The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Alberta Public School Speller, by Anonymous

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Title: The Alberta Public School Speller

Subtitle: Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta

Author: Anonymous

Release Date: May 4, 2015 [EBook #48877]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, K.D. Thornton, Bruce Albrecht, John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ***

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as ą and ų on handheld devices.

Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

More detail can be found at the end of the book.

THE ALBERTA

PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER

Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta.

TORONTO

THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED

Copyright, Canada, 1910, by THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED,

Toronto, Ontario.

CONTENTS.

PAGES

Standard I, Grades 1 and 2

1–25

Review of Hard Words

26–30

Standard II, Grade 3

31–54

Review of Hard Words

55–58

Standard III, Junior, Grade 4

59–82

Rules for Spelling

83

Review of Hard Words

84–87

Words Often Mispronounced

88

Standard III, Senior, Grade 5

89–112

Review of Hard Words

113–116

Standard IV, Junior, Grade 6

117–139

Review of Hard Words

140–143

Words Often Mispronounced

144

Standard IV, Senior, Grade 7

145–164

Review of Hard Words

165–167

Small Words

168

Standard V, Junior, Grade 8

169–188

Review of Hard Words

189–191

PAGES

Rules for Syllabication and Spelling

192

Public School Leaving

193–197

Small Words

198

The Building of English Words

199–200

Prefixes

200–203

Suffixes

203–210

English Root Words and Derivatives

210–212

Latin Words and Derivatives

213–226

Greek Root Words and Derivatives

227–230

Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings

231–236

Abbreviations and Contractions in common use

237–242

CHIEF FEATURES.

1. Choice of Words. There has been a careful selection of those words best suited for the various grades or years in school.

2. Grouping of Words. These words have been so grouped as to favor their being taught economically, and to impress upon the pupil that spelling rests largely upon a basis of law and order. In the earlier grades the sequence of lessons gives an orderly development of phonic forms; by this arrangement spelling and phonic reading can be made mutually helpful.

3. Dictation Exercises. These are so constructed as to give in the briefest space an adequate test of the words taught. They should be supplemented by sentences constructed by the pupil, embodying the new and difficult words he is learning.

4. Reviews. There are regular reviews at short intervals. Many of the hardest words appear several times, but with some change of context. At the end of each year's work there is given in alphabetical order a list of the most difficult words used therein.

5. Seat Exercises. These exercises are intended to lead the pupil to make lists of words having a phonic element in common, to show how words are built up, and, later, to give practice in derivation.

6. Homonyms. There has been a systematic use of these throughout the book, but in the junior grades they are not given together, in order to prevent the confusion that often results from such a practice.

7. Spelling Rules. There are numerous and varied exercises to lead, inductively, to a knowledge of the most useful rules for spelling.

8. Authority. The authority usually followed for spelling and pronunciation is THE CONCISE IMPERIAL DICTIONARY. The pupil should be taught the system of diacritical marks employed therein.

THE ALBERTA

PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER.

STANDARD I.

GRADES 1 AND 2.

1

back

pack

black

Jack

crack

track

see

whip

give

they

bring

horse

cry

were

ducks

SEAT WORK.—Put h, l, s, t, r, sm, st, sl, wh, qu, with —ack

DICTATION.—See Jack on a black hack. Crack the whip, Jack, and give the horse a whack. Bring back a sack of bran. Ducks cry quack. A pack of dogs ran to the hay stack. They were on the track of a black fox. Give me a tack to fix the rack. Bring back the ducks. See Jack whip the black horse. The dogs track the fox.

2

neck

check

wreck

kick

chick

quick

very

two

house

peas

there

where

yes

play

ship

SEAT WORK.—With —eck put b, p, d, fl, sp; and with —ick put l, p, s, t, w, br, sl, st, th, tr.

DICTATION.—The wick is very thick. Pick two pecks of peas. Be quick. Where is the brick house? There is a speck of red on the chick. Is Jack sick? Yes, Dick hit him with a stick. Play no bad tricks. The ship was a wreck. See the horse kick. The hen has two chicks. There are two black dogs. Give me a thick stick.

3

rock

clock

crock

duck

cluck

stuck

boy

toy

girl

new

much

warm

key

little

baby

SEAT WORK.—Put l, d, m, s, bl, fl, sh, st, fr, with —ock; and l, b, s, t, pl, tr, str, with —uck.

DICTATION.—Hens cluck but ducks quack. That boy has much pluck. The clock struck two. The key stuck in the lock. That little girl has a new frock. Tuck baby up warm. I got a toy ship in my sock. A crock of peas. See the flock of ducks by the rock. There is the little baby. Bring me a black frock.

NOTE.—Pupils should use the words in the lists and exercises in sentences of their own.

4

and

sand

grand

hang

sang

sprang

hear

near

church

one

none

done

drum

upon

write

With —and put b, h, l, s; and with —ang put r, b, g, cl, sl. Copy,—I see her. She sees us. We see you.

Hear the band play. One man bangs the drum. The two boys are in the grand stand. Hang the key near the clock. That girl sang in church. Has Jack done one sum? No, he has none yet. Write clang and slang in ink. Were you near the new church? Dick sprang upon a black horse. I hear baby cry.

5

king

bring

thing

song

wrong

strong

you

your

wasp

over

fence

mitts

tie

door

bell

Write r, fl, cl, spr, sl, st, str, sw, with —ing; put u for i in the words in —ing. Copy,—Is that you? Is that he?

Can you spring over that fence? The wasp may sting you. Were your sums wrong? Yes, all but one. There is a crack in the crock. Bring a strong string to tie it. Fling me the keys. The swing is long and strong. Wet mitts cling to your hands. Ring the door bell. She flung the peas over the door.

6 (REVIEW)

gives

lives

were

one

once

fence

boy

toy

joy

fix

six

mix

such

much

church

Tom lives in a red brick house. Once there was a little black boy. He sang six songs for the king. Pick up your toys. Fix the fence near the church. It gives such joy to hear you sing. Do not mix sand and bran. Where were your mitts? It is wrong to whack your horse so. I see six stacks of hay. Can Jack write? Give me the ink. I have none.

7

ash

cash

crash

dish

fish

wish

water

snap

have

more

like

pony

finger

knife

words

Put l, s, h, m, r, cl, tr, thr, spl, with —ash.

See the fish splash in the water. The dish fell with a crash. How much cash have you? Do you wish a little more hash? Snap the new whip lash. My horse ran like a flash. It is wrong to thrash your pony so. The jack-knife cut a gash in my finger. Write two more words. Where is your new knife?

8

fresh

flesh

thresh

hush

rush

thrush

pork

sweet

blood

rye

nose

road

sofa

worm

Mary

Write words like hog with d, l, f, b, j, fl, fr; as, dog. Put g, m, fl, sl, br, with —ush. Copy,—It is I. It is she. It is we.

Pork is the flesh of hogs. We thresh rye and peas. Hear the sweet song of the thrush. Is there much slush on the road? See the blood gush from his nose. See Mary blush! Stop, you may crush the worm. Brush the plush sofa. Frogs live in fresh water. Do not flog your pony. See Dick write.

9

lass

mass

bass

glass

less

mess

Bess

bless

hiss

miss

kiss

bliss

loss

moss

boss

gloss

fuss

muss

buss

truss

Put p, gr, br, cl, with —ass; and t, fl, cr, acr, with —oss.

Give the horses less grass. There is a brass lock. Jack got six black bass. Pack the moss in a glass box. Do not muss your new dress. You may kiss baby once. Floss has much gloss. Is Miss Bess very cross? Toss the sack across your back. Less fuss in class! Is there much glass in that door?

10

fast

last

past

best

nest

chest

blue

birds

year

said

mice

John

coat

half

great

With —est put r, l, j, p, t, v, w; and with —rap put t, st, w, sc. Add —s to whip, duck, horse, boy, word.

Two blue birds had a nest there last year. Brush your best coat and vest. Lock fast the chest. John said that in jest. Mice are a great pest. The church is west from your house. I got two mice in a trap. Run fast, it is half-past six. He said you were at church. My new coat is blue. One is the half of two.

11

fist

twist

wrist

dust

trust

crust

wind

make

copy

our

about

books

apple

papa

mamma

Write c, l, t, fr, with —ost; and m, j, b, g, r, thr, with —ust. Copy,—Is it they? That was I. Is it she?

A gust of wind makes much dust fly. Copy a list of your best books. That apple pie has a thick crust. Mamma, see the frost on the grass. Twist a string about your wrist. I must have just one more apple. Papa trusts me with our pony. How much did your coat cost? They lost two little dogs near the church.

12 (REVIEW)

about

swing

water

said

where

none

much

smash

pony

gives

great

wrong

clock

fence

thrash

apple

mitts

worm

crust

little

year

quick

peas

finger

once

knife

were

church

half

sweet

Put y, ag, at, ax, ing, ash, ock, eck, op, og, with fl—. With n, h, r, sh, sp, tr, bl, pl, make words in —ot.

Give Mary more sweet peas. Where was your knife? He said much about the apples. Water my pony.

13

slant

plant

chant

bent

sent

spent

storm

praise

week

four

what

shop

buy

pair

some

Put c, h, l, y, with —ard; and b, d, m, h, p, l, sp, sh with —ark. Copy and fill in,—My name is — —. I am — years old.

The storm bent the plant. It slants very much. In church we chant the praise of God. John sent for four socks. The dogs bark in your yard. What is the rent of your shop? We sent you some apples. Buy a pair of pants. He spent a week in a tent. John got much praise.

14

hint

flint

print

hunt

grunt

blunt

wolf

plums

story

next

axe

says

noise

river

candy

Write words in —ift with g, l, s, sh, sw, dr. Put a letter with —lip, —pit, —ring, —wing, —rock. Copy,—Yes, sir, I saw you.

Some men hunt a wolf. Hear the pig grunt. This axe is very blunt. Will you print our next story? Jack says that apple is hard as flint. Give him a hint to make less noise. I got a gift of candy and plums. Can we cross that swift river in a punt? Yes, but you may drift upon a rock. She says the wolf got over the river.

15

damp

scamp

tramp

bump

thump

stump

lazy

idle

five

work

cent

table

camel

beside

Henry

Change one letter in flesh, check, give, pick, crush, gloss. With —ip put l, sl, sh, sk, ch, dr, tr, str, h, wh.

Lazy tramps will not work. A camel has one or two humps. Pump some water. Make your pony jump over that stump. Buy a two-cent stamp. Henry is an idle scamp. Camp beside the river. Last week I had the mumps. We have five lamps. Baby thumps upon the table. Give me one cent for candy.

16 (Doubled Letters)

add

odd

Ann

bee

see

egg

all

ill

off

shoo

purr

buzz

any

many

three

even

happy

busy

Put h, j, sh, cl, sl, cr, sw, with —am. Change the marked letter in worm, went, done, block, neck, fling, gash, crush.

Ann is very ill. Add two and four. Hear the bee buzz. Shoo off any ducks. Many boys play odd or even. See me jump off the pony. Cats purr if they are happy. The busy bee works all the day. Buy some eggs and four black bass. The three fish swam off. Is three odd or even? How many apples in the sack? There are none. Was Henry busy last week? Were there many plums on the tree?

17

bank

drank

prank

bunk

drunk

trunk

eye

again

sleep

sailor

often

pear

iron

coal

orange

Put dr, w, p, m, l, bl, th, s, r, br, shr, with —ink; and t, bl, pl, sp, dr, cr, Fr, with —ank. Copy,—Was it she?

Frank writes in ink on a copy book. Wink your eye again. The iron trunk sank in the water. Sailors often sleep in bunks. I think that plank is strong. Thank mamma for the orange and pear. Do not drink much tea. Give Dick a chunk of coal. I trust he is busy with his sums. He says he often sees the sailor.

18 (REVIEW)

blue

eye

lazy

crazy

work

word

cent

says

again

iron

often

soften

buy

knife

writes

wrong

many

pear

camel

orange

Papa gives me four cents to buy two pears. He says your eyes are blue. That idle tramp is not crazy. Write the new words often. Soften the crust in your tea. Iron my collar again. It was wrong to cut the table with your jack-knife. Bees are not lazy. How many oranges can one buy for five cents? Some camels are swift. Jack said he once had a little black pony. How many eyes have two camels?

19

catch

patch

snatch

Dutch

clutch

crutch

uses

please

rabbit

sew

lady

wears

Scotch

watch

Helen

Put c, d, f, p, t, with —ry; add —ing to each, as cry, crying. Make new words in —atch with b, h, l, m, sn, th.

Some hens hatch eight eggs. Please sew a patch on my silk skirt. The Scotch boy uses a crutch. Use an iron latch. That Dutch lady wears a gold watch. Scratch the match again. Rabbits live in a hutch. Catch the ball, Helen. Baby may clutch your toys.

20

ditch

witch

switch

fetch

sketch

stretch

scarf

mouth

wide

open

afraid

dirty

herd

oxen

who

Make new words with —itch and h, p, st. Add —s to lock, key, neck, king, worm, song, wrist, flag, crock, toy.

Fetch me a strong switch. Please stitch my silk scarf. Stretch your mouth wide open. Is there such a thing as a witch? I am not afraid of any. The ditch was half full of dirty water. Can you sketch that herd of oxen? Who are you? Are you afraid?

21

ball

call

all

fall

gall

hall

stall

small

tall

wall

bell

yell

dell

fell

sell

shell

spell

smell

tell

well

bill

kill

still

fill

gill

hill

mill

pill

till

will

doll

collar

dollar

folly

jolly

holly

Molly

Polly

loll

dolly

gull

cull

dull

sully

gully

hull

mull

null

lull

skull

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

Add —y to dirt, dust, sleep, luck, hand, puss, wind.

22

arch

march

starch

birch

perch

torch

along

chop

robin

larch

porch

quickly

does

such

pinch

For b in bench or bunch put Fr, h, l, w, p, st, tr. Make words in —ig with b, f, g, j, p, r, w, tw.

March along quickly to church. Chop off a branch of birch or larch. Does the robin perch on your porch? Ask for a small pinch of starch. Write again in French for a torch. Which do you like best, bass or perch? Does Helen drink water at lunch? That worm is an inch or two long. Three and five are eight.

23

talk

walk

chalk

kept

wept

slept

board

knees

Lucy

floor

next

hurt

aunt

uncle

flower

Add —es to box, fox, watch, church, dish, wish, glass, brush, class, ditch, patch. Copy,—Mr. John Smith; Mrs. Ellen Jones.

Write on the board with chalk. Baby crept on hands and knees. Next year she will walk and talk. Aunt Lucy wept when you were hurt. How many flowers on that stalk? I slept till half-past eight. I kept the candy uncle sent me. She swept the floor. A gully is a ditch made by water. Buy some collars.

24

stiff

skiff

cliff

cuff

puff

snuff

high

good

smoke

soft

cloth

cheeks

fur

calf

paper

Write all the words that you can make from 'carpet,' 'blacken,' 'holiday.' With —ask put c, m, t, fl.

Iron my cuffs and collars stiff. Uncle uses snuff. Puff out your cheeks. She lost her fur muff. Papa has a good skiff. See the whiff of smoke. Stuff paper or soft cloth into the hole. The calf fell from a high cliff. John makes eight or nine dollars a week.

25 (REVIEW)

catch

please

does

crept

fetch

aunt

uncle

flower

praise

quickly

knife

knees

robin

rabbit

happy

chalk

calf

next

high

table

Helen

eight

said

week

board

Add —ing to buy, work, pull, fall, wink, sleep, bring, ask.

Please, uncle, buy me a pair of rabbits. Which is your knife? Does John write quickly? Watch the robin fetch four worms. Aunt Helen is happy. Next week I shall be eight. Please catch the calf. He crept on his knees to the high table. He said much in praise of flowers. Put chalk on the board.

26

hung

stung

swung

belt

melt

dwelt

lion

gate

swamp

front

lace

shoe

skate

shelf

silver

Put with —ung s, b, r, cl, fl, sl, spr, str; with —elt, put f, kn, p, sp. Write a or i for u in the words in —ung.

Some bees stung a great lion. Papa swung me high on the gate. They dwelt near a swamp. John hung his belt in the front hall. He knelt to lace his shoe. He slung his skates upon the shelf. Can you melt silver? Have you strung the glass balls on that string? Ring the bell at the front door, please.

27

bind

blind

grind

born

horn

thorn

come

waist

melon

grist

wrist

blow

oats

both

Canada

With —ind put f, h, k, m, r, w, bl; with —ond f, b, p. Add —ed to walk, fix, play, rock, melt, puff, wish, pelt.

Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn. A sharp thorn stuck in my wrist. Is he blind in both eyes? The grist mill grinds corn and oats. Is he fond of melon rind? Were you born in Canada? Wind a cord about your waist. Mind what papa says. Can you find my copy book? The waist of my new dress is black. Canada gets much praise for her apples.

28

paw

jaw

straw

awl

shawl

crawl

lawn

dawn

drawn

down

gown

clown

brown

drown

frown

owl

fowl

growl

Make words in —aw with l, c, h, p, r, s, t, cl, sh, dr, cr, th; and in —ow with b, c, h, m, n, r, s, sc, br.

Lucy buys a brown shawl. Worms crawl across the lawn. Dogs howl and growl. Down town I saw a new gown. Use an awl to sew my shoe. The clown may drown there. Puss has four paws with strong claws. The scow was drawn to the mill and sawn. Do not frown or look cross. I hear the fowl at dawn.

29

drew

grew

screw

few

blew

flew

die

lie

tie

cabin

under

before

tiger

boat

sister

father

mother

brother

Put d, h, J, m, n, p, ch, sl, st, with —ew; and b, st, c, th, with —rew. Add —er to work, talk, farm, bank, fish, thresh.

He threw the screws under the cabin. The Jew slew a tiger. The storm blew and the good boat flew. Yet few of her crew were lost. The calf chews straw. I have a father and mother, two brothers and three sisters. Tie your shoe before you lie down. Brew the tea. Is your father a farmer? Henry is a great talker.

30

tree

free

three

feed

weed

bleed

seed

steed

tweed

hitch

buggy

against

sure

began

among

beef

broth

soup

With —ee put b, f, s, w, th, kn. Add —ing to feed, seed, buy, try, work, hear, talk, see, add.

Hitch the steed to the buggy. Buy a tweed coat. He hurt his knee against a tree. It began to bleed. Feed the horse half a peck of oats. Make sure there are no weeds among the seeds. Fetch some beef broth or soup. The blue-bird has a nest with four wee eggs. Are you sure you write and spell well?

31 (REVIEW)

boat

wrist

melon

tweed

quickly

soup

slew

waist

chews

growl

Lucy

shawl

dwelt

swamp

scratch

come

knelt

cabin

Canada

buggy

lion

tiger

sprang

among

against

The lion sprang upon the tiger and quickly slew him. The cabin of the boat was full of melons. Lucy wears a tweed belt about her waist. Dogs growl in the swamp. There comes our buggy. I knelt upon the shawl. He dwelt in Canada. Fetch some soup. I scratch my wrist against a tree. Chew the beef well.

32

eel

heel

wheel

cool

spool

school

after

carpet

summer

made

swells

lemons

jerk

away

chums

Make new words in —eel with f, p, st, kn; in —ool with f, p, t, st. With —eek put m, s, w, ch, sl, cr. Cows cry moo.

See the eel swim after the perch. Our school is kept too cool in summer. Kneel on the thick carpet. Does Henry use a swift wheel? There are seven days in one week. The lump on my heel feels soft. Jerk away the stool. Mamma sent me to buy lemon peel. Our best tools are made of steel. A spool of silk sells for nine cents. Do not try to fool your chums. How sleek our pony looks. It is too cold to swim in the creek.

33

keep

weep

creep

hoop

droop

stoop

pussy

softly

twelve

yarn

hawk

farmers

roof

along

scrub

With —eep put d, p, sh, sl, st, sw. Put —oop with c, l, sc, sl, sw. Add —ing to such of these as you can.

Some boys keep watch over the sheep. I did not sleep till twelve o'clock. Pussy creeps softly to catch the mice. Stoop down and scoop up the pool of water. Please tie a loop in this yarn. Farmers often keep fowl in a coop. Then the hawk cannot swoop down upon them. The roof is too steep. Why do the flowers droop? Scrub the front stoop. Were you weeping just now? Roll your hoop along the road.

34

beet

sweet

street

boot

root

shoot

those

sugar

target

under

train

worth

visit

snow

winter

With —eet put f, m, fl, gr, sh, sl; with —oot put h, t, sc. Put another o in drop, stop, hot, shot, hop; as, —drop, droop.

In some beets there is much sugar. Shoot at a target, not at birds. How much are those boots worth? We sleep under a cool sheet. Meet your aunt at the train and greet her kindly. How many feet have four horses? Snow and sleet come in winter. Owls hoot. John toots on his new horn. The boys scoot down the street. Will you visit us again? The fleet will meet next week. Some roots are sweet.

35

beer

deer

steer

room

bloom

broom

clean

better

young

gone

being

birthday

sun

lily

bigger

Put ch, qu, sn, with —eer; and b, d, l, gl, gr, with —oom. Make new words in —oon with c, l, m, n, s, sp.

A new broom sweeps clean. Sun and water make the lily bloom. Tea is better than beer. Many deer live in Canada. Steers are young oxen. Three cheers for our school. Booms keep logs from being lost. He has gone to groom the pony. Tweed cloth is made in a loom. Is the moon bigger than the sun? What a queer bird the loon is. Uncle gave me a silver spoon on my birthday. Some deer feed on lily roots. Too large or too small.

36

breeze

freeze

sneeze

goose

loose

moose

plump

burst

bottle

search

proof

apron

wrap

north

queen

Make words in —een with k, s, gr, qu; in —oof with h, r, pr. Put ee for oo in tooth, pool, goose, soon, sloop, boot.

The moose scoops away the snow in search of food. Feel how plump that goose is. If the soup freeze it will burst the bottle. Her apron is too loose. Brush your teeth often. Have you seen the queen? Green plants need much water. We feed beets to a calf. The moose has a big hoof. The keen north breeze makes me sneeze. Wrap up the shawl. What proof can you give that he was wrong?

37 (REVIEW)

lily

softly

lemon

sneeze

search

proof

wheel

scoop

worth

queen

wrap

hawk

apron

visit

twelve

pussy

queer

burst

bottle

school

loose

sugar

plump

young

birthday

Is your wheel worth much? Hawks fly in search of young chickens. My brother will be twelve on his next birthday. How softly pussy creeps along. Wrap the lemons in your apron. The queen often visits schools. Where did you buy that queer bottle? That lily is in full bloom. Scoop up the sugar. He threw the trunk and it burst open. What makes you sneeze? Tack down the loose carpet. Plump cheeks. Give proof of being good.

38

beech

speech

screech

sleeve

fleece

cheese

elm

torn

burnt

Francis

touch

swarm

mews

smart

needle

To cr— add ept, ied, ops, oss, ock, awl, ack, ib. Write all the words you can from the letters in 'catching,' 'dreamed.'

Elm and beech trees grew about our school. The sleeve of my coat is torn. Francis burnt his heel; then he began to screech. Do not touch the cheese. The swarm of bees flew into an apple tree. He made a speech about cheese. Let us search for beech nuts. Sew a patch on your sleeve. Where is the needle? We need the fleeces of many sheep. John seems such a smart boy. The gray cat mews.

39

book

shook

brook

wood

hood

stood

lamb

comb

climb

soot

split

barrel

cosy

dinner

Friday

Make new words in —ook with c, h, l, n, r, t, cr. To cl— add am, ap, ock, uck, ub, ing, ip, ean, ear.

John sawed and split the wood. Throw the soot into a barrel. What a cosy nook this is. Can you climb a high beech tree? See the crook in the stick uncle uses. Cook a lamb chop. Men comb wool and flax. I lost two fish hooks in the brook. The lamb cannot climb over that rock. My new hood is made from Scotch wool. Mamma cooks dinner on Friday. She took a look at my story book. He uses a black comb.

40

paid

maid

braid

gain

pain

grain

eleven

thirteen

fifteen

Abel

raise

honest

basin

truth

always

With —ain put C, l, m, r, v, ch, pl, sl, st, br, dr, tr, spr, str. Add —teen to four, six, seven, eight, nine. (Note eighteen.)

I paid eleven cents for braid. If sold for thirteen cents find the gain. Did you sprain your wrist? Yes, and it gives great pain. Abel was slain by his brother Cain. The maid has lain down. Wait till I raise the chest. The grain needs much rain. Strain the soup into a basin. Honest work is not done in vain. Always tell the plain truth. The iron chain has fifteen links. The main thing is not to be afraid of work.

41

fail

jail

snail

air

stair

fairy

clerk

nobody

month

twenty

thirty

forty

July

April

cruel

Make new words in —ail with b, h, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, fl, fr, tr. Add —y to sh, sk, th, fl, sl, sp, st, dr, cr, fr, tr, spr.

A steel rail was loose. The mail train ran off, nobody was hurt. Bail out your sail boat. The snail crawls under the pail. Were you afraid of a fairy? Flails were used to thresh grain. The maid with fair hair fell down stairs. The clerk was sent to jail for twenty days. Uncle is paid forty dollars a month. Fix that frail chair with a strong nail. April has thirty days, July thirty-one. It was cruel to cut off the tail of that dog.

42

died

lied

cried

hoe

foe

toe

chirp

churn

chunk

spill

whey

first

move

David

choose

To ch— add in, ill, aff, ew, ain, est, oose, eese, eck, ick, ore, air, arm, urch. With —ied put t, sh, sp, tr, fr, dr, pr.

The hoe struck his toe and he cried. She tied her apron strings. The colt shied and tried to jump over the fence. The flowers soon died. A chunk of beech wood burns well. Spill the whey from the churn. David killed his foe with a sling. Which do you choose? I spied you first. She fried two lamb chops. We tried to move the buggy. The sun dried my hair. Robins chirp. They pried the boxes open.

43 (REVIEW)

lamb

fleece

basin

barrel

screech

jail

first

fairy

speech

eleven

hoes

chirp

cruel

cheese

combs

touch

month

climb

choose

nineteen

cosy

whey

churn

fried

always

He hoes beets. Lambs always look cosy in fleeces of wool. Eleven and eight are nineteen. Baby will screech if you touch his toes. Cheese is made in the warm months. Choose two combs. Pussy tried to climb into the churn. Throw the basin of whey into the barrel. First tell me a fairy story. He goes to jail for being cruel. Pork chops were fried. Hear the little birds chirp.

44

road

load

toad

boast

coast

toast

scrap

scald

scrawl

drags

ugly

oven

Percy

satin

pencil

Make words in —oan with m, l, gr; in —oak with s, cl, cr. To sc— add ar, arf, ow, owl, at, ud, um, alp, amp, otch, orch.

Percy scrawls with a pencil. The horse drags a great load on a snow road. Do you think a toad ugly? We roast beef in an oven. She scorched her shoes. He likes to coast down steep hills. Toads croak in the spring. Lucy boasts about her satin scarf and cloak. There is a deep scar on his scalp. The hot tea will scald you. He gave me the loan of his knife. The Scotch boy moans and groans. Soak the scraps of toast in water.

45

boat

float

throat

old

sold

scold

crowd

organ

studying

false

dozen

pantry

tongs

jelly

pretty

Put c, g, bl, with —oat; and b, c, f, g, h, t, with —old. Add —ty to six, seven, nine; eight + (t)y.

Tie the scarf about your throat. The boat may not float with such a crowd. We sold our organ for ninety-four dollars. Goats often climb very high. Papa will scold you for not studying. I paid sixty cents for a dozen pencils. Fetch the jelly from the pantry. His uncle died at eighty-two. The iron tongs cost seventy-five cents. Be not bold or false. Lucy wears such a pretty gown. There was too great a crowd.

46

eat

beat

wheat

beam

cream

scream

dumb

crumb

thumb

rich

purse

never

hurl

flask

brisk

Put h, m, n, s, ch, bl, pl, tr, with —eat; and s, t, st, gl, dr, str, with —eam. To gr— add ace, ass, and, ab, ew, ain, asp.

Lions eat raw meat. The beams of the sun make wheat grow. Hear the lambs bleat. Heat turns water into steam. Two horses make a team. What a neat seam you sew. Treat the dumb boy to some cream. Henry screams, for he hurt his thumb. Sweep the crumbs from the seat of the chair. A rich man lost his purse. Never cheat any one. Hurl the flask into the stream. Be brisk at your work. Which team beat?

47

ear

dear

spear

bean

mean

clean

shuns

nurse

rolled

folk

spilt

foolish

worn

army

towels

With —ear put f, h, n, r, t, y, sh, cl, sm. Make new words with —eap and h, l, r, ch. Add y, in, ip, im, iff, ate, to sk—.

The tears rolled clear down his cheeks. We will reap much wheat this year. The nurse shuns foolish folk. He spilt the beans near the door. Were the towels cheap or dear? The army had sharp spears. Does he mean to shear the sheep? My mother is very dear to me. His coat is much worn but clean. Do not smear your chin with candy. Do you fear to leap across that clear stream? It is easy to hurt the ear.

48

beak

weak

speak

bead

lead

plead

coax

party

color

beard

thorn

scratch

hazel

bushes

hungry

Put l, p, sn, bl, str with —eak. Copy high, nigh, sigh, thigh. To str— add ap, ip, ing, uck, ong, eet, etch, eam.

Coax mamma, do not tease her. Aunt is too weak to speak. Glass beads are of many colors. Hear Helen sigh. The barrel leaks. Who leads the party? There are streaks of gray in his beard. Some birds have blunt beaks. A thorn scratched my thigh. The fox sneaks among the hazel bushes. The hungry man pleads for meat. Can you climb that high peak? A bleak road. Please lead us home. Push a chair nigh.

49

each

teach

preach

east

beast

yeast

loaf

curse

Thursday

stroll

taffy

cover

leave

clover

sense

Write words in —each with b, p, r, bl. With —eal put d, h, m, p, s, v, st. Add atch, ub, ew, eam, een, to scr—.

Each loaf is made with yeast. Teach us to weave carpets. We leave on Thursday for the east. A feast of peaches and cream. Good men preach that it is wrong to steal or curse. Each beast was given a meal of raw veal. They stroll along the sea beach. Reach down the taffy. Cover your thumb, it will soon heal. The bells peal for joy. Split open the beans. Copy a clover leaf. He has too much sense to sulk.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

about

add

afraid

again

air   5

among

any

apple

April

apron   10

army

aunt

awl

baby

barrel   15

basin

bass

beach

beads

beans   20

beard

beast

beat

bees

beech   25

beef

beets

before

being

better   30

bigger

birch

black

bleed

blew   35

blood

bloom

blue

boast

bottle   40

braid

breeze

broom

brown

buggy   45

bump

burnt

burst

busy

buy   50

buzz

cabin

calf

camel

Canada   55

candy

carpet

catch

cents

chair   60

chalk

cheat

cheeks

cheese

chew   65

chirp

choose

clean

climb

clown   70

clutch

coal

coast

coax

collar   75

color

comb

come

copy

cosy   80

cover

crack

crawl

crazy

cream   85

creek

crept

cried

crowd

cruel   90

crumb

crutch

cuff

dawn

dear   95

deer

died

dinner

dirty

ditch   100

does

dollar

done

door

dozen   105

drawn

drew

drown

dumb

Dutch   110

dwelt

each

easy

eel

eggs   115

eight

eleven

elm

eye

fairy   120

false

fence

fetch

first

five   125

fleeces

flew

float

floor

flowers   130

folk

forty

four

fowl

Francis   135

freeze

front

girl

goats

goose   140

great

growl

hair

half

happy   145

hawk

hazel

heap

hear

heel   150

Helen

Henry

high

hitch

honest   155

hungry

idle

iron

jail

kneel   160

knees

knife

lain

lambs

lawn   165

lazy

leads

lemon

lied

lily   170

lion

little

loaf

loose

lost   175

Lucy

maid

mail

mamma

main   180

many

mean

meat

meet

melon   185

moans

month

moose

move

much   190

needle

never

new

next

ninety   195

nineteen

noise

none

nose

oats   200

odd

off

often

once

one   205

orange

organ

oven

owl

oxen   210

paid

pails

pair

pantry

papa   215

paper

patch

paw

peaches

pears   220

peas

peel

pencil

perch

Percy   225

pinch

please

plump

plums

pony   230

porch

praise

preach

pretty

pried   235

proof

pussy

quick

rabbit

reach   240

road

robin

roof

rye

said   245

sail

sailor

satin

sawed

says   250

scald

scarf

school

Scotch

scratch   255

scrawls

scream

screech

screw

seam   260

search

sense

seven

sew

shawl   265

shied

shoes

shoo

sigh

silver   270

sketch

skiff

skull

sleeve

slept   275

small

smoke

snatch

sneeze

snuff   280

sofa

soften

some

soot

soup   285

speak

spears

speech

split

spoon   290

steals

steam

steel

steer

stiff   295

story

straw

stream

street

stretch   300

stroll

studying

such

sugar

summer   305

sure

swamp

swarm

sweep

sweet   310

swift

switch

table

taffy

talk   315

target

tea

teach

team

tears   320

tease

there

they

thigh

thirteen   325

thrash

three

thresh

threw

throat   330

throw

thumb

thump

tie

tiger   335

toad

toe

too

towels

toy   340

tried

truth

tweed

twelve

twist   345

two

ugly

uses

vain

very   350

waist

wait

walk

warm

watch   355

water

weak

wear

weave

wept   360

were

wheat

wheel

where

whey   365

who

witch

wolf

woods

worm   370

worn

worth

wrap

wrist

write   375

wrong

year

yell

young

your   380

bet

betting

hop

hopping

drop

dropping

rub

rubbing

brag

bragging

blot

blotting

come

coming

have

having

hope

hoping

live

living

use

using

like

liking

STANDARD II.

GRADE 3.

1

ate

plate

slate

face

race

brace

size

huge

burst

quite

angry

meadow

larger

became

strange

With —ate put d, f, g, h, K, l, m, r, sk, gr, cr, pr, st. Write l, p, pl, Gr, tr, sp, with —ace. Add —ing to see, be, free, flee.

Does Grace skate? Place the wood in the grate. Brace up for a race. Keep a space for my school mate. Buy a pair of shoe laces. Little Jack Frog once spied a huge ox in a field. He told what a strange beast he had seen, larger than any frog in the stream. His mother became quite angry. She tried to puff herself out to as great a size. But she only burst and died.

2

bake

shake

drake

game

flame

shame

Nellie

garden

mother's

tulip

dainty

basket

proud

bright

Saturday

Put c, f, l, m, r, s, t, w, fl, sn, sp, st with —ake. Write c, d, f, l, n, s, t, bl with —ame. Add —ful to spoon, hand, care, arm.

Shake the grate and see the flame shoot up. Nellie grows flowers in her garden. Her mother's birthday was on Saturday. Then Nellie picked a basket of bright tulips. These she fixed in a dainty bowl, placed near her mother's seat at table. How pleased her mamma was, and how proud Nellie felt.

3

fade

shade

spade

Jane

pane

plane

age

wage

stage

eager

quiet

kitten

broke

pieces

smooth

With —ade put m, w, bl, gr, tr; with —ane write c, D, l, m, s, cr. Put c, p, r, s with —age. Add —ly to last, great, swift, apt.

He broke a pane of glass. My knife has four blades. Plane off the stage. What wages does Jane get? Two pretty gold fish were happy in a bowl of water. A young kitten spied them, and jumped upon the table. At first she was quiet, and watched them swim about. She was eager to touch one with her paw. She climbed up the smooth side of the bowl. But it rolled off and broke into many pieces.

4

gave

shave

grave

ale

pale

whale

able

fable

stable

Topsy

negro

merry

also

learn

garden

Put c, p, r, s, w, br, cr, sl, st, with —ave. Write b, g, h, m, s, t, sc, st with —ale. Put c, f, g, with —able.

Has a whale scales like fish? There are oak staves in the barrel. The male lion has a mane. Read a fairy tale or fable. A pale face. Pave the stable yard. Buy a stale loaf. Topsy is a jolly negro girl. Her father was once a slave. Now he owns a house and garden. He is able to grow many melons and lemons. Besides he raises some fine fowl. He is hale and merry. Topsy hoes the sugar cane. She learns quickly also.

5

mare

share

square

gaze

blaze

graze

cape

shape

scrape

giant

castle

person

thief

robbed

coming

With —are put b, c, d, f, h, p, r, fl, sc, sn, sp, st. Write d, h, m, cr, gl with —aze. Put t, dr, gr, esc, with —ape.

The mare grazes in the square. As crazy as a March hare. The fare is a dollar. Pare the apples. Scrape the walk bare. See the blaze flare up. Once there lived a huge giant eight feet high. His home was in a strong castle, often hidden by haze. He used to steal lambs, sheep and oxen. The thief spared no person. The farmers he robbed were very angry. But they were scared and tried to escape his coming.

6 (REVIEW)

size

huge

giant

angry

castle

quite

graze

stable

smooth

meadow

eager

negro

quiet

tulip

dainty

thief

pieces

escape

basket

square

bright

proud

coming

person

Saturday

They tried to escape from the giant's castle on Saturday. The angry negro was quite crazy. There were pieces of smooth cloth. The stable is of great size. The thief spied a dainty, square basket. The quiet pony grazes in a huge meadow. Who is that proud person coming along? Eager for some bright tulips.

7

haste

taste

waste

dance

chance

France

alive

begged

return

early

rising

clothes

could

would

should

To tw— add ice, ine, ig, irl, ist, elve, enty. Add —ed to visit, melt, start, hand, scold, load, drift, play, hoot, risk.

Bears prance and dance. They waste little in France. I chanced to glance about. He should make haste. His mother begged Jack not to climb the bean stalk. She said the giant would be sure to know him, and he could never return alive. Jack kept quiet for he would not tell a lie. He put on his old clothes, and stained his face and hands a dark brown color. Rising early one summer day, he said he would try his luck again.

8

fire

spire

quire

sore

chore

swore

Bible

wagon

velvet

jacket

mason

burden

heavy

silent

healing

With —ire put h, m, s, t, w, squ. Write b, c, f, m, t, w, y, sc, sh, sn, st with —ore. Add —er to clear, dark, soon, neat.

A sore throat. A quire of note paper. The fore wheels and hind wheels. An apple core. He does chores after school. He snores very often. He swore on the Bible. The wagon tire broke. Squire Jones wore a velvet jacket. He climbs the church spire. Do you know the base-ball score? He bore a heavy burden. Hire the silent mason. His sore thumb is healing. Twist the wires in the cable. I tore my shoe there.

9

ice

price

twice

file

smile

while

death

mince

clever

laugh

lying

lovely

ropes

plenty

forever

Put m, n, r, v, sl, sp, spl, with —ice; and m, p, t, v, w, with —ile.

Sailors splice ropes. The slice of ice-cream was nice. You may fail twice or thrice, try again. It is worth while to smile or laugh. Lying is a mean vice. The price of a steel file. Put plenty of spice in mince pies.

Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever;

Do lovely things, not dream them, all day long;

And so make Life, and Death, and that Forever,

One grand, sweet song.

10

rove

stove

grove

nose

close

chose

flies

built

calico

lively

poplar

greedy

parent

window

hatched

Write c, d, w, cl, dr, str, with —ove; and h, r, pr, th, with —ose.

She chose a calico gown. Please close the stove door. A drove of sheep. They roved in a shady grove. They wove tweed from wool. He strove to cross the river. A pair of robins built their nest in a poplar tree near my window. There were four blue eggs after two weeks. From those were hatched four lively birds. They opened their mouths very wide, always greedy for food. The two parent birds were kept busy bringing them worms and flies. Young robins have downy coats.

11

blue

glue

cube

cute

mute

flute

cure

pure

rude

money

village

robber

market

walking

tumbled

Write d, h, s, cl, fl, with —ue. Add —e to tub, cub, hug, plum, cur, us. Add —ly to love, false, wise, live, nice, sure, cool.

She wears a blue plume. There is no clue to the cute robber. He sued for wages due. Smoke goes up the flue. Glue the cube. A lively milkmaid was walking to market to sell a pail of cream. This she bore on her head. She would buy eggs with the money, and raise chickens. These would bring high prices at the village. She could buy a new gown. She felt so proud she tossed her head. The pail tumbled down and all was lost.

