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Title: Dictionary of Explosives

Author: Arthur Marshall

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES ***

DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

BY

ARTHUR MARSHALL

A.C.G.I., F.I.C., F.C.S.

CHEMICAL INSPECTOR INDIAN ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT

PHILADELPHIA

P. BLAKISTON’S SON & CO.

1012 WALNUT STREET

1920

Printed in Great Britain

INTRODUCTION

It is a generation since a dictionary of explosives has been published, and, in the meantime, many new explosives have been introduced. It is hoped, therefore, that this small volume, giving concise information about these special materials, may prove useful to those who have to deal with them. In Cundill and Thomson’s “Dictionary of Explosives,” issued in 1895, there are many entries of the names of inventors and of mixtures which had been proposed but have never been used commercially, nor are likely to be. As modern explosives were then in their infancy, it was no doubt wise to insert all the available information whether it appeared to be important or not; but now it seems to me better to restrict the scope of the dictionary so as to keep its size within moderate limits. Practically only explosives with special or proprietary names are therefore dealt with here. For information concerning chemical substances, such as the nitro-toluenes and other nitro-compounds, reference should be made to the textbooks on explosives and chemistry.

A few words may, however, be said here about the nitrocelluloses. These are made by treating cellulose with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and then purifying the product by washing it thoroughly with hot water. The variety of cellulose most used for this purpose is cotton, and the product obtained from it is frequently called nitrocotton, three special varieties of which are collodion cotton, pyrocollodion and guncotton (q. v.). The only other form of cellulose which is nitrated on a commercial scale is “chemical cellulose” obtained by the treatment of wood or straw. Nitrated wood cellulose has long been used for the manufacture of smokeless powders for shot-guns, and during the War the Germans made powders for rifled fire-arms from it.

No trouble has been spared to make the dictionary complete and accurate, but there must inevitably be omissions and errors in it, especially as regards the explosives of foreign countries. The author will be grateful for any additional information that may be sent him.

Explosives may be classified in various ways, according to the purpose of the classification, but the great majority of them fall naturally into two main divisions: propellants and high explosives. Propellants explode comparatively slowly, and are used to propel projectiles from fire-arms. High explosives are much more rapid in their action, and are used for bursting and shattering. Propellants are of two sorts, according as they are intended for use in shot-guns or rifled fire-arms. Those for shot-guns burn more rapidly than those for the latter, but both practically always contain a considerable proportion of nitrocellulose, gelatinised by means of such solvents as acetone or ether-alcohol, according as it is of high or low nitration. Some contain also nitroglycerine, and are then called nitroglycerine powders, whereas those that do not contain this substance are termed nitrocellulose powders. Many powders also contain other ingredients, as may be seen from the compositions given in this dictionary.

Of high explosives an important class is used for charging shells and bombs. As a rule, but not necessarily, these are not the same as the explosives used for mining operations and other general blasting purposes. Another important class is that of the coal-mine explosives, which are designed to give only a short and comparatively cool flame so as to diminish the danger of igniting fire-damp and coal-dust. Nearly half the explosives in this dictionary are coal-mine explosives. The reason for this large number is that no finality has yet been reached as to the best and safest explosives to use in coal mines. When more experience has been gained it is probable that the number of these explosives on the market will be reduced. In England the Permitted List has recently been cut down considerably.

In Great Britain these coal-mine explosives have to be submitted to the Inspectors of Explosives, and are subjected to tests for safety and strength. If they pass they are placed on the list of “Permitted Explosives,” and the compositions are published in the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders. In these Orders the upper and lower limits of the percentage of each constituent are given, but in this dictionary intermediate percentages are given so that the sum for any explosive amounts to 100. In the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders the percentage of such a substance as wood, meal or starch, is given in the dried condition, but here it is given in the air-dry state on the assumption that it then contains about 10 per cent. of moisture.

In France and Belgium also the compositions of the coal-mine explosives are published, but in Germany, as a rule, only a list of the constituents is given, and sometimes an upper or lower limit for one or more of the principal constituents. Moreover, it is not stated explicitly whether the explosives are intended for use in coal mines or for general blasting purposes. In the United States of America, explosives intended for use in coal mines are examined by the Bureau of Mines, which, however, has no power to prevent the use of others because regulations on this matter are made by the individual states. If they pass they are placed on the list of “Permissible Explosives.” The compositions are not published, but the class of composition is stated.

Until the second half of the nineteenth century, gunpowder was practically the only explosive used on a considerable scale, and it was employed for all purposes. Consequently it does not fall into any of the classes mentioned, or rather it could be placed in several of them.

Another class of explosives that has not yet been mentioned is that of the primary igniters, of which fulminate of mercury may be taken as typical. The characteristic of these is that they can be exploded or ignited by a spark or moderate friction, and consequently they can be employed to fire other, less sensitive explosives. There are, however, practically no explosives of this class which possess special or proprietary names, and consequently they are not dealt with in this dictionary.

Naini Tal, India.

1920.

CLASSIFICATION

COAL-MINE EXPLOSIVES

American Permissible Explosives.

Aetna Coal Mine Powder.

Guardian.

Bental Coal Powder.

Hecla No. 2.

Bituminite.

Hygrade Coal Powder.

Black Diamond.

Kanite.

Cameron Mine Powder.

Lomite.

Carbonite.

Lowinite.

Coalite.

Meteor.

Coal Special.

Miners’ Friend.

Collier Powder.

Min-ite.

Cronite.

Monobel.

Detonite.

Nitro Low-Flame.

Du Pont Permissible.

Red H.

Eureka.

Trojan Coal Powder.

Fort Pitt Mine Powder.

Tunnelite.

Fuel-ite.

Vigorite.

Giant Coal Mine Powder.

Xpdite.

Austrian and Hungarian.

Chloratit.

Progressit.

Dynammon.

Titanit.

Belgian Explosifs S.G.P.

Alsilite.

Grisoutite.

Antigel de Sûreté.

Ingélite.

Baelenite.

Minerite.

Colinite antigrisouteuse.

Minite.

Cornil.

Minolite.

Densite.

Pulvérite.

Dynamite antigrisouteuse.

Sabulite antigrisouteuse.

Favier Explosives.

Securophore.

Flammivore.

Wallonite.

Forcite antigrisouteuse.

Yonckite.

Fractorite.

(There were also several

Grisoutine II.

explosives made in Germany.)

British.

*Abbcite.

*Herculite.

*Abelite.

*Kent Powder.

*Ajax Powder.

Kentite.

*Albionite.

*Kolax.

*Amasite.

*Kolax (Super-).

*Ammonal.

*Kynarkite.

Ammonite.

*Kynite.

*Amvis.

*Melling Powder.

*Anchorite.

*Mersey Powder.

*Aphosite.

*Minite.

*Arkite.

Monarkite.

*Barking Powder.

Monobel.

Bellite.

*Monobel Powder.

Bobbinite.

*Nationalite.

*Britonite.

Negro Powder.

*Bull Dog.

*Neonal.

Cambrite.

*Nitro-Densite.

*Carbonite.

*Nobel Ammonia Powder.

*Celtite.

*Normanite.

*Cliffite.

*Oaklite.

Cliffite (Super-).

*Odite.

*Clydite.

*Permon Powder.

*Cornish Powder.

*Permonite.

*Coronite.

*Phœnix Powder.

*Curtisite.

*Pit-ite.

*Curtisite (Super-).

*Pitsea Powder.

Denaby Powder.

Rex Powder.

*Dominite.

*Rexite.

*Dragonite.

*Rippite.

*Dreadnought Powder.

Rippite (Super-).

Du Pont Permissible.

Roburite.

*Duxite.

*Russelite.

Dynobel.

Samsonite.

*Electronite.

*Saxonite.

Essex Powder.

Seamex.

*Excellite.

*Sheppey Powder.

Excellite (Super-).

*Stanford Powder.

Expedite.

*Steelite (Colliery).

*Faversham Powder.

*St. Helen’s Powder.

Fortex (New).

Stomonal.

*Fracturite.

*Stow-ite.

*Gathurst Powder.

*Sunderite.

*Good Luck.

*Superite.

Haylite.

*Swale Powder.

*Swalite.

*Victorite.

*Syndite.

Viking Powder.

Thames Powder.

*Virite.

*Tutol.

*Westfalite.

*Uplees Powder.

*Withnell Powder.

*Victor Powder.

(Those marked * are not now on the Permitted List.)

French.

Favier explosives.

N.

Grisounite.

Naphthalite (Grisou-).

Grisoutine.

German.

Albit (Wetter-).

Lignosit.

Astralit (Wetter-).

Monachit.

Bautzener Sicherheits-pulver.

Naphthalit.

Bavarit.

Nobelit.

Cahuecit (Ammon-).

Orkanit.

Carbonite.

Pastanit.

Chloratzit.

Permonit.

Chromamonit.

Perrumpit.

Cosilit.

Persalit (Wetter-).

Dahmenit.

Plastomenit.

Detonit.

Rhenanit (Wetter-).

Donarit.

Roburite.

Dorfit.

Romperit (Wetter-).

Dynamit (Wettersicheres).

Salit.

Elsagit (Ammon-).

Schlesit.

Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.

Securite.

Foerdit.

Siegenit.

Fulmenit (Wetter-).

Teutonit.

Gehlingerit.

Tremonit.

Gesilit.

Tunnelit.

Glueckauf.

Walsrode (Wetter-).

Kohlenkarbonit.

Westfalit.

Koronit (Kohlen-).

Wetter-Dynamit.

Lenit (Neu-).

BLASTING EXPLOSIVES

Aerolit.

Alkalsit.

Aetna.

Amasite.

Albit.

Ammonal.

Ammoniakkrut.

Koronit.

Anagon.

L.C. Pulver.

Anilit.

Leonit.

Astralit.

Ligdyn.

Atlas Powder.

Lignosit.

Barbarit.

Lithofracteur.

Blastine.

Loewenpulver.

Blasting Gelatine.

Luxit.

Bomlit.

M.B. Powder.

C.

Marsit.

Cahuecit.

Meganit.

Carbite d’Ablon.

Melanite.

Carbo-Dynamite.

Mercurit.

Carlsonite.

Miedziankit.

Cheddite.

Minolite.

Chloratzite.

Mitchellite.

Cugnite.

Monachit.

Dahmenite.

Naphthalit.

Denaby Powder.

Nitrolit.

Densite.

O.

Dominit.

Oakley Quarry Powder.

Donarit.

Oxyliquit.

Dynamite.

Pastanil.

Electronite.

Peragon.

Ergite.

Perchlorit.

Erin Gelignite.

Perdit.

Extra Dynamite.

Perilit.

Forcite.

Persalit.

Fumenit.

Petroklastit.

Gehlingerit.

Petrolit.

Gelatinée a l’Ammoniaque.

Pfalzit.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Pierrite.

Gelignite.

Plastammon.

Giant Powder.

Plessit.

Halalite.

Pniowit.

Hammonit.

Polarite.

Helagon.

Praeposit.

Helit.

Prométhée.

Hercules Powder.

Prosperit.

Imperialite.

Rack-a-Rock.

Judson Powder.

Raschit.

Kausolit.

Red Cross.

Kinetit.

Rendrock.

Kiwit.

Rexol.

Rhenanit.

Stonax.

Rhexit.

Telsit.

Rivalit.

Territ.

Rockite.

Teutonit.

Romperit.

Thornit.

Roslin Giant Blasting Powder.

Titanite.

Sabulite.

Tonite.

Saxonite.

Tremonit.

Sebomite

Velox Gelatine.

Sengite.

Vender.

Siegenit.

Vigorite.

Silesia.

Vulcan Powder.

Sprengel Explosives.

Wilhelmit.

Sprengsalpeter.

Yonckite.

HIGH EXPLOSIVES

(For Shells and Bombs.)

Alumatol.

Himalayite.

Amatol.

Hudson’s Explosive.

Amatoxol.

Lyddite.

Anilite.

Macarite.

Astralit.

Mélinite.

Baratol.

Nitrolit.

Cilferite.

Panclastite.

Crésylite.

Perdit.

Dunnite.

Plastrotyl.

Echo.

Schneiderite.

Ecrasite.

Shellite.

Fuellpulver.

Stabilite.

Fumyl.

T.N.T.

Granatfuellung.

Toxol.

H.E.

Triplastit.

Hellhofite.

MISCELLANEOUS EXPLOSIVES

Black Powder.

Ophorite.

C.P.

Pulvérin.

Centralite.

Pyrocollodion.

Cheesa Sticks.

Pyroxyline.

Collodion Cotton.

Stabilite.

Flobert Ammunition.

Tetryl.

Glonoine.

White Gunpowder.

Halakite.

PROPELLANTS

(For Shot-guns.)

Amberite.

Neonite.

Cannonite.

New Explosives Co.’s

Clermonite.

Smokeless Powder.

Cooppal’s Powder.

Normal Powder.

Crystal.

Plastomenit.

Du Pont Smokeless Powder.

Primrose Smokeless.

E.C. Powder.

Red Star.

Economic.

Rifleite (Shot Gun).

Eley Smokeless Powder.

Rottweil Smokeless Powder.

Empire.

Ruby Powder.

Felixite.

S.

Fulmen Powder.

S.S.

Henrite.

Schultze Powder.

Ideal Powder.

Smokeless Diamond.

J.

Stowmarket Smokeless.

K.S.

T.

M.

Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.

Mischpulver.

Walsrode Shot Gun Powder.

Mullerite.

(For Rifled Fire-arms.)

Amide Powder.

N.C.T.

Ammonpulver.

Neonite.

Apyrite.

Nitrokol.

Axite.

Normal Powder.

B.

P.C./88.

Ballistite.

R.F.G.

Brugère’s Powder.

R.L.G.

Cocao Powder.

Rifleite.

Cordite.

Rottweil Smokeless Powder.

C.S.P.

S.K.

Filite.

S.R.

Hebler Powder.

S.V.

Indurite.

Solenite.

Lafflin and Rand.

Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.

Moddite.

Wetteren.

DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

ABBCITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd. The original composition which passed the Woolwich Test was—

Ammonium nitrate

80

Nitroglycerine

10

Wood meal

10

To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride was added, and a little dinitro-toluene was also introduced—

ABBCITE NO. 2.

Date of Permit

3-7-15

Ammonium nitrate

58

Nitroglycerine

8·5

Wood meal

9

Dinitro-toluene

1·5

Sodium chloride

23

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·54”

The permit has now been repealed.

ABELITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Lancashire Explosives Co. Two formulas were approved—

No. 1.

No. 4.

Date of Permit

7-4-14

15-1-15

Ammonium nitrate

68·5

67

Dinitro-benzene

7

—

Trinitro-toluene

7

14·5

Sodium chloride

17·5

7

Starch

—

11·5

Limit charge

14 oz.

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·85”

2·79”

The permits have now been repealed.

Abelite (without distinguishing number) is simply a mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-toluene—

Ammonium nitrate

83

Trinitro-toluene

17

It is therefore a variety of Bellite in which the dinitro-benzene has been replaced by trinitro-toluene. It is used for filling grenades and general blasting purposes, but is not permitted in dangerous coal mines.

AEROLIT is a Danish ammonium nitrate explosive, e.g.—

Ammonium nitrate

78·125

Potassium nitrate

7·5

Sulphur

8·75

Fat

2·5

Sago meal

1·25

Manganese dioxide

1·25

Resin

0·625

AETNA COAL POWDER is an American coal-mine powder on the Permissible List. Brands A, B and C are nitroglycerine explosives. AA and No. 2 are ammonium nitrate explosives.

AETNA POWDER.—A variety of American dynamite containing 15 to 65 per cent. of nitroglycerine mixed with wood pulp and sodium nitrate. Roasted flour has sometimes been substituted for wood pulp.

AJAX POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

22·3

Nitrocotton

0·7

Di- and trinitro-toluenes

3·5

Potassium perchlorate

37

Wood meal

11·5

Ammonium oxalate

25

Limit charge

12 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·69”

In 1914, 329,000 lbs. were used in coal mines, but the permit has now been repealed.

ALBIONITE.—A mixture of gelignite and ammonium oxalate. It was formerly on the Permitted List.

ALBIT.—A German chlorate explosive introduced in 1915 in consequence of the scarcity of nitrates due to the War. It is defined as consisting of not more than 80 per cent. sodium or potassium chlorate, not more than 4 per cent. nitroglycerine, and mono- or dinitro-hydrocarbons. It may also contain inorganic salts and carbon carriers such as vegetable meal, oils, soaps or carbohydrates. A variety made for use in coal mines is called Wetter-Albit or Kohlen-Albit.

ALDORFIT. See DORFIT.

ALKALSIT.—A German chlorate or perchlorate explosive made by the Dynamit A.-G. of Hamburg. It contains not more than 80 per cent. sodium or potassium chlorate, or not more than 80 per cent. sodium, potassium or ammonium perchlorate, and 19 per cent. of aromatic nitro-hydrocarbons and nitrocotton, also coal, hydrocarbons or carbohydrates, and nitrates. The chlorate mixtures must not contain ammonium salts. Alkalsit I contains not more than 27 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, not more than 24 per cent. of sodium nitrate, not more than 8 per cent. of trinitro-toluene, also wood meal, flour and nitro-naphthalene. Alkalsit A contains not more than 55 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, not more than 31 per cent. trinitro-toluene, and not more than 5 per cent. of a neutral liquid mixture of nitrated toluenes. Alkalsit B is similar except that it contains also ammonium nitrate.

ALSILITE S.G.P.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive on the list of Explosifs S.G.P. It is of the Ammonal type—

Ammonium nitrate

62

Trinitro-toluene

11

Ferro-silicon-aluminium

5

Sodium chloride

22

Charge limite

900 g.

ALUMATOL.—A mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene and a little aluminium powder, used for charging trench-mortar bombs, etc.

AMASITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List—

Ammonium perchlorate

34

Sodium nitrate

31

Myrobolans

34·7

Agar agar

0·3

It was made by the Société Anonyme de Vilvorde in Belgium, and was originally called Ugolite.

Rock Amasite and S.T. Amasite are non-permitted explosives of composition somewhat similar to the above.

AMATOL.—A mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-toluene. The composition is shown by the figures placed after the name; thus Amatol 40/60 contains 40 per cent. ammonium nitrate and 60 per cent. trinitro-toluene, and Amatol 80/20 consists of 80 parts ammonium nitrate and 20 parts trinitro-toluene. These explosives are used very extensively for filling shell and other projectiles. The mixtures rich in trinitro-toluene can be cast after being heated to temperature above the melting-point of this constituent, but those rich in ammonium nitrate are stemmed into the projectile hot or pressed. Similar mixtures are used by the Germans and other powers under various names. In Germany it is called Füllpulver (q. v.).

AMATOXOL.—A mixture of ammonium nitrate and Toxol, which consists of trinitro-toluene and trinitro-xylene.

*AMBERITE.—A smokeless shot-gun powder made by Curtis’s and Harvey at Tonbridge. Amberite No. 1 contained nitroglycerine as well as nitrocotton and various other substances. According to “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 78, a sample of Amberite No. 2 had the composition—

Insoluble nitrocotton

18·6

Soluble   ”

46·0

Nitrates of potassium and barium

28·0

Vaseline

6·0

Volatile matter

1·4

This is still on the market. It is a fibrous 42-grain bulk powder.

*AMIDE POWDER or Chilworth Special Powder was an early attempt at a smokeless powder. Under the name of Amidpulver it was used by the German artillery for some years in the ’eighties of the last century. Its composition was—

Ammonium nitrate

35-38

Potassium nitrate

40-46

Charcoal

14-22

See also Ammonpulver and Hebler Powder.

AMMONAL is a blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, aluminium powder, charcoal, and generally trinitro-toluene. It was patented in 1900 by G. Roth of Vienna, and the following are some of the compositions made by his firm at Felixdorf in Austria—

a

b

c

d

Ammonium nitrate

80·75

90

88

80

Aluminium

15

4

8

18

Charcoal

4·25

6

4

2

More violent mixtures made by the same firm are—

I

II

Ammonium nitrate

46

32

Trinitro-toluene

30

50

Aluminium

22

16

Charcoal

2

2

and modifications of this have been used largely in the British service. It is not suitable for use in underground workings as it forms on explosion the poisonous gas carbon monoxide, unless the proportion of ammonium nitrate be large. It has been used for charging grenades, and by the Austrians for trench howitzer bombs.

When the explosive is detonated, the aluminium is converted into the oxide, evolving no gas, but a considerable amount of heat, which increases the power of the explosive. The aluminium powder also renders the explosive easier to detonate.

Three explosives of this type passed the Woolwich Test, and were on the old Permitted List for coal mines, namely, Ammonal B, Ripping Ammonal and Saint Helen’s Powder (q. v.).

Ammonal B.

Ripping

Ammonal.

Ammonium nitrate

94·5

86

Aluminium

3

8

Charcoal

2·5

2·5

Potassium bichromate

—

3·5

No explosives containing aluminium are on the present Permitted List.

AMMONCAHUECIT }

CAHUECIT.

}

See

AMMONCARBONIT }

CARBONIT.

AMMONIAKKRUT was the first ammonium nitrate explosive. It was invented by J. Ohlsson and J. H. Norrbin, two Swedes, and was protected by English Patent 2766 of 1869. It consisted of ammonium nitrate together with 5 or 10 per cent. of charcoal, coal dust, etc., to which mixture was added 10 to 30 per cent. of nitroglycerine to make it less difficult to detonate.

AMMONITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Favier type, made by the Miners’ Safety Explosives Co. The original composition, which passed the Woolwich Test was—

Ammonium nitrate

88

Dinitro-naphthalene

12

To pass the more severe Rotherham Test a number of compositions have been made and approved, but some of them have been repealed. Those now on the Permitted List are—

Ammonite

No. 1.

Ammonite.

Ammonite

No. 5.

Date of Permit

29-8-14

5-11-17

2-8-18

Ammonium nitrate

74·5

73·5

74·5

Dinitro-naphthalene

—

5·5

—

Trinitro-naphthalene

—

—

5

Trinitro-toluene

5

—

—

Sodium chloride

20·5

21

20·5

Limit charge

24

18

26 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·42

2·44

2·41”

Ammonite No. 1 is used on a considerable scale in coal mines. A non-permitted explosive called Ripping Ammonite is also made.

*AMMONPULVER is a propellant which was used by the Austrians from 1890 to 1896 in guns of various calibres—

Ammonium nitrate

80-90

Charcoal

10-20

It was superseded by a powder of the ballistite type, but has been reintroduced recently by the Germans to replace a part of the charge of nitrocellulose powder in their field gun. The advantages claimed for it are small erosion of the gun, absence of muzzle flame, chemical stability, and cheapness. On the other hand, it gives high pressures, and if used by itself requires a gun with a specially large chamber; but the most serious objection to it is that on keeping, physical changes take place in the pellets, leading to the production of very high pressures. It is said that moisture promotes these changes. See also Amide Powder.

