breach.—adj. Rup′tive.—n. Rup′tūary, a member of the plebeian class. [Fr.,—Low L. ruptura—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rural, rōō′ral, adj. of or belonging to the country: suiting the country: rustic: pertaining to agriculture.—n. (obs.) a countryman.—ns. Ru′ral-dean, an ecclesiastic under the bishop and archdeacon, with the peculiar care of the clergy of a district; Ru′ral-dean′ery.—v.t. Ru′ralise, to render rural.—v.i. to become rural: to rusticate.—ns. Ru′ralism; Ru′ralist; Rural′ity.—adv. Ru′rally.—n. Ru′ralness.—adj. Ruridec′anal, pertaining to a rural dean or deanery. [Fr.,—L. ruralis—rus, ruris, the country.]

Rusa, rōō′za, n. a genus of East Indian stags. [Malay.]

Rusalka, rōō-sal′ka, n. a Russian water-nymph.

Ruscus, rus′kus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Liliaceæ—containing Butcher's broom, Shepherd's myrtle, &c. [L. ruscum.]

Ruse, rōōz, n. a turning or doubling, as of animals to get out of the way of dogs: a trick, fraud, or the use of such.—n. Ruse-de-guerre, a stratagem of war. [O. Fr. ruse—ruser, reūser, to get out of the way—L. recusāre, to decline.]

Rush, rush, v.i. to move with a shaking, rustling noise, as the wind: to move forward violently: to enter rashly and hastily.—v.t. to drive: to push, to secure by rushing.—n. a rushing or driving forward: an eager demand: urgent pressure, as of business: a stampede of cattle: in football, when a player forces his way by main strength.—n. Rush′er, in football, a player whose special duty it is to force the ball toward his opponents' goal: a go-ahead person. [Skeat explains M. E. ruschen as from Sw. ruska, to rush, to shake, an extension of Old Sw. rusa, to rush. Cf. Rouse.]

Rush, rush, n. a genus (Juncus) of marshy plants, some absolutely destitute of leaves, but with barren scapes resembling leaves: the name esp. of those species with no proper leaves, the round stems known as rushes: a wick: the merest trifle.—n. Rush′-bear′ing, a country feast, when the parish church was strewn with rushes, between haymaking and harvest: the day of the festival.—adj. Rush′-bott′omed, having a seat or bottom made with rushes.—ns. Rush′-buck′ler (obs.), a swash-buckler; Rush′-can′dle, -light, a candle or night-light having a wick of rush-pith: a small, feeble light.—adj. Rush′en, made of rushes.—ns. Rush′-hold′er, a clip-candlestick used for rush-lights; Rush′iness.—adj. Rush′-like, resembling a rush: weak.—ns. Rush′-lil′y, a plant of the species of blue-eyed grass; Rush′-nut, the Cyperus esculentus, whose tubers are eaten in southern Europe; Rush′-toad, the natterjack.—adjs. Rush′y, full of, or made of, rushes; Rush′y-fringed.—n. Rusk′ie, any utensil made of straw, &c., as a basket, &c.—Flowering rush, an aquatic plant; Marry with a rush, to wed in jest. [A.S. risce, like Ger. risch, from L. ruscum, rustum.]

Rusk, rusk, n. a kind of light hard cake: a kind of light soft cake or sweetened biscuit. [Sp. rosca, a roll; cf. Rosca de mar, a sea-rusk; origin unknown.]

Rusma. See Rhusma.

Russel, rus′el, n. (obs.) a fox: a twilled woollen material.—n. Russ′el-cord, a kind of rep made of cotton and wool. [O. Fr. roussel—L. russus, red.]

Russet, rus′et, adj. rusty or reddish-brown: coarse: rustic: of russet-leather.—n. a coarse homespun dress.—ns. Russ′eting, an apple of a russet colour and rough skin; Russ′et-leath′er.—adj. Russ′ety. [O. Fr. rousset—L. russus, red.]

Russian, rush′yan, adj. relating to Russia, a country of Europe, or to its people.—n. a native of Russia: the Russian language.—adj. Russ, belonging to the Russians.—n. a Russian: the Russian language.—v.t. Russ′ianise, to give Russian characteristics to.—n. Russificā′tion.—v.t. Rus′sify, to Russianise.—ns. Rus′so-Byzan′tine, the national art of Russian architecture; Rus′sophile, one who favours Russian policy (also adj.); Rus′sophilism; Rus′sophilist; Rus′sophobe, one who dreads or hates the Russians—also Rus′sophobist; Russophō′bia, the dread of Russian policy.—Russia leather (see Leather).

Russula, rus′ū-la, n. a genus of hymenomycetous fungi—so called from the colour of the pileus in some. [Low L. russulus, reddish—L. russus, red.]

Rust, rust, n. the reddish-brown coating on iron exposed to moisture: anything resembling rust: a disease of cereals and grasses, with brown spots on the leaves, caused by fungi: a corrosive: an injurious habit: any foul matter.—v.i. to become rusty: to become dull by inaction.—v.t. to make rusty: to impair by time and inactivity.—adjs. Rust′-col′oured; Rust′ful.—adv. Rust′ily.—ns. Rust′iness; Rust′-mite, certain mites of the family of gall-mites.—adjs. Rust′-proof, not liable to rust; Rust′y, covered with rust: impaired by inactivity, out of practice: dull: affected with rust-disease: time-worn: of a rusty black: rough: obstinate: discoloured.—ns. Rust′y-back, a fern; Rust′y-black′bird, the grackle; Black′-rust, a fungus with dark-coloured spores.—Ride, or Turn, rusty, to become obstinate or stubborn in opposition. [A.S. rust; Ger. rost.]