12 (REVIEW)

score

twice

village

lying

heavy

Bible

lovely

chores

poplar

clothes

cute

mason

wagon

thrice

chance

built

early

could

quire

calico

lively

money

tumble

hatched

window

A village mason built a score of stables. A lovely calico frock. The Bible is lying on the window. His clothes are always too heavy. He was hired to clean the wagon and do chores. He offered twice or thrice the money. The cute ducks were hatched early. Buy a quire of paper. Could you tell a poplar tree? A jug of cream. By chance he tumbled down stairs.

13

loud

cloud

shroud

hour

flour

scour

spider

insect

tadpole

fatter

dipper

friend

appear

become

narrow

A barrel of flour. Scour the dipper. Half an hour. Thou shalt not steal. Clouds in the south shroud the sun. Proud of his friends. The yeast was sour. The toad is dark brown, with a fatter body and shorter legs than the frog. Little warts cover its body. It eats insects, spiders and worms. From its eggs come little black tadpoles. Soon the hind legs appear, then the front ones. The long, narrow tail slowly becomes shorter. So, after some weeks, the tadpoles have turned into toads.

14

pout

spout

sprout

couch

crouch

slouch

quart

quite

quilt

timid

fellow

supper

can't

seeing

careful

With —out put ab, g, r, sh, sc, sn, st, tr. To qu— add ack, ail, een, eer, ill, iet. With —ouse put h, d, l, m, s, gr.

Fetch the quilt to the couch. Timid quails crouch down and keep quiet. Walk quickly, do not slouch. Plants sprout in the spring. Not quite a quart of cream. "Be careful," said a mother trout to her son, "some school boys shout; they come here to fish." "They can't catch me," cried the foolish fellow, "I know their tricks." He swam off in search of supper. Seeing a plump worm twisting about, he snatched it. There was a loud splash, but one trout swam in the brook never again.

15

bound

found

ground

ounce

bounce

flounce

squaw

animal

settlers

ripened

Indians

wigwam

easily

season

between

Write h, m, p, r, s, w with —ound.

Sixteen ounces make a pound. A tiger pounced upon the hound. She wears flounces. Bounce your ball. He wound the clock. The French were the first white settlers in Canada. They found here many Indians. These lived by fishing and the chase. They dressed in the skins of animals which they had killed. Their wigwams were easily moved, and often this was done each season. The squaws tilled the crops. They ground the ripened corn between two stones.

16

light

fight

fright

ought

fought

brought

native

safety

bravely

kettle

candle

tallow

strange

instead

blazing

With —ight put m, n, kn, r, s, t, br, fl, sl.

The Indians were friendly at first, but later they thought it right to fight the French. But these settlers fought bravely. The guns they had brought frightened the natives, who sought safety in flight. The settlers built rude log houses, now a strange sight. Often oiled paper was used for glass. Tallow candles gave light at night. Instead of an iron stove a huge fireplace might be found. Over the bright blazing fire hung iron kettles for cooking.

17

edge

wedge

sledge

judge

budge

grudge

dodge

badge

bridge

cradle

simple

lessons

rattle

paddle

silently

Write h, l, pl, dr with —edge. Put f, n, sm, dr, tr with —udge.

Trudge to the edge of the bridge. Nudge John. He grudges a badge for the judge. We could not budge the wedge. He dodged the sledge. The Indian baby was strapped into a wooden cradle. The children played many games, and had simple toys, dolls and rattles. They had many lessons not found in books. They knew where to find the birds and animals. They could tell their colors and habits. When twelve the boy could build a boat, and paddle swiftly and silently.

18 (REVIEW)

dodge

fright

cradle

crouch

simple

easily

bounce

judges

native

blazing

quilt

ounce

safety

paddle

friend

kettle

animal

season

grudge

insect

candle

tallow

sought

Indian

between

The Indian crouched down and sought to dodge the animal. My friend paddled in safety to the blazing dredge. He grudges even an ounce of sugar. The judge bought a pound of tallow candles. Simple folk are easily frightened. I tumbled the quilts in the cradle. Are there many native insects? Bounce baby on your knee. A quiet season. Between you and me.

19

head

bread

spread

health

wealth

stealth

sweat

threat

breath

solid

travel

mostly

letter

post-office

newspaper

With —ead put d, l, r, dr, st, tr, thr, r—-y, st—-y.

Health is better than wealth. Horses sweat. He read tales by stealth. A steady breath. As heavy as lead. Ready to spread the news. Thread the needle. Does he dread such threats? For many years there were no horses in Canada. Travel was mostly by boat in summer. The solid log houses were built along the rivers. There were no post-offices; letters were sent by friends. Newspapers were not known, books were few. A few schools were kept for white or Indian children.

20

aught

caught

taught

naughty

haughty

daughter

world

heart

every

glory

honor

nation

assist

respect

fortune

I caught the naughty boy and taught him a lesson. His daughter is haughty. Can I do aught to assist you?

To all the world I give my hand;

My heart I give my native land,

I seek her good, her glory;

I honor every nation's name,

Respect their fortune and their fame,

But love the land that bore me.

21

pause

cause

clause

daub

Maud

fraud

haul

fault

vault

piano

garret

comma

bundle

chamber

scrubbed

Add —en to dark, black, fright, sweet, smooth, moist, weak.

Should you pause at every comma? Read the clause again, Laura. A team hauls a load of pianos. He caused Paul to close the vault. The giant was a fraud. Wipe off that daub of paint. Was it Maud's fault? The young daughter washed the dirty dishes and scrubbed the floors. She swept the carpet in my lady's chamber. Her two elder sisters slept in cosy feather beds, while she had some bundles of straw in the garret; yet she bore all without finding fault.

22

bough

plough

lounge

count

fount

mount

coach

stately

ladder

fancy

magic

hurried

meant

pumpkin

Cinderella

Join —ing to daub, mount, plough, hurry, count, scoop, hitch.

Do not lounge at the plough. Count the boughs on the oak. Mount the ladder. A fount or spring of water. Cinderella hurried to the field and brought back a huge pumpkin. She could not fancy what use it was meant for. But the fairy scooped it out, then touched it with her magic wand. At once it became a stately coach, beaming with gold and bright colors. She found four mice caught in the trap. These were changed into stout horses and hitched to the coach.

23

lief

chief

grief

fiddle

riddle

griddle

banjo

until

gruel

polite

amuse

relieve

shinny

visitor

entertain

Write un— with able, safe, just, true, load, fair, learn, tried.

I had as lief have a banjo as a fiddle. Do riddles amuse you? He ate gruel and griddle cakes. Shinny is our chief game. Silent grief is often deep. Always be polite to callers in your home. Should your parents be absent or unable to see the visitors at once, offer them chairs. Stand until they are seated. Try your best to entertain them until some older person relieves you. Then leave the room quietly, closing the door without noise. Be sure to pass behind, not in front of persons.

24 (REVIEW)

chief

coach

fault

fancy

office

banjo

bundle

nation

health

garret

lounge

wealth

relieve

shinny

fiddle

gruel

thread

plough

visitor

hurried

naughty

fortune

chamber

pumpkin

daughter

The count's coach hurried to the office. I know what the visitor sought in the bundle. A fiddle was lying on the garret lounge. Good men are the nation's chief wealth. Plough the pumpkin field. Shinny is healthy sport. It was that naughty boy's fault. His daughter's banjo. I fancy a bowl of gruel. Fetch the thread from my lady's chamber. I ought always to relieve my friends.

25

singe

fringe

ginger

angel

danger

arrange

orphan

orchard

coward

sudden

blunder

thunder

echo

suffer

account

Add —es to sash, bush, porch, march, gas, press; as sash, sashes. Won't means will not; don't, do not; doesn't, does not.

Can't I exchange the blue shawl fringe for a lighter hue? Arrange to have some ginger tea. Read the account of the orphan's sudden rise. She sings like an angel. I suffer from twinges of pain. Won't the hot iron singe the clothes? Yes, there is danger. How the thunder echoes! Don't the cowards cringe with fear? Doesn't Ralph plough the new orchard? By some blunder the fringe is tinged with red.

26

squat

squash

squall

squint

squirt

squirm

turnips

parsnip

parsley

radish

lettuce

rhubarb

sprays

picture

mixture

Add —es to hatch, pass, hero, motto, tax, fix, negro. I've means I have; we've, we have; you'll, you will.

Take a picture of the dog as he squats on the floor. The bright sunlight causes us to squint. You'll soon hear the baby's squalls. The larger squashes grow near the turnips. We've tender lettuce and rhubarb in the garden ready to use. I've sown parsley, radish, and parsnip seed in the pumpkin field. Charles sprays the bushes. He squirts the green mixture over the leaves. We've a rhubarb pie for lunch. Eels squirm like snakes.

27

clench

drench

quench

locket

packet

bucket

scheme

scholar

schooner

captain

certain

curtain

ribbon

bonnet

monkey

Add —es to echo, lash, six, crutch, church, match; as echo, echoes. It's or 'tis means it is; 'twas, it was; they'll, they will.

'Tis the captain of the schooner. 'Twas the crew's fault. My gold locket. It's certain the scheme will cause some fun. A sailor clenched his fist. The scholars hurry home. The rain pours down and they'll be drenched. Quench the burning curtain with a bucket of water. Post the packet of letters. Tie my ribbon. The angry monkey tore the lady's bonnet.

28

Bertha

Julia

Louisa

puddle

huddle

stubble

real

trial

goal

dizzy

puzzle

dazzle

china

facing

closet

Copy,—man, men; woman, women; gentleman, gentlemen; ox, oxen. E'er means ever; o'er, over; ne'er, never.

Bertha lies on the sofa. The baking soda is in a jar in the china closet. A mud puddle. The chubby quail huddle close to each other, facing outward. Western farmers burn their stubble before ploughing. We won both goals. Louisa's coat is real seal. Try the puzzle. Make two trials. Julia is dizzy; there is buzzing in her ears. My eyes are dazzled. The muzzled bear is dancing. E'er be true; ne'er be false to anyone. O'er the hill the sun is setting.

29

urge

charge

George

Noah

Sarah

signed

anvil

forge

shoeing

charcoal

oatmeal

porridge

glowing

bellows

hammer

Copy,—foot, feet; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; mouse, mice; louse, lice; this foot; these feet; that mouse; those mice.

Noah was saved from the flood and stormy billows. Urge on the team. George, the blacksmith, is shoeing the mare. Will he charge much? He lights the forge with charcoal. Hear the bellows roar. Isn't the iron glowing red? Yes, he hammers and shapes the shoes on the anvil. See his tongs and big heavy sledge. We won't grudge the money. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Sarah signed the pledge.

30 (REVIEW)

bonnet

orphan

ribbon

curtain

shoeing

lettuce

squalls

sudden

parsley

George

quench

scheme

monkey

scholar

porridge

echoes

puzzle

coward

radish

captain

'twas

ne'er

you'll

won't

doesn't

The orphan's bonnet has pretty ribbon. I've grown radishes, lettuce, and parsley. A monkey's face. Half a bowl of porridge. Shoeing the ponies. Why doesn't a scholar quench the blaze? 'Twas a coward's scheme. Hear the echoes. The captain told queer tales. Of course I won't. You'll work out the puzzle. So huge a squash on vine ne'er grew. Sudden squalls of wind.

31

rouse

blouse

spouse

quaint

quince

question

circle

cinder

cistern

centre

decent

cement

William

deserve

answer

Write un— with clean, kind, seen, hook, tie, loose, furl. I'd means I would; e'en, even; shan't, shall not.

I'd rouse William. He's sleepy. He calls his wife 'spouse.' He deserves praise. I shan't wear a blue silk blouse. Quinces are somewhat like pears. My niece answers these questions. In the smoke from the coal fire were many cinders. The cistern is eight feet deep. The walls and floor are made of stone and cement. In the centre of the circle are a few quaint but decent folk. Of course, I hear. We told tales.

32

scum

scuttle

scarce

notice

recess

vessel

doctor

excuse

dismiss

view

raisin

furnace

surface

surname

surprise

Write —ful and —less after pain, harm, joy, cheer, help, waste. Copy,—Mr. Hugh Lee lives on New Street. His house is No. 8.

Notice the scum on the surface of the pond. Wait at the creek. It is useless to scold that scamp. There is scarcely a hair on his scalp. The window screens. The furnace room. The coal scuttle. After recess he ate some raisins. Will the teacher excuse a wrong answer? We dismiss at four o'clock. The clear view was a great surprise. What is the doctor's surname?

33

poured

poultry

shoulder

court

mould

smoulder

cider

cipher

recite

senior

junior

period

figure

arrive

pudding

12 m. means noon; a.m., before mid-day; p.m., after mid-day, as 9 a.m., 4 p.m. Sen., Senior; Jun., Junior.

I poured sauce over the pudding. Hugh's daughter is as high as my shoulder. We've a coop for poultry. Birds and fowl moult. By the court-house is a huge boulder. Mould two clay figures. A piece of wood smoulders in the furnace. The senior scholars recite in an hour. They arrive at 9 a.m. The juniors leave at 4 p.m. They dismiss us at 12 m. Make a cipher or naught. Cider is made by crushing apples.

34

vein

skein

weigh

Peter

fever

lever

linen

muslin

chisel

metal

cocoa

coffee

Samuel

tangled

smother

Write —er after play, mow, preach, print, paint, bank, mill, fish, sell. Add —en to short, tight, cheap, slack, thick.

Notice the veins in Peter's wrist. The heavy coat will almost smother baby. Weigh the skein of tangled yarn. Iron is a useful metal. Rev. Daniel Robb will preach on Sunday, 9th inst., at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Samuel Johnson, Jun., was ill of fever. Dr. Brown uses cocoa and coffee. The chisel and the strong lever are made of steel. I spoilt my muslin dress and linen coat.

35

wreath

wretch

wriggle

wring

wrestle

wrinkle

object

subject

earnest

aged

ashore

kindled

drunken

wrapped

blanket

N. stands for North; S., for South; E., for East; W., for West; N.E., North-East; S.W., South-West; St., Street.

A wreath of flowers. The drunken wretch had sunken eyes and a wrinkled brow. I wring clothes. Sleigh bells tinkle. Boys wrestle. Eels wriggle. Learn the object of the busy black ants. Study four subjects. Aren't they in earnest? An Indian, his squaw, and his aged mother crossed the river in a canoe. He tenderly lifted ashore the old woman, wrapped in a blanket. Then he kindled a fire and cooked some food for her.

36 (REVIEW)

blouse

cinder

quince

centre

answer

view

weigh

metal

skein

lever

wrestle

junior

cocoa

wretch

cipher

doctor

question

cistern

smother

earnest

Daniel

wrinkle

period

circle

poultry

Dr. Jolly is visiting an unhappy wretch. A cinder lodged in his eye. Her blouse is wrinkled. Will you wrestle Daniel? He ciphers with the juniors. Answer my question. Weigh the cocoa, John. The centre of the cistern is a circle. A lever is made of metal. Let us view the poultry. Pare the quinces. A skein of yarn. For a short period we almost smothered.

37

berry

cherry

cherries

suit

fruit

juice

nectar

number

bumble

honey

perfume

humming

beauty

quarrel

blossom

In berry, fly, baby, pony, story, city, change y to i and add —es. Use each word; as, One berry. Two berries.

Spring! The berry bushes are clothed in green. The fruit-trees, cherry, apple, pear, and peach, have lovely white and pink suits. They are full of perfume and beauty. Hear the humming sound made by numbers of insects. See the honey-bees, bumble-bees, flies, and wasps. They are feeding on nectar, the sweet juice within the blossoms. Do bees often quarrel?

38

busy

busily

family

owe

tidy

tiny

debt

doubt

waist

owner

sower

earning

tongue

shining

bottom

In busy, easy, lazy, happy, pretty, merry, change y to i and add —ly. Use each word; as, The busy bee. John works busily.

We owe each tidy, busy worker a great debt. A bee tumbles down to the bottom of a flower. Here it reaches with tiny, shining tongue, the clear, sweet nectar. It is busily storing up for its own family, and no doubt earning money for its owner. But it is also doing another and a greater work for us. Without the bee's help we should have few juicy berries, apples, or pears. A sower sows the seed. The pail leaks. A girl's waist.

39

pollen

yellow

gather

drones

spines

inside

cells

peal

fleas

hairy

pocket

slender

rubbed

setting

carried

In easy, lazy, greedy, happy, merry, change y to i and add —er, —est; as, An easy chair. An easier chair. The easiest chair.

In the bee-hive is the comb of six-sided cells, made of wax. Bees gather pollen, the yellow dust on the tiny, slender spines inside the bloom. From this the workers make combs and bee-bread. The queen and the lazy drones have no wax pockets. A bee pushes its head and hairy body into a flower. Pollen clings to it and is carried into another blossom. There it is rubbed off and the setting of fruit is sure. Fleas bite dogs. Bells peal.

40

curly

curve

Arthur

ruin

bruin

bruise

butter

cripple

choking

wound

group

croup

crown

shower

drowsy

In sky, candy, lily, copy, dolly, kitty, change y to i and add —es; as, The sky is blue. The skies are blue.

Arthur is an honest player. He is tired and drowsy. Emma's maid has curly hair. Her eyebrows curve downward. The mail bag. Lilies are fair to see. The maid sighs. Butter will ruin the maid's gown. Bruin has a bruise on his nose and a cruel wound on his body. A group of children watch the wounded bear. A cripple is choking with croup. The sun's warm rays and summer showers will crown the fields with grain.

41

earth

heard

pearls

aim

ail

aid

cousin

country

courage

whistle

thistle

bristle

nestle

glisten

cottage

In spy, party, poppy, pussy, change y to i and add —es; as, Is this a spy? Are these spies? Copy,—A steel pen.

I heard rain patter. A load of earth. Dew-drops glisten like pearls. Aid cousin Anna. Her wrist is bruised. Aim to please. What ails the children? The country air will cure the croup. Scotch thistles have sharp points. Bristles are stiff hairs. Arthur is able to whistle a tune. Have courage; be brave. The humble cottage nestles beside the stately castle. Listen, I heard my cousin whistle.

42 (REVIEW)

ruin

suit

debt

earns

group

cells

busily

curve

juicy

doubt

easily

drowsy

glisten

heard

bruise

pearls

cousin

owner

courage

thistle

Will the moist air ruin Lucy's suit? Does Thomas owe debts for coal? Groups of drowsy children. These young bees work busily making honey-cells. The pears are juicy. Arthur, no doubt, earns money easily. We heard of cousin John's painful bruise. The thistle blossom is light. Wear your necklace of pearls. The owner of the cottage lives at the curve in the road. Courage! my boys, dare to do right. The dew glistens.

43

arrow

hollow

swallow

flown

grown

mown

Stephen

nephew

cotton

crayon

yonder

beyond

staircase

breakfast

beefsteak

In carry, fry, try, cry, dry, copy, change y to i and add —es, —ed; I carry wood. He carries wood. He has carried wood.

Like an arrow from a bow the swallow skimmed the grassy hollow. The larks had flown before the mower had mown the field. Stephen, my nephew, has shown us cotton, grown in the fields. See the chalk or crayon marks on yonder cupboard beyond the staircase. I found some cold beefsteak. After breakfast I slept an hour.

44

Ruth

Susan

Luke

eaten

squeal

squeak

fully

bitten

middle

believe

cabbage

suitable

cases

cocoon

wander

In sheaf, shelf, half, wolf, calf, loaf, thief, change f to v and add —es; as, One leaf, Two leaves. Copy,—Weigh the bee-bread.

Ruth cleans the beans. Luke eats prunes. Mice squeak; pigs squeal. Look at Susan's cabbage plants! A number of leaves have been eaten off. Others have pieces bitten out. I believe this worm lying along the middle of the leaf has done it. Others are climbing the stalk, just the color of the cabbage. These worms, when fully grown, will wander away. In some suitable place they will cover themselves with little cocoons.

45

silken

girdle

almost

dreary

weaving

creature

higher

flight

unlike

potted

flitting

sipping

basking

sunshine

spinning

In beauty, pity, mercy, fancy, change y to i and add —ful. In lazy, greedy, happy, pretty, change y to i and add —ness.

All the long, dreary winter the green worm sleeps in its silken cocoon. This robe or girdle is made from its own spinning and weaving. Later on, a beautiful white butterfly will appear. This lovely creature with black-spotted wings is quite unlike the worm. Soon it will be flitting about among the blossoms. It is almost always sipping nectar and basking in the sunshine. It does not make higher flights.

46

Ralph

Joseph

Philip

sleigh

weight

neighbor

couple

double

trouble

parcel

cancel

celery

attic

music

public

In make, shine, have, tumble, store, close, curve, pile, drop e and add —ing; as, Make bread. Are you making bread?

Joseph is taking the trouble to pick us a couple of pecks of nice pears. Double as many, or four pecks, is a whole bushel. Philip weighs parcels of sugar. Cancel my order for raisins. I'm giving full weight. Ralph is busy driving the sleigh. Wrap up some celery for our neighbor's son. He studies music in the public school. Our house has a higher attic. Horses neigh.

47

writing

written

scribble

pupil

stupid

student

niece

pierce

fierce

shield

priest

shriek

pawn

fawn

yawn

In take, drive, choke, weave, cure, please, bruise, clothe, drop e and add —ing; as, He is taking a walk. Copy,—The sun's rays.

This student's writing is a mere scribble. Have the scholars written their spelling? The pupils yawn. They feel sleepy and stupid. Shield the little, spotted fawn. The fawn's mother is called a doe. Ella, my niece, gave a piercing shriek. A fierce dog sprang at the doe. Don't pawn your watch. The Indian chiefs believed the priest's words.

48 (REVIEW)

nephew

swallow

believe

breakfast

currants

sheaves

thieves

stupid

courage

cabbage

Philip

chiefly

beauty

spotted

creature

Stephen

pierce

weight

couple

raisins

celery

written

parcel

squeak

shriek

My nephew ate no breakfast. Stephen swallows the cabbage too hastily. See the beautiful sheaves of wheat. Notice chiefly their hue and weight. Thieves often lack courage. Shrieks pierce the air. Send some celery and a couple of parcels of raisins and currants. The doe and spotted fawn are not stupid creatures. Philip has written to our nephew. New shoes squeak.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

able

aged

almost

angel

angry   5

animal

answer

appear

arrive

arrow   10

Arthur

assist

attic

aught

badge   15

banjo

beauty

believe

berries

Bertha   20

between

beyond

billow

blanket

blazing   25

blossom

blouse

bonnet

bottom

bough   30

bounce

breath

bridge

bright

brought   35

bruise

bucket

built

bumble

bundle   40

burst

busily

bustle

cabbage

calico   45

candle

captain

carried

castle

caught   50

cause

celery

cells

cement

centre   55

certain

chamber

charcoal

cheerful

chief   60

chisel

chore

chose

cider

cinder   65

cipher

circle

cistern

cities

clause   70

clench

closet

clothes

cocoa

cocoon   75

coffee

comma

easier

cottage

cotton   80

country

couple

courage

court

coward   85

crayon

crouch

croup

cube

curtain   90

cute

dainty

Daniel

daub

dazzle   95

death

debt

dizzy

doctor

dodge   100

doesn't

double

dreary

drench

drowsy   105

eager

earnest

early

earth

easily   110

echo

edge

every

excuse

facing   115

family

fancy

fault

fawn

fellow   120

fever

fiddle

fierce

figure

fleas   125

flight

flute

forge

fought

fraud   130

friend

fright

fringe

furnace

fruit   135

garret

gather

George

giant

ginger   140

girdle

glisten

glue

goal

graze   145

grief

grieves

group

grown

grudge   150

gruel

halves

haughty

haul

health   155

heard

heart

heavy

hollow

honor   160

hour

huddle

hurried

Indian

insect   165

instead

judge

juice

junior

kettle   170

kindle

laugh

lesson

lever

lief   175

Louisa

lounge

magic

mason

metal   180

meadow

meant

mince

money

mould   185

monkey

mower

mown

music

nation   190

native

naughty

nectar

neighbor

nephew   195

niece

notice

oatmeal

object

office   200

orphan

ought

ounce

paddle

parcel   205

parsley

pause

pearls

period

Philip   210

piano

pictures

pieces

pierce

pitiful   215

plough

polite

pollen

poplar

poultry   220

poured

priest

public

pumpkin

puzzle   225

quaint

quench

question

quiet

quince   230

quire

raisins

Ralph

recess

recite   235

relieve

rhubarb

ribbon

riddle

robber   240

rouse

ruin

Sarah

scarce

scuttle   245

scheme

scholar

scour

scrape

season   250

senior

servant

settler

shoulder

shriek   255

shroud

signed

silent

simple

singe   260

skein

sledge

sleigh

smother

slouch   265

spied

spouse

squall

squash

squeak   270

squint

squirm

steak

stealth

stubble   275

student

subject

surface

swallow

suits   280

swore

tallow

taught

thief

thistle   285

threat

tiny

tongue

trouble

tulip   290

twice

unfurl

unloose

until

urge   295

vault

vein

village

visitor

view   300

waist

waste

wealth

weaving

wedge   305

weight

whistle

William

world

wound   310

wrapped

wreath

wrestle

wretch

wriggle   315

wring

writing

written

yawn

yellow   320

STANDARD III. JUNIOR.

GRADE 4.

1

guide

guard

guess

lose

whose

bosom

prove

worse

worry

worthy

worship

worsted

beggar

ragged

stagger

Add —er to fat, red, in, rob, up, hot, wet; as, fatter. Notice the single vowel and the single consonant at the end of each word.

Guide the ragged beggar up the garret stair. He staggers. Whose bundle of clothes is here? I cannot guess. Fierce dogs guard the fruit. Fasten the bosom of your blouse. Did you lose any money? Don't worry. The trouble might have proved worse. Dr. Lee wears a suit of worsted. We worship the one living and true God. He is worthy of all praise.

2

cedar

cellar

cigar

crocus

cleanse

custom

mayor

mirror

parlor

sponge

shovel

gloves

circus

govern

common

Add —ed, —ing to shop, grin, stir, skip, chat, strap, sun, grip, mop; as, shopped, shopping.

The deep cellar has a cedar floor. Don't smoke cigars; the custom is too common. The crocus is in bloom. A circus with a wild beast show is coming here. The mayor governs the city. He has a dozen beautiful doves. They hover round our cottage. The mirror in the parlor is of plate glass. Shovel out the earth. Wear no gloves. Cleanse your hands with a sponge.

3

auger

August

autumn

saucer

sausage

laundry

author

caution

auction

limbs

yield

bored

scarlet

harvest

crimson

Write in full: Sun., Mon., Th., Fri., Sat.; as, Sunday. Aug., August; Sept., September; Oct., October; Nov., November.

August and harvest have passed. October and autumn are here. The leaves are scarlet, crimson, and yellow. Soon they will carpet the ground, leaving the limbs and branches bare. The birds have flown south. The fields now yield them no food. Who is the author of the book? My linen is in the laundry. I bored holes with the auger. Cover the fried sausage with a saucer. Buy with caution at the auction sale.

4

sorrow

borrow

furrow

feather

weather

leather

tough

rough

enough

detain

obtain

remain

people

squirrel

sparrow

With —low put fel, mel, yel, wil, pil, fol, hol, tal, mal; as, fellow. Write other words in —low, —row, —dow; as widow.

The sparrow, woodpecker, and chickadee remain. But few others of the feathered people can obtain enough to eat. The squirrels are busy hiding away food in their narrow houses for the rough winter weather. They pick to pieces the tough pine cones to obtain the seeds between the scales. Borrow a neighbor's wheelbarrow. Plough deeper furrows to-morrow. Our leather shoes. The widow's sorrow. I'll not detain you long.

5

ferns

herbs

verse

wonder

perfect

pattern

observe

servant

pleasant

merchant

January

February

curious

furious

serious

Dec. means December; Jan., January; Feb., February; Mar., March; Apr., April. Spring begins Mar. 21; Autumn, Sept. 21.

Winter! It is cloudy but pleasant weather. Snowflakes are quietly falling. Observe the curious patterns. The wind often breaks their frail points. Snow forms a perfect covering for the herbs and ferns. The furious storm did serious damage. The servants were filled with wonder. Merchants buy and sell. January and February are cold months. Recite your verses on New Year's Day.

6 (REVIEW)

limbs

yield

herbs

whose

worry

sponge

cigar

circus

mirror

enough

guess

serious

people

beggar

furrow

saucer

perfect

between

weather

autumn

auction

worsted

squirrel

pleasant

February

Boughs are strong limbs. Don't yield to worry. Govern your temper. I guessed whose circus he saw. Sponge off the cigar ashes from the mirror. He ploughs an almost perfect furrow. Great swamps lie between us. The beggar looks serious. The saucy squirrel eats from a saucer. Autumn weather is pleasant enough. Our people will auction worsted goods in February.

7

Daisy

dairy

mainly

rainbow

railroad

sailboat

wired

pores

fibres

toward

mustard

custard

explain

contain

breathing

Add —ing to ask, add, farm, sell, print, chirp, shirk, whirl; as, asking. Notice the two consonants at the end.

The "Daily News" praised Daisy's courage. In the dairy we make butter mainly. Hail the sailboat. See the arched rainbow toward the south. The railroad fences are wired. Explain why mustard seed is ground. I've a pailful of bait and two custard pies. The tired oxen were nearly mired. The surface of a leaf contains small pores for breathing. In the stalk are tough fibres or threads.

8

palm

balm

calm

gnat

gnaw

bathe

capsize

allowed

drowned

canoe

beaver

healing

borne

divide

purpose

Add —ing to oil, bowl, seal, suit, cloud, aim, cook, boat; as, oil, oiling. Notice the two vowels before the last consonant.

Healing balm will cure the sores in the palm of your hand. We'll bathe in the calm lake. My boat floats. Are we allowed to paddle canoes? We might capsize and be drowned. The air is full of gnats and flies. Beavers gnaw down trees and build storehouses. Trees have boughs with leaves borne on the twigs. Hidden in the earth are the roots, which divide into rootlets. Their main purpose is to obtain food from the soil.

9

icy

icing

icicle

argue

value

avenue

eaves

except

through

alarms

annual

beneath

reckon

timber

lumber

To set, skim, spot, hum, sip, snap, plug, add —ing; as, setting. To pat, dip, spin, blot, chop, skip, drum, add —er; as, patter.

Coasting down icy hills alarms me. Icicles hang from the eaves. Spread icing over the cake. Oak is of great value. We wheel on the avenue. We argued for and against it. Trunks of trees never grow higher except through cutting off some lower boughs. New growth is added just beneath the inner bark. Woodcutters observe these annual rings and reckon the tree's age. Timber and lumber are scarce and dear.

10

saddle

peddle

meddle

reels

beetle

steeple

syrup

maple

purple

spruce

balsam

walnut

molasses

Tuesday

Wednesday

Add —ed, —ing to camp, dress, scald, lunch, track, clinch, thank, plough; as, camped, camping. Tues., Tuesday; Wed., Wednesday.

Don't meddle with pony's saddle and bridle. Peddle ice. The beetle has curious wings. He prizes the flowers. The church steeple is ninety feet high. The maple, beech, birch, alder, poplar, and walnut lose their purple leaves every autumn. The pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and balsam remain green. The sap of the sugar maple, when boiled, yields syrup or molasses. Tuesday and Wednesday, the third and fourth of February.

11

knit

knot

knob

knack

knock

knuckle

tempt

prompt

glimpse

whittle

prattle

bubbles

coarse

hoarse

uproar

Add —ed and —ing to groan, cheer, fear, aim, spoil, thread, seat, pout, fool; as, groaned, groaning.

The knave has the knack of knitting quickly. The old knight kneels. Cut the knot with a knife. He knocked the door knob with his knuckle. Be prompt to do your duty. Tempt no one. We caught a glimpse of a vessel afloat. The captain had coarse clothes and a hoarse voice. Indians whittle. Hear the uproar. Babies prattle. We blew soap bubbles on Wednesday.

12 (REVIEW)

knit

calm

bathe

gnaw

tempt

borne

fibres

pores

argue

syrup

divide

walnut

purple

icicle

balsam

peddle

hoarse

knuckle

glimpse

Tuesday

I knit mitts. A walnut tree. Calm music quiets us. He argues in a hoarse voice. We purpose using boughs of spruce and balsam for fires. The dog gnaws the bone. He ate fibres of lean beef. Peddle maple syrup. A purple ribbon tempts me to buy. We had a glimpse through a glass of the pores of the skin. The long icicle was borne away. The boys skinned their knuckles wiring stove pipes. Bathe my sore heel.

13

berth

stern

asters

offer

differ

suffer

lawyer

lantern

iceberg

vowel

trowel

empire

suppose

support

British

Add —ing to hug, split, clap, flap, flag, wed, span, slam, jar, whir, whet; as, hugging, splitting.

Arrange the asters in vases. They differ in color. I prefer a berth in the stern of the vessel. Icebergs float on the sea. Support the tired mason. Does he suffer pain? I suppose he dropped his trowel. Offer him a lantern. Uncle is a lawyer. The puppy tears the towel. Name five vowels. Potters mould clay. Canada is the largest country in America. In size it is one-third of the whole British Empire.

14

flirt

shirk

mirth

stirred

twirled

thirsty

angle

jingle

spangle

ankle

twinkle

sprinkle

pigeon

dungeon

luncheon

Add —ed to stun, scrub, trip, brag, trim, tar, rip, club, fan, crop, spur, knit; as, stunned. Copy,—Scotland, Scotch.

The first of July is Canada's birthday. The flirt shirks duty. Mirth is fun. I stirred a pailful of iced lemonade. I twirled about. The pigeons bathe. Spangles glitter. Silver coins jingle. Stars twinkle. Sprinkle roses. Luncheon is ready. We're hungry and thirsty. An ugly dungeon. I sprained my ankle. An angle of the road. Great Britain is the greatest empire in the world. 'Britons never shall be slaves.'

15

Turk

turf

lurch

murmur

turban

disturb

scuffle

muffler

shuffle

musket

muzzle

union

totter

mutter

stutter

Add —ed, —ing to cheat, chat; root, rot; stoop, stop; chain, hem; as, cheated, chatted; cheating, chatting.

Turks are often cruel and savage. The creek murmurs under the grassy turf. The boat lurched. Don't disturb the woman wearing the turban. Boys scuffle. Take off your wool muffler. He stutters. Play a game of authors. Shuffle the cards. The bridge totters. "Load the musket," he muttered. A fierce dog wears a muzzle. One-fourth of the land surface of the globe flies the Union Jack.

16

Adam

human

album

capital

several

sentence

enemy

annoy

employ

enjoy

royal

loyal

oysters

destroy

victory

Add —ing, —ed to lock, blot; twist, fit; risk, dip; drift, ship; as, locking, blotting; locked, blotted. Copy,—England, English.

Madam's album contains several fine pictures. Do you enjoy eating oysters? Enemies annoy me. Begin each sentence with a capital. Satan is the enemy of the human race. He tempted Adam and Eve. 'Alfred the Great' is a royal name. He was King of England many hundred years ago; he taught his loyal people to read and write. The Danes destroyed the English villages. The king offered battle and won a great victory.

17

plaid

plait

hotel

twelfth

welcome

welfare

level

nickel

flannel

ague

fulfil

skilful

shepherd

sandwich

handsome

Add —ed, —ing to sup, sob, wag, bag, wet, step, hum, spur.

A plain is a level stretch or tract of land. Braid your hair into a plait. A Scotch plaid is a shawl or scarf woven in different colors. The twelfth month. Skilful doctors differ. Muffle your throat with flannel. At the hotel we bought a sandwich and coffee for a nickel. Welcome the handsome shepherd. Look after his welfare. Fulfil my wishes. I have fever and ague.

18 (REVIEW)

union

fulfil

angle

ague

plaid

oyster

scuffle

loyal

twirl

ankle

human

jingle

trowel

pigeon

enemy

lawyer

flannel

thirsty

welfare

several

skilful

dungeon

shepherd

luncheon

sandwich

The skilful shepherd suffers from ague. He wears flannel and a plaid. The lawyer's ankles ached. We are loyal to the Union Jack. Several thirsty boys. A sharp angle. Oyster soup. Wait until luncheon for sandwiches. Twirl your thumbs. Sleigh bells jingle. A mason's trowel. Pigeons coo. Fulfil your promise. Satan disturbs human beings. He destroys the welfare of families. The king's enemy suffered in a dungeon.

19

roam

loam

foamy

whoa

hoard

soaring

gallop

gallon

dreamt

dealt

wharf

dwarf

measure

pleasure

treasure

Join all— to so, most, ways, though, ready, one, mighty; as, also. Notice that 'all' drops one l. Copy,—Ireland, Irish.

The dwarf roams through the country for pleasure. He measures forty inches high. He dealt in teas. The boats are by the wharf. The ponies gallop. Shout, Whoa! The roan's mouth is foaming. The hawk is soaring higher. I dreamt of hoarding up treasures. A soil of sandy loam. I meant one gallon or four quarts. London in England is the greatest city in the world.

20

crease

greasy

ceased

jewel

gravel

anthem

collect

correct

connect

grizzly

bargain

fountain

inquire

request

butcher

Add —ish to blue, white, purple, self, girl, boy; as, bluish.

The butcher's gloves are greasy. His clothes are creased. My knitting unravels. What a clean gravel road! Correct this sentence. Collect their debts. Connect the two pieces. Elect a chairman. She offers her jewels at a bargain. The fountain has ceased flowing. Inquire the reason. In the Rocky Mountains there are giant cedars. In my travels there I saw grizzly bears. At the Mayor's request, we sang the National Anthem.

21

medal

final

bridal

veil

heir

rein

throne

peace

dying

potato

tomato

buffalo

tannery

nursery

creamery

Add —y to gust, glass, cream, frost, curl, show; as, gusty. Add —ery to shrub, pot, slip, rob, pig, tan; as, tannery.

Canada is at peace with all nations. Our creamery butter won the gold medal. The final match to-day. A horse's rein. The bride wears a bridal veil. Edward, Prince of Wales, is heir to the throne. Nursery tales may be bought for a quarter of a dollar. A loamy soil suits potatoes. The tomatoes are smooth. The buffaloes are dying of thirst. Leather is made in a tannery.

22

quill

quiver

quartz

waltz

knead

dough

Esther

sword

soldier

temper

temple

granite

expect

attract

factory

Add —y to ease, breeze, slime, bone, rose, stone, smoke, shine, haste, mire, wire; as, breezy. Notice the final e is dropped.

A leaf quivers. Old Gray's mane. I rapped loudly. Find my quill pen. Esther kneads the flour and yeast into dough for bread. The soldier's sword and shield attract us. We expect the Captain to invite us. Our factory is on the island. Play a waltz. He struck me on the temple. I knew his ill-temper. There is quartz in granite rocks. The male bird led the geese.

23

button

mutton

glutton

pistol

morsel

nostril

razor

rascal

pedlar

nibble

babble

gabble

accept

offend

defend

Add —y to mud, fur, slop; and —ish to red, hog, thin; as, muddy; reddish. Notice the final consonant is doubled.

Pardon my firing off the pistol. Gluttons eat too much. The pedlar sells buttons. An ill-bred rascal. Is it veal or mutton? He offended me. His nostrils bleed. Punish wrongdoers. Defend your country. Accept these red peppers. The razor is steel. Geese gabble. Chub nibble at the bait. Don't babble so much. Ontario stretches farther south than France. The king's throne.

24 (REVIEW)

heir

peace

sword

veil

dough

waltz

knead

dwarf

jewel

dying

pistol

attract

island

ceased

quiver

accept

rascal

gallon

request

bargain

soldier

buffalo

pleasure

fountain

creamery

"Peace on earth" the angel said. Cease waltzing. Soldiers wear pistols and swords. Knead the dough. A gallon of syrup. A tied veil. The fountain is near the creamery. I accept the buffalo robe with pleasure. A hare's nostrils. A rascal attracts notice. A bargain in jewels. Morsels of bread. A dying lawyer's request. The dwarf is heir to the island. Poplar leaves quiver.

25

prison

poison

sermon

equal

brutal

usual

heaven

forehead

threaten

comfort

compass

company

valise

sardine

machine

Add —en to lead, wax, flax, birch, wood, earth, wheat, oat, ash; as, leaden. Copy,—A pale maid kneads dough for bread.