AMVIS.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

90

Wood meal

5

Dinitro-benzene     }

5

Chlorinated naphthalene }

Neu ANAGON.—A German blasting explosive containing not more than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, zinc-aluminium alloy and charcoal.

ANCHORITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Favier type, formerly on the Permitted List. It was made by Kynoch-Arklow, Ltd.

Date of Permit

13-5-14

Ammonium nitrate

34·3

Sodium nitrate

33·3

Ammonium chloride

20·2

Trinitro-toluene

12·2

Limit charge

14 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·73”

ANILIT.—A German explosive containing not less than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, not more than 5 per cent. of sugar, and copper sulphate-aniline or copper oxalate-aniline.

ANILITE.—A French liquid explosive of the Sprengel class used for aerial bombs.

ANTIGEL DE SÛRETÉ.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive—

Nitroglycerine

25

Sodium nitrate

20

Dinitro-toluene

15

Ammonium sulphate

5

Cellulose    }

35

Wood meal    }

The Charge limite is 900 grammes, which is equivalent to 524 grammes of dynamite No. 1. The composition is the same as that of Ingélite. It is a low-freezing nitroglycerine explosive.

APHOSITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

60

Potassium nitrate

29·5

Charcoal

4

Wood meal

4

Sulphur

2·5

*APYRITE.—A nitrocellulose smokeless powder formerly made in Sweden by the Société Grakrut.

ARKITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd. The original composition which passed the Woolwich Test was—

Nitroglycerine

52·5

Nitrocotton

3·5

Potassium nitrate

22

Wood meal

7

Ammonium oxalate

15

The proportions were modified, and the following passed the Rotherham Test, and was on the Permitted List—

ARKITE NO. 2.

Date of Permit

7-4-14

Nitroglycerine

32

Nitrocotton

1

Potassium nitrate

27

Wood meal

10

Ammonium oxalate

30

Limit charge

40 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·41”

It has now been repealed.

ASTRALIT.—An ammonium nitrate explosive containing a little blasting gelatine, made by the Dynamit A. G. Nobel of Hamburg. It has been used largely in Germany for a variety of purposes.

Astralit I and II are defined as consisting of ammonium nitrate, charcoal, vegetable meal, not more than 15 per cent. of aromatic nitro-bodies not more dangerous than trinitro-toluene, not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine; also paraffin oil.

Astralit IV consists of ammonium nitrate, not more than 10 per cent. of aromatic nitro-bodies not more dangerous than dinitro-naphthalene, vegetable meal, and not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

Astralit V, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate in addition to ammonium nitrate, also vegetable meal, not more than 16 per cent. of aromatic nitro-compounds, and not more than 4 per cent. of nitroglycerine.

Gelatine-Astralit is a gelatinised or powdery mixture of the nitrates of ammonium and sodium (or potassium), not more than 50 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than 5 per cent. of nitroglycerine, not more than 2 per cent. of collodion cotton, vegetable meal, aromatic nitro-bodies such as nitro-toluenes or nitro-naphthalenes, but not more than 4 per cent. of trinitro-toluene; also hydrocarbons.

Wetter-Astralit is a coal-mine explosive, and differs from Astralit in that part of the ammonium nitrate is replaced by sodium chloride.

Wetter-Gelatine-Astralit is also a coal-mine explosive, and differs from Gelatine-Astralit in that it contains also fatty oils and neutral salts, such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride or an oxalate.

The following percentage compositions have been given—

Astralit.

Wetter-

Astralit.

Nitroglycerine

4

4

Ammonium nitrate

84·5

74·5

Trinitro-toluene

7

7

Wood meal

1

1

Charcoal

1

1

Paraffin oil

2·5

2·5

Sodium chloride

—

10

Gelatine-

Wetter-

Astralit.

Nitroglycerine

4

Dinitro-chlorhydrin

16

Nitrocotton

0·5

Ammonium nitrate

40

Sodium nitrate

7·5

Dinitro-toluene

4

Nitro-toluene

1

Wood meal

0·5

Potato meal

8

Rape oil

2

Ammonium oxalate

2·5

Sodium chloride

14

Explosives of the Astralit type have also been used extensively by the Germans for filling trench howitzer shell and similar projectiles. The following is approximately the composition used for this purpose—

Nitroglycerine

3

Nitrocotton

0·5

Ammonium nitrate

77

Trinitro-toluene

16

Wood meal

3·5

This explosive was authorised in England under the name of Australite.

ATLAS POWDER.—A brand of American straight dynamite.

AUSTRALITE. See ASTRALIT.

*AXITE. A smokeless powder made by Kynoch, Ltd., and used for sporting rifles. It is a sort of Cordite MD, with a little of the guncotton replaced by potassium nitrate, and is in the form of flat strips. A sample had the composition—

Nitroglycerine

29·7

Guncotton

63·1

Potassium nitrate

1·9

Mineral jelly

5·1

Volatile matter

0·2

*B.—Poudre B is the French service propellant. It consists of nitrocotton gelatinised with ether-alcohol, in which it is partly soluble. A little diphenylamine is added to increase the stability. Formerly, various other additions have been made. A letter or letters are added to show the size of the powder and the purpose for which it is used—

Poudre

BF for rifles (from fusil).

BNF a later powder for rifles (from nouveau).

BC for field guns (from campagne).

BSP for siege howitzers (from siège et place).

BGC for larger military guns (from gros calibre).

BM for naval ordnance (from marine); a figure is added to show the size.

Further letters and figures are added to show other particulars about the powder; D_2 means 2 per cent. of diphenylamine has been added as a stabiliser, or AM_8, 8 per cent. of amyl alcohol. The place and date of manufacture are similarly indicated.

BAELENITE.—A Belgian mining explosive—

I.

II.

Ammonium nitrate

85

95

Trinitro-toluene

15

5

Charge limite

0

75

It is authorised for manufacture in, or importation into the United Kingdom.

*BALLISTITE.—One of the first military smokeless powders, invented by Nobel. It consisted of about equal parts of nitroglycerine and soluble nitrocotton incorporated together under water, then passed repeatedly through rolls and cut into flakes. It was adopted by a number of Continental powers, but in consequence of the severe erosion of the guns which it caused, it has been modified or abandoned. The percentage of nitroglycerine is reduced, and consequently it is necessary to use a solvent such as acetone. A little mineral jelly or other stabiliser is sometimes added.

BARATOL.—A mixture of barium nitrate and trinitro-toluene.

BARBARIT.—A German chlorate explosive made at the Sprengstoff-fabriken Kriewald bei Gleinitz.

Potassium chlorate

90-92

High-boiling petroleum

8-10

The petroleum has a flash point not below 105° C., and commences to boil not below 242°.

Gelatine-Barbarit has the composition—

Potassium chlorate

80

Trinitro-toluene

10

Liquid mono- and dinitro-toluenes       }

10

gelatinised with 5 per cent. collodion cotton}

BARKING POWDER.—A mixture of ammonium perchlorate and nitrated naphthalene, formerly used in coal mines.

BAUTZENER SICHERHEITSPULVER.—A German coal-mine explosive containing not less than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, barium nitrate, and not more than 15 per cent. of trinitro-toluene.

BAVARIT.—A German coal-mine explosive similar to Grisounite. It contains 90 per cent. of ammonium nitrate together with nitrated naphthalene; charcoal may be added.

BELLITE is essentially a mixture of ammonium nitrate and metadinitro-benzene. It has been used extensively as a coal-mine explosive, and was patented by C. Lamm of Stockholm in 1885. Two varieties passed the Woolwich Test and were on the old Permitted List—

No. 1.

No. 3.

Ammonium nitrate

83·5

93·5

Dinitro-benzene

16·5

6·5

No. 1 contains just enough oxygen for complete combustion, and No. 3 contains a large excess of oxygen. To enable the explosive to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride has been added. There were four varieties on the present Permitted List, but all except the following, No. 1, have been repealed—

No. 1.

Date of Permit

3-2-16

Ammonium nitrate

63·5

Dinitro-benzene

15

Sodium chloride

16·5

Starch

5

Limit charge

20

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·74

BENTAL COAL POWDER.—An American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive.

BITUMINITE.—There are several coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 8 L.F. are nitroglycerine explosives. No. 5 is an ammonium nitrate explosive.

BLACK DIAMOND.—There are several coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 2A, 3A and 6 L.F. are nitroglycerine explosives, whereas Nos. 5, 7 and 8 are ammonium nitrate explosives.

BLACK POWDER is a name for ordinary gunpowder, a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal.

BLASTINE is a high explosive having approximately the composition—

Ammonium perchlorate

60

Sodium nitrate

23

Dinitro-toluene

11

Paraffin wax

6

As the sodium nitrate in the above is not equivalent to the ammonium perchlorate, part of the chlorine is given off in the form of the poisonous gas, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid).

BLASTING GELATINE.—Nitroglycerine, stiffened by having collodion cotton dissolved in it. Discovered by Nobel in 1875. It contains about—

Nitroglycerine

93

Collodion cotton

7

and also often a fraction of a percentage of calcium or magnesium carbonate to increase its stability. This is the most powerful of all the explosives in common use.

BOBBINITE.—The only explosive of the gunpowder class the use of which is permitted in coal mines in England. In most foreign countries explosives of this class are not allowed to be used in them at all. The permission is only temporary, but has been extended to the end of 1920, and is restricted to mines that are not gassy or dangerous from coal dust. There are two definitions, but the second is the one that is generally manufactured apparently—

First.

Second.

Potassium nitrate

63·5

65

Charcoal

18·5

20

Sulphur

2

2

Sulphates of ammonium and copper

15

—

Rice or maize starch

—

9

Paraffin wax

—

3

Moisture

1

1

More than a million pounds of this explosive are used in coal mines every year. It shatters the coal less than high explosives do.

BOMLIT.—A German potassium perchlorate blasting explosive made by Wolff et Cie. at Walsrode. It contains also ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene and guncotton. Other ingredients that may be present are potassium and sodium nitrates, starch meal, vaseline, naphthalene and other hydrocarbons, charcoal and castor oil.

BRITONITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd., Pitsea. The original composition passed the Woolwich Test and was on the list of Permitted Explosives, but on the introduction of the Rotherham Test it became necessary to add ammonium oxalate or sodium chloride. Nos. 2 and 3 were on the Permitted List, but have now been repealed.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

28-1-15

Nitroglycerine

26

24

24·5

Sodium nitrate

—

—

28

Potassium nitrate

32·7

30

—

Wood meal

41

38

35·5

Sodium carbonate

0·3

—

Ammonium oxalate

—

8

—

Sodium chloride

—

—

12

Limit charge

—

24

24 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

—

2·26

2·17”

BROWN POWDER. See COCOA POWDER.

BRUGÈRE’S POWDER consisted of—

Ammonium picrate

54

Potassium nitrate

46

It was stated to give good results in the Chassepôt rifle, but picrate mixtures are liable to detonate, and are therefore dangerous to use as propellants.

BULL DOG Gunpowder Pellets were used in coal mines. They contained the same constituents as Bobbinite, which superseded them, but in different proportions.

Explosifs  C  were mixtures of ammonium cresylate with ammonium or sodium nitrate. They were made in France at one time, but their manufacture was dropped, as they were more expensive to make than Grisounite, and no more powerful.

CAHUECIT.—This was invented in the ’seventies of the last century by R. Cahuc, and was manufactured at Dartford in Kent under the name of Safety Blasting Powder or Carboazotine. It is still made in Germany. The ingredients are—

English.

German.

Potassium nitrate

64

70

Sulphur flowers

12

12

Lampblack or soot

7

8

Bark or wood pulp

17

10

to which are added a few per cent. of sulphate of iron. The incorporation is carried out with the assistance of a considerable quantity of water, which is afterwards evaporated off. The mixing is not very thorough. The explosive is a comparatively mild one, but is used sometimes for blasting basalt. In the German explosive the potassium nitrate may be replaced by the corresponding sodium salt.

AMMONCAHUECIT.—In this explosive the potassium nitrate is replaced mainly or wholly by ammonium nitrate, and it contains not more than 15 per cent. of trinitro-toluene or trinitro-naphthalene or other nitro-body.

The brand labelled “Fram” contains ammonium nitrate, not more than 25 per cent. of trinitro-toluene gelatinised with 4 per cent. collodion cotton, wood meal or other vegetable meal and neutral stable salts. The brand “Indra” is similar, except that it contains also not more than 10 per cent. potassium nitrate, and the percentage of trinitro-toluene may be raised to 20.

CAMBRITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type made by Nobels at Ardeer. It consists practically of Nobel Carbonite, to which 8 per cent. of a cooling agent has been added. Unlike most of the explosives on the old Permitted List, it passed the Rotherham Test with practically no alteration—

Cambrite.

No. 2.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

1-4-15

Nitroglycerine

23

23

Barium nitrate

4

4

Potassium nitrate

27·5

27·5

Wood meal

37·2

37

Calcium carbonate

0·3

0·5

Ammonium oxalate

8

—

Potassium chloride

—

8

Limit charge

30

24 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

1·98

2·00”

Only No. 2 is now on the Permitted List.

CAMERON MINE POWDER.—There are a number of coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 1A, 2A and 2A LF are ammonium nitrate explosives, whereas Nos. 3A and 5A are nitroglycerine explosives.

*CANNONITE was a smokeless powder made by a firm called the War and Sporting Smokeless Powder Syndicate, Ltd. It consisted of about 86 per cent. of nitrocellulose mostly insoluble in ether-alcohol, and a few per cent. of barium nitrate, together with small quantities of some of the following: potassium nitrate, charcoal, lampblack, vaseline, rosin, stearine, dinitro-benzene, trinitro-toluene, potassium ferro-cyanide, graphite. For shot-guns the powder was of the forty-two grain type, dense and gelatinised. The rifle powder was colloidal. These powders were made in the ’nineties of the last century.

CARBITE D’ABLON is a sort of Carbonite made in France—

Nitroglycerine

26

Potassium nitrate

33

Wood meal or flour

41

CARBOAZOTINE. See CAHUECIT.

CARBO-DYNAMITE was an explosive patented by W. D. Borland. It differed from ordinary dynamite in that the nitroglycerine was absorbed in cork charcoal instead of kieselguhr. One part of the charcoal sufficed to absorb nine parts of nitroglycerine.

CARBONITE (or Karbonit) was one of the earliest and one of the most successful coal-mine explosives. It was first made by Bichel and Schmidt at Schlebusch in Germany in 1885, and after some modifications gave satisfactory results at the Neunkirchen testing station in 1887. It contains about 26 per cent. of nitroglycerine, 33 per cent. of a nitrate, and 40 per cent. of wood meal or starch flour, and small quantities of other substances. Nobel Carbonite passed the Woolwich Test and had the composition—

Nitroglycerine

26

Barium nitrate

4

Potassium nitrate

29

Wood meal

40·5

“Sulphuretted benzol”

0·25

Sodium and calcium carbonates

0·25

The Carbonite made at the works of the Carbonite Syndicate at Schlebusch, and imported into Great Britain, was practically the same as this, but they also made another explosive which passed the Woolwich Test, and contained 35 per cent. of nitroglycerine gelatinised with nitrocotton, and smaller proportions of nitrates and wood meal than are given above: this was called Extra-Carbonite. They have also made explosives to numerous modifications of this formula for use on the Continent. The essential feature of all of them is that they contain so much of the combustible constituents, such as wood meal, that most of the carbon appears in the products of explosion as carbon monoxide, and the temperature of the gases is consequently low.

Nobels at Ardeer also made a low freezing explosive in which part of the nitroglycerine was replaced by a nitro-compound. This was called Arctic Carbonite—

Nitroglycerine

15·5

Nitro-hydrocarbon

10·5

Potassium nitrate

42

Wood meal

31·7

Calcium carbonate

0·3

Various manufacturers have made explosives of the type of Carbonite and placed them on the market under different names, such as Tutol, Kolax, Kohlen-Carbonite, Minite and Colinite. These, however, do not pass the Rotherham Test for Permitted Explosives, unless ammonium oxalate or other cooling agent be added, as in the case of Cambrite, Super-Kolax and Britonite No. 2.

On the Continent, explosives similar to Arctic Carbonite have been produced under the names Antigel de Sûreté and Ingélite.

There are several Carbonites on the American Permissible List. Of these Nos. 1 to 4 are in order of diminishing violence: Nos. 5 and 6 are low freezing varieties. There are also a number of other explosives of the Carbonite type on the List.

Ammonkarbonit is a German coal-mine explosive, containing about 80 per cent. of ammonium nitrate and 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine, together with 5 or 10 per cent. of potassium nitrate, and a combustible such as flour, starch or coal dust. Sodium or potassium chloride may be added as a cooling agent. It has been used for blasting clay.

Gelatine-Karbonit is a Carbonite containing ammonium nitrate, and a considerable proportion of nitroglycerine gelatinised with collodion cotton.

Halokarbonit is similar to Ammonkarbonit, except that a considerable proportion of the ammonium nitrate is replaced by other nitrates.

CARLSONITE was the first ammonium perchlorate explosive submitted to H.M. Inspectors of Explosives. It was proposed in 1898 by Carlson of Stockholm, and some of the mixtures were reported on favourably, but no licence was ever taken out in the United Kingdom for this explosive.

C.E. (Composition Exploding) is the same as Tetryl.

CELTITE was a coal-mine explosive made by Dr. R. Nahnsen & Co., Hamburg, and formerly permitted for use in British coal mines, having passed the Woolwich Test.

Nitroglycerine

57

Nitrocotton

3

Potassium nitrate

19

Wood meal

9

Ammonium oxalate

12

It was also called Zeltit.

*CENTRALITE is not an explosive, but is a name given to a substance which has been used to modify the surface of smokeless powder, and make it burn progressively. The substance is dimethyl-diphenyl-urea. (See Brit. Pat. 29,882 of 1909.) It acts also as a stabiliser.

CHEDDITE is a chlorate explosive which has been rendered less sensitive by having the particles of chlorate coated with castor oil or paraffin wax. It is manufactured by the French Government at the Vonges Powder Works, and has also been made in other countries. The two types that have been most used in France are—

O2 or No. 4.

O5 or No. 1.

Potassium chlorate

79

—

Sodium chlorate

—

79

Castor oil

5

5

Mononitro-naphthalene

1

—

Dinitro-toluene

15

16

*CHEESA STICKS are sticks of cordite coated with powdered ammonium oxalate and shellac. They are used in South Africa as fuses for blasting charges. They are authorised in England only for manufacture and immediate export.

*CHILWORTH SMOKELESS POWDER. See C.S.P.

*CHILWORTH SPECIAL POWDER. See AMIDE POWDER.

CHLORATIT is an Austrian explosive, which was permitted for use in coal mines during the War.

CHLORATZIT.—A German explosive containing potassium chlorate or perchlorate, aromatic nitro-bodies, resins and carbohydrates. For use in coal mines neutral salts are added as cooling agents, and the name then has WETTER or KOHLEN prefixed to it.

CHROMAMONIT was a coal-mine explosive formerly made in Germany—

Ammonium nitrate

63·25

Potassium nitrate

17·5

Collodion cotton

9·25

Chromium ammonium alum

9·5

Vaseline

0·5

*CLERMONITE.—A Belgian shot-gun powder made by the Cooppal Co. It is a 40-grain fibrous powder of the bulk type and coloured green.

CLIFFITE was a coal-mine explosive made by Curtis’s and Harvey, and formerly on the Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

47

Collodion cotton

3

Starch

50

SUPER-CLIFFITE differs considerably from this. There are two formulæ which have passed the Rotherham Test, but only No. 2 is still on the Permitted List—

No. 1.

No. 2.

Date of Permit

21-9-16

21-9-16

Nitroglycerine

9·5

9·5

Collodion cotton

0·5

0·5

Ammonium nitrate

59

59·5

Wood meal

6

6

Sodium chloride

15

19·5

Ammonium oxalate

10

5

Limit charge

26

30 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·53

2·53”

CLYDITE was a coal-mine explosive formerly made by Nobels at Ardeer. It was similar to Nobel Carbonite, but the potassium nitrate was replaced by the barium salt, and it might contain up to 8 per cent. of ammonium oxalate.

COALITE.—There is a series of coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Varieties X, 3X, and 3XC are ammonium nitrate explosives; whereas 1, 2D, 2DL and 2MLF are nitroglycerine explosives.

COAL SPECIAL are American coal-mine explosives on the Permissible List. They are all nitroglycerine explosives.

COCOA POWDER or Brown Powder was a variety of gunpowder made with a brown charcoal prepared from straw—

Potassium nitrate

79

Sulphur

3

Straw charcoal

18

It was compressed to a density of 1·8 into prisms or grains of considerable size, and was used in guns of large calibre. E.X.E. and S.B.C. were special varieties of this.

COLINIT ANTIGRISOUTEUSE.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type. The ordinary formula is practically the same as that of Kohlencarbonite and Minerite. Type B consists of—

Blasting gelatine

26

Potassium perchlorate

6

Ammonium nitrate

20

Trinitro-toluene

12

Rye flour and cellulose

29

Magnesium sulphate

7

COLLIER POWDER.—There are a number of coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Varieties BNF, KN, X, XLF, 5, 5LF, 5 Special, 9, 11, and 11LF are ammonium nitrate explosives whereas 2 and 6LF are nitroglycerine explosives.

COLLODION COTTON is a variety of nitrocotton of low nitration, almost completely soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol. It contains not more than 12·3 per cent. of nitrogen. It also dissolves in nitroglycerine and liquid nitro-compounds, rendering them gelatinous and so preventing their exudation.

*COOPPAL’S POWDER.—A Belgian smokeless shot-gun powder. Formerly it was much the same as Schultze Powder, consisting of nitrolignin carefully purified, and mixed with nitrates with or without the addition of starch. The following analyses were published in “Arms and Explosives” for July 1917—

No. 1.

1892.

Fibrous

42-grain

bulk.

No. 2.

1900.

Gelatinised

30-grain

dense.

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

13·0

71·1

”    soluble

60·5

20·1

Metallic nitrates

21·3

2·0

Shellac

3·2

—

Nitro-hydrocarbons

—

5·5

Moisture

2·0

1·3

CORDITE is the principal smokeless powder of the British Services. It was originally adopted in 1888, and is made by mixing nitroglycerine with guncotton and mineral jelly (a sort of crude vaseline), and incorporating them together with the aid of acetone, which gelatinises the guncotton. In consequence of the severe erosion of the guns experienced during the South African War the proportions were altered, some of the nitroglycerine being replaced by guncotton. The propellant thus “modified” is called Cordite M.D., whereas that of the original composition is Cordite Mk.I. Both are still in use, especially M.D.—

Mk. I.

M.D.

Guncotton

37

65

Nitroglycerine

58

30

Mineral jelly

5

5

During the great European War a further variety was introduced to extend the basis of supply of solvents. This is called Cordite R.D.B. (Research Department B), and contains a nitrocotton of comparatively low nitration that can be gelatinised by means of a mixture of ether and alcohol—

Nitrocotton

52

Nitroglycerine

42

Mineral jelly

6

It is designed to give about the same ballistics as Cordite M.D. A further letter is sometimes added to show the form of the powder. Thus Cordite M.D.T. is M.D. pressed into tubes; S. stands for strip. The size is indicated by a numeral, which shows the diameter in hundredths of an inch of the die through which it has been pressed. In the case of tubular powder both the external and internal diameters are given approximately: e. g. Cordite M.D.T. 5-2.