Rustic, rus′tik, adj. pertaining to the country: rural: rude: awkward: simple: coarse: artless: unadorned: made of rustic-work.—n. a peasant: a clown: a noctuoid moth.—adj. Rus′tical.—adv. Rus′tically.—n. Rus′ticalness.—v.t. Rus′ticate, to send into the country: to banish for a time from town or college.—v.i. to live in the country.—n. Rusticā′tion.—v.i. Rus′ticise.—ns. Rustic′ity, rustic manner: simplicity: rudeness; Rustic′ola, the European woodcock; Rus′tic-ware, a terra-cotta of a light-brown paste, having a brown glaze; Rus′tic-work, various stonework, as frosted work, punctured work, &c.: in woodwork, summer-houses, &c. [Fr. rustique—L. rusticus—rus, the country.]

Rustle, rus′l, v.i. to make a soft, whispering sound, as silk, straw, &c.: (U.S.) to stir about.—n. a quick succession of small sounds, as that of dry leaves: a rustling, a movement with rustling sound.—ns. Rus′tler, one who, or that which, rustles: (U.S.) an active fellow; Rus′tling, a quick succession of small sounds, as that of dry leaves.—adv. Rus′tlingly. [Skeat makes it a freq. of Sw. rusta, to stir, a variant of Old Sw. ruska, to shake. Cf. Rush; and cf. Ger. rauschen, ruschen, to rustle.]

Rustre, rus′tėr, n. (her.) a lozenge pierced with a circular opening.—adj. Rus′tred. [Fr.]

Rusure, rōō′zhūr, n. (prov.) the sliding down of a bank.

Rut, rut, n. a track left by a wheel: an established course.—v.t. to form ruts in:—pr.p. rut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rut′ted.—adj. Rut′ty, full of ruts. [O. Fr. route—Low L. rupta, a way.]

Rut, rut, n. the noise made by deer during sexual excitement: the periodic time of heat of animals.—v.i. to be in heat.—v.t. (rare) to copulate with.—adj. Rut′tish, inclined to rut: lustful.—n. Rut′tishness, libidinousness. [O. Fr. ruit, rut—L. rugitus—rugīre, to roar.]

Ruta, rōō′ta, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the general name of the species is Rue.—adj. Rutā′ceous. [Gr. hrytē, rue.]

Rutabaga, rōō-ta-bā′ga, n. the Swedish turnip. [Fr.; ety. unknown.]

Rutela, rōō′te-la, n. a genus of lamellicorn beetles. [L. rutilus, red.]

Ruth, rōōth, n. pity, tenderness, sorrow: cruelty.—adj. Ruth′ful, pitiful, sorrowful: piteous, causing pity.—adv. Ruth′fully, in a sorrowful manner.—adj. Ruth′less, without pity: insensible to misery: cruel.—adv. Ruth′lessly.—n. Ruth′lessness. [M. E. ruthe, reuth—Scand.; Ice. hryggth, hrygth, sorrow.]

Ruthenian, rōō-thē′ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Ruthenians, a branch of the little Russian division of the Slav race, on both sides of the Carpathians.—n. one of this race.

Ruthenium, rōō-thē′ni-um, n. a hard brittle metal discovered in 1843 by Claus in the ore of platinum, forming no fewer than four different oxides. [Ruthenia, a name of Russia.]

Rutic, rōō′tik, adj. pertaining to, or derived from, rue.

Ruticilla, rōō-ti-sil′a, n. the redstart.

Rutilant, rōō′ti-lant, adj. shining: glittering.—v.i. Ru′tilāte, to emit rays of light. [L. rutilans, pr.p. of rutilāre, to be reddish.]

Rutile, rōō′til, n. one of the three forms in which titanium dioxide occurs. [Fr.,—L. rutilus, red.]

Rutter, rut′ėr, n. (obs.) a trooper: a mercenary horse-soldier: a man of fashion. [O. Fr. routier—Low L. ruptarius—rupta, a troop.]

Rutter, rut′ėr, n. a direction specially for a course by sea: a marine chart. [O. Fr. routier, a chart.]

Ruttle, rut′l, v.i. (prov.) to gurgle. [M. E. rotelen, ratelen, to rattle.]

Ruvid, rōō′vid, adj. rough. [L. ruidus, rough.]

Ryal, rī′al, n. an old English gold coin worth about ten shillings, called a Rose-noble.—Also Rī′al.

Rye, rī, n. a genus of grasses allied to wheat and barley, one species of which is cultivated as a grain: (her.) a bearing representing a stalk of grain with the ear bending down.—ns. Rye′-grass, a variety of grass cultivated for pasture and fodder; Rye′-moth, an insect whose larva feeds on stems of rye; Rye′-wolf, an evil creature of German folklore lurking in the rye-fields; Rye′-worm, an insect which devours the stems of rye. [A.S. ryge; Ice. rúgr, Ger. rocken, roggen.]

Ryfe, rīf, adj. (Spens.). Same as Rife.

Ryke, rīk, v.i. (Scot.) to reach.

Rynd, rind, n. in a burstone mill, the iron which supports the upper stone. [A.S. hrindan, to thrust.]

Ryot, rī′ut, n. a Hindu cultivator or peasant.—ns. Ry′otwar, Ry′otwari, the arrangement about rent made annually in India, esp. in Madras, between the government officials and the ryots. [Hind. raiyat—Ar. ra‛iya, a subject.]

Rype, rīp, n. a ptarmigan. [Dan.]

Rypeck, rī′pek, n. (prov.) a pole used to move a punt while fishing.—Also Rī′peck, Rē′peck.

Ryve, rīv, v.t. (Spens.) to pierce. [Rive.]

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