Prisons and jails have few comforts. The bottle contains poison. Brutal deeds. Equal in size. The preacher's forehead was high. He spoke of heaven. As usual, the sermon was brief. Is your company coming? Fetch my leather valise. I value my sewing-machine. The needle of the compass points to the North Pole. December's skies threaten hail. The mounted police. A dreary season. The polar seas. A box of sardines.

26

rogue

plague

fatigue

pastor

favor

humor

ghost

yolk

balky

bullet

pulley

pulpit

rifle

warble

walrus

Place un— before do, lock, dress, veil, seat, fold, hinge, twine, clasp; as undo. Copy,—On the road are boughs and knotty wood.

The rogue is tricky but good-humored. He requests a favor, a loan of a hickory stick. Thieves plague us. The rope passes through the pulley. The pastor of the church is fatigued. His pulpit is of carved walnut. The mules were balky. Rifle bullets are of lead. A ghost story. Eat the yolks of eggs. Birds warble. An Eskimo dresses in furs of the seal, walrus, or white bear.

27

onion

million

opinion

error

errand

harbor

ivory

history

horrid

Olive

parasol

seldom

region

fashion

cushion

Put dis— before like, please, grace, place, cover, agree, lodge, obey, appear; as dislike. Copy,—The sewing girl sews a seam.

Millions of onions are grown in light soil. Olive seldom offers an opinion on any question. She makes few errors. I go on errands. Touch lightly the white ivory keys. Your parasol is quite in fashion. The cushion is lying on the lounge. Several steamboats made the harbor. Do you read history? That horrid wretch. The Eskimo dwell in the frozen regions. Their reindeer live on moss.

28

donkey

jockey

volley

alley

chimney

turkey

turtle

curdle

current

nettle

brittle

tattle

hostler

hustled

freckled

Add —s to day, play, key, turkey, jay, monkey, boy, joy, alley, toy, way; as, days. Notice the vowel before y.

Two jockeys rode the prize donkeys. Fire two volleys up the valley. I lent four dozen alleys. Chimneys are built of brick and mortar. Turkeys are dear. He sees a turtle caught. The current of the river is rapid. The milk curdles. The crowd hustled the thief along. A freckled face. Nettles scratched his palms. A hostler stayed at our hotel. Don't tattle. Hickory is not brittle wood. Goats graze in the lane.

29

journey

nourish

flourish

carrot

beckon

buckle

baggage

engine

endure

civil

citron

citizen

belief

mischief

kerchief

Add —ful (full) to fear, harm, trust, shame, truth, fright, grace; as, fearful. Copy,—A well-bred youth won the medal.

Boiled carrots nourish calves. Reckon the cost of your journey. Palm trees flourish in the south. Buckle my straps. Our friends beckon to us. The baggage is checked. I build steam-engines. I can't endure liars. This soldier prays every day. He is civil and polite to the citizens. Do no mischief. It is my belief that the thief carried off the citron in his handkerchief.

30 (REVIEW)

belief

usual

ivory

valise

alley

ghost

onion

guest

equal

citizen

sermon

fatigue

poison

seldom

plague

heaven

parasol

engine

compass

current

machine

journey

opinion

chimney

mischief

She carries a parasol. Poisons usually kill. The heavens are the higher regions. A muddy stream seldom has a strong current. Our guest's valise. An ivory-handled knife. Sermons on our belief. A narrow alley. Long journeys fatigue me. A knitting machine. A sailor's compass. The hostler plagues me. His good-humor and mischief amuse the citizens. A toy engine. My friend grows onions and citrons. Be civil children.

31

parrot

ballot

balloon

ascend

descend

lecture

erect

direct

expect

tassel

stirrup

rescue

pursue

avenue

continue

Add —less to law, sleep, cease, leaf, shoe, smoke, dust, cloud.

The parrot says "Pretty Polly." Vote by ballot. We ascend in a balloon. The guide directs us. We intend to descend in half an hour. Stand erect. He expects to lecture. My cushions have tassels. The saddle has stirrups. Hounds pursue the hare. A team of balky ponies on our avenue drew a crowd of people. Continue to improve. Rescue us from being drowned. Jacob and Esau were the sons of Isaac. Rachel was Joseph's mother.

32

awful

awkward

awning

grumble

thimble

ramble

oblige

refuge

college

package

passage

message

choir

chorus

anchor

Add —en to wide, white, like, straight, bright, broad, light; as, widen. Copy,—I need a whole bundle of tracts here.

An awful example. We sought refuge in a narrow passage, under an awning. The package is awkward to carry. Oblige me by taking this message. The student rambles about the college grounds. Esther grumbles over her sewing. Her thimble is too large. I'll sing the low bass notes. Join in the chorus. The ship's anchor is heavy. The value of Canada's wheat, cheese, and cattle increases rapidly each year.

33

myth

hymn

lynx

Egypt

gypsy

system

mimic

comic

frolic

antic

picnic

cambric

violet

violin

violent

Add —er to bake, bathe, bite, write, smoke, vote, poke; as, baker. Copy,—Ring the bells. The church bell tolled slowly.

Myths are strange stories. The lynx is a cousin of the tiger. Sing hymns, not comic songs. The parrot mimics my voice. The black-eyed gypsy tells fortunes cleverly. Play the violin gently not violently. Smell the odor of violets. What system of writing are you taught? Watch the antics of the young bears as they frolic in their den. A cambric handkerchief was tied in knots at the picnic.

34

type

style

rhyme

ceiling

receive

deceive

either

neither

column

gospel

gossip

gosling

tomb

ostrich

purchase

Put —'s after turkey, donkey, company, army, fly; as, The fly's wing. Copy,—A steel knife. The brakes creak.

Purchase the nursery rhymes printed in large type. Either style will suit. Gossips tattle idly. The ceiling is high. I received neither the ribbon nor the ostrich feather. Doesn't he deceive you? Add the column of figures. A gosling is a young goose. 'Gospel' means good news. Richard, the Lion Heart, was a brave knight. He fought the Turks in the Holy Land to rescue from them the sacred tomb of our Lord.

35

idea

eagle

measles

total

profit

secret

ocean

voyage

truant

prosper

whisper

whisker

Canadian

guardian

Christian

Add —er to cut, dig, chop, chat; as, cutter. Add —y to knot, fat, sun, star, spot, wit; as, knotty. Copy,—Hurrah for Santa Claus and Christmas! The doe's fawn. New Year's Eve.

Eagles are birds of prey. I have an idea that the children have measles. The beaver is a Canadian emblem. Kittens have whiskers. The truant whispers a secret to his guardian. Many merchants prosper. Their total profits increase. Our forefathers came from Christian countries. Their ocean voyage required several weeks.

36 (REVIEW)

idea

gypsy

type

picnic

hymn

rescue

tassel

ceiling

ascend

parrot

chorus

oblige

awful

anchor

college

secret

violet

truant

rhyme

violin

frolic

total

eagle

ocean

column

A gypsy's idea. We need faith and courage. The hymns, rhymes, and choruses are in small type. Lambs frolic. Rescue the bitten parrot. The descent was awful. The ocean steamer is a total wreck. Oblige me by singing a college song at the picnic. The truant watches the eagle. Our secret thoughts. The columns ascend to the ceiling of the tomb. My parasol has a violet tassel. We received a message to weigh anchor.

37

jostle

bustle

gristle

chatter

shatter

shutter

gamble

nimble

rumble

release

increase

decrease

salad

salary

banana

Add —ish to snap, style; fat, rogue; pet, slave; red, ape; hog, blue; as, snappish, stylish. Copy,—Don't stare at the nun's veil.

The pupils wrestle and jostle each other. Try the lettuce salad. He bustles off to close the shutters. There is gristle in the beefsteak. Will the price of bananas increase or decrease? Monkeys chatter. Their fingers are active and nimble. Heavy wagons rumble along the road. Does thunder shatter window-panes? Release the prisoner. He moans and groans. He loses money by gambling. The honest youth wears stylish clothes. His salary is paid weekly.

38

deny

reply

supply

chequers

chestnut

chipmunk

burly

furled

sturdy

occur

fluid

bacon

process

success

subtract

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to pity, copy, deny, reply, study, supply; as, pitying, pities, pitied. Copy,—A baby's shoe.

A burly butcher supplies our bacon. Can you subtract? I'll explain the process. The sturdy boy denies throwing chestnut burs. It often occurs. I'm chuckling over my success at chequers. Please reply by next mail. Beef teas are fluid. The chipmunk has stripes on its back and pouches in its cheeks. He unfurled the Union Jack. Busy until recess.

39

copper

cobbler

toddler

tingle

mingle

shingle

jangle

wrangle

bungled

scorn

scoff

scowl

address

express

possess

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to spy, pry, bury, marry, hurry, worry; as, spying, spies, spied. Copy,—Our family's name.

Don't linger any longer. My fingers tingle with cold. Wait for the wee toddler. The maid's proud gait. Men jangle and wrangle over such trifles. Value this bungled piece of work. Two foul creeks mingle. Shingle the roof. The copper kettle. The cobbler sews shoes. He should scorn to beg. Don't scoff, or scowl at beggars. Doesn't he possess great wealth? Send the parcel by express to my address.

40

novel

hovel

panel

rocket

bucket

bracket

slipper

blister

distress

perfect

permit

perform

repeat

defeat

retreat

Add —ing, —s, —d, to die, tie, lie, hie, as dying, dies, died. Copy,—The enemy's camp. A lady's veil.

In these hovels the women are almost always reading novels. Paint a perfect panel. The rockets ascend and burst. An oaken bucket or pail. Fasten the bracket with a nail. A pair of leather slippers. Blisters may cause much distress. Permit me to repeat the tale. Perform gracefully. Their army suffered defeat. Many soldiers perished in the retreat.

41

alter

halter

reward

squad

squib

esquire

tether

whether

together

insult

result

sultry

dictate

imitate

separate

Add —ing, —s, —ed to pay, say, lay; as, paying, pays, paid; and —ly, to gay, day, as gaily. Copy,—He sees leeks in the lane.

Alter the figures. What is the result? What reward does Thomas Johns, Esquire, offer? See the squads of soldiers drilling. Don't insult our friends. Make a squib of this firecracker. A sultry Tuesday. Tie this rope to the horse's halter. Tether him to the stake. Imitate Paul's groan. Dictate loudly. I don't know whether they board together or in separate cottages.

42 (REVIEW)

chatter

gamble

dictate

rumble

gristle

reply

occur

salad

bacon

fluid

linger

scowl

jangle

cobble

novel

banana

possess

defeat

esquire

wrangle

whether

increase

subtract

success

separate

My teeth chatter. A dog chews tough gristly meat. Have some bacon or salad. It won't occur again. A train rumbled past. Try a banana. Fluids flow easily. Choose a novel. Subtract ninety. Squire Hughes lingers a moment. The cobblers separate. The miners jangle and wrangle as they gamble. One chuckles, the other scowls. Increase the learning you now possess. Sometimes defeat has led to success.

43

engage

carriage

marriage

serge

gauze

sieve

whoop

giggle

wiggle

aisle

brake

script

trustee

prosper

tobacco

Copy,—due, duly; true, truly; whole, wholly.

The trustees have engaged a teacher. The carriage has a brake to check its speed. Don't crowd in the aisle of the church to see the marriage. May they prosper. Boys whoop. Girls giggle. Read the words in script. Make screens of thin gauze. Use a coarse sieve. Your serge suit smells of tobacco. Eels squirm and wiggle. Yours truly. Duly paid. Wholly evil.

44

abuse

accuse

refuse

funeral

murder

further

bury

coffin

hearse

edging

stingy

bleach

elegant

elephant

alphabet

Never abuse dumb animals. We accused him of stealing. He refused to talk further about the murder. Bury the dead. A plain coffin. The black hearse. Tying his shoe. The edging is torn. A stingy quart. The cotton is bleached. The elephant's figure is not elegant or graceful. Repeat the whole alphabet.

Dare to do right! Dare to be true!

The failings of others can never save you;

Stand by your duty, your honour, your faith,

Stand like a hero and battle till death.—Wilson.

45

cough

trough

depth

length

strength

breadth

injure

minute

promise

declare

prepare

compare

pious

famous

nervous

My clerk is cheerful but pious. A cough makes me nervous. Famous doctors. Promise to prepare. Under the eaves is a zinc trough. Don't injure your health. Compare answers. The judge will declare the result in a minute. The length and breadth are equal.

All hail to the broad-leaved Maple!

With her fair and changeful dress,

A type of our youthful country,

In its pride and loveliness.

46

coins

noisy

loiter

voice

rejoice

appoint

acre

agent

crate

soul

choir

reign

instant

distant

station

Collect old coins. King George reigns. The noisy freight train. A distant station. The busy agent sells crates of choice wares. He doesn't loiter an instant. Half an acre. Appoint the hour. The choir sang a hymn. I rejoice to hear that the ointment will heal your wound. The clothes were washed, wrung out, then dried on the smooth beach. Tow the boat. Choose an awl. There is constant pain in my eyes.

47

desire

retire

advise

advice

decide

excite

pitcher

catcher

hatchet

repair

rowdy

memory

anxious

plumber

umbrella

Add —ing, —d, to dye, singe, eye, toe, hoe, shoe, canoe; as, dyeing, dyed; toeing, toed. Dyeing the cloth red.

The pitcher is excited. The catcher desires to retire. The team is anxious. Give the rowdy some good advice. His memory fails him. The plumber advises me. I decided to buy a hatchet. Repair my umbrella.

48 (REVIEW)

acre

soul

coin

sieve

choir

serge

aisle

brake

bury

gauze

bogus

whoop

hearse

accuse

trough

injure

nervous

loiter

anxious

plumber

minute

tobacco

breadth

marriage

elephant

An acre of land for a burying ground. The soul never dies. A sieve to sift flour. A cloak of blue serge. The choir march up the aisle. Indians whoop. Apply the brakes. Don't touch poison-ivy. A thin gauze covers the glass hearse. We accuse the plumber of using bogus coin. Tobacco injures the health. Drive the calves from the trough. We rode the elephant. For some minutes we were nervous. The breadth of the field. I loitered to view the marriage.

49

motor

liquor

police

justice

goblet

brooch

social

special

christen

attempt

hearsay

farewell

exercise

examine

example

scramble

eyesight

fortnight

bedstead

headache

multiply

arithmetic

lonesome

good-bye

Write in a short sentence each word in these columns. Use properly in sentences each of the following: too, knows, here, their, new, write, wring, pair, fore, buy, blew, road, aunt, cent.

Canada, Canada, land of the Maple,

Queen of the forest, and river, and lake;

Open thy soul to the voice of thy people,

Close not thine heart to the music they make.—Reade.

RULES.

1. The letters f, l, or s at the end of words of one syllable and after a single vowel are usually double; as, muff, ball, grass.

2. Words ending in e usually drop it on adding ing or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant on adding ing, ed, or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, rob, robbed; mad, madden; admit, admitting; begin, beginner.

4. Words in y with a consonant before it usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; as, cry, cries, crying.

5. The apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters; as, didn't for did not; can't for cannot; let's, let us; I'm, I am; you're, you are; isn't, is not.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

accept

accuse

acre

address

aisle

alley

alphabet

anchor

ankle

annual

10

anxious

argue

arithmetic

ascend

attempt

auction

auger

August

author

autumn

20

avenue

awkward

awful

awning

baggage

balky

balloon

balm

balsam

banana

30

bargain

bathe

bedstead

belief

beneath

borne

bosom

breadth

bridal

brittle

40

brooch

buffalo

brutal

butcher

calm

cambric

canoe

capital

capsize

carriage

50

caution

ceiling

cellar

chestnut

chimney

choir

chorus

christen

Christian

Christmas

60

circus

cleanse

citizen

coarse

college

column

compass

continue

cough

creamery

70

crease

curious

current

curtain

cushion

custom

dealt

deceive

descend

dictate

80

divide

dough

drowned

dungeon

dwarf

eaves

either

elephant

enemy

engine

90

English

enough

equal

error

example

except

excite

exercise

eyesight

fatigue

100

feather

February

flannel

flourish

forehead

fortnight

fuel

fulfil

funeral

furious

110

gamble

gauze

ghost

glimpse

gnaw

good-bye

gristle

grizzly

guardian

guessed

120

guest

guide

gypsy

handsome

headache

hearsay

heaven

heir

hoard

hoarse

130

horehound

hostler

humor

hustled

hymn

iceberg

icicle

imitate

injure

ivory

140

jewel

journey

justice

kerchief

knead

knit

knock

knots

knuckle

laundry

150

lawyer

liquor

loiter

lonesome

luncheon

lynx

machine

marriage

mayor

measles

160

measure

medal

meddle

merchant

message

million

minute

mirror

mischief

molasses

170

morsel

muffler

multiply

muzzle

myth

neither

nickel

nimble

nostril

oblige

180

occur

ocean

onion

opinion

ostrich

oysters

palm

parasol

parrot

peddle

190

pedlar

people

picnic

pigeon

pistol

plague

plaid

plait

pleasant

plumber

200

poison

police

possess

potato

prompt

pulley

pulpit

purchase

purpose

pursue

210

quartz

quiver

rascal

razor

receive

refuge

region

reign

reins

rejoice

220

request

rescue

rhyme

roam

rogue

rough

royal

saddle

salad

salary

230

sandwich

sardine

saucer

sausage

scramble

script

scuffle

secret

seldom

sentence

240

separate

serious

several

shepherd

shovel

sieve

skilful

soaring

social

soldier

soul

special

sponge

squirrel

stirrup

255

subtract

success

sword

syrup

system

tassel

temple

tempt

thimble

thrones

through

tobacco

together

tomb

tough

270

toward

treasure

trough

trowel

Tuesday

twinkle

union

until

usual

valise

veil

victory

violent

voice

volley

285

voyage

weather

Wednesday

welcome

welfare

wharf

whether

whose

worship

worsted

wrangle

yeast

yield

yolk

zinc

300

Thy choicest gifts in store

On him be pleased to pour,

Long may he reign!

May he defend our laws,

And ever give us cause

To sing with heart and voice,

God save the King.

PRONOUNCE.

NOTE.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.

acorn, ā´korn

acts, akts

again, a gen´

alder, ąl´dėr

always, ąl´wāys

alms, ämz

ant, ant

any, en´ni

apron, ā´prun

asked, askt

aunt, änt

balm, bäm

bath, bäth

baths, bäTHz

bathe, bāTH

beard, bērd

burst, bėrst

calf, käf

calm, käm

can't, känt

catch, kach

creek, krēk

crept, krept

dance, dans

daub, dąb

daunt, dąnt

deaf, def

dew, dū

dost, dust

duke, dūk

duly, dū´li

e'er, ār

elm, elm

err, er

every, ev´ėr-i

fluid, flų´id

food, föd

for, for

from, from

gape, gāp

God, god

grimy, grī´mi

half, häf

halve, hav

haunt, hąnt

helm, helm

hoist, hoist

hoof, höf

idea, ī-dē´a

ivory, ī´vōri

just, just

kept, kept

laugh, läf

leapt, lēpt

length, leng´th

lief, lēf

loam, lōam

loose, lös

lose, löz

moth, moth

new, nū

niche, nich

none, nun

oaths, ōTHz

of, ov

often, of´n

orphan, or´-phan

oven, uv´n

palms, päms

peril, per´il

piano, pi-ä´no

plaid, plād

plait, plāt

poem, pō´em

pretty, prit´i

psalm, säm

quoit, koit

quoth, kwoth

real, rē´al

resin, rez´in

rinse, rins

roof, röf

said, sed

salve, säv

several, sev´ėr-al

sewer, sū´er

shrub, shrub

since, sins

sixth, siksth

sleek, slēk

soot, söt

suit, sūt

syrup, sir´up

taunt, tąnt

teat, tēt

tepid, tep´id

tiny, tī´ni

tulip, tū´lip

with, wiTH

yeast, yēst

Fāte, fąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin, nōte, not, möve; tübe, tub, bųll; TH, then, th, thin; oil, chain.

STANDARD III. SENIOR.

GRADE 5.

1

halve

salve

salmon

almonds

quality

quantity

squander

squabble

tenant

vacant

gallant

remnant

balance

distance

instance

substance

Add —ing to lose, line, lace, pare, idle, leave, ache; as, losing.

Apply salve to the gallant soldier's sore eyes. He halved the citron in an instant. Divide the almonds. Don't squander your substance or earnings. Our tenants paid the balance due. The cottage is some distance off. Squabbling, for instance, hinders quiet work. The remnant of the serge is of choice quality. Great quantities of salmon are caught in the Fraser.

2

ulcer

cancer

grocer

officer

famine

imagine

heroine

medicine

primary

library

contrary

burglary

guidance

grievance

entrance

hindrance

Add mis— to step, state, spell, spend, sent, shaped; as, misstep.

A primary pupil's guidance was welcome. The burglary at the grocer's puzzles me. A narrow, misshapen entrance to the library will prove a serious hindrance. Contrary to orders, the officer misspent the money. He gulped a dose of acid medicine. Don't misspell common words. She imagines herself a heroine. The India famine. The knight's grievance. Cancers and ulcers are diseased growths.

3

altar

almanac

alderman

balcony

warrior

warrant

warfare

war-whoop

alms

isles

phases

phrases

tedious

various

bilious

studious

Add —ing, —es, and —ed to empty, reply, marry, bury, study, supply, defy, satisfy; as, emptying, empties, emptied.

The warrior knelt at the altar. The tedious warfare had wearied him. The almanac foretells the moon's various phases. What ails the studious scholar on the balcony? Merely a bilious headache. I bade him total the column. I'm satisfied with the supplies. Phrases are not sentences. Isles in the ocean. An Indian's war-whoop. Elect an alderman. Asking alms is begging.

4

fertile

sterile

hostile

reptile

badger

cudgel

burrow

burial

merely

anxiety

nuisance

riddance

lattice

poultice

crevice

liquorice

Join —ing to upset, begin, forget, omit, prefer; as, upsetting.

Poultice your sore throat. Liquorice relieves a cough. I ate oyster patties. Huge ants crept through the crevice. Alter the lattice porch. His enemies, trudging along with heavy cudgels, looked very hostile. He brews ale or beer from malt. The soil is not fertile, but sterile, fit merely for a burial ground. I relieved a lawyer's anxiety about his collie. Are lizards reptiles? We made a riddance of the badgers. Their burrows were a nuisance.

5

honest

exhort

exhibit

exhaust

stomach

monarch

vinegar

vineyard

plumage

foliage

drainage

advantage

barrier

carrier

terrier

furrier

Put dis— before honest, loyal, proved, agreed, lodge, quiet, honor, credit, figure, own; as, dishonest.

The Monarch of Great Britain and Ireland. Italy has many vineyards. The mail-carrier exhorts us to be honest. I'm exhausted by climbing the barrier. Farmers know the advantage of tile drainage. The furrier exhibits an Irish terrier. Vinegar disagrees with my stomach. Parrots of gayest plumage flew through the dense foliage.

6 (REVIEW)

isle

salve

altar

grocer

vacant

honest

foliage

exhaust

anxiety

furrier

phrases

nuisance

terrier

library

stomach

exhibit

riddance

almonds

poultice

medicine

vineyard

squabble

grievance

hindrance

Grocers sell teas, coffees, spices, almonds, but not salves or medicines. The furrier exhibits a lynx. Thieves are dishonest. In the library the owner of the vineyard aired his grievance. The thorny brambles and thick foliage were hindrances. The Scotch terrier knows the mail-carrier's knock. A weak stomach causes anxiety. Poultice my thumb. Buried in a sacred isle.

7

starry

scarred

giraffe

lacrosse

bargain

chieftain

scaffold

stubborn

vague

league

plague

brogue

gallery

slippery

millinery

machinery

Copy,—A baby's brooch. I bought two ladies' brooches. A lady's blouse. Ladies' blouses for sale. Enemies' camps.

The rogue used Irish brogue. Slippery stairs led to the gallery. I'm captain of the lacrosse team in the junior league. The starry skies. Ladies' millinery is often expensive. The Scottish chieftain was a stubborn fighter. He had a vague idea of escaping the scaffold. The giraffe is scarred with wounds. A plague of gnats and flies. The machinery was sold at a bargain.

8

credit

summit

culprit

benefit

severe

severity

persevere

interfere

piety

nicety

gimlet

eaglet

delicate

intimate

fortunate

porcupine

Copy,—A jockey's horse. Two jockeys' horses. A donkey's travels. Monkeys' tricks. Donkeys' ears.

Moderate supplies will not satisfy the eaglets on the rocky summit. A porcupine's quill pierced the unfortunate culprit's thigh. Persevere in boring the hole; but don't interfere with my gimlet. The severe weather will benefit my niece. Notice the nicety of their speech and the piety of their intimate friends. High ceilings. A hart is a male deer. A fierce boar chased Ernest.

9

frolic

traffic

elastic

electric

crystal

mystery

bicycle

tricycle

cleanly

heather

cunning

lullaby

inferior

superior

interior

exterior

Copy,—Men's and boys' overcoats. Women's parasols. Girls' waists. Infants' wraps. A turkey's feather. Turkeys' wings.

The exterior and the interior of the engine are polished. Most babies' eyes look cunning. A sweet lullaby. I prefer a bicycle to a tricycle. An elastic band disappeared in the frolic. The electric light is a mystery. Employ cleanly and superior servants. Freight traffic is heavier. Dye the arrows red. Ewes graze in the meadows. Heather is purple. Water, clear as crystal.

10

crackle

shackle

chuckle

speckled

lynch

syringe

patient

quotient

agreed

indeed

proceed

succeed

familiar

peculiar

horizon

horizontal

Add —d, —ing to glide, disable, glance, grudge, provoke, tremble, trickle, trifle, trudge; as, glided, gliding.

He agreed to proceed slyly. Shackle the prisoner. The torch is crackling. Use the syringe. He chuckles as he buckles the harness. His eyes seem familiar but his walk or gait is peculiar. The horizon seems ablaze. Negroes are sometimes lynched in the Southern States. Horizontal beams. Be patient, the quotient is correct.

11

preface

surface

retrace

embrace

bureau

biscuit

ketchup

moustache

knoll

knavish

increase

decrease

vagrant

fragrant

stagnant

ignorant

Join —ness to slow, fast, rough, smooth, weak, numb, coarse, prompt, calm, deaf, mean, even, plain, keen; as, keenness.

The brief preface shows sense. The whole surface seemed knolls, rough boulders, and stagnant pools. The knavish pedlar carries biscuits and ketchup. The vagrant twirls his moustache. A quaint bureau fragrant with roses. Ignorant of Canadian customs. Pause for each clause. Misers' hoards increase; their comforts decrease. Retrace your footsteps. A mother's embrace.

12 (REVIEW)

clause

league

culprit

knavish

bureau

quotient

peculiar

chieftain

persevere

ignorant

moustache

machinery

biscuit

syringe

patient

decrease

lacrosse

mystery

lynch

giraffe

gallery

bicycle

superior

delicate

Our maid was ignorant of the mysteries of dyeing. By persevering she succeeded in kneading dough for biscuit. She has a peculiar stare, but is certainly a superior servant. The chieftain waxes his reddish moustache. They may lynch the culprit who knavishly interfered with the machinery. On the bureau is a model of a bicycle near a picture of a giraffe. The patient is in delicate health.

13

gaudy

pauper

haunted

gauntlet

musical

medical

musician

physician

withhold

nowhere

loophole

threshold

accident

hesitate

meditate

obstinate

Add —ness to saucy, heavy, weighty, cleanly, lazy, lively, easy, chilly, hasty, musty; as, sauciness.

The musician meditates on a new hymn. The heir's birthday. Nowhere would physicians or medical men withhold medicine from a pauper. The obstinate knave's laziness and sauciness made them hesitate. The great heaviness or weightiness of lead. I innocently caused an accident. The door-hinges creaked. He threw the gauntlet on the threshold of the haunted chamber.

14

hyena

hyphen

cycling

hyacinth

victuals

cayenne

conquer

conquest

dye-stuff

rye-bread

therefore

buckwheat

ravine

vaseline

benzine

magazine

Add —y to humble, noble, single, double, forcible, ease, able, ample, simple, wheeze; as, humbly.

"Rye-bread" requires a hyphen. Before the tempest it was calm in the ravine. Use cayenne pepper sparingly on victuals. Benzine removes stains. Vaseline is advertised in the weekly magazine. The savage hyena was conquered. We see lovely hyacinths when cycling. Lye comes through leaching ashes. Dye-stuff injured his eyesight, therefore he wears glasses.

15

talons

dragon

ransom

random

baffle

ruffle

tussle

muddle

mumble

hubbub

smuggle

straddle

infancy

vacancy

resemble

assemble

Join —d, —ing to meddle, tattle, haggle, prattle, crinkle, cackle, kindle, stifle, puddle; as, meddled, meddling.

The eagle's cruel talons. St. George slew the dragon. A blazing chimney baffled the brigade. After a severe tussle he seized the smuggler's dagger. Avoid mumbling words. Random efforts are usually vain. Ransom the captive from the tower. Choose a roan mare. In infancy he resembled my nephew whose legacy he enjoys. Crowds assembled. Fill the vacancy. A good policy.

16

ulster

bolster

upholster

register

moisten

moisture

pastime

furniture

tangle

triangle

mangled

dangling

garbage

herbage

encourage

discourage

Write —ing after piece, pierce, grieve, dangle, jingle, arise, deserve, drizzle, resemble, assemble; as, piercing.

My ulster resists moisture. Weigh the feather bolster. Erase their names from the register. Flying kites is a boy's pastime. A triangle has three corners. Moisten the clothes. A mangled limb. Bury the decayed herbage and other garbage. See the cord dangling. Upholster the lounge at the furniture factory. Encourage the scholar. He seems discouraged.

17

affect

protect

inspect

prospect

bantam

banners

fleeting

greeting

plight

delight

sight-seer

twilight

satchel

thatched

petticoat

hoar-frost

To worthy, hungry, speedy, crusty, cheery, airy, weary, angry, sturdy, dreary, add —er, —est; as, worthier, worthiest.

The prospect of bathing at twilight delights us. Satchel in hand, he inspected our quiet village. Even the sight-seers were affected by the children's greeting. A thatched roof often leaks. See the hoar-frost glisten. A sorry plight, a clumsier gait. Protect the herdsman's bantams. Baby clutches a red banner. The fleeting hour.

18 (REVIEW)

gaudy

plight

ravine

tussle

affect

hyphen

ransom

ruffle

satchel

smuggle

victuals

moisture

pastime

muscle

cycling

fatigue

nowhere

therefore

cayenne

withhold

vaseline

physician

threshold

magazine

Hewing wood exercises the muscles. Cycling for pastime causes slight fatigue. A whole horde of smugglers. My victuals were withheld. A sorry plight. He threw the magazine on the threshold, and seized his satchel. He was fined for using foul oaths. My heart was, therefore, sore with grief. Nowhere in the ravine have I seen moisture or hoar-frost. Physicians wrap up in furs.

19

dealt

deafness

stealthy

endeavor

trounce

trousers

aroused

announce

matron

sexton

summon

Solomon

vulgar

grammar

similar

particular

Put en— before able, noble, large, rage, circle, dear, camp, wrap, feeble, slave, title; as, enable.

The hale and hearty sexton is threatened with deafness. The matron of the hospital dealt with the rogue. The thief in tweed trousers was severely trounced. Endeavor to learn grammar. The calendars are similar. We received a summons to haul down our colors. The sun's rays. Steer for the pier. Vulgar talk arouses the wrath of the officers and guests. A sly, stealthy step.

20

sinews

pewter

skewer

steward

oarsmen

boarding

reproach

approach

rebel

tunnel

spaniel

Spaniard

Arctic

Pacific

Atlantic

Antarctic

Add —ful to mourn, power, respect, hope, delight, youth, trust.

The injured oarsmen moan and groan with pain but utter no oaths. A gaunt Spaniard sought a boarding-house. He reproached his spaniel for approaching the gray mare and foal. Near the tunnel entrance is a lime-kiln. The rebels swore on the Holy Book. Through a clever ruse we won a goal. A pewter spoon. The steward's muscles and sinews are strong. A skewer fastens the roast. The Pacific and Antarctic oceans.

21

terror

horror

traitor

portrait

insane

profane

baneful

hurricane

absence

essence

commence

difference

vicious

precious

gracious

spacious

Copy,—Negro, negress; emperor, empress; duke, duchess; prince, princess; actor, actress; hunter, huntress.

Their profane oaths, baneful and vicious language filled us with horror. A fire commenced in our absence. The servants were almost insane with terror. Portraits and precious keepsakes of our gracious empress were seized by the traitors. Many rare jewels were buried on the ocean beach. There is a difference between the juice and the essence of lemon. A furious hurricane.

22

adore

encore

restore

explore

necktie

nickname

shamrock

shipwreck

thrifty

panther

Sabbath

sheathed

wallop

wallow

drenched

wrenched

Join —ful to will, skill, peace, grace; as, wilful, graceful.

Swine wallow in the mire. The soldier on guard was drenched with rain. He sheathed his sword. He wrenched the pistol from the villain's grasp, and walloped him. In exploring the Arctic seas, we heard awful tales of shipwreck. Select pieces for encores. I admire the four-leaved shamrock. Panthers and hyenas are savage. Avoid nicknames. Plaid neckties. The holy Sabbath. Worship and adore Him. Restore all borrowed supplies.

23

zero

cargo

volcano

mosquito

quarry

quarrel

bankrupt

scripture

sulphur

triumph

prophet

camphor

comical

festival

vertical

practical

Add —ess to lion, poet, heir, count, baron, govern; and to mister, tiger, hunter, songster, waiter; as, mistress.

Write a zero or naught. A practical builder hews stone from the vertical walls of the quarry. The cargo of bankrupt stock has arrived. The harvest festivals are announced in autumn. The chief returned in triumph. The New Testament Scriptures. I smell camphor. Great musical revivals commenced in Wales. The mosquitoes annoy the actress. Sulphur is hurled from the volcano.

24 (REVIEW)

zero

dealt

encore

quarry

Arctic

wallow

arouse

traitor

profane

essence

trousers

vertical

vicious

sulphur

quarrel

prophet

summons

wrenched

portrait

approach

scripture

mosquito

precious

difference

A vicious beggar approached the lime-kiln. His profane oaths aroused the portrait painter's anger. The hale old sailor hauls loads of sulphur to the piers. A hearty encore. The deer has lain down among the fir trees. The giraffe was led to a high stake and tied there. A quarrel commenced near the quarry. The Arctic Circle. The prophet Daniel. Read the Scriptures through.

25

accent

decent

century

innocent

victor

victim

verdict

Victoria

science

scissors

scenery

scented

element

elevator

skeleton

celebrate

Put im— before pure, proper, perfect, polite, patient, prudent.

The victim of the wreck was an innocent pianist, skilled in the elements of science. The victor was a decent but impatient lawyer with a Scottish accent. What delightful, rugged scenery! An imperfect skeleton of a buffalo. The verdict was in our favor. The storm destroyed a huge elevator. The twentieth century celebrates Queen Victoria's birthday. A scented cambric handkerchief. He peddles scissors and skeins of yarn.

26

solemn

condemn

Saviour

behavior

gouge

indulge

draught

laughter

twitch

twitter

whinny

whimper

peasant

pheasant

assistant

assistance

Place dis— before mount, lodge, courage, grace, unite, continue.

The crippled peasant dreaded the assistant's threat to poison his pheasants. Be truthful in business. Swallows twitch and twitter. The steeds whinny when unhitched from the whipple-trees. The hounds whimper. The Chief Justice solemnly condemned the officer. The Saviour of the world awed their wicked behavior. The chimney-flue has a great draught. Roars of hearty laughter.

27

afford

assort

absorb

portion

apparel

apparent

excellent

continent

assert

dessert

goddess

headdress

sculptor

bachelor

professor

conductor

Put fore— with tell, see, run, warn, show, stall; as, foretell.

After dessert, a professor read a droll essay on our continent. The celebrated sculptor is apparently a bachelor. He moulds the figure of a goddess. The excellent actress in neat apparel is absorbed in headdresses. The heiress foresees fraud but feigns assent. The conductor jostled the people in the aisle. Assort a portion of the colors. Use minnows as bait for bass.

28

whir

whirl

virgin

origin

intrude

confuse

consume

conclude

salute

dispute

compute

execute

visible

possible

terrible

horrible

Put in— before correct, complete, direct, human, exact, active.

The barren trees are consumed. Virgin soil has never grown grain. Horrible crimes possibly owe their origin to disputes. The intruder withdrew, seeming quite confused. Whirled round by machinery. Terrible bruises were visible. The dead bugler's bier. Salute the duchess. I concluded the accused would duly execute the dredging. A partridge whirred past.

29

acute

curate

cucumber

cultivate

adult

consult

druggist

luggage

polar

popular

regular

singular

movable

probable

valuable

vegetable

Join mis— to chance, use, lay, lead, led, call, deal, hap, quote.

The curate suffers acute grief. Consult a physician or a druggist. A teaspoonful of this draught is probably enough for an adult. Cultivate wholesome vegetables or cucumbers. Silk caterpillars are valuable. Polar bears devour seals. An inhuman butcher slashed the dun-colored deer. Regular attendance. Singular behaviour. The dyer seems popular.

30 (REVIEW)

whirl

essay

polar

twitch

curate

whinny

origin

actress

dessert

accuse

solemn

sulphur

terrible

execute

regular

skeleton

decency

valuable

visible

scissors

prophet

bachelor

cucumber

headdress

The bachelor's scissors are valuable. An essay on the origin of sulphur. For decency's sake. The actress wears a movable wreath as a headdress. Two terrible dragons were visible. Of course the lynx steals bait. The prophets were accused and executed. A sign of meanness and baseness. The curate's speech at dessert was too solemn. Regular meals improve one's health.

31

brier

fiery

variety

society

debtor

editor

janitor

operator

opinion

religion

rebellion

dominion

permit

admitted

remitting

submission

Add —ed, —ing to admit, remit, permit, submit; as, admitted.

Legions of British soldiers and fiery hordes of savages fought during the rebellion in Egypt. All debtors must settle their accounts with the editor. The janitor of the school paid the operator. "Good-day," cried the mower, whetting his scythe. Briers have grown among the lilies and furze bushes. Permit no wrong. The gambler's companions submitted. Our country is a dominion. We have a variety of opinions in our society.

32

cutlet

omelet

banquet

pamphlet

jovial

billiards

burdock

bulrush

ruffian

guardian

historian

librarian

fraction

affection

recollect

collection

Put —ly after cool, cruel, royal, central, jovial, natural, exact.

At the banquet I ate a cutlet and an omelet. Our guardians seized the ruffians. He coolly knelt. I guessed the quantity exactly. Do you recollect my collection of problems on fractions? The genial historian has written a pamphlet. The librarian bought tracts. He pried into the secret of our large profits. The actor is jovial and plays billiards. A burdock is a coarse weed. Bulrushes or cat-tails grow in swamps.

33

oval

vocal

petal

formal

oral

coral

floral

mortal

infinite

definite

opposite

favorite

admirable

reasonable

confession

profession

Put —er, —est, —ly with icy, haughty, guilty, shabby, steady, sleepy, pretty, gloomy, noisy, mighty; as, icier, iciest, icily.

Petals are oval-shaped. What admirable vocal music! I made an oral confession. Act reasonably. Coral beads. Bicycle pedals are made of steel. Dredge opposite the pier. Florists deal in floral wreaths. The prophets taught the people to value their immortal souls. Mention a definite sum for freight. The heavens seem infinite.

34

valiant

brilliant

ridicule

vestibule

dribble

dwindle

constable

estimable

appeal

reveal

conceal

congeal

cavalry

mineral

political

principal

Add —able to love, move, tame, blame, value; as, lovable.

A valiant cavalry charge won the fight. Bleak, level plains. The syrup dribbles. The profits dwindle away. Conceal the precious minerals. The brilliant light revealed several new features. Lambs bleat. Sun-bleached linen. The vestibule floor creaks. You resemble our estimable principal. Ice is water congealed. He ridicules the miner's bare pate. The choir chants a psalm or hymn. Observe the pauses. A political speech. Appeal to the judge.