Poudre blanche CORNIL.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate, potassium or sodium nitrate, dinitro-naphthalene and lead chromate, with or without the addition of ammonium chloride.

CORNISH POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive which passed the Woolwich Test and was formerly on the Permitted List, made by the National Explosives Co., Ltd.—

Nitroglycerine

55

Nitrocotton

3

Potassium nitrate

18

Wood meal

7

Magnesium sulphate

17

CORONITE was a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type, which was on the Permitted List at one time. It had also been called Permittite.

Picric acid has been called by this name in Sweden.

See also KORONIT.

COSILIT.—A German coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type made by Nahnsen. A published analysis gives its composition as—

Nitroglycerine

30

Sodium nitrate

22·3

Vegetable meal

40·5

Sodium chloride

7·2

COTTON POWDER. See TONITE, also CP.

CP_1 and CP_2 are varieties of nitrocotton (Coton Poudre) made in France, principally for the manufacture of Poudre B and other smokeless powders. CP_1 is a guncotton containing about 13 per cent. of nitrogen, and only about 10 per cent. of matter soluble in ether-alcohol. CP_2 is almost completely soluble in ether-alcohol, and contains about 12 per cent. of nitrogen.

CRÉSYLITE.—A French high explosive used for filling shell and other military purposes. Crésylite 60/40 consists of picric acid and nitrated cresol in about the proportions of 40 of the former to 60 of the latter. It melts below the temperature of boiling water. The nitrated cresol consists largely of trinitro-metacresol.

Crésylite No. 2 is simply crude trinitro-meta-cresol.

CRONITE is an American coal-mine explosive. There are two varieties on the Permissible List, Nos. 1 and 5, both of which are ammonium nitrate explosives.

*CRYSTAL is a smokeless shot-gun powder made by Curtis’s and Harvey. It is a non-solvent powder for cheap loading, and the charge is thirty-three grains.

C.S.P.2 (Chilworth Smokeless Powder, No. 2) is a modification of Cordite, containing a little sodium bicarbonate as a stabiliser. It is stated to have been adopted by the Brazilian navy (see “Engineering” for August 18, 1911, p. 237) and other powers.

CUGNITE.—A French blasting explosive manufactured by the Société Française des Explosifs—

Nitroglycerine

27

Nitrocotton

0·7

Ammonium nitrate

30

Sodium nitrate

30

Wood meal

11

Barium sulphate

1·3

CURTISITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite class made by Curtis’s and Harvey. It was formerly on the Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

88

Trinitro-toluene

8

Mononitro-naphthalene

4

SUPER-CURTISITE was a modification of the above to enable it to pass the Rotherham Test—

Date of Permit

7-4-14

Ammonium nitrate

38·5

Potassium nitrate

29·5

Trinitro-toluene

10

Ammonium chloride

22

Limit charge

16 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·71”

The permit has been repealed.

DAHMENITE is an ammonium nitrate explosive which has been used to a considerable extent in Germany. One variety known as Dahmenite A, made by De Gezamenlijke Buskruidmakers van Noord-Holland, was formerly on the British Permitted List for use in dangerous coal mines—

Ammonium nitrate

92·5

Naphthalene

5·5

Potassium bichromate

2

Ordinary Dahmenite contains up to 15 per cent. of potassium nitrate instead of bichromate, and has been used for blasting clay. Some varieties contain curcuma meal and other constituents. The following are some examples—

Gesteins-

Dahmenit.

No. 76.

Ammonium nitrate

84·5

71·5

Potassium bichromate

2·5

0·5

Curcuma meal

12

6·25

Dinitro-benzene

1

—

Trinitro-toluene

—

12

Sodium chloride

—

9·75

Gelatine

Dahmenit.

Ammonium nitrate

82

Sodium nitrate

5·5

Potassium nitrate

2

Dinitro-glycerine

27·4

Nitrocotton

0·6

Naphthalene

0·5

Trinitro-toluene

4·5

Alkali chloride

27·5

Neu-Dahmenit.

B

Ammonium nitrate

68

65

Potassium nitrate

2

2

Vegetable meal

2·5

0·5

Coke

2

7

Trinitro-toluene

10

8

Alkali chloride

15·5

17·5

DENABY POWDER.—There was formerly a blasting explosive of this name, consisting of a compressed mixture of Securite and charcoal—

Potassium and barium nitrates

73·2

Dinitro-benzene

21·5

Nitrocotton and charcoal

5·1

Moisture

0·2

In 1914 a coal-mine explosive was introduced under the same name and passed the Rotherham Test—

Date of Permit

13-5-14

Ammonium nitrate

34

Potassium nitrate

33·5

Trinitro-toluene

13

Ammonium chloride

19·5

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·74”

It is made by British Westfalite, Ltd.

DENSITE.—A Belgian blasting explosive containing one or more of the following nitrates: ammonium, strontium, sodium, potassium; also trinitro-toluene, and sometimes dinitro-toluene and ammonium chloride. This explosive is practically the same as Nitralite. Varieties have been made for use in coal mines.

See also Nitro-densite.

DETONIT V.—A German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate, charcoal, vegetable meal, neutral salts, and not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

DETONITE SPECIAL is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It contains ammonium nitrate.

DOMINITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Westphalia Anhalt Explosives Co. in Germany, and formerly on the British Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

59·3

Nitrocotton

4

Paraffin oil

0·7

Ammonium oxalate

8·5

Potassium nitrate

18·5

Potassium chloride

4

Wood meal

5

DOMINIT XI.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, dinitro-toluene, glycerine, and not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

DOMINIT XVIII, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, and is practically the same as Astralit V.

DONARIT is a German blasting explosive of the Grisoutine type made by the Carbonite Co. of Hamburg. As a standard for the sensitiveness of ammonium nitrate explosives, the Imperial German Railway Commission use Donarit of the composition—

Ammonium nitrate

80

Trinitro-toluene

12

Rye flour

4

Nitroglycerine

4

and this may be taken as the usual composition of the explosive, but the nitroglycerine is sometimes gelatinised with collodion cotton.

DONARIT A contains up to 16 per cent. of aluminium powder and no nitroglycerine.

DONARIT V, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, and is practically the same as Astralit V.

Wetter-Donarit contains also sodium chloride or other cooling agent.

Gelatine-Donarit contains up to 20 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin gelatinised with collodion cotton, in addition to the constituents of Donarit, and may also contain sodium nitrate.

DORFIT is a German coal-mine explosive made by the firm of Allendorf—

I.

II.

Gesteins.

Ammonium nitrate

65

61

66

Potassium nitrate

5

5

5

Trinitro-toluene

6

15

15

Flour

4

4

4

Sodium chloride

20

15

10

ALDORFIT is a simpler mixture intended for use where there is no danger of fire-damp—

Ammonium nitrate

81

Trinitro-toluene

17

Flour

2

It is authorised in Great Britain.

PERDORFIT contains not more than 52 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, sodium and ammonium nitrates, not more than 29 per cent. of trinitro-toluene and vegetable meal or gums.

DRAGONITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Curtis’s and Harvey, formerly on the Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

35·5

Nitrocotton

2·5

Potassium nitrate

44·5

Vaseline

5·5

Wood meal and charcoal

12

DREADNOUGHT POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive made by Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd., for a time on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Ammonium nitrate

75·4

Trinitro-toluene

4

Ammonium chloride

5

Sodium chloride

15·5

Red oil

0·1

Limit charge

32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·05”

There is also Quarry Dreadnought Powder, which is not a permitted explosive.

DUNNITE.—A high explosive used by the United States for filling shell. It is stated to give dangerous compounds with iron, so apparently is a compound of picric acid.

DU PONT PERMISSIBLE.—An American coal-mine explosive. The following is on the British Permitted List—

No. 1.

Date of Permit

26-4-16

Nitroglycerine

9·5

Ammonium nitrate

67·5

Wood pulp

8

Sodium chloride

15

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·82”

*DU PONT SMOKELESS POWDER.—An American shot-gun powder of the fibrous 36-grain bulk type—

Soluble nitro-cellulose

95·8

Metallic nitrates

2·2

Moisture

2·0

DUXITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Westphalia Anhalt Explosives Co. It passed the Rotherham Test, and was for a time on the British Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

32

Nitrocotton

1

Sodium nitrate

28

Wood meal

10

Ammonium oxalate

29

Limit charge

12 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·45”

Sicherheits Gallerte-DYNAMIT.—A German coal-mine explosive—

Nitroglycerine

32·25

Collodion cotton

1·25

Ammonium nitrate

22·6

Sodium nitrate

10·8

Vegetable meal

18

Potassium chloride

5·5

Gelatine

1·05

Dextrin

1·05

Glycerine

4·3

Moisture

3·2

Limit charge

50 g.

Wettersicheres Gelatine-DYNAMIT.—A German coal-mine explosive—

I.

Ia.

Nitroglycerine

40

38

Collodion cotton

1

1

Ammonium nitrate

27

25·5

Potassium nitrate

4

5

Ammonium oxalate

—

2·5

Rye flour

10

4

Liquid hydrocarbons

3·5

14

Fatty acid salt

12·5

10

Wood meal

2

—

Limit charge

50

100 g.

DYNAMITE is a name that has been given to various nitroglycerine explosives. Dynamite No. 1 consists of—

Nitroglycerine

75

Kieselguhr

25

the explosive being held in the pores of the kieselguhr. In other dynamites the nitroglycerine is absorbed in a material like wood meal, and a nitrate is added to oxidise the latter on explosion.

In Gelatine Dynamite the nitroglycerine is gelatinised with collodion cotton. See under Gelatine.

American Dynamites are not generally gelatinised with collodion cotton. They are made in a number of grades, depending on the percentage of nitroglycerine.

For further details about various dynamites, see textbooks on explosives.

DYNAMITE ANTIGRISOUTEUSE.—Belgian coal-mine explosive made at Baelen Wezel—

IV.

V.

Nitroglycerine

24

Nitroglycerine

44

Collodion cotton

1

Sodium sulphate

44

Ammonium nitrate

75

Wood meal

12

Of the above, IV. was found only to be safe in very small charges in the presence of fire-damp. No. V. has a “charge limite” of 700 grammes.

DYNAMMON.—The coal-mine explosive provided by the Austrian State monopoly—

Dynammon.

Wetter-

Dynammon.

Ammonium nitrate

87-88

94

Potassium nitrate

—

2

Red charcoal

12-13

4

Density

0·9

0·85

DYNOBEL.—A coal-mine explosive made by Nobels. The first formula to pass the Rotherham Test contained potassium perchlorate—

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

33

Collodion cotton

0·7

Potassium perchlorate

27

Wood meal

10·3

Ammonium oxalate

29

Limit charge

22 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·61”

Subsequently other formulæ of somewhat different composition passed the test—

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

Date of Permit

16-8-15

14-4-16

14-4-16

Nitroglycerine

19·5

15

15

Collodion cotton

0·5

0·5

0·5

Trinitro-toluene }

Dinitro-toluene } together

2

1·5

3

Dinitro-benzene }

Ammonium nitrate

42

52

46

Wood meal

5·5

5·5

5·5

Sodium chloride

30

25

29·5

Magnesium carbonate

0·5

0·5

0·5

Limit charge

24

18

30 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·46

2·50

2·35”

Of these only Nos. 3 and 4 are still permitted.

*E.C. POWDER was one of the first smokeless shot-gun powders, and is still one of the most successful. The composition has been varied somewhat from time to time, but it has always been a fibrous bulk powder. The following analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 76—

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Date of Introduction

1882

1890

1897

Class

42-grain

42-grain

33-grain

Nitrocotton, insoluble

30·0

15·9

44·0

”    soluble

28·2

41·0

30·4

Metallic nitrates

37·8

38·3

14·0

Resin

2·1

2·0

—

Vaseline

—

—

6·0

Camphor

—

1·0

4·0

Moisture

1·9

1·8

1·6

The powder is manufactured at Green Street Green, near Dartford in Kent. The name is derived from “Explosives Company.”

ECHO or EKKO is a blasting explosive made at Nitedal in Norway, consisting of ammonium nitrate, nitrocotton, trinitro-toluene, aluminium powder, and sometimes ferro-silicon. It has been used on the Continent for filling hand-grenades.

*ECONOMIC SMOKELESS SPORTING POWDER is a 42-grain bulk powder for shot-guns, made by the E.C. Powder Company.

ECRASITE or EKRASIT is a high explosive used in Austria for filling shell and other military purposes. It is the ammonium salt of trinitro-cresol.

ELECTRONITE.—There have been several explosives of this name, but none of them have been used extensively, and all are dead now. There was a coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

73

Barium nitrate

19

Starch and slightly-charred wood meal

8

It was made by Curtis’s and Harvey.

ELEY SMOKELESS SPORTING POWDER is a shot-gun powder similar to E.C.

Ammon-ELSAGIT is a German coal-mine explosive. It contains ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal, not more than 6 per cent. of trinitro-toluene or other nitro-body, not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine, and may also contain fatty oils, alkali chlorides or oxalate, and sodium or potassium nitrate.

Gesteins-ELSAGIT has much the same composition, but the percentage of trinitro-toluene may be raised to 12, and it contains no sodium or potassium nitrate.

*EMPIRE POWDER is a smokeless shot-gun powder introduced in 1902 by Nobel’s Explosives Company. It is a fibrous 33-grain bulk powder, and, according to an analysis published in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 77, its composition is—

Nitrocotton, insoluble

48·0

”    soluble

34·0

Metallic nitrates

9·0

Vaseline

7·0

Moisture

2·0

ERGITE.—A blasting explosive which was made for a few years in a factory in North Wales. Other explosives were also made under the names of Granergite, Shattergite, etc.

ERIN GELIGNITE.—A Gelignite containing a small percentage of dinitro-toluene to prevent the nitroglycerine freezing.

ESSEX POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd. It is on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

23

Nitrocotton

1

Potassium nitrate

34

Wheat flour

36

Ammonium chloride

6

Limit charge

38 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·17”

EUREKA No. 2 is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It contains nitroglycerine and a hydrated salt.

EXCELLITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

8

Ammonium nitrate

82·5

Collodion cotton

1

Dinitro-toluene

3

Wood meal

4·5

Castor oil

1

SUPER-EXCELLITE is a modification of this, containing salts as cooling agents. Three formulæ passed the Rotherham Test—

No. 2.

No. 3.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

7-4-14

22-6-14

Nitroglycerine

4

5

9·5

Collodion cotton

—

—

0·5

Ammonium nitrate

75·5

50

59

Potassium nitrate

7

20

—

Starch

3·5

5

4·5

Castor oil

—

—

1

Ammonium chloride

—

5

—

Sodium chloride

—

—

15

Ammonium oxalate

10

15

10·5

Limit charge

10

14

36 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·74

2·72

2·73”

It will be seen that all three are about equal as regards power, but that No. 3, which contains the largest proportion of cooling agents and more nitroglycerine, can be used safely in much greater charges. In 1916 807,000 lbs. of No. 3 were used in mines and quarries, principally in coal mines. It is recommended by the makers, Curtis’s and Harvey, for hard coal and colliery work generally. The permits of the others have been repealed.

EXPEDITE is a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List made by Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd.—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Ammonium nitrate

35

Potassium nitrate

33

Trinitro-toluene

12

Ammonium chloride

20

Limit charge more than

32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·62”

See also XPDITE.

EXPLOSIFS N, O, etc. See under respective letters.

EXTRA DYNAMITE is a variety of American dynamite containing ammonium nitrate.

FAVERSHAM POWDER is a coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite type made by the Cotton Powder Co. The mixture, which was on the old Permitted List, had the composition—

Ammonium nitrate

90

Trinitro-toluene

10

To make it pass the Rotherham Test, part of the ammonium nitrate was replaced by potassium nitrate, and ammonium chloride was added—

No. 2.

Date of Permit

10-2-14

Ammonium nitrate

47·5

Potassium nitrate

24

Ammonium chloride

18·5

Trinitro-toluene

10

Limit charge

24 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·61”

but this also has now been repealed.

FAVIER explosives consist essentially of ammonium nitrate mixed with nitro-compounds. Favier took out patents in 1884 and 1885 for mixtures of ammonium nitrate with mononitro-naphthalene, paraffin and resin. Their manufacture was undertaken soon afterwards by the French Government, and is still continued under the names of Explosifs N, or Explosifs Favier or Grisounites. Their composition has been varied from time to time, but the following are those now authorised—

Grisou-

naphtalite-

couche.

Grisou-

naphtalite-

roche

Grisou-

tetrylite-

couche.

For mines

free from

fire-damp,

etc.

N_1a.  N_4  .

N_1b.

N_1c.

Ammonium nitrate

95

90

91·5

86·5

88

87·4

Potassium nitrate

—

5

—

5

5

—

Dinitro-naphthane

—

—

8·5

8·5

—

12·6

Trinitro-naphthalene

5

5

—

—

—

—

Tetryl

—

—

—

—

7

—

The Grisounites-couche are used in the coal seams as they have theoretical temperatures of explosion of 1500° or less, but N_1a has been replaced to a considerable extent by N_4, because the presence of a proportion of potassium nitrate is found to increase the safety; these are both coloured green. The Grisounites-roche have theoretical temperatures of explosion of 1900° or less, and are used in the rocks in coal mines. N_1b is dyed rose colour, and N_1c pale yellow.

Many explosives of this type are in use in different countries. On the old British Permitted List were Ammonite, Westfalite, Bellite and Roburite amongst others. Those now on the List contain ammonium or sodium chloride to enable them to pass the Rotherham Test, e.g. the later Ammonites, Bellite Nos. 2 and 4, Faversham Powder and Negro Powder.

On the Belgian list of Explosifs S.G.P. is Favier II bis—

Ammonium nitrate

77·6

Dinitro-naphthalene

2·4

Ammonium chloride

20

Charge limite    More than

293 grammes.

FAVORIT. See KORONIT.

*FELIXITE is a smokeless shot-gun powder introduced in 1906 by the New Explosives Company. It is a fibrous 42-grain bulk powder, and, according to an analysis published in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 76, has the composition—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

40·5

”    soluble

20·5

Metallic nitrates

30·0

Nitro-compound

5·0

Vaseline

2·7

Moisture

1·3

*FILITE was a smokeless powder formerly used in the Italian services. It was a Ballistite consisting generally of equal parts of nitroglycerine and collodion cotton, to which 0·5 to 1 per cent. of aniline or diphenylamine was added as a stabiliser. It was gelatinised with a solvent and drawn out into cords.

FLAMMIVORE.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive made at Arendonck—

O.

I.

Ammonium nitrate

70

Blasting gelatine

4

Barium nitrate

15

Ammonium nitrate

82

Cellulose

5

Potassium nitrate

10

Dinitro-toluene

10

Rye flour

4

Charge limite

100g.

Charge limite

500g.

III.

Nitroglycerine

6

Ammonium nitrate

70

Ammonium sulphate

9

Barium sulphate

7

Dextrin

8

Charge limite

650g.

In the United Kingdom this is “authorised” but not “permitted” for use in dangerous mines.

FLOBERT ammunition consists of small cartridges, like detonators, charged with a small quantity of mercury fulminate, and some antimony sulphide and potassium chlorate. It is used for target practice and shooting small birds.

FOERDER SICHERHEITSSPRENGSTOFF.—A German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate, not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine, mono- and di-nitro-aromatic compounds, vegetable meal and neutral salts.

FOERDIT.—A German coal-mine explosive containing nitroglycerine gelatinised or ungelatinised, carbohydrates, glycerine, nitro-compounds, inorganic nitrates and sodium or potassium chloride.

Ammon-Foerdit is a similar mixture, except that it contains a larger percentage of ammonium nitrate and no other inorganic nitrates. The nitroglycerine is gelatinised, and there is a little diphenylamine. The following are examples of these two explosives—

Foerdit.

Ammon-Foerdit.

Nitroglycerine

25·5

3·8

Collodion cotton

1·5

0·2

Ammonium nitrate

37

85

Nitro-toluene

5

—

Dextrine or flour

4

4

Glycerine

3

2

Diphenylamine

—

1

Potassium chloride

24

4

Ammon-Foerdit F, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate and is similar to Astralit V.

FORCITE.—A variety of gelatine dynamite or gelignite made in Belgium. It contains blasting gelatine 36 to 64 per cent., sodium or ammonium nitrate, wood meal, magnesia and sometimes bran.

An American explosive of the same name is a dynamite containing wood tar—

Nitroglycerine

49

Collodion cotton

1

Sodium nitrate

38

Sulphur

1·5

Wood tar

10

Wood pulp

0·5

FORCITE ANTIGRISOUTEUSE 3.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type—

Nitroglycerine

26

Potassium nitrate

33

Barium nitrate

1

Rye flour

38·5

Bran

1

Sodium carbonate

0·5

Charge limite

750g.

FORTEX.—A coal-mine explosive made by Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd. The mixture, which was on the old Permitted List, was—

Ammonium nitrate

78·5

Tetryl

21·5

NEW FORTEX.—A modification of the above to pass the Rotherham Test—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Ammonium nitrate

35

Potassium nitrate

33

Tetryl

12

Ammonium chloride

20

Limit charge

10 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·61”

FORT PITT MINE POWDER NO. 1 is an American coal-mine powder on the Permissible List. It is a nitroglycerine explosive.

FRACTORITE.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive—

B.

D.

Ammonium nitrate

75

Ammonium nitrate

75

Dinitro-naphthalene

2·8

Sodium nitrate

10

Ammonium oxalate

2·2

Nitroglycerine

4

Ammonium chloride

20

Ammonium oxalate

7

Flour

4

Charge limite

450 g.

Charge limite

700 g.

FRACTURITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd.—

Nitroglycerine

52·5

Collodion cotton

3·5

Potassium nitrate

23

Wood meal

6

Ammonium oxalate

15

FUEL-ITE.—There is a series of coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 1 and 2 are nitroglycerine explosives of the Carbonite type. No. 3 is an ammonium nitrate explosive.

FUELLPULVER (or FP.) is the name given by the Germans to mixtures of trinitro-toluene and ammonium nitrate used for filling shell. Fp. 60/40, for instance, is a mixture of 60 parts trinitro-toluene and 40 parts of ammonium nitrate, and is consequently the same as Amatol 40/60. Fp. without figures stands for trinitro-toluene.

*FULMEN POWDER is a 33-grain smokeless powder for shot-guns made by the Schultze Gunpowder Co.

FULMENIT.—A blasting explosive made by the German Nobel Co., containing ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal or charcoal, paraffin oil, trinitro-toluene and guncotton.

WETTER-FULMENIT is a coal-mine explosive which has been much used. It differs from the above in containing also sodium or potassium chloride—

Fulmenit.

Wetter-Fulmenit.