35

general

eternal

internal

external

forgery

drapery

drollery

drudgery

actual

gradual

punctual

continual

derrick

barracks

bullock

hammock

Write over— with rate, run, ride, reach, joyed; as, overrate.

The generals alight. Their arrival at the barracks was the signal for freeing negroes from slavery. Internal or external injury. A gradual growth. Almighty God is eternal. The pale widow's mite. Two mettlesome steeds. The drapery blazed up. Forgery is a serious offence. Drudgery is continual labor; drollery, odd humor.

36 (REVIEW)

fiery

blight

creak

bleach

actual

vocal

debtor

floral

omelet

ruffian

conquest

punctual

several

eternal

conceal

banquet

guardian

drudgery

rebellion

recollect

admitted

ridicule

opposite

reasonable

Conceal the gilt sword. Ruffians tease the bear. At the banquet the guardian seemed bored by debtors. Gamblers admitted their profits. The mason's plumb-line. I recollect the Indian rebellion. The debtor's temper was fiery and unreasonable. The vocal solo was ridiculed. The conquest of several islands. Nuns' veiling. This floral wreath seems actually bleached. An eternal scourge.

37

dairy

despair

exclaim

claimant

bronze

apology

hideous

listener

statue

tissue

immense

specimens

juvenile

appetite

dove-cot

anecdote

Put —ing after urge, charge, rage, dodge, pledge, judge, manage, oblige, race, measure, praise; as, urging.

An immense statue of bronze metal was visible. Goblins were hideous. I wear a specimen medal on my mantle. "A lion's mane!" exclaimed he. A faithful dairy maid. Peel the oranges in tissue paper. No apology is needed. The claimant for damages suffers an agony of despair. An amusing anecdote. A keen appetite. A juvenile carpenter built a dove-cot.

38

ewer

ewe-lamb

dewdrops

brand-new

wizard

hazard

gizzard

blizzard

lobster

canister

cashier

clothier

obedient

obedience

experience

experiment

Add —ed, —ing to model, level, travel, equal, quarrel, cancel, ravel, shovel; as, modelled, modelling.

The cashiers were obedient and rarely quarrelled. Meddle less with minor affairs. I heard a clothier's experience. A brand-new plate glass. Ewers or jugs of water. Maize is Indian corn. He hazards his safety by travelling in blizzards. Fowls have gizzards. Our mettle won the main battle. The wizard's charms. Try some experiments. Tea canisters. Boiled lobsters.

39

captor

captive

candor

clamor

cholera

character

backache

mechanic

ear-rings

Methodist

memorize

accompany

canvass

carcass

trespass

windlass

Join —ed, —ing to tunnel, pencil, label, gravel, tassel, barrel, carol, gambol; as, tunnelled, tunnelling.

Captors of negroes used blood-hounds. The captive women sold their ear-rings. Canvass the mechanics. Obscure sounds of a startling character accompanied the earthquake. Memorize the chorus. They meddle with our windlass and trespass on our premises. They're labelling the parcels. Speak with candor. Avoid noise or clamor. Bury that carcass. Cholera is unknown here.

40

borax

smilax

conveys

surveys

soldered

dandelion

cinnamon

raspberry

allspice

colander

Yukon

Montreal

effect

difficult

architect

catechism

Add —ing to inquire, increase, suppose, accuse; as, inquiring.

Were you conveying allspice or cinnamon from the freight train? Survey the wreaths entwined with smilax. Borax is used in soldering metals. Squeeze the raspberries through a colander. What effect has chilly weather on dandelions? The architect's scheme is difficult to grasp. He knows the catechism by rote. The Yukon is many leagues from Montreal.

41

commit

command

commence

recommend

excel

expel

compel

comrade

compass

cardinal

hiccough

knowledge

caress

assess

discuss

district

Put —s, —ed after obey, annoy, survey, employ, display, array. Add —es to grocery, dairy, ally, folly, quarry; as, groceries.

I recommend that we command the officer to commit the comical rascal to jail, and expel his comrades. The district will compel the Mayor to aid the villagers. We've commenced to discuss business. He excels in a knowledge of the cardinal points of the compass. Caress the child with hiccoughs. A wheelwright makes naves and spokes.

42 (REVIEW)

dairy

boggy

sphere

chord

effect

wizard

clothier

survey

commit

camphor

despair

hiccough

colander

architect

blizzard

ear-rings

catechism

blackguard

raspberry

obedience

The patient clothier wears a bronze medal. The trails seem a maze of cross-roads. Pare the juicy pears. The sweet-scented, new-mown hay. Hawks soar o'er the strait. My thick-soled shoes creak. A chord in music. A wizard's tricks. In obedience to the architect. I fear a blizzard. Hiccoughs annoy me. I despair of ever committing the catechism to memory.

43

bakery

brewery

pottery

knavery

surgery

delivery

discovery

embroidery

tinware

barefoot

cylinder

clergyman

council

surround

boundary

warehouse

Join —able to admire, desire, excuse, dispute; as, admirable.

Delivery wagons haul flour to the bakery. A brewery at the city boundary is wrecked. The clerk's knavery. A lone warehouse near the freight yard. Elect eight aldermen to the city council. The iron roller is a hollow cylinder. I cut my bare wrist on a piece of pottery or tinware. The clergyman is distinctly heard. Idol worship exists in India. She wears rare finery and embroidery. He made a discovery in the surgery.

44

necessity

necessary

possession

procession

attach

attacked

mucilage

pencilled

rigor

vigor

honor

harbor

complain

Champlain

waistcoat

mail-pouch

Add —y to paste, grease, pebble, sponge, possible; as, pasty.

Attack them with vigor. Attach pieces of rope if necessary. Detached rocks made the descent dangerous. Mucilage is a necessity in an office. Champlain explored several rivers in the interior of Canada. The mail-pouch was rifled. My waistcoat pocket. Her pencilled eyebrows. The lynx's lair. Complain to the City Council. The procession took possession of the street.

45

ballad

ballast

cannon

channel

laurel

auburn

assault

applause

signal

arrival

ordinary

asparagus

oneself

bayonet

gingham

dumpling

Put —some after glad, delight, bother, trouble, blithe, frolic.

Vessels need ballast to cross the channel. Wrest the reed or cane from that liar. The wreck is wrapped in mist. My niece is combing her auburn hair and tying it with dyed ribbons. She sang several ballads, winning laurels. An ordinary gingham apron. Tender asparagus for dessert. Manual training is of great benefit to oneself. The gradual descent of the road. An apple dumpling. The pilot made no assault. The captain's bayonet.

46

torrent

decorate

monitor

astonish

villain

mermaid

maintain

remainder

cooing

cuckoo

raccoon

heirloom

castor

bishop

scallop

atmosphere

Join —ness to clumsy, flimsy, gaudy, haughty; as, clumsiness.

The monitor's haughtiness was maintained. A torrent's roar. I rowed near the sea-beach with sculls. An enemy's revenge. A bishop's white robes. Decorated with scalloped lace. The villain's prison cell. A drier atmosphere. Cooing pigeons. The cuckoo clock is an old heirloom. Buffalo and raccoon robes for sleighs are made without seams. Castor oil is prepared from seeds.

47

receipt

leisure

seizing

deceive

swoon

saloon

balloon

spittoon

journal

courage

courtesy

adjourn

gentry

laundry

foundry

gallantry

Add —ness to weary, steady, muddy, woolly; as, weariness.

The cooper makes barrels of hoops and staves. The saloon-keeper wrung his hands in sheer despair and swooned. I'm aware that courage and courtesy are national traits of the French. The council adjourned. The foundry moulds iron patterns. Erase all false entries. A daily journal. A receipt from the laundry. His leisure and gallantry deceived the gentry.

48 (REVIEW)

villain

leisure

council

descent

brewery

bayonet

flavor

assault

camphor

oneself

raccoon

cylinder

channel

torrent

spheres

necessary

ordinary

warehouse

heirloom

mucilage

boundary

waistcoat

necessity

atmosphere

He leant against the lime-kiln. The lynx has lain down in his lair. I need a key for the mail-pouch. Idols are deaf and dumb. A great herd of deer. Raccoon overcoats. Torrents make their descent through the rugged channels. Warehouses are not necessary in ordinary business. Cylinders are not spheres.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

absence

absorb

accent

accident

actual

acute

adjourn

admirable

advise

affect

almanac

almighty

almonds

alms

altar

allspice

anecdote

announce

anxiety

apology

apparel

appeal

appetite

applause

approach

arrange

asparagus

assemble

assert

assistant

atmosphere

attach

auburn

bachelor

backache

baffled

balance

balcony

ballad

banquet

barefoot

bargain

barrier

bayonet

behavior

benefited

benzine

bilious

billiards

bleach

biscuit

borax

boundary

brier

brilliant

brogue

bronze

bureau

burglary

burial

cancer

candor

canvass

cannon

captive

camphor

carcass

carrier

cashier

castor

catechism

caterpillar

cavalry

cayenne

chaplain

Champlain

channel

character

chieftain

chuckles

cinnamon

claimant

clamor

cleanly

clothier

colander

commence

companion

compel

complain

conceal

condemn

conductor

confession

conquest

continual

council

courtesy

crackle

crevice

crystal

cucumber

cudgel

cultivate

curate

cycling

cylinder

dairy

dandelion

deafness

debtor

decayed

decency

deceit

decorate

decrease

definite

delicate

delivery

dearth

despair

dessert

difference

difficult

discourage

discovery

dominion

draught

drollery

drudgery

dwindle

dye-stuff

ear-rings

effect

elevator

embroidery

encore

endeavor

estimable

ewe-lamb

excellent

exclaim

execute

exhaust

exhort

experience

exterior

external

familiar

famine

favorite

festival

fiery

foliage

foresee

fortunate

foundry

fragrant

furrier

gallant

gaudy

gauntlet

gingham

giraffe

gizzard

goddess

gouge

gracious

grammar

grievance

grocery

guidance

haddock

harbor

hazard

headdress

heather

heirloom

herbage

heroine

hesitate

hiccough

hideous

hindrance

hoar-frost

horizontal

hyacinth

hyphen

immense

innocent

interfere

irregular

isles

jovial

knavish

knowledge

language

lattice

league

leisure

librarian

liquorice

luggage

lullaby

lynch

magazine

maggot

mail-pouch

maintain

manual

mechanic

medicine

memorize

merely

millinery

moisten

monarch

monitor

moustache

movable

mucilage

musician

mystery

necessary

nuisance

obedience

obstinate

omelet

oneself

opposite

origin

Pacific

pamphlet

paragraph

particular

pastime

patient

peasant

peculiar

petticoat

phrase

pheasant

physician

plague

plumage

political

popular

porcupine

portrait

possible

poultice

practical

precious

principal

professor

prophet

punctual

quotient

raccoon

raspberry

reasonable

rebellion

receipt

recommend

rectangle

remnant

reptile

riddance

ridicule

ruffian

rye-bread

salmon

salve

satchel

Saviour

scaffold

scenery

scissors

science

seizure

severity

sexton

shackle

similar

sinews

skeleton

slippery

smuggler

solder

solemn

Solomon

spacious

specimen

sphere

spittoon

squabble

stagnant

sterile

steward

stomach

stubborn

studious

sulphur

superior

summon

surgery

survey

tedious

terrier

therefore

threshold

traffic

traitor

triumph

trudging

tussle

unusual

upholster

valiant

various

vaseline

vertical

vestibule

Victoria

victuals

vigor

villains

vineyard

virgin

warehouse

warrant

warrior

war-whoop

windlass

withhold

wrenched

STANDARD IV. JUNIOR.

GRADE 6.

1

baboon

harpoon

caboose

papoose

survive

surmount

surround

surrender

melody

harmony

injury

industry

melodious

harmonious

injurious

industrious

Add —ful to care, spoon, pail, mouth, tear, sorrow, wonder, mirth.

The whale survived the harpoon's injurious effects. The city will surrender ere the troops surround it or surmount the towers. Their melodious voices seem in perfect harmony. The squaw's papoose slept in the caboose. The industrious carpenter's adze. Wear a ruff. Our yacht is a swift sailer. Baboons are apes.

2

dial

diary

diamond

dialogue

falcon

weapon

jealous

zealous

fidgety

hedgehog

partridge

cartridge

colony

colonial

envious

previous

Put —less after speech, flaw, fault, shame, tear, thought, doubt.

Falcons are trained hawks. Partridge are called grouse. The hedgehog's weapons are quills. The zealous preacher's diary contained an account of a previous wreck. Be not jealous or envious of people wearing diamonds. Colonial means belonging to a colony. The dial of a clock. Alter our dialogue. The fidgety maiden dreaded all weapons. We load pistols with cartridges.

3

liable

denial

defiant

reliance

peony

surgeon

sturgeon

melodeon

grateful

pressure

forbade

forbidden

angular

irregular

circular

particular

Add —ing to lodge, trudge, grudge, pickle, crumble, curdle, gurgle, cripple, pierce, rescue, partake; as, lodging.

After some pressure the surgeon sent a defiant denial. Put no reliance in irregular scholars. Angling with bait for sturgeon is strictly forbidden. You are liable to be fined. In this particular case a surgeon dressed the wound. In vain he forbade their teasing the lynx. I gratefully accepted the red peony. Play the melodeon. Make angular blocks.

4

notify

modify

signify

qualify

divine

divisor

division

diligent

esteem

redeem

peevish

discreet

twopence

threepence

halfpenny

blackguard

Join —able to note, love, tame, cure, endure, adore, advise, remove, dispute; as, notable.

Notify the buyers that we'll modify our terms. Twopence per ounce is the wholesale price. The diligent are esteemed. Redeem your sundial. The division is correct but the divisor is wrong. Only a blackguard would steal a child's halfpenny. Place circular rows tier above tier. Our discreet physician has a peevish patient. Are you qualified for the position?

5

tunnel

funnel

furnish

burnish

savor

flavor

tumor

rumor

suet

cruet

frequent

eloquent

describe

subscribe

description

subscription

Place un— before envied, noticed, settled, erring, foreseen, christian, known, married, merciful; as, unenvied.

At the inquest I was frequently requested to furnish a description of the stolen cruet. The steak has the flavor and savor of suet. Accept half-yearly subscriptions from the subscribers. Burnish the brass funnel. Rumors of a wreck in the tunnel. The eloquent doctor cures tumors.

6 (REVIEW)

melody

weapon

caboose

fidgety

jealous

surgeon

liable

funnel

qualify

forbade

diligent

previous

colonial

frequent

circular

pressure

irregular

injurious

surround

diamonds

twopence

halfpenny

partridge

subscribe

At the Colonial Exhibit I bought funnels for twopence. Jealous of a friend. A brooch of real diamonds. Liable for damages. "To forgive is divine." Written in a diary. The fidgety student was diligent and frequently eloquent, but could not qualify for a surgeon. Surround the circular table. The intense heat may prove injurious. During the previous day the pressure of business demanded every minute.

7

guilty

guilds

guitar

guinea

cavity

brevity

nobility

humility

reverse

disperse

immerse

converse

ancient

deficient

efficient

sufficient

Join —ity to scarce, pure, cave, false, secure, chaste; as, purity.

The miner has sufficient gold for a guinea. The women's guild has dispersed. Its members plead for purity and chastity. The guilty officer often shows traits of nobility. This efficient player on the guitar converses with brevity. Be not deficient in humility. Ancient chinaware is very expensive. The staid donkey brayed. Reverse the engine. Immerse the beef in brine.

8

despise

chastise

Chinese

Japanese

sorcery

slavery

archery

flattery

armor

vapor

poached

encroach

luscious

delicious

suspicion

suspicious

Write dis— with abuse, allow, approve, claim, arrange, color, favor, credit, satisfy, respect, qualify, possess; as, disabuse.

The Japanese were encroaching on Chinese territory. The poacher is under suspicion. The luscious peaches and the delicious ice-cream vanished like vapor. Despise flattery. I ate poached eggs. We chastise people for sorcery. The brood of pigeons soared above the stile. Warriors wear steel armor when repairing breaches in the walls. Bowmen boast of their archery.

9

hearth

hearken

heartiness

heart's-ease

parade

paradise

parable

paragraph

blighted

lightning

thorough

doughnut

election

direction

dictation

dictionary

Place un— before aided, aware, bearable, buried, ceasing.

Hearken to the parable of the sower. Soldiers were on parade during the election. The heartiness of their welcome. The doughnut dropped on the hearth unnoticed. We can imagine scenes in paradise. The lightning blighted the beech-tree. The officer gave directions. A wry face. A thorough examination of the skull. Choose a paragraph for dictation. The pansy is called heart's-ease. Consult your dictionary.

10

heathen

sheared

teamster

seamstress

hallo

coasting

wherever

wherefore

lustre

lustrous

wondrous

monstrous

genuine

masculine

feminine

glycerine

Place dis— with taste, honor, honest, united, pleased, loyal.

Seamstress is feminine gender, while teamster is masculine. The sheared goat chased the wheelwright across a rood of pasture to butt him. Hallo! What dangerous coasting! They show a genuine interest in the heathen. Diamonds possess wondrous lustre. These monstrous beasts browse wherever there is no grazing. The captain wrung my hand. Buy four bottles of glycerine.

11

lilac

rival

final

spinal

pinafore

separate

tomahawk

marmalade

niggard

braggart

sluggard

drunkard

engineer

volunteer

auctioneer

mountaineer

Join —ing to hem, refer, regret, expel, wrap, begin, forget, compel, occur; as, hemming.

Her pinafore was daubed with marmalade. The engineer made a final attempt to rescue the drunkard. Ants are neither sluggards nor braggarts. The volunteer will broach the subject. The auctioneer had spinal trouble. The mountaineer wrapped his plaid around him. He was niggardly on his bridal tour. The Indian sought to fight with the tomahawk.

12 (REVIEW)

scene

bridal

hearth

guitar

weapon

sheared

breaches

lustrous

separate

paradise

deficient

feminine

genuine

disperse

election

thorough

luscious

referring

sufficient

glycerine

lightning

occurring

dictionary

auctioneer

Make a thorough search in the dictionary. Is the weapon a genuine pistol? The fuel on the hearth is sufficient. Glycerine is sold by druggists. Buy a new medal. What a lustrous bronze color! Seeing the lightning, the timid women dispersed. I'm referring to colonial acts and scenes. Breaches of the law occurred daily. The auctioneer offered silk, deficient in lustre.

13

pilot

otter

felon

heron

colonel

oppress

express

distress

majestic

domestic

gigantic

romantic

ransack

knapsack

knick-knacks

knickerbockers

Write in— before curable, elegant, different, human, sufficient.

Their chief seized the felon's leather knapsack. I ransacked auction rooms for knick-knacks. The clerk carried some accounts in his knickerbockers. Otters are not domestic animals. We knew the pilot's signals of distress. An address on our romantic scenery. He expressed sorrow for his fault. A gigantic fraud. Never oppress the weak. The colonel's majestic bearing. The crane resembles the heron.

14

coolly

woolly

shrilly

squally

solar

lunar

relapse

collapse

disguise

dissolve

persuade

camomile

addition

petition

partition

competition

Add —ed to shrivel, parcel, gambol, control; as, shrivelled.

A competition in rapid addition. A solar day and a lunar month. Lambs with woolly fleeces gambol in the vale. Squally weather. Don't give camomile flowers to our friends. Dissolve the powder in vinegar. Persuade the guests to sign a petition. The choir sang shrilly. The patient suffered a relapse. He coolly bored through the partition with an auger. The walls collapsed instantly.

15

sewer

lewd

shrewd

jews'-harp

stanza

veranda

mastiff

slouched

miracle

manacles

obstacle

spectacle

massive

passive

strolling

toll-gate

Join —er, —est to simple, nimble, obscure, secure; as, simpler.

The shrewd lawyer sought a clew. The huge mastiff slouched off the veranda. Recite the fourth stanza. I leaned against a massive sewer pipe. He strolled along, playing a jews'-harp. The manacles on his wrists were serious obstacles. I dropped a pair of spectacles at the toll-gate. A lewd, base fellow. Miracles startle the wisest or the simplest.

16

russet

jagged

gossip

daffodil

atlas

paltry

asphalt

falsehood

verdant

verdure

suggest

gesture

surged

purging

passenger

messenger

Add —ing to engage, examine, kindle, bundle, behave, provoke, relieve, grieve; as, engaging.

The roaring, foaming surge caused the passengers to make gestures. Suggest a cheaper passage. Purge the filthy lanes. A quick messenger took my message. The dancing daffodils. Gossips spoke base falsehoods. The rocks had jagged edges. A Canadian atlas for sale. Asphalt pavement. Paltry excuses. The lawn is verdant. Showers and sunbeams cause verdure. A russet apple.

17

bison

talons

beckon

reckon

cruise

council

malady

granary

promote

postpone

wholesale

wholesome

mansion

expansion

omission

submission

Join —er, —est to fleecy, bulky, foggy, cleanly; as, fleecier.

The council may postpone their cruise. Promote the expansion of wholesale trade. I need a cleanlier maid. I tied a coarse cord in knots. Their submission led to the omission of salads from our usual fare. A mansion with a princely salary. A dreadful malady. The falcon's beak and cruel talons. The bison's horns.

18 (REVIEW)

pilot

surge

lunar

felon

sewer

bison

cheque

shrewd

quartz

gossip

cleaver

verdure

gesture

asphalt

colonel

collapse

omission

persuade

disguise

domestic

gigantic

barracks

wholesome

spectacles

Do gossips discuss wholesome subjects? Persuade the city to build a gigantic asphalt sewer. See the felon on the domestic's finger. The omission of gestures and disguise would improve the actress. A shrewd rogue signed a cheque for gold quartz. The colonel left his spectacles in the barracks. Verdure is greenness. The total collapse of the building. The butcher's cleaver is dull. Hunt the bison. The pilot fears the surging sea.

19

insure

assure

demure

procure

tinsel

damsel

morsel

counsel

abates

abandon

whet-stone

homestead

overseer

foreseen

industrial

caterpillar

Write be— before wail, witch, grudge, moan, numb, smear.

Though hoarse I was relieved by a morsel of horehound. A demure damsel assured us that we were heartily welcome. A caterpillar's cocoon. Procure a whet-stone. As was foreseen, the homestead was abandoned by the settler. Tinsel is of slight value. I assure you he will counsel insuring the industrial school. Rubbing abates the aching in my knee-joint.

20

decline

refined

entwine

combine

verbal

proverb

perjury

jurymen

revise

comprise

preside

confide

evident

penitent

president

confident

Join —ness to clumsy, dreary, gaudy, silly, ruddy, haughty, manly, womanly; as, clumsiness.

That witness, wearing the ruff or collar, declined to commit perjury. A refined physician reported verbally. Evidently the judge confides in the jurymen. The counsel is confident that the penitent prisoner will be released on bail. The club comprises a president, the necessary officers, and nineteen members. Revise the old proverb.

21

tonic

topic

tropics

frolicsome

italics

mandolin

Catholic

cathedral

marigold

navigate

obstinate

vaccinate

solitary

sanitary

military

imaginary

Add —d, —ing to ridge, bridge, wedge, lodge, hedge; as, ridged.

Print in italics. The Catholic church is a beautiful, sanitary cathedral. Give that obstinate invalid a tonic before vaccinating him. Captains and pilots navigate ships. The tropics are imaginary lines. The topic discussed was military weapons. A frolicsome youth played a mandolin. I wore a brooch fashioned like a marigold. The draught made the solitary lamp flare.

22

census

isthmus

surplus

omnibus

pallet

mallet

gorilla

vanilla

uniform

unicorn

universe

universal

instinct

distinct

extinguish

distinguish

Write in— before come, close, dwell, trench, dent, lay, grain.

The hotel omnibus meets us. A nutmeg grater. Hares and lambs leap and gambol by instinct. The design is uniform but made of distinct patterns or units. Rude pallets of straw. The isthmus of Panama. Put the surplus money in the wallet. Extinguish the flames. Flavor the custard with vanilla. Does the mayor deign to bow? The universe is the world. I can distinguish gorillas from bears. The lion and the unicorn. A census of the village.

23

syllable

analysis

symbol

sympathy

latitude

solitude

multitude

destitute

corrupt

interrupt

multiple

chipmunk

footwear

bearskin

postscript

door-jamb

Add —es to belfry, diary, nursery, grocery, daisy, charity, misery, dairy, century, lobby; as, belfries.

The destitute hermit dwelt in solitude. The sign or symbol of addition. In a postscript he showed a system of finding our latitude. I'm too hoarse to utter a syllable of sympathy. Clad in bearskin cap and heavy footwear. Substitute zinc for lead. A multiple of four. A multitude of chipmunks scampered off. I interrupted their review. The analysis of the sentence.

24 (REVIEW)

census

tropics

surplus

vanilla

symbol

isthmus

counsel

district

Catholic

perspire

overseer

analysis

sympathy

interrupt

extinguish

military

vaccinate

imaginary

frolicsome

individuals

A new system of analysis. The census reveals a surplus of officers in one military district. A heavy omnibus. The overseer of these individuals is perspiring. The isthmus is guarded. Imaginary fires are difficult to extinguish. Vaccinate the Italian as a sanitary measure. Despise not his counsel in tropic seas. The symbol of peace. Flavor with vanilla.

25

intense

expense

suspense

nonsense

select

defects

afflict

affliction

heifer

mullein

rat-trap

mattress

lenient

convenient

audience

convenience

Write up— before heave, raise, rear, roar, lift, stroke, risen.

An Indian uprising caused intense excitement, much inconvenience, and great expense. Captains mustered their volunteers. Faint from suspense we awaited further news of our sore affliction. Select mattresses of convenient size with no defects. A touching, musical selection greatly affected the large audience. The peer showed affection for children. What nonsense to set a rat-trap there! A heifer grazed among the mulleins.

26

advance

romance

prudence

violence

cutlery

battery

culvert

accident

induced

reducing

produced

introduce

culture

vulture

torture

structure

Join —s to delay, essay, employ, pulley, parley, kidney, volley.

Produce the cutlery which was concealed in the culvert. An electric battery may cause accidents. Vultures attacked the wounded creature with great violence, and tortured it with their beaks and talons. They exhibit prudence, culture, and knowledge in erecting convenient structures. The yeast is in a jar on the hearth. A legend or romance. The English bow was made of yew.

27

genial

menial

trivial

material

particle

decayed

pickerel

mackerel

swath

thwart

reject

bazaar

religion

religious

foreign

sovereign

Place under— with bid, drain, brush, value, mine, rate, score.

The blithe mower's machine cuts a narrow swath. Menial labor is no trivial affair. This genial sovereign knows several foreign languages. Reject all material a particle decayed. One's religion affects others' lives. The injured engineers attended their bazaar. He endeavors to thwart every religious scheme. Buy a pickerel or some mackerel.

28

agate

palate

rebate

frigate

assume

presume

dispute

compute

irritate

fugitive

liniment

regiment

eminent

prominent

semicolon

semicircle

Write —ed, —ing after deny, glory, envy, tarry, reply, study, steady; as, denied, denying.

A prominent village officer envies my agate ring. The delicate pilot on the frigate has an irritated palate. He assumes charge. I presume the captain neither denies nor disputes his ability. Compute the interest. A fugitive from the regiment asked a citizen for liniment. Dr. Sunshine is a most eminent physician. Use fewer semicolons. A semicircle is a half-circle. A rebate for cash.

29

easel

weasel

resign

design

refrain

abstain

extreme

supreme

terrify

territory

interred

referred

partial

initials

essential

confidential

Add —er —est to silly, naughty, ruddy, stalky, puny, tardy, wiry, noisy, icy, greedy; as, sillier, silliest.

A partial design lies on the easel. A supreme court official says it is essential to resign. Strictly confidential. Refrain from sardines and abstain from ale or beer. The late colonel was interred in the new cemetery with martial honors. Acquire more territory. A terrified weasel fled. Whose initials are written here?

30 (REVIEW)

weasel

cutlery

lenient

produce

mullein

suspense

scythe

foreign

trivial

fugitive

violence

structure

palate

thwart

assume

material

sovereign

semicolon

initial

terrify

acquaint

referred

irritated

prominent

Mow the mulleins on the terrace with scythes. Be lenient with a prominent citizen. Listening in suspense. A foreigner attempted violence on our sovereign. Buy steel cutlery of the best material. A terrified fugitive. I assumed you were acquainted. The initials should be capitals. He referred to trivial faults in their language.

31

cactus

tactful

contact

attract

trophy

gopher

dolphin

typhoid

ebony

agony

economy

scoundrel

denounce

pronounce

mahogany

toboggans

Write —s after halo, solo, folio, piano, banjo, lasso, canto, memento; as, halos.

The greyhound caught a gopher. Our curlers won the trophy. Denounce the scoundrel. The senior judge pronounced sentence. A tactful phrase. Erect the steeple according to the contract. The coroner at the inquest. The dolphin often changes color when dying. Ebony is dear. Practise economy. The sewing-machine cover is mahogany. He cried in agony. A lassoed ox gored him. A toboggan slide.

32

recruit

pursuit

herring

haddock

divorce

corridor

tortoise

porpoise

career

pioneer

peelings

teeming

antelope

envelope

velvety

roly-poly

Place inter— with line, lock, mingle, meddle, marry, lard, leave, twine, view, weave, space; as, interline.

Gild the frame. A porpoise pursued the herring. The envelopes in the corridor are of velvety material. Tortoises are turtles. Creeks, teeming with salmon. A pioneer's career seldom led to divorce. In subduing a nation we use forcible means. The roly-poly is surely cooked. The peelings of the potatoes. Eat some haddock. The young recruit started in pursuit of an antelope.

33

fatal

brutal

psalm

pshaw

release

meagre

features

deceased

quoits

feigned

slaughter

smudged

pumice

avarice

jaundice

sacrifice

Join —ly to guilty, hearty, heavy, happy, saucy; as, guiltily.

The disease proved fatal. The details of deceased's career were meagre. Pumice floats in liquid. I feel fatigued. A brutal slaughter. The features seem calm. Release the prisoner afflicted with jaundice. Avarice and greediness are undesirable qualities. Their sacrifice was only feigned. Select a psalm. The smudged moulder can pitch quoits. Pshaw! the file was too brittle.

34

nozzle

drizzle

palings

parings

adieu

ochre

euchre

Europe

frigid

average

revenge

challenge

adventure

calculate

aggregate

congregate

Add —er, —est, —ly to speedy, plucky, hasty, weary, knotty.

Reuben bade adieu to Europe. The victor challenged us to a game of euchre. The aggregate is forty-four, the average eleven. They congregate to seek revenge. The sunbeams glare on the snow in frigid lands. I can gauge a barrel of ale. The apple parings are frozen and rigid. Paint the fence palings with yellow ochre. He held the nozzle of the hose in a drizzling rain. Calculate the cost.

35

sorrel

gospel

marvel

sentinel

gluey

clayey

exempt

brethren

route

tourist

artery

energy

spinach

chicory

grievous

mischievous

Copy,—Gov. means Governor; Gen., General; Col., Colonel; Prof., Professor; B.C., Before Christ; A.D., In the year of our Lord.

The sentinel challenged with great energy a mischievous tourist. The colonel cut an artery. The sorrel horse followed by a different route. The clayey soil was gluey, too stiff for spinach. An exhibition of sleight-of-hand tricks. A mixture of chicory and coffee. He marvels at our grievous affliction. Preach the gospel.

36 (REVIEW)

ochre

pshaw

quoits

tourist

energy

meagre

nozzle

career

clayey

grateful

pioneer

forcible

recruit

typhoid

release

brethren

grievous

features

economy

envelope

mahogany

challenge

mischievous

congregate

The pioneer practised economy in his whole career. Paint the door-jambs with yellow ochre. A crowd congregated. I was grateful for my release. He laments over his brethren's grievous attacks of typhoid fever. A mischievous recruit turned the nozzle on the tourists. The supply of mahogany wood is meagre. A blue envelope.

37

pacify

crucify

glorify

specify

reveal

bereave

pasturage

orphanage

avail

prevail

delaine

maimed

colonize

apologize

patronize

economize

Add —d, —ing to guide, grieve, cease, receive, plague, erase, scare, relieve; as, guided, guiding.

A quaint carriage conveyed the bereaved waifs to an orphanage. The maimed woman is dressed in delaine. Specify a chance to economize. Apologize to the mayor for the pasturage. Colonize the islands and patronize their people. If he prevailed, some would glorify, others crucify him. Endeavor to pacify the rebels. It is of no avail to reveal the secret.

38

bamboo

grooved

dragoon

kangaroo

applaud

defraud

fraction

fractured

intimate

emigrate

obstinate

ventilate

advocate

suffocate

summary

rummage

Put in— before direct, distinct, constant, decent, capable, corrupt.

The squeamish dragoon has a vein of humor. He obstinately refuses to emigrate. Our intimate friends applaud the supple kangaroo's tricks. We shall suffocate unless you ventilate this chamber. The fractured limb was cut off. What fraction of eight is four? Write a summary of the scene. Advocate honesty. The bamboo was grooved. He was defrauded at a rummage sale.

39

Saxon

caldron

squadron

simpleton

scandal

placard

numeral

scabbard

numerous

generous

accustom

customary

positive

inquisitive

negative

interrogative

Add —ous to fury, study, melody, envy, vary; as, furious.

The simpleton read the placard. He gives negative or interrogative answers. He is positively furious at the scandal. Soup was supplied to the squadron from a generous caldron. Draw forth the sword from the scabbard. The inquisitive dwarf, wrapped in numerous robes, occupies his customary seat. We grate nutmegs on the grater. Numerals as four. Briton and Saxon are one. The detective's sight is not defective.

40

jersey

blarney

abolish

demolish

idiot

patriot

chariot

champion

merino

tapioca

myrtle

pyramid

delegate

desperate

reverent

tenement

Write —es after mulatto, mosquito, motto, calico, domino.

Could the pyramids of Egypt be demolished by cannon? I've read of Scottish patriots and warriors. Speak reverently to aged women. Is their son an idiot? We'll abolish crowded tenements. A delegates' meeting. In a chariot rode a wizard clad in myrtle green. I ate tapioca pudding. A desperate rogue tried to blarney us. The champion Jersey cow. Merino wool.

41

acquire

acquaint

prairies

porcelain

treacle

theatre

stirrup

innings

scalawag

vengeance

geography

photograph

turnstile

valentine

turpentine

Hallow-e'en

Write —es, —ed after copy, glory, envy, pity, fancy, modify.

Hallow-e'en is the eve of All-Saints' Day. Buy a porcelain bowl, and a quart of turpentine. A scalawag emptied treacle upon the turnstile. We upbraided her for acquiring a craving for the theatre. St. Valentine's Day. His stirrup broke on the prairie. Photograph the maid studying geography.

42 (REVIEW)

Saxon

jersey

treacle

crucify

patriot

placard

theatre

merino

prairie

scandal

bereaved

summary

accustom

negative

suffocate

acquaint

squadron

vengeance

positive

fraction

generous

dialogue

desperate

economize

Wear a jersey. He speaks plain Anglo-Saxon. A generous patriot is bereaved. The woollen cloak is merino. Thieves were crucified. Here is a summary of the squadrons of Europe. The theatre has fine prairie scenes. A desperate character vowed vengeance. I am positive he was accustomed to economize. May peace prevail. Placard the house. A suffocating chamber.

43

agile

fragile

docile

domicile

penance

peninsula

moderate

temperate

mania

petunia

betwixt

probable

indolent

insolent

crocodile

chocolate

Join —ed to pad, fulfil, blur, strip, excel, mob; as, padded.

The indolent volunteer will probably do penance for insolence. Use chocolates moderately. Be temperate. The elephant is docile. An agile squirrel. A mania for stealing. Petunias have fragile stalks. They flourish betwixt the baron's castle and our domicile. I saw crocodiles lying on a sandy peninsula.

44

phial

phlox

phonic

phlegm

abrupt

illustrate

disciples

discipline

Leonard

leopard

jeopardy

prophesy

flexible

perplexed

occasion

assurance

Put en— before camp, chain, circle, close, courage, girdle, graft.

His disciples had too much assurance. Abrupt words caused a rupture in the discipline. Leonard's life was in jeopardy from a leopard. You seemed perplexed. There is phlegm in my throat. A phonic primer. These flexible stalks are tough. The cheque is genuine. I prophesy a famine. The phlox has purple flowers. A phial of medicine. Illustrate this occasion.

45

pennon

saffron

suburbs

curbstone

landscape

hailstorm

honeysuckle

huckleberry

edifice

precipice

cowardice

prejudice

alcohol

swollen

observant

attendant

Write —able after cure, imagine, note, laugh, reason, fashion.

A swollen limb. Alcohol contains poison. The landscape gardener made their residence attractive with honeysuckle. The hailstorm ruined their huckleberries. The wolf's cowardice. His wary attendant is yellow as saffron but is very observant. He built an edifice near a steep precipice. See their pennon float. He has a prejudice against curbstones in the suburbs.

46 (REVIEW)

docile

mania

phonic

fragile

phlegm

edifice

saffron

leopard

betwixt

penance

alcohol

prophesy

assurance

precipice

geography

swollen

disciples

observant

prejudice

photograph

Photograph the spotted leopard near the precipice. We prejudiced him against alcohol. Betwixt the saffron leaves were slight stalks. Fragile glass in a pasteboard box. His docile, observant disciples had assurance of success. I prophesy a failure in geography. He has a mania for sketching ancient edifices. A few moments of leisure.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

abate

adieu

afflict

alcohol

analysis

armor

artery

asphalt

assurance

attract

audience

avarice

average

barracks

battery

bazaar

beetle

bereaved

betwixt

brethren

caboose

caldron

cathedral

census

challenge

camomile

champion

chariot

chastise

chicory

Chinese

circular

clayey

collapse

colonel

colonial

coolly

congregate

convenient

conveys

cowardice

crocodile

crucify

cruet

cruise

customary

cutlery

decease

decayed

defiant

defraud

delaine

delegate

delicious

denial

denounce

describe

desperate

destitute

dial

dialogue

diamond

diary

dictionary

diligent

disguise

dissolve

distinct

divorce

docile

dolphin

domestic

domicile

drizzle

economy

edifice

efficient

encroach

engineer

entwine

envelope

essential

Europe

excavate

expense

extreme

falcon

features

feigned

feminine

fidgety

flattery

footwear

forbade

forcible

foreign

fractions

fracture

fragile

frolics

fugitive

funnel

genuine

geography

gesture

gigantic

gluey

glycerine

gopher

gorilla

granary

grateful

grievous

grooved

guiltily

guinea

guitar

halfpenny

hallowed

harmony

hearken

hearth

heartiness

heathen

hedgehog

heifer

herrings

hallo

homestead

hose-reel

humility

illustrate

imaginary

immerse

industrial

initial

injurious

innings

insolent

instinct

interred

interrupt

introduce

irritate

isthmus

italics

Japanese

jaunty

jealous

kangaroo

lenient

leopard

loyalty

luscious

lustrous

mackerel

mahogany

maimed

majestic

mallet

mandolin

marmalade

martial

masculine

massive

mattress

mauve

messenger

military

miracles

mullein

navigate

nozzle

numeral

obstacles

occasion

ochre

omnibus

oppress

overseer

pacify

palate

palings

parable

paradise

particles

partition

partridge

passenger

patriot

patronize

penance

peninsula

penitent

perjury

permanent

persuade

petition

phlegm

photograph

pickerel

pilot

pioneer

pinafore

porcelain

positive

prairies

precipice

president

pressure

previous

probable

proverb

psalm

pshaw

pumice

pyramid

quoits

quoting

rat-trap

rebate

recruit

reduction

referred

refrain

regiment

reject

release

reliance

religion

resign

revenge

reverent

reverse

romance

route

rummage

rumor

russet

sacrifice

saffron

sanitary

scabbard

scalawag

scandal

scoundrel

scripture

seamstress

semicolon

sentinel

service

sewer

shrewd

shrilly

signify

singular

slaughter

solar

solitary

sorcery

sorrel

sovereign

specify

spectacle

spinach

squeamish

stanza

stirrup

strangle

strolling

structure

sturgeon

subdue

subscribe

suburbs

sufficient

suffocate

suggest

summary

supreme

surged

surgeon

surrender

survive

suspense

suspicious

syllable

sympathy

swath

swollen

tactful

tapioca

tendency

tenement

terrace

territory

theatre

thorough

thwart

tomahawk

torture

tortoise

tourist

treacle

trivial

trophy

tropics

tunnel

turnstile

twopence

typhoid

tyrant

unicorn

upbraid

vaccinate

vagabond

valentine

vanilla

vapor

velvety

vengeance

ventilate

veranda

verbal

verdant

vigor

volunteer

weapon

weasel

wherefore

wherever

wholesome

wondrous

woolly

yacht

zealous

PRONOUNCE.

NOTE.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.

ally, al-lī´

arctic, ärk´tik

area, ā´rēa

asphalt, as-falt´

avenue, av´e-nū

almond, ä´mund

balsam, bąl´sam

barren, bar´en

because, bē-cąz´

beneath, bē-nēth´

breadth, bredth

brethren, breTH´-ren

bristle, bris´l

barrel, bar´el

castle, kas´l

cemetery, cem´-ē-ter-y

chimney, chim´ni

clothes, klōTHz

collie, kol´i

column, kol´um

depths, depths

donkey, dong´ki

drought, drowt

eleven, ē-lev´-n

English, ing-glish

errand, er-rand

February, Feb´rų-a-ry

flannel, flan´el

follow, fol´lō

foundry, foun´-dri

friends, frends

figure, fig-ūr

forbade, for-bad´

glisten, glis´n

greasy, grē´zi

genuine, jen´ū-in

height, hīt´

hearth, härth

heroine, her´ō-in

history, his´-to-ry

instead, in-sted´

kettle, ket-l

kiln, kil

launch, länsh

leisure, lē´zhūr

lettuce, let´is

livery, liv´er-i

minute, mi-nūt´ adj.

mouths, mouTHz

nephew, nev´ū

nothing, nuth´-ing

peony, pē´ō-ni

perhaps, pėr haps´

pumpkin, pump´-kin

princess, prin´-ses

really, rē´al-li

recess, rē ses´

recipe, res´i-pe

respite, res´-pit

ruffian, ruf´i-an

ru´-in, rö´in

saliva, sa-lī´va

several, sev´ėr-al

shriek, shrēk

shrill, shril

slaked, slāked

soften, sof´n

solder, sol´dėr

sterile, ster´il

strength, strength

stupid, stū´pid

toward, tō´ėrd

Tuesday, tūz´dā

turnip, tėr´nip

violet, vī´-ō-let

Fāte, fąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin; nōte, not, möve; tūbe, tub, bųll; TH, then; th, thin.

STANDARD IV. SENIOR.

GRADE 7.

1

typical

renewal

magical

chemical

botanical

valiant

hydrant

indignant

stimulant

luxuriant

assailant

occupant

incessant

applicant

consonant

cereals

alleged

civilian

secluded

abominate

Join —al to comic, logic, cubic, sign, brute, recite, remove, arrive.

The applicant made indignant denial of his alleged scheming. The occupants of the secluded domicile gambled incessantly. A valiant civilian shielded a mulatto from a brutal assailant. Our fertile prairies yield a luxuriant growth of cereals. Chemical changes appear almost magical. The rector abominates the use of whisky or like stimulants. The city's hydrants need renewal. With breech-loading rifles we defended breaches in the rampart.

2

miscreant

intolerant

mendicant

immigrant

descendant

critical

tragical

physical

identical

fanatical

prodigal

cannibal

acquittal

occasional

economical

incite

censure

beseech

stalwart

lieutenant

Add —ant to account, assist, claim, defend, attend, repent, depend.

His descendants were prodigal, not economical. Finally they became mere mendicants. Immigrants are intolerant of even occasional censures. The lieutenant was critical of his recruit's physical courage. A stalwart miscreant accused of cannibal practices secured acquittal. Another tragical scene occurred at that identical spot. Pontiac readily incited the fanatical Indians to revolt. An adept in botanical lore went on a canoeing trip. Lye for cleansing woollen shawls has lain here for eight weeks. A mere mite of a bugler moaned beseechingly for a draught of water.

3

raiment

adjacent

reticent

opponent

diffident

indulgent

competent

consistent

provident

permanent

marvel

sequel

infidel

citadel

trammel

gibbet

penitent

obligation

protector

antiquated

Write —ent with differ, insist, confide, reside, provide, compete.

His wily opponent was reticent, divulging few secrets. A gibbet was erected adjacent to the citadel. His antiquated raiment is consistent with his provident custom. Is he competent to revise any permanent obligations? Though hesitating and diffident he stubbornly maintained his stand. The sequel showed how indulgent the protector was to penitent rebels. Do not trammel the posse of police in pursuit of the kidnapper. Broken treaties led to conflict. Consult a treatise on ague. The lawyer gave good counsel to the mayor and village council.

4

deceit

conceit

ceiling

conceive

receiving

fiend

shriek

achieve

relieve

reprieve

prevalent

expedient

stringent

intelligent

benevolent

pleurisy

catarrh

manifest

bigamist

machinist

Catarrh and pleurisy are prevalent. Satan is the arch fiend. The court received urgent requests to reprieve the bigamist. Success is achieved by intelligent effort. It is expedient to use metal ceilings. The benevolent machinist is believed to be conceited. The villain shrieked when his deceit was manifest. Customs officers conceived it necessary to make stringent rules against smugglers. Pistils are seed-bearing organs. Rewarded according to his deserts. A stream with cascades and cataracts.

NOTE: When sounded like long e, i comes before e, except after c.

5

elegance

defiance

alliance

variance

appliance

arrogance

ambulance

reluctance

annoyance

conveyance

surfeit

forfeit

counterfeit

heinous

inveigle

project

dynamite

terminate

excessive

explosive

NOTE: When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is ei.

Use an ambulance for his conveyance to a hospital. A surfeit of wealth leads to arrogance. The use of dynamite and other explosives was an excessive annoyance. With reluctance a counterfeiter produced his skilful appliances. The elegance of his address diverted suspicion from his heinous crimes. As the allies are at variance, the alliance may terminate. By their defiance of justice they forfeited our assurance of relief. His soul was teeming with projects of deceit. A Hindu fakir inveigled me by his cleverness. A wretch reeled over but, seizing the reins, he reseated himself.

6 (REVIEW)

cereal

achieve

incite

typical

catarrh

heinous

renewal

fiendish

reticent

variance

civilian

physical

adjacent

pleurisy

inveigle

dynamite

reprieve

expedient

miscreant

acquittal

counterfeit

descendant

assailant

consistent

machinist

benevolent

lieutenant

conveyance

Improvident mendicants made incessant appeals for relief. A reticent lieutenant achieved mastery over his assailant. Is it expedient to reprieve the miscreant who incited to such heinous crimes? Pleurisy and catarrh are physical ailments. Was it fiendish to use dynamite in besieging a citadel? An arrogant but benevolent machinist deemed it consistent with honor to inveigle counterfeiters. Wheat is a typical cereal. A renewal of the civilians' league led to many variances with the soldiers.

7

offence

defence

pretence

eminence

diligence

deference

eloquence

indolence

excellence

recurrence

device

entice

suffice

spliced

indict

bulwarks

maintain

inditing

commodore

despicable

Form words in —ence from prefer, infer, confer, reside, revere. Give verb forms corresponding to advice, device, practice, prophecy.

For a recurrence of the despicable offence he was promptly indicted before a magistrate. The eloquence of the lawyer sufficed for his defence. In deference to the commodore's request he spliced ropes with diligence. His indolence was truly a pretence to cloak knavery. A bulwark is perched on the lofty eminence. Savory fruits enticed the saucy ruffian. The excellence of his device for maintaining warmth is acknowledged. The document was indited and sealed. It is a wise practice not to prophesy about elections.

8

malice

novice

cornice

solstice

artifice

estuary

obituary

dromedary

secretary

arbitrary

auxiliary

adversary

sanctuary

temporary

stationary

wether

brigand

bureau

enumerate

incredible

Add —ary to beg, note, vision, infirm, imagine, mission, custom.

The malice of his adversary was incredible. Though a mere novice in business, he is made temporary secretary of the grocers' guild. The obituary notice was deceiving. The brigands fled on dromedaries beyond the Nile estuary. The cornice meets the sanctuary ceiling. Is the sun stationary at the solstice? The arbitrary tyrant was won over by a clever artifice. Enumerate the auxiliary verbs. From a circle around the moon many augur foul weather. A tainted wether of the flock. An ermine mantle occupied the mantel-piece. The adze and auger are carpenters' tools. A handsome bureau adorned the ladies' waiting-room.

9

roguery

quackery

colliery

cemetery

artillery

cajolery

treachery

shrubbery

monastery

stationery

axis

oasis

crisis

gratis

trellis

mechanism

ingenious

delectable

periodical

revolution

Join —ery to brave, scene, pot, mock, slave, brew, distil, bake.

Can you distinguish between quackery, cajolery, and roguery? A corps of artillery quelled the feud at the colliery. A cemetery near the monastery is concealed by profuse shrubbery and vines climbing on trellises. The treachery of the guards occasioned an alarming crisis. An oasis in the desert is delectable. The earth's revolution on its axis is shown by an ingenious mechanism. His services are given gratis. Purchase the periodicals at a stationery store. A stationary engine is one not movable. A stationer sells stationery, as a confectioner sells confectionery.

10

oratory

cursory

dilatory

lavatory

dormitory

directory

desultory

obligatory

compulsory

promissory

harass

cutlass

trespass

abscess

embarrass

merciless

malignant

merchandise

curriculum

interrogative

Put —ory or —tory with direct, deposit, prepare, purge, explain.

The college lavatory adjoins the dormitory, not the vestibule. A dilatory customer was embarrassed by the cashier's refusal to discount a promissory note. A cursory glance revealed a malignant abscess. Desultory attacks in the merciless warfare harassed our adversaries. Trespassers were frightened off by guards equipped with cutlasses. Oratory is made obligatory by the new curriculum. I certified to the completeness of the revised directory. Freight charges on the cargo of merchandise are not satisfactory. Alter the exclamatory sentence to an interrogative one.

11

destine

doctrine

aniline

gelatine

sanguine

profile

ductile

missile

imbecile

projectile

license

incense

dispense

condense

recompense

superseded

destructive

apothecary

temperament

Dreadnought

Form words by adding —e to bath, cloth, loath, wreath, breath.

Condensed aniline dyes seem destined to supersede other varieties. He advocates the doctrine of recompensing owners of revoked licenses. The projectiles hurled from a modern Dreadnought's batteries are most destructive missiles. The apothecary does not dispense gelatine or incense. The imbecile is obstinate. Gold is ductile. His countenance as seen in profile indicates a sanguine temperament. The marshal mustered the troops levied in populous centres. A circus troupe delighted the populace.

12 (REVIEW)

indict

missile

artifice

roguery

harass

aniline

dilatory

obituary

imbecile

guerilla

cemetery

business

auxiliary

sanguine

solstice

secretary

projectile

supersede

recurrence

ingenious

despicable

eminence

promissory

curriculum

apothecary

embarrass

treachery

Dreadnought

A stationer was indicted for roguery. The artifice of his counsel sufficed in that crisis. The novice was dilatory in inditing the secretary's obituary notice. The apothecary was embarrassed by despicable treachery. Offensive warfare harassed our auxiliaries. The Dreadnought's eminence is due to projectiles of incredible force. The apparatus for aniline dyeing is ingenious. Sanguine of business success. A recurrence of the solstice. A new curriculum of studies supersedes the old. Ancient missiles are found in a cemetery facing the sanctuary. I purchased two bureaus.

13

ratable

pitiable

laudable

palatable

acceptable

deplorable

impassable

inestimable

inflammable

controllable

sabre

lucre

sombre

spectre

sceptre

equipped

battalion

compassion

phosphorus

expenditure

Form words in —able from agree, excite, prove, deplore, conceal.

The emperor's sceptre is of inestimable value. Few mountain barriers are now impassable. The tax on rateable property is for controllable expenditures. Filthy lucre is a term applied to money got by deplorable practices. The battalion were equipped with acceptable sabres. The spectre in the theatrical scene wore a sombre mien. His laudable attempts to relieve pitiable distress. Phosphorus is highly inflammable. Castor-oil is usually unpalatable. Commiseration lessens grief, yet the lesson of affliction is invaluable. After dessert he usually dozes on a lounge.

14

legible

audible

credible

plausible

digestible

eligible

feasible

admissible

corruptible

contemptible

creator

incisor

impostor

executor

competitor

affidavit

plaintiff

testimony

signature

cauliflower

Add —ible to force, resist, divide, digest, sense, corrupt, produce.

A credible witness made affidavit that the plausible professor was an impostor. The laughter was inaudible. The competitor was ineligible, nor was his testimony deemed admissible. Beavers possess forcible incisors. The executor of the plaintiff's estate is incorruptible. God is our creator. The signature is illegible—a contemptible scrawl. Though perplexing, the project is feasible. Is cauliflower fairly digestible? They were admitted to the queen's presence and their beautiful presents accepted. Undue severity towards criminals is rarely permissible. I gain nought by climbing a knoll. The belle wore a pearl brooch at the bridal party.

15

traceable

chargeable

changeable

damageable

manageable

peaceable

noticeable

serviceable

advantageable

marriageable

integer

coroner

diameter

conjurer

idolater

czar

forte

duet

cede

queue

diet

lieu

guise

alien

adage

Note that the e is retained to preserve the soft sound of c or g.

An alien idolater was in the guise of a native conjurer. The czar is a peaceable ruler. A serviceable rule for finding the diameter of a circle. The Chinaman's queue is noticeable. Coroners' fees are chargeable to public funds. He has two marriageable daughters. Wrestling is my forte. Use goblets in lieu of tumblers. An unmanageable team of ponies. His ideas are changeable. Malleable iron is made into wagon tires. France ceded Canada to England. The celery was unsaleable. Wrap the damageable goods in linen. Two-thirds is not an integer.

16

facial

official

glacial

especial

judicial

artificial

beneficial

provincial

commercial

appointment

gamester

gossamer

barrister

chorister

scavenger

bouquet

recently

government

responsible

community

Note the hyphen in well-bred, ox-eyed, air-tight, text-book, able-bodied, well-meant, high-flier, lion-hearted, fire-escape.

Canada has wonderful commercial advantages. The barrister aspires to a judicial appointment from the provincial government. Glacial action is largely responsible for our Great Lakes. The scavenger's duties are beneficial to the whole community. The facial expression of the gamester is especially severe. A bouquet of artificial lilies was recently presented to the chorister by the choir officials. Gossamer has an interesting derivation. Europeans were here later than the Indians; the latter are dying out. His lax behavior proves that he lacks self-control.

17

physic

mimic

traffic

shellac

bivouac

picnicker

mimicking

trafficked

rollicking

bivouacked

spiritual

inspiring

aspiration

dispiriting

conspiracy

urchin

extinct

corridor

galvanized

wearisome

NOTE: k is used in these words to keep the c hard.

Zincked or galvanized iron is serviceable. Trafficking in negroes is not wholly extinct. The frolicsome urchins mimicked the simpleton. Bivouacking is usually wearisome. Some rollicking picnickers suffered later from colicky pains. He shellacked the corridor floors. A prominent doctor believes in physicking his patients. He has aspirations to be a pianist. We have spiritual as well as bodily comforts. It was dispiriting to find the conspiracy so widespread. The address on science was most inspiring.

18 (REVIEW)

spectre

integer

bouquet

incisors

coroner

acceptable

plausible

pitiable

sceptre

feasible

affidavit

palatable

signature

chargeable

bivouac

battalion

beneficial

artificial

competitor

conspiracy

government

eligible

plaintiff

impostor

noticeable

trafficker

scavenger

cauliflower

The coroner's signature is noticeable in the affidavit. It was pitiable to see the scavenger wasted to a mere spectre. The bivouac of the battalion was highly beneficial. Cauliflower is palatable. The plaintiff charged his competitors with conspiracy. The government favors a feasible scheme of artificial drainage. The plausible impostor is not eligible for office. A bouquet of daisies was acceptable. Integers are not fractions. Gnawing animals have sharp incisors. Is he a trafficker in liquor licenses?

19

option

fiction

diction

sanction

rejection

deception

expedition

absorption

temptation

competition

rudiment

nutriment

merriment

impediment

compliment

hazardous

physiology

examination

conscience

proposition

Write words in —tion from create, defect, rotate, quote, dispose.

I await the sanction or the rejection of my proposition. Even keen competition need not induce deception. The author received compliments on his recent fiction. We had the option of joining the expedition but deemed it too hazardous. There is an eager absorption of nutriment by a healthy system. He has an impediment in speech, but his diction is choice. Their merriment implies no deception. He tries an examination on the rudiments of physiology. Obey your conscience despite temptations. Send a petition to the city council against flimsy partitions in buildings.

20

terrific

aquatic

athletic

despotic

pathetic

prolific

intrinsic

pugilistic

democratic

aristocratic

vehement

implement

settlement

amazement

complement

ensue

beverage

exhibition

programme

agricultural

Add —ic to angel, hero, tone, algebra, botany, drama, mason.

Pugilistic exhibitions were excluded from the athletic programme. The regiment had a full complement of heroic privates. In the newer settlements agricultural implements are necessary. Our government is democratic, not despotic or aristocratic. We viewed with amazement their use of alcoholic beverages and the pathetic scenes that ensued. The naval conflict was vehement, even terrific. The walrus is aquatic in habits. Our prairies give a prolific yield of wheat, whose intrinsic or inherent worth is great. The United States is a republic. A frantic struggle with a lunatic.

21

deity

agility

facility

civility

sincerity

iniquity

docility

alacrity

vicinity

dexterity

Grecian

magician

optician

politician

electrician

prescribe

displayed

negotiate

worshipped

certificate

Join —ity to intense, absurd, plural, noble, fatal, sincere, docile.

An optician prescribed for my eyes. The politician dwelt on the iniquity of his opponents and his own sincerity. A magician displayed agility and dexterity. Ancient Grecian deities were publicly worshipped by sacrifices. An electrician negotiated for a residence in our vicinity. Civility and sincerity are certificates of refinement. Accepting the challenge with alacrity, he showed his facility in handling weapons. Don't meddle with the gas-meter. Juicy pears are extremely agreeable to the palates of fever patients.

22

apprise

criticise

catechise

advertise

supervise

analyse

paralyse

enterprise

compromise

enfranchise

gaiety

surety

sobriety

notoriety

propriety

collapse

habitual

definition

disputant

intoxicating

NOTE: Chastise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, exercise, merchandise, revise, surprise, surmise, also end in ise.

There is no surety that the enterprise will not collapse. He criticised the propriety of using gestures. The deceased was paralysed for years before his demise. To analyse means to resolve into simpler elements. The disputants compromised by agreeing to accept my definition. I apprised the foreigners that they could not vote, as they were not enfranchised. Their disloyalty was a matter of public notoriety. Habitual temperance in using intoxicating liquors is laudable sobriety. Mention the provinces comprised in Canada. Explain the meaning of numerator and denominator.

23

baptize

utilize

realize

civilize

tantalize

patronize

authorize

familiarize

emphasize

sympathize

addict

verdict

dedicate

contradict

predicate

assertion

missionary

justifiable

licentious

bereavement

Join —ize to equal, brutal, real, central, signal, pauper.

He realizes that the verdict is justifiable. Emphasize the predicate. I am authorized to contradict his assertions. Refrain from tantalizing dumb creatures. Patronize home products. The church was dedicated to divine worship. The heathens were baptized in the presence of many spectators. Previously they were addicted to licentious practices. Missionaries aid in civilizing savage peoples. I sincerely sympathize with you in your bereavement. Familiarize yourself with the means of utilizing waste products.

24 (REVIEW)

gaiety

aquatic

analyse

civility

beverage

sincerely

sanction

facility

criticise

optician

paralyse

dexterity

negotiate

magician

docility

decision

vehement

recognize

conscience

intoxicate

physiology

spectator

implement

emphasize

worshipper

competition

programme

bereavement

The worshippers criticised the spectators for lack of civility. The magician's dexterity was advertised on the programme. The optician vehemently condemns beverages that intoxicate. Recognize the sanction of a sincere conscience. He analyses sentences with facility. The mayor's decision recognized the aquatic exhibition. He negotiated a loan to organize an implement factory. His bereavement has paralysed all gaiety. Elephants are remarkable for their docility. There is keen competition in our physiology class. The missionary emphasized the iniquity of perjury.

25

genius

radius

exodus

impetus

stimulus

gladiolus

terminus

narcissus

apparatus

ignoramus

siphon

graphic

epitaph

phaeton

phantom

vision

solicitor

extraordinary

encouragement

manufacturing

Use no hyphen in barefaced, greyhound, breastplate, breadstuffs.

The Bible contains a graphic account of the exodus from Egypt. The narcissus and gladiolus are favourite flowers. Describe the difference between a phaeton and a carriage. The epitaph on the solicitor's tomb was composed by a genius, not an ignoramus. The radius of a circle can readily be computed without special apparatus. Encouragement is a great stimulus to exertion. The terminus of the steamboat route is an important site for manufacturing. The weight of the atmosphere causes liquids to flow in a siphon. A phantom is a fancied, not a real, vision. Abundant harvests give an extraordinary impetus to trade.

26

perilous

covetous

timorous

frivolous

poisonous

felicitous

disastrous

boisterous

gluttonous

miraculous

mileage

acreage

mortgage

equipage

disparage

republic

allowance

adventure

exaggerate

automobile

Add —ous to fibre, nerve, pomp, resin, riot, venom, wonder, zeal.

The acreage under cultivation is exaggerated. He disparages the importance of our felicitous relations with the republic. A gluttonous person is too covetous of dainty victuals. Senators have an ample mileage allowance. To the timorous the adventure appeared perilous. His recovery after swallowing the poisonous draught was miraculous. The automobile is our latest equipage. It may be disastrous to mortgage the residence. Avoid being frivolous or boisterous. Beware the bite of a venomous reptile.

27

session

evasion

version

decision

collision

derision

omission

dimension

dissension

digression

ninths

eighths

twelfths

thirtieths

ninetieths

calculate

utterance

parliament

penniless

pronunciation

Form words in —sion from confuse, infuse, possess, depress, omit, revise. Add —ths to forty, sixty, eighty, hundred, thousand.

There was an omission of two-eighths from the total. The utterance of a penniless passenger gives a new version of the collision. Dissensions in parliament prolonged the session. How many ninetieths equal eleven-thirtieths? His address contained serious digressions from the main issue. Calculate the dimensions of the rectangle to the twelfth of an inch. The decision to modify pronunciation was greeted with cries of derision. There should be no evasion of duty. How much is two-thirds of one-ninth?

28

function

quotation

exemption

redemption

completion

inflection

institution

conjunction

transaction

consumption

mosque

opaque

unique

oblique

antique

renown

campaign

chameleon

congratulate

triumphant

Write words in —tion from exert, digest, donate, incline, reject.

The conjunction has no inflection. His collection of antique vases is renowned. The chameleon is unique in some respects. What is the function of the hyphen? The worshippers in the mosque are not Christians. I congratulated the general upon the triumphant completion of his campaign. Explain the difference between vertical and oblique lines. Ground glass is somewhat opaque. A foreign institution secured exemption from taxation. Consumption is often fatal. I cited quotations from English authors. The redemption of the notes was a costly transaction.

29

duellist

jeweller

traveller

towelling

imperilled

chiselled

medallist

apparelled

councillor

victualler

gentian

artesian

comedian

barbarian

Presbyterian

decrepit

costume

extricate

scrutinize

exhaustible

Note: Words ending in one l double it on adding a vowel suffix.

The comedian is a noted duellist, excelling in the use of the sword. The traveller was apparelled in the native barbarian costume. The councillor advocated artesian wells to give an inexhaustible supply of excellent water. The jeweller chiselled a gentian on the medallist's watch. The licensed victuallers scrutinized the quality of the towelling. A Presbyterian clergyman imperilled his life to extricate the decrepit vagrant. He shovelled the snow away to steer the sleigh easily. People who affect too much politeness rarely effect much real good.

30 (REVIEW)

opaque

acreage

epitaph

twelfths

decrepit

covetous

solicitor

oblique

phaeton

equipage

omission

mortgage

frivolous

ninetieths

victualler

inflection

campaign

counsellor

apparelled

apparatus

felicitous

completion

automobile

miraculous

parliament

exhaustible

congratulate

Presbyterian

There was an omission of the phaeton, automobile, and other equipages from the mortgage. The frivolous solicitor was covetous of being made king's counsellor. The epitaph of the Presbyterian minister is very felicitous. A decrepit victualler was oddly apparelled. The acreage under cereals is a great encouragement. Parliament congratulated the army upon the completion of the campaign. Our prairies appear inexhaustible in fertility. How much is eight-twelfths of seven-ninetieths? A miraculous rescue.

31

labor

valor

dolor

arbor

fervor

succor

rancor

glamor

splendor

demeanor

honorary

valorous

dolorous

humorist

clamorous

cypress

corporal

sycamore

appreciate

accomplish

NOTE: Instead of the final or in many noun forms our is recognized as a variant. The u in the latter form is invariably dropped when the suffix ous is added.

The mien of the humorist when off the stage is dolorous. The corporal's valorous demeanor was highly commended. He was elected honorary president of the federated labor union. The villain's malice and rancor were severely censured. Her beauty and splendor cast a glamor over all. Deeds of valor are accomplished in the joyous fervor of youth. When in danger of drowning he was very clamorous for succor. In my garden is an arbor sheltered by cypress and sycamore trees. Filled with dolor at the prospect of death. I appreciate Arbor Day.

32

duteous

piteous

aqueous

gaseous

bounteous

righteous

plenteous

nauseous

courteous

erroneous

typify

mystify

rectify

beautify

sanctify

illuminate

almsgiving

manuscript

compassionate

circumstantial

Add —ify to class, pure, false, glory, ample, intense, just, diverse.

Steam is aqueous vapor. He was very courteous when requested to rectify the erroneous statement. Castor-oil typifies a nauseous draught. Bounteous almsgiving and righteous behavior beautified his life. Gaseous products from coal illuminate our houses. A plenteous peach yield. The circumstantial evidence merely mystified the jurors. Her piteous appeal fell on compassionate ears. A duteous daughter sanctifies a home. He was accused of falsifying the manuscript. A pair of moccasins. He related an anecdote of a penniless acquaintance of ours.

33

dubious

hilarious

obnoxious

laborious

penurious

notorious

delirious

ingenious

luxurious

abstemious

rarefy

liquefy

putrefy

stupefy

rascality

corduroy

telephone

vagabond

phonograph

temperature

Join —ous to injury, envy, mystery, vary, victory, study.

When delirious his temperature was so high as to cause anxiety. He seemed dubious of victory. When he won there was hilarious rejoicing. Heat liquefies metals. Using tobacco tends to stupefy a youth. He is not luxurious, but rather penurious, in his tastes. Obnoxious weeds should be ruthlessly destroyed. Instances of long life are chiefly among the abstemious. Putrefied meat is poisonous. The vagabond was notorious for his rascality. Edison is a type of the laborious and ingenious inventor. To him we owe the phonograph. The telephone was invented by a Canadian, Dr. Bell. The air is rarefied as one ascends. Corduroy trousers.

34

cavalier

fusilier

grenadier

brigadier

chevalier

gaselier

chandelier

electrolier

financier

chiffonier

geranium

aquarium

gymnasium

harmonium

nasturtium

resolute

originally

inadequate

discordant

establishment

NOTE: No capital is needed in such phrases as, morocco leather, plaster of paris, french polish, prussian blue, turkey red, etc.

Originally soldiers were described by the particular weapon used; as, grenadier, fusilier, bombardier. The chandelier is the most ancient, next the gaselier, and now the electrolier. The financier encouraged the establishment of a gymnasium. Place a bouquet of geraniums and nasturtiums on the chiffonier. The brigadier was resolute in exacting obedience. Our school aquarium is inadequate. The church harmonium is woefully discordant. Cavaliers or chevaliers were armed horsemen.

35

mutineer

domineer

gazetteer

buccaneer

scrutineer

athlete

compete

secrete

complete

concrete

secede

accede

concede

precede

stampede

cupola

asthma

militia

naphtha

orchestra

NOTE: Agreed, exceed, indeed, proceed, succeed.

The mutineers seized the ship and started as buccaneers. He proceeded to complete the cupola. The athlete conceded the advantage to his rival. He graciously acceded to my request. Some dissatisfied members seceded from the orchestra. A wooden pavement preceded the concrete one. The scrutineer succeeded in preventing our secreting the ballots. The militia domineered over the citizens. Purchase a naphtha launch. Fire caused the tethered horses to stampede. We did not compete for publishing the gazetteer. Asthma is frequently fatal.

36 (REVIEW)

accede

militia

piteous

asthma

cypress

concrete

succor

gaselier

naphtha

adequate

sanctify

splendor

ingenious

rascality

putrefy

telephone

sycamore

plenteous

aquarium

humorous

orchestra

financier

geranium

preceding

nauseous

obnoxious

demeanor

manuscript

The militia proceeded to succor the cavalry. The financier's demeanor was obnoxious to the orchestra. Sycamore trees are plenteous, but cypresses are scarce. The orchestra played humorous pieces at the aquarium. Concrete the cellar. It was piteous to witness the asthma patients. Telephone for an adequate supply of naphtha. A piece of ingenious rascality. In the preceding year the queen acceded to the request of her subjects. Putrefying vegetables are dangerous. A manuscript shows a gaselier.

37

judicious

capacious

malicious

audacious

sagacious

veracity

ferocity

vivacity

scarcity

capacity

adhere

sincere

austere

cashmere

hemisphere

reticule

renegade

adherence

characterize

archipelagos

Change ferocity, vivacity, capacity, sagacity, veracity to forms in —ous. Make nouns in —ity from atrocious, capacious, sagacious.

The sagacious collie exhibits no ferocity. The audacious renegade adhered to his malicious fiction. Though austere in features he has great vivacity in manner. A sincere, judicious adherence to right principles characterized the governor. I am conscious of the scarcity of men with eminent business capacity. Veracity signifies strict regard for truth. Genuine cashmere shawls come from Asia. There are few archipelagos in our hemisphere. A foreign guide carried a bowie knife in a capacious reticule.

38

fictitious

vexatious

ambitious

infectious

expeditious

curiosity

inferiority

generosity

university

immensity

opium

asylum

gypsum

quorum

museum

committee

inordinate

overwhelm

magnificent

acknowledge

Make noun forms of words in —ious, and adj. forms of those in —ity.

The university possesses a magnificent museum. Infectious diseases are readily spread. Hire an expeditious conveyance. Be cautious to abstain from opium. The patients at the asylum gave fictitious names. Gypsum frequently contains the fossil remains of extinct animals. Owing to the lack of a quorum the committee transacted no business. Inordinate curiosity is often vexatious to others. Though almost overwhelmed by adversity they manifested princely generosity. The immensity of the British empire is now fully acknowledged. He is ambitious to control the woollen industry.

39

secrecy

privacy

delicacy

clemency

obstinacy

cordial

congenial

parochial

centennial

testimonial

beacon

matron

venison

environs

oblivion

beguile

revenue

heighten

ceremony

complexion

Write sec. person sing. of pray, prayed, bless, hate, ruled; e.g., burnest.

The delicacy of the matron's complexion is very noticeable. The city's environs have asphalt avenues. The emperor is renowned for clemency. The centennial ceremonies rescued many quaint customs from oblivion. The rector maintained secrecy as to his parochial revenues. Congenial companions beguiled a tedious voyage. Obstinacy merely heightened the culprit's guilt. The princess is most cordial towards friends in the privacy of her home. Beacon lights are essential to the safety of sailors. I won a testimonial for good behavior. Savory venison is digestible.

40

accurate

duplicate

intricate

elaborate

collegiate

initiate

fascinate

anticipate

expectorate

emancipate

indicative

nominative

transitive

subjunctive

comparative

obscene

crescent

sciatica

ascertain

condescend

Write verb forms like prayeth, from love, mourn, fear, see, reign.

I ascertained that the principal of the Collegiate Institute anticipates a big attendance. The crescent moon is the Turkish symbol. His scheme is too elaborate and intricate. I sent a receipt in duplicate. He distinguishes accurately between the indicative and the subjunctive mood. The empress condescended to occupy a comparatively mean cottage. Serpents are said to fascinate and stupefy their prey. England emancipated negro slaves about 1808. Refrain from obscene language. A skilful doctor relieved my sciatica. Avoid coughing and expectorating phlegm on the street.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

abscess

absorption

abstemious

acceptable

acknowledge

acquaintance

acquittal

adherence

adjacent

admissible

adversary

affidavit

agriculture

amazement

ambitious

analyse

anecdote

aniline

annoyance

anticipate

apologize

apothecary

apparel

appliance

appreciate

aquarium

archipelago

aristocratic

arrogance

artesian

artifice

artillery

ascertain

asphalt

asthma

asylum

athlete

audacious

austere

authorize

automobile

auxiliary

baptize

barbarian

battalion

beneficial

benevolent

bereavement

beverage

bivouac

boisterous

bouquet

bounteous

brigadier

buccaneer

campaign

cannibal

capacity

cashmere

cataract

catarrh

cauliflower

cavalier

cemetery

centennial

cereals

ceremony

chandelier

changeable

characterize

chorister

citadel

civilian

clamorous

clemency

collegiate

colliery

comedian

commercial

committee

commiserate

comparative

compassionate

competition

complete

complement

complexion

compliments

compulsory

concede

conceit

concrete

confectionery

congenial

congratulate

conscience

consonant

conspiracy

consumption

conveyance

cordial

corduroy

cornice

coroner

corridor

costume

councillor

counsellor

counterfeit

courteous

covetous

crescent

criticise

curriculum

cursory

cypress

damageable

deception

decision

decrepit

deference

delicacy

delirious

demeanor

descendants

despicable

dexterous

diameter

dilatory

diligence

disparage

dissension

divisible

docility

doctrine

dromedary

duplicate

duteous

dynamite

economical

electrician

eligible

eloquence

emancipate

embarrass

emphasize

enfranchise

encouragement

epitaph

equipage

erroneous

especially

estuary

exaggerate

excellence

exclamatory

executor

exemption

exhaustible

expedition

extinct

extraordinary

facility

familiarize

fascinate

fanatical

feasible

felicity

ferocious

fiction

financier

frivolous

function

gaselier

gentian

gluttonous

gorgeous

government

Grecian

gymnasium

hazardous

heinous

hemisphere

humorist

identical

idolatrous

imbecile

immigrant

impassable

impediment

imperilling

implement

impostor

inadequate

incessant

incisor

indolence

infectious

integer

interrogative

intoxicant

intricate

inveigle

judicious

license

lieutenant

liquefy

luxuriant

machinist

magician

magnificent

malicious

manuscript

marriageable

merciless

merriment

mimicking

miraculous

moccasin

mortgage

museum

naphtha

nasturtium

nauseous

negotiate

ninetieths

nominative

nutriment

obituary

obligatory

obnoxious

obscene

offensive

officious

omission

optician

opponent

orchestra

original

overwhelm

palatable

paralyse

parliament

parochial

peaceable

penurious

periodical

permanent

phaeton

phonograph

phosphorus

physical

physiology

picnicker

piteous

plaintiff

plausible

plenteous

pleurisy

politician

preceding

predicate

Presbyterian

pretence

privacy

programme

projectile

promissory

pronunciation

provincial

putrefy

raiment

rancor

rascality

receipt

recurrence

recommend

redemption

renewal

renowned

reprieve

rescuing

resolute

reticent

reticule

revenue

righteous

roguery

sagacious

saleable

sanction

sanctuary

sanguine

savory

scarcity

sciatica

scrutinize

seceded

secrecy

secrete

secretary

serviceable

shrubbery

signature

sincerely

sobriety

solicitor

solstice

spectator

splendor

stampede

stationary

stationer

stimulus

suffice

supersede

supervise

surfeit

sycamore

sympathize

tantalize

telephone

temperament

temptation

testimonial

timorous

tragical

transaction

treachery

triumphant

typify

utilize

utterance

variance

vehement

venison

veracity

vexatious

vicinity

victualler

vivacity

wearisome

woollen

worshipper

SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS.

accede

acreage

adage

adhere

adze

agile

alien

allies

antique

apprise

aquatic

arbor

axis

basque

beau

beguile

belle

blonde

bureau

cede

chord

cite

civility

crisis

deceit

deity

diction

diet

dozing

draught

ductile

duet

duly

eighths

ensue

ermine

evasion

eyelet

facial

fakir

fervor

feud

fiend

fossil

forte

fusilier

gaiety

gibbet

glacial

gnash

graphic

gratis

guild

guise

gypsum

harass

haunch

heighten

hoax

incite

indict

indite

issue

joist

knack

lair

legible

lieu

lilies

loathe

lore

lucre

mauve

meagre

merely

mien

mileage

militia

missile

mites

mosque

novice

oasis

oblique

odious

opaque

option

oriole

pitiable

plague

posse

prairie

precede

profile

prolific

pshaw

queue

quorum

rarefy

rateable

realize

recent

rectify

rector

relief

revenue

roguish

rouge

rout

route

sabre

sacque

sceptre

scrawl

sequel

session

shield

siege

sieve

siphon

site

sleight

sparsely

spectre

stealth

stupefy

succor

surety

symbol

toque

trellis

troupe

truly

twelfth

typical

unique

vagrant

valor

version

villain

vision

wether

wholly

woeful

wrought

STANDARD V. JUNIOR.

GRADE 8.

NOTE.—In this grade exercises in derivation should be given for seat-work.

1

nuisance

grievance

compliance

accordance

significance

allegiance

resistance

pursuance

inheritance

perseverance

artificer

poulterer

interpreter

fishmonger

parishioner

maritime

pedestrian

relinquish

attachment

indefatigable

By indefatigable perseverance the rector won the loyal attachment of his parishioners. A skilful artificer executed this emblem. The fishmonger's stall adjoins the poulterer's. The interpreter converses fluently in several languages. In 1812, the Canadians offered valiant resistance to the Americans. On a pedestrian tour baggage is a nuisance. The Boers recounted their alleged grievances. In accordance with the judge's decision, the sheriff secured inheritance of the estate. Their allegiance to the sovereign is of great significance. In pursuance of treaty agreements they relinquished all maritime possessions. Ready compliance with requests.

2

incessant

defendant

irrelevant

exorbitant

extravagant

malignant

supplicant

conversant

complainant

predominant

auditor

ancestor

aggressor

chancellor

benefactor

affability

boatswain

handiwork

confederate

cousin-german

The complainant and the defendant are cousins-german. He asks exorbitant prices for his handiwork. His predominant characteristic is affability. The auditor says the outlay for police is extravagant. Our ancestors scarcely comprehended Canada's wonderful wealth. Cancer is a malignant disease. The haughty aggressor gave his confederate a significant look. The boatswain's testimony was deemed irrelevant by the chancellor. The incessant entreaties of a wretched supplicant were answered by a generous benefactor. I am conversant with all the circumstances.

3

lamentable

formidable

remediable

accountable

commendable

irrevocable

disreputable

inconceivable

indispensable

irreconcilable

adjutant

buoyant

pageant

confidant

ascendant

tariff

sumac

suavity

premier

combating

Samson's one lamentable failing wrought his irrevocable ruin. A buoyant spirit sustained the adjutant when combating formidable foes. The historic character of the Quebec pageant is accountable for its success. The disaster to the relief corps is irremediable. The premier's uniform suavity is most commendable. His disreputable behavior changed stanch friends into irreconcilable enemies. The distance to the fixed stars is inconceivable. Make few confidants. The high-tariff party was in the ascendant. Bring only indispensable necessaries. Sumac leaves are used in tanning. The Protestant divine wore a surplice.

4

delinquent

malevolent

antecedent

fraudulent

belligerent

recipient

proficient

armament

munificent

omnipotent

accessible

invincible

susceptible

exhaustible

corruptible

paraffin

kerosene

marauder

firmament

resources

Their armament, vaunted as invincible, was readily conquered. The starry firmament proclaims the omnipotent Creator. The belligerent tribes offered a stout resistance to the marauders. Be not susceptible to flattery. He inherits his ancestors' malevolent disposition. Paraffin candles were antecedent to kerosene oil. The delinquent debtor had made fraudulent statements of his resources. The fortunate recipient of the prize is a proficient musician. He was a munificent benefactor to the hospital. He evinced inexhaustible energy. Were the city's officials wholly incorruptible? The ibex browses at almost inaccessible heights.