Ammonium nitrate

86·5

76

76·5

Guncotton

4

0·5

4

Trinitro-toluene

5·5

11·8

5·5

Charcoal

1·5

1·5

1·5

Paraffin oil

2·5

0·2

2·5

Sodium chloride

—

10

10

FUMYL.—A smoke-producing explosive containing trinitro-toluene and ammonium chloride, used for opening poison-gas shell, etc.

GATHURST POWDER.—An explosive of the Grisounite class. According to an analysis given in Cundill and Thomson’s Dictionary it consisted of—

Ammonium nitrate

83·4

Dinitro-benzene

16·5

Moisture

0·1

GEHLINGERIT.—A German blasting explosive. Gesteins-Gehlingerit III. contains—

Ammonium nitrate

80

Trinitro-toluene

15

Flour

5

Wetter-Gehlingerit, which is a coal-mine explosive, contains also sodium or potassium chloride, and may contain up to 4 per cent. of nitroglycerine to increase its sensitiveness.

GELATINÉ À L’AMMONIAQUE.—A Belgian explosive, a mixture of blasting gelatine and ammonium nitrate.

GELATINE DYNAMITE is a mixture of blasting gelatine, potassium nitrate and a little wood meal. That made in Britain must contain between 70 and 77 per cent. of nitroglycerine; it may contain up to 2 per cent. of calcium or magnesium carbonate, or 1/2 per cent. of mineral jelly as a stabiliser. The following may be taken as an example of its composition—

Nitroglycerine

74·5

Collodion cotton

5·5

Wood meal

4

Potassium nitrate

15·5

Calcium carbonate

0·2

Moisture

0·3

In America brands are made of 35 to 80 per cent. strength.

GELIGNITE is similar to Gelatine Dynamite except that it contains a smaller proportion of blasting gelatine; in Britain the percentage of nitroglycerine must be between 56 and 63, e. g.—

Nitroglycerine

61

Collodion cotton

4·5

Wood meal

7

Potassium nitrate

27

Calcium carbonate

0·2

Moisture

0·3

There are also a number of modified Gelignites, which either contain sodium or barium nitrate in partial or entire replacement of the potassium nitrate, or else contain some substance to reduce the freezing point of the nitroglycerine and so diminish the danger of freezing, such as dinitro- or trinitro-toluene or dinitro-glycol.

GESILIT.—A German coal-mine explosive made by Nahnsen. It contains blasting gelatine, inorganic nitrates, sodium chloride, carbohydrates and dinitro-toluene—

I.

II.

III.

Blasting gelatine

30·75

30·75

32·5

Ammonium nitrate

—

22

22

Sodium nitrate

18

—

—

Dinitro-toluene

5·25

5·25

5·25

Dextrin

39

21

—

Pea flour

—

—

20

Sodium chloride

7

21

20·25

When tested in a gallery with an explosive gas mixture I. proved to be safer than the other two.

GIANT COAL-MINE POWDERS are American coal-mine explosives on the Permissible List. No. 5 is an ammonium nitrate explosive, whereas Nos. 6, 7 and 8 are low-grade dynamites mixed with hydrated salts.

GIANT POWDER is a name given in America to dynamite. No. 1 is a kieselguhr dynamite containing about 75 per cent. of nitroglycerine. Many varieties, however, do not contain kieselguhr, but consist of nitroglycerine mixed with wood pulp, sodium or potassium nitrate, resin, sulphur or other combustible matter. The nitroglycerine is sometimes gelatinised with collodion cotton, or in the “Extra” varieties is partially replaced by ammonium nitrate.

GLONOINE was an early name for nitroglycerine.

GLUECKAUF.—A German explosive of the Grisounite type consisting of ammonium nitrate and vegetable meal, to which might be added any of the following: sugar, resin, fatty oil, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, dinitro-benzene, ammonium oxalate, copper oxalate, copper nitrate ammonia, or sodium chloride. It was used for a time by several potash mines; was given up again by most of them.

GOOD LUCK was an explosive made by the Sprengstoffwerke Glueckauf A.-G., and was on the old British Permitted List for coal-mine explosives. It had the composition—

Ammonium nitrate

82·5

Dinitro-benzene

1

Turmeric

10·5

Copper oxalate

6

GRANATFUELLUNG (i. e. Shell-filling) is a name given by the Germans to certain high explosives used for filling shell. Granatfuellung C/88 is picric acid, and C/02 is trinitro-toluene. See Fuellpulver. Other substances used in German shell and bombs are trinitro-anisole, dinitro-benzene, hexanitro-diphenylamine and hexanitro-diphenyl sulphide, otherwise picryl sulphide.

GRISOUNITE.—A French coal-mine explosive. See FAVIER Explosives.

GRISOUTINE or GRISOU-DYNAMINE is the only explosive except Grisounite allowed in the more dangerous French coal mines. It consists of ammonium nitrate mixed with blasting gelatine. As the State monopoly does not extend to explosives containing nitroglycerine, it is made by private firms, but the compositions are regulated by the “Commission des Substances Explosives,” which in 1911 resolved that they should be uniformly as follows—

Couche

Couche au

Salpêtre.

Roche.

Roche au

Salpêtre.

Nitroglycerine

12

12

29

29

Collodion cotton

0·5

0·5

1

1

Ammonium nitrate

87·5

82·5

70

65

Potassium nitrate

—

5

—

5

The calculated temperatures of explosion of the Grisoutines couches are below 1500°, and those of the Grisoutines roches below 1900°. The addition of 5 per cent. of potassium nitrate is found to increase the safety.

There are a number of explosives of this type made in other countries also, but they usually contain small proportions of combustible substances such as wood meal, and nitro-bodies such as trinitro-toluene. Of British explosives of this type, mention may be made of Monobel, Super-Excellite and Monarkite. German explosives of this sort include Salit, Tremonit, Donarit, Ammon-Karbonit and Astralit.

On the Belgian list of Explosifs S.G.P. is Grisoutine II., which is identical in composition with Dynamite anti-grisouteuse V.

GRISOUTITE.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive—

Nitroglycerine

44

Magnesium sulphate

44

Cellulose

12

Charge limite

300 g.

GUARDIAN.—American coal-mine explosives. Nos. 2, 2X, 3 and 3X are ammonium nitrate explosives, whereas Guardian A and Guardian Coal Powder B are nitroglycerine explosives.

GUNCOTTON.—A highly nitrated cotton containing about 13 per cent. of nitrogen and only slightly soluble in ether-alcohol.

GUNPOWDER. See BLACK POWDER.

*HALAKITE attracted public attention out of all proportion to its merits, of which it possessed none, in consequence of the extravagant claims made on its behalf by its “inventors” and their dupes. Early in 1917 the British Government caused an inquiry to be held, and the case for the explosive collapsed in a ludicrous manner. According to patent specification, No. 685 of 1915, the basis of the explosive was an admixture of lead nitrate with glycerine and other substances, and under the working conditions the glycerine was said to react with the nitrate to form a nitro-compound, which, of course, is not true. The substance actually submitted to the British and French authorities consisted of cordite mixed with lead nitrate, barium nitrate and lead chromate. This was stated by the promoters to be equally effective as a high explosive and a propellant! See “Interim and Final Reports of the Army Council (Halakite) Inquiry,” Cd. 8446.

HALALIT.—A German blasting explosive made by Nahnsen, containing not more than 65 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, and not more than 32 per cent. of nitrated toluene, of which not more than 20 per cent. must be trinitro-toluene. It may also contain collodion cotton to gelatinise the liquid nitro-toluene, and sodium nitrate and wood meal or other vegetable meal.

Ammon-Halalit A, which has been introduced recently, is similar to Astralit V.

HALOKLASTIT. See PETROKLASTIT.

HAMMONIT.—A German blasting explosive containing not more than 40 per cent. of potassium or sodium perchlorate, not more than 4 per cent. of nitroglycerine, aromatic nitro-bodies, ammonium nitrate, sodium or potassium nitrate, neutral salts and vegetable meal or other combustible matter.

HASSIA-CHLORAT is an explosive that was introduced in Germany during the War. It consists of 65 per cent. potassium chlorate and 35 per cent. combustible, and it is claimed that the large proportion of the latter not only makes it a mild explosive, but also renders it comparatively insensitive. It is also called Spreng-chlorat.

HAYLITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the National Explosives Co. There were three varieties on the Permitted List: No. 1 was also on the old Permitted List, but has now been repealed.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

21-11-16

30-5-18

Nitroglycerine

26

15·5

9·5

Collodion cotton

1

0·3

—

Ammonium nitrate

—

—

60·5

Potassium nitrate

20

—

—

Sodium nitrate

—

59·5

—

Barium nitrate

20

—

—

Trinitro-toluene

—

5

—

Mineral jelly

7

—

—

Wood meal

15

7·7

5·5

Sodium chloride

—

—

19·5

Ammonium oxalate

11

—

5

Borax

—

12

—

Limit charge

10

18

16 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·18

1·96

2·44”

H.E. stands for High Explosive, used for charging shell or other military purpose.

*HEBLER POWDER was a so-called smokeless powder which was manufactured at one time in Switzerland. According to an analysis published by Cundill and Thomson, it was ordinary gunpowder in which about a fifth of the saltpetre had been replaced by ammonium nitrate. It did not appear to have a greater tendency to absorb moisture than ordinary powder. It was also called Wellite. See also Ammonpulver.

HECLA NO. 2 is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive made by the Du Pont Co.

HECLA POWDER is a brand of American dynamite.

HELAGON is a German perchlorate explosive made by the Köln-Rottweil Pulverfabriken. It contains not more than 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, not more than 5 per cent. of zinc-aluminium alloy, aromatic nitro-bodies and neutral nitrates, excepting those of potassium and barium. It may also contain flour or potato meal and neutral substances.

HELIT is a similar explosive to Helagon, except that it contains dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than 6 per cent., in the place of the zinc-aluminium alloy.

HELLHOFITE}

HELLITE} are different names for what is practically the same explosive of the Sprengel type. It consists of a mixture of strong nitric acid and various nitro-compounds, e.g.—

Dinitro-benzene

1

Nitro-benzene

1

Nitric acid

1·5

Nitric acid

2·5

A form of this explosive was tried by Gruson as a charge for shell many years ago. See also Panclastite.

*HENRITE is a smokeless shot-gun powder of the fibrous 33-grain bulk type. A sample examined in 1902 had the composition—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

71·0

”    soluble

7·1

Metallic nitrates

7·5

Nitro-compounds

7·6

Paraffin

5·5

Moisture

1·3

HERCULES POWDER.—The name of a brand of American dynamite.

HERCULITE.—This name has been given to several explosives. One was a mixture of sawdust, camphor, potassium nitrate and other substances, which was used for blasting. There was a coal-mine explosive of this name on the Permitted List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd.—

Date of Permit

22-6-14

Nitroglycerine

33

Collodion cotton

1

Potassium perchlorate

27

Wood meal

10

Ammonium oxalate

29

Limit charge

16 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·72”

but the permit has been repealed.

HIMALAYITE.—A high explosive made from potassium chlorate, potato starch and a drying oil. The chlorate and starch are first heated together with water, and when dry the oil is mixed in. The explosive is said to have been adopted by the Portuguese for filling shell. It passed the chemical tests in England, but no licence was taken out for its manufacture.

HUDSON’S EXPLOSIVE.—A stiff blasting gelatine made by incorporating nitroglycerine and collodion cotton together with the aid of acetone. It was tried in America in 1889 for filling shell, but is not used now for this purpose.

HYGRADE COAL POWDER NO. 2 is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is a nitroglycerine explosive.

*IDEAL POWDER is a shot-gun powder made by Nobels.

IMPERIALITE is of no practical importance, but is interesting, as its history is that of the explosive one meets in the comic papers. The Marquis R. Imperiali had large private means and some knowledge of chemistry. He took out patents for a number of explosive mixtures and built a small factory in N. Italy, which started work in 1911. An explosion occurred the first day and killed five of the fifteen workers. Imperiali escaped and re-erected his factory. The day after it was restarted it blew up again and Imperiali was killed. The composition of the explosive that was being made is not known, but several of the mixtures for which Imperiali had taken out patents were decidedly dangerous.

*INDURITE was a smokeless powder patented by C. E. Munroe in 1893. It was made by incorporating guncotton with nitro-benzene to a hard mass. It was used for a time in the American Navy. Samples made in 1891 were still stable apparently in 1914, but some cases of instability occurred and it was given up.

INGÉLITE is the same in composition as ANTIGEL DE SÛRETÉ.

*Poudre J.—A French smokeless powder used for shot-guns and revolvers. Its composition is—

Nitrocotton

83

Ammonium bichromate

14

Potassium bichromate

3

Moisture

about 3

It is incorporated with the aid of ether-alcohol and pressed into strips, which are cut into cubes and then converted into grains of irregular shape. The fine siftings are used for revolver and practice ammunition.

JUDSON POWDER.—A mild blasting explosive used in America. It is a sort of crude gunpowder coated with nitroglycerine to increase the violence of the explosion. The percentage of nitroglycerine may vary from 5 to 20, but is generally near the lower limit. Judson Powder R.R.P. has the composition—

Nitroglycerine

5

Nitroglycerine

5

Sodium nitrate

64

or  Sulphur, coal and resin

35

Sulphur

16

Sodium nitrate

60

Cannel coal

15

The sodium nitrate is mixed with the combustibles and the mixture is heated beyond the melting-point of the sulphur and resin. The slightly porous mass thus formed is then coated with nitroglycerine. The explosive is fired with a priming cartridge of dynamite. The following four grades are made by the Du Pont Co.—

FFF

20 % nitroglycerine

FF

15    ”

F

10    ”

RRP

5     ”

KANITE A is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive.

KARBONIT. See CARBONITE.

KAUSOLIT.—An ammonium perchlorate explosive, introduced about 1915 by the Stockholm Superphosphaten-fabriks A.-b.

KENT POWDER was a coal-mine explosive made by the Cotton Powder Co. It was of the Carbonite type and was on the Permitted List. It is now no longer “permitted.”

Date of Permit

10-2-14

Nitroglycerine

24

Potassium nitrate

32·5

Wood meal

33·5

Ammonium oxalate

10

Limit charge

over 32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·01”

KENTITE is a coal-mine explosive made by British Westfalite, Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List and also passed the Rotherham Test, and so is still “permitted”—

Ammonium nitrate

34

Potassium nitrate

34

Trinitro-toluene

17

Ammonium chloride

15

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·64”

KIESELBACHER CHLORATSPRENGSTOFF.

See MIEDZIANKIT.

KINETIT.—A German explosive made by gelatinising nitro-cellulose with nitro-benzene, and incorporating it with potassium nitrate and chlorate. It is somewhat sensitive to blows, etc. Early samples contained also antimony sulphide which rendered them decidedly dangerous.

KIWIT.—A German chlorate explosive introduced during the War. It contains not more than 77 per cent. of sodium or potassium chlorate, carbon carriers such as paraffin, naphthalene, vaseline, meal or oil, also not more than 15 per cent. of liquid trinitro-toluene, and may contain dinitro-toluene, dinitro-naphthalene, sodium chloride and not more than 4 per cent. of guncotton.

KOHLENKARBONIT. See CARBONITE.

KOLAX.—A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type formerly on the Permitted List, made by Curtis’s and Harvey—

Nitroglycerine

25

Potassium nitrate

26

Barium nitrate

5

Wood meal

34

Starch

10

SUPER-KOLAX was a modification of this to meet the requirements of the Rotherham Test—

No. 2.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

7-4-14

Nitroglycerine

25·5

28·5

Collodion cotton

—

1

Potassium nitrate

25·5

16·5

Barium nitrate

5

5

Wood meal

29·5

30·5

Starch

7·5

9

Ammonium oxalate

7

9·5

Limit charge

30

over 32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·10

2·21”

The permits of both have been repealed.

KORONIT, also known as FAVORIT, is a German chlorate blasting explosive introduced during the War. See also Coronite.

Gesteins-Koronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than 85 per cent. of potassium or sodium chlorate, not more than 15 per cent. of nitro-bodies (but no trinitro-compounds), paraffin or fatty oils, naphthalene, vegetable meal, powdered coal, inert substances, and not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

Kohlen-Koronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than 68 per cent. of potassium or sodium chlorate, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-hydrocarbons (but not more than 12 per cent. of aromatic nitro-bodies and no trinitro-compounds), sodium chloride or similar salts, paraffin or fatty oils, vegetable meal or other organic substance; not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine and not more than 4 per cent. of powdered coal.

PERKORONIT is similar to Koronit except that it contains potassium or sodium perchlorate instead of chlorate. Part of the perchlorate may be replaced by nitrate.

*K.S., K.S.G.—Kynoch’s Smokeless Powder. It is a fibrous bulk powder for shot-guns made by Kynochs, Ltd. The following analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 78—-

Kynoch’s

Smokeless.

K.S.

K.S.G.

Date of Introduction

1901

1913

1912

Class

42-grain

42-grain

33-grain

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

49·5

40·4

41·5

”    soluble

5·5

27·0

36·5

Metallic nitrates

25·0

28·0

12·0

Nitro-compound

19·0

—

5·0

Vaseline

—

3·0

3·0

Moisture

1·0

1·6

2·0

KYNARKITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type made by Kynoch, Ltd. It is no longer on the Permitted List—

No. 2.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

15-1-15

Nitroglycerine

25

26

Potassium nitrate

28

29·5

Barium nitrate

3

—

Dinitro-toluene

—

2·5

Wood meal

39

34

Ammonium oxalate

5

8

Limit charge

20

28 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·21

2·06”

KYNITE was a coal-mine explosive on the old Permitted List, but has been superseded by Kynarkite—

Kynite.

Kynite.

Condensed.

Nitroglycerine

26

25

Barium nitrate

33

33·5

Wood meal

40·7

6·5

Starch

—

34·7

Calcium carbonate

0·3

0·3

*LAFFLIN AND RAND W.A. was a tubular smokeless powder tried in America for small arms. It consisted of—

Guncotton

67·25

Nitroglycerine

30

Metallic salts

2·75

gelatinised by means of 40 parts of acetone. A gelatinised dense shot-gun powder of similar composition was also made.

L.C. PULVER is a German Cheddite.

Gesteins-LEONIT is a German perchlorate explosive for blasting rock—

Alkali perchlorate

about 60%

Ammonium nitrate

10

Nitro-compounds

15

Meal

10

Blasting gelatine

4

It is practically the same as Permonit A.

Neu-LEONIT is a modification of this for use in coal

I.

II.

Potassium perchlorate

35

35

Ammonium nitrate

20

10

Sodium nitrate

—

3

Trinitro-toluene

5}

11

Dinitro-toluene

5}

Wood meal

3

2

Vegetable meal

4

5

Blasting gelatine

4

4

Sodium chloride

24

30

It is practically the same as Wetter-Persalit.

LIGDYN is a nitroglycerine explosive similar to American dynamite made in South Africa. 40 per cent. Ligdyn consists of—

Nitroglycerine

40

Sodium nitrate

45

Wood meal

13

Wheat flour

2

*LIGHTNING.—A 33-grain smokeless shot-gun powder made by the Schultze Gunpowder Co. See Schultze Powder.

LIGNOSIT is a German blasting explosive containing a considerable percentage of ammonium nitrate. Lignosit I. contains also aromatic nitro-compounds, of which not more than 15 per cent. must be trinitro-compounds or wood meal, and not more than 6 per cent. of potassium nitrate, not more than I per cent. of collodion cotton and bauxite or salts, such as sodium chloride or carbonate.

Lignosit II. may contain up to 10 per cent. of collodion cotton, but no wood meal or nitro-compounds. It is somewhat sensitive.

Lignosit III. differs from I. in that it may contain up to 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine and contains no bauxite.

The object of adding the neutral salts is evidently to make the explosive safer in coal mines. When intended for this purpose it is called Wetter-Lignosit I. or III.

Lignosit IV. consists of ammonium nitrate, not more than 13 per cent. of trinitro-toluene, not more than 13 per cent. of aluminium powder, and wood meal.

LITHOFRACTEUR is a name that has been given to more than one explosive. One introduced about 1873 by Krebs and Co. of Deutz, near Cologne, consisted of nitroglycerine absorbed in kieselguhr mixed with nitrates, charcoal or coal and sulphur. Some of it was imported into England at one time.

LOEWENPULVER or Castroper Sprengpulver is a German blasting powder consisting of a compressed or granulated mixture of sodium nitrate, manganese dioxide, sulphur and carbonaceous substances such as briquette powder or coal. It may also contain potassium nitrate, wood meal or tar.

LOMITE NO. 1 is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is a low-grade dynamite containing hydrated salts.

LOWINITE NO. 2-B is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive.

LUXIT I. is a German blasting explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate, not more than 17 per cent. of trinitro-toluene, and not more than 5 per cent. of wood meal.

LYDDITE.—A high explosive used in the British Services for filling shell. It consists simply of picric acid, which is melted under proper precautions and poured into the shell.

*Poudre M is a shot-gun powder made by the French Government, and is the one that is most used in France. Its composition is—

Nitrocotton

71

Barium nitrate

20

Potassium nitrate

5

Camphor.

3

Binding material

1

The nitrocotton has a solubility of only 15 or 20 per cent., and is partially gelatinised with ether-alcohol aided by the camphor. It is granulated under edge runners, granulated and drummed.

MACARIT.—A Belgian high explosive for filling shell—

Trinitro-toluene

30

Lead nitrate

70

It has a high density and is not deliquescent. For equal weights its power is less than that of trinitro-toluene or picric acid, but for equal volumes it is somewhat greater.

MARKANIT. See SILESIA.

MARSIT.—A sort of Oxyliquit. Liquid oxygen is passed into a linen bag containing soot.

M.B. POWDER (Modernised Black) is a black powder mixture in which part of the potassium nitrate has been replaced by potassium or ammonium perchlorate, generally the potassium salt. It is manufactured at Bonnybridge, Stirling, at the works originally erected for making Mitchellite. During manufacture the composition is heated in steam boilers. (See “Arms and Explosives,” 1911, p. 7.)

M.D. See CORDITE.

MEGANIT is a Hungarian nitroglycerine explosive similar to American dynamite, except that it contains a small percentage of nitrated vegetable ivory.

MELANITE.—A Belgian blasting explosive consisting of—

Nitroglycerine

78

Collodion cotton

4

Sodium nitrate

18

It contains, therefore, a considerable excess of oxygen.

MÉLINITE is a high explosive used by the French for filling shell and other military purposes. It consists essentially of picric acid, to which other substances are sometimes added. Paraffin wax has been added to diminish the sensitiveness. Mélinite D is simply picric acid, but Mélinite O contains also a little Crésilite 2 (q. v.).

MELLING POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List, made by the Cotton Powder Co. The permit has been repealed.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

5

Ammonium nitrate

53·5

Sodium nitrate

12

Trinitro-toluene

6

Wood meal

4·5

Ammonium oxalate

19

Limit charge

12 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·62”

MERCURIT is a blasting explosive that has been introduced recently in Germany. It consists of 88 per cent. of potassium chlorate and 12 per cent. of high boiling neutral tar oil. In Mercurit II. up to 20 per cent. of the chlorate may be replaced by perchlorate.