5

deference

existence

penitence

negligence

conscience

precedence

abstinence

occurrence

abhorrence

interference

ostensible

intelligible

discernible

irresistible

imperceptible

eclipse

telescope

seniority

gratifying

enunciation

"Conscience doth make cowards of us all." During the earthquake we trembled for our very existence. Prolonged abstinence from a meat diet impaired his strength. Such gross negligence is indefensible. The tornado was irresistible. His penitence was more ostensible than genuine. Clear enunciation aids in making reading intelligible. In deference to his seniority he was accorded precedence. I feel abhorrence for interference in politics by women. The eclipse was discernible through a telescope. A slight, even imperceptible difference. A gratifying occurrence.

6 (REVIEW)

pageant

ancestor

artificer

nuisance

existence

maritime

recipient

benefactor

gratifying

susceptible

occurrence

fraudulent

enunciation

parishioner

bulletin

caravan

upheaval

fulfilment

sacrament

matrimony

enthusiasm

corpse

episode

vacation

banisters

shanghai

appendix

rhinoceros

The parishioners made their generous benefactor the recipient of a salver. Our ancestors' fanciful costumes were seen in the pageant. A recent edition of the book has the addition of an appendix. The episode of their rescue was a gratifying occurrence. A fierce grizzly bear mauled his prey. Though in attendance, the hospital assistants and attendants were of little assistance to the surgeon. The artificer was susceptible to cajolery. He acknowledged the existence of fraudulent receipts. In vacation I go to the maritime provinces. The mangled corpses were a grisly sight.

7

raillery

dysentery

effrontery

buffoonery

debauchery

interstice

dentifrice

armistice

apprentice

accomplice

judgment

argument

lodgment

abridgment

acknowledgment

lichen

lenient

gratuitous

miscreant

cantaloupe

The apprentice is addicted to debauchery. The dentifrice was a gratuitous gift. A respite from buffoonery. The Commander-in-Chief signed an armistice after an argument. Lichens found lodgment and grew in the interstices of the cliff. Well-bred people rarely descend to raillery. The judgment of the court inflicted a severe penalty upon the counterfeiter's accomplices. Dysentery resulted from eating unripe cantaloupe. He censured the miscreant's shameless effrontery. An acknowledgment of his offence resulted in a lenient sentence. An abridgment is the whole in little.

8

culinary

hereditary

mercenary

alimentary

incendiary

exemplary

sanguinary

preliminary

penitentiary

anniversary

synopsis

paralysis

emphasis

verdigris

parenthesis

utensil

inspector

aluminum

subordinate

deportment

Correct emphasis gives pleasing variety to speech. The incendiary was sentenced to the penitentiary. Culinary utensils made of aluminum are preferred in hotel kitchens. Our national anniversary is celebrated on July 1st. He is distinguished for exemplary deportment. There was a sanguinary encounter preliminary to the main battle. Formerly many sovereigns employed mercenary troops. Verdigris is poisonous. A tendency to certain diseases appears to be hereditary. Enclose the subordinate clause in parentheses. Paralysis of the alimentary canal interferes with digestion. The inspector requested a synopsis of Queen Victoria's reign.

9

offertory

derogatory

peremptory

promontory

conciliatory

ejaculatory

valedictory

observatory

explanatory

inflammatory

crucial

financial

sacrificial

prejudicial

controversial

analyst

soprano

eliminate

teetotaler

chloroform

The valedictory address was enlivened by ejaculatory remarks from the audience. During the offertory the soprano rendered a fine solo. I made a peremptory demand for salary due. The appeal was inflammatory, not conciliatory. This treatise is explanatory of the elaborate sacrificial rites of the Jews. All controversial points were eliminated from the report. He is accused of uttering statements derogatory to the teetotaler's sincerity, and prejudicial to the state. An analyst made a crucial test of the purity of chloroform. Scrutinize the financial report.

10

alienate

emaciate

negotiate

facilitate

assimilate

accelerate

syndicate

confiscate

gesticulate

corroborate

celestial

influential

equinoctial

reverential

confidential

despatch

detective

asbestos

mastication

benediction

Excise officials confiscated an illicit whisky still. The politician alienated influential adherents. With reverential mien the vicar invoked a celestial benediction. Many foreigners gesticulate freely in talking. The detective's confidential report corroborated my statement. Several capitalists were incorporated as a syndicate. They negotiated for an asbestos mine. Accuracy and despatch facilitate business. Equinoctial gales accelerated the yacht speed. Thorough mastication aids the assimilation of food. His emaciated appearance excites compassion. The frigate's crew mutinied. He is repairing the dilapidated edifices. There was much cordiality in his greeting. A suit of linen pyjamas.

11

linear

jocular

jugular

globular

muscular

requite

expedite

parasite

anchorite

anthracite

integrity

depravity

perplexity

tranquillity

susceptibility

sawyer

bequeath

mistletoe

mercantile

intersperse

The mistletoe is a parasite on the oak. His jugular vein was nearly severed in two. Anthracite is accorded preference over bituminous coal. A lone anchorite aims to live in tranquillity. I am in perplexity as to linear and cubic measures. He requited my hospitality by bequeathing a generous legacy. Such degradation and depravity are attributed to savage barbarity. Extreme susceptibility to weather conditions materially weakens the patient's vitality. Punctuality expedites mercantile affairs. Secular interests differ from spiritual. Many recent balloons are not globular in shape. A muscular-looking sawyer interspersed jocular remarks.

12 (REVIEW)

raillery

bequeath

dysentery

facilitate

emphasis

dentifrice

miscreant

paralysis

teetotaler

apprentice

gesticulate

benediction

explanatory

conciliatory

bailiff

attitude

steadfast

stratagem

detriment

calcimine

diametrically

tarlatan

trillium

pictorial

cretonne

vanquish

loathsome

masquerade

The teetotaler's emphasis and gestures evoked the apprentice's raillery. Detectives were despatched to seize the miscreant's accomplices. Amity and enmity are diametrically opposed. The navvy interspersed jocose remarks about the use of a dentifrice. Nothing can exceed my desire to accede to your request for mistletoe. My sire bequeathed me his benediction. His conciliatory attitude towards the anthracite miners facilitated negotiations. A difference of a few instants menaced the success of our stratagem. I related an instance of the bailiff's deference.

13

fallacy

efficacy

celibacy

advocacy

obstinacy

intricacy

democracy

supremacy

episcopacy

aristocracy

futile

facile

textile

ductile

versatile

cheviot

loyalist

platinum

persuasive

Shakespeare

The fallacy of the critic's argument was evident. The principles of democracy rarely find advocacy among members of the aristocracy. Within his realms the king holds supremacy. The ductile nature of platinum permits nice intricacy of design. None ever surpassed Aristotle in versatile genius. Cheviot cloth is a textile fabric. Celibacy of the clergy is a trait distinctive of the Catholic Church. The majority of the loyalists embraced Episcopacy. He vouched for the efficacy of the liniment. Shakespeare's facile pen has delighted many generations. The tyrant's obstinacy rendered futile our most persuasive appeals.

14

heresy

ecstasy

apostasy

courtesy

hypocrisy

curtsy

epilepsy

amateur

grandeur

chauffeur

tragical

sceptical

fanatical

majestical

ecclesiastical

succumb

transient

obeisance

palmistry

bumptious

A stranger's courtesy often exceeds a friend's. Revere sincerity, shun hypocrisy. Even transient visitors were unwearied in lauding the grandeur of the scene. Judas's apostasy consigned him to the reprobate class. "Waked to ecstasy the living lyre." The tutor succumbed to epilepsy. She made a graceful curtsy or obeisance to the duchess. I dissuaded him from employing a bumptious amateur in lieu of an experienced chauffeur. The procession swept majestically along. His bigoted, fanatical views were resolutely suppressed. Subsequently he was sceptical of the claims of palmistry. The curate was tried for heresy before an ecclesiastical tribunal. The ruffian met a tragical fate.

15

decency

currency

tendency

efficiency

emergency

vagrancy

brilliancy

occupancy

discrepancy

repugnancy

radical

identical

technical

tyrannical

alphabetical

redoubt

schedule

catalogue

veterinary

vaccination

"Want of decency is want of sense." Evidently there is some radical defect when young men descend to vagrancy. None doubted the efficiency of the veterinary surgeon. The auditor found no discrepancy in the schedules. The Kaiser's occupancy of the castle was brief. The impostor has a tendency to use spurious currency. In case of emergency the militia will defend the redoubt. The brilliancy of the meteor was obscured by vapor. The catalogue of the technical school gives an alphabetical list of apparatus. That is the identical excuse you proffered previously. Our evil inclinations are our most tyrannical foes. I feel no repugnancy towards vaccination.

16

velocity

sagacity

audacity

duplicity

simplicity

elasticity

loquacity

complicity

reciprocity

eccentricity

lineage

heritage

assuage

scrimmage

hemorrhage

woeful

stevedore

surcingle

subpœna

malefactor

In children simplicity is usually preferred to loquacity. All men appreciate the heritage of a noble lineage. I endeavored to assuage his grief for his niece's death, due to a hemorrhage. Accused of complicity in the plot, the malefactor was served with a subpœna. The elasticity of rubber is familiar to all. The stevedore displayed great audacity in the scrimmage. The initial velocity of a cannon ball is tremendous. The artist's eccentricity of manner is woeful. He accused me of duplicity in advocating a policy of reciprocity with the United States. He is noted for the sagacity of his judgments. Get a snaffle and surcingle for the pony.

17

diversity

verbosity

animosity

immensity

perversity

intensity

pomposity

propensity

monstrosity

impetuosity

hypocrite

plebiscite

exquisite

requisite

perquisite

reconcile

conciseness

disinfectant

amphitheatre

sanctimonious

A sanctimonious hypocrite evinced great propensity to deceit. Part beast, part bird, the creature was a monstrosity. The pomposity of the speaker aroused the animosity of his audience. The immensity of the amphitheatre was revealed by the intensity of the light. Conciseness of style is preferable to verbosity. A diversity of opinion exists as to the utility of disinfectants. A suite of exquisitely fitted rooms is a perquisite of the viceroy's. Explain the requisite qualifications for a voter in the plebiscite on local option. A stubborn perversity of will may accompany impetuosity of action.

18 (REVIEW)

ecstasy

assuage

amateur

exquisite

identical

schedule

obeisance

subpœna

hypocrite

efficiency

transient

veterinary

hemorrhage

eccentricity

pretext

optical

warily

mirage

illusion

cymbals

humane

chemise

embezzle

primitive

semaphore

crucifixion

inseparable

sauer-kraut

Has he the remedies requisite to assuage the stevedore's hemorrhage? A subpœna cut short the amateur's ecstasy. These concise schedules are not identical. A mirage is a transient optical illusion. No allusion was made to the veterinary's apostasy, but his eccentricity is plain. The mace is a symbol of authority. His offer to play the cymbals was merely a pretext for soliciting alms. An eminent physician was most humane in prescribing for the wretch, who was in imminent danger. Sea-sickness induced violent retching. The secretary has a record of the ayes and noes.

19

igneous

ligneous

beauteous

cutaneous

miscellaneous

gorgeous

courageous

outrageous

advantageous

simultaneous

galleon

dudgeon

bludgeon

puncheon

chameleon

assassin

suzerain

eruption

accordion

ingredient

Granite is an igneous rock. Sailing in the gorgeous sunset, the galleon was a beauteous sight. The editor found the use of miscellaneous items very advantageous. The suzerain was in high dudgeon at the outrageous conduct of subordinates. Cutaneous eruptions are cured by balms. The two courageous firemen emerged from the ruins almost simultaneously. The assassin used a heavy bludgeon. The chameleon was drowned in a puncheon. The metal box has a ligneous appearance. In accordions the tones are generated by means of metallic reeds. What are the ingredients in the mixture?

20

vexatious

rebellious

fastidious

contagious

mysterious

ingenious

illustrious

salubrious

amphibious

ignominious

plebeian

meridian

tragedian

equestrian

grammarian

jonquil

hygiene

anatomy

cyclamen

hysterics

People so fastidious about appearances are most vexatious. An ingenious physician proved the disease to be contagious. The illustrious tragedian died at the meridian of his glory. Many amphibious animals live in salubrious climates. The grammarian preserved a mysterious silence. The oppressive laws enacted by the nobles made the plebeians rebellious. The equestrian performance in the circus was an ignominious failure. The cyclamen and jonquil bloom profusely. Hygiene was substituted for anatomy. A frenzy of grief induced hysterics. Nicotine from tobacco is highly poisonous.

21

spirituous

impetuous

sumptuous

ambiguous

contiguous

superfluous

conspicuous

tempestuous

promiscuous

contemptuous

pavilion

cotillion

vermilion

postillion

contagion

crochet

croquet

furlough

insomnia

barricade

A free use of spirituous liquors was once believed to prevent contagion. Contemptuous treatment often gives rise to tempestuous scenes. Contiguous to the infirmary is a barricade. A promiscuous crowd danced a cotillion. Conspicuous among these by his vermilion necktie, was the postillion. Later, a sumptuous banquet was served in the pavilion with scrupulous care. The use of superfluous phrases renders his meaning ambiguous. Is he apt to be crotchety when playing croquet? The ensign's furlough was curtailed. Laudanum should not be used for insomnia.

22

mucous

ludicrous

dexterous

garrulous

tremulous

scurrilous

unanimous

marvellous

anonymous

omnivorous

routine

aquiline

crinoline

guillotine

tambourine

courier

missive

attorney

intercede

restaurant

Fishwives are noted for scurrilous language. Viewed merely as a literary work, the Bible is a marvellous volume. The attorney was tremulous when interceding with the jury. The restaurant waiter is garrulous. A courier received an anonymous missive. Mucous expectorations contribute to spread disease. The guillotine is so named from its introducer. A swarthy gypsy maiden played a tambourine dexterously. Stylish ladies may resume the wearing of crinoline. The bugler has an aquiline nose and a ludicrous squint. I found solace in the routine of daily duties. Swine are omnivorous feeders. The vote for the aqueduct was unanimous.

23

melee

decree

refugee

matinee

employee

pedigree

fricassee

guarantee

mortgagee

chimpanzee

baptism

witticism

fanaticism

hypnotism

rheumatism

fraught

symptom

foreclosure

marchioness

pianoforte

He guarantees seats for the matinee at the theatre. The chimpanzee's appearance is uncouth. A forlorn refugee evinces symptoms of chronic rheumatism. Judgment and witticism are often at strife. Cæsar issued a decree to his subjects to be enrolled. The chicken fricassee was insipid. Several instances of lunacy have developed from fanaticism. Four weeks' notice of foreclosure was issued by the mortgagee. I enquire into no man's pedigree. Hypnotism is fraught with danger. The marchioness is bountiful towards her employees.

24 (REVIEW)

hygiene

plebeian

furlough

symptom

guillotine

beauteous

guarantee

assassin

witticism

tragedian

dexterous

marvellous

rheumatism

equestrienne

auricle

palisade

Jehovah

opossum

abstinence

vindictive

hallelujah

philopena

variegated

diaphragm

somersault

œsophagus

appropriate

sarsaparilla

The attorney interceded to save the tragedian's assassin from the guillotine. The observance of hygiene alleviated all symptoms of hysterics or rheumatism. The prophets of old were persecuted. A sergeant prosecuted his search for recruits for his regiment. The athlete observes a strict abstinence as to fricassees and spirituous liquors. The beauteous and dexterous equestrienne is marvellously fastidious. I have studied about the auricles of the heart, the œsophagus, and the diaphragm. "The oracles are dumb." Though of plebeian origin his witticisms guaranteed him a place at court.

25

friction

abolition

cessation

discretion

laceration

repetition

extinction

exhaustion

conciliation

exaggeration

typhus

fungus

octopus

humerus

hippopotamus

bunion

species

ultimate

epidermis

chilblain

Oiling a machine lessens friction. Moulds are a species of fungus growth. "Discretion is the better part of valor." Repetition induces a habit. Exaggeration is frequently due to a too lively imagination. I dislocated my humerus; there was also a laceration of the epidermis. The abolition of slavery led to the American Civil War. The ultimate extinction of the hippopotamus is probable. Typhus fever is accompanied by great exhaustion. The Board of Conciliation effected a cessation of hostilities. The octopus has attained notoriety from tales of its ferocity. Bunions and chilblains are annoying.

26

calibre

accoutre

mediocre

fracture

stricture

massacre

saltpetre

sepulchre

manœuvre

reconnoitre

inscription

specification

stupefaction

annunciation

conflagration

curfew

suture

ligament

decipher

carbine

Saltpetre is used in curing bacon. Scouts were detailed to reconnoitre. Is the inscription on the pendant decipherable? Every manœuvre of the battalion was exact. There were frequent massacres of the pioneers by the Indians. A stricture of the intestines made an operation necessary. Christ's sepulchre was rock-hewn. The militia are accoutred with carbines of small calibre. The sexton gave a minute description of the conflagration. Orchids grew in the fissures of the cliff. The niche is occupied by a handsome statue. He sells dentists' forceps. Stupefaction was due to his inhaling gas. The apostles made annunciation of the gospel. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." The sutures of the skull are not tied by ligaments.

27

allusion

incision

precision

ascension

dissension

pretension

oppression

suppression

intercession

condescension

indigo

portico

sirocco

stiletto

armadillo

Messiah

Israelite

wielding

subjugate

quadruped

In surgery precision is essential in making incisions. The oppression of Christians began after Christ's ascension. The author has pretensions to elegance of diction. Suppression of feeling strengthens character. The portico is of Roman style. The Queen's intercession secured a reprieve. The sirocco poisons the atmosphere. Condescension is a noble quality. Indigo is a permanent dye. The assassin was proficient in wielding a stiletto. Our geography has an allusion to the armadillo. There were lively dissensions among the Israelites regarding the expected Messiah.

28

minuet

minaret

parapet

clarionet

flageolet

gazette

coquette

etiquette

quartette

mignonette

plateau

tableau

chateau

trousseau

portmanteau

capsule

quinine

discern

specialty

parachute

Her trousseau was conveyed in a portmanteau. A recent issue of the gazette describes the count's chateau. The coquette is an adept in dancing the minuet. The graceful minaret was readily discerned from the height of the plateau. A series of tableaux was a complete hoax. The best instruments in the quartette were the clarionet and the flageolet. Does etiquette permit ladies to promenade on the parapet? The florist makes a specialty of mignonette. Take quinine in capsules. I descended in a parachute, swinging on a trapeze. The accounts of the diocese show a deficit. His post at the union depot is a sinecure. Buy sachet powder.

29

alleviate

castigate

eliminate

exhilarate

capitulate

fluctuate

accumulate

concentrate

approximate

contaminate

quiz

baize

azure

cozen

chintz

osier

crosier

malign

benign

arraign

vizier

epicure

macaroni

benevolence

Archbishop

He could neither malign nor cozen the judge. His benign countenance indicates benevolence. Ski-ing is exhilarating. A deacon bore the Archbishop's crosier. Censure arraigns both private motives and public actions. The sky was vested in azure. The price of baize and chintz fluctuates. The vizier concentrated his troops, and the besieged garrison capitulated. The ringleaders were castigated, but the sufferings of the troops were alleviated. Accumulate knowledge rather than wealth. The epicure disdains macaroni. Give an approximate estimate of the cost. Simplicity should not be imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.

30 (REVIEW)

plateau

coquette

mediocre

repetition

exhilarate

exaggerate

trousseau

massacre

mignonette

manœuvre

quadruped

stupefaction

conflagration

hippopotamus

cotyledon

forfeiture

patrimony

aggravate

vocabulary

orthography

presumptuous

biassed

reynard

equinox

colleague

miniature

enrolment

instalment

The manœuvres of the army corps were to prevent a repetition of the massacres. The hippopotamus is a species of quadruped not yet annihilated. Explain the uses of the calyx, the cotyledon, and the tendril. Acquire an extensive vocabulary and correct orthography. My adherence to the king resulted in forfeiture of my patrimony. Very exhilarating is the climb to plateaux perfumed by mignonette. His presumptuous adherents aggravated the quarrel. The loss of her trousseau in the conflagration stupefied the coquette. He exaggerates his mediocre abilities.

31

abattoir

reservoir

delirium

laudanum

pendulum

cerebrum

linoleum

petroleum

mausoleum

meerschaum

repellent

recipient

delinquent

fraudulent

antecedent

calumny

sapphire

amethyst

attribute

superintendent

Linoleum and petroleum are got wholesale at an emporium. The pendulum is of nickel. Distinguish between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. A public abattoir replaced the slaughter houses. The patient's delirium is attributed to doses of laudanum. The superintendent was the recipient of a meerschaum pipe. The delinquent auctioneer was accused of fraudulent dealings. The mausoleum is adjacent to the reservoir. His query was to elicit the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Calumny was utterly repellent to him. The amethyst and sapphire are precious stones.

32

tenacious

atrocious

malicious

efficacious

avaricious

capricious

loquacious

precocious

pernicious

pugnacious

decalogue

pedagogue

demagogue

synagogue

avoirdupois

homicide

fascinate

literature

etymology

commodity

The decalogue is kept in every synagogue. The precocious child was very capricious. He prescribed an efficacious elixir. The pedagogue taught syntax and etymology. The poet is avaricious of fame. The larceny of the diaper towelling and dimity was a malicious act. The demagogue incited a political intrigue. Cats are tenacious of life. Is the chamois pugnacious? Pernicious literature should be suppressed. Though handsome, she is too loquacious to fascinate her auditors. The cumbrous avoirdupois system is still used for weighing coarser commodities. He wreaked dire vengeance for the atrocious homicide. At the approaching session of Parliament the cession of territory will be broached. I throttled the dastard who vilified you, my liege.

33

nutritious

licentious

pretentious

contentious

superstitious

seditious

facetious

propitious

ostentatious

conscientious

cuticle

canticle

chronicle

corpuscle

tabernacle

aerie

specie

sortie

reverie

menagerie

Rice is highly nutritious. Licentious and superstitious, the Roman Empire fell. Though facetious in speech he is not ostentatious in manner. A pretentious subaltern solicited leave to head a sortie. The weather was not propitious for a nocturnal expedition. Listening to the canticles in the synagogue, I fell into a reverie. The ancient chronicles relate many trivial episodes. While contentious in harangue he is not seditious in act. The conscientious physician prescribed for my carbuncle. Exercise develops muscle. The cuticle envelops the body. He robbed the eagle's aerie. The Puritans proscribed theatres. At the menagerie, wages are paid in gold specie. The blood corpuscles readily coagulate.

34

nuptial

deferential

reverential

providential

consequential

decisive

deceptive

seductive

initiative

diminutive

recipe

epitome

anemone

extempore

catastrophe

anchovy

bologna

scimitar

souvenir

gratitude

The sentinel's warning averted a catastrophe. An influential friend of ours contemplates building a substantial residence. Consequential people often aim to take the initiative. He wrote an epitome of the extempore speech. A diminutive hussar dealt a decisive stroke with his scimitar. The seductive path bordered by anemones proved deceptive. On receiving a souvenir of the nuptial ceremony he expressed his gratitude. Omit the recipe for anchovy sauce. Lightning struck a boat that was lightening its load. Bologna sausage satiated his appetite. The escapades of the dissolute servitor were scandalous. Dahlias, fuchsias, and zinnias.

35

regatta

guerilla

insignia

dilemma

cyclopædia

influenza

neuralgia

scarlatina

dyspepsia

pneumonia

conducive

suggestive

consecutive

competitive

appreciative

copse

spigot

faucet

geyser

trophy

vassal

cañon

tactics

gauger

vivacity

Our lacrosse team won the trophy in two consecutive years. Is scarlatina infectious? Is he appreciative of the stimulus afforded by competitive examinations? Influenza and pneumonia are very prevalent. The insignia of office were conferred after the regatta. Every library requires a cyclopædia. Dyspepsia and neuralgia are not conducive to vivacity. The gauger was in a sad dilemma when the faucet and spigot were lost. The skirmish is suggestive of guerilla tactics. The closing of a business letter may be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each respectively do his duty. Near the cañon is a geyser, beside a hazel copse.

36 (REVIEW)

recipe

guerilla

intrigue

decisive

souvenir

scimitar

facetious

defrayal

reservoir

apoplexy

dyspepsia

diminutive

efficacious

abbreviate

migratory

erysipelas

pneumonia

meerschaum

anniversary

superintendent

chrysanthemum

rescind

nautical

deficiency

pulmonary

quarantine

coincidence

pre-eminent

Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe.

37

pharmacy

blaspheme

diphtheria

asphyxiate

hydrophobia

autograph

biography

calligraphy

amphibious

phenomenon

clique

physique

grotesque

burlesque

picturesque

panacea

avalanche

lineaments

conspirator

frontispiece

The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments.

38

eccentric

authentic

pneumatic

spasmodic

diplomatic

antiseptic

lymphatic

calisthenic

pyrotechnic

hieroglyphic

privilege

sacrilege

symptom

thraldom

martyrdom

lucrative

diarrhœa

velocipede

monotonous

predecessor

Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army.

39

deodorize

neutralize

monopolize

crystallize

tranquillize

delineation

realization

anticipation

specification

resuscitation

heredity

longevity

ingenuity

solemnity

eccentricity

eulogy

prestige

coercion

procedure

reparation

Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily.

40

lacteal

funereal

ethereal

corporeal

cochineal

effervesce

acquiesce

excrescent

convalescent

incandescent

larynx

pharynx

baritone

labyrinth

strychnine

vitriol

seidlitz

antidote

mammal

oleander

Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

abbreviate

abhorrence

aborigines

abridgment

accelerate

accomplice

accoutre

acquiesce

adjutant

aggressor

alimentary

allegiance

amateur

amphibious

anemone

anonymous

anthracite

apostasy

approximate

armistice

artificer

assassin

assimilate

audacity

auricle

authentic

avalanche

avaricious

asphyxiate

avoirdupois

banqueted

baritone

beauteous

benefactor

benefiting

bulletin

bumptious

buoyant

burlesque

calcimine

calligraphy

capricious

catastrophe

celibacy

chancellor

chilblain

chronicle

cochineal

coincidence

competitive

complainant

complexion

conciliatory

condescension

confidants

conscientious

contemptuous

contiguous

colleague

corporeal

corpuscle

corroborate

cotillion

cotyledon

courtesy

crocheting

crucifixion

crystallize

debauchery

debilitate

decisive

deficiency

delineation

delirium

dentifrice

dexterous

diaphragm

diarrhœa

dilapidate

diphtheria

diminutive

discrepancy

dysentery

eccentricity

ecstasy

effervesce

elasticity

eliminate

emaciate

embezzle

emphasis

employee

epilepsy

episcopacy

equestrian

equinoctial

etiquette

exaggerate

exhaustion

exhilarate

existence

expedite

exquisite

exorbitant

extempore

facetious

facilitate

fastidious

fraudulent

fricassee

funereal

garrulous

gesticulate

gorgeous

grandeur

gratuitous

grievance

grotesque

guarantee

guillotine

harangue

hemorrhage

hippopotamus

homicide

hydrophobia

hypocrisy

hysterics

ignominious

incandescent

incendiary

incision

indefatigable

influenza

ingenious

initiative

instalment

interference

intersperse

interstice

irresistible

irrevocable

jonquil

kerosene

labyrinth

licentious

lineaments

loathsome

loquacious

ludicrous

malevolent

malicious

manœuvre

maritime

martyrdom

marvellous

massacre

mausoleum

mediocre

meerschaum

menagerie

mercenary

meridian

microscope

mignonette

miscellaneous

mistletoe

monotonous

mortgagee

munificent

mutinied

mysterious

nautical

neuralgia

nuisance

nutritious

obeisance

obsequies

obstinacy

occurrence

œsophagus

omnivorous

ostensible

pageant

palmistry

panacea

parachute

paralysis

parishioner

pavilion

pedagogue

penitentiary

pernicious

perquisite

pharmacy

phenomenon

philopena

physique

pictorial

picturesque

plebeian

plebiscite

pneumatic

pneumonia

precedence

precision

precocious

pre-eminent

prejudicial

preliminary

presumptuous

privilege

procedure

proficient

propitious

puncheon

pursuance

quartette

raillery

recipient

remediable

repetition

requiem

requisite

resuscitate

reverential

rheumatism

rhinoceros

sacrilege

sagacity

sanguinary

sarsaparilla

sauer-kraut

scarlatina

sceptical

scrimmage

scurrilous

seditious

semaphore

seniority

sepulchre

simultaneous

sinecure

somersault

souvenir

specification

spirituous

steadfast

stratagem

strychnine

stupefying

sumptuous

superintendent

surcingle

susceptible

symptom

syndicate

synopsis

tabernacle

tarlatan

technical

teetotaler

tempestuous

tenacious

theatrical

tragedian

tranquillity

trousseau

tyrannical

unanimous

upheaval

variegated

velocity

verbosity

vermilion

vindictive

witticism

allege

aqueduct

aquiline

arraign

assuage

bailiff

balance

biassed

bigoted

bologna

bunion

calibre

carbine

chamois

chasm

clique

concise

copse

conduit

corps

corpse

courier

critic

croquet

crotchet

curtsy

dahlia

decency

decipher

deficit

depot

despatch

diocese

discern

eclipse

efficacy

elicit

enmity

ensign

facile

faucet

fissure

fraught

frenzy

fuchsia

furlough

guerilla

hygiene

illicit

jugular

lunacy

malign

meteor

missive

mucous

navvy

nicotine

optical

palisade

plateau

premier

pyjamas

recipe

redoubt

requite

rescind

reverie

reynard

rites

routine

salver

seidlitz

series

solace

species

succumb

suite

sumac

trait

trapeze

trivial

typhus

utensil

vitriol

weird

RULES FOR SYLLABICATION.

A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; e.g., re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word on one line. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; e.g., happiness should be divided—happi-ness, not hap-piness.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters f, l, or s are usually double; e.g., muff, ball, pass.

2. Words ending in silent e usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; e.g., come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

EXCEPTIONS:—(i) Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before the suffixes able and ous, in order to keep the soft sound of c or g; e.g., traceable, outrageous.

(ii) Words ending in ee, oe, or ye retain the final e when ing is added; e.g., freeing, shoeing, eyeing.

3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, e.g., clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.

EXCEPTION:—When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; e.g., prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, gases, gaseous, transferable, woolly.

4. Words ending in a single l double it before a vowel-suffix; e.g., chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, paralleled.

5. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; e.g., cry, cries, crying.

EXCEPTIONS:—Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness.

Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid.

6. ei or ie. When sounded like long e, i comes before e except after c; e.g., piece, deceit. But, either, neither, plebeian, seize, leisure, weird.

When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is always ei; e.g., skein, height.

PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING.

1

actuary

warranty

accruing

aggrieve

indelible

collectible

codicil

clerical

implicit

coercion

obsolete

obduracy

cavilling

repellent

recurrent

deterrent

sullenness

stubbornness

statutory

executrix

appraisal

legitimate

rescinded

rescission

2

coupon

waiver

vellum

engross

erasure

issuing

voucher

lessor

lessee

felony

nullify

consols

vendor

annuity

pleas

marine

tontine

zephyr

vestige

salvage

assigns

vacillate

oscillate

irrigated

deprecate

desiccate

mitigated

litigation

3

elegy

poesy

lyrical

couplet

synonym

homonym

ellipsis

metaphor

paradigm

italicize

rhetorical

allegorical

ordnance

ordinance

colloquy

soliloquy

antithesis

hyperbole

dunning

endorsed

collateral

purloined

remittance

acceptance

4

rabies

subtler

sentient

consular

succinct

incipient

æsthetic

emanate

permeate

relegated

licentiate

depreciate

excruciate

disseminate

narrator

instigate

promissor

guarantor

assignor

consignee

mortgagor

plagiarist

chirography

phonography

facsimile

petit jury

puisne judge

knight-errant

5

oriel

tenon

newel

mortise

dovetail

boudoir

mullion

stanchion

buttress

abutment

colonnade

escutcheon

flotilla

binnacle

halyards

forecastle

pyramidal

maelstrom

arsenal

reveille

patrolled

gymnastics

silhouette

supercilious

6

missal

schism

Genesis

heretics

perusing

proselyte

itinerary

auspices

nonpareil

lacquered

ensconced

accountant

personnel

sustenance

judiciary

beneficiary

depositary

depository

rendezvous

proprietary

commissary

symmetrical

connoisseur

malfeasance

discoloration

maintenance

complaisance

presentiment

7

chiffon

ruching

chenille

organdie

chambray

tarpaulin

silesia

mohair

taffeta

bandanna

buckram

valenciennes

beryl

carat

emery

pyrites

sardonyx

turquoise

inertia

fusible

residue

volatile

calcium

magnesia

8

oxygen

hydrogen

sulphate

chloride

molecule

radially

ambrosial

febrile

lesion

cohesion

sensory

specific

bronchial

lachrymal

polygon

rhomboid

trapezium

reciprocal

precipitate

centripetal

centrifugal

scalene

isosceles

equitable

acoustics

dynamics

corollary

equilateral

9

anise

hyssop

jasmine

spiræa

syringa

caraway

hydrangea

eczema

biceps

molars

calibers

bicuspid

debauchee

victuallers

chyme

cognac

trachea

cranium

papilla

chrysalis

hellebore

anæmia

phthisic

phthisis

varicose

paroxysm

allopathic

homœopathy

10

cocaine

calomel

lobelia

copperas

paregoric

collodion

anodyne

osseous

diagnose

mortuary

lymphatic

panegyric

morphine

quassia

sassafras

condiments

eucalyptus

apocalypse

eustachian

belladonna

ipecacuanha

laryngitis

peritonitis

appendicitis

11

abettor

coadjutor

precursor

laboratory

prohibitory

admonitory

alluvial

connubial

centennial

cylindrical

rhetorical

rhythmical

collusion

demurred

agrarian

patrician

herculean

sepulchral

conscientious

predilection

reminiscence

commissariat

homogeneous

embarrassment

12

moiety

nucleus

mussels

mollusc

cuisine

pristine

libertine

sedative

sediment

abeyance

prevalence

dependence

ascendency

excrescence

throes

pallor

orgies

exorcise

colossal

analogous

anomalous

metaphysics

psychology

aide-de-camp

physiognomy

paraphernalia

plenipotentiary

pharmaceutical

13

psaltery

psalmody

hierarchy

espionage

plenteous

mnemonics

irascible

porphyry

equipoise

fortuitous

reversible

transferable

auricular

auriferous

succulent

ameliorate

deshabille

dishevelled

cinerary

prescience

saccharine

boulevard

troubadour

tournament

14

astute

abstruse

falchion

alchemy

tubercles

algebraical

anatomical

aspirate

archives

authentic

halcyon

harlequin

clairvoyant

connivance

bourn

breviary

brougham

bellicose

captious

capillary

seriatim

centipede

composite

charlatan

iniquitous

ubiquitous

incorrigible

irrepressible

15

corsair

contour

deify

expiate

embryo

emissary

deducible

fallibility

credibility

debilitate

defamatory

equanimity

hydraulic

guttural

critique

technique

hypotenuse

hypothesis

expatiate

ingratiate

illusory

internecine

iridescent

putrescence

16

kraal

khedive

jeopardize

laconically

lithograph

litigious

pharisaical

memoirs

maniacal

medallion

parricide

fratricide

ostracized

percussion

vertebræ

minutiæ

oligarchy

miscellany

adolescent

omniscient

necropolis

indigenous

ingenuous

methylated

immaculate

Mussulmans

querulous

quintessence

17

hybrid

pillory

placable

precincts

papyrus

repertory

spherical

sedulous

spermaceti

prodigious

promiscuous

perspicacity

Teutonic

quixotic

symphony

sycophant

superficies

surveillance

phrenologist

phraseology

polytechnic

punctilious

pseudonym

surreptitious

18

viscid

zodiac

satiety

zoology

vacuum

vagaries

camellia

facade

pedagogy

vibratory

vicarious

usurious

vouchsafe

vociferate

nefarious

voluptuous

vicissitude

vernacular

consummate

ventriloquist

deliquescent

extricate

defalcate

exchequer

perforated

cognizant

apparition

incarcerate

19

aviary

callous

guerdon

piquant

brusque

flippancy

aeronaut

plausible

aeroplane

regrettable

similarity

contrariwise

cuirass

caitiff

caisson

cogitating

tessellated

pomegranate

propagate

immaterial

acclamation

subsidiary

unparalleled

cartilaginous

20

onerous

libellous

rancorous

derelict

tamarack

deciduous

calamitous

minx

sphinx

chloral

murrain

vignette

casually

casualty

orifice

bacillus

tattooed

tasselled

proboscis

patrician

dissimilar

gherkin

stoicism

bagatelle

whirligig

beleaguer

stomachic

decoction

SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS—Use these words in sentences.

abyss

acacia

acme

aerial

alias

alpaca

annals

axiom

azure

benign

broncho

cache

cairn

calyx

caulk

chaise

chaos

chary

chronic

cinque

clique

corse

cote

crucial

cymbal

cynic

dais

débris

disc

doily

ecstasy

elite

elixir

ellipse

epoch

facade

facile

falcon

fiasco

flaccid

foci

futile

ghoul

gist

gluey

gneiss

groat

guano

gyves

heresy

holm

idyl

igneous

irate

ivied

jargon

lichen

liege

lien

lithe

llama

lode

lymph

lyre

Maori

melee

mirage

morgue

myrrh

naive

newel

nymph

ogre

onyx

orchid

oust

pageant

placid

plaguy

plaice

poise

pygmy

python

qualm

radii

realm

regime

rhythm

schism

scion

scroll

sedge

seethe

sere

sheik

shoal

Sioux

sloyd

sluice

soiree

sphinx

steppe

suave

swarthy

sylph

sylvan

synod

theme

theory

thews

thrall

tierce

trawl

treatise

trite

tryst

tutor

umbel

venial

vial

vicar

viceroy

virile

viscera

viscid

visual

vital

vitiate

vizier

vogue

vying

waive

weevil

weird

whiz

whorl

wiliness

wince

winch

winze

withal

wraith

wreak

wroth

wry

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

The root of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus tal, meaning number, speech, is the root of tale, a number counted; tale, a story; tell, narrate; toll, something counted out; talk, discourse.

The root of a word may undergo modification and become a stem. Thus love is the stem of the root lov-, and to this stem are added such inflections as -est, -s, -d, as loves, lovest, loved.

Again, to the root of a word may be added a prefix or suffix, thereby forming a new word called a derivative.

If to the root dar-, dear, the prefix en- be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix -ling gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.

Word-making is often effected by compounding. A compound word is one made by uniting two words together, as sea-lion.

Compound Nouns are formed in various ways:—(a) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (b) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (c) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (d) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (e) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (f) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.

Compound Adjectives are numerous:—(a) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (b) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (c) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (d) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (e) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + ed: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.

Compound Verbs are few:—(a) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (b) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (c) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo.

Compound Adverbs are made by uniting (a) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (b) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (c) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (d) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.

PREFIXES.

A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin—it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.

ENGLISH PREFIXES.

Inseparable prefixes have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:—

A-, on: away, alive; at: ahead: of: akin.

And-, against (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).

Be-, old form of by: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).

For-, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

Fore-, first, before: foresight, forejudge.

Mis-, wrong, wrongly: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

Un-, not: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

With-, against, (from): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

Separable Prefixes.

After, after: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

All (old Eng. al), all: almost, alone.

Forth, forth: forthcoming.

In (French en), in: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = to make able, embitter.

Off or of, off, from: offal = what falls off, offspring.

On, against, towards: onset, onslaught, onward.

Out has a sense of direction or surpassing, (beyond): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (i.e., outer, outmost).

Over, over, above: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.

Through = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.

Twi, two, double: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

Under, below, lower: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

Up, up: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) PREFIXES.

A-, ab-, (ab-s-), away from: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

Ad-, (Fr. a-) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), to: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

Amb- or am-, around, round about, (both): ambition (lit. going about, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

Ante-, before: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., an- in ancestor = antecessor.

Bis- and bi-, twice, two: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

Circum-, around: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

Cum-, with, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.

Contra-, against: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.

De-, down, from: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

Dis-, di-, asunder, separation: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., des-, de- in defer, defy, delay, descant.

Ex-, e-, out, out of, proceeding from: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

Extra-, beyond: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.

In-, in, into, on: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.

In-, not: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.

Inter-, intro-, among, between, within: interfere, intervene, introspection.

Male-, bad, ill, wrong: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.

Mis-, ill, wrong: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

Non-, not: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

Ob-, toward, facing, against: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

Pene-, almost: peninsula, penult.

Per-, through, often intensive, throughout, thoroughly—and so wrongly: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see ager). Fr. par-: pardon.

Post-, after: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.

Pre-, before: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.

Preter-, beyond, more than: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

Pro-, before, for, forward: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; por-tend. Fr., pur: purchase, pursue.

Re-, red-, back, again: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

Retro-, backwards: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.

Se-, sed-, apart: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

Sub-, under, from under: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (i.e., lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

Super-, above, beyond: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., sur-, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

Trans-, across: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., tres-, trespass.

Ultra-, beyond: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

Vice-, in place of: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

GREEK PREFIXES.

A-, an- (before vowels), not: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

Amphi-, on both sides, double: amphibious, amphitheatre.

Ana-, up, back, anew: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

Anti-, against: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

Apo-, from, away from, off: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

Arch-, chief: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.

Auto-, self: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.

Cata-, down, (thoroughly): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).

Dia-, through, (between): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

Dis-, di-, twice, doubly: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.

Dys-, ill, bad: dysentery, dyspepsia.

Ec-, ex-, out, out of: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

En-, in: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.

Epi-, upon, to: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.

Eu-, well: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

Exo-, outside, without: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.

Hemi-, half: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.

Hyper-, over, beyond measure: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

Hypo-, under: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

Meta-, after, between, (changed for): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

Para-, beside, near by, contrary to: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

Peri-, around, near: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

Pro-, before, for: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

Syn-, with, together: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.

WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

Suffixes, sometimes called affixes or postfixes, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.

ENGLISH SUFFIXES.

Nouns.—The most important are:—

-ard, -art, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

-craft, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.

-d, -t, -th, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

-dom, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

-en, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.

-er, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

-hood, (-head), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

-ing, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

-kin, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

-le or -l, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.

-ling, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

-lock, state: wedlock.

-ness, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

-ock, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).

-m, or -om, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).

-red, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).

-ric, office, dominion: bishopric.

-ship, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

-stead, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.

-ster denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

-th, -t, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.

-ther, -der, or -ter denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

-wright, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.

-ward, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

-y, -ie, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.

Adjectives.—Some of the more important are:—

-ed, -d, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.

-en, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

-erly, -ern, direction, section: southerly, eastern.

-fast, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.

-fold, times: fourfold, manifold.

-ful, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.

-ish, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

-le, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.

-less, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

-like, -ly, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.

-ow, modern form of old Eng. -u: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

-right, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.

-some, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).

-teen, ten: thirteen, etc.

-ty, tens: thirty, etc.

-ward, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

-wise, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word ways is often substituted: endways, sideways.

-y, -ey, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

VERB AND ADVERB SUFFIXES are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:—

Verbs.—

-en, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

-er, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).

-le, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.

Adverbs.—Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:—

-ly, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly.

-wise, manner: crosswise, otherwise.

-ward, direction: hitherward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) SUFFIXES.

LATIN SUFFIXES, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England.

Noun Suffixes.—The most important of these are:—

-acy, -cy, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.

-ade, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade.

-age, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.

-al, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.

-an, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.

-ance, -ence,

}

form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency.

-ancy, -ency,

}

-and, -end, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.

-ant, -ent (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.

-ar, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar.

-ary, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.

-ate, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.

-ce, -ice, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service.

-cle, -cel, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel.

-ee, (Fr. form of -ate), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.

-el, -le, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.

-er, -eer, -ier, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.

-er, place: larder, saucer.

-ern, place: cavern, cistern, tavern.

-ery, -ry, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.

-ery, -ry, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.

-ess, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.

-et, -let, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket).

-icle, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.

-ion, -sion, -tion, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion.

-ive, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative.

-men, -me, -ment, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.

-mony, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony.

-on, -one, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as -oon in balloon, dragoon, saloon.

-or, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour.

-sel, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel.

-t, -ot, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.

-ter, person who: master, minister.

-tor, -trix, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.

-tude, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.

-ty, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity.

-ule, -cule, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule.

-ure, -ture, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.

-y, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.

Adjective Suffixes.—The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:—

-able, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable.

-aceous, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (far, corn), herbaceous.

-al, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal.

-an, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.

-ant, -ent, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent.

-ar, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.

-ary, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.

-ate, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate.

-atic, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (fānum, temple), lunatic.

-esque, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.

-ible, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.

-ic, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic.

-ical (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.

-id, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid.

-il, pertaining to: civil.

-ile, like -able, -ible: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.

-ile, like -il: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile.

-ine, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.

-ive, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.

-ite, like -ate: definite, exquisite, favourite.

-lent, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force).

-ory, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory.

-ose, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.

-ous, like -ose: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous.

-und, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund.

Verb Suffixes.—These are few:—

-ate, originally past participle suffix, as am-āt-us, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.

-fy, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify.

-ish, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish.

GREEK SUFFIXES.

Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns.

Nouns:—

-asm, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing).

-ast, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.

-ic (-ics), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.

-isk, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar).

-ism, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.

-ist, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.

-ma, -m, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.

-sis, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis.

-sy, like -sis: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy.

-t, -te, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).

-ter, (-tre), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (theā-, see).

-y, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.

Adjectives:—

-ac, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.

-ic, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.

Verbs:—

-ize (-ise), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.

ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words.

Āc, an oak, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.

Bac-an, to bake: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.

Ban-a, a slayer: bane, baneful, henbane.

Bēat-an, to stroke: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.

Beorg-an, to shelter: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger.

Bēr-an, to bear: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird.

Bēt-an, to make good: better, best, boot (to boot).

Bind-an, to bind: band, bond, bondage, bundle.

Bit, to bite: bit, beetle, bait, bitter.

Blāw-an, to puff: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat.

Blōw-an, to blossom: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.

Brec-an, to break: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.

Brēow-an, brew, brewer, broth, bread.

Būg-an, to bend: bow, elbow, bough, bight.

Byrn-an, to burn: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled.

Catt, a cat: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.

Cēapi-an, to buy: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman.

Cen-an, to produce: kin, kindred, kind, kindle.

Cēow-an, to chew: chew, cheek, cud.

Clēow-an, to split: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).

Clifi-an, to stick to: clip, cleave (together).

Cnāw-an, to know: ken, know, knowledge.

Cnot-ta, a knot: knot, knit, net.

Cunn-an, to know, be able: can, con, cunning, uncouth.

Cweth-an, to say: quoth, bequeath, bequest.

Cwic, alive: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.

Dæ-an, to divide: deal, dole, dale, dell.

Dēm-an, to judge: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom.

Dēor, dear, dearth, darling, endear.

Dōn, to act: do, don, doff, deed.

Drag-an, to draw: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.

Drīf-an, to push: drive, drove, drift, adrift.

Drinc-an, to soak: drink, drench.

Drīp-an, to drip: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.

Dryge, dry: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).

Far-an, to go: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.

Fēower, four: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty.

Flēog-an, to flee: fly, flight, flea, fledged.

Flēot-an, to float: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.

Fōd-a, food, feed: food, fodder, foster, father, forage.

Fōn, [P.P. gefangen], to catch: fang, finger, new fangled.

Frēon, to love: friend, friendship.

Gal-an, to sing: gale, yell, nightingale.

Gang-an, to go: gang, gangway, ago.

Gnag-an, to bite: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).

Graf-an, to dig, cut: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.

Grīp-an, to seize: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope.

Gyrd-an, to surround: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.

Hæl-an, to heal: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail.

Hebb-an, to raise: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering).

Hlāf, bread, loaf: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader).

Licg-an, to lie: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.

Loda, guide: lead, lodestar, lodestone.

Māg-an, to be able: may, main, might, mighty.

Māw-an, to cut: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot).

Mōn-a, moon: month, moon, (moonshiner).

Nasu, nose: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.

Penn-an, to shut up: pen, pin, pound, impound.

Pīc, point: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.

Rēaf, clothing, spoil: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe.

Scēap-an, to form: shape, ship, scape (landscape).

Scēot-an, to throw: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.

Scer-an, to cut: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.

Scuf-an, to push: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.

Sitt-an, to sit: sit, set, seat, settle.

Slē-an, to strike: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge.

Slīp-an, to slip: slop, slipper, sleeve.

Snīc-an, to crawl: sneak, snake, snail.

Stede, place: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast.

Stici-an, to stick: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.

Stīg-an, to climb: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.

Styr-an, to direct: steer, stern, steerage.

Sweri-an, to declare: swear, answer (and-, against), forswear.

Tæc-an, to teach: teach, teacher, token, taught.

Tell-an, to account: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller.

Tēon, to draw: tow, tug.

Thæc, roof: thatch, deck.

Tred-an, to walk: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.

Trūwa, good faith: true, truth, troth, betroth.

Twā, two: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.

Wana, lacking: wan, wane, want, wanton.

Wef-an, to weave: weaver, web, woof.

Warū, defense: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian.

Wit-an, to know: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.

Wraest-an, to wrest: wrest, wrestle, wrist.

LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.

Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.

The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, acrid; audīt-, auditor. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.

Ac-, sharp—āc-er (acr-) sharp; ăc-us, needle, ac-uo, I sharpen: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. aigre, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. vin, wine, + aigre), acetic.

aed-es, a building; aedi-fic-āre (see facio), to build (up): edi-fice, edi-fy.

aes, money—aes-tim-are to value: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).

ăger (agr-), field, country; per-agr-are, to travel through: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see colo).

ăg-o (ag-ito), I drive, perform; act-us, performed: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.

ali-us, other; al-ter, the other: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.

ăl-tus, high: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).

ăm-o (amāt-), I love; amī-cus, friend: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).

anim-a, air, breath of life; anim-us, mind: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see verto), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (aequus), animalcule.

ann-us, year: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (verto), annual, per-enn-ial.

antiqu-us (anticus), ancient: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.

apt-us, fitted, suitable; in-ept-us, senseless: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.

aqua, water: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (duco).

arbiter, (arbitr-), umpire: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.

ar-, join—ar-ma, fittings, arms; ar-tus, joint: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (sto).

ar-s (same root as above), skill: art, artisan, artist, artifice (fac-), in-ert.

audi-o (audīt-), hear; aur-is, ear; ob-oedi-o, (hearken to), obey: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.

Bell-um, old form duellum, war: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).

bĕnĕ, well, bŏnus, good: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (facio); bene-vol-ent (vŏlo); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).

bis, bi, twice; bini, two by two: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (twice baked), bin-ary, combine.

brev-is, short: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.

Caballus, a nag: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.

căd-o (cĭd-), I fall; căs-us, a fall: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.

caed-o (caes-), I cut; in-cīd-o, (in-cīs-) I cut in: de-cide, incisive, precise.

camp-us, plain, field: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).

cand-, be white, glow—cand-idus, white; in-cend-o (cens-), kindle: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.

can-o (cant-), cant-o (cantāt-), I sing: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.

căp-io, (capt-), ac-cip-io (cept-), take, receive: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.

căpŭt (căpĭt-), head: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. chapitre), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.

căro (carn-) flesh: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.

car-us, dear; cāritas, dearness, love: charity, cherish (Fr. cher = cār-).

cast-us, pure; castīgo (castigāt-), punish: castigate, chaste.

caus-a, cause; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.

cav-us, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).

ced-o (cess-), go, yield, leave off: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.

cens-eo, I assess, judge: census, censor, censure.

cent-um hundred: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.

cern-o (crēt-), I distinguish, decide; cert-us, fixed: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.

circ-um, around; circ-us, circle: circle, circular, circuit (ĭ-), circum-spect.

cīvi-s, citizen; cīvi-tas, state, city: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.

clam-o, (clamāt-), I cry out: claim, exclaim, declamation.

claud-o, (claus-), I shut; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.

clīv-us, slope; in-clīno (clīnāt-), bend: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.

colo, (cult-), I till, revere; colon-us, farmer: colony, cult, culture.

cōmmodus, convenient: commodity, incommode, accommodate.

cōpia, plenty: copious, copy, cornucopia.

cŏr (cord-), heart: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).

cŏrōn-a, garland, crown; corolla (lit. little crown) chaplet: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.

corpus (corpŏr-), body: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.

crēd-o (crēdit-), I trust, believe: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).

crĕ-o (creāt-), produce, crēsc-o (crēt-), grow, creator, cresc-ent.

crĕm-o (crĕmāt-), I burn: cremate, cremationist, crematory.

crux (crŭc-), cross: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.

cŭp-id-us, desiring: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.

cūra, care; cūr-o (cūrāt-) care for: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = without).

curr-o (curs-), I run: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.

Damnum, loss; damn-o (damnāt-), condemn: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).

dēbe-o (dēbit-), I owe: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.

decem, ten: December (orig. the tenth month), decim-al, decennial.

dĕc-et, it is becoming; dĕc-us (dĕcŏr-), ornament: dec-ent, decor-um.

dens (dent-), tooth: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.

dĕ-us, God: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.

dīc-o (dĭct-), say; dĭc-o (dĭcāt-), proclaim: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (vērus), ab-dicate, predicate.

dĭ-es, day: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.

dign-us, worthy; dign-itas, worth: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).

disc-o, I learn; dŏce-o (doct-) I teach: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.

do (dăt-), dōn-o (dōnāt-), I give, present: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= ad + do), render (Fr.; re-, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.

dŏl-eo, I grieve; dŏl-or, grief, pain: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.

dŏm-o (dŏmĭt-) I subdue; dŏmin-us, lord, master: in-domitable, dominant.

dŏm-us, house: domestic, domicile.

dormi-o (dormīt-), I sleep: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).

duc- lead—duc-o (dŭct-); ēdŭc-o (educāt-), I rear; dux (dŭc-), leader: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.

duo, two: dual, duel (see bellum), double (Fr.; duplus), doublet, duplex.

Ĕm-o (empt-), I buy; ex-emp-lum, example: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; red-imo).

ĕs-se, to be; ab-s-ens (absent-), being away; fŭtūrus about to be: ess-ence (lit., being, existence), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.

Făber (făbr-), workman; fabric-a, workshop: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).

făci-es, form, face: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).

făci-o, (fact-), I make; ef-fĭci-o (effect-); făcil-is, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.

fall-o, (fals-), I deceive: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).

fānum, temple; fēstus, festal: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.

fā-, speak—fāri (fāt-, fān-), to speak; fā-bula, tale; fā-ma, a report: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.

fē-, produce—fēmina, a woman; fēlix, happy: feminine, female, felicity.

fend-, strike, fend—occurs in compound verbs, e.g., de-fend-o, (-fens-), ward off: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.

fĕr-o, (lāt-), I bear; fertilis, productive: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.

fĭd-es, faith; fĭdēlis, fid-us, trusty; foed-us (foeder-), treaty: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.

fīlius, son, (fīlia daughter): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).

fing-o, (fĭct-, fĭg-), I fashion, make up: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.

fīnis, end; fīni-o (fīnīt-), I end: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.

firm-us, steadfast; firm-o (firmat-), I strengthen, strength: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. support), farm (through Ang. Sax.).

flagr-o (flagrāt), I burn; flam-ma, flame: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).

flect-o (flex-), I bend: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.

flōs (flōr-), flower; floresc-ĕre, to blossom: flora, florid, florist, florescent.

flu-o (flux-), flow; fluct-us a wave: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.

fŏli-um, leaf; fŏliāt-us leaved: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.

fōns (font-), a spring: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.

fōrm-a, shape; form-o (formāt-), I shape: form, formal, formula, perform.

forti-s, steadfast, brave: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.

frag-, frang-o (fract-), I break: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.

frāter, brother: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (caedo), friar (Fr.).

frīgidus, be cold; frīger-are, make cold: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.

frons (front-), forehead: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.

frūg-, fru-i (fruct-), to enjoy; frūg-es, fructus, fruit; frugi, useful: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.

fŭgi-o (fŭgit-), I flee: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (febris, fever).

fulge-o (fuls-), shine; fulmen, lightning: refulgent, fulminate.

fŭnd-o (fūs-), I pour; fū-tilis, vain: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.

fund-us, bottom; fund-āre (fundāt-), to found: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.

fung-i (funct-), perform: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.

Gĕl-, gelid-us, icy cold; gĕl-āre (gelāt-), to congeal, glacies, ice: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).

gĕn- (birth)—gĕn-us (gĕnĕr-), (birth), race; gen-s (gent-), nation; gigno (genit-), give birth: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.

gĕr-o (gĕst-), bear: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).

grăd-i (gressus), to walk, go; grăd-us, a step: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).

grandis, great: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.

gran-um, a grain: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.

grātus, acceptable; grātia, favour; grātiae, thanks; gratul-āri, to congratulate: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = ăgĕre grātiās), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).

grăvis, heavy: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.

grĕx (grĕg-), a flock: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.

Hăbe-o (hăbit-), I have; in compounds -hibeo, prohibeo, prevent; habilis, suitable: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).

haere-o (haes-), I stick: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.

hēres (hērēd-), heir: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.

hŏmo (hŏmĭn-), man; humān-us, human; humus, ground; humil-is, lowly: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).

hŏspes (hŏspĭt-), host, also guest; hŏspĭti-um, inn; hŏstis, enemy: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.

Idem, same; item, likewise; ĭ-terum, a second time; iterāre, to repeat: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.

impero (imperāt-), I command; imperium, rule: imperative, empire (Fr.).

insŭla, island: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).

in-teg-er, whole (= in-tac-t; from tag-, see tango): integer, entire (Fr.).

intellego (intellect-), I understand: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.

īra, anger, irāsc-i, to be angry: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)

ĭ-, go—This root is found in ĕo (ĭt-), I go; ī-tio, ĭ-tus, a going; iter (ĭtĭner-), a going, march; ĭn-ĭ-tium, a beginning: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = apart), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.

Jac-, throw—jăcĭo (ject- in compounds), I throw; jăct-ūra, jăculātio, casting; jac-ēre, to lie (down): jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from jacēre).

jŏcus, jest; jŭcundus, pleasant: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (jeu parti = even chance) (Fr.).

jūdex (jūdic-), a judge; jūs (jūr-), right; jūrāre, to swear; justus, just; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.

jŭg-um, yoke; jung-o (junct-), I join; juxta, near to: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.

jŭvĕnis, young: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.

jūv-o (jūt-), I aid: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).

Lāb-, glide down—lapsus, a gliding, fall: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.

laed-o (laes-), strike, hurt; col-līdo (-līs-), dash together: collide, elide.

lătu-s (lătĕr-), side: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (aequus).

laud-o (laudāt-), I praise; laus, praise: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation.

lăv-o (lăvāt) I wash; lăvanda (things) to be washed; lŭ-ĕre, wash: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.

lag-, langue-o, to be languid-us, faint, dull; lax-us, open, loose: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.

lēx (lēg-), law; lēg-o (lēgāt-), I send, depute; collēga, colleague: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college.

lĕg-o (lĕct-), I choose, read; lĕg-i legion: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (colligo).

lĕvis, light, lĕv-o (lĕvāt-), I raise, lighten: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.

lĭber (lĭbr-), book; lĭbēll-us, pamphlet: library, libel, libellous.

līber, free; līber-o (līberāt-), set free: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.

lībra (dimin. libella), a balance; libr-o (lībrāt-), I balance: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.

lĭg-o (lĭgāt-), I tie: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien.

līnquo, (rĕ-lĭct-), I leave: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic.

līn-um, flax; līnea, a thread: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen.

lĭqu-ere, be moist; lĭquid-us, flowing: liquid, liquidation.

littera, a letter: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).

lŏc-us, a place; lŏc-o (lŏcāt-), I place: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).

long-us, long: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.).

lŏqui (lŏcut-), to speak; lŏqu-ax, talkative: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial.

luc-: this root is seen in lūx (lūc-), lumen (lūmin-), light; lūna, moon: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.

Mag-: this root appears in magn-us, great, maior, greater, maxim-us, greatest, and magister, master: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.).

male, badly; malus, bad: mali-gn (see gĕn-), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.

măne-o (mans-), I remain: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (staying (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).

măn-us, hand; mand-o (mandāt-), entrust: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (mitto); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (teneo), manœuvre (Fr. œuvre = opera, work).

măre, sea: marine, mariner, maritime.

māter, mother; materia, stuff, matter: maternal, material, matron.

mĕd-eri, to heal; medic-us, physician: medical, re-medy.

medi-us, middle: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).

mĕmor, mindful; mĕmŏro (mĕmŏrāt-), I recount: memory, memorandum.

mens (mĕnt-), mind; re-min-isci, I remember: mental, reminiscent, comment.

mĕre-o (mĕrit-), I deserve: merit, meritorious.

merx (merc-), wares; mercor (mercāt-), I purchase; merces (mercēd-), hire: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.

mēt-iri (mens-), to measure: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.).

miles (mīlĭt-), soldier: military, militant, militia.

mille, thousand: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc.

mōns (mŏn-), mountain: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.

mĭnu-o (mĭnut-), lessen; minor, less; minister, servant: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).

mīr-āri (mīrāt-), to wonder at: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.

misce-o (mixt-), I mix: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.

mitto (mĭss-), I send: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.

mŏd-us and modul-us, a measure; verb stems mŏderāt-, mŏdul-āt-: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.

mōles, mass: mole (i.e., dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.

mŏne-o, (mŏnĭt-), I warn; monstr-um, warning, prodigy: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).

morbus, disease; mors (mort-), death: morbid, mortal, mortify.

morde-o (mors-), I bite: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse.

mōs, custom, pl. mōres, manners: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).

mŏve-o (mōt-), I move; mobilis, movable: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. mobĭlĕ), move (Fr.).

mūni-o (munīt-), I fortify; mūr-us, a wall: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.

mūnis, obliging; mūnus (mūner-), service, gift; municeps, citizen: munificent (facio), immunity, remuneration, municipal.

mūt-o (mūtāt-); mūtu-us, borrowed: mutable, per-mutation, commute.

Nāsc-i (nāt-), to be born: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.

nāvis, ship; nauta, sailor: naval, navy, nautical.

nect-o (nex-), I bind: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.

nĕg-o (nĕgāt-), I deny: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).

neuter (neutr-), neither: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.

nō-, older; gnō-, know; nobilis, noble; nōtus, well known; nō-men (nōmĭn-), name; ignōr-āre, not to know; nobility, i-gnoble (i = in, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.

nŏce-o, I harm; nox-ius, hurtful: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance.

norma, a rule; root nō- as in nōtus: normal, abnormal, enormous.

nota, a mark; nŏt-o, (nŏtāt-), I mark: note and notable (Fr.), notary.

nŏvus, new; nuntius, news: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).

nox (noct-), night: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.

nūbĕre (nupt-), to marry: con-nubial, nuptial.

nutri-o (nutrīt-), I nourish; nutrix (nutrīc-), a nurse: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.

Ŏculus, eye: ocular, oculist, ocellus.

omnis, all: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.

ŏnus (ŏnĕr-), burden: onerous, ex-onerate.

ops, means; ōptimus, best: opulent, optimist, optimates.

ŏpus (ŏpĕr-), work; ŏpĕra, service: operate, operative, co-operation, opera.

opt-o (optāt-), I desire: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.

ordo (ordĭn-), order, row; ordĭn-o (ordĭnāt-), I set in order; orno (ornāt-), I deck: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.

oriens, rising (sōl oriens, the east); orīgo (orīgĭn-), source: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.

ōs (ōr-), mouth; ōr-o (ōrāt-), I speak, pray; ōmen (omin-), token: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (facio), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.

ōvum, egg; ōvātio, an ovation: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (pario).

Paenīt-ēre, to be sorry: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance.

pāgus, country district: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).

par, equal: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire.

păro (părāt-), make ready: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).

pār-ēre, be visible: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep).

pars (part-), part; partīt-us, divided: partitive, partition, participate (căpio); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.

pătēre, to be open; pandĕre (pans-, pass-), to extend: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.

pater (patr-), father; patria, fatherland; patricius, patrician: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.

păt-i (pass-), to suffer: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive.

paucus, few, little; pauper, poor: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.

pectus (pectŏr-), breast: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. petto, breast).

pecunia, money; peculium, personal property: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.

pell-o (puls-), beat, drive; pulso (pulsāt-), push, strike: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.

pend-ēre (pens-), to hang (1); pĕnd-ĕre (pens-), to weigh, pay (2); pŏndus (pŏnder-), weight: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).

pēs (pĕd-), foot; ex-pedi-o (expĕdīt-), I set free: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.

ping-o (pĭct-), I paint: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.).

pĭus, dutiful: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).

plăc-ēre, to be pleasing; plāc-āre (plācāt-), to quiet: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate.

planta, a plant, sole: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).

planus, level: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (soft; Ital.).

plaud-o (plaus-), I clap (ex-plōdo): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode.

ple-o (plēt-), I fill; plēnus, full: de-plete, complement; expletive.

plĭc-āre (plĭcĭt-), to fold; plect-ĕre (plex-), I weave: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.).

plumbum, lead: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.

plūs (plūr-), more: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).

poena, punishment; pūni-o (pūnīt-), I punish: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.

pōno (pŏsit-), I place: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound.

pŏpulus, people; pūblicus, of the people: popular; public, publish.

porta, gate; portus, harbour; portāre, to carry: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune.

posse, to be able; potens (able): potent, potential, possible.

praeda, booty; prehendo (prehens-), I seize: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).

prĕc-āri (prĕcāt-), to pray: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).

prem-o (prĕss-), I press: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print.

prĕtium, price: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize.

pri-, before—prior, former; prīmus, first; prin-ceps (prīncĭp-), chief: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.

prŏbus, good; prŏb-o (prŏbāt-), I test: probity, probable, approve.

prŏpĕ, near; proximus, nearest: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).

pung-o (punct-), I prick, pierce: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.

purus, clean, pure; purg-o (purgāt-), cleanse; put-o (putāt-), trim, reckon: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (am- = about), compute, deputy (Fr.).

Quaer-o (quaesīt-), I seek [-quīro (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.

qualis, of what kind; quantus, how great: quality, quantity.

quăti-o, I shake; -cŭtio (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.).

quŏtus, what number?: quota, quotidian (dies), quote and quotient (Fr.).

Rādix (rādīc-), root: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.).

răpi-o (răpt-), carry off; răp-ax (răpāc-), grasping: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.

rĕg-o (rect-), regn-o, I rule, direct; rex, king; rēgula, a rule; rĕg-io, district: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. di-rect-), rule (Lat. rēgula).

rēs, thing: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.

rīd-ere (rīs-), to laugh: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).

rīpa, river bank: riparian, river (Fr. rivière), ar-rive (Fr.).

rīvus, a brook: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see ripa).

rog-o (rŏgāt-), I ask: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).

rŏta, a wheel; rŏt-ula, dimin.; rŏt-undus, round: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from rotula), roué, round.

rumpĕre, to break; ruptus, broken: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt, e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path).

Săcer (săcr-), sacred; sacr-āre, sanc-īre, consecrate: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.).

sal, salt: salary (i.e., salt-money), saliferous; through Fr., saline, salad, sauce (= salsus, salted).

săli-o (sălt-), I leap (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault.

salv-us, safe; sălus (sălūt-), health, greeting: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. salvator).

sānus, sound; sān-āre (sānāt-), to heal: sane, sanitary, sanatorium.

săpor, taste; săpi-o, săp-ĕre, have taste, be wise: sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.).

satis, enough; satur, full: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.).

scando (scans-), I climb; scāla, stairs: a-scend, scale; scan, e-scalade.

sci-o, I know; scĭentia, knowledge; conscius, privy to: science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.), sciolist.

scrīb-o (script-), I write: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script, conscription.

sĕc-o (sĕct-), I cut: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect.

sĕde-o (sĕss-), I sit; as-sĭdeo, sit by: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.

sĕnĕx, old man: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.).

senti-o (sēns-), I feel: sentient, sentiment; through Fr., sentence, sense.

sĕquor (sĕcut-), I follow; secundus, following; secta, a party, school; socius, companion: con-sequent, sequence, sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social.

sĕr-o (sert-), I join, compose: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert.

servo (servāt-), I save: con-serve, conservator, preservation, conservatory.

servus, a slave; serv-īre, to serve: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service.

signum, mark, sign; sign-o (signāt-), I mark, seal: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment, re-signation (a signing back).

similis, like; simul, together; simul-o (simulāt-), I pretend: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.).

sōl, sun: solar, sol-stice (= sol-stit-ium; stare) (Fr.), para-sol (par-, ward off).

sŏlidus (and soldus), firm; also a gold coin (military pay): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.).

sōlus, alone: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, de-solate, solo.

solv-o (sŏlūt-), I loose, pay: solvent, ab-solve, soluble (Fr.), dis-solute.

somnus, sopor, sleep: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist, sopori-fic.

sŏn-āre, to sound: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son, unison (unus).

sparg-o (spars-), I scatter, sprinkle: sparse, di-sperse, a-spersion.

spĕci-o (spect-), I look; su-spici-o (suspect-), look up, mistrust; species, appearance: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).

spēr-o (sperāt-), I hope: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.).

spīr-o (spirāt-), I breathe; spīrĭtus, breath: a-spirant, inspire, conspiracy.

stāre (stăt-), sĭst-ĕre, stand; stătu-o, I set: di-stant, extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.).

stern-ĕre (strāt-), to spread, extend, cover; consternation, prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.).

string-o (strĭct-), I draw together: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).

strŭ-ĕre (struct-), to build: con-struct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.).

sūm-o (sumps-), I take, use; sumptus, expense: as-sume, sumptuous.

super, above; super-āre, to overcome; supremus, summus, topmost: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit.

surg-o (surrect-), I rise (see rĕgo): through Fr., in-surgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect.

Tag- (touch)—tang-o (tact-), I touch, in-tĕger, whole: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.).

tĕg-o (tect-), I cover: tegmen, tegument, protective.

tempt-o (temptāt-), I try, test: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.).

tempus (tempor-), time; temper-o (temperāt-), I regulate; tempes-tas, season: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).

tend-o (tent-, tens-), stretch; tenuis, thin: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate.

tĕne-o (tent-), I hold: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.).

ter-o (trīt-), rub, wear away; tribul-āre, to afflict: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.

terra, land: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory.

testis, a witness; testor (testāt-), I bear witness: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.

tex-o (text-), I weave: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.).

tōrque-o (tŏrt-), I twist: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).

trăh-o (tract-), I draw; tract-o (tractāt-), I handle: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.

trēs, tria, three: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent.

trĭbu-ĕre, to give, pay; trĭbūtum, payment: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute.

tueri (tuit-), to see, watch: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary.

tŭm-ēre, to swell; tuber, swelling: tumid, tubercle, protuberant.

Ultra, beyond: ultimus, farthest: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate.

und-o (undāt-), overflow: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate.

ungu-o (unct-), I anoint: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous.

ūnus, one: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son (sonus, sound).

ūt-ī, to use; usus, use; utilis, useful: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility.

Vād-o (vās-), I go: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. go with me).

văle-o, am strong; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail.

vānus, empty: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt.

vĕh-o (vĕct-), I carry: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective (Fr.).

vĕll-o (vuls-), I pluck, tear: con-vulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion.

vēlum, cover, veil; vēl-o (vēlāt-), I cover: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil.

vĕni-o (vĕnt-), I come: con-vene, convenient, intervention; through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue.

verbum, word: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb.

vert-o (vers-), I turn: version, adverse, versatile.

vērus, true; vērax, truthful: veracious; very, verify, aver, verdict.

vĭa, way: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey.

vĭcis, alternation: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal.

vĭde-o (vīs-), I see; vīs-o (visit-), go to see: e-vident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious (Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation.

vĭge-o, am vigorous; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.

vĭnc-o (vĭct-), I conquer: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor.

vir, man; virtus, worth, valour: virile and virtue (Fr.), virago, trium-vir.

vita, life; vīvus, living: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.).

vŏco (vŏcāt-), I call; vox (vōc-), voice: ad-vocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.).

vŏl-o, am willing: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition.

volv-o (vŏlūt-), I roll; vōlumen, a roll: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution.

vŏr-o, I swallow up: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous.

vŏve-o (vōt-), I vow: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.).

vulgus, the people: vulgar, divulge, vulgate.

GREEK ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

To Greek, also, English is indebted for a considerable number of words, especially in the language of science and medicine; for the ancient physicians were commonly Greeks. Since the great revival of Greek studies in England in the 16th Century, Greek literature and art have exerted an enormous influence upon English thought and literature.

Agō, I lead: strat-egy.

a-dam-as (= in-dom-itable), steel: adamant, diamond (= Fr. diamant).

aēr, air: air (Fr.), aerial, aerate.

athlos, a contest: athlete.

aesthēsis, perception, feeling: aesthetic, an-aesthesia.

akouō, I hear: acoustics.

akros, top: acro-bat, acropolis.

allos, other: allo-path, par-allel.

anemos, wind: anemometer.

angelos, messenger: angel, ev-angel.

anthropos, man: anthropoid, anthropology, mis-anthrope.

arktos, a bear: arctic, antarctic.

archē, beginning, rule; arch-, (prefix), chief: archetype, an-archy, archangel.

aster, astron, a star: asterisk, astrology, dis-aster (Fr.), astral (Lat.).

autos, self: auto-crat, auto-graph, auto-matic, auto-nomy.

Ball-o, I throw; bolē, throwing: dia-bol-ical, hyper-bole.

bapto, dip: baptise.

barus, heavy; baros, weight: barytone, barograph, barometer.

basis, a going, foundation: base (Fr.), basis, basement.

biblion (dimin. of biblos), book; bible, biblio-graphy, biblio-mania.

bios, life: amphi-bious, bio-logy.

botane, herbage, a plant: botany.

bronchos, windpipe: bronchial.

Character, a mark: character.

cheir, hand: chiro-graphy, chiro-mancy, chiro-pod-ist, chir-urgeon.

chīlio- (e.g. chilio-pous), thousand: kilo-gramme and kilo-metre (Fr.).

chlōros, green: chlorate, chlorine.

cholē, bile: choler, melancholy.

choros, a dance in a ring, chorus: chorus, choral, choir (Fr.).

chriō, anoint: Christ, chrism (holy oil).

chronos, time: chronic, chronicle, chronometer, ana-chronism.

Daimōn, divinity, spirit: demoniac.

deka, ten: decade, deca-logue.

demos, the people: demo-crat, dem-agogue, epi-demic.

derma (dermat-), skin: epi-dermis, hypo-dermic, pachy-dermatous.

despotēs, lord: despotic, despotism.

diaita, mode of living: diet (Fr.).

diskos, quoit: disc, dish and desk.

dogma, doxa, opinion: dogma, dogmatic, heterodox.

dosis, a giving; dotos, given: dose, anti-dote, an-ec-dot-al.

draō, I do: dra-ma, drastic.

dromos, running: dromedary, hippo-drome, aero-drome.

dunamis, power, force: dynamic.

Eidos, form; eidōlon, image; idea, form, look (all from id-, see): ideograph, idol, kal-eido-scope.

eikōn, image: icon, iconoclast.

electron, amber: electric, electrify.

ergon, work; en-ergeia, energy: organ-ize, en-ergetic, metall-urgy.

ethnos, nation: ethnic, ethnology.

eu, well; as a prefix: eucharist, euphony, euphemism, ev-angel.

Gamos, marriage: mono-gamous.

gaster (gastr-), stomach: gastric.

gen-, beget—genos, race; genesis, origin: genea-logy, genesis, genetic.

gē, the earth: ge-o-graphy, ge-o-logy, ge-o-metric.

glōssa (glōtta), tongue: glossary, glottis, epiglottis, poly-glot.

gnō-sis, knowledge: gnome, gnostic.

gōnia, angle: diagonal, pentagon.

grapho, write; gramma, writing: graphic, epi-graphy, grammar.

gumnos, naked; gumnazo, I exercise: gymnasium, gymnastic.

gunē (gunaiko-), a woman: gyn-archy, gynaeco-logy, miso-gynist.

Haima (haimato-), blood: hemal, hematite, hemorrhage, an-aemia.

hairesis, a taking: heresy (Fr.).

heteros, other: hetero-dox, hetero-geneous.

hex, six: hex-agon, hexameter.

hēlios, sun: heliacal, peri-helion.

hēmera, day: ep-hemeral.

hieros, sacred; hiereus, priest: hierarchy, hieratic, hiero-glyph.

hippos, horse: hippo-drome.

historeō, I enquire: history (shortened in) story.

(h)odos, way: ex-odus, epis-ode, met-hod, peri-od.

homos, same; homoi-os, like: homo-centric, homo-geneous, hom-ily (ilē, throng), homoeo-pathic.

(h)orizo, define, bound: horizon.

hudōr, water; hydrant, hydr-aulic, hydro-gen.

Idios, private, peculiar; idiōtēs, private person: idiom, idiot.

ion, violet; iōdēs, dark-colored: iodide, iodine.

isos, equal: iso-sceles, iso-thermal.

Kakos, bad: cacography, cacophony.

kalos, beautiful: calligraphy, callis-thenics (sthenos, strength).

kaluptō, kruptō, I conceal: apo-calypse, eu-calyptus, crypt.

kaustos, burnt; kautērion, a branding: caustic, cautery, cauterize.

kīneō, I move; kīnētikos, for moving: kinetics, kinematics.

kosmos, order, ornament, universe: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmo-gony.

krateō, am strong, rule: auto-crat, demo-cracy, aristo-crat.

kri-, to separate; krisis, a separating, deciding: crisis, critic.

kuklos, wheel: cycle, cyclic, cyclone.

Lab-, take; lēpsis, a taking: syl-lable, epi-lepsy, cataleptic.

legō, I pick out, say; lexis, speech; logos, discourse, reason: ec-lectic (ek, out of), lexi-con, dialect, logic.

leipō (lĭp-), I leave: el-lipsis, ec-lipse.

lithos, stone: lithia, lithograph.

luō, I loose; lusis, a loosing: ana-lyze, dia-lysis, paralytic, (palsy is a contraction of paralysis).

Mania, madness: mania, maniac, Anglo-mania.

math-, learn; mathēma, learning: mathematics, philo-math, poly-math.

martus (martur-), a witness: martyr.

mega (megal-), large; as a prefix: mega-cephalous (kephalē, head), megalithic, megaphone.

melas (melan-), black: melancholy.

melos, song: mel-ody (ōdē).

metron, a measure: metre, symmetry, diameter, geometric.

mēchanē, Lat. māchina: mechanic, mechanism.

mikros, small: microbe (bios), micro-cosm, micro-scope.

mīseo, I hate: misanthrope.

mnē-mon-euō, I remember: mnē-monics, a-mnē-sty (a = not).

monos, alone, one: monad, mon-arch, monk (Ang. Sax.), monastery, monopoly.

morphē, shape: a-morphous, morph-ology, meta-morphose.

mousa, muse: music, museum.

mūthos, a tale, legend: myth.

Naus, a ship: nausea, nautilus, aëro-naut (nautēs, sailor.)

nekros, dead: necro-polis.

neuron, cord, nerve: neural, neur-algia (algos, pain), neuritis.

nomos, a law: eco-nomy (oikos), astro-nomy, anti-nomian.

Ōdē, a song: ode, hymnody, parody.

oikos, oikia, house; oikēsis, inhabiting, dwelling: eco-nomy (Lat. oeconomia), di-ocese (= di-oikesis), parish (paroikia, Fr. par-oisse).

onoma (onuma), name: syn-onym.

op-, see; optika, pertaining to sight; oph-thalmos, eye: op-tics, optician, syn-opsis, synoptic, my-opia.

organon, an instrument: organic.

orthos, right, straight: ortho-doxy, ortho-graphy.

osteon, a bone: oste-itis, osteo-pathy.

oxus, sharp: oxy-gen, oxy-tone, par-oxysm.