MERSEY POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List, made by the Cotton Powder Co. The permit has been repealed.

Date of Permit

3-7-15

Nitroglycerine

5·5

Ammonium nitrate

51

Sodium nitrate

11

Trinitro-toluene

6

Wood meal

3·5

Ammonium chloride

23

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·60”

METEOR AXXO is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is a low-grade dynamite containing a hydrated salt.

MIEDZIANKIT (also called Egelit or Kieselbacher Chloratsprengstoff) is a German chlorate explosive of the Sprengel class. It consists of porous potassium chlorate impregnated with not more than 10 per cent. of kerosene, having a flash point not below 30° C. It has met with some unfavourable reports, as it is found that results are not uniform unless the impregnation be carried out in special factories, the original idea having been that it was to be done shortly before use.

During the War a modification of the explosive was introduced for use in coal mines. This contains up to 30 per cent. of sodium chloride.

MINERITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Forcite Co. of Baelen Wezel in Belgium, identical in composition with Kohlen-carbonite and Colinite antigrisouteuse.

MINER’S FRIEND, NOS. 1 to 6. American coal-mine explosives on the Permissible List. They are ammonium nitrate explosives.

MINITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite type which was on the old Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

89

Trinitro-toluene

10

Ammonium oxalate

1

There was also an explosive of the Carbonite type of this name made at Arendonck in Belgium—

Nitroglycerine

25

Potassium nitrate

35

Flour

39·5

Soda

0·5

Charge limite

750 g.

MIN-ITE.—American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. Brands A, A-2, B, and B-2 are nitroglycerine explosives, whereas Nos. 5-D and 6-D are ammonium nitrate mixtures.

MINOLITE.—A Belgian blasting explosive, which is also approved for transport over the German railways. It contains ammonium nitrate, dinitro- or trinitro-naphthalene with other substances added in some cases. A variety for use in coal mines is called Minolite antigrisouteuse.

Minolite

antigrisouteuse.

Minolite

nouvelle.

Ammonium nitrate

72

87

Sodium nitrate

23

3

Trinitro-toluene

3

—

Trinitro-naphthalene

2

5

Dinitro-naphthalene

—

3

Quebracho

—

2

Charge limite

400 g.

There was also a variety containing lead nitrate, but this could not be used in mines because of the poisonous smoke it evolved.

*MISCHPULVER is a name given in German to ungelatinised smokeless nitro-cellulose powders.

MITCHELLITE was an explosive that was formerly licensed for manufacture in Great Britain, and was made at Bonnybridge, Stirling, but the factory and the licence were transferred to the M.B. Powder Co. in 1910. It was apparently a chlorate or perchlorate explosive. It is said to be manufactured at Monticello, Indiana, U.S.A.

*MODDITE.—A sporting rifle powder made by Eley Bros. Analysis of a sample showed—

Nitroglycerine

38·7

Nitrocellulose

56·8

Mineral jelly

4·3

Volatile matter

0·2

Of the nitrocellulose about one-third was soluble in ether-alcohol. It was made in the form of strip.

MONACHIT is a German blasting explosive which was known at one time as Vigorit. It is distinguished by containing nitro-compounds derived from naphtha, mostly nitro-xylenes and nitro-mesitylenes.

Monachit I. contains ammonium nitrate, not more than 15 per cent. of nitro-compounds, of which not more than 60 per cent. must be trinitro-bodies, also vegetable meal and potassium nitrate.

Monachit II. contains in addition not more than 1 per cent. of collodion cotton, not more than 1 per cent. of charcoal, also hydrocarbons and ammonium oxalate or other salts to act as cooling agents, and render the explosive suitable for use in coal mines, e. g.—

Ammonium nitrate

81

64

Potassium nitrate

5

3

Nitro-compounds

13

14

Collodion cotton

—

1

Flour

1

—

Charcoal

—

1

Potassium chloride

—

17

The collodion cotton is to gelatinise the nitro-compounds when they are liquid.

MONARKITE is a coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd., and is on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

10-2-14

Revised

20-9-19

Ammonium nitrate

49[1]

Sodium nitrate

9

Nitroglycerine

11·5

Collodion cotton

0·3

Starch

3·5

Mineral jelly

2

Sodium chloride

24·7

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·30”

MONOBEL is a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co. There are three formulæ which have passed the Rotherham Test, but A1 is no longer on the Permitted List—

Monobel

No. 1.

A1

Monobel.

A2

Monobel.

Date of Permit

10-2-14

13-5-14

15-1-15

Ammonium nitrate

68

60

59

Nitroglycerine

8·5

10

10

Wood meal

8·5

10

10

Sodium chloride

15

—

—

Potassium chloride

—

20

20

Magnesium carbonate

—

—

1

Limit charge

10

28

22 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·81

2·78

2·44”

There is also Quarry Monobel which is not permitted for use in dangerous coal mines, and presumably contains no alkali chloride.

See also Viking Powder and Victor Powder.

MONOBEL, NOS. 1 to 7 are on the American Permissible List. Of these, Nos. 4 and 5 are low-freezing explosives, containing a small percentage of nitro-toluene or similar substance; Nos. 3 and 5 are less violent than the others.

MONOBEL POWDER was the predecessor of the above and was on the old Permitted List. It is now no longer “permitted.”

Ammonium nitrate

80

Nitroglycerine

10

Wood meal

10

*MULLERITE.—A shot-gun powder made by the Muller Co. in Belgium. It is a gelatinised dense powder in the form of green leaflets, and the charge for a 12-bore cartridge was 33 grains. It contains no inorganic salts.

EXPLOSIFS N. See Favier Explosives.

NAPHTHALIT.—A German chlorate explosive introduced during the War. It contains not more than 80 per cent. of potassium chlorate, and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, and not more than 12 per cent. of nitro-hydrocarbons, but no trinitro-compounds; also paraffins, fatty oils, flour or other organic substance. It may contain also alkali chlorides, and not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

The prefixes Gesteins- and Wetter- are applied according as the explosive is intended for rock or coal mines.

Grisou-NAPHTALITE. See FAVIER Explosives.

NATIONALITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite class made by the National Explosives Co., Ltd. The composition, which was on the old Permitted List, was—

Ammonium nitrate

92

Di- and Trinitro-toluene

8

But to pass the Rotherham Test it was necessary to add alkali chlorides. There were two formulæ formerly on the Permitted List—

No. 1.

No. 2.

Date of Permit

22-6-14

28-1-15

Ammonium nitrate

65·5

64

Trinitro-toluene

15

15

Sodium chloride

19·5

—

Potassium chloride

—

21

Limit charge

12

20 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·92

2·63”

The permits have been repealed.

*N.C.T. is the name given in the British service to the Nitro-Cellulose Tubular smokeless powder, made in the same way as the American service powder. It consists of nitro-cellulose completely soluble in ether-alcohol, but of comparatively high nitration. It is gelatinised with ether-alcohol and pressed into cords with either one or seven perforations running down them length-ways. These are cut into short cylinders and dried. The powder contains a little diphenylamine as a stabiliser.

N.E. See New Explosives Company’s Smokeless Powder.

NEGRO POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite class made by Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd. The composition, which was on the old Permitted List, was—

Ammonium nitrate

88

Trinitro-toluene

10

Graphite

2

and a small quantity of colouring matter.

To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test, sodium chloride has been added, and Negro Powder No. 2 is now on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Ammonium nitrate

57

Trinitro-toluene

15

Graphite

0·7

Sodium chloride

27·3

Colouring matter

small quantity

Limit charge

20 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·21”

NEONAL.—A coal-mine explosive made by the New Explosives Company. Two formulæ were at one time on the Permitted List—

No. 1.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

22-6-14

Nitroglycerine

21

40

Collodion cotton

1

2

Di- and Trinitro-toluene

0·2

—

Wood meal

15·8

5

Potassium perchlorate

37

14

Ammonium oxalate

25

39

Limit charge

16

30 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·56

2·51”

Both have now been repealed.

*NEONITE.—A 30-grain bulk gelatinised smokeless shot-gun powder introduced by the New Explosives Co. in 1907. According to an analysis given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 76, its composition is—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

73·0

”   soluble

9·0

Metallic nitrates

10·5

Vaseline

5·9

Moisture

1·6

Neonites are also made for various types of rifled small arms, including military rifles, cadet rifles, revolvers and rim-fire rifles. These are all nitrocellulose powders with or without moderants.

*NEW EXPLOSIVES COMPANY’S SMOKELESS POWDER or N.E.—A 36-grain fibrous bulk powder for shot-guns introduced in 1912. According to an analysis given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 76, its composition is—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

50·0

”   soluble

25·8

Metallic nitrates

12·0

Nitro-hydrocarbons

7·0

Vaseline

3·5

Moisture

1·7

NEW FORTEX. See FORTEX.

NITRALITE. See DENSITE.

NITRO-DENSITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd. It was of the Carbonite type, and was at one time on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

18

Barium nitrate

25

Wood meal

5·5

Starch

28·5

French chalk

23

Limit charge

28 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

1·47”

*NITROKOL.—A gelatinised nitrocellulose powder intended for use in rifles. It consists of a nitrocellulose, mostly soluble in ether-alcohol, and gelatinised with that solvent. It is made up in the form of small square flakes which are graphited.

NITROLIT.—A high explosive used by the Germans for filling shell. It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-anisol.

The name was formerly given by C. Lamm of Stockholm to a blasting explosive containing blasting gelatine, ammonium nitrate and other substances.

NITRO LOW-FLAME, NOS. 1 and 2 are American coal-mine explosives on the Permissible List. They are nitroglycerine mixtures.

NOBEL AMMONIA POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive which was on the old Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

84

Nitroglycerine

8

Wood meal

8

NOBEL GELATINE DYNAMITE.}

NOBEL GELIGNITE.      } Under these names explosives were introduced during the War with modified compositions, the potassium nitrate being replaced by sodium nitrate, and the percentage of nitroglycerine being reduced.

NOBELIT is a German blasting explosive containing blasting gelatine, carbonaceous substances, inorganic nitrates and sodium or potassium chloride.

AMMON-NOBELIT contains ammonium nitrate, and the proportion of blasting gelatine is limited to 4 per cent. It may contain sodium or potassium oxalate, and various other substances that are not present in Nobelit.

*NORMAL POWDER.—A smokeless powder which was said to have been adopted by the Governments of Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. The following analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 91—

Rifle.

Shot-gun Powders.

Date of Sample

1895

1913

1902

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

93·0

8·8

40·8

”     soluble

3·5

89·4

56·1

Resin

2·0

—

—

Moisture

1·5

1·8

2·0

NORMANITE.—A coal-mine explosive which was made by the Cotton Powder Co., and was on the old Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

33·5

Collodion cotton

1·5

Potassium nitrate

44·5

Wood meal

8

Charcoal

1·5

Ammonium oxalate

11

Explosifs O are the chlorate explosives made in the French State factories. O1, O2, O4 and O5 are Cheddites (q. v.). O3 is a Sprengel explosive, and is dealt with under the heading of Prométhée.

OAKLEY QUARRY POWDER is a blasting explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate and tetryl.

OAKLITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd., which was on the old Permitted List—

No. 1.

No. 2.

Nitroglycerine

25·5

10

Collodion cotton

1

0·5

Potassium nitrate

34·5

—

Ammonium nitrate

—

79·3

Wood meal

38·7

10

Magnesium carbonate

0·3

0·2

ODITE.—A coal-mine explosive which was made by the New Explosives Co., and was on the old Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

88

Dinitro-benzene

12

OPHORITE.—A mild but hot explosive consisting of—

Potassium perchlorate

60

Magnesium powder

40

It is used as a bursting charge for incendiary shell, smoke bombs, etc.

ORKANIT is the same as Alkalsit, but may contain sodium chloride and similar salts.

OXYLIQUIT is a blasting explosive consisting of liquid oxygen absorbed in some porous combustile material, such as absorbent cork, soot or kieselguhr mixed with petroleum. It was discovered in 1895 by Prof. F. C. Linde, and was tried on a large scale in 1899 in the construction of the Simplon tunnel. It is very cheap, and is safe in the case of a missfire, because in about half-an-hour the oxygen has all evaporated off and the charge becomes inexplosive. On the other hand, it is necessary to have the air liquefying plant near the scene of operations, and the charge must be fired soon after charging. These disadvantages prevented the adoption of the explosive, but during the War fresh trials were made in Germany in consequence of the scarcity of nitrates.

Liquid oxygen explosives are now used on a considerable scale by the Germans for military, as well as civil blasting operations. The name Oxyliquit, however, seems only to be applied to them when the explosive is made in the manner and with the plant of the Linde Company. See also Marsit.

PANCLASTITE.—A Sprengel explosive made by mixing liquid nitrogen peroxide with carbon bisulphide, nitro-benzene or nitro-toluene. It was proposed in 1881 by Turpin, and was tried by Germany for filling shell, the two constituents being contained in separate glass containers, which were broken by the shock of discharge. It was not adopted there on account of the inconvenience of dealing with a liquid which gives off poisonous fumes. It is a powerful and violent explosive, and is probably the same as the “Turpinite” about which sensational statements were made in the press early in the War.

PANNONIT.—A blasting explosive made by the A. G. Dynamit Nobel of Austria. It has replaced Progressit in Austria as a coal-mine explosive. Its composition is—

Nitroglycerine

25·5

Collodion cotton

1·5

Ammonium nitrate

37

Dextrin

4

Glycerine

3

Nitro-toluene

5

Sodium or potassium chloride

24

PASTANIL.—A German ammonium nitrate blasting explosive similar to Plastammon.

*P.C./88.—A Swiss smokeless powder for small-arms consisting of—

Nitrocellulose

82

Trinitro-toluene

18

PERAGON.—A German blasting explosive containing potassium perchlorate, zinc-aluminium alloy, aromatic nitrocompounds and some other constituents.

PERCHLORIT is a German blasting explosive introduced recently. It contains ammonium nitrate, a perchlorate, mono- and dinitro-compounds, meal, charcoal, and not more than 4 per cent. of nitroglycerine.

PERDIT.—An explosive used by the Germans for mining and demolitions and rifle grenades. It consists of—

Ammonium nitrate

76

Potassium perchlorate

6

Wood meal

2

Dinitro-toluene

16

PERILIT.—A German perchlorate blasting explosive made by the Koeln-Rottweil Pulverfabriken. It contains not more than 65 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, aromatic nitro-compounds, not more than 6 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin, flour, etc., and nitrates (but not more than 10 per cent. of potassium nitrate).

PERKORONIT. See Koronit.

PERMON POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive which was on the Permitted List. It was made by the Carbonite Syndicate in Germany, and imported into Great Britain—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Nitroglycerine

12

Collodion cotton

0·4

Ammonium nitrate

55

Sodium nitrate

1

Glycerine

4

Potato flour

10·6

Sodium chloride

17

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·57”

The permit was repealed on 21-11-16.

PERMONITE.—A potassium perchlorate explosive made by the Carbonite Syndicate at Schlebusch in Germany. A number of mixtures have been placed on the market, but they do not differ from one another very much. One which was on the old British Permitted List was—

Potassium perchlorate

32·2

Ammonium nitrate

41

Nitroglycerine

3·5

Collodion cotton

0·3

Trinitro-toluene

12

Starch

8

Wood meal

3

See also Gesteins Leonit.

PERRUMPIT.—A German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, vegetable meal, fatty oils, graphite and aluminium, cooling agents such as ammonium oxalate or sodium chloride, and not more than 15 per cent. of trinitro-toluene.

PERSALIT is a German perchlorate explosive made by the Westfälisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff A.-G. It contains not more than 77 per cent. of an alkali or alkali earth perchlorate, organic matter such as hydrocarbons, resins, meal or nitrated hydrocarbons (with the proviso that if the percentage of perchlorate exceed 70, there must not be more than 10 per cent. of trinitro-toluene). There must also be not less than 4 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, and there may be an addition of sodium nitrate or other salt that does not increase the sensitiveness.

WETTER-PERSALIT is a similar explosive, but has been modified to make it more suitable for use in coal mines. It contains not more than 35 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, not more than 25 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, aromatic nitro-compounds of which not more than 20 per cent. must be trinitro-toluene, vegetable meal, not more than 6 per cent. of nitroglycerine, sodium nitrate, and neutral salts. It is similar to Neu-Leonit.

PETROKLASTIT or HALOKLASTIT is a modified gunpowder mixture used in Germany in potash mines and stone quarries. It contains sodium nitrate, sulphur, coal-tar pitch, potassium nitrate, not more than 1 per cent. of potassium bichromate, and may have up to 10 per cent. of charcoal, as, for instance—

Sodium nitrate

69

Potassium nitrate

5

Sulphur

10

Coal-tar pitch

15

Potassium bichromate

1

It is more powerful than ordinary blasting powder, and somewhat less sensitive to blows. This explosive is also made in Switzerland.

PETROLIT is a German chlorate explosive introduced during the War. It contains not more than 88 per cent. of potassium chlorate, nitro-compounds, kerosene, and neutral salts. (This is rather a dangerous mixture.—A.M.)

PFALZIT.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, not more than 13 per cent. of trinitro-toluene, not more than 1 per cent. of collodion cotton, meal, sodium chloride, etc.

PHŒNIX POWDER.—A German coal-mine explosive made by Dr. R. Nahnsen and Co., of Hamburg. It passed the Woolwich Test and was on the old Permitted List.

Nitroglycerine

29·5

Collodion cotton

0·5

Potassium nitrate

32

Wood meal

38

PICROL.—See Shellite.

PIERRITE.—A form of Cheddite which was made at Gamsee, near Brig, for excavating the Simplon tunnel—

Potassium chlorate

80

Nitro-naphthalene

11·5

Picric acid

2

Castor oil

6·5

PIT-ITE was a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type, made by the New Explosives Co., Ltd. The composition, which was on the old Permitted List, was—

Nitroglycerine

26

Barium nitrate

33

Wood meal

41

and a little sodium or calcium carbonate.

In order to pass the Rotherham Test, the composition was modified to the following, No. 2, which was formerly on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

24

Potassium nitrate

30

Wood meal

38

Ammonium oxalate

8

Limit charge

over 32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·15”

PITSEA POWDER NO. 2 was a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd.—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Nitroglycerine

6·5

Ammonium nitrate

55

Potassium nitrate

10

Wood meal

10

Ammonium oxalate

18·5

Limit charge

8 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·64”

The permit has been repealed.

Gesteins-PLASTAMMON.—A German blasting explosive containing not less than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, glycerine, not more than 15 per cent. of nitro-toluene or other nitro-compounds, and not more than 4 per cent. of nitro-semicellulose.

Steinkohlen-PLASTAMMON is a variation of this, containing not more than 25 per cent. of potassium nitrate, and intended for use in coal mines.

*PLASTOMENIT was an early German shot-gun powder which possessed no great merits. The following was the composition of a sample examined in 1893, and given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 90—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

32·7

”    soluble

19·3

Metallic nitrates

21·0

Dinitro-toluene (solvent)

26·0

Moisture

1·0

PLASTROTYL.—A German high explosive for filling shell. It consists of a partially liquid mixture of trinitro- and dinitro-toluene gelatinised by means of not more than 0·5 per cent. of collodion cotton, and mixed with a small quantity of turpentine or soft resin. It does not appear to be in use now.

PLESSIT is a blasting explosive that was introduced in Germany during the War. It consists of potassium chlorate, not more than 9·5 per cent. of kerosene and 0·5 per cent. of albumen. Wetter-Plessit III. contains sodium chloride as well.

PNIOWIT.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene, wood meal and a small percentage of potassium perchlorate.

Nobel POLARITE is a blasting explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd. It consists of potassium perchlorate, and nitroglycerine mixed with a nitro-compound and gelatinised with collodion cotton, and absorbed in wood meal.

Poudres  B,  J,  M,  S,  T. See under respective letters.

PRAEPOSIT is a modified gunpowder—

Potassium (or sodium) nitrate

70

Sulphur

18

Charcoal

6

Hipposin

6

the last constituent being a fine powdery substance obtained from dried horse dung. It is slower than ordinary blasting powder and more expensive. It has a tendency to blow out, and opinions as to its value vary. Formerly it was supplied in the form of a fine powder, but it is now granulated or made into compressed cartridges.

*PRIMROSE SMOKELESS is an inexpensive 42-grain bulk powder for shot-guns made by the New Explosives Co.

PROGRESSIT was an explosive formerly used in Austrian coal mines—

Ammonium nitrate

94

89

Aniline hydrochloride

6

5

Ammonium sulphate

—

6

It was superseded in 1913 by Pannonit.

PROMÉTHÉE or PROMETHEUS is a Sprengel explosive made by the French Government, by whom it is also called Explosif O3. It consists of a porous oxygen carrier and a liquid combustible, which are supplied separately, and the one is dipped in the other shortly before use—

a

b

c

Potassium chlorate

95

90

80 }

Oxygen carrier, 92 to 87%

Manganese dioxide

5

10

20 }

1

2

Nitro-benzene

—

50

60 }

Combustible, 8 to 13%

Turpentine

—

20

15 }

Naphtha

—

30

25 }

Any combination of a, b or c with 1 or 2 may be used. The amount of liquid combustible taken up may vary from 8 to 13 per cent.: this irregularity is a serious defect, and may cause incomplete detonation. This explosive is also made in Italy.

PROSPERIT is a German ammonium nitrate explosive, containing also vegetable meal, nitro-compounds and other constituents. It may contain up to 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

Gelatine-Prosperit contains also up to 20 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin gelatinised with collodion cotton.

PULVÉRIN.—An ungranulated black powder made in France for use in fireworks, etc.

PULVÉRITE.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive containing perchlorate—

Ammonium nitrate

30·5

Potassium perchlorate

24

Nitroglycerine

6

Collodion cotton

0·5

Trinitro-toluene

7

Flour

5

Sodium chloride

18

Ammonium sulphate

7

Barium sulphate

2

The “charge limite” is 850 grammes, equivalent to 504 grammes of Dynamite No. 1.

PYROCOLLODION is a nitrocotton almost entirely soluble in ether-alcohol, and of comparatively high nitration. It contains about 12·5 to 12·7 per cent. of nitrogen, and consequently has about enough oxygen to oxidise all its hydrogen to water, and its carbon to the monoxide. It was first prepared by Mendeléeff for the Russian smokeless powder, and was afterwards adopted by the United States for their present powder.

PYROXILINE was a name formerly given to nitro-cellulose.

RACK-A-ROCK is a Sprengel explosive which has been used extensively in America, and also in Siberia and China. It consists of cartridges of potassium chlorate mixed sometimes with oxide of iron, which are dipped shortly before use into a liquid. The latter is nitro-benzene or “dead oil,” a heavy hydrocarbon oil obtained from coal-tar, or a mixture of the two. The chlorate cartridges are enclosed in small cotton bags, and are placed in a wire basket suspended from a spring balance. They are dipped into a vessel containing the liquid until a quarter or a third of the weight of the chlorate has been taken up.

RASCHIT is a blasting explosive consisting entirely of salts readily soluble in water, invented by F. Raschig. The incorporation is carried out by dissolving the constituents in water, and evaporating the solution rapidly on a rotating steam-heated drum. The oxidising substance is ammonium or sodium nitrate, and the combustible is the sodium salt of an organic sulphonate or the residue obtained from the manufacture of wood cellulose.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Ammonium nitrate

—

84

87

60

85

Sodium nitrate

70

—

—

—

—

Ammonium nitro-cresol sulphonate

—

16

—

—

—

Sodium cresol sulphonate

30

—

13

10

—

Cellulose residue

—

—

—

—

15

Sodium sulphate

—

—

—

30

—

No. II. is the only one made at present.

R.D.B. (Research Department B). See CORDITE.

RED CROSS explosives are American dynamites containing some nitro-toluene or other substance to make the nitroglycerine low-freezing.

RED H, Nos. 1 to 7 are American coal-mine explosives on the Permissible List. They are ammonium nitrate mixtures.

*RED STAR is a 33-grain bulk smokeless powder for shot-guns, introduced in 1906 by the New Explosives Co. According to an analysis given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 76, its composition is—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

52·2

”   soluble

25·5

Metallic nitrates

10·5

Nitro-compounds

7·0

Vaseline

3·0

Moisture

1·8

RENDROCK.—A brand of American dynamite.

REX POWDER is a coal-mine explosive made by the Cotton Powder Co. It is on the Permitted List, and is used to a considerable extent—

Date of Permit

16-8-15

Nitroglycerine

12

Ammonium nitrate

60

Wood meal

8·5

Sodium chloride

19·5

Limit charge

20 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·61”

REXITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the New Explosives Co., which was on the old Permitted List. It is no longer “permitted.”

Nitroglycerine

7·5

Ammonium nitrate

66

Sodium nitrate

14·5

Trinitro-toluene

7·5

Wood meal

4·5

REXOL.—A high explosive containing ammonium perchlorate, zinc dust, resin and mineral oil.

R.F.G. (Rifled Fine Grain)   } black powders made for rifles

R.L.G. (Rifled Large Grain) } and rifled ordnance respectively.

RHENANIT.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine, and combustibles such as charcoal and naphthalene.

Wetter-Rhenanit is for use in coal mines, and contains also sodium chloride.

Rhenanit V., which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, and is similar to Astralit V.

RHEXIT.—An Austrian dynamite.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Nitroglycerine

50

35

24

15

Sodium nitrate

32·6

37

56·2

62·9

Wood meal

17

27·5

19

21·2

Sodium carbonate

0·4

0·5

0·8

0·9

*RIFLEITE was a completely gelatinised smokeless powder which was made by the Smokeless Powder Co.; it was in the form of flakes. A variety was also introduced for use in shot-guns and was called Shot-Gun Rifleite; this was a 37-grain gelatinised dense powder.

Shot-gun

Rifleite.

For ·303

Rifle.

Date of Introduction

1894

1890

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

76·0

1·7

”   soluble

18·9

82·5

Nitro-compound

3·5

14·8

Moisture

1·6

1·0

The nitrocellulose was made from lignin. These analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 77.

RIPPING AMMONAL. See AMMONAL.

RIPPITE is an explosive made by Curtis’s and Harvey, which was on the old Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

61

Collodion cotton

4

Potassium nitrate

19

Castor oil

1

Wood meal

5

Ammonium oxalate

10

It is no longer “permitted” for use in dangerous coal mines, but is still used for general purposes.

SUPER-RIPPITE is a modification of this, which has passed the Rotherham Test and is on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

29-8-14

Nitroglycerine

52

Collodion cotton

3

Potassium nitrate

14·5

Borax

22·5

Potassium chloride

8

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·53”

RIVALIT is a German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal, nitro-compounds, and may also contain up to 3 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

Rivalit P, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, and is practically the same as Astralit V.

Chlorat-Rivalit is an explosive of the Cheddite type, introduced in Germany during the War—

Potassium chlorate

88·5

Paraffin

11·5

ROBURITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite class. In Germany many different mixtures have been made, but in general they are within the following limits—

Ammonium nitrate

70 to 80

Potassium nitrate

5  ” 10

Trinitro-toluene

12 ” 15

Flour

6

Sodium chloride

5 to 6

Potassium permanganate

0·1 ” 0·5

but some are outside them.

The explosive has also been made in England by the Roburite Explosives Co., Ltd., now incorporated in Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd., who had the following on the old Permitted List—

No. 3

Ammonium nitrate

88

Dinitro-benzene

11

Chlor-naphthalene

1

The following has passed the Rotherham Test and is now on the Permitted List—

No. 4

Date of Permit

13-5-14

Ammonium nitrate

61

Trinitro-toluene

16

Sodium chloride

23

Limit charge

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·86”

ROCKITE is an explosive made by Curtis’s and Harvey for quarry work, etc.

ROMPERIT.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, trinitro-toluene, flour and resin. It may also contain up to 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.

Wetter-Romperit contains also sodium chloride, ammonium chloride or magnesite, and is used in coal mines.

Gelatine-Romperit contains gelatinised nitroglycerine, glycerine, potato meal, etc., and nitrates, and may also contain aromatic nitro-compounds and alkali nitrates.

Romperit G, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, and is similar to Astralit V.

ROSLIN GIANT BLASTING POWDER is a perchlorate explosive made by Curtis’s and Harvey.

*ROTTWEIL SMOKELESS POWDERS.—These were pushed energetically in England in 1913. They comprised a gelatinised rifle powder, and a 37-grain gelatinised dense shot-gun powder. Analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 90—

Shot-gun.

Rifle.

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

72·3

72·8

”    soluble

24·5

25·0

Metallic nitrates

0·7

—

Camphor and diphenylamine

1·0

1·0

Moisture

1·5

1·2

*RUBY POWDER.—- A 42-grain bulk smokeless powder, for shot-guns, introduced in 1899 by Curtis’s and Harvey. The following analysis was given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

46·6

”    soluble

4·0

Metallic nitrates

34·0

Nitro-compound

8·2

Starch

5·5

Moisture

1·7

It is an inexpensive powder made without solvents.

RUSSELITE.—A coal-mine explosive which was made by the Forcite Co. in Belgium. It was on the old British Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

40·5

Collodion cotton

2·3

Potassium nitrate

24·5

Trinitro-toluene

5·5

Wood meal

4

Ammonium oxalate

23

Calcium carbonate

0·2

*Poudre S is a shot-gun powder made by the French Government. It consists of—

Guncotton

37

Soluble nitrocotton

28

Potassium nitrate

6

Barium nitrate

29

Moisture

2

The ingredients are incorporated together under light edge runners, dried and partially gelatinised with 35 per cent. of ether-alcohol. The dough, which is not very coherent, is formed into grains by simply passing it through a sieve. The grains are dried, sifted, hardened if necessary with ether-alcohol, and again dried and sifted.

SABULITE is a blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene and calcium silicide. The last constituent increases the heat of explosion and renders the mixture more sensitive both to detonation and to blows; it plays the same part as the aluminium powder in Ammonal.

Ammonium nitrate

78

Trinitro-toluene

8

Calcium silicide

14

This composition was modified by the Belgian Sabulite Co. to render it suitable for use in coal mines: by introducing some potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride it was able to pass the tests, and obtain a place on the list of “explosifs S.G.P.”—

Sabulite

antigrisouteuse

A.

Ammonium nitrate

54

Potassium nitrate

22

Ammonium chloride

13

Trinitro-toluene

6

Calcium silicide

5

Sabulite has been used as a military high explosive.

SAFETY BLASTING POWDER. See CAHUECIT.

SALIT or Wittenberger Wetterdynamit is a German coal-mine explosive. The following is an analysis—

Ammonium nitrate

53·6

Nitroglycerine

11·8

Collodion cotton

0·5

Dinitro-toluene

8·5

Dextrin

2·5

Sodium chloride

23·1

SAMSONITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List. It is now no longer permitted for use in dangerous coal mines but is still used for general purposes.

Nitroglycerine

58·5

Collodion cotton

3·5

Potassium nitrate

18

Wood meal

6·5

Ammonium oxalate

13·5

During the War potassium nitrate was replaced by sodium nitrate, and the nitroglycerine was reduced to 50 per cent.

Nos. 2 and 3 have passed the Rotherham Test and are on the Permitted List—

No. 2

No. 3.

Date of Permit

25-1-19

25-1-19

Nitroglycerine

51·5

51·5

Collodion cotton

3

3

Amide compound

0·2

0·3

Potassium perchlorate

11

—

Sodium nitrate

—

10

Borax

23·3

25·2

Potassium chloride

10

—

Sodium chloride

—

—

Moisture

1

10

Limit charge

26

24 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·49

2·42”

SAXONITE was the predecessor of Samsonite on the old Permitted List. It has practically the same composition, but wide limits are allowed. It also is used for general purposes. During the War potassium nitrate was replaced by sodium nitrate.

Ammon-SCHLESIT or Kohlen-SCHLESIT is a German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate and other nitrates, nitro-compounds, starch, neutral salts, not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine, and not more than 2 per cent. of potassium perchlorate.

SCHNEIDERITE is a high explosive used by the French for filling shell. Its composition is the same as the Favier explosive N_1c.

*SCHULTZE POWDER was the first successful smokeless powder made. It was invented by Capt. E. Schultze of the Prussian Artillery, who appears at first simply to have impregnated little grains of wood with saltpetre (Eng. Pat. 900 of 1864). But later the wood cellulose was purified and nitrated, and then mixed with nitrates. The powder has remained the same as this until the present day, although the methods of manufacture have been developed and, indeed, revolutionised more than once. In “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 75, the following analyses of different brands were given—

Sawdust.

Schultze.

Imperial.

Cube.

Lightning.

Date Introduced

1869

1883

1902

1908

1913

Charge for 12-bore grns.

42

42

33

30

33

Fibrous.

Fibrous.

Fibrous.

Gelatinised.

Fibrous.

Nitrocellulose,   insoluble}

64·8

25·0

63·7

62·1

55·0

”    soluble}

40·0

18·9

27·0

27·0

Metallic nitrates

33·0

29·0

8·0

5·0

11·2

Vaseline

—

4·0

7·6

4·0

5·0

Moisture

2·2

2·0

1·8

1·9

1·8

The nitrocellulose in all cases has been made from wood cellulose. All the powders are of the bulk type.

Schultze powder is also made in America as a 36-grain fibrous bulk powder—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

4·9

”   soluble

78·5

Metallic nitrates

10·5

Vaseline

3·7

Moisture

2·4

SEAMEX is a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List made by Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd.—

Nitroglycerine

10

Ammonium nitrate

58

Wheat flour

20

Sodium chloride

12

Limit charge

36 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2.54”

SEBOMITE is a French chlorate explosive resembling Cheddite, but containing tallow instead of castor oil.

SECURITE was one of the first coal-mine explosives. It contained ammonium nitrate and dinitro-benzene, and was therefore similar to Bellite and Roburite.

SECUROPHORE.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive containing nitroglycerine, nitrates, flour and other constituents.

SENGITE is a variety of Tonite introduced in South Africa as a substitute for Gelignite in consequence of the scarcity of glycerine due to the War. It contains guncotton and sodium nitrate, and sufficient moisture to render it safe to handle without diminishing its strength. The first four letters of its name stand for substitute explosive no glycerine. It requires a priming cartridge of gelignite or similar explosive. It is more expensive than gelignite, and consequently is not likely to be used when the scarcity of glycerine has been relieved.

SHELLITE.—A high explosive consisting of picric acid and dinitro-phenol, used for filling shells. The mixture possesses the advantage over straight picric acid that it melts at a lower temperature. It was for a time called Picrol.

SHEPPEY POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Cotton Powder Co. which was on the Permitted List for a short time, but was removed in 1914—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Nitroglycerine

27

Potassium nitrate

31

Wood meal

36

Ammonium oxalate

6

Limit charge

10 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·10”

SIEGENIT.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, flour, and not more than 15 per cent. of dinitro-toluene. For use in coal mines, sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate are added as diluents, and nitroglycerine to increase the sensitiveness.

SILESIA is a German blasting explosive consisting of potassium chlorate, the particles of which are coated with resin or oxidised resin. The latter is made by treating ground colophony, mixed with 10 per cent. of starch, with nitric acid. After washing and drying this is incorporated with the chlorate with the aid of alcohol, in which it is soluble. For use in coal mines sodium chloride is sometimes added. The following are examples—

4.

4a.

IV. 22.

Potassium chlorate

80

80

70

Resin

20

16 }

8

”  oxidised

—

4 }

Sodium chloride

—

—

22

It is practically the same as Steelite.

*S.K., S.R., S.S., S.V. were partially gelatinised fibrous smokeless powders, introduced by the Smokeless Powder Co. about 1889. They are no longer made. The following analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 77—

S.R.

S.S.

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

45·2

53·0

”   soluble

25·5

13·0

Metallic nitrates.

18·5

18·0

Nitro-compound

—

10·0

Vaseline

—

4·6

Starch

8·0

—

Moisture

2·8

1·4

The nitrocellulose was made from lignin. S.S. was a 38-grain bulk powder; S.R. was a fibrous powder for rifles; S.K. a similar powder for small rifles, and S.V. for revolvers.

*SMOKELESS DIAMOND is a 33-grain bulk smokeless powder for shot-guns, introduced in 1903 by Curtis’s and Harvey. According to an analysis in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 78, its composition is—

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

69·0

”   soluble

6·6

Metallic nitrates

15·0

Vaseline

2·5

Charcoal

5·6

Moisture

1·3

*SOLENITE.—A smokeless powder introduced in Italy in 1896 for use in rifles—

Nitroglycerine

34

Nitrocotton, soluble

63

Mineral jelly

3

It is gelatinised with the aid of acetone, and is made in the form of translucent short tubes of a light brown colour.

SPRENGCHLORAT. See Hassia-Chlorat.

SPRENGEL EXPLOSIVES were patented in 1871 by Dr. Hermann Sprengel, F.R.S., the inventor of the mercury vacuum pump. They are made by mixing an oxidising substance with a combustible one, the essential features being that one or both of the substances must be liquid, and the mixing takes place shortly before the explosive is required. The mixture is exploded by means of a fulminate detonator. As oxidising agents, Sprengel mentioned amongst others nitric acid and potassium chlorate; nitrogen peroxide has also been used; as combustibles, a large number of substances including nitro-benzene, nitro-naphthalene, carbon bisulphide, petroleum and picric acid. For most purposes nitric acid is an inconvenient material to use. Porous cartridges of potassium chlorate constitute the oxidiser generally employed, the combustibles being hydrocarbon oils and nitro-benzene. This possesses considerable advantages, as there is no danger of a premature explosion until the constituents have been mixed. Under the British Explosives Act, however, this mixing constitutes “manufacture,” and can only be carried out in a properly licensed factory. Consequently Sprengel explosives have not been used in Great Britain, but they have been employed on a considerable scale in the United States, France, Italy and other countries.

For examples of Sprengel explosives see Panclastite, Prométhée, Rack-a-Rock.

SPRENGGELATINE is the German for Blasting Gelatine.

SPRENGSALPETER is a cheap German blasting powder made from sodium nitrate, sulphur and brown coal. It is used in the potash mines.

STABILITE is a name that has been given to trinitro-anisole. It has been tried as a constituent of a smokeless powder, but it belies its title as it is readily hydrolysed with the formation of picric acid. It has also been used by the Germans as a filling for bombs.

STANFORD POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive of the Favier class which was on the Permitted List for a short time in 1913.

STEELITE was practically the same as Silesia. Colliery Steelite was a coal-mine explosive on the old Permitted List, and made by Steelite Explosives, Ltd. It contained—

Potassium chlorate

74

Oxidised resin

25

Castor oil

1

Steelite is no longer authorised for manufacture or import into the United Kingdom.

ST. HELEN’S POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive of the Ammonal type made by the Roburite Explosives Co., which was on the old Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

93·5

Aluminium powder

2·5

Trinitro-toluene

4

STOMONAL is a coal-mine explosive made by the New Explosives Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List. In order to pass the Rotherham Test and obtain places on the new Permitted List, No. 1 and No. 2 have had salts added as cooling agents—

No. 1.

No. 2.

Date of Permit

22-6-14

9-5-17

Nitroglycerine

8

10

10

Ammonium nitrate

84·5

56[2]

60·5

Sodium nitrate

—

6

—

Wood meal

7·5

—

6·5

Wheat flour

—

8·5

—

Sodium chloride

—

19·5

17

Ammonium oxalate

—

—

6

Limit charge

—

20

30 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

—

2·68

2·57”

STONAX is a low-freezing Gelignite containing a small percentage of a nitro-compound.

STOW-ITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the New Explosives Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

59

Collodion cotton

4·7

Potassium nitrate

18·3

Wood meal

6

Ammonium oxalate

12

*STOWMARKET SMOKELESS is a 33-grain bulk powder for shot-guns made by the New Explosives Co. It is a comparatively inexpensive powder.

SUNDERITE was a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., at one time on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

25-11-13

Nitroglycerine

9

Ammonium nitrate

53·2

Potassium perchlorate

9

Wood meal

8·8

Ammonium oxalate

20

Limit charge

16 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·66”

SUPER-CLIFFITE. See CLIFFITE.

SUPER-CURTISITE. See CURTISITE.

SUPER-EXCELLITE. See EXCELLITE.

SUPERITE.—A coal-mine explosive which was made by the Carbonite Company in Germany, and formerly on the Permitted List—

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Nitroglycerine

4

Ammonium nitrate

82

Potassium nitrate

10

Starch

4

Limit charge

10 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·53”

The Permit was repealed on 21-11-16.

SUPER-KOLAX. See KOLAX.

SUPER-RIPPITE. See RIPPITE.

SWALE POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List made by the Cotton Powder Co., Ltd.—

Date of Permit

10-2-14

Nitroglycerine

19

Collodion cotton

1

Trinitro-toluene

4

Potassium perchlorate

38

Wood meal

10

Ammonium oxalate

28

Limit charge

20 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·50”

The permit has been repealed.

SWALITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Cotton Powder Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List—

Nitroglycerine

59·5

Collodion cotton

4

Potassium nitrate

17

Wood meal

6

Ammonium oxalate

13·5

SYNDITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List. It was made by the Carbonite Syndicate in Germany—

Nitroglycerine

11

Collodion cotton

0·2

Ammonium nitrate

46·3

Sodium nitrate

8

Glycerine

3·5

Starch

4

Sodium chloride

27

Limit charge

over 40 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·22”

The permit was repealed on 21-9-16.

*Poudre T is a condensed smokeless shot-gun powder manufactured by the French Government. It is made from guncotton, CP[1], to which 2 per cent. of saltpetre is added, gelatinised with acetone. The dough is pressed into strips which are rolled down to a thickness of 0·15 mm. and cut into small squares of 1·5 mm. side. The powder is then steeped in water to dissolve out the greater part of the potassium nitrate, dried, and finally drummed with a little gum and graphite to make it more progressive. This powder is superior to the other French sporting-powders, but is more expensive. The charge for a 16-bore cartridge is 1·9 grammes.

TELSIT A is a blasting explosive made at the Nobel Works in Switzerland. It consists of ammonium nitrate, nitrated toluene and aluminium powder.

Gelatine-Telsit contains ammonium nitrate, blasting gelatine and liquid trinitro-toluene, also gelatinised with collodion cotton.

Special-Gelatine-Telsit differs from this in having part of the ammonium nitrate replaced by sodium nitrate.

TERRIT is a plastic blasting explosive made in Sweden, and consisting of ammonium perchlorate, sodium nitrate and liquid dinitro-toluene, gelatinised with collodion cotton—

Ammonium perchlorate

43

Sodium nitrate

28

Dinitro-toluene (liquid)

27·8

Collodion cotton

1·2

It is difficult to detonate.

TETRYL is the name usually given to tetranitro-methyl-aniline, the strictly scientific designation of which is trinitro-phenyl-methyl-nitramine—

It is used extensively as an intermediate detonating agent for high-explosive shell, as it is somewhat more sensitive than most of the explosives used, and can consequently be detonated by a small charge of fulminate. It is also called C. E.

Grisou-TETRILITE. See Favier Powder.

TEUTONIT is a German Favier explosive containing not less than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, not more than 5 per cent. of flour or potato meal, and not more than 15 per cent. of aromatic nitro- and dinitro-compounds. It may also contain neutral salts.

TEUTONITE was a name given occasionally to White Gunpowder (q. v.).

THAMES POWDER is a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd.—

No. 2

Date of Permit

22-6-14

28-1-15

Nitroglycerine

6·5

10

Ammonium nitrate

55

59[3]

Potassium nitrate

10

—

Wood meal

4·5

10

Starch

5

—

Ammonium oxalate

19

—

Sodium chloride

—

21

Limit charge

32

22

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·78

2·59”

THERMIT is not an explosive, although in some respects it resembles one. It generally consists of a mixture of about three parts oxide of iron with one part of aluminium powder, but other oxides and other metals are sometimes used. When initiated by strong heat in one place a reaction sets in with great evolution of heat and the formation of a white-hot mass of molten iron and slag. It differs from an explosive in that no gas is formed and the reaction is comparatively slow. It is used for filling incendiary bombs and for many industrial purposes.

THORNIT.—A German blasting explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate and vegetable meal. It may also contain animal or vegetable fats.

TITANITE.—A coal-mine explosive manufactured in Hungary. A variety of it was on the old British Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

87

Trinitro-toluene

7

Curcuma charcoal

6

Other varieties containing a smaller percentage of ammonium nitrate have been used for general blasting.

T.N.T. stands for trinitro-toluene or trotyl.

TOLITE stands for trinitro-toluene.

TONITE, or Cotton Powder, is a blasting explosive which was much used at one time. It consists of guncotton mixed with a nitrate and compressed into blocks or cylinders, but a small percentage of a nitro-compound has sometimes been added. A Belgian Tonite had the composition—

Guncotton

53·0

Barium nitrate

37·6

Sodium nitrate

9·4

That made by the Cotton Powder Co. consists of—

Guncotton

50

Barium nitrate

50

TOXOL is a high explosive, a mixture of trinitro-xylene and trinitro-toluene.

TREMONIT is a German coal-mine explosive containing gelatinised dinitro-glycerine, e.g.—

Tremonit S II.

Dinitro-glycerine

33

Collodion cotton

1

Trinitro-toluene

2·5

Ammonium nitrate

26·5

Pea flour

12

Sodium chloride

25

Ammon-Tremonit or Gesteins-Tremonit contains a considerable proportion of ammonium nitrate.

Gesteins-Tremonit V. contains also up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, and is similar to Astralit V.

TRINOL.—A name for trinitro-toluene.

TRIPLASTIT was a plastic high explosive obtained by gelatinising a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of nitro-toluenes with collodion cotton and mixing it with lead nitrates, e.g.—

Nitro-toluenes

70

Collodion cotton

1·2

Lead nitrate

28·8

It was intended for filling shell, etc.

*TROISDORF SMOKELESS POWDER became prominent in England in 1897 in connection with Mannlicher cartridges for the Bisley long-range competitions. It was occasionally recorded as Pigou Wilkes Powder, as that firm were agents for it. The following are analyses of samples taken in 1898 (“Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 90)—

Shot-gun

Powder.

Rifle

Powder.

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

24·9

1·5

”   soluble

61·7

96·5

Starch, agar and dye

11·5

—

Moisture

1·9

2·0

The shot-gun powder was a fibrous bulk powder, and the charge for a 12-bore cartridge was 33 grains. The rifle powder was gelatinised.

TROJAN COAL POWDER is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It contains nitro-starch.

TROTYL is a name for trinitro-toluene.

TUNNELIT is a German safety explosive containing ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, not more than 10 per cent. of trinitro-toluene (or not more than 6 per cent. together with not more than 2 per cent. of neutral liquid trinitro-toluene), not more than 20 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than 5 per cent. of nitroglycerine, not more than 1 per cent. of collodion cotton, and carbohydrates.

TUNNELITE is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. Brands AA, B and C are ammonium nitrate explosives, whereas numbers 3 to 8, 6LF and 8LF are nitroglycerine explosives.

TURPINITE. See PANCLASTITE.

TUTOL.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Westphalia Anhalt Explosives Co. in Germany. It was on the old Permitted List. A variation of it, No. 2, was for a time on the new List, but it was repealed in Nov. 1916.

No. 2.

Nitroglycerine

25

25

Potassium nitrate

33

—

Barium nitrate

2

—

Sodium nitrate

—

29

Wood meal

39·8

36·3

Sodium chloride

—

9·5

Sodium bicarbonate

0·2

0·2

Limit charge

—

22 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

—

2·11”

UPLEES POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite type made by the Cotton Powder Co. It was for a time on the Permitted List but was repealed in 1914.

VELOX GELATINE.—A blasting explosive for hard rock made by the British South African Explosives Co. It contains less nitroglycerine than blasting gelatine, and is intended to husband stocks of glycerine (“Arms and Explosives,” 1916, p. 81).

Gelatine VENDER is a Swiss explosive consisting of dinitro-acetin gelatinised with a little collodion cotton and mixed with ammonium nitrate.

VICTOR POWDER was a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co. There were two varieties at one time on the Permitted List—

No. 2.

Date of Permit

13-5-14

15-1-15

Ammonium nitrate

68

67

Potassium chloride

14·5

—

Sodium chloride

—

15

Nitroglycerine

8·5

9

Wood meal

9

9

Limit charge

18

16

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·96”

2·63”

VICTORITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type made by Nobel’s Explosives Co. It was on the old Permitted List.

VIEILLE POWDER. See Poudre B.

VIGORIT. See MONACHIT.

VIGORITE is a name that has been given to several explosives in the past. One of these, manufactured in California in the ’seventies of the last century, contained potassium chlorate and nitroglycerine, and consequently was decidedly dangerous. It gave rise to a serious accident on the Grand Trunk Railway.

The Atlas Powder Co. in America manufacture a series of coal-mine explosives under this name. They are nitroglycerine explosives.

VIKING POWDER is a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co. There are two varieties on the Permitted List—

No. 1.

No. 2.

Date of Permit

15-1-15

15-1-15

Ammonium nitrate

59

67

Nitroglycerine

10

8·5

Wood meal

10

8·5

Sodium chloride

20

15

Magnesium carbonate

1

1

Limit charge

26

18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·44”

2·59”

This explosive is used extensively.

VIRITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Nitrate Explosives Co. which was on the old Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

38

Potassium nitrate

35·5

Sulphur

4·5

Charcoal

11·5

Ammonium oxalate

10·5

There have been other explosives of the same name.

VULCAN POWDER is a brand of American dynamite.

W.A. See Lafflin and Rand.

WALLONITE.—A Belgian blasting and coal-mine explosive—

II.

III.

Ammonium nitrate

90

70

70

Sodium nitrate

—

20

25

Nitrated resin

10

10

5

Charge limite

50

125

600 g.

*WALSRODE SHOT-GUN POWDER was a gelatinised 28-grain dense powder, which the German makers endeavoured to introduce into England in the ’nineties, but it gave high pressures. A powder of this name is still used in Germany, however, but it is a 35-grain powder in the form of small grains, greyish white and greyish green in colour.

WALSRODE SICHERHEITS-SPRENGSTOFF is a German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene, flour, and a little guncotton and sometimes sodium chloride.

Wetter-Walsrode is also an ammonium nitrate explosive. It contains no guncotton but may contain potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, naphthalene, and various other substances.

WESTFALITE is a coal-mine explosive which is made in Germany and England. The German explosives vary much in composition, and some of them are intended for ordinary blasting. Some of those recently introduced contain up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate. Originally Westfalite was made by milling ammonium nitrate with an alcoholic solution of gum lac, but later the use of the gum was abandoned.

British Westfalite, Ltd., had two mixtures on the old Permitted List—

No. 1.

No. 2.

Ammonium nitrate

95

91

Potassium nitrate

—

4

Resin

5

5

That formerly on the Permitted List differed considerably from the above—

Westfalite No. 3.

Date of Permit

1-9-13

Ammonium nitrate

60

Potassium nitrate

14

Trinitro-toluene

5

Ammonium chloride

21

Limit charge

12 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

2·55”

WETTERDYNAMIT is a name that has been given in Germany to various coal-mine explosives containing nitroglycerine.

WETTER-DYNAMMON. See DYNAMMON.

*WETTEREN.—A gelatinised rifle smokeless powder made by the Cooppal Co. of Belgium. The following analyses were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 91—

Date of Sample

1892

1893

Nitrocellulose, insoluble

16·0

57·3

”   soluble

46·2

37·6

Nitroglycerine

27·3

—

Shellac

—

3·5

Charcoal

9·0

—

Moisture

1·5

1·6

WHITE GUNPOWDER is a mixture of—

Potassium chlorate

50

Potassium ferrocyanide

25

Sugar

25

It is not produced commercially, and, indeed, is too sensitive, but it is sometimes made in the laboratory. It has also been called Angendre’s powder, White German powder, American powder, and Baron and Cauvet’s powder.

WILHELMIT is a German blasting explosive of the Cheddite type. It consists of sodium or potassium chlorate hydrocarbon oil with a flash point not below 30° C., and carbohydrates. For use in coal mines neutral salts are added. It was introduced during the War.

WITHNELL POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite type made by the Lancashire Explosives Co., which was on the old Permitted List—

Ammonium nitrate

89·5

Trinitro-toluene

5

Flour

5·5

WITTENBERGER WETTERDYNAMIT. See SALIT.

XPDITE is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is made by the Hercules Powder Co., and contains nitroglycerine.

YONCKITE.—A Belgian ammonium perchlorate explosive. The composition has been varied somewhat, and one formula, No. 10, is on the list of Explosifs S.G.P., and consequently is permitted for use in Belgian coal mines. No. 1 is a more powerful explosive used for general blasting.

No. 10.

I.

Ammonium perchlorate

25

20

Ammonium nitrate

30

27

Sodium nitrate

15

27

Barium nitrate

—

6

Trinitro-toluene

10

20

Sodium chloride

20

—

Charge limite

900 g.

ZELTIT. See Celtite.

INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Acid, Nitric.

Hellhofite.

Sprengel Explosives.

Acid, Picric. See Picric Acid.

Agar.

Amasite.

Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.

Albumen.

Plessit.

Alcohol, Amyl.

B.

Alum, Chromium Ammonium.

Chromamonit.

Aluminium.

Alsilite.

Alumatol.

Ammonal.

Donarit A.

Echo.

Lignosit.

Perrumpit.

St. Helen’s Powder.

Telsit.

Thermit.

Ammonium Nitrate, Chloride, etc. See Nitrate, Chloride, etc.

Ammonium Nitrocresol-sulphonate.

Raschit.

Amyl Alcohol.

B.

Aniline.

Filite.

Aniline Hydrochloride.

Progressit.

Antimony Sulphide.

Flobert Ammunition.

Aromatic Nitro-compounds. See Nitro-compounds.

Barium Nitrate, etc. See Nitrate, etc.

Bark.

Cahuecit.

Bauxite.

Lignosit.

Bicarbonate, Sodium.

C. S. P.

Tutol.

Bichromate, Ammonium.

J.

Bichromate, Potassium.

Ammonal.

Dahmenite.

J.

Petroklastit.

Bisulphide, Carbon.

Panclastite.

Sprengel Explosives.

Borax.

Haylite.

Rippite.

Samsonite.

Bran.

Forcite.

Briquette Powder.

Loewenpulver.

Calcium Silicide

Sabulite.

Camphor.

E. C. Powder.

Herculite.

M.

Rottweil Smokeless Powder.

Carbohydrates. See also Cellulose, Flour, Starch,

Vegetable Meal, Wood Meal.

Albit.

Alkalsit.

Chloratzite.

Foerdit.

Gesilit.

Tunnelit.

Wilhelmit.

Carbon Bisulphide.

Panclastite.

Sprengel Explosives.

Carbonaceous Substances.

Nobelit.

Carbonate, Calcium.

Blasting Gelatine.

Cambrite.

Carbonite.

Clydite.

Dynamite.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Gelignite.

Kynite.

Pit-ite.

Russelite.

Carbonate, Magnesium. See also Magnesite.

Blasting Gelatine.

Dynobel.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Monobel.

Oaklite.

Stomonal.

Thames Powder.

Viking Powder.

Carbonate, Sodium.

Britonite.

Carbonite.

Clydite.

Forcite Antigrisouteuse.

Lignosit.

Minite.

Pit-ite.

Rhexit.

Cellulose.

Antigel.

Colinit.

Flammivore.

Grisoutite.

Cellulose Residue.

Raschit.

Chalk, French.

Nitro-Densite.

Charcoal.

Amide Powder.

Ammonal.

Ammoniakkrut.

Ammonpulver.

Neu Anagon.

Aphosite.

Astralit.

Bavarit.

Black Powder.

Bobbinite.

Bomlit.

Cannonite.

Denaby Powder.

Detonit.

Dragonite.

Fulmenit.

Hebler Powder.

Lithofracteur.

M.B. Powder.

Monachit.

Normanite.

Perchlorit.

Praeposit.

Pulvérin.

Rhenanit.

Smokeless Diamond.

Virite.

Wetteren.

Charcoal, Cork.

Carbo-Dynamite.

Oxyliquit.

Charcoal, Curcuma.

Titanite.

Charcoal, Red.

Dynammon.

Charcoal, Straw.

Cocoa Powder.

Chlorate, Potassium.

Albit.

Alkalsit.

Barbarit.

Cheddite.

Chloratzite.

Flobert Ammunition.

Hassia-Chlorat.

Himalayite.

Kinetit.

Kiwit.

Koronit.

L. C. Pulver.

Mercurit.

Miedziankit.

Mitchellite.

Naphthalit.

O.

Petrolit.

Pierrite.

Plessit.

Prométhée.

Rack-a-Rock.

Rivalit (Chlorat-).

Sebomite.

Silesia.

Sprengel Explosives.

Steelite.

Vigorite.

White Gunpowder.

Wilhelmit.

Chlorate, Sodium.

Albit.

Alkalsit.

Cheddite.

Kiwit.

Koronit.

O.

Wilhelmit.

Chloride, Ammonium.

Anchorite.

Cornil.

Curtisite (Super-).

Denaby Powder.

Densite.

Dreadnought Powder.

Essex Powder.

Excellite (Super-).

Expedite.

Faversham Powder.

Favier Explosive.

Fortex (New).

Fractorite.

Fumyl.

Kentite.

Mersey Powder.

Romperit.

Sabulite.

Westfalite.

Chloride, Potassium.

Ammonite.

Astralit.

Cambrite.

Carbonite (Ammon-).

Dahmenite.

Dominite.

Dynamit (Gallerte-).

Elsagit.

Foerdit.

Gehlingerit (Wetter-).

Monachit.

Monobel.

Naphthalit.

Nationalite.

Nobelit.

Pannonit.

Rippite.

Samsonite.

Victor Powder.

Chloride, Sodium.

Abbcite.

Abelite.

Alsilite.

Ammonite.

Astralit.

Bellite.

Britonite.

Carbonite (Ammon-).

Cliffite (Super-).

Cosilit.

Dahmenite.

Donarit (Wetter-).

Dorfit.

Dreadnought Powder.

Du Pont Permissible.

Dynobel.

Elsagit.

Excellite (Super-).

Favier Explosives.

Foerdit.

Fulmenit.

Gehlingerit (Wetter-).

Gesilit.

Glueckauf.

Haylite.

Kiwit.

Koronit.

Leonit.

Lignosit.

Miedziankit.

Monarkite.

Monobel.

Naphthalit.

Nationalite.

Negro Powder.

Nobelit.

Orkanit.

Pannonit.

Permon Powder.

Perrumpit.

Pfalzit.

Plessit.

Pulvérite.

Rex Powder.

Rhenanit.

Roburite.

Romperit.

Salit.

Samsonite.

Seamex.

Siegenit.

Silesia.

Stomonal.

Syndite.

Thames Powder.

Tremonit.

Tutol.

Victor Powder.

Viking Powder.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Yonckite.

Chlor-Naphthalenes.

Amvis.

Roburite.

Chromate, Lead.

Cornil.

Halakite.

Chromium Ammonium Alum.

Chromamonit.

Coal.

Alkalsit.

Ammoniakkrut.

Carbonite (Ammon-).

Judson Powder.

Koronit.

Lithofracteur.

Loewenpulver.

Sprengsalpeter.

Coke.

Dahmenit.

Collodion Cotton. See Nitro-cotton.

Copper Nitrate Ammonia.

Glueckauf.

Copper Nitrate Aniline.

Anilit.

Copper Sulphate Aniline.

Anilit.

Cork Charcoal. See Charcoal.

Cresylate, Ammonium.

C.

Ecrasite.

Curcuma Meal.

Dahmenit.

Curcuma Charcoal.

Titanite.

Dextrin.

Dynamit (Sicherheits-).

Flammivore.

Foerdit.

Gesilit.

Pannonit.

Salit.

Dimethyl-diphenyl-urea.

Centralite.

Dinitro-acetin.

Vender.

Dinitro-benzene.

Abelite.

Amvis.

Bellite.

Cannonite.

Dahmenit.

Denaby Powder.

Dynobel.

Gathurst Powder.

Glueckauf.

Good Luck.

Granatfuellung.

Hellhofite.

Odite.

Roburite.

Securite.

Dinitro-chlorhydrin.

Astralit.

Donarit.

Helit.

Perilit.

Prosperit.

Tunnelit.

Dinitro-glycerine.

Dahmenite.

Tremonit.

Dinitro-glycol.

Gelignite.

Dinitro-naphthalene.

Ammonite.

Astralit.

Cornil.

Favier Explosives.

Fractorite.

Kiwit.

Minolite.

Schneiderite.

Dinitro-phenol.

Shellite.

Dinitro-toluene.

Abbcite.

Ajax Powder.

Antigel.

Astralit.

Blastine.

Cheddite.

Densite.

Dominit.

Dynobel.

Erin Gelignite.

Excellite.

Flammivore.

Gelignite.

Gesilit.

Halalite.

Kiwit.

Kynarkite.

Leonit.

Nationalite.

Neonal.

Perdit.

Salit.

Siegenit.

Diphenylamine.

B.

Filite.

Foerdit (Ammon-).

N. C. T.

Rottweil Smokeless Powder.

Fat. See also Tallow.

Aerolit.

Thornit.

Fat, Vegetable.

Thornit.

Fatty Acid Salt.

Dynamit (Wettersicheres-).

Ferrocyanide, Potassium.

Cannonite.

White Gunpowder.

Ferro-Silicon.

Echo.

Ferro-Silicon-Aluminium.

Alsilite.

Flour. See also Meal.

Alkalsit.

Carbonite (Ammon-).

Colinit.

Dorfit.

Dynamit (Wettersicheres-).

Foerdit.

Fractorite.

Gehlingerit.

Helagon.

Helit.

Minite.

Monachit.

Naphthalit.

Perilit.

Pulvérite.

Roburite.

Romperit.

Securophore.

Siegenit.

Teutonit.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sf.

Withnell Powder.

Flour, Pea.

Gesilit.

Flour, Roasted.

Aetna Powder.

Flour, Rye.

Donarit.

Flammivore.

Forcite Antigrisouteuse.

Tremonit.

Flour, Wheat.

Essex Powder.

Ligdyn.

Seamex.

Stomonal.

French Chalk.

Nitro-Densite.

Fulminate, Mercury.

Flobert Ammunition.

Gelatine.

Dynamit (Wettersicheres-).

Glycerine.

Dominit.

Dynamit (Sicherheits-).

Foerdit.

Halakite.

Pannonit.

Permon Powder.

Plastammon.

Romperit.

Syndite.

Graphite.

Negro Powder.

Nitrokol.

Perrumpit.

T.

Gum.

Dorfit (Per-).

T.

Gum Lac.

Westfalite.

Guncotton.

Axite.

Bomlit.

Cordite.

C. P.

C. S. P.

Fulmenit.

Indurite.

Kiwit.

Lafflin and Rand.

S.

Sengite.

T.

Tonite.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Hexanitro-diphenylamine.

Hexanitro-diphenyl Sulphide.

Granatfuellung.

Hipposin.

Praeposit.

Hydrocarbons. See also Mineral Jelly, Vaseline,

Naphthalene, Oils, Paraffin Wax and Turpentine.

Alkalsit.

Astralit.

Bomlit.

Dynamit (Wettersicheres-).

Koronit.

Naphthalit.

Persalit.

Prométhée.

Rack-a-Rock.

Rexol.

Sprengel Explosives.

Wilhelmit.

Inert Substances.  See also Chlorides, Neutral Substances, Oxalates, etc.

Koronit.

Iron Oxide.

Rack-a-Rock.

Thermit.

Ivory, Vegetable.

Meganit.

Kerosine. See Oil, Kerosine.

Kieselguhr.

Dynamite.

Giant Powder.

Lithofracteur.

Oxyliquit.

Lac. See Gum Lac, Shellac.

Lampblack.

Cahuecit.

Cannonite.

Lead Nitrate, Chromate. See Nitrate, Chromate.

Magnesia.

Forcite.

Magnesite.

Romperit.

Magnesium.

Ophorite.

Magnesium Carbonate. See Carbonate.

Manganese Dioxide. See Oxide.

Meal, Curcuma.

Dahmenite.

Meal, Potato.

Astralit.

Helagon.

Helit.

Permon Powder.

Romperit.

Teutonit.

Meal, Sago.

Aerolit.

Meal, Vegetable. See also Flour, Starch, Wood Meal, etc.

Albit.

Astralit.

Cahuecit (Ammon-).

Cosilit.

Dahmenite.

Detonit.

Dominit.

Donarit.

Dorfit.

Dynamit (Sicherheits-).

Elsagit.

Foerder Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Foerdit.

Fulmenit.

Glueckauf.

Halalite.

Hammonit.

Kiwit.

Koronit.

Leonit.

Monachit.

Perchlorit.

Perrumpit.

Persalit.

Pfalzit.

Prosperit.

Rhenanit.

Rivalit.

Thornit.

Tremonit.

Mercury Fulminate.

Flobert Ammunition.

Mineral Jelly. See also Vaseline.

Axite.

Ballistite.

C. S. P.

Cordite.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Haylite.

Moddite.

Monarkite.

Solenite.

Myrobalans.

Amasite.

Naphthalene.

Bomlit.

Dahmenite.

Kiwit.

Koronit.

Naphthalit.

Rhenanit.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Neutral Substances. See also Inert Substances and Salts.

Helagon.

Helit.

Nitrate, Ammonium.

Abbcite.

Abelite.

Aerolit.

Aetna Coal Powder.

Alkalsit.

Alsilite.

Alumatol.

Amatol.

Amatoxol.

Amide Powder.

Ammonal.

Ammoniakkrut.

Ammonite.

Ammonpulver.

Amvis.

Neu Anagon.

Anchorite.

Anilit.

Aphosite.

Astralit.

Baelenite.

Bautzener Sicherheits-pulver.

Bavarit.

Bellite.

Bental Coal Powder.

Bituminite.

Black Diamond.

Bomlit.

C.

Cahuecit.

Cameron Mine Powder.

Carbonite (Ammon-).

Chromamonit.

Cilferite.

Cliffite (Super-).

Coalite.

Colinit.

Collier Powder.

Cornil.

Cronite.

Cugnite.

Curtisite.

Dahmenite.

Denaby Powder.

Densite.

Detonit.

Detonite Special.

Dominit.

Donarite.

Dorfit.

Dreadnought Powder.

Du Pont Permissible.

Dynamite.

Dynammon.

Dynobel.

Echo.

Electronite.

Elsagit.

Excellite.

Expedite.

Extra Dynamite.

Faversham Powder.

Favier Explosives.

Flammivore.

Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.

Foerdit.

Forcite.

Fortex.

Fractorite.

Fuel-ite.

Fuellpulver.

Fulmenit.

Gathurst Powder.

Gehlingerit.

Gelatiné a l’Ammoniaque.

Gesilit.

Giant Coal Mine Powder.

Giant Powder (Extra).

Glueckauf.

Good Luck.

Grisoutine.

Guardian.

Halalite.

Hammonit.

Haylite.

Hebler Powder.

Hecla No. 2.

Kanite.

Kentite.

Leonit.

Lignosit.

Lowinite.

Luxit.

Melling Powder.

Mersey Powder.

Miner’s Friend.

Minite.

Min-ite.

Minolite.

Monachit.

Monarkite.

Monobel.

Monobel Powder.

Nationalite.

Negro Powder.

Nitrolit.

Nobel Ammonia Powder.

Nobelit.

Oakley Quarry Powder.

Oaklite.

Odite.

Pannonit.

Pastanil.

Perchlorit.

Perdit.

Permon Powder.

Permonite.

Perrumpit.

Persalit.

Pfalzit.

Picramite.

Pitsea Powder.

Pniowit.

Progressit.

Prosperit.

Pulvérite.

Raschit.

Red H.

Rex Powder.

Rexite.

Rhenanit.

Rivalit.

Roburite.

Romperit.

Sabulite.

St. Helen’s Powder.

Salit.

Schlesit.

Schneiderite.

Seamex.

Securite.

Siegenit.

Stanford Powder.

Stomonal.

Sunderite.

Superite.

Syndite.

Telsit.

Teutonit.

Thames Powder.

Thornit.

Titanite.

Tremonit.

Tunnelit.

Tunnelite.

Uplees Powder.

Vender.

Victor Powder.

Viking Powder.

Virite.

Wallonite.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Westfalite.

Withnell Powder.

Yonckite.

Nitrate, Barium.

Amberite.

Baratol.

Bautzener Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Cambrite.

Cannonite.

Carbonite.

Clydite.

Denaby Powder.

Electronite.

Flammivore.

Forcite.

Gelignite.

Halakite.

Haylite.

Kolax.

Kynarkite.

Kynite.

M.

Nitro-Densite.

Pit-ite.

S.

Tonite.

Tutol.

Yonckite.

Nitrate, Lead.

Halakite.

Macarite.

Minolite.

Triplastit.

Nitrate, Potassium.

Aerolit.

Albionite.

Amberite.

Amide Powder.

Aphosite.

Arkite.

Astralit.

Axite.

Black Powder.

Bobbinite.

Bomlit.

Britonite.

Brugère’s Powder.

Cahuecit.

Cambrite.

Cannonite.

Carbite d’Ablon.

Carbonite.

Celtite.

Chromamonite.

Cocoa Powder.

Cornil.

Cornish Powder.

Curtisite (Super-).

Dahmenite.

Denaby Powder.

Densite.

Dominit.

Dorfit.

Dragonite.

Dynamite.

Dynammon.

Elsagit.

Essex Powder.

Excellite (Super-).

Expedite.

Faversham Powder.

Favier Explosives.

Flammivore.

Forcite.

Fortex (New).

Fracturite.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Gelignite.

Giant Powder.

Glueckauf.

Grisoutine.

Hammonit.

Haylite.

Hebler Powder.

Herculite.

Kent Powder.

Kentite.

Kinetit.

Kolax.

Kynarkite.

Lignosit.

Loewenpulver.

M.

M.B.

Minite.

Monachit.

Normanite.

Oaklite.

Perilit.

Petroklastit.

Phœnix Powder.

Pit-ite.

Pitsea Powder.

Plastammon.

Praeposit.

Pulvérin.

Rippite.

Roburite.

Romperit.

Russelite.

S.

Sabulite.

Samsonite.

Saxonite.

Sheppey Powder.

Stonax.

Stow-ite.

Superite.

Swalite.

T.

Thames Powder.

Tutol.

Virite.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Westfalite.

Nitrate, Sodium.

Aetna Powder.

Alkalsit.

Amasite.

Ammonite.

Anchorite.

Antigel.

Astralit.

Blastine.

Bomlit.

Britonite.

C.

Cahuecit.

Cornil.

Cosilit.

Cugnite.

Dahmenit.

Densite.

Donarit.

Dorfit (Per-).

Duxite.

Elsagit.

Forcite.

Fractorite.

Gelignite.

Gesilit.

Giant Powder.

Glueckauf.

Halalite.

Hammonit.

Haylite.

Judson Powder.

Leonit.

Ligdyn.

Loewenpulver.

Meganit.

Melanite.

Melling Powder.

Mersey Powder.

Minolite.

Monarkite.

Nobel Gelignite.

Permon Powder.

Perrumpit.

Persalit.

Petroklastit.

Pfalzit.

Praeposit.

Raschit.

Rexite.

Rhexit.

Samsonite.

Sengite.

Sprengsalpeter.

Stomonal.

Syndite.

Telsit.

Terris.

Tonite.

Tunnelit.

Tutol.

Wallonite.

Yonckite.

Nitrate, Strontium.

Densite.

Nitrates.

Alkalsit.

Cooppal’s Powder.

Du Pont Smokeless Powder.

Dynamite.

E. C. Powder.

Eley Smokeless Powder.

Empire Powder.

Felixite.

Foerdit.

Gesilit.

Helagon.

Helit.

Henrite.

Koronit.

K. S.

Lithofracteur.

Neonite.

New Explosives Company’s Smokeless Powder.

Nobelit.

Perilit.

Plastomenit.

Red Star.

Romperit.

Rottweil Smokeless Powder.

Ruby Powder.

Schlesit.

Schultze Powder.

Securophore.

Smokeless Diamond.

S. R., S. S.

Nitric Acid. See Acid, Nitric.

Nitric Oxide.

Panclastite.

Sprengel Explosives.

Nitrobenzene.

Hellhofite.

Indurite.

Kinetit.

Panclastite.

Prométhée.

Rack-a-Rock.

Sprengel Explosives.

Nitro-bodies. See Nitro-compounds.

Nitro-cellulose. See also also Nitro-cotton.

Apyrite.

Cannonite.

Cooppal’s Powder.

Crystal.

Du Pont Smokeless Powder.

Eley Smokeless Powder.

Fulmen Powder.

Henrite.

Ideal Powder.

Kinetit.

K. S.

Mischpulver.

Mullerite.

Neonite.

New Explosives Company’s Smokeless Powder.

Nitrokol.

Normal Powder.

P.C. /88.

Plastomenit.

Primrose Smokeless.

Pyroxyline.

Red Star.

Rifleite.

Rottweil Smokeless Powder.

Ruby Powder.

Schultze Powder.

S. K., S. S., S. V.

Smokeless Diamond.

Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.

Walsrode Shot-Gun Powder.

Wetteren Powder.

Nitro-compounds. See also Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Hexa-nitro-.

Alkalsit.

Astralit.

Cahuecit (Ammon-).

Chloratzite.

Dominit.

Donarit.

Elsagit.

Felixite.

Foerder Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Foerdit.

Halalit.

Hammonit.

Helagon.

Helit.

Henrite.

Koronit.

K. S.

Leonit.

Lignosit.

Peragon.

Perchlorit.

Perilit.

Persalit.

Petrolit.

Plastammon.

Polarite.

Prosperit.

Red Star.

Rhenanit.

Rifleite.

Rivalit.

Romperit.

Ruby Powder.

Schlesit.

Sebomite.

S. S.

Stanford Powder.

Stonax.

Teutonit.

Tonite.

Tremonit.

Uplees Powder.

Nitro-cotton (including Collodion Cotton).

See also Guncotton and Nitro-cellulose.

Ajax Powder.

Albionite.

Alkalsit.

Amberite.

Arkite.

Astralit.

B.

Ballistite.

Blasting Gelatine.

Bomlit.

Cahuecit (Ammon-).

Carbonite.

Celtite.

Chromamonit.

Clermonite.

Cliffite.

Colinit.

Cornish Powder.

C. P.

Cugnite.

Dahmenite.

Denaby Powder.

Detonit.

Dominite.

Donarit.

Dragonite.

Duxite.

Dynamite (Gelatine).

Dynobel.

E. C. Powder.

Echo.

Elsagit.

Empire Powder.

Essex Powder.

Excellite.

Felixite.

Filite.

Flammivore.

Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.

Foerdit.

Forcite.

Fracturite.

Gelatiné a l’Ammoniaque.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Gelignite.

Gesilit.

Giant Powder.

Grisoutine.

Halalite.

Haylite.

Herculite.

Hudson’s Explosive.

J.

Kolax (Super-).

Koronit.

Leonit.

Lignosit.

M.

Melanite.

Moddite.

Monachit.

Monarkite.

Mullerite.

Naphthalit.

N. C. T.

Neonal.

Nitrolit.

Nobelit.

Normanite.

Oaklite.

Pannonit.

Permon Powder.

Permonite.

Pfalzit.

Phœnix Powder.

Plastrotyl.

Polarite.

Prosperit.

Pulverite.

Pyrocollodion.

Rhenanit.

Rippite.

Rivalit.

Romperit.

Russelite.

S.

Salit.

Samsonite.

Saxonite.

Schlesit.

Solenite.

Stonax.

Stowite.

Swale Powder.

Swalite.

Syndite.

Telsit.

Territ.

Tremonit.

Triplastit.

Tunnelit.

Vender.

Nitroglycerine.

Abbcite.

Aetna Powder.

Aetna Coal Powder.

Ajax Powder.

Albionite.

Albit.

Amberite.

Ammoniakkrut.

Antigel.

Arkite.

Astralit.

Axite.

Ballistite.

Bituminite.

Black Diamond.

Blasting Gelatine.

Britonite.

Cambrite.

Cameron Mine Powder.

Carbite d’Ablon.

Carbo-dynamite.

Carbonite.

Celtite.

Cliffite.

Clydite.

Coalite.

Coal Special.

Colinit.

Collier Powder.

Cordite.

Cornish Powder.

Cosilit.

C. S. P.

Cugnite.

Detonit.

Dominite.

Donarit.

Dragonite.

Du Pont Permissible.

Duxite.

Dynamite.

Dynobel.

Elsagit.

Erin Gelignite.

Essex Powder.

Eureka.

Excellite.

Filite.

Flammivore.

Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.

Foerdit.

Forcite.

Fort Pitt Mine Powder.

Fractorite.

Fracturite.

Fuel-ite.

Gehlingerit (Wetter-).

Gelatiné à l’Ammoniaque.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Gelignite.

Gesilit.

Giant Coal-Mine Powder.

Giant Powder.

Glonoine.

Grisoutine.

Grisoutite.

Guardian.

Halalit.

Hammonit.

Haylite.

Hecla Powder.

Herculite.

Hudson’s Explosive.

Hygrade Coal Powder.

Judson Powder.

Kent Powder.

Kolax.

Koronit.

Kynarkite.

Kynite.

Lafflin and Rand.

Ligdyn.

Lignosit.

Lithofracteur.

Lomite.

Meganit.

Melanite.

Melling Powder.

Mersey Powder.

Meteor.

Minite.

Min-ite.

Moddite.

Monarkite.

Monobel.

Monobel Powder.

Naphthalit.

Neonal.

Nitro-densite.

Nitrolit.

Nitro Low-Flame.

Nobel Ammonia Powder.

Nobelit.

Normanite.

Oaklite.

Pannonit.

Perchlorit.

Permon Powder.

Permonite.

Persalit (Wetter-).

Phœnix Powder.

Pit-ite.

Pitsea Powder.

Polarite.

Prosperit.

Pulvérite.

Rex Powder.

Rexite.

Rhenanit.

Rhexit.

Rippite.

Rivalit.

Romperit.

Russelite.

Salit.

Samsonite.

Saxonite.

Schlesit.

Seamex.

Securophore.

Sheppey Powder.

Siegenit.

Solenite.

Stomonal.

Stonax.

Stow-ite.

Sunderite.

Superite.

Swale Powder.

Swalite.

Syndite.

Telsit.

Thames Powder.

Tremonit.

Tunnelit.

Tunnelite.

Tutol.

Velox Gelatine.

Victor Powder.

Vigorite.

Viking Powder.

Wetter-dynamit.

Wetteren.

Xpdite.

Nitro-hydrocarbons. See also Nitrobenzene, Tinitro-toluene, etc.

Albit.

Alkalsit.

Carbonite.

Cooppal’s Powder.

Monachit.

Naphthalit.

New Explosives Company’s Smokeless Powder.

Persalit.

Nitro-mesytilenes.

Monachit.

Nitro-naphthalene.

Alkalsit.

Astralit.

Barking Powder.

Bavarit.

Cheddite.

Curtisite.

Favier Explosives.

Pierrite.

Sprengel Explosives.

Nitro-semi-cellulose.

Plastammon.

Nitro-starch.

Silesia.

Trojan Coal Powder.

Nitro-toluene.

Astralit.

Erin Gelignite.

Foerdit.

Monobel.

Panclastite.

Pannonit.

Plastammon.

Red Cross.

Telsit.

Nitro-toluenes, Liquid.

Alkalsit.

Barbarit.

Bomlit.

Halalite.

Kiwit.

Plastomenit.

Plastrotyl.

Telsit.

Territ.

Triplastit.

Tunnelit.

Nitroxylene.

Monachit.

Oil.

Albit.

Kiwit.

Oil, Castor.

Bomlit.

Cheddite.

Excellite.

Pierrite.

Rippite.

Steelite.

Oil, Dead.

Rack-a-Rock.

Oil, Drying.

Himalayite.

Oil, Fatty.

Astralit.

Elsagit.

Glueckauf.

Koronit.

Naphthalit.

Perrumpit.

Oil, Hydrocarbon. See also Paraffins, etc.

Mercurit.

Sprengel Explosives.

Wilhelmit.

Oil, Kerosine.

Miedziankit.

Petrolit.

Plessit.

Oil, Mineral.

Rexol.

Oil, Paraffin.

Astralit.

Dominite.

Fulmenit.

Koronit.

Oil, Petroleum.

Barbarit.

Oxyliquit.

Sprengel Explosives.

Oil, Rape.

Astralit.

Oil, Red.

Dreadnought Powder.

Oxalate, Ammonium.

Ajax Powder.

Albionite.

Arkite.

Astralit.

Britonite.

Cambrite.

Celtite.

Cheesa Sticks.

Cliffite (Super-).

Clydite.

Dominite.

Duxite.

Dynamit (Wetter-).

Dynobel.

Excellite (Super-).

Fractorite.

Fracturite.

Glueckauf.

Haylite.

Herculite.

Kent Powder.

Kolax (Super-).

Kynarkite.

Melling Powder.

Minite.

Monachit.

Neonal.

Normanite.

Perrumpit.

Pit-ite.

Pitsea Powder.

Rippite.

Russelite.

Samsonite.

Saxonite.

Sheppey Powder.

Stomonal.

Stow-ite.

Sunderite.

Swale Powder.

Swalite.

Thames Powder.

Virite.

Oxalate, Copper.

Glueckauf.

Good Luck.

Oxalate, Potassium.

Nobelit.

Oxalates.

Astralit.

Elsagit.

Nobelit.

Oxide, Iron.

Rack-a-Rock.

Thermit.

Oxide, Manganese.

Aerolit.

Loewenpulver.

Prométhée.

Oxygen (Liquid).

Marsit.

Oxyliquit.

Paraffin. See also Oil, Paraffin and Hydrocarbons.

Favier Explosives.

Henrite.

Kiwit.

Naphthalit.

Rivalit (Chlorat-).

Paraffin Wax. See Wax.

Perchlorate, Ammonium.

Alkalsit.

Amasite.

Barking Powder.

Blastine.

Carlsonite.

Kausolit.

M. B. Powder.

Rexol.

Territ.

Yonckite.

Perchlorate, Potassium.

Ajax Powder.

Alkalsit.

Bomlit.

Chloratzite.

Colinit.

Dominit.

Donarit.

Dorfit (Per-).

Dynobel.

Halalite.

Hammonit.

Helagon.

Helit.

Herculite.

Koronit.

Leonit.

M. B. Powder.

Mercurit.

Neonal.

Ophorite.

Peragon.

Perchlorit.

Perdit.

Perilit.

Permonite.

Persalit.

Pniowit.

Polarite.

Pulvérite.

Rhenanit.

Rivalit.

Romperit.

Samsonite.

Schlesit.

Sonnit.

Sunderite.

Swale Powder.

Tremonit.

Westfalite.

Perchlorate, Sodium.

Alkalsit.

Hammonit.

Koronit.

Leonit.

Perchlorates.

Mitchellite.

Persalit.

Roslin Giant Blasting Powder.

Permanganate, Potassium.

Roburite.

Picrate, Ammonium.

Brugère’s Powder.

Picramite.

Picric Acid.

Crésylite.

Dunnite.

Granatfuellung.

Lyddite.

Mélinite.

Picrol.

Pierrite.

Shellite.

Sprengel Explosives.

Picryl Sulphide.

Granatfuellung.

Pitch, Coal Tar.

Petroklastit.

Potassium Chloride, Nitrate, etc. See Chloride, Nitrate, etc.

Potato Meal. See Meal, Potato.

Quebracho.

Minolite.

Resin.

Aerolit.

Cannonite.

Chloratzite.

E.C. Powder.

Favier Explosives.

Giant Powder.

Glueckauf.

Judson Powder.

Normal Powder.

Persalit.

Plastrotyl.

Rexol.

Romperit.

Silesia.

Westfalite.

Resin, Oxidised.

Siegenit.

Steelite.

Wallonite.

Salts, Hydrated.

Eureka.

Giant Coal-Mine Powder.

Lomite.

Meteor.

Salts, Inorganic. See also Chlorides, Sulphates, etc.

Albit.

Koronit.

Lafflin and Rand.

Monachit.

Persalit.

Salts, Neutral.

Cahuecit (Ammon-).

Chloratzit.

Detonit.

Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.

H.

Hammonit.

Petrolit.

Schlesit.

Teutonit.

Wilhelmit.

Sawdust.

Herculite.

Shellac. See also Gum Lac.

Cheesa Sticks.

Cooppal’s Powder.

Wetteren.

Silicide, Calcium.

Sabulite.

Soap.

Albit.

Sodium Chloride, Nitrate, etc. See Chloride, Nitrate.

Soot.

Marsit.

Starch.

Abelite.

Bellite.

Bobbinite.

Bomlit.

Carbonite.

Cliffite.

Cooppal’s Powder.

Electronite.

Excellite (Super-).

Himalayite.

Kolax.

Kynite.

Monarkite.

Nitro-Densite.

Permonite.

Ruby Powder.

Schlesit.

S.R.

Superite.

Syndite.

Thames Powder.

Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.

Stearine.

Cannonite.

Straw Charcoal.

Cocoa Powder.

Strontium Nitrate.

Densite.

Sugar.

Anilit.

Glueckauf.

White Gunpowder.

Sulphate, Ammonium.

Antigel.

Bobbinite.

Flammivore.

Progressit.

Pulvérite.

Sulphate, Barium.

Cugnite.

Flammivore.

Pulvérite.

Sulphate, Copper.

Bobbinite.

Sulphate, Iron.

Cahuecit.

Sulphate, Magnesium.

Colinit.

Cornish Powder.

Grisoutine.

Siegenit.

Sulphate, Sodium.

Grisoutine.

Raschit.

Sulphide, Antimony.

Flobert Ammunition.

Kinetit.

Sulphonate, Ammonium Nitro-cresol-.

Sulphonate, Sodium Cresol-.

Raschit.

Sulphur.

Aerolit.

Aphosite.

Black Powder.

Bobbinite.

Cahuecit.

Cocoa Powder.

Dynamite (American).

Forcite.

Giant Powder.

Hebler Powder.

Judson Powder.

Lithofracteur.

Loewenpulver.

M. B. Powder.

Petroklastit.

Praeposit.

Pulvérin.

Sprengsalpeter.

Virite.

Sulphuretted Benzol.

Carbonite.

Tallow. See also Fat.

Sebomite.

Tar.

Forcite.

Loewenpulver.

Tetranitro-methyl-aniline.

Tetryl.

Favier Explosives.

Fortex.

Oakley Quarry Powder.

Trinitro-anisole.

Granatfuellung.

Nitrolit.

Stabilite.

Trinitro-cresol.

Crésilite.

Mélinite.

Trinitro-cresylate, Ammonium.

Ecrasit.

Trinitro-naphthalene.

Ammonite.

Cahuecit.

Favier Explosives.

Minolite.

Trinitro-phenol. See Picric Acid.

Trinitro-phenyl-methyl-nitramine. See Tetryl.

Trinitro-toluene.

Abelite.

Ajax Powder.

Alkalsist.

Alsilite.

Alumatol.

Amatol.

Amatoxol.

Ammonal.

Ammonite.

Anchorite.

Astralit.

Azurite.

Baelenite.

Baratol.

Barbarit.

Bautzener Sicherheits-pulver.

Bellite.

Bomlit.

Cahuecit.

Cannonite.

Colinit.

Curtisite.

Dahmenite.

Denaby Powder.

Densite.

Donarit.

Dorfit.

Dreadnought Powder.

Dynobel.

Echo.

Elsagit.

Expedite.

Faversham Powder.

Fuellpulver.

Fulmenit.

Fumyl.

Gehlingerit.

Gelignite.

Granatfuellung.

Grisoutine.

Halalite.

Haylite.

Kentite.

Leonit.

Lignosit.

Luxit.

Macarite.

Melling Powder.

Mersey Powder.

Minite.

Minolite.

Nationalite.

Negro Powder.

Neonal.

P. C. /88.

Permonite.

Perrumpit.

Persalit.

Pfalzit.

Pniowit.

Pulvérite.

Rexite.

Roburite.

Romperit.

Russelite.

Sabulite.

St. Helen’s Powder.

Swale Powder.

Titanite.

T. N. T.

Tolite.

Toxol.

Tremonit.

Trinol.

Trotyl.

Tunnelit.

Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.

Westfalite.

Withnell Powder.

Yonckite.

Trinitro-xylene.

Amatoxol.

Toxol.

Turmeric.

Good Luck.

Turpentine.

Plastrotyl.

Prométhée.

Vaseline. See also Mineral Jelly.

Amberite.

Bomlit.

Cannonite.

Chromamonit.

Dragonite.

E. C. Powder.

Empire Powder.

Felixite.

Kiwit.

K. S.

Neonite.

New Explosives Co.

Red Star.

Schultze Powder.

Smokeless Diamond.

S. S.

Vegetable Meal. See Meal, Vegetable.

Vegetable Ivory.

Meganit.

Wax, Paraffin. See also Paraffin.

Blastine.

Bobbinite.

Cheddite.

Mélinite.

Wood Meal and Wood Pulp.

Abbcite.

Aetna Powder.

Ajax Powder.

Albionite.

Alkalsit.

Amvis.

Antigel.

Aphosite.

Arkite.

Astralit.

Britonite.

Cahuecit.

Cambrite.

Carbite d’Ablon.

Carbonite.

Celtite.

Cilferite.

Cliffite (Super-).

Clydite.

Cornish Powder.

Cugnite.

Dominite.

Dragonite.

Du Pont Permissible.

Duxite.

Dynamite.

Dynobel.

Electronite.

Excellite.

Forcite.

Fracturite.

Gelatine Dynamite.

Gelignite.

Giant Powder.

Grisoutine.

Halalite.

Haylite.

Herculite.

Kent Powder.

Kolax.

Kynarkite.

Kynite.

Leonit.

Ligdyn.

Lignosit.

Loewenpulver.

Luxit.

Meganit.

Melling Powder.

Mersey Powder.

Monobel.

Monobel Powder.

Neonal.

Nitro-Densite.

Nobel Ammonia Powder.

Normanite.

Oaklite.

Perdit.

Permonite.

Phœnix Powder.

Pit-ite.

Pitsea Powder.

Pniowit.

Polarite.

Rex Powder.

Rexite.

Rhexit.

Rippite.

Russelite.

Samsonite.

Saxonite.

Sheppey Powder.

Stomonal.

Stonax.

Stowite.

Sunderite.

Swale Powder.

Swalite.

Thames Powder.

Tutol.

Victor Powder.

Viking Powder.

Zinc.

Rexol.

Zinc Aluminium Alloy.

Neu Anagon.

Helagon.

Peragon.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY

RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,

BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E. 1,

AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

Footnotes

[1] Including not more than 2 per cent. of magnesium carbonate.

[2] Including not more than 2 per cent. of magnesium carbonate.

[3] Including not more than 2 per cent. of magnesium carbonate.

Transcriber Notes:

The cover design is by the transcriber and is in the public domain.

For the maximum allowable charge, the author uses the term "Charge limite" for explosives from Belgium. For all other countries he uses the term "Charge limit". This has been preserved in this version.

Hyphenation in the original is inconsistent. This has been preserved in this version.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES ***

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Table of Contents

DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION

DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

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