Pais (paid-), a child; paideia, training, learning: ped-agogue, pedant.

pan (pant-, pas-), all: pan-acea (akos, remedy), pan-oply, (hopla, arms), pan-orama ((h)oraō, see).

păthos, suffering, feeling: pathology, pathetic, sympathy.

pauo, I stop; pausis, cessation (Lat. pausa): pause and pose.

pente, five: pent-agon, pentameter, penta-teuch (teuchos, book), Pente-cost [pentecostē = fiftieth (day)].

petra, a rock; petros, a stone: petrify and pier (Fr.), Peter, petrology, petroleum, petrescent.

plassō, I mould, fashion: plastic, plasm, proto-plasm (prōtos, first).

pleura, a rib: pleurisy, pleuritic.

plēgē, plēxis, a blow, stroke: plague (Lat. plāga), apoplexy, pleximeter.

pneuma, air; pneumon, lungs: pneumatic, pneumonia, pneumatomer.

poieō, I make: poet (Lat. poēta).

polis, a city; polītēs, citizen; politeia, government: metro-polis, polity, politic, police.

polus, many, poly-gon.

pous (pod-), a foot: poly-pus, polyp, antipodes.

praktos, done: practice.

prōtōs, first: prot-agonist, protomartyr, prototype, protoplasm.

pur, fire: pyre, pyrites, pyro-latry (= worship), pyrotechnics.

pōleō, I sell: biblio-pole, mono-poly.

phagein, to eat: sarcophagus (sarx, flesh).

phainō (phan-, phēn-, phas-), I show: phan-tom, phan-tasm, phant-asy = fancy (Fr.), phen-omenon, phase.

pherō, I bear; phora, a carrying: peri-pher-y, meta-phor, phos-phorus (phōs), sema-phore, (sēma, sign).

phēmi, I say: eu-phem-ism, blas-pheme (blapsis, injury), pro-phet.

philos, dear, friend: phil-tre, philo-sophy.

phōnē, a sound: phonic, phonetic, phono-graph, eu-phony, caco-phony, sym-phony.

phōs (phōt-), light: phos-phor, photo-graph, photometer.

phrasis, speech: phrase, peri-phrasis, para-phrase, phraseology.

phrēn, the midriff, mind: frenzy and frantic (Fr.), phrenology.

phusis, nature; phuton, a plant: physi-cal, physics, physi-o-logy, meta-physics, neo-phyte.

Rheō, flow; rheuma, a flow; rhuthmos, regular motion: cata-rrh, rheumatic, rhythm.

rhētor, orator: rhetoric, rhetorician.

Sarx (sark-), flesh: sarcasm.

sitos, food: para-site.

skopeo, skept-omai, look at, consider; skop-os, watcher, mark, aim: scep-tical, scope, hor-o-scope (hōrā, season), epi-scop-al, bishop [epi-scop-os].

sophos, wise: sophist, philosophy.

stă-, stand; sta-sis, a placing; statos, placed: ec-sta-sy, sy-ste-m (sun, together), static, hydro-statics, apo-state.

stellō (stol-), I send: apo-stle (= apostolos; apo, away), epi-stle.

stichos, a line: di-stich, hemi-stich.

stratos, army: stratagem, strategy.

strophē, a turning: strophic, anti-strophe, apo-strophe, catastrophe.

sphaira, a ball: sphere, atmo-sphere.

schizō, split: schism, schist.

schole, leisure, school: scholastic.

Tax-is, arrangement; tak-tos, ordered: syn-tax, taxi-dermist.

taphos, a tomb: epi-taph (epi, upon).

temno, I cut; tomē-, tom-os, a cutting: ana-tomy, tome (Fr.), a-tom.

technē, art: tech-nic, technology.

tele, afar: tele-phone.

theos, God: theism, theo-cracy.

thermos, hot: thermal, isothermal, thermo-meter, thermo-dynamics.

the-, place; thesis, a placing; thema, proposition; thē-kē, case, chest: thesis, theme, hypo-thesis, epi-thet, ana-thema.

topos, a place: topic, topography, u-topia, (u = ou, not—i.e., land of No-place).

toxicon, poison: toxin, anti-toxin, intoxicate.

Zēlos, emulation: through Fr., zeal.

zōon, animal: zo-diac (zōdion, dimin.), zo-ology.

WORDS, PHRASES AND NOTEWORTHY SAYINGS.

From the Greek, Latin and Modern Languages.

A bas (Fr.). Down, down with.

ab initio (L.). From the beginning.

ab ovo (L.). From the egg, from the beginning.

ad captandum vulgus (L.). To attract or please the rabble.

ad infinitum (L.). To infinity.

ad libitum (L.). At pleasure.

ad nauseam (L.). To disgust or satiety.

ad rem (L.). To the purpose, or point.

ad valorem (L). According to the value.

aequo animo (L.). With an equable mind, with equanimity.

affaire d' amour (F.). A love affair.

affaire d'honneur (F.). An affair of honor; a duel.

affaire du coeur (Fr.). An affair of the heart.

a fortiori (L.). With stronger reason.

à la mode (Fr.). According to the custom or fashion.

alter ego (L.). My other self.

alma mater (L.). Gracious mother; the college of which one is a graduate.

amende honorable (Fr.). Satisfactory apology; reparation.

amor patriae (L.). Love of country.

amour propre (Fr.). Self-love; vanity.

anno domini (L.). In the year of our Lord.

ante meridiem (L.). Before noon.

a posteriori (L.). Reasoning from effect to cause.

a priori (L.). Reasoning from cause to effect.

apropos (Fr.). Suited to the occasion.

argumentum ad hominem (L.). An argument to the individual man, i.e., to his interests and prejudices.

ars est celare artem (L.). It is true art to conceal art.

ars longa, vita brevis (L.). Art is long, life is short.

artium magister (L.). Master of Arts.

au contraire (Fr.). On the contrary.

au courant (Fr.). Fully acquainted with matters.

au fait (Fr.). Well acquainted with; expert.

aurea mediocritas (L.). The golden or happy mean.

au revoir (Fr.). Adieu until we meet again.

autant d'hommes, autant d'avis (Fr.). So many men, so many minds.

aut Cæsar aut nullus (L.). Either Cæsar or nobody.

aut vincere aut mori (L.). Either to conquer or to die; death or victory.

Baccalaureus in artibus (L). Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).

beau ideal (Fr.). An ideal beauty.

beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.

bel esprit (Fr.). A person of wit or genius; a brilliant mind.

bête noire (Fr.). A black beast; a bugbear.

bis dat qui cito dat (L.). He gives twice who gives quickly.

bon ami (Fr.). Good friend.

bon jour (Fr.). Good day; good morning.

bon soir (Fr.). Good evening.

Cacoethes loquendi, scribendi (L.). An itch for speaking, writing.

carpe diem (L.). Enjoy the present day; improve the time.

carte blanche (Fr.). A white card; full power.

casus belli (L.). The occasion or cause of war.

cela va sans dire (Fr.). That goes without saying.

c'est à dire (Fr.). That is to say.

ceteris paribus (L.). Other things being equal.

chacun à son goût (Fr.). Every one to his taste.

chère amie (Fr.). A dear (woman) friend.

chef d'œuvre (Fr.). A masterpiece.

ci devant (Fr.). Formerly; heretofore.

comme il faut (Fr.). As it should be.

compagnon de voyage (Fr.). A travelling companion.

con amore (It.). With love; very earnestly.

corrigenda (L.). Corrections to be made.

coup d'état (Fr.). A sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy.

coup de grace (Fr.). A finishing stroke.

cui bono? (L.). For whose advantage? to what end?

cuisine (Fr.). A kitchen; cookery.

cul de sac (Fr.). The bottom of a bag; a place closed at one end.

cum grano salis (L.). With a grain of salt; with some allowance.

Debut (Fr.). First appearance.

de gustibus non est disputandum (L.). There is no disputing about tastes.

dei gratiâ (L.). By the grace of God.

de jure (L.). From the law; by right.

de mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.). (Say nothing but good of the dead.)

de novo (L.). Anew.

deo adjuvante (L.). God assisting.

deo gratias (L.). Thanks to God.

Deo volente (L.). God willing.

de profundis (L.). Out of the depths.

dernier ressort (Fr.). A last resource.

desipere in loco (L.). To jest or be jolly at the proper time.

de trop (Fr.). Too much or too many; not wanted.

Dieu et mon droit (Fr.). God and my right.

Dieu vous garde (Fr.) God protect you.

docendo discimus (L.). We learn by teaching.

dolce far niente (It.). Sweet doing-nothing; sweet idleness.

dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.). It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country.

dum spiro, spero (L.). While I breathe I hope.

Ecce homo (L.). Behold the man!

édition de luxe (Fr.). A splendid and expensive edition of a book.

élite (Fr.). A select body of persons.

emeritus (L.). Retired after long service.

en avant (Fr.). Forward.

en déshabillé (Fr.). In undress.

en masse (Fr.). In a body.

en rapport (Fr.). In harmony; in agreement.

en route (Fr.). On the way.

en suite (Fr.). In company; in a set.

entente cordiale (Fr.). Cordial understanding.

entreé (Fr.). Entry; a side dish.

entre nous (Fr.). Between ourselves.

e pluribus unum (L.). One out of many; one composed of many.

esprit de corps (Fr.). The animating spirit of a collective body, as a regiment.

et cetera (L.). And the rest.

et tu, Brute! (L.). And thou also, Brutus!

eureka (Gr.). I have found it.

exceptio probat regulam (L.). The exception proves (or tests) the rule.

exceptis excipiendis (L). The due exceptions being made.

exempli gratiâ (L.). By way of example.

ex pede Herculem (L.). From the foot we recognize him as a Hercules; we judge of the whole from the specimen.

experientia docet stultos (L.). Experience instructs fools.

extra muros (L.). Beyond the walls.

ex uno disce omnes (L.). From one judge of all the rest.

Facile princeps (L.). Easily pre-eminent; indisputably the first.

facilis est descensus averni (or averno) (L.). The descent to avernus (or hell) is easy.

fait accompli (Fr.). A thing already done.

faux pas (Fr.). A false step.

festina lente (L.). Hasten slowly.

fiat justitia, ruat cælum (L.). Let justice be done though the heavens should fall.

fiat lux (L.). Let there be light!

fidei defensor (L.). Defender of the faith.

fide non armis (L.). By faith, not by arms.

fides Punica (L.). Punic or Carthaginian faith; treachery.

fidus Achates (L.). Faithful Achates; a true friend.

finem respice (L.). Look to the end.

finis coronat opus (L.). The end crowns the work.

flagrante delicto (L.). In the commission of the crime.

fortiter in re (L.). With firmness in acting.

fortuna favet fortibus (L.). Fortune favors the bold.

Garçon (Fr.). A boy; a waiter.

gardez bien (Fr.). Take good care.

gaudeamus igitur (L.). So let us be joyful.

Gloria in Excelsis (L.). Glory to God in the highest.

Gloria Patri (L.). Glory be to the Father.

gnothi seauton (Gr.). Know thyself.

grace à Dieu! (Fr.). Thanks to God!

grand merci (Fr.). Many thanks.

Hoi polloi (Gr.). The many; the vulgar; the rabble.

homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto (L.). I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me.

honi soit qui mal y pense (O. Fr.). Evil be to him who evil thinks.

hors de combat (Fr.). Out of the struggle; disabled.

humanum est errare (L.). To err is human.

Ibidem (L.). At the same place (in a book).

ich dien (Ger.). I serve.

id est (L.). That is; contracted to i.e.

impedimenta (L.). Baggage.

imperium in imperio (L.). A government or rule within another.

index expurgatorius (L.). A list of prohibited books.

in esse (L.). In being; in actuality.

in extenso (L.). At full length.

in extremis (L.). At the point of death.

infra dignitatem (L.). Below one's dignity.

in loco parentis (L.). In the place of a parent.

in medias res (L.). Into the midst of things.

in memoriam (L.). To the memory of; in memory.

in perpetuum (L.). For ever.

in posse (L.). In possible existence; in possibility.

in præsenti (L.). At the present moment.

in propria persona (L.). In one's own person.

in re (L.). In the matter of.

in situ (L.). In its original situation.

in statu quo (L.). In the former state.

inter alia (L.). Among other things.

inter nos (L.). Between ourselves.

in toto (L.). In the whole; entirely.

intra muros (L.). Within the walls.

in vino veritas (L.). There is truth in wine; wine discloses the secrets of the breast.

ipse dixit (L.). He himself said it; a dogmatic assertion.

ipsissima verba (L.). The very words.

ipso facto (L.). In the fact itself.

Jacta est alea (L.). The die is cast.

jeu de mots (Fr.). A play on words.

jeu d'esprit (Fr.). A display of wit; a witticism.

jure divino (L.). By divine law.

juste milieu (Fr.). The golden mean.

Labor omnia vincit (L.). Labor conquers everything.

laissez faire (Fr.). Let alone; suffer to have its own way.

lapsus calami, — linguae, — memoriae (L.) A slip of the pen, tongue, memory.

lares et penates (L.). Household gods.

laudator temporis acti (L.). One who praises the past.

le beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.

le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle (Fr.). The game is not worth the candle; the object is not worth the trouble.

lése majesté (Fr.). High treason.

l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose (Fr.). Man proposes and God disposes.

limæ labor et mora (L.). The labour and delay of the file; the slow and laborious polishing of a literary composition.

loco citato (L.). In the place cited.

lusus naturæ (L.). A sport or freak of nature.

Ma chère (Fr.). My dear (fem.).

ma foi (Fr.). Upon my faith.

magnum bonum (L.). A great good.

magnum opus (L.) A great work.

mal à propos (Fr.). Ill timed.

mal de mer (Fr.). Sea-sickness.

mal de tête (Fr.). Headache.

mauvaise honte (Fr.). False modesty.

mauvais goût (Fr.). Bad taste.

medio tutissimus ibis (L.). In a medium course you will be safest.

mega biblion, mega kakon (Gr.). A great book is a great evil.

me judice (L.). I being judge; in my opinion.

memento mori (L.). Remember death.

mens sana in corpore sano (L.). A sound mind in a sound body.

menu (Fr.). A bill of fare.

meum et tuum (L.). Mine and thine.

mirabile dictu, (visu) (L.). Wonderful to relate, (to see).

modus operandi (L.). Manner of working.

mon ami (Fr.). My friend (masc.).

mon cher (Fr.). My dear (masc.).

more suo (L.). In his own way.

multum in parvo (L.). Much in little.

mutatis mutandis (L.). The necessary changes being made.

Necessitas non habet legem (L.). Necessity has no law.

née (Fr.). Born; maiden name.

nemine dissentiente (L.). No one dissenting; without a dissenting voice.

nemo me impune lacessit (L.). No one assails me with impunity.

ne plus ultra (L.). Nothing further; perfection.

nihil ad rem (L.). Nothing to the point.

nihil quod tetigit non ornavit (L.). He touched nothing without embellishing it.

nil admirari (L.). To be astonished at nothing; not to lose mental balance.

nil desperandum (L.). There is no reason for despair.

n'importe (Fr.). It matters not.

noblesse oblige (Fr.). Rank imposes obligations.

nolens volens (L.). Willing or unwilling.

nolle prosequi (L.). To abandon prosecution.

nom de guerre (Fr.). A war name; a pseudonym; a pen name.

nom de plume (Fr.). A pen name. (Incorrect for nom de guerre.)

non compos mentis (L.). Not of sound mind.

non omnia possumus omnes (L.). We cannot, all of us, do everything.

non sequitur (L.). It does not follow.

nota bene (L.). Mark well.

Obiit (L.). He, or she, died.

œuvres (Fr.). Works.

omnia vincit amor (L.). Love conquers all things.

on dit (Fr.). They say; people say.

onus probandi (L.). The burden of proof.

ora et labora (L.). Pray and work.

o tempora! o mores! (L.). Alas for the times! Alas for the manners!

otium cum dignitate (L.). Ease with dignity.

Pace (L.). Not to give offence to. — pace tua, with your consent.

palmam qui meruit ferat (L.). Let him who has won the palm wear it.

par excellence (Fr.). By way of eminence; preëminently.

pari passu (L.). With equal pace; step for step.

particeps criminis (L.). Accomplice in a crime.

parvenu (Fr.). An upstart.

passim (L.). Everywhere.

pax vobiscum (L.). Peace be with you.

per capita (L.). By the head; on each person.

per se (L.). By itself considered; of itself.

poeta nascitur, non fit (L.). A poet is born, not made.

pour prendre congé (Fr.). To take leave.

prima facie (L.). On the first face; at first sight.

pro aris et focis (L.). For our altars and hearths.

pro bono publico (L.). For the good of the public.

pro patria (L.). For native land.

protégé (Fr.). One protected by another.

Quantum mutatus ab illo (L.). How changed from what he once was.

quantum sufficit (L.). As much as suffices; a sufficient quantity.

quelque chose (Fr.). Something; a trifle.

quid pro quo (L.). Something in return; an equivalent.

quod erat demonstrandum (L.). Which was to be proved.

quot homines, tot sententiae (L.). Many men, many minds.

Raison d'être (Fr.). The reason for a thing's existence.

rara avis (L.). A rare bird.

recherché (Fr.). Choice, elegant.

reductio ad absurdum (L.). Reduction to an absurdity.

requiescat in pace (L.). May he, she, rest in peace.

resurgam (L.). I shall rise again.

revenons à nos moutons (Fr.). Let us return to our sheep; let us return to our subject.

ruat cælum (L.). Let the heavens fall.

Sang froid (Fr.). Cold blood.

sans peur et sans reproche (Fr.). Without fear and without reproach.

sans souci (Fr.). Without care.

sartor resartus (L.). The tailor patched or mended.

sauve qui peut (Fr.). Let him save himself who can.

savoir faire (Fr.). The knowing how to act; tact.

séance (Fr.). A sitting.

semper idem;—paratus (L.). Always the same, always ready.

sic semper tyrannis (L.). Ever so to tyrants.

sic transit gloria mundi (L.). Thus passes away the glory of this world.

similia similibus curantur (L.). Like things are cured by like.

si monumentum quæris, circumspice (L.). If you seek his monument, look around you.

sine die (L.). Without a day being appointed.

sine qua non (L.). An indispensable condition.

sola nobilitas virtus (L.). Virtue the only nobility.

spero meliora (L.). I hope for better things.

splendide mendax (L.). Nobly untruthful; untrue for a good object.

sponte suâ (L.). Of one's own accord.

suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.). Gentle in manner, resolute in deed.

sub judice (L.). Under consideration (by the court).

sub rosa (L.). Under the rose, privately.

sub voce (L.). Under such or such a word.

sui generis (L.). Of its own peculiar kind.

summum bonum (L.). The chief good.

suum cuique (L.). Let everyone have his own; honor to whom honor is due.

Tant mieux; tant pis (Fr.). So much the better; so much the worse.

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.). Times change, and we with them.

tempus fugit (L.). Time flies.

tenax propositi (L.). Tenacious of purpose.

terra firma (L.). Solid earth.

terra incognita (L.). An unknown country.

tête-à-tête (Fr.). Face to face; in close conversation.

to kalon (Gr.). The beautiful.

toujours prêt (Fr.). Always ready.

tour de force (Fr.). A feat of strength or skill.

tout-à-fait (Fr.). Wholly; entirely.

tout ensemble (Fr.). The whole taken together.

Ubi bene, ibi patria (L.). Where it is well, there is one's country.

Ultima Thule (L.). The utmost boundary or limit.

un fait accompli (Fr.). An accomplished fact.

ut infra; ut supra (L.). As below; as above.

Vade mecum (L.). Go with me; a constant companion.

vae victis (L.). Woe to the vanquished.

veni, vidi, vici (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's laconic message to the senate when he overcame Pharnaces, king of Pontus.)

verbatim et literatim (L.). Word for word and letter for letter.

verbum sat sapienti (L.) A word is enough for a wise man.

vérité sans peur (Fr.). Truth without fear.

via media (L.). A middle course.

vĭcĕ (L.). In the place of.

vice versa (L.). The terms being exchanged.

videlicet (L.). To wit, namely (viz.).

vi et armis (L.). By force of arms.

vincit omnia veritas (L.). Truth conquers all things.

vis à vis (Fr.). Facing.

viva voce (L). By the living voice; orally.

vive le roi (Fr.). Long live the king.

voila (Fr.). Behold; there is; there are.

vox et præterea nihil (L.). A voice, and nothing more; sound but no sense.

vox populi, vox Dei (L.). The voice of the people is the voice of God.

vulgo (L.). Commonly.

Zeitgeist (Ger.). The spirit of the times.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS IN COMMON USE.

a or @.—At.

A.B.—Bachelor of Arts.

Abp.—Archbishop.

a/c. or acct.—Account.

A.D. (L. Anno Domini).—In the year of our Lord.

A.D.C.—Aide-de-camp.

Adj.—Adjective.

Adjt.—Adjutant.

Ad lib., or Ad libit. (L. Ad libitum.)—At pleasure.

Adm.—Admiral.

Adv.—Adverb; Advocate.

Advp. or avoir.—Avoirdupois.

Advt.—Advertisement.

Ae. or Aet. (L. aetatis).—Of age; aged.

A.F. & A.M.—Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.

Ala.—Alabama.

Ald.—Alderman.

Alg.—Algebra.

Alta.—Alberta.

A.M.—(L. ante meridiem), before Noon. Master of Arts.

Amt.—Amount.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Ans.—Answer.

A.O.U.W.— Ancient Order of United Workmen.

Ap. or Apr.— April.

A.R.A.—Associate of the Royal Academy.

Arith.—Arithmetic.

Ariz.—Arizona.

Ark.—Arkansas.

A.S. or Ang. Sax.—Anglo-Saxon.

Asst.—Assistant.

Astron.—Astronomy.

Atty., Atty. Gen.—Attorney; Attorney General.

Aug.—August.

Ave.—Avenue.

b.—born.

B.A.—Bachelor of Arts.

Bal.—Balance.

Balt.—Baltimore.

Bart. or Bt.—Baronet.

B.A.Sc.—Bachelor of Applied Science.

Bbl. or bbl.—Barrel.

B.C.—Before Christ. British Columbia.

B.C.L.—Bachelor of Civil Law.

B.D.—Bachelor of Divinity.

Bk., Bkk.—Book; Books.

B.LL.—Bachelor of Laws.

B.M.—Bachelor of Medicine.

B. Mus.—Bachelor of Music.

Bot.—Botany.

Bp.—Bishop.

B. Paed.—Bachelor of Pedagogy.

Brig. Gen.—Brigadier General.

Brit.—Britain; British.

Bro(s).—Brother(s).

B.Sc.—Bachelor of Science.

Bt.—Bought.

Bu. or bu.—Bushel.

C. Cap. (L. Caput.).— Ch., chap., chapter.

C.A.—Chartered accountant.

Cal.—California.

Can.—Canada.

Capt.—Captain.

C.B.—Cape Breton. Commander of the Bath.

C.C.—County Clerk. County Commissioner. Church Clerk.

C.E.—Civil Engineer.

C. or Cent.—Hundred.

Cf. or cf. (L. confer).—Compare.

Chem.—Chemistry.

Cin.—Cincinnati.

C.J.—Chief Justice.

C.M.—Common meter.

C.M.G.—Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

C.N.R.(O.)—Canadian Northern Railway (of Ontario).

Co.—Company. County.

c/o.—In care of.

C.O.D.—Cash (or collect) on delivery.

Col.—Colonel.

Coll.—College.

Colo.—Colorado.

Comp.—Compound.

Conn. or Ct.—Connecticut.

Conj.—Conjunction.

Con. (L. contra).—Against; in opposition.

Cor.—Corner. Corinthians.

Corp.—Corporal.

Cor. Sec.—Corresponding Secretary.

C.P.R.—Canadian Pacific Railway.

Cr.—Credit. Creditor.

Ct(s). Cent(s). Connecticut.

Cur. or Curt.—Current; this month.

Cwt.—Hundredweight.

d.—Penny or pence. Died.

D.—Five hundred.

D.A.G.—Deputy Adjutant General.

Dak.—Dakota.

D.C.—District of Columbia.

D.C.L.—Doctor of Civil Law.

D.D.—Doctor of Divinity.

D.D.S.—Doctor of Dental Surgery. Doctor of Dental Science.

Dec.—December.

Deg.—Degree.

Del.—Delaware.

Dep.—Deputy.

Dept.—Department.

Dis. or Disct.—Discount.

Dist.—District.

D.Mus.—Doctor of Music.

Do. (Ital. ditto).—The same.

Dol., Dols., $.—Dollar(s).

Doz.—Dozen.

Dr.—Debtor. Doctor. Drachm.

D.Paed.—Doctor of Pedagogy.

D.R.A.—Dominion Rifle Association.

D.Sc.—Doctor of Science.

D.V. (L. Deo volente).—God willing.

D.V.S.—Doctor of Veterinary Science.

12 mo.—Duodecimo (folded in 12).

Dwt.—Pennyweight.

E.—East, eastern.

ea.—each.

Ed.—Editor; edition.

Edin.—Edinburgh.

Edwardus Rex (King Edward).

E.E.—Electrical Engineer.

e.g. (L. exempli gratia).—For example.

E.I.—East Indies.

Emp.—Emperor; Empress.

Eng.—England; English.

Esq. or Esqr.—Esquire.

et al. (L. et alii)—And others.

etc. or &c. (L. et cetera).—And the rest; and so forth.

Ex(x).—Example(s).

Exec. Com.—Executive Committee.

E. and O.E.—Errors and omissions excepted.

F., Fahr.—Fahrenheit.

Feb.—February.

Fig.—Figure. Figurative.

Fla.—Florida.

F.O.B.—Free on board.

Fr.—Franc. France. French.

F.R.A.S.—Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

F.R.C.P.—Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

F.R.C.S.—Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.

F.R.G.S.—Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

F.R.S.—Fellow of the Royal Society.

F.R.S.C.—Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Fri.—Friday.

Ft.—Foot.

Fut.—Future.

Ga.—Georgia.

Gal.—Gallon.

G.B.—Great Britain.

G.C.M.—Greatest common measure.

Gen(l).—General.

Geog.—Geography.

Geol.—Geology.

Geom.—Geometry.

G.R. (L. Georgius Rex).—King George V.

G.R. et I.—George, King and Emperor.

Ger.—German, Germany.

Gov.—Governor.

G.M.—Grand Master.

G.P.O.—General Post Office.

Gr.—Greek, Gross. Grain.

gr.—Gramme.

H.B.C.—Hudson's Bay Company.

H.B.M.—His (Her) Britannic Majesty.

Hdkf.—Handkerchief.

Hf. bd.—Half-bound.

Hhd.—Hogshead.

H.I.H.—His (Her) Imperial Highness.

Hist.—History.

H.M.S.—His majesty's service, or ship.

Hon.—Honorable.

H.P. or h.p.—Horse power.

H.R.H.—His (Her) Royal Highness.

I.—Island.

Ia.—Iowa.

Ib. or Ibid. (L. ibidem).—In the same place.

Id.—the same.

i.e. (L. id est).—That is.

I.H.S. (originally Gr. Iēs(ous); usually looked upon as standing for Jesus, hominum Salvator). Jesus, Saviour of men.

Ill.—Illinois.

In.—Inch(es).

Incog. (Ital. Incognito).—Unknown.

Ind.—Indiana.

Inst.—Instant; the present month.

Int.—Interest.

Introd.—Introduction.

I.O.F.—Independent Order of Foresters.

I.O.G.T.—Independent Order of Good Templars.

I.O.O.F.—Independent Order of Oddfellows.

I.O.U.—I owe you; an acknowledgement for money.

Isl.—Island.

Ital.—Italic; Italian.

J.—Judge, Justice. JJ.—Justices.

Jam.—Jamaica.

Jan.—January.

J.C.—Jesus Christ.

J.H.S.—See I.H.S.

J.P.—Justice of the Peace.

Jr., Jun.—Junior.

Kan.—Kansas.

K.C.—King's Counsel.

K.C.B.—Knight Commander of the Bath.

K.C.M.G.—Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.

Ken. or Ky.—Kentucky.

K.G.—Knight of the Garter.

Kilog.—Kilogramme.

Kilom.—Kilometre.

K.L.H.—Knight of the Legion of Honour.

K.M.—Knight of Malta.

Knt. or Kt.—Knight.

K.P.—Knight of St. Patrick.

K.T.—Knight of the Thistle. Knight Templar.

L.—Fifty. Lake.

L., l. or £ (L. libra).—Pound or pounds (sterling).

La.—Louisiana.

Lat.—Latin. Latitude.

L., lb.—Pound (weight).

l.c. (L. loco citato).—In the place quoted. Lower case.

L.D.S.—Licentiate of Dental Surgery.

Lex.—Lexicon.

L.I.—Long Island.

Lib. (L. liber).—Book. Liberal.

Lieut.—Lieutenant.

Lieut. Col.—Lieutenant Colonel.

LL.B.—Bachelor of Laws. (LL. is written because the word is plural.)

LL.D.—Doctor of Laws.

L.M.—Long Metre.

loc cit.—see l.c.

Lon(g).—Longitude.

L.S.—Place of the seal.

L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii).—Pounds, shillings, pence.

Lt.—see Lieut.

Ltd.—Limited.

M.—(L. mille), thousand. (L. meridies), noon. Mile.

M. (Fr. Monsieur).—Sir.

m.—metre, minute.

M.A.—Master of Arts.

Ma. or Minn.—Minnesota.

Maj.—Major.

Man.—Manitoba.

Mar.—March.

Mass.—Massachusetts.

Math.—Mathematics.

Max.—Maximum.

M.B.—Bachelor of Medicine.

Mch.—March.

M.D.—Doctor of Medicine.

Md.—Maryland.

Mdlle. or Mlle.—Mademoiselle.

Mdse.—Merchandise.

M.E.—Mining, Military, Mechanical Engineer. Methodist Episcopal.

Me.—Maine.

Mem(o).—Memorandum or memoranda.

Messrs. or MM.—Messieurs, Gentlemen.

Mex.—Mexico.

Mfg.—Manufacturing.

Mfr.—Manufacturer.

Mgr.—Monsignor. Manager.

Mich.—Michigan.

Mil. Acad.—Military Academy.

Min.—Minute.

Minn.—See Ma.

Miss.—Mississippi.

M.L.A.—Member of the Legislative Assembly.

mm.—Millimetres.

Mme.—Madame.

Mo(s).—Month(s). Missouri.

Mon.—Monday. Montana.

M.P.—Member of Parliament.

M.P.P.—Member of Provincial Parliament.

Mr.—Master (pronounced Mister).

M.R.C.P.—Member of the Royal College of Physicians.

M.R.C.S.—Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Mrs.—Mistress.

MS(S).—Manuscript(s).

Mt.—Mount; Mountain.

Mus. B(ach).—Bachelor of Music.

Mus. D(oc).—Doctor of Music.

N.—Noon. North. Number, Noun, Neuter.

N.A.—North America.

N.B.—New Brunswick; (L. Nota Bene), note well, take notice.

N.C.—North Carolina.

N.D(ak).—North Dakota.

N.E.—New England. North-east.

Neb.—Nebraska.

Nem. con. (L. nemine contradicente)—No one contradicting; unanimously.

Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente)—No one dissenting.

Net., Nett.—Free from all deductions.

Neut.—Neuter.

Nev.—Nevada.

New Test., N.T.—New Testament.

N.F., Nfd.—Newfoundland.

N.H.—New Hampshire.

N.J.—New Jersey.

N. Lat.—North Latitude.

N. M(ex).—New Mexico.

N.N.E.—North North-East.

No. (L. numero).—Number.

Nom.—Nominative.

Nov.—November.

N.P.—Notary Public.

N.S.—Nova Scotia. New style.

N.S.W.—New South Wales.

N.W.M.P.—North-West Mounted Police.

N.Y.—New York.

O.—Ohio.

Ob. (L. obiit).—He (she) died.

Obt.—obedient.

Oct.—October.

O.H.M.S.—On His Majesty's Service.

O.K.—"All correct."

Old Test., O.T.—Old Testament.

O.T.—Oklahoma Territory.

Ont.—Ontario.

Ore.—Oregon.

Oz.—ounce.

P., p., pp.—Page; pages; participle.

Pa.—Pennsylvania.

Par.—Paragraph.

Parl.—Parliament.

Pay't.—Payment.

P.C.—Police Constable. Privy Council.

Pd.—Paid.

P.E.I.—Prince Edward Island.

Penn.—See Pa.

Per an. (L. Per annum).—By the year.

Per ct. or cent.—By the hundred.

Phar.—Pharmacy.

Ph.D.—Doctor of Philosophy.

Phm. B.—Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Pk.—Peck.

Pkg(s).—Package(s).

Pl., Plur.—Place. Plural.

P.M. (L. Post Meridiem).—afternoon. Post Master. Past Master. Police Magistrate.

P.M.G.—Postmaster-general.

P.O.—Post office.

P.O.O.—Post office order.

Pop.—Population.

P.P.—Parish Priest.

P.P.C. (Fr. Pour prendre congé).—To take leave.

P.Q.—Province of Quebec.

Pres.—President.

Prin.—Principal.

Prof.—Professor.

pr(s).—Pair(s).

Pro tem. (L. Pro tempore).—For the time being.

Prox. (L. proximo).—Next, or of the next month.

P.S. (L. post scriptum).—Postscript.

Pt.—Part. Pint. Point. Port.

Pte.—Private.

P.T.O.—Please turn over.

Pub.—Publisher.

Pwt.—See Dwt.

Q.—Query; question.

Q.E.D. (L. Quod erat demonstrandum).—Which was to be proved.

Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum).—Which was to be done.

Q.M.—Quarter-master.

Q.M.G.—Quarter-master-general.

Qr.—Quarter. Quire.

Qt.—Quart.

Qto.—Quarto; folded in four.

Qu.—See Q.

Que.—Quebec.

Q.V. (L. quod vide).—Which see.

R. (L. recipe)—Take.

R. (L. Rex; regina).—King; Queen.

R.—River. Rod. Rood.

R.A.—Royal Academy or Academician. Royal Artillery. Rear Admiral.

R.C.—Roman Catholic.

R.C.P.—Royal College of Physicians.

R.D.—Rural Dean.

R.E.—Royal Engineers.

Rec'd.—Received.

Rec. Sec.—Recording Secretary.

Rem.—Remarks.

Rev(d).—Reverend.

R.G.S.—Royal Geographical Society.

R.I.—Rhode Island.

R.I.P. (L. requiescat in pace).—May he (she) rest in peace.

R.M.—Royal Mail.

R.N.—Royal Navy.

R.S.V.P. (Fr. Répondez s'il vous plait).—Answer, if you please.

Rt. Hon.—Right Honorable.

R.W.—Right Worthy.

R.W.G.M.—Right Worshipful Grand Master.

Ry.—Railway.

S.—Saint. South. Sunday. Sun.

s.—Second or seconds. Shilling.

S.A.—South America. South Australia. South Africa.

Sask.—Saskatchewan.

Sat.—Saturday.

S.C.—South Carolina.

Sc. (L. scilicet).—To wit; namely.

Scot.—Scotland.

S.D(ak).—South Dakota.

S.E.—South-east.

Sec., Secy.—Secretary.

Sen., Senr., Sr.—Senior.

Sept.—September.

Serg., Sergt.—Sergeant.

S.G.—Solicitor General.

Shak.—Shakespeare.

S.J.—Society of Jesus.

Soc., Socy.—Society.

Sig. (L. Sigillum).—Seal.

S. Lat.—South latitude.

S.M.—Short meter.

Sol. Gen.—See S.G.

Sov(s).—Sovereign(s).

S.P.C.A.—Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Sp. gr.—Specific gravity.

Sq., Square.—Sq. ft., in., m., yd(s) = square foot (feet), inch(es), mile(s), yard(s).

Sr.—Senior.

SS.—Saints.

S.S.—Sunday (Sabbath) School.

S.S.—Steamship.

S.S.E.—South-south-east.

St.—Saint. Street. Strait.

Ste. Sainte.—A woman saint.

S.T.D.—Doctor of Sacred Theology.

Ster., stg.—Sterling.

Str.—Steamer. Street.

Sun.—Sunday.

Supt.—Superintendent.

Surg.—Surgeon.

Surv. Gen.—Surveyor General.

s.v. (L. sub voce)—Under the word.

S.W.—South-west.

Syn.—Synonym.

T., Ter.—Territory.

Tel.—Telegram. Telephone.

Tenn.—Tennessee.

Tex.—Texas.

Th., Thurs.—Thursday.

T.O.—Turn Over.

Tp.—Township.

Tr.—Transpose.

Treas.—Treasurer.

T.T.L.—To take leave.

Tu., Tues.—Tuesday.

U.K.—United Kingdom.

Ult. (L. ultimo)—Last, of the last month.

Unit.—Unitarian.

Univ.—University.

U.S.A.—United States of America. United States Army.

U.S.N.—United States Navy.

V. (L. vide).—See.

Vs. (L. versus).—Against.

V.A.—Vice-Admiral.

Va.—Virginia.

Vb.—Verb.

V.C.—Vice-Chancellor. Vice-Consul. Victoria Cross.

Ven.—Venerable.

Vet.—Veterinary.

V.G.—Vicar-General.

v.g. (L. verbi gratia).—For example.

Vice-Pres., V.P.—Vice-President.

vid. (vide).—See.

Vis(c).—Viscount.

viz. (L. videlicet).—To wit; namely.

Vol.—Volume.

vs.—See V.

V.S.—Veterinary Surgeon.

Vt.—Vermont.

Vul(g).—Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible).

W.—West.

W.A.—West Australia.

Wash.—Washington.

Wed.—Wednesday.

w.f.—Wrong font (of type).

Wis.—Wisconsin.

W.I.—West Indies.

Whf.—Wharf.

W. Long.—West longitude.

W.S.W.—West-south-west.

Wt.—Weight.

W. Va.—West Virginia.

Wyo.—Wyoming.

X. Xt.—Christ.

Xmas.—Christmas.

yd.—Yard.

Ye.—The.

Y.M.C.A.—Young Men's Christian Association.

Y.W.C.A.—Young Women's Christian Association.

Yrs.—Years. Yours.

Zool.—Zoology.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as ą and ų on handheld devices.

Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspelling in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 42. '—un' replaced by 'un—'.

Pg 53. 'an add' replaced by 'and add'.

Pg 55. 'easier' is out of order, but has not been moved.

Pg 71. 'un ' replaced by 'un— '.

Pg 88. 'always, ' inserted before 'ąl´wāys'.

Pg 88. 'length, ' inserted before 'leng´th'.

Pg 88. 'orphan, ' inserted before 'or´-phan'.

Pg 88. 'several, ' inserted before 'sev´ėr-al'.

Pg 144. 'brethren, ' inserted before 'breTH´-ren'.

Pg 144. 'cemetery, ' inserted before 'cem´-ē-ter-y'.

Pg 144. 'February, ' inserted before 'Feb´rų-a-ry'.

Pg 144. 'history, ' inserted before 'his´-to-ry'.

Pg 144. 'pumpkin, ' inserted before 'pump´-kin'.

Pg 150. ' e' replaced by ' —e'.

Pg 169. 'suppliant' replaced by 'supplicant'.

Pg 181. 'carabine' replaced by 'carbine'.

Pg 213. 'innalienable' replaced by 'inalienable'.

Pg 237. 'Cincinatti' replaced by 'Cincinnati'.

Pg 240. 'Oklohama' replaced by 'Oklahoma'.

Pg 241. 'Pa.' replaced by 'See Pa.'.

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Table of Contents

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Alberta Public School Speller, by Anonymous

THE ALBERTA PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER

CONTENTS.

STANDARD I. Grades 1 and 2.

Review of the Difficult Words.

STANDARD II. GRADE 3.

Review of the Difficult Words.

STANDARD III. Junior. GRADE 4.

Rules.

Review of the Difficult Words.

Pronounce.

STANDARD III. Senior. GRADE 5.

Review of the Difficult Words.

STANDARD IV. Junior. GRADE 6.

Review of the Difficult Words.

Pronounce.

STANDARD IV. Senior. GRADE 7.

Review of the Difficult Words.

Small Difficult Words.

STANDARD V. Junior. GRADE 8.

Review of the Difficult Words.

Rules for Syllabication.

PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING.

Small Difficult Words—Use these words in sentences.

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

PREFIXES.

WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

GREEK ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings.

Abbreviations and Contractions in Common Use.

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE