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Title: The Story of Genesis and Exodus

Subtitle: An Early English Song, about 1250 A.D.

Author: Richard Morris

Release Date: December 13, 2015 [EBook #50685]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Books project.)

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ***

The

Story of Genesis and Exodus,

AN EARLY ENGLISH SONG,

ABOUT A.D. 1250.

EDITED

FROM A UNIQUE MS. IN THE LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY,

BY THE

REV. RICHARD MORRIS, LL.D.,

AUTHOR OF "HISTORICAL OUTLINES OF ENGLISH ACCIDENCE;"

EDITOR OF "HAMPOLE'S PRICKS OF CONSCIENCE;" "EARLY ENGLISH ALLITERATIVE POEMS,"

ETC. ETC.;

ONE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

[Second and Revised Edition, 1873.]

LONDON:

PUBLISHED FOR THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY,

BY N. TRÜBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL.

MDCCCLXV.

PREFACE.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT, ETC.

The Editor of the present valuable and interesting record of our old English speech will, no doubt, both astonish and alarm his readers by informing them that he has never seen the manuscript from which the work he professes to edit has been transcribed.

But, while the truth must be told, the reader need not entertain the slightest doubt or distrust as to the accuracy and faithfulness of the present edition; for, in the first place, the text was copied by Mr F. J. Furnivall, an experienced editor and a zealous lover of Old English lore; and, secondly, the proof sheets have been most carefully read with the manuscript by the Rev. W. W. Skeat, who has spared no pains to render the text an accurate copy of the original.[1] I have not been satisfied with merely the general accuracy of the text, but all doubtful or difficult passages have been most carefully referred to, and compared with the manuscript, so that the more questionable a word may appear, either as regards its form or meaning, the more may the reader rest assured of its correctness, so that he may be under no apprehension that he is perplexed by any typographical error, but feel confident that he is dealing with the reading of the original copy.

The editorial portion of the present work includes the punctuation, marginal analysis, conjectural readings, a somewhat large body of annotations on the text of the poem, and a Glossarial Index, which, it is hoped, will be found to be complete, as well as useful for reference.

The Corpus manuscript[2] is a small volume (about 8 in. × 4½ in.), bound in vellum, written on parchment in a hand of about 1300 A.D., with several final long ſ's, and consisting of eighty-one leaves. Genesis ends on fol. 49b; Exodus has the last two lines at the top of fol. 81a.

The writing is clear and regular; the letters are large, but the words are often very close together. Every initial letter has a little dab of red on it, and they are mostly capitals, except the b, the f, the ð, and sometimes other letters. Very rarely, however, B, F, and Ð are found as initial letters.

The illuminated letters are simply large vermilion letters without ornament, and are of an earlier form than the writing of the rest of the manuscript. Every line ends with a full stop (or metrical point), except, very rarely, when omitted by accident. Whenever this stop occurs in the middle of a line it has been marked thus (.) in the text.

DESCRIPTION OF THE POEM.

Our author, of whom, unfortunately, we know nothing, introduces his subject to his readers by telling them that they ought to love a rhyming story which teaches the "layman" (though he be learned in no books) how to love and serve God, and to live peaceably and amicably with his fellow Christians. His poem, or "song," as he calls it, is, he says, turned out of Latin into English speech; and as birds are joyful to see the dawning, so ought Christians to rejoice to hear the "true tale" of man's fall and subsequent redemption related in the vulgar tongue ("land's speech"), and in easy language ("small words").

So eschewing a "high style" and all profane subjects, he declares that he will undertake to sing no other song, although his present task should prove unsuccessful.[3] Our poet next invokes the aid of the Deity for his song in the following terms:—

"Fader god of alle ðhinge,

Almigtin louerd, hegeſt kinge,

ðu giue me ſeli timinge

To thaunen ðis werdes biginninge,

ðe, leuerd god, to wurðinge,

Queðer ſo hic rede or ſinge!"[4]

Then follows the Bible narrative of Genesis and Exodus, here and there varied by the introduction of a few of those sacred legends so common in the mediæval ages, but in the use of which, however, our author is far less bold than many subsequent writers, who, seeking to make their works attractive to the "lewed," did not scruple to mix up with the sacred history the most absurd and childish stories, which must have rendered such compilations more amusing than instructive. It seems to have been the object of the author of the present work to present to his readers, in as few words as possible, the most important facts contained in the Books of Genesis and Exodus without any elaboration or comment, and he has, therefore, omitted such facts as were not essentially necessary to the completeness of his narrative;[5] while, on the other hand, he has included certain portions of the Books of Numbers and Deuteronomy,[6] so as to present to his readers a complete history of the wanderings of the Israelites, and the life of Moses their leader.

In order to excite the reader's curiosity, we subjoin a few passages, with a literal translation:—

LAMECH'S BIGAMY.

Lamech is at ðe sexte kne,

Lamech is at the sixth degree,

ðe ſeuende man after adam,

The seventh man after Adam,

ðat of caymes kinde cam.

That of Cain's kin came.

ðiſ lamech waſ ðe firme man,

This Lamech was the first man

ðe bigamie firſt bi-gan.

Who bigamy first began.

Bigamie is unkinde ðing,

Bigamy is unnatural thing,

On engleis tale, twie-wifing;

In English speech, twi-wiving;

for ai was rigt and kire bi-forn,

For aye was right and purity before,

On man, on wif, til he was boren.

One man, one wife, till he was born.

Lamech him two wifes nam,

Lamech to him two wives took,

On adda, an noðer wif ſellam.

One Adah, another wife Zillah.

Adda bar him ſune Iobal,

Adah bare him a son Jubal,

He was hirde wittere and wal;

He was a [shep-]herd wise and able;

Of merke, and kinde, and helde, & ble,

Of mark,  [7] breed, age, and colour,

ſundring and ſameni[n]g tagte he;

Separating and assembling taught he;

Iobal iſ broðer ſong and glew,

Jubal his brother poetry and music,

Wit of muſike, wel he knew;

Craft of music, well he knew;

On two tableſ of tigel and braſ

On two tables of tile and brass,

wrot he ðat wiſtom, wiſ he was,

Wrote he that wisdom, wise he was,

ðat it ne ſulde ben undon

That it should not be effaced

If fier or water come ðor-on.

If fire or water came thereon.

Sella wuneð oc lamech wið,

Zillah dwelleth also Lamech with,

ghe bar tubal, a ſellic ſmið;

She bare Tubal, a wonderful smith;

Of irin, of golde, ſiluer, and bras

Of iron, of gold, silver and brass

To ſundren and mengen wiſ he was;

To separate and mix, wise he was;

Wopen of wigte and tol of grið,

Weapon of war and tool of peace,

Wel cuðe egte and ſafgte wið.

Well could he hurt and heal with.

—(ll. 444-470.)

DEATH OF CAIN.

Lamech ledde long lif til ðan

Lamech led long life till then

ðat he wurð biſne, and haued a man

That he became blind and had a man

ðat ledde him ofte wudeſ ner,

That led him oft to woods near,

To scheten after ðe wilde der;

To shoot after the wild deer (animals);

Al-so he miſtagte, alſo he ſchet,

As he mistaught, so he shot,

And caim in ðe wude iſ let;

And Cain in the wood is let;

His knape wende it were a der,

His knave (servant) weened it were a deer,

An lamech droge iſ arwe ner,

And Lamech drew his arrow near

And letet flegen of ðe ſtreng,

And let it fly off the string,

Caim unwar[n  ]de it under-feng,

Cain unwarned it received,

Gruſnede, and ſtrekede, and ſtarf wið-ðan.

Groaned, fell prostrate (stretched) and died with-that.

Lamech wið wreðe iſ knape nam,

Lamech with wrath his knave seized,

Vn-bente iſ boge, and bet, and slog,

Unbent his bow, and beat and slew,

Til he fel dun on dedeſ ſwog.

Till he fell down in death's swoon.

Twin-wifing and twin-manſlagt,

Twi-wiving (bigamy) and twi-slaughter (double homicide)

Of his ſoule beð mikel hagt.

On his soul is great trouble (anxiety).

—(ll. 471-486.)

HOW THE CHILD MOSES BEHAVED BEFORE PHARAOH.

Ghe brogte him bi-foren pharaon,

She (Thermutis) brought him (Moses) before Pharaoh,

And ðiſ king wurð him in herte mild,

And this king became to him in heart mild,

So ſwide faiger was ðiſ child;

So very fair was this child;

And he toc him on ſunes ſtede,

And he took him on son's stead (instead of a son),

And hiſ corune on his heued he dede,

And his crown on his head he did (placed),

And let it ſtonden ayne ſtund;

And let it stand a stound (while);

ðe child it warp dun to ðe grund.

The child threw it down to the ground.

Hamoneſ likeneſ was ðor-on;

Hamon's likeness was thereon;

ðiſ crune is broken, ðiſ iſ miſdon.

This crown is broken, this is misdone.

Biſſop Eliopoleos

The Bishop of Heliopolis

ſag ðiſ timing, & up he roſ;

Saw this circumstance, and up he rose;

"If ðiſ child," quad he, "mote ðen,

If this child, quoth he, might thrive (grow up),

He ſal egyptes bale ben."

He shall Egypt's bale be.

If ðor ne wore helpe twen lopen,

If there had not helpers 'tween leapt,

ðiſ childe adde ðan ſone be dropen;

This child had then soon been killed;

ðe king wið-ſtod & an wiſ man,

The king with-stood and a wise man,

He ſeide, "ðe child doð alſ he can;

He said, The child doth as he can (knows);

We ſulen nu witen for it dede

We should now learn whether it did

ðiſ witterlike, or in child-hede;"

This wittingly, or in childishness;

He bad ðis child brennen to colen

He offered this child two burning coals

And he toc is (hu migt he it ðolen),

And he took them (how might he bear them?)

And in hiſe muth ſo depe he iſ dede

And in his mouth so deep (far) he them did (placed)

Hiſe tunges ende iſ brent ðor-mide;

His tongue's end is burnt therewith;

ðor-fore ſeide ðe ebru witterlike,

Therefore said the Hebrew truly,

ðat he ſpac ſiðen miſerlike.

That he spake afterwards indistinctly.

—(ll. 2634-2658.)

HOW MOSES DEFEATED THE ETHIOPIANS.

Bi ðat time ðat he was guð,

By that time that he was a youth (young man),

Wið faigered and ſtrengthe kuð,

For beauty and strength renowned,

folc ethiopienes on egipte cam,

Ethiopian folk on Egypt came,

And brende, & ſlug, & wreche nam,

And burnt, and slew, and vengeance took,

Al to memphin ðat riche cite,

All to Memphis that rich city,

And a-non to ðe reade ſe;

And anon to the Red Sea;

ðo was egipte folc in dred,

Then was Egypt's folk in dread,

And aſkeden here godes red;

And asked their gods' advice;

And hem ſeiden wið anſweren,

And they said to them in answer,

ðat on ebru cude hem wel weren.

That one Hebrew could them well defend.

Moyſes was louered of ðat here,

Moses became leader of that (Egyptian) army,

ðor he wurð ðane egyptes were;

There he became then Egypt's protector;

Bi a lond weige he wente rigt,

By a land-way he went right,

And brogte vn-warnede on hem figt;

And brought unwarned on them fight;

He hadden don egipte wrong,

They had done Egypt wrong,

He bi-loc hem & ſmette a-mong,

He compassed them and smote among,

And ſlug ðor manige; oc ſumme flen,

And slew there many; but some fled

Into ſaba to borgen ben.

Into Sheba to be saved.

Moyſes bi-ſette al ðat burg,

Moses beset all that borough (city),

Oc it was riche & ſtrong ut-ðhurg;

But it was rich and strong out-thorough (throughout);

Ethiopienes kinges dowter tarbis,

Tarbis, the Ethiopian king's daughter,

Riche maiden of michel priſ,

Rich maiden of great renown,

Gaf ðiſ riche burg moyſi;

Gave this rich city to Moses;

Luue-bonde hire ghe it dede for-ði.

As love-bond's hire she did it, therefore.

ðor iſe fon he leide in bonde,

There his foes he laid in bond,

And he wurð al-migt-ful in ðat lond;

And he became all-powerful in that land;

He bi-lef ðor(.) tarbis him ſcroð,

He remained there, Tarbis him urged,

ðog was him ðat ſurgerun ful loð;

Yet was to him that sojourn full loath;

Mai he no leue at hire taken

May he no leave of her take

but-if he it mai wið crafte maken:

Unless he it may with craft make:

He waſ of an ſtrong migt [&] wiſ,

He was of a strong might and wise,

He carf in two gummes of priſ

He carved in two gems (stones) precious,

Two likeneſſes, ſo grauen & meten,

Two likenesses alike carved and depicted,

ðis doð ðenken, & ðoðer   forgeten;

This one causes to remember, and the other to forget;

He feſt is in two ringes of gold,

He fastened them in two rings of gold,

Gaf hire ðe ton, he was hire hold;

Gave her the one, he was dear to her;

[And quan awei nimen he wolde

[And when depart he would

Gaf hire ðe toðer, he was hire colde]

Gave her the other, and was distasteful to her]

Ghe it bered and ðiſ luue iſ for-geten,

She it beareth and this love is forgotten,

Moyſes ðus haued him leue bi-geten;

Moses thus hath for himself leave begotten;

Sone it migte wið leue ben,

Soon it might with leave be,

Into egypte e wente a-gen.

Into Egypt he went again.

—(ll. 2665-2708.)

THE PLAGUE OF FROGS.

And aaron held up his hond

And Aaron held up his hand

to ðe water and ðe more lond;

To the water and the greater land;

ðo cam ðor up ſwilc froſkes here

Then came there up such host of frogs

ðe dede al folc egipte dere;

That did all Egypt's folk harm;

Summe woren wilde, and ſumme tame,

Some were wild, and some tame,

And ðo hem deden ðe moſte ſame;

And those caused them the most (greatest) shame;

In huſe, in drinc, in metes, in bed,

In house, in drink, in meats, in bed,

It cropen and maden hem for-dred;

They crept and made them in great dread;

Summe ſtoruen and gouen ſtinc,

Some died and gave (out) stink,

And vn-hileden mete and drinc;

And (others) uncovered meat and drink;

Polheuedes, and froſkes, & podes ſpile

Tadpoles and frogs, and toad's venom

Bond harde egipte folc un-ſile.  [8]

Bound hard Egypt's sorrowful folk.

—(ll. 2967-2978.)

The reader must not be disappointed if he fails to find many traces in this work of our pious author's poetic skill; he must consider that the interest attaching to so early an English version of Old Testament History, as well as the philological value of the poem, fully compensates him for the absence of great literary merit, which is hardly to be expected in a work of this kind. And, moreover, we must recollect that it is to the patriotism, as well as piety, of such men as our author, that we owe the preservation of our noble language. The number of religious treatises written in English during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries proves that the dialect of religion approached more closely to the speech of the people than did the language of history or romance. And it is a curious fact that the most valuable monuments of our language are mostly theological, composed for the lewed and unlearned, who knew no other language than the one spoken by their forefathers, and who clung most tenaciously to their mother tongue, notwithstanding the changes consequent upon the Norman invasion, and the oppression of Norman rule, which, inasmuch as it fostered and kept up a patriotic spirit, exercised a most important and beneficial influence upon Early English literary culture and civilization.

DATE AND DIALECT OF THE POEM.

The mere examination of an Early English work with respect to its vocabulary and grammatical forms, will not enable us (as Price asserts) to settle satisfactorily the date at which it was written. The place of composition must also be taken into consideration, and a comparison, if possible, must be made with other works in the same dialect, the date of which is known with some degree of certainty. The date of the text before us must not, therefore, be confounded with that of the manuscript, which is, perhaps, a few years earlier than A.D. 1300. A careful comparison of the poem with the Bestiary, written in the same dialect, and most probably by the same author[9] (and printed by Mr Wright in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, p. 208, and by myself in an Old English Miscellany), leads me to think that the present poem is not later than A.D. 1250.[10]

The vocabulary, which contains very few words of Romance origin,[11] is not that of Robert of Gloucester, or of Robert of Brunne, but such as is found in Laȝamon's Brut, or Orm's paraphrases, and other works illustrating the second period of our language, i.e. the twelfth and earlier part of the thirteenth centuries.

The employment of a dual for the pronouns of the first and second persons marks an early date (certainly not much later than the time of Henry III.) even in works composed in the Southern dialect, which, it is well known, retained to a comparatively late period those Anglo-Saxon inflections that had long previously been disused in more Northern dialects.

The Corpus manuscript is evidently the work of a scribe, to whom the language was more or less archaic, which accounts for such blunders as ðrosing for ðrosem, waspene for wastme, lage for vn-lage, insile for vn-sile, grauen for ðrauen, etc.

The original copy of Genesis most probably terminated with ll. 2521-4:

"And here ended completely

The book which is called Genesis,

Which Moses, through God's help,

Wrote for precious souls' need."

The concluding lines, in which both the author and scribe are mentioned, seem to me to be the work of a subsequent transcriber:

"God shield his soul from hell-bale,

Who made it thus in English tale (speech)!

And he that these letters wrote,

May God help him blissfully,

And preserve his soul from sorrow and tears,

Of hell-pain, cold and hot!"

The Ormulum is the earliest[12] printed Early English work which has come down to us that exhibits the uniform employment of the termination -en (-n) as the inflection of the plural number, present tense, indicative mood; or, in other words, it is the earliest printed example we have of a Midland dialect. I say a Midland dialect, because the work of Orm is, after all, only a specimen of one variety of the Midland speech, most probably of that spoken in the northern part of the eastern counties of England, including what is commonly called the district of East Anglia.

Next in antiquity to the Ormulum come the Bestiary, already mentioned, and the present poem, both of which uniformly employ the Midland affix -en, to the exclusion of all others, as the inflection of the present plural indicative.

There are other peculiarities which these works have in common; and a careful comparison of them with the Ormulum induces me to assign them to the East Midland area; but there are certain peculiarities, to be noticed hereafter, which induce me to believe that the work of Orm represents a dialect spoken in the northern part of this district, while the Story of Genesis and Exodus, together with the Bestiary, exhibits the speech of the more southern counties of the East Midland district.[13] Thus, if the former be in the dialect of Lincoln, the latter is in that of Suffolk.[14]

The chief points in which the present poem and the Bestiary agree with the Ormulum are the following:—

I. The absence of compound vowels.

In the Southern dialects we find the compound vowels ue, eo, ie, ea (yea). In the Ormulum eo occurs, but with the sound of e, and ea in Genesis and Exodus is written for e.

II. The change of an initial ð (th) into t after words ending in d, t, n, s, that is to say, after a dental or a sibilant.[15]

"ðanne iſ tis fruit wel ſwiðe good."—(Gen. and Ex., l. 334.)

"ðe firſt moned and te firſt dai,

He ſag erðe drie & te water awai."—(Ibid., l. 615-6.)

"ðin berg and tin werger ic ham."—(Ibid., l. 926.)

"at te welle[n]."—(Ibid., l. 2756.)

This practice is much more frequent in the Bestiary, which is a proof, perhaps, that the present poem has suffered somewhat in the course of transcription.

"neddre is te name."—(O.E. Miscellany, p. 5.)

"it is te ned."—(Ibid., p. 6.)

"ðis lif bitokneð ðe sti

ðat te neddre gangeð bi,

and tis is ðe ðirl of ðe ston,

ðat tu salt ðurg gon."—(Ibid., p. 7.)

"at tin herte."—(Ibid., p. 7.)

III. Simplicity of grammatical structure and construction of sentences.[16]

1. The neglect of gender and number in nouns.

2. The genitive singular of substantives end in -es in all genders.[17]

3. The absence of the gen. pl. of substantives in -ene.

4. The employment of an uninflected article.[18]

5. The use of ðat (that) as a demonstrative adjective, and not as the neuter of the article. The form ðas (those), common enough in the fourteenth century, does not occur in this poem or in the Ormulum.

6. No inflection of the adjective in the accusative singular. The phrase 'godun dai,' good day, in l. 1430, p. 41, contains a solitary instance of the accusative of the adjective, but it is, no doubt, a mere remnant of the older speech, just like our 'for the nonce' (= for then once), and is no proof that the writer or his readers employed it as a common inflection. The form godun is a corruption of godne, as it is more properly written in works in the Southern dialects as late as the middle of the fourteenth century.

7. Adjectives and adverbs with the termination -like.

The Southern form is, for adjectives, -lich (sing.), -liche (pl.); for adverbs -liche. Thus the adoption of this affix really (though at first it appears a matter of no importance) marks a stage in the language when the distinction between the sing. and pl. form of adjectives was not very strictly observed, and was, moreover, a step towards our modern -ly, which is adjectival as well as adverbial.

Even in this poem adjectives occur in -li, as reuli = piteous, which is the earliest example I have met with. Orm employs double forms in -like and -liȝȝ (= ly?). -ly has arisen not out of -lich or -liche (which would have become lidge or litch), but out of some such softened form as liȝ.

8. The tendency to drop the initial y, i (A.S. ge) of the passive participles of strong verbs.

The Ormulum has two or three examples of this prefixal element, and in our poem it occurs but seldom.

IV. A tendency to drop the t of the second person of verbs, as as, hast; beas, beëst; findes, findest.

Examples of this practice are very common in the Bestiary and Genesis and Exodus, but it occurs only four times in the Ormulum.[19] It was very common for the West-Midland to drop the -e of 2nd person in strong verbs. See Preface to O.E. Homilies, 1st Series.

V. The use of arn, aren, for ben of the Midland dialect, or beð of the Southern dialect.[20]

VI. The employment of the adverbs thethen, hethen, quethen (of Scandinavian origin),[21] instead of the Southern thenne (thennen), thence; henne (hennen), hence; whanne (whanene), whence.

VII. The use of oc, ok (also, and), a form which does not occur in any specimen of a Southern, West-Midland, or Northern dialect that has come under my notice. The use of on, o, for the Southern an or a, as onlike, olike, alike, on-rum, apart, on-sunder, asunder, is also worth noticing.

VIII. The coalition of the pronoun it with pronouns and verbs, as get (Bestiary) = she it (ȝhöt in Ormulum; cf. þüt = thu itt, thou it); tellet = tell it; wuldet = would it; ist = is it, is there; wast, was it, was there, etc. þit = þe + hit = who it, occurs in O.E. Homilies, 2nd Series.

The Ormulum, the Bestiary, and Genesis and Exodus have some few other points of agreement which will be found noticed in the Grammatical Details and Glossary. There are, however, grammatical forms in the latter works which do not present themselves in the former, and which, in my opinion, seem to indicate a more Southern origin. (See Preface to O.E. Homilies, 2nd Series.)

I. Plurals in n.

I do not recollect any examples of plurals in n in the Ormulum, except ehne, eyes; in this poem we have colen, coals; deden, deeds; fon, foes; siðen, sides; son, shoes; steden, places; sunen, sons; tren, trees; teten, teats; wunen, laws, abilities, etc. (see p. xxii.)

II. The pronoun is (es) = them.[22] In the fourteenth century we only find this form is (hise) in pure Southern writers.[23]

"Diep he iſ dalf under an ooc."[24]—(Gen. and Ex., l. 1873, p. 54.)

"For ſalamon findin iſ ſal."[25]—(Ibid., l. 1877, p. 54.)

"He toc iſ."[26]—(Ibid., l. 2654, p. 76.)

"Alle hise fet steppes

ðer he steppeð,

After him he filleð,

Oðer dust oðer deu,

Drageð dust wið his stert

ðat he ne cunne is finden."  [27]

(O.E. Miscell.  , p. 1.)

Our author, however, employs this curious pronoun in a way quite peculiar to himself, for he constantly joins it to a pronoun or a verb,[28] and the compound was at first rather perplexing. Hes = he + is, he, them; wes = we + is, we, them;[29] caldes, called them; dedis, did (placed) them; settes, set them; wroutis, wrought them, etc.

"Alle hes hadde wið migte bi-geten."[30]—(Gen. and Ex., l. 911, p. 26.)

"Vndelt heſ leide quor-so heſ tok."[31]—(Ibid., l. 943, p. 27.)

"Ðe culuer haueð costes gode,

alle wes ogen to hauen in mode."[32]—(O.E. Miscell., p. 25.)

"Bala two childre bar bi him,

Rachel caldes dan(.) neptalim;

And zelfa two sunes him ber,

Lia calde is(.) Gad(.) and asser."[33]—(Gen. and Ex., l. 1700, p. 49.)

"ðe tabernacle he dedis in."[34]—(Ibid., l. 3830, p. 109.)

"He settes in ðe firmament."[35]—(Ibid., l. 135, p. 5.)

In the Kentish Ayenbite of 1340 he never coalesces with hise (them), e.g.:—

"He (the devil) is lyeȝere and vader of leazinges, ase he þet made þe verste leazinge, and yet he hise makeþ and tekþ eche daye."—(Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 47.)

(He is a liar and the father of leasings, as he that made the first leasing, and yet he them, i.e. lies, maketh and teacheth each day.)

In Old Kentish Sermons (Old Eng. Miscell p. 28) has = ha + es = he them.

III. The pronoun he, they (Southern hii, heo; Northumbrian thay). Orm uses þeȝȝ, as well as þeȝȝer (their), þeȝȝm (them).[36]

IV. hine, hin, in = him. This form occurs as late as 1340, and still exists under the form en, un, in the modern dialects of the South of England, but is not employed by Orm; nor do we find any traces of whan (whom), another very common example of the -n accusative inflection, either in the Ormulum or the present work.

V. The substitution of n for a vowel-ending in nouns. Dr Guest has noticed this peculiarity, but he confines this substitution to the nominative case of nouns of the n declension,[37] and to the definite form of the adjective, which has, no doubt, given rise to the O.E. himseluen, etc., bothen (both), as well as, perhaps, to ouren (ours), heren (theirs), etc.

In the present poem, however, the n seems added to the vowel-ending of all cases except the possessive, in order to rhyme with a verb in the infinitive, a passive participle, or an adverb terminating in -en, and is not always limited to nouns of the -n declension, but represents in A.S. an a or e: 'on boken,'[38] on book, l. 4; 'on soðe-sagen,' on sooth-saw, l. 14; meten, (acc.) meat, l. 2255, (nom.) 2079; sunen, (nom.) son, l. 1656; 'of luuen,' of love, 635; 'after ðe wunen' (after the custom), l. 688; steden, (nom.) place, 1114; 'for on-sagen,' for reproach, 2045; wliten, (nom.) face, 3614, (acc.) 2289; 'wið answeren,' in answer, 2673; bileuen, (acc.) remainder, 3154; uuerslagen, (acc.) lintel, 3155.

Dr Guest considers this curious nunnation to be a Northern peculiarity, but as we do not meet with it (as far as I know) in any Northumbrian work, his statement is rather doubtful. On the other hand, it is well known that the plurals bretheren (broðeren[39] in Shoreham), calveren[40] (calves), children,[41] doren (doors),[42] eyren (eggs),[43] honden (hands),[44] kine,[45] lambren (lambs),[46] soulen (souls)—very common forms in the Southern dialects in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries—are examples of the substitution of n for, or in addition to, the vowel-ending, and were unknown in the Northern dialect.

The Southern dialect could drop or retain, at pleasure, the n final in the past participles, the preterite plurals, and infinitive mood of verbs.

VI. A very small Norse element in the vocabulary.

The only words of undoubtedly Norse element that occur in the present poem, and were unknown to Southern English, are—fro (from), ille (bad), for-sweðen (to burn), flitten (to remove), laðe (barn), lowe (flame), mirk (dark), ransaken (to search), swaðe (flame), til (to), uglike (horrible), werre (worse).[47]

The Ormulum, being more Northern, contains a larger number of words that must be referred to one of the Scandinavian idioms:[48]—afell (strength), afledd (begotten), beȝȝsc (bitter), *blunnt (blunt, dull), bracc (noise), *braþ (angry), *braþþe (anger), *brodd (shoot), brodden (to sprout), broþþfall (fit), *bun (ready, bound), *clake (accusation), *croc (device), *derf (bold), *dill (sluggish), *eggenn (to urge, egg on), *egginng (urging), *ettle, *flittenn (to remove, flit), *flitting (change, removal), *forrgart (opposed, condemned), *forrgloppned (disturbed with fear, astonishment), *gate (way), gowesst (watchest), *haȝherr (dexterous), haȝherleȝȝc (skill), *haȝherrlike (fitly), hof (moderation), hofelæs (immoderately), *ille (bad), *immess (variously), *kinndlenn (to kindle), *lasst (crime, fault), leȝhe (hire, pay), *leȝȝtenn (O.E. layte, inquire, seek), o-loft (aloft), *loȝhe (fire), *mune (must, will), naþe (grace), nowwt (cattle, O.N. naut; the Southern form is neet, nete, A.S. neát), *ploh (plough), *radd (afraid), *ros (praise), *rosen (to boast), *rosinng (boast), rowwst (voice), *scaldess (poets, O.E. scald, a great talker, boaster, E. scold), *sit (pain), *sket (quickly), *skirpeþþ (rejecteth), *sloþ (track, path), smikerr (beautiful, Eng. smug), sowwþess (sheep), stoffnedd (generated, O.E. stoven, trunk, stem), *summ (as), *till (to), *tór (hard, difficult), *trigg (true), uppbrixle (object of reproach, O.E. brixle, reproach), usell (wretched), *wand (rod), *wandraþ, O.E. wandreth (trouble), *werre (worse).

As most, if not all, of the words in the foregoing list are not found in works written in the Southern dialect,—so far as we at present know them—we may reasonably suppose that they indicate fairly the Danish element in the English literature of the 12th and 13th centuries. In the Northumbrian, and the West, and East-Midland productions of a century later this element prevails to a much larger extent, and Herbert Coleridge's list of such words may be largely increased (Phil. Soc. Trans., 1859, p. 26-30).

GRAMMATICAL DETAILS.

I. NOUNS.

1. Number.—The plural is generally formed by adding -es to the singular. Some few nouns make the plural in -en, as feren[49] (companions), fon (foes), goren (spears), loten (features), sunen (sons), teten (teats), tren (trees), weden (garments), wunen (laws). The plurals of brother and child are brethere and childere. Der (deer), erf, orf (cattle), got (goat), neat (oxen), sep (sheep), scrud (garbs), wrim (reptiles), of the neuter gender, are uninflected in the plural. Winter, ger (year), and nigt (night), are plural as in Anglo-Saxon.

2. Gender.—As a general rule the names of inanimate things are of the neuter gender. The names of towns, however, are considered as masculine.

3. Case.—The genitive singular and plural of masculine and feminine nouns end in -es. Occasionally proper nouns form the genitive in -is. The means or instrument occasionally stands in the genitive without the preposition: 'deades driuen,' influenced by death; 'swerdes slagen,' slain of the sword; 'teres wet,' wet with tears. Cf. 'floures bred,' bread made with flour; 'bredes mel,' meal consisting of bread; 'wines drinc,' drink consisting of wine.

Corresponding to the modern word kinsmen we have such forms as 'daiges-ligt' (daylight), 'hines-folk' (servants), 'wifeskin' (women). The genitive is used adverbially, as newes, anew; liues, alive.

We have a few traces of the genitive in -e in the following examples: 'helle nigt,' l. 89 (hell's night); 'helle bale,' l. 2525 (hell's bale); 'sterre name,' l. 134 (star's name); 'safte same,' l. 349 (shame of form); 'werlde nigt,' l. 1318 (world's night).[50]

The genitive of fader and moder is, as is very seldom the case in Early English writers, fadres and modres.

An n is often added to the final -e (representing an A.Sax. vowel-ending) in the nom., dat., and acc. of nouns. For examples, see p. xxi.

II. ADJECTIVES.

1. Adjectives have a definite and an indefinite form; the former is used when the adjective is preceded by the definite article, a demonstrative adjective, or possessive pronoun.

Indef.

wis (wise),

god   (good).

Def.

wise  ,

gode  .

2. Number.—The plural is formed by the addition of e to the singular.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

fet   (fat),

fette  .

gret   (great),

grete  .

other  ,

othere  .

tother  ,

tothere  .

But the -e (pl.) is seldom added to the past participle of irregular verbs. This forms the plurals thes (oblique cases these), this (thise). Tho is the plural of that.

Cases.—One makes the genitive ones; as, 'ones bles,' of one colour. The gen. pl. -re occurs in ald-re (= alre), of all; as, 'hure aldre bale,' the bale of us all; 'here aldre heuedes,' the heads of them all.

Degrees of comparison.—The comparative ends in -ere (-er), the superlative in -este (est).[51] Very few irregular forms occur in the present poem.

POSITIVE.

COMPARATIVE.

SUPERLATIVE.

ille,

werre.

——

lite,

lesse,

leist.

long,

leng,

lengere,

——

mikel,

mo,

mor,

moste.

neg,

——

neste.

old,

eldere,

eldeste.

Numerals.—The Northumbrian forms in -nde have superseded the Southern ones in -the; as, seuende (seventh), egtende (eighth), tende (tenth).[52]

III. PRONOUNS.

1. The first personal pronoun Ic is never found softened into Ich as in Laȝamon's Brut, the Ancren Riwle, and other Southern works. I is found only once or twice throughout the poem.

2. The first and second personal pronouns have a dual as well as a plural number; as, wit, we two; unc, us two; gunc, you two; gunker, of you two.

3. Hine (hin, in) (acc.) occasionally occurs, but more frequently him (dat.) does duty for it.

4. Ge, ghe,[53] she, represents the A.Sax. héo (O.E. heo, ho, and hi). The curious form sge (= sye), as well as sche, occurs for she, the earliest instance of which is scæ in the A.Sax. Chronicle.

5. The neuter pronoun is written it and not hit, and is frequently used as a plural. It coalesces with the pronoun ge, ghe[54] (she), and with the preterite of verbs terminating in -de or -te,[55] and with some few irregular verbs; as, sagt (saw there), p. 37, l. 1301. The curious form negt (in l. 3964, p. 112) = neg + it = nigh it.

6. The A.Sax. hi (they) is represented by he = hie.[56] He is common enough in the Romance of Havelok the Dane.[57]

The pronouns, as has already been shown, coalesce with the plural (acc.) is (them), and give us the compounds hes, he + them; wes, we + them;[58] mes = me + hes = one + them.[59]

Not satisfied with joining he (they) to the pronoun is, the author of this poem occasionally employs the more perplexing combination hem = he + hem, he, them.

bred kalueſ fleiſ, and flures bred,

Roasted calves' flesh, and flour-bread,

And buttere, hem ðo sondes bed,

And butter, he them the messengers offered.—(l. 1014.)

In ſichem feld ne fonde hem nogt,

In Shechem field found he them not.—(l. 1933.)

Ðo ſette ſundri hem to waken,

Then set sundry he them to watch.—(l. 2551.)

ðo ſeide ðuſ quanne hem cam dun,

Then said thus when he to them came down.—(l. 4022.)

In l. 2673 hem seems to stand for he + hem, they + them.

And hem ſeiden wið anſweren,[60]

And they to them said in answer.

The Southern me, one (Fr. on), is absent from this poem as well as from the Ormulum; its place is supplied by man and men[61] used with a verb in the singular number. ðe is frequently used as a relative pronoun as well as ðat, but uninflected; quo (who), quat (what), are interrogative; whether signifies which of two.

TABLE OF PRONOUNS.

SINGULAR.

Nom.

Ic, I

ðu

Gen.

min

ðin

Dat.

me

ðe

Acc.

me

ðe

DUAL.

PLURAL.

DUAL.

PLURAL.

Nom.

wit

we

——

ge

Gen.

——

ure

gunker

gure

Dat.

——

us

——

gu

Acc.

unc

us

gunc

gu

SINGULAR.

Nom.

He

ge, ghe (sge, sche)

It

Gen.

His

Hire

Is, His

Dat.

Him

Hire

It

Acc.

Hin

Him

Hire

It

PLURAL.

M  ASC.

N  EUT.

I  NTERROGATIVE.

Nom.

He

It

Quo

Gen.

Here

Here

Quase

Was

Dat.

Hem

It

——

Acc.

Hem

It

Quam

The third personal pronoun is occasionally used reflexively; as him = himself. Self is used adjectively in the sense of own, very, and the form selven (from the A.Sax. sylfa) is joined to the personal pronouns; as ðeselven, himselven, etc.

The independent possessives are min, ðin, his (hise), hire (hers), ure (ours), gure (yours), here (theirs).[62]

IV. VERBS.

Infinitive Mood.—The infinitive terminates in -en, which is seldom dropped.

There are no infinitives in -y or -ie, as in Southern English writers, nor do we find them in the Ormulum, or in Robert of Brunne's "Handlyng Synne," and they were, most probably, wholly unknown to the East Midland district.

The t in the 2nd pers. sing. pres. is occasionally dropped, as beas (= best), art, betes, beatest, findes, findest, etc.; but not in the preterite of regular verbs.

There are no instances of the 3rd pers. sing. present in -es in this poem.

The final e of the first and third persons (sing.) of the preterite tense is often dropped before a vowel or an h,[63] and, in a few cases, through the carelessness of the scribe,[64] it is unwritten before a consonant, where we should expect to, and do, find it in the majority of instances.

Some few strong verbs have become weak, as grapte (grasped, felt), gette (poured), smette (smote).

Imperative Mood.—Verbs forming the past tense in de or te take no inflexion in the 2nd pers. sing. imperative.

Participles.—1. The active or imperfect participle ends in -ende or -ande, the former being the Midland and the latter the Northumbrian form. The Southern affix is -inde, from which we have the modern -ing (O.E. -inge).

Our author rhymes specande with lockende, and in the Bestiary we find that the participle in -ande rhymes with an infinitive in -en,[65] and this accounts for such forms as stinken = stinkende, brennen = brennende, in the present poem.

2. The passive or perfect participle of regular or weak verbs terminates in -ed; of irregular or strong verbs in -en. In bigote (begotten), funde (found), geue (given), the absence of the n is probably an error of the scribe.

3. The prefix i- or y- (A.S. ge-) is not of frequent occurrence either in this poem or in the Bestiary; in the former we have i-wreken (avenged), i-wrogt (wrought), ybiried (buried), y-oten (called); and in the latter we find i-digt (arranged).

There are two conjugations of verbs, regular (weak) and irregular (strong). The regular verbs form their past tense in -ede, -de, or -te; the past participle ends in -ed, -d, or -t. Irregular verbs form their past tense by a change of vowel, and the past participle terminates in -en.

CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS.

I. CLASS. INFINITIVE MOOD—Loven, love.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

Singular.

Plural.

1. love,

1. loven,

2. lovest,

2. loven,

3. loveð.

3. loven.

PAST TENSE.

Singular.

Plural.

1. lovede,

1. loveden,

2. lovedest,

2. loveden,

3. lovede.

3. loveden.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

love,

loven.

lovede,

loveden.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Plural.

1st form.

2nd form.

2. love.

loveð,

love.  [66]

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT OR ACTIVE.

PAST OR PASSIVE.

lovande,

lovende,

loved.

II. CLASS. INFINITIVE MOOD—Heren, hear.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

1. here,

heren,

1. herde,

herden,

2. herest,

heren,

2. herdest,

herden,

3. hereð.

heren.

3. herde.

herden.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

here.

heren.

(Like the Indicative.)

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Plural.

1st form.

2nd form.

2. her.

hereð.

here.  [67]

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT.

PAST.

herande

herende

herd.

III. CLASS. INFINITIVE MOOD—Seken, seek.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

1. seke,

seken,

1. sogte,

sogten,

2. sekest,

seken,

2. sogtest,

sogten,

3. sekeð.

seken.

3. sogte.

sogten.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

seke.

seken.

(Like the Indicative.)

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Plural.

1st form.

2nd form.

2. sek.

sekeð.

seke.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT.

PAST.

sekande

sekende

sogt.

CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

A. (no change of vowel in the plural preterite.)

INFINITIVE MOOD—Holden, hold.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

1. holde,

holden,

1. held,

helden,

2. holdest,

holden,

2. helde,  [68]

helden,

3. holdeð.

holden.

3. held,

helden.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

holde.

holden.

helde.

helden.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Plural.

1st form.

2nd form.

2. hold.

holdeð.

holde.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT.

PAST.

holdande

holdand

holden.

B. (change of vowel in the preterite plural.)

INFINITIVE MOOD—Helpen, help; singen, sing.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

Plural.

1. helpe,

singe,

helpen,

singen.

2. helpest,

singest,

3. helpeð.

singeð.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

1. halp,

sang,

holpen,

sungen.

2. holpe,  [69]

sunge,  [69]

3. halp.

sang.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

helpe,

singe.

holpen,

sungen.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Plural.

1st form.

2nd form.

2. help,

sing.

helpeð,

singeð.

helpe,

singe.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT.

PAST.

helpande,

singande,

holpen,

sungen.

helpende,

singende,

TABLE OF VERBS.

A.—REGULAR.

Present.

Preterite.

Passive Participle.

Class I.

Loven (to love),

lovede,

loved.

etc.

etc.

etc.

Class II.

(a  )

Callen (call),

calde,

cald.

Feden (feed),

fedde,

fed.

Greden (cry),

gredde,

gred.

Heren (hear),

herde,

herd.

Leden (lead),

ledde,

led.

Sriden (clothe),

sridde,

srid.

Wenen (think),

wende,

wend.

etc.

etc.

etc.

(b  )

Bimenen (lament),

bimente,

biment.

Bitiden (betide),

bitidde,

bitid.

Delen (divide),

delte,

delt.

Demen (judge),

dempte,

dempt.

Kepen (keep),

kepte,

kept.

Wenden (go),

wente,

went.

Class III.

Bigen (buy),

bogte,

bogt.

Biseken (beseech),

bisogte,

bisogt.

Biteche (assign),

bitagte,

bitagt.

Cachen (drive),

kagte,

kagt.

Lachen (seize),

lagte,

lagt.

Sellen (sell),

solde,

sold.

Tellen (tell),

tolde,

told.

Worchen (work),

wrogte,

wrogt.

B.—IRREGULAR VERBS.

DIVISION I.

Class I. (a  )

Beren (bear),

bar,

bor,

boren.

Bidden (bid),

bad,

beden.

Bi-speken (speak),

bi-spac,

bi-speken.

Bigeten (beget),

bigat,

bigeten.

bigoten.

Breken (break),

brac,

broken.

Cumen (come),

cam,

cumen.

comen.

Eten (eat),

at,

eten.

Forgeten (forget),

forgat,

forgeten.

Giuen (give),

gaf,

geven.

given.

Nimen (take, go),

nam,

nomen.

numen.

Seren (shear),

——

soren.

Stelen (steal),

stal,

stolen.

Sweren (swear),

swor,

sworen.

Beten (beat),

bet,

beten.

Class II.

Bidden (ask, entreat),

bed,

boden.

Biheten

Heten

(promise),

bihet,

het,

bihoten.

hoten.

Drepen (slay),

——

dropen.

Fallen (fall),

fel,

fallen.

Forhelen (hide),

——

forholen.

Hingen (hang),

heng,

hangen.

Holden (hold),

held,

holden.

Lepen (leap),

lep,

lopen.

Leten (leave),

let,

leten.

Slepen (sleep),

slep,

slepen.

Wepen (weep),

wep,

wepen.

Wassen (wash),

weis,

wassen.

Waxen (wax),

wex,

waxen.

Wreken (avenge),

wrek,

wroken.

wreken.

Class III.

Dragen (draw),

drog,

drug,

dragen.

drogen.

Faren (go),

for,

faren.

Forsaken (forsake),

forsoc,

forsaken.

Graven (bury),

——

graven.

Slon (slay),

slog,

slug,

slagen.

Standen (stand),

stod,

standen.

Taken (take),

toc,

taken.

Waken (wake),

woc,

waken.

DIVISION II.

Class I.

At-winden (depart),

at-wond.

——

Abreden (awake),

abraid.

——

Bergen (protect),

barg,

borgen.

borwen.

Binden (bind),

bond,

bunden.

Bresten (burst),

brast,

brusten.

brosten.

Biginnen (begin),

bigan,

bigunnen.

Delven (buy),

dalf,

dolven.

Drinken (drink),

dranc,

drunken.

Figten (fight),

fagt,

fogten.

Finden (find),

fand,

fond,

funden.

Gelden (requite),

gald,

geald,

golden.

gulden.

Helpen (help),

halp,

holpen.

Melten (melt),

malt,

molten.

Scriðen (invite),

scroð.

——

Singen (sing),

sang,

sungen.

Sinken (sink),

sanc,

sunken.

Springen (spring),

sprong,

sprungen.

Sterfen (die),

starf,

storven.

Stingen (sting),

stong,

stungen.

Wergen (defend),

warg.

——

Werpen (throw),

warp,

worpen.

Ðresten (thrust),

ðrast.

——

Class II.

At-witen (go, depart),

atwot.

——

Biten (bite),

bot,

biten.

Driven (drive),

drof,

driven.

Gliden (glide),

glod,

gliden.

Risen (rise),

ros,

risen.

Sinen (shine),

son,

sinen.

Smiten (smite),

smot,

smiten.

Writen (write),

wrot,

writen.

Class III.

Beden (offer),

bed,

bead,

boden.

Crepen (creep),

crep,

cropen.

Chesen (choose),

ches,

chosen.

Dregen (suffer),

dreg,

drogen.

Flegen (fly),

fleg,

flew,

flogen.

Fleten (float),

flet,

floten.

Forlese (lose),

forles,

forleas,

forloren.

Scheten (shoot),

schet.

——

Segen (see),

seg,

sag,

sogen.

sowen.

Seðen (boil),

seð,

soden.

Stigen (ascend),

steg,

stigen.

Ten (go),

teg,

togen.

Ðen (thrive),

ðeg,

ðogen.

ANOMALOUS VERBS.

Cunen (can), 3 pers. sing. can, pl. cunen, pret. cuðe, p.p. cuð.

Daren (dare), pres. pl. duren, pret. durste.

Mogen (may), 3 pers. sing. mai, pl. mogen, mowen, pret. migte (2 pers. pret. migt).

Mot (may), pret. muste.

Ogen (owe, ought), 3 pers. sing. og, pl. ogen, pret. ogte.

Sal (shall), 2 pers. sing. salt, pl. sulen, pret. sulde, pret. pl. sulden.

Witen (know), 3 pers. sing. wot, pret. wiste.

Wilen (will), pret. wulde; nile = will not; nolde = would not.

The verb ben, 'to be,' is conjugated after the following manner:—

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

Singular.

Plural.

1. am,

2. art, beas, best,

3. is, beð,

ben, arn  [70] (aren).

PAST.

Singular.

Plural.

1. was,

2. wore,

3. was,

weren, worn (woren, wore).

V. ADVERBS.

The adverbs hence, thence, whence, do not occur, being superseded by the Norse forms heðen, ðeðen, queðen.

Adverbial Terminations.—Adverbs are formed from adjectives by the addition of e; as long (adj.), longe (adv.).

-um (dative) occurs in whilum and seldum.

-es (gen.) in lives, alive, newes, anew.

-en in abouten, aboven, binnen, biforen (foren), bisiden, uten, wiðouten.

VI. PREPOSITIONS.

Fro (Northumbrian fra) takes the place of the Southern fram (from), and til (unknown to Southern writers) occurs frequently for to.

THE METRE OF THE POEM.

The essence of the system of versification which the poet has adopted is, briefly, that every line shall have four accented syllables in it; the unaccented syllables being left in some measure, as it were, to take care of themselves.

The words which Coleridge prefixed to his poem of "Christabel" are by no means inapplicable here. He says, "I have only to add, that the metre of the 'Christabel' is not, properly speaking, irregular, though it may seem to be so from its being founded on a new (?) principle: namely, that of counting in each line the accents, not the syllables. Though the latter may vary from seven to twelve, yet in each line the accents will be found to be only four."

The normal form of the line of the present poem is that simple one of eight syllables, consisting of four (so-called) iambics, which is so common in English poetry. But it should be remembered that this line is at all times convertible with one of seven syllables, generally described as consisting of three trochees and a long syllable. This is easily exemplified by taking the first two lines of the Conclusion to the Second Part of Coleridge's "Christabel."

A

lit

|

tle

child

|

a

lim

|

ber

elf

||

Singing

|

dancing

|

to

it

|

self

||

This is adopting the common form of scansion given in English prosodies, which is far from being a very correct method; since to make trochaic and iambic metres convertible is to introduce all sorts of confusion.

The fact is, that the seven-syllable line, though trochaic to the ear, is really an iambic line, of which the first syllable is deficient, i.e., supplied by a pause; and the truer scansion is,

A lit | tle child | a lim | ber elf ||

— Sing | ing danc | ing to | itself ||

At any rate, to adopt this latter method (of beginning to mark off the feet from the end, instead of from the beginning of the line) will be found to be far more convenient in practice; since the accented syllables, instead of drifting about, will thus always be placed at the end of a foot. We should thus, for instance, introduce the same marking off of syllables in the line,

Ánd | ðe séx | te dá | is ligt || l. 167,

as we have in the line,

ðo cám | ðe fíf | te dá | is ligt || l. 158.

Examples of couplets containing a line of each kind are not uncommon; thus, ll. 29, 30:—

Fá | der gód | of ál | le ðhínge ||

Almíg | tin lóu | erd hég | est kínge ||

Also lines 289, 290.

And gét | ne kú | ðe hé | nogt blínne ||

Fór | to dón | an óð | er ſínne ||

See also ll. 309, 310; 439, 440, etc.

The introduction of these seven-syllable lines, far from being a defect, is a natural and agreeable variation, adopted by all our best poets.

The next chief variation to be noted is that two very rapid syllables are often (as in other English metres) substituted for an unaccented one, as in l. 88:—

Ór | ðe nígt | and áf | ter ðe dáy ||

Again, in l. 93:—

On an óð | er daí | ðis míd | del érd ||

and in l. 474:—

To sché | ten áf | ter ðe wíl | de dér ||

See also ll. 321, 503, 505, 656, etc.; and compare the line from "Christabel:"

"That shá | dowy in | the moon | light shone ||"

The syllables thus most frequently slurred over—the term elided is but weak and improper, explaining nothing—are the final syllables -en, -er, -et, etc., as in ll. 96 and 116:—

Ál | abú | ten ðis wálk | ne sént ||

Was wá | ter and érðe | o ſún | der ſád ||

Some lines—and these sound rather harshly—require a little forcing to make them conform to the strict type; as, e.g., l. 66, which, to make it agree with the rest, must be written,

Ín | to ðis ðhíſ | terneſſe hér | bi-néðen ||

A poet's business is, in fact, to take care that the syllables which are to be rapidly pronounced are such as easily can be so; and that the syllables which are to be heavily accented are naturally those that ought to be. If he gives attention to this it does not much matter whether each foot has two or three syllables in it.

A man is master of his art when he can write—

Come in | to the gar | den, Maud ||

For the black | bat, night, | has flown ||

And the wood | bine spi | ces are waf | ted abroad ||

And the musk | of the rose | is blown ||

With respect to the final -en, it should be further noted—

(1) That it is sometimes fully pronounced, as in ll. 87 and 91—

fró | ðat tíme | we tél | len áy ||

ðo gán | hem dá | gen wél | iwíſſe ||

(2) That it is sometimes rapidly slurred over, as in l. 96, already cited; and

(3) That (especially after an r) it is often so pronounced as to be incorporated with the syllable preceding it, so that the whole word, supposing it a dissyllable in appearance, becomes monosyllabic in pronunciation; as in l. 514—

Matú | ſalé | was bóren | iſ ſúne ||

and, again, in l. 655—

Wóren | ſtalwúr | ði bóren | bi tále ||

Thus, we may find the same word written and pronounced as a dissyllable—

Wó | ren ðáne | don ſóne | a-nón ||   l. 3591;

and, in another place, written and pronounced as a monosyllable—

In geu | eléngðh | e wórn | it mád ||   l. 147.

Thus, the n must have been very slightly touched, as is shewn also by the riming of e and en. Examples, ll. 11, 12; 363, 364, etc.

As to the final -e, it may be observed that it is most frequently pronounced just when it is most essential, viz., when it marks a grammatical inflexion, or an adverbial form, as, e.g.:—

Til ihé | sus béð | on Ró | dè dón ||   l. 386;

and,

Wél | he ſeí | den and ſwí | ðè wél ||   l. 1645.

In the second place, it is very liable to be slurred over before a vowel following, as in l. 148—

In Ré | ke-fíl | le on ſún | der ſhád ||

and, thirdly, it is frequently added to words without cause, and is therefore mute, as in l. 60—

ðat éu | ere ſpróng | in wérld | wíd ||

It seems to be sometimes mute after -ed, when -ede forms part of a verb. See ll. 1396, 1433, etc.

Attention to the metre may detect errors in the text. Thus, in l. 75, the word dais is missing:—

forð glód | ðat fír | me [dá | is] lígt ||

See l. 113, which proves the point.

In l. 1846 the definite form of the adjective is required, and strong should be stronge—

ðe stróng | e gód | of ýs | raél ||

It has been noted that the first foot of a line sometimes consists of one syllable only, and that one accented. By a bolder license, this is sometimes the case not only with the first foot, but with other feet, e.g. with the third foot. Line 2572:—

Quan é | bru chíld | ſúld | be bóren ||

Again, with the last foot, as in l. 3580, unless we read duste:—

And ſtíred | it ál | to dúſt | ſir ||

Very many other curious variations occur, which the reader will probably observe for himself with some interest. Thus, in l. 60, just above cited, the question arises whether or not the r in werld was pronounced with so strong a burr as to render the word dissyllabic, as is often the case in Scotch poetry with words containing rl, rn, etc.

CONTRACTIONS USED IN THE GLOSSARY.

A.S. Anglo-Saxon.

Da. Danish.

Du. Dutch.

Allit. Poems, Early English Alliterative Poems (Ed. Morris).

O.E. Old English.

Prov. E. Provincial English.

Fr. French.

Fris. Frisian.

Ger. German.

Goth. Gothic.

M.H.Ger. Middle High German.

O.H.Ger. Old High German.

Laȝ. Laȝamon's Brut (Ed. Sir F. Madden).

Met. Hom. Metrical Homilies (Ed. Small).

O.N. Old Norse.

Orm. Ormulum.

P. of C. Hampole's Pricke of Conscience (Ed. Morris).

Prompt. Parv. Promptorium Parvulorum (Ed. Way).

S.Sax. Semi-Saxon.

Sw. Swedish.

[1]

My obligations to Mr Skeat (in whose accuracy and judgment I have the fullest confidence) are numerous; and I am indebted to him, among other obligations, for the description of the manuscript, and for some interesting remarks upon the metre of the poem. My thanks are also due to the Rev. J. R. Lumby, who most kindly and readily re-collated the text with the manuscript.

[2]

It is thus described—wrongly, of course, as to age—in the printed catalogue of the Corpus manuscripts:—"ccccxliv. A parchment book in 8vo., written in the xv. century, containing the history of Genesis and Exodus in Old English verse."

[3]

From lines 19-26 we might infer that our author intended to include in his song much more of the Bible narrative than we have in the present work.

[4]

Father, God of all things, Almighty Lord, highest of kings, Give thou me a propitious season (enable thou me successfully), to show this world's beginning, Thee, Lord God, to honour, whetherso I read or sing.

[5]

The following are the chief omissions:—1. Genesis, chapters ii. 10-14; ix. 20-27, x. 2-7, 10-32; xxiii. 3-20; xxx. 1-5, 14-16, 37-43; xxxi. 1-17; xxxvi.; xxxviii.; xlviii.; xlix. 1-27. 2. Exodus, chapters xii. 40-51; xiii. 1-16; xx. 20-26; xxi.; xxii.; xxiii.; xxv.; xxvi.; xxvii.; xxviii.; xxix.; xxx.; xxxi.; xxxiii. 12-23; xxxiv. 1-32; xxxv.; xxxvi.; xxxvii.; xxxviii.; xxxix.; xl.

[6]

Numbers, chapters xi.; xii.; xiii.; xiv.; xvi.; xvii.; xix.; xx.; xxi.; xxii.; xxiii.; xxiv.; xxv.; xxvi.; xxvii.; xxxi. Deut. xxxiv.

[7]

Natural marks?

[8]

MS. in-sile.

[9]

The Bestiary presents not only the same grammatical and verbal forms which distinguish the Genesis and Exodus from other Early English compositions, but also its orthographical peculiarities, e.g. ſ for sch; ð for th; g for y and ȝ (gh), etc. The editor assigns this poem to the early part of the thirteenth century.

[10]

Warton assigned it to the reign of Henry II. or Richard I.; Sir F. Madden to the time of Henry III. (1216-1272).

[11]

Those employed (about fifty altogether) are more or less technical—aucter, auter, astronomige, arsmetrike, bigamie, bissop, crisme, charité, canticle, circumcis, corune, crune, desert, graunte, gruchede, holocaust, hostel, iurnee, iusted (allied), lecherie, lepre, mount, mester, meister, neve (nephew), offiz, pais, plente, pore, present, prest, pris, prisun, promissioun, prophet, roche, sacrede, scité (city), spirit, spices, suriurn (sojourn), swinacie (quinsy), serue, seruice, ydeles, ydolatrie.

[12]

Since writing the above I have printed for the Early English Text Society "Old English Homilies, 2nd Series," which are earlier than the Ormulum, and contain many East Midland peculiarities. "The Wooing of Our Lord" in Old English Homilies, 1st Series, contains some peculiarities of the West Midland dialect.

[13]

See Preface to O.E. Hom., 2nd Series.

[14]

It must be recollected that the Ormulum is much earlier than the Story of Genesis and Exodus.

[15]

See Ormulum, Introduction, p. lxxviii., note 105; lxxxi., note 112.

[16]

While agreeing with the editor of the Ormulum, that the simplicity of grammatical forms may fairly be considered as indicating a less artificial, and therefore advanced, stage of the language, I cannot adopt his theory, that "the strict rules of grammar" were therefore abandoned, and thereby was anticipated, to a certain extent, a later phraseology and structure; or that Orm, or any other O.E. writer, ever sacrificed "the more regular for a simpler, though more corrupt, structure and style." It must always be borne in mind that our earlier writers always speak of their language as English; but it was the English of the district in which they lived. In some districts, as in the Northumbrian, for instance, the language underwent certain changes at a very early period, which more Southern dialects did not adopt for more than a century afterwards: thus, in works of the 14th century, we find the Midland more archaic than the Northumbrian, and the Southern more archaic than either. Authors seeking to become popular would write in the dialect best understood by their readers, without considering whether it was simple or complex. Thus the Ayenbite of Inwyt (A.D. 1340), written for the men of Kent, contains far more of the older inflectional forms than the Ormulum of the twelfth century.

[17]

Southern writers before 1340 formed the g.s. of fem. nouns in -e and not in -es.

[18]

In the Southern dialect the article had separate forms for the nominative fem. (theo, tho), and neuter (thet, that); the fem. gen. sing. (thar, ther), and the masc. acc. (than, then).

[19]

See Ormulum, Introduction, p. lxxviii., note 105.

[20]

Sinden, are, occurs in the Ormulum and the Bestiary, but is not employed in the present poem.

[21]

These forms occur in O.E. Hom., 2nd Series.

[22]

In O.E. Hom., 2nd Series, we find hes = them. See Moral Ode, l. 186, O.E. Hom., 2nd Series: "wel diere he hes bohte."

[23]

Robt. of Gloucester, Shoreham, Dan. Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt.

[24]

Deep he them buried under an oak.

[25]

For Solomon find them shall.

[26]

He took them.

[27]

All his footsteps after him he filleth, draweth dust with his tail where he steppeth, or dust or dew (moisture), that they are not able to find them.

[28]

I have in one case taken the liberty of separating the pronoun from the verb (for the convenience of the reader), giving the MS. reading in the margin; but I am sorry now that I did not let them stand as in the original copy.

[29]

Mes = me + es = one, them, occurs in O. E. Hom., 2nd Series.

[30]

All he them had (he had them all) with might begotten (obtained).

[31]

Undealt (undivided) he them laid, whereso he them brought.

[32]

The dove hath habits good,

All we them ought to have in mind

(i.e. we ought to have them all in mind).

[33]

Bilhah two children bore by him,

Rachel called them Dan, Naphtali;

And Zilpah two sons to him bore,

Leah called them Gad and Asher.

[34]

The tabernacle he put them in.

[35]

He set them in the firmament.

[36]

ðei occurs once only in the present poem, þeȝȝr, þeȝȝm, not at all; it occurs twice in O.E. Hom., 2nd Series.

[37]

Philolog. Soc. Proceedings, vol. i. pp. 73, 261. Almigtin, almighty, p. 2, l. 30, is the only adjective I find with this termination.

[38]

The dative of the A.S. bóc was béc.

[39]

gebroðeren (A.S. broðru) occurs in the Semi-Sax. Gospels.

[40]

A.S. cealfru.

[41]

cildru.

[42]

dura.

[43]

ægru.

[44]

handa.

[45]

cý.

[46]

lambru.

[47]

greiðe (prepare), kipte (seized), lit (stain), liðe (listen), mal (speech), witterlike (truly), are found in Southern English, and may be the remains of the Anglian element in the A.Saxon.

[48]

Those marked * thus constantly occur in Northumbrian and Midland works (with Northern peculiarities) of the 14th century.

[49]

fere occurs for feren, so senwe = sinews (A.S. sinu, sing., sina, pl.).

[50]

As a rule fem. nouns, and nouns of the n declension, take the inflexion -es; as, 'sinnes same' (sin's shame), 'sowles frame' (soul's profit), 'helles male' (hell's mail), 'werldes drof' (world's assembly). The Bestiary contains the following genitives in -e:—'nese smel' (O.E. Miscell., p. 1), 'welle grund' (Ib., p. 3), 'kirke dure' (Ib., p. 6), 'soule drink' (Ib., p. 7), 'soule spuse' (Ib., p. 23), 'helle pine' (Ib., p. 24).

[51]

The forms in -er, -est, are properly adverbial and not adjectival.

[52]

tigðe = tithe, tenth, occurs in l. 895, and tigðes in l. 1628.

[53]

Orm uses the more Northern ȝho (Northumbrian sco).

[54]

get = she it: "al get bit otwinne," she biteth it all in two (Bestiary, O.E. Miscell., p. 9).

[55]

See p. xix.

[56]

ðei occurs but once only.

[57]

O.E. Hom., 2nd Series.

[58]

See pp. xix, xx.

[59]

See Preface to O.E. Hom., 2nd Series.

[60]

If godes = god's, seiden (pl.) may be an error for seide (sing.), and hem will then = he + hem, he them.

[61]

Chaucer constantly uses men with a verb in the singular number, third person. See Notes and Queries for Feb. 8th, 1873, where I have shown that the West-Midland substituted men for the Southern me.

[62]

The genitive and possessive are denoted by one form; as, ure, of us; gure, of you; here, of them.

[63]

Because elided in these cases.

[64]

The Bestiary is far more accurate in this respect.

[65]

gangande rhymes with standen (O.E. Miscell., p. 21, ll. 654, 655).

[66]

This form is used when the pronoun follows.

[67]

Followed by the pronoun.

[68]

The second person of irregular verbs (pret.) does not occur in the poem. In the Ormulum the inflection is -e, which is occasionally dropped.

[69]

These forms do not occur in the poem.

[70]

Sinden = are, occurs in the Bestiary and the Ormulum. Sinde and senden in O.E. Hom., 2nd Series.

THE STORY OF GENESIS AND EXODUS, ETC.

MAn og to luuen ðat rimes ren,

ðe Wiſſeð wel ðe logede men,

hu man may him wel loken

Man ought to love those who instruct the lewd,

4
ðog he ne be lered on no boken,

Luuen god and ſeruen him ay,

For he it hem wel gelden may,

And to alle criſtenei men

so that he who is not book-learned may love and serve God.

8
beren paiſ and luue bi-twen;

ðan ſal him almightin luuen,

Her bi-neðen and ðund[71] abuuen,

And giuen him bliſſe and ſoules reſte[n]

God shall love all Christian men, and give them soul-rest

12
ðat him ſal earuermor[72] leſten.

that shall last evermore.

Ut of latin ðis ſong is dragen

on engleis ſpeche, on ſoðe ſagen;

Out of Latin is this song turned into English speech.

Cristene men ogen ben ſo fagen

16
ſo fueles arn quan he it ſen dagen,

ðan man hem telled soðe tale

Wid[73] londes ſpeche and wordes ſmale,

Christian men ought to be as glad as birds are of dawn to hear the story

Of bliſſes dune, of ſorwes dale;

20
Quhu lucifer, ðat deuel dwale,

[Brogte mankinde in sinne and bale]

of man's bliss and sorrow,

And held hem ſperd in helles male

til god ſrid him in manliched,

24
dede mankinde bote and red,

and how salvation came through Christ,

And unſpered al ðe fendes ſped,

And halp ðor he ſag mikel ned.

and destroyed the power of Satan.

[71]

read gund?

[72]

So in MS.

[73]

read wið

GOD MADE HEAVEN AND EARTH BY HIS WORD.

Biddi[74] hic ſingen non oðer led,

28
ðog[75] hic folgen idel-hed.

FAder god of alle ðhinge,

Almigtin louerd, hegeſt kinge,

[Fol. 1b.]

Father, God of all things,

ðu giue me ſeli timinge

32
To thaunen ðis werdes biginninge,

ðe, leuerd god, to wurðinge,

Queðer ſo hic rede or ſinge!

enable thou me to sing this world's creation,

Wit, and wisdam, and luue godd,

36
And fer ear biðohte al in his modd,

wrought with wit, wisdom, and good love.

In his wiſdom was al biðogt

Ear ðanne it was on werlde brogt.

In firme bigini[n]g, of nogt

In the Creator's wisdom was all devised ere it came into being.

40
Was heuene and erðe ſamen wrogt;

ðo bad god wurðen ſtund and ſtede,

ðis middes werld ðor-inne[76] he dede,

Heaven and earth were wrought when God bad exist time and place.

Al was ðat firme ðroſing in nigt,

44
Til he wit hiſe word made ligt;

First all was night.

Of hiſe word, ðu wiſſike mune,

Hiſe word, ðat is, hiſe wiſe ſune,

ðe was of hin fer ear bi-foren

Light came by God's word, that is, His Son.

48
Or ani werldes time boren;

And of hem two ðat leue luuen,

He existed long before time.

ðe welden al her and abuuen,

ðat heli luue, ða[t] wiſe wil,

52
ðat weldet alle ðinge wit rigt and [ſ]kil;

These two rule all things with wisdom.

Migt bat wit word wurðen ligt,

(Hali froure welt oc ðat migt;

In the Godhead there are three persons of one counsel and might.

for ðhre perſones and on reed,

56
On migt and on godfulhed.)

[Fol. 2.]

ðo ſo wurð ligt ſo god it bad,

fro ðiſterneſſe o ſunde[r] ſad;

Light came at the divine command.

ðat waſ ðe firme morgen tid,

60
ðat euere ſprong in werld[e] wid.

Then was the first morning time that ever sprang in the world.

[74]

read bidde

[75]

'may' is inserted between 'ðog' and 'hic' in a later hand.

[76]

MS. īme.

THE DEVIL'S FALL FROM HEAVEN. THE FIRST LIGHT DAWNS.

wid ðat ligt worn angles wrogt,

And in-to newe heuene brogt,

With that light were angels made,

ðat iſ ouer dis[77] walkenes turn,

64
God hem quuad ðor ſeli ſuriurn;

and brought into a new heaven.

Summe for pride fellen ðeðen,

In-to ðis ðhiſterneſſe her bi-neðen;

Some for pride fell thence into nether darkness.

Pride made angel deuel dwale,

68
ðat made ilc ſorge, and euerilc bale,

And euerilc wunder, and euerilc wo,

ðat iſ, or ſal ben euere mo.

Pride turned angels into devils, who became the source of every sorrow, bale, and woe.

He was mad on ðe ſunedai,

72
He fel out on ðe munendai;

(ðis ik wort in ebriſſe wen,

He witen ðe ſoðe ðat iſ ſen.)

The devil was made on the Sunday and fell out on the Monday.

forð glod ðat firme [dais] ligt,

76
And after glod ðat firme nigt;

Forth glided the first light, and afterwards the first night.

ðe daigening cam eſt[78] a-gon,

The dawning came again.

His firme kinde dei was a-gon,

On walkenes turn wid dai and nigt

80
Of foure and twenti time rigt;

Thus in the welkin's course comes day and night "of twenty-four hours right."

ðes frenkis men o france moal,

it nemnen "un iur natural;"

[Fol. 2b  .]

And euere gede ðe dai biforn,

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ſiðen ðat newe werld was boren,

So ever came the day first,

Til ihesus criſt fro helle nam,

Hiſ quemed wid[79] eue and adam;

till Christ brought his saints from hell.

fro ðat time we tellen ay,

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Or ðe nigt and after ðe day,

From that time we ever reckon first the night and then the day.

for god ledde hem fro helle nigt

to paradises leue ligt;

ðo gan hem dagen wel iwiſſe,

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Quan god hem ledde in-to bliſſe.

For God led them from Hell's might into Paradise's bright light.

On an oðer dai ðiſ middel-erd,

waſ al luken and a-buten ſperd;

ðo god bad ben ðe firmament,

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Al abuten ðis walkne ſent,

On the second day the earth was enclosed by the firmament,

[77]

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THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH ARE PARTED.

Of watres froren, of yſeſ wal,

ðis middel werld it luket al;—

by frozen waters and wall of ice.

May no fir get melten ðat yſ;

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He ðe it made iſ migtful and wis,—

No fire has ever yet melted this ice.

It mai ben hoten heuene-Rof;

It hiled[80] al ðis werldes drof,

And fier, and walkne, and water, and lond,

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Al iſ bi-luken in godes hond,

This enclosure may be called Heaven-roof.

Til domeſ-dai ne ſal it troken.

Al middel-erd ðer-inne is loken,

It shall last until Doomsday.

watres ben her ðer-under ſuuen,

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And watres ðor a-buuen;

[Fol. 3.]

And ouer ðat ſo ful i-wis,

An oðer heuene ful o blis,

And ful o lif ðe leſted oo,

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wo may him ben ðe fel ðor-fro.

Above this is another heaven full of bliss and life.

Forð glod ðis oðer daiſ nigt,

ðo cam ðe ðridde dais ligt:

Thus passed this second day's night.

ðe ðridde dai, ſo god it bad,

Then came the third day's light.

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was water and erðe o ſunder ſad;

God bi-quuad watres here ſtede,

Water and earth became separated.

And erðe brimen and beren dede;

Ilk gres, ilc wurt, ilc birðheltre,

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Hiſ owen ſed beren bad he;

The earth did bring forth grass, herb, and fruit tree.

Of euerilc ougt, of euerilc ſed,

Waſ erðe mad moder of ſped.

ðe ðridde dai was al ðis wrogt,

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And erðes fodme on werldes brogt;

An euerilc fodme his kinde quuemeðen.

Thus was earth made mother of wealth.

ðo was it her fair bi-neðen,

Then was all fair here below.

God ſag his ſafte fair and good,

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And bliſcede it wid[81] milde mood.

God saw that it was so, and blessed it.

Forð glod ðis ðridde daiſ nigt,

ðo cam ðe ferðe daiſ ligt.

ðe ferðe dai made migt

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Sunne, and mone, and ilc ſterre brigt,

Then came the fourth day's light, and Might made the sun and moon and each bright star.

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THE STARS ARE SET, AND FOWL AND FISH ARE MADE.

walknes wurðinge, and erdes frame,

He knowned[82] one ilc ſterre name,

[Fol. 3b  .]

He ſettes in ðe firmament,

God set them in the firmament.

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Al abuten ðis walkne went;

ðe ſeuene he bad on fligte faren,

He let them be

And toknes ben, and times garen.

for signs and for seasons.

Sunne and mone ðe moſte ben

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Of alle ðe toknes ðat men her ſen;

Sun and moon are the greatest of all these tokens.

ðe mone iſ more bi mannes tale,

ðan al ðis erðe in werldes dale;

The moon is greater than the earth.

And egeſt ſwilc ðe ſunnes brigt,

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Iſ more ðanne ðe mones ligt.

The sun's brightness is greater than the moon's light.

ðe mones ligt is moneð met,

ðor-after iſ ðe ſunne ſet;

The moon's light is the measure of a month.

In geuelengðhe worn it mad,

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In Reke-fille, on ſunder ſhad;

In the equinox was it made.

Two geuelengðhes timen her,

And two ſolſtices in ðe ger.

Two equinoxes and two solstices are in the year.

On four doles delen he

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ðe ger, ilc dole of moneð ðhre;

Euere ſchinen ðo toknes brigt,

And often giuen iſ on erðe ligt;

wel wurðe his migt lefful ay,

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ðe wroutis on ðe ferðe day!

Forð glod ðis ferðe daiſ nigt,

ðo cam ðe fifte dais ligt;

In four parts the year is divided, each part being of three months.

ðe fifte day god made ywis

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of water, ilc fuel and eruerilc[83] fiſ,

And tagte fuel on walkene his fligt,

Ilc fiſ on water his flotes migt,

On the fifth day, God made of water each fowl and fish,

[Fol. 4.]

And bliſced hem, and bad hem ðen

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And tuderande on werld[e] ben.

and bad them multiply.

Ðiſ fifte dai held forð his fligt,

And forð endede ðat fifte nigt;

This fifth day took its flight,

And [cam] ðe ſexte dais ligt,

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So made god wid[84] witter migt,

and on the sixth day God made all cattle, reptiles, and wild deer (beasts).

[82]

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[83]

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[84]

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CATTLE ARE MADE FOR MAN'S SERVICE. ADAM IS CREATED.

Al erue, and wrim, and wilde der,

Qwel[85] man mai ſen on werlde her.

God ſag bi-fore quat after cam,

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ðat ſingen ſulde firme adam,

And him to fremen and do[86] frame,

God knew that Adam would sin,

He made on werlde al erue tame,

ðe ſulde him her, in ſwinkes ſtrif,

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to fode, and ſrud, to helpen ðe lif;

And him to pine, and loar her,

so He made tame cattle to help him in his labour and to give him food and clothing.

God made wirme and wilde der.

He pine man wid[87] ſorwe and dred,

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And don hem[88] monen hiſ ſinfulhed,

ðat iſ him loar quan he ſeð,

ðan he for ſinne in ſorwe beð.

God made the wild deer to trouble man with sorrow and dread and cause him to moan his sinfulness.

Ilk kinnes erf, and wrim, and der

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Was mad of erðe on werlde her,

Each kind of cattle, reptile, and beast was made of earth.

And euerilc on in kinde good,

ðor quiles adam fro ſinne ſtod;

[Fol. 4b.]

All were good while Adam was pure.

Oc der and wrim it deren man

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fro ðan ðat he ſingen bi-gan;

In ðe moſte and in ðe leſte he forleſ

Hiſ louerd-hed[89] quuanne he miſ-cheſ;

But reptiles and wild beasts hurt man as soon as he became sinful.

Leunes and beres him wile to-dragen,

Lions and bears tear him in pieces.

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And fleges ſen on him non agen;

Hadde he wel loked him wið ſkil,

Ilc beſte ſulde don hiſ wil;

Flies have no awe of him.

Erf helpeð him ðurg godes með,

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Hiſ lordehed[90] ðor-onne he ſeð.

And for hiſe ſinne oc he to munen,

ðat moſte and leiſte him ben binumen.

Cattle help him through God's mercy.

Ðiſ ſexte dai god made Adam,

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And his licham of erðe he nam,

On this sixth day God made Adam of earth,

And blew ðor-in a liues blaſt,

and blew into his body a "life's blast,"

A likneſſe of his hali gaſt,

"a likeness of His Holy Ghost,

[85]

qwilc?

[86]

to?

[87]

read wið

[88]

him?

[89]

louerd-hel in MS.

[90]

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OF PARADISE AND THE CREATION OF EVE.

A ſpirit ful of wit and ſckil;

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ðor quiles it folgede heli wil,

God ſelf ðor quile liket iſ,

An un-liſ quuanne it wile miſ.

a spirit full of wit and skill."

[I]N feld damaske adam was mad,

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And ðeðen fer on londe ſad;

In Damascus field Adam was made.

God bar him in-to paradiſ,

An erd al ful of ſwete bliſ;

God bore him into Paradise, an abode full of sweet bliss.

fol wel he wid[91] him ðor dede,

[Fol. 5.]

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bi-tagte him al ðat mirie ſtede;

Oc an bodeword ðer he him forbed,

if he wulde him ſilden fro ðe ded,

He intrusted to him all that pleasant place.

ðat he ſulde him ðer loken fro

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A fruit, ðe kenned wel and wo,

But forbad him to touch the fruit which taught "weal and woe."

And hiegt him ded he ſulde ben

If he ðat bode-word ne gunne flen.

Dead should he be if he broke this command.

God brogt adam ðor bi-forn

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Ilc kinnes beſte of erðe boren,

and fugel, an fiſ, wilde and tame,

God brought all beasts of the earth, fowl, and fish unto Adam,

ðor gaf adam ilc here iſ name;

Ne was ðor non lik adam.

who gave to each a name.

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God dede dat[92] he on ſweuene cam,

And in ðat ſweuene he let him ſen

Mikel ðat after ſulde ben.

God caused a sleep to come upon Adam, and in that sleep he saw much that should hereafter be.

Ut of his ſide he toc a rib,

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And made a wimman him ful ſib,

And heled him ðat ſide wel

ðat it ne wrocte him neuere a del.

Out of his side God took a rib, and out of it made a woman.

Adam abraid, and ſag ðat wif,

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Name he gaf hire dat[93] iſ ful Rif;

Adam awoke and saw his wife.

Iſſa waſ hire firſte name,

ðor-of ðurte hire ðinken no ſame;

Issa was her first name,

Mayden, for ſche was mad of man,

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Hire firſt name ðor bi-gan;

because she was made of man.

Siðen ghe brocte us to woa,

Adam gaf hire name eua.

After she brought us to woe Adam called her Eva.

[Fol. 5b  .]

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THE SEVENTH DAY IS MADE A DAY OF REST.

Adden he folged godes red,

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Al man-kin adde ſeli ſped;

for ſinne he ðat bliſſe for-loren,

ðat derede al ðat of hem was boren;

It is her-after in ðe ſong,

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Hu adam fel in pine ſtrong.

For sin they lost the bliss of Paradise.

Forð glod ðiſ ſexte dais lig[t],

After glod ðe ſexte nig[t];

The sixth day passed and

ðe ſeuendai morgen ſpro[n]g,

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ðat dai tokenede reſte long;

ðis dai waſ forð in reſte wrogt,

Ilc kinde newes ear waſ brog[t];

the seventh morning sprung. That day betokened long rest.

God ſette ðis dai folk bitwen,

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Dai of bliſſe and off reſte ben,

for ðat time ear fear bi-forn,

God ordained this day a day of bliss and rest.

Til ihesus was on werlde boren,

And til he was on ðe rode-wold,

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And biried in ðe roche cold.

And reſtede him after ðe ded,

ðat ilke dai god aligen bed.

So it remained until Christ rose from the cold rock.

Siðen for-leſ ðat dai iſ priſ,

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for ihesus,[94] god and man ſo wis,

Roſ fro ded on ðe ſunenday,

Then the Sunday from that time forth became hallowed for ever.

ðat is forð ſiðen worðed ay;

[Fol. 6.]

And it ſal ben ðe laſte tid,

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Quan al man-kinde, on werlde wid,

Sal ben fro dede to liue brogt,

And ſeli ſad fro ðe forwrogt,

An ben don in bliſſe and in lif,

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fro ſwinc, and ſorwe, and deades ſtrif.

So shall it remain until Doomsday.

Wiſdom ðe made ilc ðing of nogt,

quuat-ſo-euere on heuone or her iſ wrogt.

Wisdom made each thing of nought.

Ligber he ſridde a dere ſrud,

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An he wurðe in him-ſeluen prud,

Lucifer waxed proud,

An wid ðat pride him wex a nyð,

ðat iwel weldeð al his ſið;

and with that pride came envy.

[94]

MS. ihc.

LUCIFER IS CAST INTO HELL, AND THERE PLOTS MAN'S FALL.

ðo ne migte he non louerd ðhauen,

276
ðat him ſulde ðhinge grauen:[95]

"Min fligt," he ſeide, "ic wile up-taken,

"My flight," he says, "I will up take,

Min ſete norð on heuene maken,

And ðor ic wile ſitten and ſen

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Al ðe ðhinges ðe in wer[l]de ben,

Twen heuone hil and helle dik,

And ben min louerd geuelic."

and make my seat north of heaven, and therein will I sit and see all things.

ðo wurð he drake ðat ear was knigt,

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ðo wurð he mirc ðat ear was ligt,

Then became he dragon that ere was knight;

And euerilc on ðat helden wid[96] him,

ðo wurðen mirc, and ſwart, and dim,

all that held with him became dark, dim, and black,

And fellen ut of heuones ligt

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In-to ðis middil walknes nigt;

and fell out of heaven's light.

And get ne kuðe he nogt blinne

for to don an oðer ſinne.

[Fol. 6b.]

Yet would Satan not cease to commit sin.

Eſten[97] he ſag in paradiſ

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Adam and eue in mike[l] priſ,

Newelike he was of erðe wrogt,

And to ðat mirie bliſſe brogt;

He saw Adam and Eve in Paradise in great bliss and honour.

ðowgte ðis quead, "hu ma it ben,

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Adam ben king and eue quuen

Of alle ðe ðinge in werlde ben.

Hu mai it hauen, hu mai it ſen,

Of fiſ, of fugel, of wrim, of der,

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Of alle ðhinge ðe wunen her,

Euerilc ðhing haued he geue name,

How may it be, thought he, that Adam is king and Eve queen of all things in the world,

Me to ſorge, ſcaðe, and ſame;

for adam ſul ðus and his wif

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In bliſſe ðus leden leſteful lif;

for alle ðo, ðe of hem ſule cumen,

while I am in sorrow, scathe, and shame.

ſulen ermor in bliſſe wunen,

And we ðe ben fro heuene driuen,

Evermore shall they remain in bliss,

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ſulen ðuſſe one in ſorwe liuen;

Get ic wene I can a red,

ðat hem ſal bringen iwel ſped;

while we must live in sorrow. Yet I think I know of a plan to bring them into sin.

[95]

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[96]

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[97]

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EVE AND ADAM EAT THE FORBIDDEN FRUIT.

for gef he don ðad[98] god for-bead,

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ðat ſal hem bringen to ðo dead,

For if they do what God forbiddeth they shall die.

And ſal get ðis ilke dai,

ðor buten hunte if ic mai

This I will without delay bring about to-day.

Ic wene ðat ic and eue hiſe wif

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ſulen adam bilirten of hiſe lif.

Ic wene ðat ic and eue

ſulen alle is bliſſe dreue."

[Fol. 7.]

I think that Eve and I shall deprive Adam of his life."

Ðus he ðhogte, and up he ſteg,

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And eſten[99] til dat[100] erð he teg,

Thus he thought, and up he went, and to the earth he came.

Wente in to a wirme, and tolde eue a tale;

And ſenkede hire hure aldre bale.

He went into a "worm" and told Eve a tale.

"Eue," ſeide he, ðat neddre bold,

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"Quat oget nu ðat for-bode o-wold,

ðat a tre gu forboden is,

"Eve," he said, "what meaneth it that a tree is forbidden you,

ðat ouer alle oðre bered pris?

for iſ fruit ſired mannes mood,

a tree that surpasses all others,

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To witen boðen iwel and good,

Sone ge it ðor-of hauen eten,

Al ge it ſulen witent[101] and nogt forgeten,

which shall teach you evil and good,

And ben ſo wiſe alle euene

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So ðo ðe wunen a-buuen in heuone."

and make you as wise as those who dwell above in heaven?"

Ðanne ðogte eue on hire mod,

ðanne iſ tiſ fruit wel ſwiðe good,

fair on ſigðhe and ſofte on hond,

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Of ðiſ fruit wile ic hauen fond.

When Eve saw that it was fair to the sight and soft to the hand,

Sum ghe ðer at, and ſum ghe nam,

And bar it to her fere adam;

So manie times ghe him ſcroðt,

she ate thereof, and took some and brought it to Adam.

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Queðer so him was lef or loðt,

for to forðen iſ fendes wil,

[Fol. 7b  .]

At he dat[100] fruit, and dede unskil;

Sone it was under breſt numen;

He ate that fruit and did foolishly.

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Dedes two bondes on hem ben comen;

Then death's two bonds came upon them.

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[100]

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GOD'S CURSE ON ADAM AND EVE, AND THE ADDER.

Vn-buxumhed he hauen hem don,

Vn-buxumhed iſ hem cumen on;

Vn-welde woren and in win,

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Here owen limes hem wið-in.

Weakness and sorrow troubled their limbs.

fleſſes fremeðe and ſafte ſame

boðen he felten on here lichame;

ðo gunen he ſame ſriden,

They were ashamed of their nakedness,

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And limes in leues hiden.

Nu wot adam ſum-del o wo,

Her-after ſal he leren mo.

and shrouded themselves in leaves.

After ðiſ dede a ſteuone cam,

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"ðu, nu, quor art, adam, adam?"

"Louerd, quat ſame iſ me bi-tid,

for ic am naked and haue me hid?"

"Quo ſeide ðe dat gu[102] wer[e] naked;

360
ðu haues ðe ſorges ſigðhe waked,

After this deed a voice came, saying, "Where art thou, Adam?" Quoth Adam, "I am naked, and hid myself."

for ðhu min bode-word haues broken,

ðhu ſalt ben ut in ſorge luken,

Then said God, "Because thou hast broken my command,

In ſwinc ðu ſalt tilen ði mete[n],

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ðin bred wid ſwotes teres eten,

thou shalt till thy meat with toil, and eat thy bread with sweat and tears,

Til gu[102] beas eft in to erðe cumen,

Quer-of gu[102] beaſ to manne numen;

until thou come again to the earth.

And wif ſal under were wunen,

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In heuerilc birðhe ſorge numen;

[Fol. 8]

Woman shall be under man, and have sorrow in every birth.

And niðful neddre, loð an liðer,

ſal gliden on hiſe breſt neðer

And erðe freten wile he mai liuen,

The adder shall glide on his breast and eat earth.

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And atter on is tunge cliuen;

Poison shall cleave to his tongue.

And nið, and ſtrif, and ate, and ſan,

Sal ben bi-twen neddre and wimman;

And get ſal wimman ouercumen,

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His heued under fote bi-numen."

Envy, strife, hate, and shame shall be between the adder and the woman."

Two pilches weren ðurg engeles wrogt,

And to adam and to eue brogt,

Two pilches the angels wrought for Adam and Eve,

ðor-wið he ben nu boðen ſrid,

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And here ſame ſumdel is hid.

so that their shame might be hid.

[102]

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EVE BEGETS CAIN AND ABEL, AND OTHER CHILDREN.

He ben don ut of paradiſ,

ðat erd al ful of ſwete bliſ;

He ben don ut of bliſſes erd,

They were turned out of Paradise.

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Cherubin hauet ðe gateſ ſperd;

Cherubim closed the gates.

Ne ſulen it neuere ben un-don,

Til ihesus beð on Rode don;

Ne ſulen it neuermore ben opened,

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Til ihesus beð on rode dead.

Never shall they be undone till Christ is crucified.

Iff mikel is ſorge, and more care,

Adam and eue it wite ful gare;

Of paradiſ hem ðinkeð ſwem,

Thus Adam and Eve became acquainted with sorrow and care.

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Of iwel and dead hem ſtondeð greim.

On ſundri ðhenken he to ben,

And neiðere on oðer ſen,

Til angel brogte adam bode,

[Fol. 8b.]

Evil and death troubled them. They thought that they must never look upon one another.

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bodeword and tiding fro gode:—

Message came from God,

"Adam, ðhu knowe eue ðin wif,

And leded ſamen gunker lif;

"Adam, know Eve, thy wife, and live together.

Summe ſulen of gu to kumen,

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Sulen ben in to reſte numen;

Summe ſulen folwen fendes red,

And ben in ſorwe after ðe dead;

And get ſal godeſ dere ſune

Some that shall be born of you shall come to bliss, others shall be in sorrow after their death.

404
In gure kin in werlde wunen,

And he ſal bringen man a-gen

In paradiſ to wunen and ben."

God's dear Son shall bring man again into Paradise."

Swilc tiding ðhugte adam god,

408
And ſumdel quemeð it his ſeri mood.

Ðiſ angel is to heuone numen,

These tidings partly softened Adam's sorry mood.

And adam iſ to eue cumen,

More for erneſte dan[103] for gamen;

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Adam and eue wunen ſamen,

Adam and Eve lived together.

And hadden childre manige i-wiſ,

Mo ðan of telleð de geneſis;

Children had they, many more than Genesis tells of.

for fiftene ger hadde adam,

416
ðan caim of eue cam,

After fifteen years Cain was born,

[103]

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CAIN BUILDS ENO. LAMECH BEGINS BIGAMY.

And oðer fiftene al-ſwilc ſel,

Quane eue bar rigt-wiſe abel.[104]

and afterwards Eve bore righteous Abel.

Abel an hundred ger waſ hold,

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ðan he was of iſ broðer wold;

An hundred ger after iſ dead,

[Fol. 9.]

Abel was a hundred years old when he was slain by his brother.

Adam fro eue in ſrifte abead.

To hundred ger and .xxx.ti mo

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was adam hold and eue ðo,

After this Adam from Eve in shrift abode one hundred years.

ðan bor ghe ſeht in ðe ſtede

Of caym ðat abel for-dede;

Or or midleſt, or after ðo

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Bar eue of adam manige moo.

Seth was born when Adam was 230 years old.

Ðor quiles ðat adam ſorge dreg

for abel, caym fro him fleg,

wið wif and hagte, and wurð ut-lage,

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wið dead him ſtood hinke and age.

Cain fled from his home and became an outlaw.

He ches a ſtede toward eden,

And to him[105] ſameden oðer men,

He chose an abode near Eden.

wallede a burg, e-no bi name;

He built a city, Enoch by name.

436
ðeft and reflac ðhugte him no ſame,

for ðat he made him manige fon,

ðor he ðhogte he ſtonden agon.

Theft and robbery was no sin to him; many foes he made.

Met of corn, and wigte of fe,

440
And merke of felde, first fond he.

Tellen ic wile ſo birðe bad,

Adam, caym, enos, iraab,

Malaleel, matusale;

444
Lamech is at ðe sexte kne,

Measure of corn, weight of goods, division of land, taught he first.

ðe ſeuende man after adam,

ðat of caymes kinde cam.

ðiſ lamech waſ ðe firme man,

[Fol. 9b.]

The seventh man after Adam, of Cain's kind, was Lamech.

448
ðe bigamie firſt bi-gan.

Bigamie is unkinde ðing,

On engleis tale, twie-wifing;

He first began bigamy.

[104]

At the bottom of fol. 8b is the catchword—Abel a hundred.

[105]

him is by a later hand.

LAMECH KILLS CAIN AND HIS OWN SERVANT.

for ai was rigt and kire bi-forn,

452
On man, on wiſ, til he was boren.

Lamech him two wifes nam,

On adda, an noðer wif ſellam.

Two wives he took—Adah and Zillah.

Adda bar him ſune Iobal,

Adah bare Jabal.

456
He was hirde wittere and wal;

Of merke, and kinde, and helde, & ble,

He was a cunning shepherd.

ſundring and ſameni[n]g tagte he;

He taught separation and assembling.

Iobal iſ broðer ſong and glew,

460
Wit of muſike, wel he knew;

Jubal, his brother, wise in song and glee,

On two tableſ of tigel and braſ

wrot he ðat wiſtom, wiſ he was,

ðat it ne ſulde ben undon

464
If fier or water come ðor-on.

wrote on tile and brass.

Sella wuneð oc lamech wið,

ghe bar tubal, a ſellic ſmið;

Zillah bare Tubal, a mighty smith.

Of irin, of golde, ſiluer, and bras

468
To ſundren and mengen wiſ he was;

Iron, gold, silver, and brass he well knew how to separate and to mix.

Wopen of wigte and tol of grið,

wel cuðe [106]egte and ſafgte[106] wið.

He was skilled in making weapons of war and household tools.

Lamech ledde long lif til ðan

[Fol. 10.]

472
ðat he wurð biſne, and haued a man

ðat ledde him ofte wudes ner,

To ſcheten after ðe wilde der;

Al-so he miſtagte, alſo he ſchet,

476
And caim in ðe wude iſ let;

Lamech at last became blind. He had a man to lead him to the woods in search of wild deer.

His knape wende it were a der,

An lamech droge iſ arwe ner,

The knave mistook Cain for a deer.

And letet flegen of ðe ſtreng,

480
Caim unwarde it under-feng,

Lamech let fly an arrow,

Gruſnede, and ſtrekede, and ſtarf wið-ðan.

Lamech wið wreðe iſ knape nam,

which struck Cain and killed him.

Vn-bente iſ boge, and bet, and slog,

484
Til he fel dun on dedeſ ſwog.

Lamech beat and slew his servant.

Twin-wifing ant twin-manſlagt

Of his ſoule beð mikel hagt.

Thus was he guilty of twi-wiving and twin-slaughter.

[106]

read fegte and sagte?

OF SETH, ENOCH, METHUSELAH, AND NOAH.

Of hiſe endinge ne wot ic nogt,

488
oc of iſ kinde woren brogt

Of his death we know nothing.

On werlde ſeue and ſeuenti ðhuſant men,

Or or flum noe ſpredde hiſ fen;

Queðer ſo it ðhogte hem iuel or good,

492
Alle he drinkilden in ðat flood.

His descendants were all destroyed by Noah's flood.

Of ſeth, ðe waſ adam-iſ ſune,

cam enos; he gan ali wune

Of bedes, and of godefrigtihed,

496
for liues helpe and ſoules red.

Of Seth came Enos, who was prayerful and God-fearing.

Ic wile rigt tellen, if ic can,

[Fol. 10b  .]

Adam, ſeth, enos, caynan,

Malaleel, iareth, enoch,

500
for alied[107] god ſelf him toch

fro mannes mene in to ðat ſtede

ðat adam forles for iuel dede;

God took Enoch to Himself,

get liueð enoch wið-vten ſtrif,

504
In paradiſ in ſwete lif;

to dwell with Him in Paradise.

Get he ſal cumen or domeſ-day,

And wenden iewes, if he may,

To ðe witteneſſe of ieſus criſt,

508
And tholen dead vnder antecrist;

Siðen ſal antecriſt ben ſlagen,

And man and angeles wurðen fagen.

chirches ben wurſiped mor and mor,

512
And fendes dregen ſorge and ſor.

Enoch shall come before Doomsday to turn the Jews to Christ.

Or enoch wente [fro] werldes wune,

Matuſale waſ boren iſ ſune,

Before Enoch went from the world Methuselah was born.

And lamech of matuſale,

Lamech came of Methuselah.

516
And of lamech rigt-wiſe noe.

Lamech begat Noah.

Metodius, ali martyr,

Adde in his herte ſighe[108] ſir;

Alſo he god adde ofte bi-ſogte,

520
Wiſlike was him in herte brogt

ðis midelerdes biginning,

And middel-hed, and iſ ending;

Methodius, holy martyr, knew much of this world's beginning, middle, and ending.

[107]

read halihed

[108]

read sigðhe

OF THE WORLD'S CORRUPTION AND NOAH'S FLOOD.

He wrot a boc dat manige witen,

524
Manige tiding ðor-on iſ writen;

ðor iſ writen quat agte awold,

dat[109] ðiſ werld waſ water wold.

Fif hundred ger of ðat ðuſent

528
ðat mankin was on werlde ſent,

[Fol. 11.]

He wrote a book, well known to many.

Caymes ſunes wrogten vn-lage,

Wið breðere wifes hore-plage;

And on ðe ſexte hundred ger

Cain's kind wrought against law.

532
Wimmen welten wereſ meſter,

And ſwilc woded wenten[110] on,

Golhed hunkinde he gunnen don;

And ðe fifte hundred ger,

Women waxed evil, unchaste, and unnatural.

536
wapmen bi-gunnen quad meſter,

bi-twen hem-ſeluen hun-wreſte plage,

A ðefis kinde, a-genes lage.

Two hundred ger after ðo wunes,

Men began to addict themselves to wretched practices.

540
Mis-wiuen hem gunnen ſeðes ſunes,

Agenes ðat adam for-bead,

And leten godeſ frigti-hed;

Seth's sons made marriages contrary to Adam's commands.

He choſen hem wiwes of caym,

544
And mengten wið waried kin;

Of hem woren ðe getenes boren,

They chose wives of Cain's seed, and mixed with the accursed kind.

Migti men, and figti, [and] for-loren;

He wrogten manige [sinne] and bale,

548
Of ðat migt [nu] is litel tale;

Of them were giants born who wrought many evils.

for ðat he god ne luueden nogt,

ðat migt iſ al to ſorge brogt;

[Fol. 11b  .]

for ſwilc ſinful dedes ſake,

552
ſo cam on werlde wreche and wrake

for to bliſſen ſwilc ſinnes ſame,

ðat it ne wexe at more hun-frame.

For their great sin there came wrath and vengeance upon the world.

Ðo wex a flod ðis werlde wid-hin,

556
and [o]uer-flowged men & deres kin,

A flood drowned man and beast.

wið-vten noe and hise ðre ſunen,

Sem, Cam, Iaphet, if we rigt munen,

Noah and his family were saved in an ark.

[109]

read ðat

[110]

wentem MS.

THE BUILDING OF THE ARK. THE FLOOD.

And here foure wifes woren hem wið;

560
ðise .viij. hadden in ðe arche grið.[111]

Ðat arche was a feteles good,

ſet and limed a-gen ðe flood;

The ark was a good vessel.

ðhre hundred elne waſ it long,

564
Naild and ſperd, ðig and ſtrong,

Three hundred ells was it long,

And .l.ti elne wid, and .xxx.ti heg;

ðor buten noe (.) long ſwing he dreg,

fifty wide, and thirty high.

An hundred winter, euerilc del,

568
welken or it was ended wel;

Of alle der ðe on werlde wunen,

And foueles weren ðer-inne cumen

A hundred winters was Noah in building it.

Bi ſeuene and ſeuene, or bi two & two,

572
Al-migtin god him bad it ſo,

And mete quorbi ðei migten liuen,

ðor quiles he woren on water driuen.

Clean animals entered the ark by seven and seven, unclean by two and two.

Sexe hundred ger noe was hold

576
Quan he dede him in ðe arche-wold;

Two ðhuſant ger, ſex hundred mo,

And ſex and fifti forð to ðo,

weren of werldes elde numen

580
ðan noe waſ in to ðe arche cumen.

[Fol. 12.]

Six hundred years old was Noah when he entered the ark.

Ilc watereſ ſpringe here ſtrengðe undede,

And Reyn gette dun on euerilk ſtede

fowerti daiſ and fowerti nigt,

584
So wex water wið magti migt;

So wunderlike it wex & get

The water springs undid their strength. Rain poured down on every place.

ðat fiftene elne it ouer-flet,

Ouer ilk dune, and ouer ilc hil,

588
ðhurge godes migt and godes wil;

And oðer fowerti ðore-to,

Daiſ and nigtes ſtodet ſo;

Fifteen ells it overflowed, over every hill and vale.

ðo waſ ilc fleiſ on wer[l]de ſlagen,

592
ðo gunnen ðe wateres hem wið-dragen.

Then was all flesh destroyed.

[111]

At the end of the line in the margin 'Se archa Nœe.'

THE ARK STOOD IN ARMENIA.

Ðe ſeuend moned[112] waſ in cumen,

And ſeuene and .xx.ti dais numen,

IN armenie ðat arche ſtod,

596
ðo waſ wið-dragen ðat ilc flod.

In the seventh month and the twenty-seventh day the ark stood in Armenia.

Ðo ðe tende moned[112] cam in,

So wurð dragen ðe watreſ win;

Dunes wexen, ðe flod wið-drog,

600
It adde leſted longe a-nog

When the tenth month came the waters withdrew.

Fowerti daiſ after ðiſ,

Arches windoge undon it iſ,

ðe Rauen ut-fleg, hu ſo it gan ben,

604
Ne cam he nogt to ðe arche a-gen;

[Fol. 12b.]

Forty days after this the ark's window is undone, the raven out flew, and came not again to the ark.

ðe duue fond no clene ſtede,

And wente a-gen and wel it dede;

The dove found no clean place, and came again to the ark.

ðe ſeuendai eſt ut it tog,

608
And brogt a grene oliues bog;

Seue nigt ſiðen euerilc on

After seven days the dove left the ark and returned with an olive bough.

He is let ut flegen, crepen, and gon,

wið-uten ilc ſeuend clene der

612
ðe he ſacrede on an aucter.

Sex hundred ger and on dan[113] olde

Seven nights after all are let out of the ark.

Noe ſag ut of ðe arche-wolde;

ðe firſt moned[112] and te firſt dai,

616
He ſag erðe drie & te water awai;

get he waſ wiſ and nogt to rad,

Noah looked out of the ark and saw that the earth was dry.

Gede he nogt ut, til god him bad.

Ðe toðer moneð was in cumen,

620
And ſeuene and twenti dais numen,

ðo herde Noe wol bliðe bode

Yet went he not out till he was bidden by God.

Of a ſteuene, ðe cam fro gode;

He and hiſe wif wenten ut fre,

624
Hiſe ſunes and here wifes ðre;

At God's command he and his family left the ark.

He made an aucter on godeſ name,

And ſacrede he ðor-on, for ſowleſ frame,

Noah made an altar and sacrificed thereon.

Ilc ſeuende der of clene kin,

628
ðe waſ holden in arche wið-hin,

[Fol. 13.]

The seventh deer was offered up,

[112]

read moneð

[113]

read ðan

THE RAINBOW APPEARS IN THE WELKIN.

And leten ðe oðre to liue gon,

of hem ben tudered manigon.

the others were allowed to escape alive.

Often he [bad] wid[114] frigti bede,

632
ðat ſwiulc wreche ſo god ðo dede

Ne ſulde more on werlde cumen,

Quat wreche ſo ðor wurðe numen.

Noah besought God that he would no more send such destruction upon mankind.

God gat it a token of luuen,

636
Taunede him in ðe wa[l]kene a-buuen

God granted his request, and shewed him the rain-bow as a token of His love.

Rein-bowe, men cleped[115] reed and blo;

The rain-bow is called red and blue.

ðe blo tokeneð de[116] wateres wo,

ðat iſ wið-uten and is gon;

The blue denotes the water that drowned all flesh.

640
ðe rede wid-innen[117] toknet on

wreche ðat ſal get wurðen ſent,

wan al ðis werld wurðe brent;

And al-ſo hege ðe lowe ſal gon,

644
So ðe flod flet de dunes on;

fowerti ger or domeſ-dai,

ðiſ token no man ne ſen mai.

The red betokeneth the destruction of the world by fire.

Of[118] noe ſiðen an iſ ðre ſunen,

648
ben boren alle ðe in werlde wunen,

From Noah and his three sons all mankind have come.

And or he waſ on werlde led,

His kinde waſ wel wide ſpred;

Al it iſ writen ic tellen mai

652
Of his kin bi hiſ liue dai;

Before his death his family were widely spread.

vten childre and vten wimmen,

wel fowre and .xx. ðhuſent men

woren ſtalwurði boren bi tale,

656
wið-uten wif-kin and childre ſmale;

.ix. hundred ger and fifti told,

or or he ſtarf, noe waſ old.

[Fol. 13b.]

They numbered, excluding women and children, 24,000 stalworth men.

Nembrot gat hiſe feres red,

660
for ðat he hadde of water dred,

To maken a tur, wel heg & ſtrong,

Of tigel and ter, for water-gong;

Nimrod had dread of water, so he advised his followers to make a tower high and strong.

Twelwe and ſexti men woren ðor-to,

Seventy-two men were employed about it.

[114]

read wið

[115]

read clepeð

[116]

read ðe

[117]

read wið-innen.

[118]

Oſ MS.

CONFUSION OF TONGUES. ORIGIN OF IDOLATRY.

664
Meiſter men for to maken it ſo.

Al waſ on ſpeche ðor bi-foren,

All spoke one speech before.

ðor woren ſundri ſpeches boren;

ðo wurðen he frigti and a-griſen,

668
for dor[119] waſ ſundri ſpecheſ riſen,

Now sundry tongues arose and sorely terrified the workmen.

Sexti lond-ſpeches and .xii. mo,

weren delt ðane in werlde ðo.

Seventy-two land-speeches were then spoken.

Babel, ðat tur, bi-lef un-mad,

That tower was called Babel.

672
ðat folc iſ wide on lon[de] ſad;

Nembrot nam wið ſtrengðhe ðat lond,

And helde ðe tur o babel in hiſ hond.

The folk became scattered afar upon the earth.

Beluſ king waſ nembrot ſune,

676
Nilus hiſ ſune gan ille wune;

Belus wurð dead, and nilus king

Made likeneſſe, for muni[gin]g[120]

Belus was Nimrod's son, and after him reigned Nilus, who set up an image in remembrance of his father.

After hiſ fader, and he ſo dede,

680
He it ſetten on an mirie ſtede;

[Fol. 14.]

Euerilc man he gaf lif and frið

ðat to ðat likeneſſe ſogte grið;

for ðat frið ðat hem [gaf] ðe king,

684
He boren ðat likneſſe wurðing,

Nilus rewarded all that honoured this likeness.

Calden it bel, after belum;

After ðis cam ſwilc oðer ſum,

They called it Bel, after Belum.

Manie man, iſ frend for to munen,

688
Made likneſſe after ðe wunen,

Many made likenesses of their friends.

Bel was ðe firſte, and after him

Sum higte beland, ſum balim,

And ſum bel, and ſum bal;

692
fendes fleiðing wex wið-al,

To wenden men fro godes reed,

To newe luue and to newe dred;

Bel was the first, and hence the names Bal or Balim.

Ydolatrie ðuſ waſ boren,

696
for quuam mani man iſ for-loren.

Of ſem, and of ðe folc ðe of him cam,

luue and dred under gode nam;

Of ðis kinge wil we leden ſong,

Thus was idolatry introduced, by which many are destroyed.

[119]

read ðor

[120]

see l. 1623

ABRAM LEAVES MESOPOTAMIA.

700
Cristes helpe be us amonge!

Noe, ſem, arfaxath, ſale,

Heber, phaleth, ðe ſexte iſ he,

Reu, ſaruch, nacor, thare,

704
ðiſ iſ ðe tende fro noe.

The family of Shem.

Ðis oðer werldes elde iſ ſo,

A ðhuſent ger ſeuenti and two.

[Fol. 14b  .]

ðe ðridde werldeſ elde cam,

708
Quanne thare bi-gat abram;

for he bi-gat a ſune aram,

Nachor midleſt, laſt abram;

The third age of the world began when Terah begat Abram.

Aram bi-gat loth, and ſarray,

712
And melcham, and waſ ſort leui

Haran begat Lot and Sarai and Milcah.

In lond caldea, hur hicte ðe tun,

Quor deades ſtrenge warp him dun;

They dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees.

ðor fader, and breðere, and childre, and wif,

716
Him bi-ſtoden wið ſorwes ſtrif;

ðo ðogte thare on hiſ mod,

Much strife was there between father and brother, children and wife.

long bigging iſ here nogt god.

Nachor he gaf wif melcam,

720
And trewe ſarray abram.

Terah did not care to remain long in this town.

Quanne abram wurð wiſ and war

ðat ſarray non childre ne bar,

He toc him loth on ſunes ſtede;

724
He waſ hiſe neve, wol wel he dede.

Abram having no children adopted Lot as his son.

Thare let hur, and ðeðen he nam,

And wulde to lond canahan,

Cam into a burgt[121] ðat het aram,

728
In londe meſopothaniam.

Terah left Ur and came to Haran in Mesopotamia.

Wið him ledde he nachor, melcam,

Sarray, loth, and abram.

With him he took his sons and daughters.

Tho[122] hundred ger and fifue mo,

[Fol. 15.]

732
Thare waſ old, ſtarf he ðo.

Tereſ gliden for herteſ ſor

fro loth, and abram, and nachor;

Terah died when he was two hundred and five years old.

Thare lið biried in aram.

He lies buried in Haran.

[121]

read burg

[122]

read two

ABRAM REACHES CANAAN. HE GOES TO EGYPT.

736
God ſeide wurd to abram:—

"Abram, ðu fare ut of lond and kin

To a lond ic ðe ſal bringen hin."

Sex ger and fiftene mo,

740
Adde Abram on iſ elde ðo.

God then commanded Abram to leave Haran.

Abram tok loth wið ſarray,

Hiſe agte, and erue he ledde him bi,

For in to lond cananeam,

He departed, taking with him Lot and Sarai.

744
And in-to ſichem, a burgt, he nam,

And ðeðen he nam to mirie dale;

fif burgeſ were ðor-inne bi tale,

First he came to Sichem,

ðer-fore it higte pentapolis,

748
Of weledeſ[123] fulſum and of bliſ,

Nov iſt a water of loðlic ble,

and afterwards to Pentapolis (the five cities of the plain),

Men callið it ðe dede ſe;

Ilc ðing deieð ðor-inne iſ driuen;

752
Ne may no fiſ ðor-inne liuen;

where now stands the Dead Sea.

for mannes ſinne ðus it iſ went,

brent wið brimfir, ſunken and ſhent.

God quad to abram, "al ðiſ lond

756
ſal cumen in to iſ kinneſ hond."

The cities were destroyed for man's sin.

ðor god him taunede, made habram

An alter, and fro ðeðen he nam.

[Fol. 15b  .]

An oðer alter abram ſeli

760
Made bi-twen betel and ai.

Abram raised an altar between Bethel and Ai.

At damaſke iſ ðe ðridde ſtede,

Quer abram iſ bigging dede,

And ðeden for he, for hunger bond,

Damascus was the third place where Abram dwelt.

764
feger ut in to egipte lond;

ðor he ſeide ðat ſarrai

Famine drove him to Egypt.

waſ hiſ ſiſter, al for-ði

for he dredde him to leten iſ lif

768
If he wiſten ghe wore iſ wif;

To save his life he said that Sarai was his sister.

for ghe waſ fai[ge]r witter-like,

And ðat folc luuede lecherlike.

Quan abram was to egipte cumen,

Sarai was fair and Egypt's folk were lecherous.

[123]

werldes?

PHARAOH TAKES AWAY SARAI, AND IS PUNISHED BY A PLAGUE.

772
Sone him waſ ſarrai binumen;

Sone him waſ ſarray bi-lagt,

And [124]pharaon ðe kinge bi-tagt;

Soon was Sarai taken from Abram, and brought to king Pharaoh.

God ſente on him ſekeneſſe & care,

776
And lettede al his lecher-fare.

Sarray liuede in clene lif,

God plagued the king with sickness.

And ðe king ðholede ſorges ſtrif

Til he wiſte al ðat ſtrif

780
Cam him on for abram wif;

Pharaoh at last became aware that all this strife was on account of Sarai,

ðo ſente he after abram,

And bi-tagte he him iſ leman,

so he restored her to her husband,

And gaf him lond, and agte, and fe,

784
And leue, ðor quiles his wille be,

To wune egipte folc among,

And friðen him wel fro euerilc wrong,

Bad him to god hiſ erdne beren,

[Fol. 16.]

and gave Abram land and cattle.

788
ðat ywel him ſulde nunmor deren.

ðor wunede abram in welðe and in frið,

In Egypt the patriarch abode in security.

Egipte clerkes woren him wið,

And hem lerede, witterlike,

792
Aſtronomige and arſmetike;

He was hem lef, he woren him hold.

Egypt's clerks held him in high honour.

God gaf him ðor ſiluer and gold,

And hird, and orf, and ſrud, and ſat,

796
Vn-achteled welðe he ðor bi-gat.

God greatly increased his riches.

Vt of egipte, riche man,

Wente abram in to lond canaan;

And loth hiſe neue and ſarray

800
bileften bi-twen betel and ay,

ðor he quilum her wiſten wunen,

Or he weren to egipte cumen.

Out of Egypt Abram went to Canaan, and abode between Bethel and Ai.

So wex here erue, and ſo gan ðen

804
An twen here hirdeſ ſtriuing gan ben;

Strife arose between Abram and Lot's herdsmen.

Loth him cheſ, bi leue of abram,

ðat herðe hende ðe flum iurdan;

Lot, by leave of his uncle, chose the plains of the

[124]

w in MS. But the w is much like p.

ABRAM DWELLS AT MAMRE. LOT IN SODOM.

In mirie dale hiſe bigginge he ches,

808
ðat he ſiðen twie for-les.

Jordan for his dwelling-place.

Abram let loth in welðe and wale,

[Fol. 16b  .]

And ferde a-wei to mambre dale;

ðor wunede abram henden ebron,

812
ðat burge an oðer man lið on,

Abram dwelt in Mamre-dale, towards Ebron.

It atteð cariatharbe,

On engle ſpeche fowre cite;

fowre arbe cariatht arn in,

This city is called Kirjatharba, i. e.   four cities.

816
for ðat fowre biried ðor ben;

Four lie buried there.

ðor waſ leid adam and eua,

Abram ſiðen and ſarra;

ðor yſaac and rebecca,

820
And iacob and hiſe wif lia.

There was laid Adam and Eve, Abram and Sarai, Jacob and Leah.

MAmbre, wið excol and anel,

ðor luueden Abram ful wel;

He woren breðere of kinde boren,

824
And abram woren he breðre ſworen.

Quor abram wunede, ðor wex bi

An ok' ðat waſ of gibi,

Mamre, Eschol, and Aner were sworn brothers with Abram.

ðer het god abre ðat tagte lond

828
Sal cumen al in hiſ kinneſ hond,

And eſt and weſt, and ſuð and norð;

Al ðat god wile ſal wel gon forð.

God promised that Abram's seed should possess the land wherein he was a stranger.

Ðo wurðen waxen ſo wide and ſpred,

832
pride and giſcinge of louerd-hed;

Then was pride widely spread, and desire of sovereignty.

Neg ilc burge hadde iſe louereding,

Sum waſ king, and ſum kumeling;

Nearly every city had its ruler.

Sum waſ wið migte[125] ſo forð gon,

836
ðat hadden he under hem mani on.

[Fol. 17.]

Fif burges of pentapoliſ,

Adama, bala, Seboyſ,

And ſodoma wið gomorra,

840
ðe kinges welten burges ðoa,

The five cities of Pentapolis, ruled over by their own kings,

[125]

The MS. has migt; but migte is at the bottom of p. 16 b in the catchwords—"Sū waſ wið migte."

THE BATTLE OF FOUR KINGS AGAINST FIVE.

On-kumen was cadalamor,

king of elam, wið ferding ſtor;

were conquered by Chedorlaomer, and paid him tribute.

.xij. ger he weren under iſ hond,

844
And gouen him gouel of here lond;

Twelve years they were under his hand.

.xiij. ger gan ſo forð gon

wulde he giuen him gouel non;

In the thirteenth they rebelled,

ðre kinges haued he wið him brogt,

848
wið here-gonge hiſe gouel ſogt;

He ben cumen to mirie dale,

An ðere he werken ſckaðe and bale;

Chedorlaomer and other three kings made war upon the cities.

fowre on-ſeken and fifue weren,

852
Oc ðe fowre ðe fiue deren;

wunded ðor waſ gret folc and ſlagen,

ðe fifwe flen, ðe fowre ben fagen;

Much sorrow they wrought. The four kings conquered the five.

ðe fifwe up to ðe dunes flen,

856
ðe fowre in to ðe tuneſ ten;

wifwes, and childre, and agte, and ſrud,

The five flee to the hills, and the four to the cities of the plain.

He ledden a-wei wið herte prud.

Loth and iſ agte, childre and wif,

860
ben led a-wei bunden wið ſtrif;

They led away with them Lot, his goods, children, and wife.

oc on of hem, ðe flogen a-wei

[Fol. 17b  .]

Told it abram ðat ilke deai.

ðre hundred men and .xiij. wigt,

864
Alle ſtalwurði and witter of figt,

wið mambre, and excol, and anel,

Abram let him tunde wel;

ðat hird he folged[126] alſ to ðan,

868
On heued-welle of flum iordan,

ðor he wenden ben ſiker on nigt;

Abram he brogte wel newe figt.

But one escaped and told Abram, who armed 313 servants and pursued the enemy.

He woren drunken and ſlepi,

872
Abram[127] folc made hem dredi;

ſo heg, ſo long, ne ſpared hem nogt,

Abram found them drunk and sleepy.

Alle he ben ðor to gronde brogt,

wið-ðuten ðo ðe cuden flen;

He brought them all to ground.

[126]

folgel in MS.

[127]

An is is inserted by a later hand.

ABRAM RESCUES LOT. MELCHIZEDEK BLESSES HIM.

876
get ne migten he ſiker ben,

for magnie[128] of ðo woren ouer-taken,

Abram cude hem to ſorwe maken.

Henden damaſk, til burgt oba,

880
Abram hem folwede and wrogte woa;

He pursued them unto Hoba, near Damascus.

wifes, and childre, and ſrud, and ſat,

He brogte agen and mikel he bat;

And tol, and takel, and orf, he dede

884
wenden hom to here ogen ſtede,

Much spoil he took.

for loteſ luue fel him ðuſ rigt,

Borwen he ben wel of dat[129] figt.

All this he did for love of Lot.

Sodomes king in kinge dale,

888
Mette abram wið feres wale,

In ðe weie ðe ligið to ſalem,

ðe ſiðen iſ cald ieruſalem.

[Fol. 18.]

The king of Sodom went out to meet Abram.

Melchiſedech, ſalameſ king,

892
dede abram ðor mikel wurðing;

He froðer[ed]e him, after iſ ſwinc,

wið bredeſ fode and wines drinc;

Melchizedek brought him bread and wine.

Habram gaf him ðe tigðe del

896
Of alle iſ bigete, and dede ðor wel,

And bliſcede dor[130] godeſ migt,

ðat bargt abram wel of ðat figt;

Abram gave him a tenth of the spoil.

for he waſ boðen king and preſt,

900
of elde moſt, of wit hegest;

Melchizedek was both priest and king.

wiſte no man of werlðe ðo,

Quat kinde he waſ kumen fro;

None knew from what family he sprung.

Oc ſumme ſeiden ðat it waſ ſem,

904
ðiſ preſt and [oc] king of ſalem,

or or ðe flod waſ long bi-forn

of noe bi-geten, of[131] iſ wif born,

Some said that this king of Salem was Shem,

And fro ſo longe ðor bi-foren

908
Liuede til yſaac waſ boren.

who lived until the birth of Isaac.

Sodomes king bed dor[132] abram

Al agte and erf, wið-uten man,[133]

Alle heſ hadde wið migte bi-geten,

The king of Sodom offered Abram the goods and cattle taken from the enemy.

[128]

read manige

[129]

read ðat

[130]

read ðor

[131]

MS. oſ.

[132]

read ðor

[133]

? nam

ABRAM COMPLAINS FOR WANT OF AN HEIR.

912
wolde he nogt him hiſ ſwinc for-geten,

oc abram dede ðor meðelike wel,

wid-held he ðor-of neu[er]e on del,

oc al ðat euere fel him to,

[Fol. 18b.]

The patriarch would accept of nothing.

916
Sac-les he let hin welden it ſo.

Ebruiſ ſeigen, wune hem wex her

To algen ilk fiftene ger,

for loth waſ fifti winter hold,

920
Quan abram him bi-told.

Then first began the custom of keeping the 15th year holy.

Abel primiceſ firſt bi-gan,

Abel first began first-fruit.

And decimas first abram;

Nu iſt ſo boden and ſo bitagt,

924
Quo-ſo hiſ alt him bi agt.

Abram tithes.

After ðiſ ſpac god to abram:—

"ðin berg and tin werger ic ham.

ðin ſwinc ðe ſal ben gulden wel,

928
wid[134] michel welðe in good[e] ſel."

After this God spake to Abram, saying, "I am thy safety and thy defence, thy toil shall be requited."

Quad he, "quat ſal me welðes ware,

Quane ic child-leſ of werlde fare;

Damak eliezereſ ſune,

932
In al min welðe ſal he wunen?"

Quoth Abram, "What avails wealth, seeing that I am childless, and that Eliezer's son shall inherit my wealth?"

Quat god, "ſo ſal it nogt ben,

Of ðe ſelf ſal ðin erward ten."

Abram leuede ðiſ hot in ſped,

936
dat[135] waſ him [told] to rigt-wiſhed.

God said, "Of thyself shall thine heir come."

ðre der he toc, ilc ðre ger hold,

And ſacrede god on an wold;

Abram took three deer each three years old and offered them as a sacrifice.

of godeſ bode he nam god kep,

[Fol. 19.]

940
A net, and a got, and a ſep;

Euerilc of ðeſe he delte on two,

And let hem lin on ſunder ſo,

Vndelt heſ leide quor-ſo heſ tok;

An heifer, a goat, and a sheep he took, and divided them in two and set them apart.

944
And ðor a duue and a turtul ok

Sat up on-rum til heuene he tok,

And of ðo doles kep he nam

The dove and the turtle he divided not.

Gredi foueles fellen ðor-on,

Greedy fowls fell upon the carcases.

[134]

read wið

[135]

read ðat

SARAI BEING BARREN GIVES HAGAR TO ABRAM.

948
ðat ðogte abram wel iwel don,

kagte iſ wei, quan it waſ nigt,

ðo cam on him vgging and frigt;

Abram drove them away. Then came on him fear and fright.

A michel fier he ſag, and an brigt,

952
gliden ðor twen ðo doles rigt.

A great and bright fire he saw glide down between the pieces.

God ſeide him ðor a ſoðe drem

ðe timinge of iſ beren-tem,

And hu he ſulde in pine ben,

956
And uten erdes ſorge ſen;

fowre hundred ger ſulden ben gon,

In a dream God showed Abram the future condition of his descendants.

Hor he ſulden wel cumen a-gon,

oc ſiðen ſulde in here hond,

960
bi-cumen ðat hotene lond.

Canaan is promised as his inheritance.

ðo wiſte abram wel michel mor

Quat waſ to cumen ðan he wiſte or.

Then knew Abram much more of what was to come than he ever knew before.

Siðen bi-fel ðat ſarrai,

964
for ghe waſ longe untuderi,

Sarai, being barren, gives Hagar to Abram.

Ghe bitagte abre maiden agar;

Ghe wurð wið childe and hem two bar;

forð ſiðen ghe bi abram ſlep,

[Fol. 19b  .]

968
Of hire leuedi nam ghe no kep;

And ſarrai wuldet nogt ðolen

ðat agar wore ðuſ to-bolen;

Hagar having conceived, despised her mistress.

Ghe held hire hard in ðralleſ wune,

972
And dede hire ſorge and anger mune;

Sarai afflicts her thrall.

ðo fleg agar fro ſarray,

wimman wið childe, one and ſori,

In ðe diſerd, wil and weri,

976
And an angel cam ðor hire bi,

wiſte hire drogen ſori for ðriſt,

Hagar flees from Sarai into the desert homeless and weary.

At a welle quemede hire liſt,

And bad hire ſone wenden agen,

980
And to hire leuedi buxum ben;

An angel commands her to return and be buxom to her lady.

And ſeide ghe ſulde ſunen wel

And timen, and clepen it ſmael,[136]

He tells her of her child.

[136]

A metrical licence for "iſmael."

ISHMAEL IS BORN. CIRCUMCISION IS INSTITUTED.

And he ſulde ben man migti,

984
And of him kumen folc frigti;

Ghe wente agen, and bar ðat child,

And abram wurð wið hire milde.

Hagar returns, and Ishmael is born.

lxxx. gere and ſexe mo

988
Hadde abram on hiſ elde ðo,

And .xiii. ger ðor after told,

Abram was then fourscore and six years old.

ix. and nigneti[137] ger he waſ old,

When Abram was ninety-nine years old God changed his name to Abraham.

Quuanne him cam bode in ſunder run,

992
fro gode of circumcicioun.

His name ðo wurð a lettre mor,

Hiſ wiueſ leſſe ðan it waſ or,

for ðo wurd abram abraham,

[Fol. 20.]

996
And ſarray ſarra bi-cam;

And al ðat euere ðe louered bad,

dede abraham redi and rad.

Sarai's name is also changed to Sarah.

He him ſelf wurð ðanne circumciſ,

1000
And yſmael hiſ ſune iwiſ;

And of iſ hird euerilc wapman

wurð circumciſ, al-so he it bi-gan,

Circumcision is instituted.

Quuo ne bar ðanne iſ merk him on

1004
fro godes folc ſulde he be don.

Whoso bore not this mark upon him was to be cut off from God's folk.

Siðen, in ðe dale of mambre,

ſag abraham figures ðre,

Sondes ſemlike kumen fro gode;

1008
Abraham he broghten wel bliðe bode.

Abraham he[m] ran wel ſwiðe agon,

Afterwards in the dale of Mamre Abraham saw figures three, seemly messengers from God.

And of ðe ðre he wurðede ðe ton,

ðe god him dede in herte ſen,

1012
ðe waſ wurði wurðed to ben;

Abraham entertains the angels.

bred, kalueſ fleiſ, and flures bred,

And buttere, hem ðo sondes bed;

He set before them calves flesh, bread and flour and butter.

for ðat he bad wið herte fre,

1016
He it nomen in charite;

What he offered with a free heart his guests took in charity,

So malt ðat mete in hem to nogt,

So a watreſ drope in a fier brogt.

[Fol. 20b.]

though it was but as a drop of water in a fire.

[137]

read nigenti

ABRAHAM IS PROMISED A SON.

Abraham ſtod and quamede hem wel,

1020
Hiſ good[e] wil was hem good mel.

Quuad ðiſ on, "ðiſ time oðer ger,

Sal ic me to ðe taunen her;

Bi ðan ſal ſarra ſelðe timen,

1024
ðat ge ſal of a ſune trimen."

Abraham is promised a son.

ðanne herde ſarra ſwilc tiding,

And it hire ðogte a ſelli ðhing,

for ghe waſ nigenti winter hold,

1028
Abraham on wane of an hundred told;

Sarah heard the words of the Lord.

Ghe glente and ðhogte, migte it nogt ben,

And ghe ðat ſulde her wið childe be ſen;

She did not believe them.

And Abraham trewid it ful wel,

1032
And it wurð ſoð binnen ſwilc ſel.

Abraham, however, trowed it full well.

Fro mambre dale wente ðo ðre,

to-ward ſodome geden he;

Quad ðe louered, "wile ic nogt ſtelen,

Then the three went towards Sodom.

1036
Ne min dede abraham helen;

Ic cume to ſen ðat ſinne dwale

ðat iſ me told of mirieſ dale."

The destruction of Sodom is revealed to Abraham.

ðo adde abram iſ herte ſor,

1040
for loth hiſ newe wunede ðor.

He is in great grief on account of Lot.

"Louerd," quad he, "hu ſaltu don,

If ðu ſalt nimen wreche ðor on;

He intercedes for the wicked cities.

Salt ðu nogt ðe rigt-wiſe weren,

1044
Or for hem ðe toðere með beren?"

[Fol. 21.]

Quad god, "find ic ðor ten or mo,

Ic ſal meðen ðe ſtede for ðo."

Durſte Abraham freinen nunmor,

God promises to spare the cities for the sake of five righteous.

1048
Oc wente agen wið herte ſor;

And god at-wot in-to hiſe ligt,

ðo to gon to ſodome rigt.

Abraham departs sore at heart.

Sunne iſ weſt under erðe numen,

1052
Quuanne he ben to ſodome cumen;

At even two angels came to Sodom.

Get ſat loth at ðe burges gate,

After ſum geſte ſtod him quake;[138]

Lot sat at the city's gate, and seeing them,

[138]

read quate

LOT ENTERTAINS TWO ANGELS.

He roſ, and lutte, and ſcroð him wel,

1056
And bead hem hom to iſ oſtel

To herbergen wið him ðat nigt,

ðo ſwete angeles, faier and brigt;

And he ſo deden alſ he hem bead,

1060
He wiſten him bergen fro ðe dead;

he invited them to his home to stay with him that night.

And loth hem ſerued faire and wel,

And he him gulden it euerilc del.

Oc al ðat burgt folc ðat helde waſ on,

1064
ðe migte lecher crafte don,

Lot served his guests fair and well.

To lothes huſ he cumen ðat nigt

And bi-ſetten it redi to figt;

The wicked Sodomites beset Lot's house.

He boden him bringen ut o-non,

1068
ðo men ðat woren ðidir in-gon.

They bade him bring out the strangers.

Loth hem bead iſ dogtres two,

for to friðen hiſe geſte ſwo;

Oc he ne wulden hiſ dogtres nogt,

[Fol. 21b.]

Lot offered them his daughters.

1072
for wicke and feble waſ here ðogt.

ðat folc vn-ſeli, ſinne wod,

ðo ſori wrecches of yuel blod

wulden him ðor gret ſtrengðe don,

1076
Til wreche and letting cam hem on.

The wicked folk sought to harm Lot.

ðis angels two drogen loth in,

And ſhetten to ðe dure-pin.

The angels drew Lot in.

Wil ſiðen cam on euerilc on,

1080
ðo wrecches ðe wið-vten gon,

for al ðat nigt he ſogten ðor

Blindness came upon the Sodomites,

ðe dure, and fundend[139] neuere mor.

ðo ſeiden ðiſ angeles to loth wið ſped,

and they sought the door in vain.

1084
If ðu frend haueſt and wi[l]t don red,

Bid him, or day, redi ben,

And ſwiðe ut ðiſ burgeſ flen,

elles ſulen he brennen and for-faren,

1088
If he ne bi time heðe[n] waren.

Two ðor werren quam him ðogte ear

To wedden hiſ two dogtres ðear;[140]

Lot is commanded to leave the city with his friends before daybreak.

[139]

So in MS.

[140]

read dear

THE DESTRUCTION OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.

Loth hem warnede, wiſlike and wel,

1092
Oc he ne troweden him neuere a del.

Lot warned his sons-in-law in vain.

On morgen quan day cam hem to,

Loth and hiſ dogtres two

The angels led Lot and his family out of Sodom,

Ledden ðiſ angeles ut in ſel,

[Fol. 22.]

1096
And boden hem and tagten wel,

ðat here non wente agen,

for non ðhing he migte ſen.

and bade them turn not back.

Loth waſ wanſum, and ðugte long

1100
vp to ðo dunes ðe weie hard and ſtrong;

Lot thought the way to the hills hard and strong.

"Louerd," quat he, "gunde under dun,

mot hic ben borgen in ðat tun!"

ðo angeles ſeiden, "we ſulen it ſren,[141]

1104
ðor quile ðu wilt ðor-inne ben;

He intreated that he might dwell in Segor.

Ai waſ borgen bala-ſegor

ðor quile ðat loth dwelledde ðor;

This city was safe while Lot abode there;

Oc ſiðen loth wente ut of hine,

1108
brende it ðhunder, ſanc it erðe-dine.

Sone ſo loth ut of ſodome cam,

when he left it, it was destroyed.

brend-fier-rein ðe burge bi-nam;

Hardere wreche ðor waſ cumen

1112
ðan ear was vnder flode numen;

Sodom was destroyed by fire,

for men ðor ſinne un-kinde deden,

ſo for-ſanc and brente ðat ſteden;

So bitter-like iſ it for-don,

1116
Ne mai non dain waſſen ðor-on;

So for-ſanc ðat folc ſinful ðor,

ſwilc ſinful ſinne wex ðer nunmor.

for sin and "unkind deeds."

Ðo lotes wif wente hire a-gon,

1120
Sone ghe ſtod, wente in to a ſton;

Lot's wife turned back, and "went into a stone."

So iſt nu forwent mirie dale

In to dririhed and in to bale,

ðe ſwarte flum, ðe dede ſe,

1124
Non fiſ, non fuel ðor-inne mai be.

ðat water iſ ſo deades driuen,

[Fol. 22b.]

Thus is this merry dale turned into a swarthy lake.

Non ðing ne mai ðor-inne liuen;

Nothing may live therein.

[141]

? fren

THE BIRTHS OF AMMON AND MOAB.

Men ſeið ðe treen ðat ðor henden ben

1128
Waxen in time, and brimen, and ðen,

Oc quane here apples ripe ben,

Trees on its banks produce apples,

fier-iſles man mai ðor-inne ſen;

ðat erd iſ oten ſaltes dale,

1132
Maniman ðor-of holdet litel tale.

which contain ashes only.

Loth wuned litel in ſegor,

for he dredde him for to forfare ðor;

Wið hiſe two dowtres ut he teg,

Lot soon left Segor.

1136
And for dred to ðo dunes he fleg;

And ðor he biggede in a caue[n],

ðe waſ ðor in roche grauen.

For fear he fled to the hills, and dwelt in a cave.

ðo meidenes herden quilum ſeien,

1140
ðat fier ſulde al ðis werld forſweðen,

And wenden wel ðat it were cumen,

And fiereſ wreche on werld numen,

And ðat man-kinde wore al for-loren

1144
but of hem ðre wore man boren.

Lot's daughters thought all mankind   had perished, and that, unless they had children, the world would come to an end.

ðis maidenes redden ſone[142] on-on

Quat hem two wore beſt to don,

They consulted as to what was best to be done.

Hu he migten vnder-gon

[Fol. 23.]

1148
Here fader, ðat he ne[143] wore ðor gon;

Wið wineſ drinc he wenten iſ ðhogt,

So ðat he haueð ðe dede wrogt,

And on eiðer here a knaue bi-geten,

1152
ðiſ ne mai nogt ben for-geten.

ðiſ maidenes deden it in god dhogt,[144]

ðe fader oc drunken ne wiſte he it nogt.

They made their father drunk so that he wrought the deed, and each begot a child.

ðe firſte him bar moab ðat ſune,

1156
Of him beð folc, [in] moab it wune;

ðe leſſe him bar a ſune amon,

Amonit folces fader on.

The first bore Moab, the other Ammon.

NV bi-oueð uſ to wenden a-gen,

1160
And of abraham ſong under-gon.

Now turn we to Abraham.

Abraham up on morgen ſtod,

Wið reuli lote and frigti mod;

On the morrow he looked toward Sodom,

[142]

MS. ſono.

[143]

MS. hene.

[144]

read ðogt.

ABRAHAM DWELLS IN GERAR.

To-ward ſodome he ſag ðe roke

1164
And ðe brinfires ſtinken[145] ſmoke,

and saw that the city had been destroyed.

And wente a-wei fro mambre dale,

So ſore him reu of ðat bale.

For sorrow he left Mamre's dale

Suðen he wente & wunede in geraris,

1168
bi-twen cade and vr, y-wis;

and went and abode in Gerar.

ðor he ſeide eft, for luue of lif,

ðat ſiſter wore ſarra his wif.

Quilum of[146] er [147]pharraon hire toc,

1172
Nu takeð abimalech hire oc;

There he said Sarah was his sister.

Sene it was ðat ghe waſ fair wif,

Quan ghe waſ luued in ſo long lif.

Abimalech wurð ſek on-on,

[Fol. 23b.]

Abimelech took her to wife.

1176
And oðer wreche iſ folc cam on;

Nogt wif-kinnes non birðe ne nam,

ðor quiles he ðor wið-helð ſaram.

On dreme him cam tiding for-quat

Sickness fell on him and on his folk.

1180
He ðrowede and ðolede un-timing ðat;

Al it waſ for abraham-iſ wif,

ðat he hire held ðor wið ſtrif;

ðo bi-ðhogte him ful wel,

1184
And ſente after abraham ðat ilc ſel,

The cause of this evil was made known to him in a dream.

And bi-tagte him hiſ wif a-non,

And hiſ yuel ſort[148] waſ ouer-gon.

He sent back Sarah,

His wif and oðere birðe beren,

1188
ða ðe ſwinacie gan him nunmor deren.

Abimalech gaf abraham

Gold, and ſiluer, and lond for-ðan;

his wife and others bore children, and the quinsy no more troubled him.

A ðhuſant plates of ſiluer god

1192
Gaf he ſarra ðat faire blod,

Bad hire ðor hir wið[149] heuod ben hid,

for ſwilc timing was hire bi-tid.

Ðo wulde god bi-ſewen ſo

1196
of olde abraham and o ſarra ſo.

Ghe wurd wið child, on elde wac,

Plates of silver he gave to Sarah.

And trimede and cleped it yſaac.

The birth of Isaac.

[145]

for ſtinkende

[146]

read aſ?

[147]

MS. w

[148]

fort in MS.

[149]

read ðor wið hir

THE BANISHMENT OF HAGAR AND ISHMAEL.

ðe egtende dai ðat he waſ boren,

[Fol. 24.]

1200
Circumciſed he waſ, a-buten ſchoren;

ðor-of holden ðe ieuwes lay,

Circumciſed on ðe egtende day.

Arabit folc of yſmael,

He was circumcised on the eighth day,

1204
After him don he it al ſwilk ſel,

Quane he .xiii. ger ben old;

Of yſmael here time iſ told.

which custom the Jews follow.

Ðre ger woren yſaac on,

1208
Quane he waſ fro teding don;

Michel geſtninge made abraham

Quane he ðat ſune to borde nam.

Wintres forð-wexen on yſaac,

When Isaac was three years old Abraham made a great feast.

1212
And yſmael waſ him vn-ſwac;

Of-ten it gan yſaac un-framen,

And yſmael pleide hard gamen;

Ishmael often mocked Isaac,

Sarra waſ ðor-fore often wroð,

1216
Hir waſ yſmaeles anger loð;

which caused Sarah to be very wroth.

Ghe bi-mente hire to abraham,

And ſumdel ligtlike he it nam

Til god him bad iſ wiues tale

1220
Liſten, and don a-wei ðat dwale.

Abraham rapede him ſone in ſped

for to fulfillen godeſ reed;

She complains to Abraham.

He flemede agar and yſmael

1224
In ſumertid, In egeſt ſel;

Abraham banishes Hagar and her son.

Bred, and a fetles wið water fild,

Bar agar wið hire and wið ðe child;

[Fol. 24b  .]

Bi ðe deſert a-wei che nam,

1228
In ard weie and hete gram;

Wið ſwinc and hete hem wexon ðriſt,

By the desert they took their way.

ðe water ſleckede ðe childeſ liſt;

Tid-like hem gan ðat water laken,

They became very thirsty.

1232
ðo gan agareſ ſorwe waken;

Wantede ðit child faierneſſe and migt,

Hiſ moder wurð neg dead for frigt.

The water in the bottle became spent.

ABIMELECH COVENANTS WITH ABRAHAM,

Ghe leide ðe child under a tre,

1236
fer ðeðen ghe gede, ſo it gan be,

ðe child ne mai ghe for ſorge ſen;

Bi al-ſo fer ſo a boge mai ten,

Hagar placed her child under a tree,

ðor ſat hiſ moder in ſik and ſor,

and sat as far as a bow-shot off.

1240
wende ghe it coueren neuere mor.

Goddeſ merci dede hire reed,

She thought it could not recover.

An angel meðede hire ðat ned,

Tagte hire ðor a welle ſpring,

1244
ðat waſ hire ðor ſeli timing;

An angel showed her a well-spring,

ðor ghe gan fremen yſmael

Wið watreſ drinc and bredeſ mel,

and she gave the lad drink and bread.

filt hire feteleſ, and nam fro ðan

1248
forð to ðe deſert of [150]pharan;

Forth they went and dwelt in Paran.

ðor wunede yſmael and agar.

Ghe cheſ him a wif ðe childre bar;

Ishmael married an Egyptian woman.

.xii. ſuneſ he auede bi hiſ wif,

1252
Of him cam kinde mikil and rif.

Nabachot waſ hiſ firſt ſune,

[Fol. 25.]

Twelve sons he had, of whom sprang great nations.

In arabie hiſ kinde wune

fro ðe riche flod eufrate,

1256
Wid and fer to ðe rede ſe;

In Arabia they dwelt.

Of hiſ oðer ſune cedar,

A ku[n]griche hiſ name bar;

Kedar gave name to a kingdom.

And of duma hiſ ſexte ſune,

1260
A ku[n]gdom dirima ðu mune;

Hiſ .ix. waſ tema for-ðan,

From Dumah came the kingdom of Dirima.

Iſ ðor a ku[n]glond teman;

And .xii. of ðe cedima,

1264
Het a guglond[151] eſten fro ða.

Flemd waſ agar and yſmael,

and yſaac wex and ðehg wol wel.

Teman gets its name from Tema.

Abimalech ſag abraham,

1268
Hu welðe him wex and migte cam,

He bad him maken ſiker pligt

Of luue and trewðe, in frendeſ rigt,

Abimelech makes a covenant with Abraham,

[150]

w MS.

[151]

read kunglond

AND GIVES HIM THE WELL OF BEERSHEBA.

ðat ne ſulde him nogwer deren,

1272
Oc him and hiſe helpen and weren;

He gaf him a welle and a lond fre,

Abraham it clepede berſabe;

ðor ben he boðen feren pligt

1276
ðat here neiðer ſal don oðer un-rigt.

and gives him the well of Beersheba.

Abraham gan ðor longe ben,

And tillede corn and ſette treen,

[Fol. 25b  .]

ðog [it] waſ nogt iſ kinde lond;

1280
Richere he it leet ðan he it fond.

Iff ioſephus ne legeð me,

ðor quiles he wunede in berſabe,

Abraham left the land much richer than he found it.

ſo waſ yſaaceſ eld told

1284
xx. and fiwe winter old;

When Isaac was twenty-five years old,

ðo herde abraham ſteuene fro gode,

Newe tiding, and ſelkuð bode:—

God's word came to Abraham,—

"Tac ðin ſune yſaac in hond,

1288
And far wið him to ſiðhingeſ lond,

"Take Isaac thy son,

And ðor ðu ſalt him offren me

On an hil ðor ic ſal taunen ðe."

fro berſabe iurneſ two

1292
Waſ ðat lond ðat he bed him two;[152]

and offer him on a hill that I shall show thee."

And morie, men ſeið, waſ ðat hil,

ðat god him tawne[de] in his wil;

Moriah that hill was called.

Men ſeið ðat dune-iſ ſiðen on

1296
Was mad temple ſalamon,

And ðe auter mad on ðat ſtede

ðor abraham he[153] offrande dede.

Upon this hill was afterwards built Solomon's temple.

Abraham waſ buxum o rigt,

1300
Hiſe weie he tok ſone bi nigt;

ðe ðrid[d]e day he ſagt ðe ſtede

ðe god him witen in herte dede;

Abraham was obedient to God's commands.

ðan he cam dun to ðo duneſ fot,

1304
Non of hiſ men forðere ne mot,

But yſaac iſ dere childe,

[Fol. 26.]

He came to the hill and sent his servants away.

He bar ðe wude wið herte mild,

Isaac bare the wood,

[152]

read to

[153]

read ðe

THE OFFERING OF ISAAC.

And abraham ðe fier and ðe ſwerd bar;

1308
ðo wurð ðe child witter and war

ðat ðor ſal offrende ben don,

Oc ne wiſte he quuat, ne quor-on;

and Abraham the fire and the sword.

"fader," quað he, "quar ſal ben taken

1312
ðe offrende ðat ðu wilt maken?"

"Where," quoth Isaac, "is the offering that thou wilt make?"

Quat abraham, "god ſal bi-ſen

Quor-of ðe ofrende ſal ben;

Quoth Abraham, "God will provide the offering.

Sellik ðu art on wer[l]de cumen,

1316
Sellic ðu ſalt ben heðen numen;

Wið-uten long ðhrowing and figt,

God wile ðe taken of werlde nigt,

In a wonderful manner thou camest into the world, and so shalt thou depart hence.

And of ðe seluen holocaustum hauen,

1320
ðanc it him ðat he it wulde crauen."

God requires thee as an offering."

Yſaac waſ redi mildelike,

Quan ðat he it wiſte witterlike.

Oc abraham it wulde wel

1324
quat-ſo god bad, ðwerted he it neuer a del;

Isaac was ready to be sacrificed.

Yſaac waſ leid ðat auter on,

So men ſulden holocauſt don;

Isaac was placed upon the altar.

And abraham ðat ſwerd ut-drog,

1328
And waſ redi to ſlon him nuge,[154]

Abraham drew out his sword to slay his son, but an angel forbad him to harm the child.

Oc angel it him for-bed,

And barg ðe child fro ðe dead;

ðo wurð abraham frigti fagen,

1332
for yſaac bi-leaf un-ſlagen;

Bi-aften bak, aſ he nam kep,

[Fol. 26b  .]

faſte in ðornes he ſag a ſep,

ðat an angel ðor-inne dede;

1336
It waſ brent on yſaac ſtede.

A ram is offered instead of Isaac.

And, or abraham ðeðen for,

God him ðor bi him-ſeluen ſwor

ðat he ſal michil hiſ kinde maken,

1340
And ðat lond hem to honde taken;

Good ſelðhe ſal him cumen on,

for he ðiſ dede wulde don.

Ere Abraham departed God swore to him that his seed should inherit the land.

[154]

read nog?

ELIEZER IS SENT TO MESOPOTAMIA.

He wente bliðe and fagen agen,

1344
To berſabe he gunne teen,

Sarra waſ fagen in kindes wune,

ðat [hire][155] bilef ðat dere ſune.

Abraham went home joyful and glad.

Ðor quiles abraham wunede ðor,

1348
Him cam good tiding of nachor,

ðat melca bar him egte ſunen;

While at Beersheba he heard good tidings of Nahor.

Huſ waſ eldeſt, if we rigt munen.

Huz was Nahor's first-born.

Rigt-wiſ iob cam of hiſ kin,

1352
Hus lond he waſ riche wid-hin;[156]

Job came of his kin.

Of[157] buz, hiſ broðeres kin, cam

Buzites, Eliv, Balaam.

Of Buz came the Buzites, Eliv and Balaam.

Abraham, riche of welðe and wale,

1356
wente a-gen in to manbre dale;

[Fol. 27.]

Abraham went again to Mamre.

Sarra ðo ſtarf, an hundred ger old

And ſeuene and .xx. winter told.

Sarah died being 127 years old.

Abraham ſente eliezer

1360
to lond meſopotanie fer,

To caram ðor iſ fader lay,

(Or he cam ðor waſ manie day)

Abraham sent Eliezer to Mesopotamia,

To fechen yſaac hom a wif,

1364
Of hiſ kinde ðe ðor waſ in lif.

to fetch a wife for Isaac.

Ten kameles ſemeð[158] forð he nam,

Ten camels he took with him.

Wið michel ſwinc he ðider cam

At a welle wið-uten ðe tun;

1368
ðor he leide hiſe ſemes dun,

Eliezer came to a well without the city.

ðor he wulde him reſten and ben,

Sum good tiding heren or ſen.

"Louerd god," quað he mildelike,

1372
"min erdne ðu forðe ſelðhelike,

ðiſ dai me lene hire to ſen,

ðat ſal yſaaces leman ben."

He there prayed to God to send him good speed.

He bad hiſe bede on good ſel.

1376
Rebecca, bi-geten of batuel,

He offered his prayer in a good time.

[155]

MS. hire is written over in the later hand.

[156]

read wið-hin

[157]

MS. "Ob."

[158]

read ſemede?

ELIEZER MEETS WITH REBEKAH.

Of nachor bi-geten, of melca boren,

Cam to ðat welle ðor him bi-foren,

Rebekah came to that well,

And him and ilc-on his kamel

1380
Wið watres drinc ghe quemede wel.

and she gave him and his camel water to drink.

Oðere maidenes wið hire cumen,

Ne wor nogt ſo forð ðeuwe numen.

[Fol. 27b  .]

Eliezer lerede ðor

1384
ðat batuel cam of nachor;

Of batuel ðis maiden cam

ghe waſ forð nifte of abraham;

Eliezer learned that she was of the family of Nahor.

ðogte he, ðiſ maiden wile ic hauen

1388
And to min louerdes bofte bi-crauen;[159]

for kindes luue he waſ hire hold,

Thought he, this maiden will I have as a wife for Isaac.

Wið beges and ringes boðen of gold,

Aſkede here if ghe migte taken

1392
Herberge for hire frendes ſake[n].

Maiden rebecca ðanne ran,

And kiddit to hire broðer laban,

He gave her ear-rings and bracelets of gold.

And laban cam to ðat welle ner,

1396
faiger welcumede he ðer eliezer,

And[160] fond good grið and good hostel,

Him, and hiſe men, and hiſe kamel.

Laban came to the well, invited him home, and entertained him well.

Eliezer, or he wulde eten,

1400
Wulde he nogt hiſe erdene for-geten;

Al he tolde hem fro queðen he cam,

And for quat erdene he ðider nam;

Tolde hem tiding of abraham,

1404
Quilc ſelðe and welðhe him wel bi-cam,

Eliezer would not eat till he had told his errand;

Sent he waſ ðider, for kinde wune,

After a wif to yſaac hiſ ſune.

how he had been sent by Abraham to seek a wife for Isaac.

ſeide he, "rebecca wile ic hauen,

1408
To yſac-iſ bi-ofte wile ic crauen.

[Fol. 28.]

Laban and hiſ moder wið-ðan

fagneden wel ðiſ ſondere man;

Laban and the mother were well pleased with the messenger.

[159]

read bi-ofte crauen? v. l. 1408.

[160]

Anð MS.

ISAAC TAKES REBEKAH TO WIFE.

(Quan god haueð it ſo bi-ſen,

1412
Alſe he ſendet, alſ it ſal ben.)

Wið gold, and ſiluer, and wið ſrud,

ðiſ ſonde made ðe mayden prud;

With gold and silver and raiment Eliezer made the maiden proud.

ðe broðer and de[161] moder oc

1416
Riche gifteſ eliezer ðe[162] toc.

Sone o-morwen he gan him garen,

Gifts also he gave to the brother and mother.

And crauede hiſ erdene, and wolde hom faren,

for ſcrið, ne mede, ne wold he ðor

1420
Ouer on nigt drechen nunmor;

And ðo gan ðat moder and laban

No longer than one night would he delay his errand.

Rebecca freinen ðor for-ðan,

And ghe it grantede mildelike,

1424
And he hire bi-tagten bliðelike.

Rebekah's consent was first asked and obtained.

Siðen men hauen holden ſkil,

firſt to freinen ðe wimmaneſ wil,

Or or men hire to louerd giue,

1428
for wedding or for morgen-giwe.

For this reason men ask the woman's will before she is given in marriage.

Eliezer iſ went hiſ wei

And haueð hem boden godun dai.

Or he wel homward cumen was,

1432
Yſaac waſ cume to geraſis,

Eliezer takes his departure, wishing all a good day.

And wunede ðor in ðogt and care,

for moderes dead and ſondes fare.

In a weie an time he cam,

1436
And to a welle, ſigande, he nam,

ðohgteful he waſ on felde gon;

Eliezer him cam a-gon,

[Fol. 28b.]

Isaac mourned for the death of his mother.

Eððede hiſ ſorge, brogt him a wif

1440
Of faiger waspene,[163] of clene lif.

He fagnede hire wið milde mod,

Here ſameni[n]g was clene and god;

Eliezer brought him a wife by whom he was comforted.

He luuede hire on-like and wel,

1444
And ſge ne bi-ſpac him neuere a del.

Isaac loved Rebekah well, and she never contradicted him.

[161]

read ðe

[162]

read ðo?

[163]

An error for wasteme.

THE BIRTH OF ESAU AND JACOB.

Get men seyn[164] ðat abraham,

ſiðen calde agar ceturam,

Men say that Abraham called Hagar Keturah.

And ſge bar him ſiðen ſex ſunen;

1448
Abraham dede hem ſiðen ſundri wunen;

fer eſt fro cratonidé,

Weren he ſpred to ðe rede se.

Yſaac he let al hiſ god,

1452
for he waſ bi-geten of kinde blod.

She bore him seven sons.

An hundred ger hold and ſeuenti

And .v. he waſ leid ſarram bi.

boðen yſaac and yſmael

1456
Him bi-ſtoden wurlike and wel.

Abraham died at the age of 175.

On hundred ger and .xxxvij.

Liuede yſmael and waſ ðor bi.

Ishmael was 137 years old when he died.

Yſaac waſ hold .xl. ger

1460
Quanne rebecca cam him ner;

Longe it waſ or ghe him child bar,

[Fol. 29.]

Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah to wife.

And he bad god, quanne he it wurð war,

ðat he ſulde fillen ðat quede

1464
ðat he[165] abraham quilum dede.

ðo wurð rebecca childre bere,

Isaac intreated the Lord for his wife, who was barren.

ðat ghe felte ful time in gere;

At on burdene ghe under-stod

1468
two ðe weren hire ſibbe blod;

Alſe ðhute hire day and nigt,

Rebekah conceived.

Alſe he wrogten and[166] figt,

Queðer here ſulde birðen bi-foren.

The children struggled together within her.

1472
Oc eſau waſ firmeſt boren,

And iacob ſone after, ic wot,

for ðat he heldim bi ðe fot.

Esau was the first born, and Jacob was born soon after.

Sexti ger yſaac waſ old,

1476
Quan ðiſ tidi[n]g him waſ told;

Ghe[167] was abraham liues her,

After ðiſ, fiftene ger.

Sixty years was Isaac at this time.

[164]

seyn is at the side in a later hand.

[165]

In a later hand at the side.

[166]

read an?

[167]

read get

THE PRIVILEGES OF THE FIRST BORN.

Wexen boden yſaac ſunes,

1480
And ðhogen, and adden ſundri wunes;

Isaac's sons grew up and had different occupations.

Eſau wilde man huntere,

And Iacob tame man tiliere.

Esau was a hunter, and Jacob a husbandman.

ðe fader luuede eſau wel,

1484
for firme birðe & ſwete mel;

Isaac loved Esau for that he was the eldest.

ðe moder, iacob for tamehed,

And for ðe ali gaſteſ red.

Iacob An time him ſeð a mete

[Fol. 29b.]

Rebekah loved Jacob because of his peaceful disposition.

1488
ðat man callen lentil gete,

Jacob sod pottage.

And eſau fro felde cam,

Sag ðis pulment, hunger him nam.

Esau came from the field hungry.

"Broðer iacob," quat eſau,

1492
"Of ðiſ warme mete ðu gif me nu,

for ic ham mattilike weri."

Iacob wurð war he waſ gredi;

"Brother," said he, "give me of this warm meat, for I am weary."

"Broðer," quad he, "ſel me ðo wunes,

1496
ðe queðen ben ðe firme ſunes,

ðat ic ðin firme birðehe gete,

If ic ðe fille wið ðiſ mete."

Jacob said, "Sell me thy birthright, and I will fill thee with meat."

Quad eſau, "ful bliðelike,"

1500
And gafe it him wel ſikerlike.

Esau consented full blithely.

firme birðe waſ wurði wune

ðe fader dede ðe firme ſune;

ðe firme ſune at offrende ſel

1504
Waſ wune ben ſcrid ſemelike and wel,

The eldest son was highly honoured.

And ſulde auen ðe bliſcing

Or or ðe fader dede hiſ ending;

And at heg tide and at geſtning,

1508
ðe gungere[168] ſune geuen ðe bliſcing,

At his father's death he had the blessing.

And hauen mete ðan at iſ mel,

More or ðe gungere twinne del;

At meat he had a double portion.

And quanne ðe fader were grauen,

1512
two doles of ereward riche auen.

[Fol. 30.]

His inheritance was twice as much as the younger's share.

[168]

An error for eldere.

JACOB DEFRAUDS ESAU OF THE BLESSING.

An time dede hunger yſaac flen,

And he wulde to egipte then,[169]

Oc god him ſente reed in wis

1516
ðat he bi-lef in geraſis;

A famine banished Isaac to Gerar.

ðor he was for hiſ fadreſ luue[n]

Holden wurðelike a wel a-buuen.

An hundred ſo mikel wex hiſ tile,

1520
So may god friðe ðor he wile.

For his father's sake he was highly esteemed.

Niðede ðat folk him fel wel

And deden him flitten hiſe oſtel.

At berſabe he wunede beſt,

1524
And ðor wurð wið him trewðe feſt

The folk of Gerar envied Isaac, so he left them and went to Beersheba.

Abimalech, and luue ſworen,

So he waſ or iſ fader bi-foren.

And helde gede on yſaac,

Abimelech made a covenant with Isaac.

1528
Wurðede ſighteleſ and elde ſwac;[170]

He bad eſau, hiſ firme ſune,

Isaac became old and sightless.

fechin him fode, aſ he waſ wune;

If he toke him ðat he wulde eten,

He sends Esau for venison,

1532
Hiſ ſeli bliſcing ſulde he bi-geten.

Ðor quiles eſau ſogte and ran,

and promises him his blessing.

Rebecca iacob reden gan;

Two kides he fette and brogtes hire,

1536
And ghe knew wel ðe faderes kire,[171]

Rebekah instructs Jacob how to obtain the blessing.

And made ſwiðe on ſele ðat mete,

ſwilc ghe wiſte he wulde eten;

[Fol. 30b  .]

Sridde ghe iacob and made him ru

1540
ðor he was bare(.) nu lik eſau;

And he ſeruede hiſ fader wel

She made him rough like Esau.

Wið wines drinc and ſeles mel.

Yſaac wende it were eſau,

1544
for he grapte him and fond him ru;

ðanne he wiſte him on gode ſel,

He him bliſcede holdelike and wel;

Jacob obtained the blessing from his father.

[169]

read ten?

[170]

read eldes wac

[171]

Glossed wune in later hand.

ESAU THREATENS TO KILL JACOB.

"Heuene dew, and erðeſ fetthed,

1548
Of win and olie fulſum-hed,"

And bad him of hiſ kindes louerd ben,

In welðe and migt wurðinge ðen.

Wel bliðe and fagen was iacob ðo,

1552
for bliſced he wente hiſ fader fro.

The dew of heaven, the fatness of the earth, plenty of corn and wine, and the lordship over his brethren.

Quan yſaac it under-nam

ðat eſau to late cam,

And ðat iſ broðer, af-ter boren,

1556
Waſ kumen and hadde iſ bliſcing bi-foren,

Wel ſelkuðlike he wurð for-dred;

When Isaac understood that Esau came too late he was seized with great fear.

And in ðat dred hiſ ðogt waſ led

In to ligtneſſe for to ſen

1560
Quow god wulde it ſulde ben.

In his dread he saw how God would that it should so be.

ðo ſeide yſaac to eſau,

To Esau thus he spoke:

"ðin broðer iacob waſ her nu,

"Thy brother was here just now, and has taken thy blessing, and he shall be blessed."

And toc ðin bliſcing liðer-like,

1564
And he wurð bliſced witterlike."

Quad eſau, "rigt iſ hiſ name

hoten iacob, to min un-frame;

[Fol. 31.]

Or he min firme birðe toc,

1568
Nu haued[172] he ſtolen min bliſcing oc;

ðog, fader dere, bidde ic ðe,

ðat ſum bliſcing gif ðu me."

Esau intreats for one blessing.

ðo gan eſau ðengen[173] and ſen

1572
Quilc iſ bliſcing migte ben;

In heuene deu, and erðes ſmere,

Gatte him bliſcing ðat him waſ gere;

Isaac promises him that his dwelling shall be of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of heaven.

for ydumea, ðat fulſum lond,

1576
Of lewſe god, was in hiſe hond.

Idumea became Esau's inheritance.

Quad eſau, "grot ſal bi-cumen,

And wreche of iacob ſal binumen."

Oc rebecca wiſte ðat ðhogt,

1580
ðat hate waſ in hiſe herte brogt,

Esau threatens Jacob.

for-ði ghe iacob warnen gan,

And ſente him to hiſ broðer laban;

Rebekah warns Jacob of his brother's intentions.

[172]

read haueð

[173]

read ðenken

JACOB IS SENT TO PADAN-ARAM.

"be ðu ðer," quat ghe, "til eſau

1584
Eðe moðed [be], ðe wreðed nu,

And ðu ſalt ðe betre ſped,

If it beð bi ðin faderes red."

Quad rebecca to hire were,

1588
"Eſau wifuede uſ to dere

Rebekah complains to Isaac of Esau's marriage and connection with the Canaanites.

Quan he iuſted & beð ſo mat,

Toc of kin ðe canaan bi-gat,

For-ði he maked him ſtið & ſtrong,

1592
For he beð mengt ðat kin among;

If iacob toke her alſo a wif,

Ne bode ic no lengere werldeſ lif.

[Fol. 31b  .]

Yſaac bad iacob him garen,

Isaac blesses Jacob,

1596
And forð ſwiðe to laban faren;

Iacob liſtenede ðo frendes red,

Fro berſabe he ferde wið ſped;

and sends him to Padan-aram.

Long weie he gan to-ward aram,

1600
bi cananeam forð he nam,

Jacob went a long way about,

And wulde nogt ðat folc bi-twen

Herberged in here huſes ben.

in order to avoid the houses of the Canaanites.

He lay bi luzan ut on nigt,

1604
A ſton under hiſe heued rigt,

At Luz he tarried all night.

And ſlep and ſag, an ſoðe drem,

fro ðe erðe up til heuene bem,

A leddre ſtonden, and ðor-on

In a dream he saw a ladder reaching from earth to heaven,

1608
Angeles dun-cumen and up-gon,

And ðe louerd ðor uppe a-buuen

Lened[174] ðor-on; and [Jacob] wurð ut-ſuuen,

angels ascending and descending, and the Lord stood above it.

Herde ðat he quad, "god ic am

1612
ðe luued yſaac and abraham;

"I am," He said, "the God of Abraham and of Isaac;

And ðis lond ic ſal giuen ðin ſed,

And in ðis weige don ðe red;

this land will I give thee, and in thy seed shall all mankind be blessed."

And i ſal bringen ðe a-gen,

1616
And of ðin kinde bliſced ðu ſalt ben."

[Fol. 32.]

[174]

read leued = remained?

FROM LUZ HE JOURNEYS TO HARAN.

Iacob abraid, & ſeide frigtilike:—

"God in ðis ſtede iſ wittirlike,

Her, dredful ſtede, her, godeſ hus,

1620
Her, heuenegate amonguſ[175] us;

Jacob awoke. "Surely," he said, "here is God's house.

Louerd, if ic mote a-gen cumen,

Of ðis ſtede ic ſal in herte munen;"

(Sette he up ðat ſton for muniging,

1624
And get on olige for tok-ning)

If I may come again to my father's house,

"He ſal euere min louerd ben,

ðat dede me her ðis ſigt[e] ſen,

the lord shall be my God,

Her ic ſal offrendes here don

1628
And tigðes wel gelden her-up-on;

And wel ſal luz wurðed ben,

for ic gan her ðis ſigðhe ſen."

here I shall brake offerings, and yield tithes."

Iacob calde ðat ſtede betel;

1632
Quor-fore he it dede, he wiſte wel.

Longe weie he ſiðen ouer-cam,

Jacob called the place Bethel.

And longe time or he ſag tharam.

Quane he cam ner, fond he ðor-on

Jacob pursues his journey.

1636
A welle wel helid under a ſton,

And ðre flockes of ſep dor-bi,[176]

He finds a well at Haran; three flocks of sheep were lying by it.

ðat ðor abiden al for-ði;

ðor waſ nogt wune on & on,

1640
ðat orf ðor to water gon,

The cattle did not go to water one by one, but were all collected together at one time.

Oc at ſet time he ſulden ſamen,

ðor hem-ſelf & here orf framen.

[Fol. 32b  .]

Iacob ðes hirdes freinen gan,

1644
Hu fer iſt heðen to laban;

Wel he ſeiden and ſwiðe wel,

Jacob asks the herdsmen the way to Laban's house.

"loc! her hiſ dogter rachel."

Sep he driuen ðiſ welle ner,

1648
for ghe hem wulde wattre ðer.

They answered, "Here is Rachel his daughter." She came to bring the sheep to the well.

Iacob wið hire wente ðat ſton,

And let hire ſep to water gon;

Jacob rolled the stone from the well's mouth.

And kidde he was hire mouies ſune,

1652
And kiſte hire aftre kindes wune;

He made known his relationship to Rachel.

[175]

So in MS.

[176]

read ðor-bi

JACOB COVENANTS FOR RACHEL.

Rachel was bliðe and forð ghe nam,

And kiddit to hire fader laban.

Laban fagnede him in frendes wune,

1656
feren ſwunken yſaaces ſunen.

Iacob tolde him for quat he ſwanc

So fer, and laban herte ranc;

He cuðe him ðer-of wel gret ðhanc,

Laban welcomes his nephew and brings him to his house.

1660
And dede him eten and to him dranc,

And ſeide to him, "bi min blod,

ðin come iſ me leflike and good."

He entertains him well.

Laban bi-tagte him, ſiðen to ſen,

1664
Hiſ hirdeneſſe ðat it wel ben.

Jacob abode with Laban for one month,

And quanne a moneð was ouer-meten,

"Iacob," wað he, "quat wiltu bi-geten?

after which time Laban said to him,

Quat-ſo [177][ðu] wilt for hire crauen,

1668
Aſke it wið ſkil and ðu ſalt hauen."

[Fol. 33.]

"Tell me what shall thy wages be."

Quat iacob, "ic ſal, for rachel,

Seruen ðe ſeuene winter wel."

Luue wel michil it agte a wold,

1672
Swilc ſeruiſe and ſo longe told.

Jacob covenanted for Rachel.

forð geden ſeuene ger bi tale,

And laban made him hiſ bridale;

Seven years passed away and Laban made a feast.

Iacob wurð drunken, and euen cam,

1676
Laban bi nigt tog him liam;

And a maiden waſ hire bi-tagt,

Zelfa bi name, ðat ilke nagt.

Iacob gan hire under-fon,

When even came Jacob was deceived with Leah.

1680
O morgen ðugte it him miſ-don.

Quat laban, "long wune iſ her driuen,

firmeſt on elde, firſt ben giuen:

And loð me waſ ſenden rachel

1684
So fer, for ic luuede her wel;

Laban says that it was not the custom to marry the younger before the first-born.

Oc ſerf me ſeuene oðer ger,

If ðu ſalt rachel ſeruen her;

Jacob agrees to serve other seven years for Rachel.

[177]

At bottom of Fol. 32b is the catchword—"quat ſo ðu wilt."

JACOB MARRIES RACHEL.

Seue nigt ſiðen forð ben numen

1688
Or rachel beð to iacob cumen,

And laban made a feſte oc

Quanne iacob wid[178] rachel toc;

And for ghe ðanne cam him ner,

1692
ſeruede he him ſiðen ſeuene ger.

Jacob marries Rachel.

Rachel adde, after londes kire,[179]

maiden balaam to ſeruen hire.

[Fol. 33b  .]

LIa moder of fowre was,

1696
Ruben, ſymeon, leui, iudas;

Leah was the mother of four sons.

for rachel non birðe ne nam,

Sge[180] bi-tagte iacob balaam;

Rachel was barren.

bala two childre bar bi him,

1700
Rachel cald es[181] dan(.) neptalim;

Bilhah, her handmaid, bare Dan and Naphtali.

And zelfa two ſunes him ber,

Lia calde iſ(.) Gad(.) and aſſer;

Zilpah bare Gad and Asher.

Lia ſiðen two ſunes bar,

1704
Zabulon(.) laſt(.) or yſakar;

Lia bar laſt dowter dinam,

Sichem, ſiðen, hire ille bi-nam.

Leah afterwards bare Zebulun, Issachar, and Dinah.

Last of rachel iosep was boren,

1708
Beſt of alle ðe oðere bi-foren.

Longe haued[182] nu iacob ben her,

wið laban fulle .xiii. ger;

At last Joseph was born of Rachel.

Leue aſkede hem hom to faren,

1712
Wið wiues and childre ðeðen charen,

Jacob desires leave of Laban to depart.

But-if laban him ðelde bet

Hiſe ſeruiſe, and wið-holde him get;

ſerue he ſcriðed ðat .vij. ger,

1716
ðat he bi-leue and ſerue him her;

Laban would not let him depart.

Wel he ſeið him ðat he ſal hauen

for hire, quat-ſo he wile crauen.

He promises him to give him for hire whatever he shall ask.

forward iſ mad of alle ſep,

1720
Of oneſ bles[183] iacob nim kep,

[Fol. 34.]

And if of ðo ſpotted cumen,

Jacob is to have all the speckled

[178]

wið?

[179]

Glossed wune in a later hand.

[180]

she?

[181]

caldes MS.

[182]

haueð?

[183]

fles MS.

JACOB LEAVES LABAN SECRETLY.

ðo ſulen him ben for hire numen;

Sep or got, haſwed, arled, or grei,

1724
Ben don fro iacob fer a-wei;

and spotted cattle for his hire.

ðog him boren ðes oneſ bles

Vn-like manige and likeles.

The flocks produced many speckled and spotted.

ðo ſag laban ðat iacob bi-gat

1728
Michil, and him miſlikede ðat;

Laban was greatly displeased.

bi-tagte him ðo ðe ſunder bles,

And it him boren ones bles.

He changed Jacob's hire.

Ten ſiðes ðus binnen .vi. ger,

1732
Shiftede iacob hirdeneſſe her,

And ai was labaneſ herte ſor,

for hiſ agte wex mor & mor.

Ten times within six years he shifted the cattle.

Ðo ſag iacob laban wurð wroð,

1736
Vnder him ben leng iſ him loð,

Jacob saw that Laban was unfriendly towards him,

And wið iſ wiues he takeð red,

And greiðet him deðenward[184] wið ſped.

so he determined to leave Padanaram.

Laban ferde to nimen kep,

1740
In clipping time to hiſe ſep,

fro caram in-to vten ſtede,

ðor quiles iacob ðiſ dede dede;

Wið wiues, and childre, & orf he nam,

Laban had left Haran to shear his sheep.

1744
And to ðe munt galaad he bi-cam;

Jacob came to mount Gilead,

ðanne fleg he to meſopotaniam,

[Fol. 34b  .]

And drog to-ward cananeam.

And Rachel adde hid and for-olen

and drew towards Canaan.

1748
Hire faderes godes of gold, & ſtolen.

Laban it wiſte on ðe ðridde dai

Rachel had stolen her father's gods.

ðat iacob waſ ðus flogen a-wei;

He toc, and wente, and folwede on,

1752
And ðhogt in mod iacob to ſlon,

Laban, hearing of Jacob's flight, pursues him.

Oc god in ſweuene ſpac him to,

ðat he ſulde iacob non yuel do.

God, in a dream, forbids Laban to harm Jacob.

vij. nigt forð-geden and dais oc,

1756
Or laban iacob ouer-toc;

Laban overtakes Jacob on the seventh day.

[184]

ðeðenward?

THE COVENANT BETWEEN JACOB AND LABAN.

So waſ he frig[t]ed ear in drem,

ðus meðelike ſpac ðiſ em:

"Qui wore ðu fro me for-holen,

1760
And qui aſ ðu min godes ſtolen?

Min mog, min neue, and felage,

Me ne agtes ðu don ſwilc [vn-]lage."

"[I]c was for-dred ðe migte timen,

1764
fro me ðine doutres bi-nimen,

He complains of the wrong done to him.

fro here childre ðhogt hem ſor,

mor for me bi-leuen ðor;

ſtalðe ic for-ſake, ðat iſ min red,

1768
wið quam ðu iſ findes, ðat he be dead."

Jacob denies that he has been guilty of theft.

Of al ðat laban haued[185] iſ ſogt,

So woren it hid, ne fond he is nogt.

Laban searched for his idols, but found them not.

Ðo [q]wað iacob, "yuel iſt bi-togen,

1772
Min ſwinc a-buten ðin holðe drogen;

ðu me ranſakes alſ an ðef,

And me was ðin wurðing lef."

[Fol. 35.]

Then said Jacob, "What is my sin that thou ransackest me as a thief?"

ðo quat laban, "frend ſule wit ben,

1776
And trewðe pligt[186] nu unc bi-twen,

And make we it her an hil of ſton,

Name of witneſſe be ðer-on;"

ðor-on he eten bliðe and glað,[187]

Quoth Laban, "Friends will we be and plight troth between us."

1780
ðat hil iſ hoten galaað;

Laban hem bliſcede, & on nigt

This covenant was made at Gilead.

wente a-gen-ward, or it waſ ligt;

And iacob waſ of weie rad,

1784
Raðe he was fer fro laban ſad.

Laban departed before daylight.

Alſ he cam ner cananeam,

Engel wirð a-gen him cam,

Als it were wopnede here,

1788
Redi to ſilden him fro were;

As Jacob drew near to Canaan, he was met by the angels of God.

ðat ſtede he calde manaim,

ðor ðis wird of engeles metten him.

ðor he bi-lef, and ſente ðeden[188]

That place he called Mahanaim.

1792
Sondere men to freinen and queðen

Jacob sends messengers to Esau.

[185]

haueð?

[186]

wligt MS.

[187]

glad?

[188]

ðeðen?

THE MEETING OF ESAU AND JACOB.

If eſau wulde him ogt deren,

ðog wiſte wel god ſulde him weren;

ðor him cam bode him for to ſen,

1796
ðat eſau him cam a-gen;

Word came to him that Esau was on his way to meet him.

And iacob ſente fer bi-foren

him riche loac, and ſundri boren,

And iordan he dede ouer waden,

1800
Orf & men, wið welðe laden;

And he bi-lef ðor on ðe nigt

to bidden helpe of godeſ migt.

[Fol. 35b.]

Jacob sends a rich present to Esau.

And ðor wreſtelede an engel wið,

1804
Senwe ſprungen fro ðe lið;

He wrestled with an angel,

(wulde he non ſenwe ſiðen eten,

Self his kinde nile ðat wune forgeten.)

and the sinew shrank from the thigh.

Get held he wið ðis angel faſt,

1808
Til ðe daning up eſten it braſt;

ðo ſeide ðe engel, "let me get ben,

ðe daining her nu men mai sen."

Jacob would not let the angel go,

Quad iacob, "ðe ne leate ic nogt,

1812
Til ðin bliſcing on me beð wrogt."

until he had blessed him.

Ðo quad ðe angel, "ſal tu nummor

ben cald iacob, ſo ðu wore or,

Oc ðu ſal ben hoten iſrael,

1816
for ðu ðe weries ſwiðe wel;

Quan ðe ðe migt wið angel weren,

Hu ſal ani man ðe mugen deren?

Ear iacob and nu iſrael."

Jacob prevailed, and his name was called Israel.

1820
ðat ſte[de] was cald phanuel,

for he nam ouer phanuel;

And it wurð ligt and he ſag wel

This place was called Penuel.

Quor eſau a-gen him cam,

1824
And bi-foren a-gen him nam;

And ſeue ſiðes he fell him bi-foren,

And wurðe him ſo firmeſt boren;

[Fol. 36.]

The meeting of Jacob and Esau.

And eſau ðo ran him to,

1828
And kiſſede, and wept, ðo rew him ſo.

The brothers become reconciled to each other.

JACOB DWELLS AT SUCCOTH. DINAH'S FOLLY.

"Broðer," quad he, "ðu and ðin trume

ben here in ðiſ place to me welcume;

Haue and bruc wel al ðin preſent,

1832
ðat ðu to me bringeſt and haueſt ſent."

Iacob was wo ðat he iſ for-ſoc,

Esau welcomes Jacob,

And ſcroð him ſo(.) ðat ſum he ðor tok.

Here luue ðo wurð hol and ſchir,

accepts his present,

1836
And eſau ferde forð ðeden[189] to ſeyr;

ðat newe burg waſ him to frame,

Mad and cald of iſ owen name.

and departs unto Seir.

Iacob fro ðeðen wente, ic wot,

1840
tgelt on a ſtede, and cald it[190] ſochot;

fro ſochot ſiðen to ſichem,

From thence Jacob went to Succoth,

And wune ðor-inne ſalem,

and afterwards to Shalem,

ðor him ſolde an lond kinge emor,

1844
And he drog ðider and wunede ðor;

wið newe alter wurðed he wel

ðe ſtrong god of yſrael.

where he bought a piece of land from Hamor.

Hiſ dowter dina ðor miſ-dede,

1848
ghe nam leueles fro ðat ſtede,

Here his daughter Dinah "mis-did."

To ſen de werld ðhugte hire god,

ðat made hire ſiðen ſeri-mod,

for-liſtede hire owen red;

[Fol. 36b.]

She went out to see the world.

1852
Sichem tok hire maiden-hed;

Emor his fader, ſiðen for-ði,

And hiſ burge-folc fellen in wi;

Shechem took her maidenhead.

Symeon and leui it bi-ſpeken,

1856
And hauen here ſiſter ðor i-wreken;

folc of ſalem ðor-fore waſ ſlagen,

wiwes, and childre, and agte up-dragen;

Oc iacob ne wiſte it nogt,

Simeon and Levi slew the Shechemites and spoiled the city.

1860
Til ðat wreche to bale was wrogt,

Oc michil he frigtede for-ði,

boðen ſymeon and leui.

Jacob reproved Simeon and Levi for their cruelty.

Henden ſichem ne durſten he wunen,

1864
ðat folkes kin god bad him ſunen,

They durst not dwell longer at Shechem, but went to Bethel.

[189]

ðeðen?

[190]

caldit MS.

BENJAMIN IS BORN. RACHEL DIES.

And ðeden[191] faren to betel,

And he folgede iſ red on ſel;

Agte unclene ne wulde he beren,

1868
for he dredde him it ſulde him deren;

Godes ðat rachel hadde ſtolen,

And ay til ðan wið him for-holen,

Their unclean goods they bore not with them.

And oðre ydeles brogt fro ſichem,

1872
Gol prenes and ringeſ wið hem,

Diep he iſ dalf under an ooc,

Made him non giſcing in herte wooc.

Their idols and gold rings they buried under an oak.

Longe it weren ðor for-hid;

1876
Men ſeið for-ði waſ ſo bi-tid,

for ſalamon findin iſ ſal,

And hiſ temple ſriðen wið-al.

Iacob wente fro ðeden[192] in ſped,

[Fol. 37.]

Long they remained buried, until Solomon found them and decked his temple with them.

1880
God ſente on ðat erdfolc ſwilc dred,

ðan[193] here non iacob ſcaðe ne dede;

Quane he wente a-wei fro ðat ſtede,

God sent a fear upon the folk round about, so they did no hurt to the sons of Jacob.

He made an alter at betel,

1884
Alſ he god bi-het, ðor he geld wel.

Jacob makes an altar at Bethel.

Siðen ðo beniamin was boren,

Benjamin is born.

Rachel adde ðe life for-loren;

Iacob dalf hire and merke dede,

1888
ðat iſ get ſene on ðat ſtede.

Rachel dies.

Ðor quiles he wunede at tur ader,

Ruben miſdede wid[194] bala ðer.

At Edar Reuben "misdid" and lay with his father's concubine.

Siðen cam iacob to ebron,

1892
And fond his moder of werlde gon;

Starf yſaac quan he waſ hold

Jacob arrives at Hebron, and finds his mother gone from this world.

.ix. ſcore ger and fiue told,

And was doluen on ðat ſtede,

1896
ðor man adam and eue dede.

So riche were growen hiſe ſunen,

ðat he ne migte to-gider wunen;

Isaac dies at the age of nine score years.

Oc eſau, ſeyr [and] edon

1900
Lond ydumeam wunede on;

Esau dwells in Edom,

[191]

ðeðen?

[192]

ðeðen?

[193]

ðat?

[194]

wið?

JOSEPH IS HATED BY HIS BRETHREN.

Of edon ſo it higte ða,

[Fol. 37b  .]

for it was hoten ear bozra.

Hear haued[195] moyſes ouer-gon,

1904
ðor-fore he wended eft a-gon.

xii. ger or yſaac waſ dead

which was before called Bozra.

Iacobes ſunes deden un-red;

Jacob's sons did wickedly.

FOr ſextene ger ioſeph was old,

1908
Quane he was in-to egipte ſold;

He was iacobes gunkeſte ſune,

Joseph was sixteen when sold into Egypt.

Bricteſt of waſpene,[196] and of witter wune,

If he ſag hiſe breðere miſ-faren,

1912
Hiſ fader he it gan vn-hillen & baren;

He wulde ðat he ſulde hem ten

ðat he wel-ðewed ſulde ben;

Joseph informed his father of his brethren's misdeeds.

for-ði wexem[197] wið gret nið

1916
And hate, for it in ille [herte] lið.

ðo wex her hertes niðful & bold

Quanne he hem adde iſ dremeſ told,

ðat hiſ handful ſtod rigt up ſoren,

His brethren envied him on account of his dreams.

1920
And here it leigen alle hem bi-foren;

And ſunne, & mone, & ſterres .xie.[198]

wurðeden him wið frigti luue;

ðo ſeide hiſ fader, "hu mai ðis ſen

1924
ðat ðu ſalt ðuſ wurðed ben,

The vision of the sun, moon, and eleven stars.

ðat ðine breðere, and ic, and ſhe

ðat ðe bar, ſulen luten ðe?"

Jacob reproached his son, yet he believed it should be so.

ðuſ he chidden hem bi-twen,

1928
ðoge ðhogte iacob ſiðe it ſulde ben.

[Fol. 38.]

Hiſe breðere kepten at ſichem

Hirdneſſe, & iacob to ſen hem

The sons of Jacob kept flocks at Shechem.

ſente ioſeph to dalen ebron;

1932
And he was redi his wil to don.

In ſichem feld ne fonde hem nogt,

Joseph was sent to see how they fared.

In dotayin he fond hem ſogt;

He knewen him fro feren kumen,

His brethren knew him from afar,

[195]

haueð?

[196]

wasteme?

[197]

So in MS.

[198]

For endluue?

JOSEPH IS SOLD TO CHAPMEN,

1936
Hate hem on ros, in herte numen;

Swilc nið & hate roſ hem on,

He redden alle him for to ſlon.

"Nai," quad ruben, "ſlo we him nogt,

and took counsel to slay him.

1940
Oðer ſinne may ben wrogt,

Quat-ſo him drempte ðor quiles he ſlep,

In ðiſ ðiſterneſſe,[199] old and dep,

Get wurðe[200] worpen naked and cold,

1944
Quat-ſo hiſ dremeſ owen a-wold."

ðiſ dede waſ don wid[201] herte ſor,

Reuben advised them to throw Joseph into an old and deep pit.

Ne wulde ruben nogt drechen ðor;

He gede and ſogte an oðer ſtede,

1948
Hiſ erue in bettre lewſe he dede;

Reuben left his brethren to seek better pasture for his cattle.

Vdas dor[202] quiles gaf hem red,

ðat was fulfilt of derne ſped;

fro galaad men wið chafare

1952
Sag he ðor kumen wid ſpices ware;

Judah gave them bad advice,

To-warde egipte he gunne ten.

Iudas tagte hu it ſulde ben,

[Fol. 38b  .]

Ioseph ſolde ðe breðere ten,

1956
for .xxx. plates to ðe chapmen;

Get waſt bettre he ðuſ waſ ſold,

dan[203] he ðor ſtorue in here wold.

and Joseph was sold for thirty pieces of silver.

Ðan ruben cam ðider a-gen,

1960
to ðat ciſterneſſe[204] he ran to ſen;

He miſſed Ioseph and ðhogte ſwem,

Reuben came thither again and found Joseph gone.

wende him ſlagen, ſet up an rem;

Nile he blinnen, ſwilc ſorwe he cliued,

1964
Til him he ſweren ðat he liued.

ðo nomen he ðe childes ſrud,

ðe iacob hadde mad im[205] in prud;

Great was his outcry, which did not cease until he was assured that Joseph lived.

In kides blod he wenten it,

1968
ðo waſ ðor-on an rewli lit.

Sondere men he it leiden on,

Joseph's coat was dipt in kid's blood,

[199]

cisterneſſe?

[200]

he is inserted in the later hand.

[201]

wið?

[202]

ðor?

[203]

ðan?

[204]

MS. cifterneſſe.

[205]

madim in MS.

WHO SELL HIM TO POTIPHAR, AN EGYPTIAN.

And ſenten it iacob in-to ebron,

And ſhewed it him, and boden him ſen

1972
If hiſ childes wede it migte ben;

Senten him bode he funden it.

ðo iacob ſag dat[206] ſori writ,

and sent to Jacob at Hebron.

He gret, and ſeide ðat "wilde der

1976
Hauen min ſune ſwolgen her."

"Evil beasts," said Jacob, "have swallowed my son."

Hiſ cloðes rent, in haigre ſrid,

Long grot and ſorge is him bi-tid.

Long was his lamentation and sorrow.

His ſunes comen him to ſen,

1980
And hertedin him if it migte ben;

[Fol. 39.]

"Nai! nai!" quat he, "helped it nogt,

Mai non herting on me ben wrogt;

ic ſal ligten til helle dale,

1984
And groten ðor min ſunes bale."

Jacob would not be comforted for the loss of Joseph.

(ðor was in helle a ſundri ſtede,

wor ðe ſeli folc reſte dede;

ðor he ſtunden til helpe cam,

In hell was a separate abode where the righteous rested,

1988
Til ihesu crist fro ðeden[207] he nam.)

ðe chapmen ſkiuden here fare,

till Christ took them from thence.

In-to egipte ledden ðat ware;

wið putifar ðe kinges ſtiward,

1992
He maden ſwiðe bigetel forward,

So michel fe ðor iſ hem told,

He hauen him bogt, he hauen ſold.

The merchants took their ware to Egypt.

Putifar waſ wol riche man,

1996
And he bogte ioſeph al forðan

Potiphar bought Joseph.

He wulde don iſ lechur-hed

wið ioseph, for hiſe faire-hed,

Oc he wurð ðo ſo kinde cold,

2000
To don ſwilc dede adde he no wold;

He entertained impure desires towards him,

ſwilc ſelðe cam him fro a-buuen,

God dede it al for ioſeph luue[n].

Biſſop in eliopoli[208]

2004
Men ſeið he was ſiðen for-ði,

but Joseph was strengthened from above.

[206]

ðat?

[207]

ðeðen?

[208]

In [H]Eliopolis; the words are run together.

JOSEPH IS CAST INTO PRISON.

ðog had he ðo wif(.) and bi-foren

Childre of him bi-geten and of hire boren,

Oc after ðis it ſo bi-cam,

2008
Ioseph iſ dowter to wiue nam.

[Fol. 39b  .]

Putifar luuede ioſeph wel,

bi-tagte him hiſ huſ euerilc del,

And he wurðede riche man an heg,

Potiphar loved Joseph well.

2012
vnder ioſeph hiſ welðe ðeg.

Hiſ wif wurð wilde, and nam in ðogt

His wealth prospered under Joseph's care.

vn-rigt-wiſ luue, and ſwanc for nogt,

One and ſtille ðogt hire gamen

2016
wið ioſeph ſpeken and plaigen ſamen;

His wife sought to lead Joseph astray.

Ghe bed him gold, and agte, and fe,

To maken him riche man and fre,

wið-ðhan ðat he wið here wile;

2020
Oc him mislikede ðat ghe wile;

for ſcrið, ne ðret, ne mai ghe bi-geten

for to don him chaſthed for-geten;

For gold nor for wealth of any kind would he "forget his chastity."

Often ghe ðrette, often ghe ſcroð,

2024
Oc al it was him o-like loð.

An time he was at hire tgeld,

ðo ghe him his mentel for-held;

Neither threats nor intreaties prevailed.

for he wið hire ne wulde ſpeken,

2028
Ghe ðhenkeð on him for to ben wreken;

Sone ghe mai hire louerd[209] ſen,

Ghe god him bitterlike a-gen,

Wherefore she sought to be revenged upon Joseph.

And ſeið ioſeph hire wulde don,

2032
ðat ghe ne migte him bringen on;

"ðiſ mentel ic wið-held for-ði,

To tawnen [ðe] ðe ſoðe her-bi."

ðe wite iſ hiſe(.) ðe right iſ hire,

2036
God al-migtin ðe ſoðe ſhire.

[Fol. 40.]

She accused him falsely to Potiphar,

Pvtifar trewið hiſe wiwes tale,

And haued[210] dempt ioſep to bale;

He bad [him] ben ſperd faſt dun,

who, believing his wife's tale,

2040
And holden harde in priſun.

threw Joseph into prison.

[209]

MS. loruerd.

[210]

? haueð.

HE INTERPRETS THE PRISONERS' DREAMS.

An litel ſtund, quile he waſ ðer,

So gan him luuen ðe priſuner,

And him de[211] chartre haueð bi-tagt,

The gaoler loved Joseph.

2044
wið ðo priſunes to liuen in hagt.

Or for miſdede, or for on-ſagen,

ðor woren to ðat priſun dragen,

In this prison, either for misdeed or bad words,

On ðat ðe kingeſ kuppe bed,

2048
And on ðe made ðe kingeſ bred;

were placed the chief butler and baker.

Hem drempte dremes boðen onigt,

And he wurðen ſwiðe ſore o-frigt;

Ioſeph hem ſeruede ðor on ſel,

2052
At here drink and at here mel,

Both dreamt dreams in one night,

He herde hem murnen(.) he hem freinde for-quat;

Harde dremes ogen awold ðat.

which caused them to become very sorrowful.

ðo ſeide he to ðe butuler,

2056
"Tel me ðin drem, mi broðer her.

Joseph inquired the reason of their grief.

Queðer-ſo it wurðe ſofte or ſtrong,

ðe reching wurð on god bi-long."

[Fol. 40b  .]

"Me drempte, ic ſtod at a win-tre,

The butler's dream.

2060
ðat adde waxen buges ðre,

Oreſt it blomede, and ſiðen bar

A vine with three branches

ðe beries ripe wurð ic war;

ðe kinges [kuppe] ic hadde on hond,

bore grapes;

2064
ðe beries ðor-inne me ðhugte ic wrong,

And bar it drinken to pharaon,

Me drempte, alſ ic waſ wune to don."

the juice the butler squeezed into Pharaoh's cup, and gave him to drink as he was wont.

"Good is," quað Ioſeph, "to dremen of win,

2068
heilneſſe an bliſſe iſ ðer-in;

"Good it is," said Joseph, "to dream of wine.

ðre daies ben get for to cumen,

ðu ſalt ben ut of priſun numen,

And on ðin offiz ſet agen;

In three days thou shalt be restored to thy office,

2072
Of me ðu ðhenke ðan it ſal ben,

Bed min herdne to pharaon,

ða[t] ic ut of prisun wurðe don,

then think of me and bear my errand to Pharaoh,

for ic am ſtolen of kinde lond,

2076
and her wrigteleſlike holden in bond."

for I am here wrongfully held in prison."

[211]

ðe?

KING PHARAOH DREAMS A DREAM,

Quað ðis bred-wrigte, "liðeð nu me,

me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre,

And ðor-in bread and oðer meten,

2080
Quilke ben wune ðe kinges to eten;

The "breadwright's" dream.

And fugeles hauen ðor-on lagt,

ðor-fore ic am in ſorge and hagt,

Fowls seized on the baskets of bread intended for the king,

for ic ne migte me nogt weren,

[Fol. 41.]

2084
Ne ðat mete fro hem beren."

"Me wore leuere," quad Ioſeph,

"Of eddi dremes rechen ſwep;

and he could not keep the meat from them.

ðu ſalt, after ðe ðridde dei,

2088
ben do on rode, weila-wei!

And fugeles ſulen ði fleis to-teren,

ðat ſal non agte mugen ðe weren."

Soð wurð ſo ioſeph ſeide ðat,

"In three days," said Joseph, "thou shalt be hanged, and fowls shall tear thy flesh in pieces."

2092
ðis buteler Ioſeph ſone for-gat.

The butler soon forgat Joseph.

Two ger ſiðen was Ioſeph ſperd

ðor in priſun wið-uten erd;

After two years,

Ðo drempte pharaon king a drem,

Pharaoh dreamt a dream.

2096
ðat he ſtod bi ðe flodes ſtrem,

And ðeden[212] ut-comen .vii. neet,

Euerilc wel ſwiðe fet and gret,

And .vii. lene after ðo,

2100
ðe deden ðe .vii. fette wo,

He stood by the river, and there came seven "neat" fat and great, and seven lean after,

ðe lene hauen ðe fette freten;

ðiſ drem ne mai ðe king for-geten.

An oðer drem cam him bi-foren,

which ate up the fat ones.

2104
.vii. eares wexen fette of coren,

On an busk ranc and wel tidi,

And .vii. lene rigt ðor-bi,

welkede, and ſmale, and drugte numen,

2108
ðe ranc he hauen ðo ouer-cumen,

Seven full ears of corn sprang up "on a rank bush," and then came seven withered ears,

To-ſamen it ſmiten and, on a ſtund,

ðe fette ðriſt hem to ðo grund.

ðe king abraid and woc in ðhogt,

2112
ðeſ dremes ſwep ne wot he nogt,

[Fol. 41b.]

which smote the others to the ground.

[212]

ðeðen?

WHICH IS INTERPRETED BY JOSEPH.

Ne was non ſo wis man in al hiſ lond,

ðe kude vn-don ðis dremes bond;

None were found able to interpret the dreams.

ðo him bi-ðhogte ðat buteler

2116
Of ðat him drempte in priſun ðer,

And of ioſeph in ðe priſun,

And he it tolde ðe king pharaun.

The butler bethought him of Joseph.

Ioſeph waſ ſone in priſun ðo hogt,

2120
And ſhauen, & clad, & to him brogt;

Joseph is taken from prison,

ðe king him bad ben hardi & bold,

If he can rechen ðis dremeſ wold;

and brought before Pharaoh,

He told him quat him drempte o nigt,

2124
And ioſep rechede his drem wel rigt.

who related to him his dreams.

"ðis two dremes boðen ben on,

God wile ðe tawnen, king pharaon;

ðo .vij. ger ben get to cumen,

"The two dreams," answered Joseph, "are one."

2128
In al fulſum-hed ſulen it ben numen,

And .vij. oðere ſulen after ben,

"Seven years of plenty

Sori and nedful men ſulen iſ ſen;

Al ðat ðiſe firſt .vii. maken,

2132
Sulen ðiſ oðere .vii. roſpen & raken;

shall be followed by seven years of famine.

Ic rede ðe king, nu her bi-foren,

To maken laðes and gaderen coren,

I advise thee to make barns and store up corn, that thy folk perish not."

ðat ðin folc ne wurð vnder-numen,

2136
Quan ðo hungri gere ben forð-cumen."

King pharaon liſtnede hiſe red,

ðat wurð him ſiðen ſeli ſped.

[Fol. 42.]

He bi-tagte ioſep hiſ ring,

2140
And his bege of gold for wurðing,

Pharaoh gave Joseph his ring,

And bad him al hiſ lond bi-ſen,

And under him hegeſt for to ben,

And bad him welden in hiſ hond

2144
His folc, and agte, & al his lond;

and bad him rule the whole land.

ðo waſ vnder him ðanne putifar,

And hiſ wif ðat hem ſo to-bar.

Ioſep to wiue his dowter nam,

2148
Oðer is nu quan ear bi-cam;

Then were Potiphar and his wife under him.

THE FAMINE IN EGYPT AND CANAAN.

And ghe ðer him two childer bar,

Or men wurð of ðat hunger war,

first manaſſen and effraym;

2152
He luueden god, he geld it hem.

Before the famine came two sons were born to Joseph.

ðe .vii. fulſum geres faren,

Ioſep cuðe him bi-foren waren;

ðan coren wantede in oðer lond,

2156
ðo ynug [was] vnder his hond.

The years of plenty pass away.

Hvnger wex in lond chanaan,

And his .x. ſunes iacob for-ðan

The famine was felt in Canaan.

Sente in-to egipt to bringen coren;

2160
He bilef at hom ðe was gungeſt boren.

Jacob sent his ten sons to Egypt to buy corn.

ðe .x. comen, for nede ſogt,

To Ioſep, and he ne knewen him nogt,

[Fol. 42b  .]

And ðog he lutten him frigtilike,

2164
Anð ſeiden to him mildelike,

"We ben ſondes for nede driuen

To bigen coren ðor-bi to liuen."

Though they honoured Joseph,

(Ioſep hem knew al in his ðhogt,

2168
Alſ he let he knew hem nogt.)

"It ſemet wel ðat ge ſpies ben,

yet he pretended not to know them.

And in-to ðiſ lond cumen to ſen,

And cume ge for non oðer ðing,

2172
but for to ſpien ur lord ðe king."

"Nai," he ſeiden euerilc on,

He accused them of being spies.

"Spies were we neuer non,

Oc alle we ben on faderes ſunen,

2176
For hunger doð es[213] hider cumen."

"Oc nu ic wot ge ſpieſ ben,

for bi gure bering men mai it ſen;

They declared that they were true men, the sons of one father.

Hu ſulde oni man[214] poure for-geten,

2180
ſwilke and ſo manige ſunes bigeten?

for ſeldum bi-tid ſelf ani king

ſwilc men to ſen of hiſe ofſpring."

"Only kings," said Joseph, "had so many sons."

[213]

doðes MS.

[214]

MS. Hu suld sulde oninan.

JOSEPH'S HARSHNESS TO HIS BRETHREN.

"A louerd, merci! get iſ ðor on

2184
migt he nogt fro his fader gon;

He iſ gungeſt, hoten beniamin,

for we ben alle of ebriſſe kin."

"One," the brethren said, "is at home with his father."

"Nu, bi ðe feið ic og to king pharaon,

2188
ſule ge nogt alle eðen gon,

Til ge me bringen beniamin,

ða gungeſte broðer of pore[215] kin."

For ðo waſ Ioſep ſore for-dred

2192
ðat he wore oc ðhurg hem for-red;

He dede hem binden, and leden dun,

[Fol. 43.]

Quoth Joseph, "Ye shall not all go hence, until ye bring me Benjamin."

And ſperen faſte in his priſun;

ðe ðridde dai he let hem gon,

2196
Al but ðe ton broðer ſymeon;

ðiſ ſymeon bi-lef ðor in bond,

To wedde under Ioſepes hond.

ðes oðere breðere, ſone on-on,

2200
Token leue and wenten hom;

He kept them in prison, and on the third day let them all go except Simeon.

And ſone he weren ðeden[216] went,

Wel ſore he hauen hem bi-ment,

And ſeiden hem ðan ðor bi-twen,

The others bemoaned their ill-luck.

2204
"Wrigtful we in ſorwe ben,

for we ſinigeden quilum or

On hure broðer michil mor,

for we werneden him merci,

2208
Nu drege we ſorge al for-ði."

Wende here non it on hiſ mod,

Oc Ioſep al it under-ſtod.

They thought of their sin towards Joseph.

Ioſepes men ðor quiles deden

2212
Al-ſo Ioſep hem adde beden;

Joseph's men did, meanwhile, as they were commanded,

ðo breðere ſeckes hauen he filt,

And in euerilc ðe ſiluer pilt

ðat ðor was paid for ðe coren,

2216
And bunden ðe muðes ðor bi-foren;

Oc ðe breðere ne wiſten it nogt

Hu ðis dede wurðe wrogt;

[Fol. 43b.]

and filled the brothers' sacks, and placed in them the money paid for the corn.

[215]

gure?

[216]

ðeðen?

BENJAMIN IS TAKEN TO EGYPT.

Oc alle he weren ouer-ðogt,

2220
And hauen it ſo to iacob brogt,

And tolden him ſo of here ſped,

And al he it liſtnede in frigtihed;

Unopened they brought them to Jacob and told him how they had sped.

And quan men ðo ſeckes ðor un-bond,

2224
And in ðe coren ðo agtes fond,

Alle he woren ðanne[217] ſori ofrigt.

Iacob ðus him bi-meneð o-rigt,

Great was their fear when they saw the money in the sack's mouth.

"Wel michel ſorge is me bi-cumen,

2228
ðat min two childre aren me for-numen;

"Much sorrow," says Jacob, "is come upon me,

Of Ioſep wot ic ending non,

And bondes ben leid on ſymeon;

If ge beniamin fro me don,

2232
Dead and ſorge me ſegeð on;

since my two children are taken from me.

Ai ſal beniamin wið me bi-lewen

ðor quiles ic ſal on werlde liuen."

ðo quað iudas, "us ſal ben hard,

2236
If we no[218] holden him non forward."

Benjamin shall remain with me."

Wex derke,[219] ðis coren iſ gon,

Iacob eſt[220] bit hem faren agon,

The corn is soon consumed, and Jacob bids them go to Egypt for more.

Oc he ne duren ðe weie cumen in,

2240
"but ge wið uſ ſenden beniamin;"

[Fol. 44.]

ðo quað he, "quan it iſ ned,

And ne can no bettre red,

Jacob is persuaded to send Benjamin.

Bereð dat[221] ſiluer hol agon,

2244
ðat hem ðor-of ne wante non,

He sends back the silver,

And oðer ſiluer ðor bi-foren,

for to bigen wið oðer coren;

and other corn-money,

fruit and ſpices of dere priſ,

2248
Bereð ðat man ðat iſ ſo wiſ;

God hunne him eði-modes ben,

And ſende me min childre agen."

together with a present of fruit and spices for Joseph.

ðo nomen he forð weie rigt,

2252
Til he ben cumen in-to egypte ligt;

The brethren come again to Egypt.

And quanne Ioſep hem alle ſag,

Kinde ðogt in his herte was [ðag].

Joseph treats them kindly,

[217]

MS. ðanno

[218]

ne?

[219]

derðe?

[220]

eft?

[221]

ðat?

JOSEPH'S INTERVIEW WITH HIS BRETHREN.

He bad hiſ ſtiward gerken iſ meten,

2256
He ſeide he ſulden wið him alle eten;

He ledde hem alle to Ioſepes biri,

Her non hadden ðo loten miri.

"Louerd," he ſeiden ðo euerilc on,

and bids his steward prepare a feast for them.

2260
"Gur ſiluer iſ gu brogt a-gon,

It was in ure ſeckes don,

Ne wiſte ur non gilt ðor-on."

"Beð nu ſtille," quad ſtiward,

2264
"for ic nu haue min forward."

They tell Joseph that they have brought back the silver which they found in their sacks.

ðor cam ðat broðer ſymeon

And kiſte iſ breðere on and on;

Wel fagen he was of here come,

2268
for he was numen ðor to nome.

[Fol. 44b.]

Simeon was brought out unto them.

It was vndren time or more,

Om cam ðat riche louerd ðore;

And al ðo briðere, of frigti mod,

Joseph came home about noon,

2272
fellen bi-forn ðat louerd-iſ fot,

And bedden him riche preſent

ðat here fader hi[m] adde ſent;

And he leuelike it under-ſtod,

2276
for alle he weren of kinde blod.

and the brethren offered him their present.

"LIueð," quad he, "ðat fader get,

ðat ðus manige ſunes bi-gat?"

He inquires after his father.

"louerd," he ſeiden, "get he liueð,

2280
Wot ic ðor non ðat he ne biueð;

They answer that Jacob is well,

And ðiſ iſ gunge beniamin,

Hider brogt after bode-word ðin."

ðo Iosep ſag him ðor bi-foren,

2284
Bi fader & moder broðer boren,

and that Benjamin stands before him.

Him ouer-wente his herte on-on,

Kinde luue gan him ouer-gon;

Joseph was overcome.

Sone he gede ut and ſtille he gret,

2288
ðat al his wlite wurð teres wet.

He went out and wept secretly.

After ðat grot, he weiſ iſ wliten,

And cam ðan in and bad hem eten

After a while he returned to them and bade them eat.

THE BRETHREN ARE ACCUSED OF THEFT.

He dede hem waſſen and him bi-foren,

2292
And ſette hem aſ he weren boren;

Get he ðhogte of hiſ faderes wunes

Hu he ſette at ðe mete hiſe ſunes;

[Fol. 45.]

He made his brethren sit before him according to their age.

Of euerilc ſonde, of euerilc win,

2296
moſt and beſt he gaf beniamin.

In fulſum-hed he wurðen glaðe,[222]

Ioſep ne ðoht ðor-of no ſcaðe,

Oc it him likede ſwiðe wel,

Of meat and wine, the best he gave to Benjamin.

2300
And hem lerede and tagte wel,

And hu he ſulden hem beſt leden,

Quene he comen in vnkinde ðeden;

Joseph gave them good counsel,

"And al ðe bettre ſule ge ſpeden,

2304
If ge wilen gu wið treweiðe leden."

and advised them to act truthfully.

Eft on morwen quan it waſ dai,

Or or ðe breðere ferden a-wei,

Here ſeckes woren alle filt wið coren,

2308
And ðe ſiluer ðor-in bi-foren;

On the morrow they depart.

And ðe ſeck ðat agte beniamin

Ioſepes cuppe hid was ðor-in;

And quuan he weren ut tune went,

2312
Ioſep haueð hem after ſent.

Joseph's cup is hid in Benjamin's sack.

ðis ſonde hem ouertakeð raðe,

And bi-calleð of harme and ſcaðe;

Joseph's messenger overtakes them,

"Vn-ſeli men, quat haue ge don?

2316
Gret vn-ſelðehe iſ gu cumen on,

and accuses them of theft.

for iſ it nogt min lord for-holen,

ða[t] gure on haueð iſ cuppe ſtolen."

ð[o] ſeiden ðe breðere ſikerlike,

[Fol. 45b  .]

2320
"Vp quam ðu it findes witterlike,

He ſlagen and we agen driuen

In-to ðraldom, euermor to liuen."

The brethren assert their innocence.

He gan hem ranſaken on and on,

2324
And fond it ðor ſone a-non,

And nam ðo breðere euerilk on,

And ledde hem ſorful a-gon,

They are ransacked one by one,

[222]

= glade.

JOSEPH MAKES HIMSELF KNOWN TO HIS BRETHREN.

And brogte hem bi-for ioſep

2328
Wid reweli lote, and ſorwe, and wep.

ðo quat ioſep, "ne wiſte ge nogt

and brought before Joseph,

ðat ic am o wol witter ðogt?

Mai nogt longe me ben for-holen

2332
Quat-ſo-euere on londe wurð ſtolen."

who reproaches them for their crime.

"Louerd!" quad Iudas, "do wið me

Quat-ſo ði wille on werlde be,

Wið-ðan-ðat ðu friðe beniamin;

2336
ic ledde [him] ut on trewthe min,

ðat he ſulde ef[223] cumen a-gen

to hiſe fader, and wið him ben."

Judah tells Joseph of his promise to his father.

ðo cam ioſep ſwilc rewðe up-on,

2340
he dede halle ut ðe toðere gon,

And ſpac un-eðes, ſo e gret,

ðat alle hiſe wlite wurð tereſ wet.

Joseph commands all, except his brethren, to leave him, and makes himself known to them.

"Ic am ioſep, dredeð gu nogt,

2344
for gure helðe or hider brogt;

Two ger ben nu ðat derke[224] iſ cumen,

Get ſulen .v. fulle ben numen,

ðat men ne ſulen ſowen ne ſheren,

2348
So ſal drugte ðe feldes deren.

[Fol. 46.]

Rapeð gu to min fader a-gen,

And ſeið him quilke min bliſſes ben,

And doð him to me cumen hider,

Tells them to hasten to his father,

2352
And ge and gure orf al to-gider;

Of lewſe god in lond gerſen

ſulen ge ſundri riche ben."

Euerilc he kiſte, on ilc he gret,

2356
Ilc here was of iſ teres wet.

and return with their cattle to Egypt.

Sone it was king pharaon kid

Hu ðis newe tiding wurð bi-tid;

And he was bliðe, in herte fagen,

2360
ðat Ioſep wulde him ðider dragen,

for luue of Ioſep migte he timen.

Soon did Pharaoh learn the new tidings.

He bad cartes and waines nimen,

He bad them take carts and

[223]

eft?

[224]

derðe?

JACOB AND HIS FAMILY GO INTO EGYPT.

And fechen wiues, and childre, and men,

2364
And gaf hem ðor al lond gerſen,

And het hem ðat he ſulden hauen

More and bet ðan he kude crauen.

wains and fetch their wives and children.

Ioſep gaf ilc here twinne ſrud,

2368
Beniamin moſt he[225] made prud;

Joseph gave them changes of raiment.

fif weden beſt bar beniamin,

ðre hundred plates of ſiluer fin,

Al-ſo fele oðre ðor-til,

[Fol. 46b  .]

2372
He bad ben in is faderes wil,

And .x. aſſes wið ſemes feſt;

Of alle egiptes welðhe beſt

Gaf he iſ breðere, wið herte bliðe,

He bad them take presents for Jacob,

2376
And bad hem rapen hem homward ſwiðe;

And he ſo deden wið herte fagen.

Toward here fader he gunen dragen,

and hasten homeward.

And quane he comen him bi-foren,

2380
Ne wiſte he nogt quat he woren.

When they came home, Jacob scarcely recognized them.

"Louerd," he ſeiden, "iſrael,

Ioſep ðin ſune greteð ðe wel,

And ſendeð ðe bode ðat he liueð,

2384
Al egipte in hiſ wil cliueð."

"Lord Israel," they said, "Joseph liveth and greeteth thee well."

Iacob a-braid, and trewed it nogt,

Til he ſag al ðat welðe brogt.

"Wel me," quað he, "wel iſ me wel,

2388
ðat ic aue abiden ðuſ ſwil[c] ſel!

Jacob believed not till he saw the presents.

And ic ſal to min ſune fare

And ſen, or ic of werlde chare."

Then he said, "I shall go to my son ere I turn from the world."

[I]Acob wente ut of lond chanaan,

2392
And of iſ kinde wel manie a man;

Ioſep wel faire him vnder-ſtod,

And pharaon ðogte it ful good;

Jacob and his family left Canaan.

for ðat he weren hirde-men,

[Fol. 47.]

2396
He bad hem ben in lond gerſen.

Iacob waſ brogt bi-foren ðe king

for to geuen him hiſ bliſcing.

Pharaoh gives them the land of Goshen to live in. Jacob is brought before Pharaoh,

[225]

MS. be.

THEY DWELL IN THE LAND OF GOSHEN.

"fader derer," quað pharaon,

2400
"hu fele ger be ðe on?"

"An hundred ger and .xxx. mo

Haue ic her drogen in werlde wo,

ðog ðinkeð me ðor-offen fo,

and tells him of his age,

2404
ðog ic iſ haue drogen in wo,

ſiðen ic gan on werlde ben,

Her vten erd, man-kin bi-twen;

So ðinked[226] euerilc wiſ man,

of his many sorrows,

2408
ðe wot quor-of man-kin bi-gan,

And ðe of adames gilte muneð,

ðat he her uten herdes wuneð."

and how all suffer for the sin of Adam.

Pharaon bad him wurðen wel

2412
in ſofte reſte and ſeli mel;

He and hiſe ſunes in reſte dede

In lond gerſen, on ſundri ſtede;

Siðen ðor waſ mad on ſcité,

2416
ðe waſ y-oten Rameſé.

Pharaoh bad him rest in peace.

Iacob on liue wunede ðor

In reſte fulle .xiiij. ger;

Jacob lived one hundred and forty-four years.

And god him let bi-foren ſen

2420
Quilc time hiſe ending ſulde ben;

God showed him the time of his death.

He bad ioſep hiſe leue ſune,

On ðhing ðat[227] offe wel mune,

ðat quan it wurð mid him don,

[Fol. 47b.]

Jacob bad Joseph promise

2424
He ſulde him birien in ebron;

And witterlike he it aueð him ſeid,

to bury him in Hebron,

ðe ſtede ðor abraham was leid;

So was him lif[228] to wurðen leid,

2428
Quuor ali gast ſtille hadde ſeid

where Abraham was laid,

Him and hiſe eldere(.) fer ear bi-foren,

Quuor ieſu criſt wulde ben boren,

And quuor ben dead, and quuor ben grauen;

2432
He ðogt wið hem reſte to hauen.

and his elders before him.

Ioſep ſwor him al-ſo he bad,

And he ðor-of wurð bliðe & glad.

Joseph swore to do as his father wished.

[226]

ðinkeð?

[227]

ðar?

[228]

lef?

THE DEATH OF JACOB.

Or ðan he wiſte off werlde faren,

2436
He bade hiſe kinde to him charen,

And ſeide quat of hem ſulde ben,

Hali gaſt dede it him ſeen;

In clene ending and ali lif,

2440
So he for-let ðis werldes ſtrif.

Before he died Jacob called his sons before him, and "said what of them should be."

[I]Oſep dede hiſe lich faire geren,

Waſſen, and riche-like ſmeren,

And ſpice-like ſwete ſmaken;

Joseph caused his father's body to be embalmed.

2444
And egipte folc him bi-waken

xl. nigtes and .xl. daiges,

ſwilc woren egipte lages.

Egypt's folk "bewaked" Jacob for forty nights and forty days.

first .ix. nigt ðe liches beðen,

2448
And ſmeren, and winden, and bi-queðen,

And waken iſ ſiðen .xl. nigt;

ðo men ſo deden ðe adden migt.

[Fol. 48.]

The first nine nights they bathe, anoint, etc., the body.

And ebriſſe folc adden an kire,

2452
Nogt ſone deluen it wið yre,

The Hebrews had a different custom;

Oc waſſen it and kepen it rigt,

they wash the body,

Wið-vten ſmerles, ſeuene nigt,

And ſiden[229] ſmered .xxx. daiges.

2456
Criſtene folc haueð oðer laiges,

He ben ſmered ðor quiles he liuen,

and keep it unanointed for seven nights.

Wið criſme and olie, in trewðe geuen;

for trewðe and gode dedes mide,

2460
ðon[230] ben ðan al ðat wech-dede;

Sum .on. ſum .ðre. sum .vii. nigt,

Sum .xxx., ſum .xii. moneð rigt;

And ſum euerilc wurðen ger,

2464
ðor quiles ðat he wunen her,

Christian folks are anointed with chrism and oil in their life-time.

don for ðe dede chirche-gong,

elmeſſe-gifte, and meſſe-ſong,

And ðat iſ on ðe weches ſtede;

2468
Wel him mai ben dat[231] wel it dede!

For the dead they perform alms-gift and mass-song.

Egipte folc aueð him waked

xl. nigt, and feſte maked,

Jacob's sons kept a "wake" of thirty days.

[229]

ſiðen?

[230]

don?

[231]

ðat?

HE IS BURIED IN HEBRON.

And hiſe ſunes .xxx. daiges,

2472
In clene lif and ali daiges;[232]

So woren forð .x. wukes gon,

get adde Iacob birigeles non.

And pharaon king cam bode bi-foren,

[Fol. 48b.]

So ten weeks passed away and Jacob had no burial.

2476
ðat Ioſep haueð his fader ſworen;

And he it him gatte ðor he wel dede,

Pharaoh heard of Joseph's oath to his father,

And bad him nimen him feres mide,

Wel wopnede men and wiſ of here[n],

2480
dat[233] noman hem bi weie deren;

ðat bere iſ led, ðiſ folc iſ rad,

he foren a-buten bi adad;

ful ſeuene nigt he ðer abiden,

2484
And bi-mening for iacob deden;

So longe he hauen ðeðen numen,

and gave him leave to bury his father, and to take with him "weaponed" men.

To flum iurdon ðat he ben cumen,

And ouer pharan til ebron;

2488
ðor iſ ðat liche in biriele don,

And Ioſep in-to egipte went,

Wid[234] al iſ folc ut wið him ſent.

They crossed the Jordan, and laid the body in a tomb, and Joseph returned to Egypt.

Hiſe breðere comen him ðanne to,

2492
And gunnen him bi-ſeken alle ſo;

"Vre fader," he ſeiden, "or he was dead,

Vs he ðiſ bodewurd ſeigen bead,

Hure ſinne ðu him for-giue,

2496
Wið-ðanne-ðat we vnder ðe liuen."

His brethren came to him to seek forgiveness,

Alle he fellen him ðor to fot,

To beðen meðe and bedden oc;

and fell down there before his feet, and he forgave and loved them kindly.

And he it for-gaf[235] hem mildelike,

2500
And luuede hem alle kinde-like.

[Fol. 49.]

[I]Oſep an hundred ger waſ hold,

And hiſ kin wexen manige-fold;

Joseph waxed old;

He bad ſibbe cumen him bi-foren,

2504
Or he waſ ut of werlde boren;

he bad his relations come before him ere he died,

[232]

laiges?

[233]

ðat?

[234]

wið?

[235]

At the bottom of fol. 48b is the catchword—"And he it for-gaff."

THE DEATH OF JOSEPH.

"It ſal," quað he, "ben ſoð, bi-foren

ðat god hað ure eldere ſworen;

He ſal gu leden in hiſ hond

2508
Heðen to ðat hotene lond;

for godeſ luue get bid ic gu,

Leſted it ðanne, hoteð it nu,

and told them of God's promise to their elders.

ðat mine bene ne be for-loren,

2512
wið gu ben mine bones boren."

He it him gatten and wurð he dead,

God do ðe ſoule ſeli red!

He asks them to bear his bones with them, when they leave Egypt.

Hiſe liche waſ ſpice-like maked,

2516
And longe egipte-like waked,

And ðo biried hem bi-foren,

And ſiðen late of londe boren.

Hiſe oðre breðere, on and on,

2520
Woren ybiried at ebron.

The death of Joseph.

An her endede to ful, in wiſ,

ðe boc ðe iſ hoten geneſis,

ðe moyſes, ðurg godes red,

2524
Wrot for lefful ſoules ned.

Here endeth the book called Genesis, written by Moses, through God's counsel.

God ſchilde hiſe ſowle fro helle bale,

ðe made it ðus on engel tale!

And he ðat ðiſe lettres wrot,

[Fol. 49b.]

God shield his soul from hell-bale, who translated it into English!

2528
God him helpe weli mot,

And berge iſ ſowle fro ſorge & grot

Of helle pine, cold & hot!

And alle men, ðe it heren wilen,[236]

May God help and protect him from hell-pain, cold and hot!

2532
God leue hem in hiſ bliſſe ſpilen

Among engeles & ſeli men,

Wiðuten ende in reſte ben,

And luue & pais uſ bi-twen,

2536
And god ſo graunte, amen, ameN!

And all men who will hear it, God grant that they may dwell in bliss among angels for ever!

[236]

MS. welin.

THE OPPRESSION OF THE ISRAELITES.

GOdes bliſcing be wið vs,

Her nu bi-ginned[237] exodus.

Here beginneth Exodus.

Pharao kinges rigte name

2540
Vephres, be dede ðe ebriſ frame;

And bi oðere ſeuene kinges ſel,

Under Pharaoh, and the seven kings who succeeded him,

Wexen he ðore & ðogen wel.

the Israelites increased and prospered.

ðe egtenede king amonaphis,

2544
Agenes ðis folc hatel is;

The eighth king treated them harshly,

And egipte folc adden nið,

for ebriſ adden ſeli ſið.

Quuað ðis ging[238] wið hem ſtille in red,

2548
"ðis ebris waxen michil ſped,

and the Egyptians became jealous of them.

Bute if we eraflike[239] hem for-don,

Ne ſulen he non eige ſen uſ on."

[Fol. 50.]

Ðo ſette ſundri hem to waken

2552
His tigel and lim, and walles maken,

burges feten; and rameſen

ðurge here ſwinc it walled ben;

They made slaves of them, and set them to build walls.

Summe he deden in vn-ðewed ſwinc,

2556
for it was fugel and ful o ſtinc,

Some they made to do foul work,

Muc and fen ut of burgeſ beren,

ðuſ bitterlike he gun hem deren;

ðe ðridde ſwinc was eui and ſtron[g],

to carry "muck and fen out of the city,"

2560
He deden hem crepen dikes long,

And wide a-buten burges gon,

and to creep along dikes.

And cumen ðer ear waſ non;

And if ðat folc hem wulde deren,

2564
ðe dikeſ comb hem ſulde weren.

for al ðat ſwinc heui & ſor,

The comb of the dike serves them as protection against their enemies.

Ay wex ðat kinde, mor & mor,

And ðhogen, & ſpredden in londe ðor,

2568
ðat made ðe kinges herte ful ſor.

For all that labour, the folk increased and spread.

Ðo bad monophis pharaun

wimmen ben ſet in euerilc tun,

Then bad Pharaoh,

And ðat he weren redi bi-foren,

2572
Quan ebru child ſuld be boren,

that every Hebrew male child should be put to death as soon as it was born.

[237]

bi-ginneð?

[238]

king?

[239]

craftlike?

THE BIRTH AND PRESERVATION OF MOSES.

And ðe knapes to deade giuen,

And leten ðe mayden childre liuen.

Oc he it leten fro godeſ dred;

2576
Get ðo childre wexen in ſped,

And quane he komen to ðe king,

[Fol. 50b.]

The midwives saved the children's lives,

He wereden hem wið leſing;

He ſeiden ðe childre weren boren

and lied to the king, saying,

2580
Or he migten ben hem bi-foren.

God it geald ðeſe wifes wel,

On hom, on hagte, eddi ſel!

that the children were born ere they arrived.

Ðo bad ðis king al opelike,

2584
In alle burges modilike,

Euerilc knape child of ðat kin

ben a-non don ðe flod wið-in.

Pharaoh then bad that every "knave child" should be drowned.

BI ðat time waſ moyſes boren,

2588
So het abraham dor[240] bi-foren;

And his moder het Iacabeð,

Ghe was for him dreful and bleð,

By that time was Moses born.

wel is hire of bird[241] bi-tid.

2592
ðre moneð haueð ghe him hid,

durſte ghe non lengere him for-helen,

Ne ghe ne cuðe ðe wateres ſtelen;

His mother hid him for three months.

In an fetles, of rigeſſes wrogt,

2596
Terred, ðat water dered it nogt,

Then she made an ark,

ðiſ child wunden ghe wulde don,

placed the child in it,

And ſetten it ſo ðe water on;

and set it on the water.

Ghe adde or hire dowter ſent,

Miriam was sent to watch what became of it.

2600
To loken quider it ſulde ben went;

Maria dowter ful feren ſtod,

And ghe nam kep to-ward ðiſ flod.

[Fol. 51.]

Teremuth kinkes[242] dowter ðor cam,

2604
ðor ðis child on ðe water nam;

Ghe bad it ben to hire brogt,

And ſag ðis child wol fair[e] wrogt,

The king's daughter came and saw the child on the water.

Ghe wiſte it was of ebrius kin,

2608
And ðog cam hire rewde[243] wið-in;

She wist it was of Hebrew kin,

[240]

ðor?

[241]

birð?

[242]

kinges?

[243]

rewðe?

TEREMUTH ADOPTS HIM AS HER SON.

God haued[244] ſwilc fair-hed him geuen,

ðat ſelf ðe fon it leten liuen.

but let it live for its beauty.

Egipte wimmen comen ner,

2612
And boden ðe childe letten ðer,

Oc he wente it awei wið rem,

Of here bode nam he no gem.

Egyptians wanted her to destroy the child.

ÐO quad maria to teremuth,

2616
"wilt ðu, leuedi, ic go fear out,

And take ſum wimman of ðat kin

ðor he waſ bi-gote & foſtred in?"

Miriam, at Teremuth's bidding,

Teremuth ſo bad, & ſche forð-ran,

2620
And brogt hire a foſtre wimman,

On waſ tette he ſone aueð lagt,

fetches a "foster woman" for the child.

And teremuth haueð hire him bi-tagt.

Iakabeð wente bliðe agen,

2624
ðat ghe ðe gildesſ[245] foſtre muſte ben;

Ghe kepte it wel in foſtre wune,

Ghe knew it for hire owen ſune;

Teremuth consigned Moses to Jochabed, who returned home blithely.

And quane it ſulde ſundred ben,

2628
Ghe bar it teremuth for to ſen;

Teremuth toc it on ſunes ſtede,

And fedde it wel and cloðen dede;

And ghe it clepit moyſen,

2632
Ghe wiſte of water it boren ben.

[Fol. 51b.]

When old enough, the child was adopted by Teremuth, who called it Moses.

An time after ðat ðiſ was don,

Ghe brogte him bi-foren pharaon,

And ðiſ king wurð him in herte mild,

2636
So ſwide[246] faiger was ðiſ child;

And he toc him on ſunes ſtede,

And hiſ corune on his heued he dede,

And let it ſtonden ayne ſtund;

She brought him before Pharaoh, who placed the royal crown on his head.

2640
ðe child it warp dun to de grund.

The child soon threw it to the ground.

Hamonel[247] likeneſ was ðor-on;

ðis crune is broken, ðiſ iſ miſdon.

Hamon's likeness was thereon.

Biſſop Eliopoleos

2644
ſag ðiſ timing, & up he roſ;

The Bishop of Heliopolis saw this, and said,

[244]

haueð?

[245]

cildeſ?

[246]

ſwiðe?

[247]

Hamoneſ?

THE ETHIOPIANS INVADE EGYPT,

"If ðiſ child," quad he, "mote ðen,

He ſal egyptes bale ben."

If ðor ne wore helpe twen lopen,

2648
ðiſ child adde ðan ſone be dropen;

ðe king wið-ſtod & an wiſ man,

He ſeide, "ðe child doð alſ he can;

We ſulen nu witen for it dede

2652
ðiſ witterlike, or in child-hede;"

"If this child be allowed to thrive, he shall become Egypt's bale."

He bad ðis child brennen to colen

And he toc is hu migt he it ðolen,

And in hiſe muth ſo depe he iſ dede

2656
Hiſe tunges ende iſ brent ðor-mide;

ðor-fore ſeide de[248] ebru witterlike,

ðat he ſpac ſiðen miſerlike;

[Fol. 52.]

The king offered the child two burning coals (to eat), and he put them in his mouth, and burnt the end of his tongue therewith, and spake indistinctly.

Oc ſo faiger he waſ on to ſen,

2660
ðat migte non man modi ben.

ðor quiles he ſeweden him up-on,

Mani dede b[i]leph un-don

In ðat burg folc bi-twen,

2664
So waſ hem lef on him to ſen.

So fair was he to look upon, that none might be angry with him.

Bi dat[249] time ðat he was guð,

Wið faigered and ſtrengthe kuð,

folc ethiopienes on egipte cam,

2668
And brende, & ſlug, & wreche nam,

Al to memphin dat[250] riche cite,

And a-non to ðe reade ſe;

By the time that he became renowned for beauty and strength, the Ethiopians invaded Egypt, and burnt and slew as far as the Red Sea.

ðo was egipte folc in dred,

2672
And aſkeden here godes red;

And hem ſeiden wið anſweren,

ðat on ebru cude hem wel weren;

Teremuth un-eðes migte timen

The Egyptians ask counsel of their gods, who tell them that a Hebrew shall deliver them.

2676
ðat moyſes ſal wið hire forð-nimen,

Or haue he hire pligt & ſworen,

ðat him ſal feið wurðful ben boren.

Moses is permitted by Teremuth

Moyſes was louered of ðat here,

2680
ðor he wurð ðane egyptes were;

[Fol. 52b  .]

[248]

ðe?

[249]

ðat?

[250]

ðat?

AND ARE DEFEATED BY MOSES.

Bi a lond weige he wente rigt,

And brogte vn-warnede on hem figt;

He hadden don egipte wrong,

to lead the Egyptians against their enemies.

2684
He bi-loc hem & ſmette a-mong,

He smote and slew them.

And ſlug ðor manige; oc ſumme flen,

Into ſaba to borgen ben.

Moyſes bi-ſette al ðat burg,

2688
Oc it was riche & ſtrong ut-ðhurg;

Many fled to Sheba.

Ethiopienes kinges dowter tarbis,

Riche maiden of michel priſ,

The king of Ethiopia's daughter, for love,

Gaf ðiſ riche burg moyſi;

2692
Luue-bonde hire ghe it dede for-ði.

ðor iſe fon he leide in bonde,

gave this rich city to Moses,

And he wurð al-migt-ful in ðat lond;

He bi-lef ðor(.) tarbis him ſcroð,

who waxed mighty in the land.

2696
ðog was him ðat ſurgerun ful loð;

Mai he no leue at hire taken

His sojourn there was distasteful to him,

but-if he it mai wið crafte maken:

He waſ of an ſtrong migt wiſ,

but by craft he brought it to an end.

2700
He carf in two gummes of priſ

Two likeneſſes, ſo grauen & meten,

He carved upon two gems two likenesses;

ðiſ doð ðenken, & ðoð[251] forgeten;

He feſt is in two ringes of gold,

the one caused remembrance, the other forgetfulness.

2704
Gaf hire ðe ton, he was hire hold;

Moses gave her the one which caused her to forget her love,

Ghe it bered[252] and ðiſ luue iſ for-geten,

Moyſes ðus haued[253] him leue bi-geten;

Sone it migte wið leue ben,

[Fol. 53.]

2708
Into egypte e[254] wente a-gen.

and so he came again to Egypt.

AN time he for to lond gerſen,

to ſpeken wið hiſe kinnes men;

And ſone he cam in-to ðat lond,

2712
A modi ſtiward he ðor fond,

Betende a man wid[255] hiſe wond;

ðat ðhugte moyſes michel ſond,

On a time he went to Goshen, and found a "moody steward" beating a Hebrew.

And hente ðe cherl wið hiſe wond,

2716
And he fel dun in dedes bond;

He seized the churl, slew him, and buried him in the sand.

[251]

ðoðer?

[252]

bereð?

[253]

haueð?

[254]

MS. ewente.

[255]

wið?

MOSES SLAYS AN EGYPTIAN,

And moyſes drug him to ðe ſtrond,

And ſtille[256] he dalf him [in] ðe ſond;

wende he ðat non egipcien

2720
ðat hadde it wiſt, ne ſulde a ſen;

He thought that none had wist it.

Til after ðiſ on oðer day,

He ſag chiden in ðe wey

two egypcienis, modi & ſtrong,

2724
ðiſ on wulde don ðe toðer wrong;

And moyſes nam ðer-of kep,

And to hemward ſwide[257] he lep,

And vndernam him ðat it agte awold.

On the second day he saw two men chiding, and reproved them.

2728
And he him anſwerede modi & bold;

The wrong-doer thus answered him,

"Meiſter(.) moyſes, quo haueð ðe mad?

ðu art of dede and o word to rad.

"Moses, who made thee master?

we witen wel quat iſ bi-tid,

2732
Quuow giſter-dai waſ ſlagen and hid;

ðe bode iſ cumen to pharaun,[258]

[Fol. 53b.]

We know well how yesterday one was slain and hid.

Get ſal ðin pride fallen dun."

Soon shall thy pride fall down."

Ðo bi-thowte him moyſes,

2736
And his weige ðeðen ches;

ðurg ðe deſerd a-wei he nam,

Then Moses fled

And to burge madian he cam,

And ſette hi[m] ðor vten ðe town,

and came to Midian,

2740
Bi a welle ðo ſprong ðor dun.

Raguel Ietro ðat riche man,

Was wuniende in madian,

where dwelt Jethro,

He hadde ſeuene dowtreſ bi-geten;

2744
ðor he comen water to feten,

who had seven daughters.

And for to wattren here ſep;

(Wimmen ðo nomen of here erf kep,

These maidens took care of cattle.

Pride ne cuðe bi ðat dai

2748
Nogt ſo michel ſo it nu mai).

Hirdes wulden ðe maidenes deren,

Pride was not so great then as now.

Oc moyſes ðor hem gan weren,

And wattrede here erue euerilc on,

2752
And dede hem tidelike to tune gon;

Moses helped the maidens to water the flocks.

[256]

MS. ſtalle, corrected to ſtille.

[257]

ſwiðe?

[258]

MS. pharaum.

AND FLEES INTO MIDIAN.

And ben ſone hom numen;

And b[i]foren here fader cumen,

And gunen him ðore tellen,

They told their father

2756
Hu a gunge man, at te welle[n],

ðewe and wurſipe hem dede;

[Fol. 54.]

how a young man at the well had protected them.

And ietro geld it him in eſtdede,

Sente after him, freinede hiſ kin,

2760
Helde him wurðelike iſ huſ wið-in;

Of ali kinde he wiſte him boren,

And bad him ðor wunen him bi-foren,

Jethro sent after him and kept him in his house,

Gaf him iſ dowter ſephoram;

2764
To wife in lage he hire nam,

And bi-gat two ſunes on hire ðer,

firſt gerlon, ſiðen eliezer.

Egipte king to late waſ dead,

2768
ðe ðe childre ſo drinkelen bead.

and gave him his daughter to wife, who bore him two sons.

And moyſes waſ numen an ſel

In ðe deſerd depe ſumdel,

for te loken hirdneſſe fare;

2772
Riche men ðo kepten ſwilc ware.

On a time Moses went into the desert with his flocks, for rich men then kept such ware.

ðo ſag moyſes, at munt ſynay,

An ſwiðe ferli ſigt ðor-bi,

fier brennen on ðe grene leaf,

By Mount Sinai he sees a wondrous sight,

2776
And ðog grene and hol bi-leaf;

forð he nam to ſen witterlike,

Hu ðat fier brende milde-like;

a bush burning, and nevertheless green and whole.

Vt of ðat buſk, ðe brende and ðheg,

2780
God ſente an ſteuene, brigt and heg;

Out of that bush God's voice was heard, clear and high,

"Moyſes, moyſes, do of ðin ſon,

ðu ſtondes ſeli ſtede up-on;

'Moses, Moses, take off thy shoes, for thou standest on holy ground.

Hic am god ðe in min geming nam

2784
Iacob, yſaac, and abraham;

[Fol. 54b.]

I am the God of Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham.

ic haue min folkes pine ſogen,

ðat he nu longe hauen drogen;

I have seen the affliction of my people,

Nu am ic ligt to fren hem ðeðen,

2788
And milche and hunige lond hem queðen;

and have come down to deliver them,

GOD APPEARS TO MOSES AT SINAI.

An .vii. kinge-riches lond

Ic ſal hem bringen al on hond.

and to bring them into the land of seven kingdoms.

Cum, ðu ſalt ben min ſondere man,

2792
Ic ſal ðe techen wel to ðan;

Come, thou shalt be my messenger,

ðu ſalt min folc bringen a-gen,

And her ðu ſalt min migte ſen;

And ðu ſalt ſeien to faraon,

2796
ðat he lete min folc ut-gon;

and bid Pharaoh release my people.

If he it werne and be ðor-gen,

Ic ſal ðe techen hu it ſal ben;

for ic ſal werken ferlike ſtrong,

If he refuse, I shall work great marvels,

2800
And maken min folc frelike ut-gong;

Ge ſulen cumen wið feteles & ſrud,

and cause my people to go out freely.

And reuen egipte ðat iſ nu prud.

Werp nu to token dun ðat wond."

2804
And it warp vt of hiſe hond,

And wurð ſone an uglike ſnake,

And moyſes fleg for dredes ſake;

As a sign, throw down thy wand." The wand then became an ugly snake.

God him bad, bi ðe tail he it nam,

2808
And it a-non a wond it bi-cam,

God bade Moses take it by the tail, and anon it became a wand.

And in hiſe boſum he dede his hond,

Quit and al unfer he it fond;

[Fol. 55.]

He put his hand into his bosom and it became leprous.

And ſone he dede it eft agen,

2812
Al hol and fer he wiſte it ſen.

He put it in again and it became whole and sound.

"If he for ðiſe tokenes two

Ne liſteðe ne troweð to,

Go, get ðe water of de[259] flod

2816
On ðe erðe, and it ſal wurðen blod."

"If they believe not these tokens, pour out the water of the flood on the earth, and it shall become blood."

"Louerd, ic am wanmol, vn-reken

Of wurdes, and may ic Iuel ſpeken.

Nu iſ forð gon ðe ðridde dai,

2820
Sende an oðer; bettre he mai."

"Lord! I am not eloquent, and cannot speak well," said Moses.

"Quo made domme, and quo ſpecande?

Quo made bisne, and quo lockende?

Quo but ic, ðat haue al wrogt?

2824
Of me ſal fultum ben ðe brogt."

Quoth God, "Who made the dumb, the speaking, the blind, and the seeing?"

[259]

ðe?

MOSES AND AARON ARE SENT TO EGYPT.

"Louerd, ſent him ðat iſ to cumen,

Vgging and dred me haueð[260] numen."

"Aaron ðin broðer can wel ſpeken,

2828
ðu ſalt him meten and vnſteken

Him bodeword min, and ic ſal red

Gunc boðen bringen read and ſped."

"Aaron, thy brother can speak well, thou shalt meet him, and make known to him my words."

Moyſes, frigti, ðo funden gan

2832
to ſpeken wið ietro ðat riche man,

And aſkede him leue to faren and ſen,

If hiſe breðere of liues ben;

Moses asks leave of Jethro to visit his brethren.

ðog drechede he til god ef[t] bad,

2836
And brogte him bode ðe made him glad,

ðat pharaun, ðe wulde him ſ[l]en,

Waſ dead and hadde iſ werkes len.

[Fol. 55b.]

Moses delayed until God's message again came to him.

MOyſes and hiſe wif ſephoram,

2840
And hiſe childre wið him nam;

And ðat on waſ vncircumciſ.

Then he departed with his wife and children.

He nam ſo forð, ſoð it is;

An angel, wið an dragen ſwerd,

2844
In ðe weie made him offerd,

for ðat he ledden feren ſwike,

ðe ſulden him deren witterlike;

One child was uncircumcised, and the angel in the way sought to slay him.

Sephora toc ðiſ gunge knaue,

2848
And dede circumciſe haue,

And gret, and wente frigti a-gen,

Zipporah circumcised her son.

And let moyſes forð one ten.

He bar hiſe gerde forð in iſ hond,

2852
And nam a weie[261] bi deſerd lond;

Moses pursued his way alone.

To mount ſynai forð he nam,

Aaron hiſe broðer a-gen him cam;

Eyðer [h]ere was of oðer fagen;

2856
Moyſes him haueð iſ herte[262] vt-dragen,

At Mount Sinai he meets with Aaron.

And he ben in-to egypte numen,

And a-mong folc ebriſſe ben cumen;

Moyſes tolde hem ðat bliðe bode,

They come into Egypt.

2860
And let hem ſen tockenes fro gode;

The people believe them.

[260]

MS. haued.

[261]

MS. aweie.

[262]

MS. herðe.

GREATER LABOURS ARE LAID UPON THE ISRAELITES.

He redden ſamen he ſulden gon

wið[263] wiſe men to pharaon.

[Fol. 56.]

"God," he ſeiden, "of iſrael

2864
ðe bode ſente, and greteð wel,

Moses and Aaron come before Pharaoh,

ðat, bi ði leue, hiſe folc vt-fare,

ðre daiges gon and ben ðor gare,

In ðe deſerd an ſtede up-on,

2868
Hiſ leue ſacrifiſe to don."

Quad pharaun, "knowe ic[264] him nogt,

Bi quaſe read haue ge ðiſ ſowt?"

and deliver their message.

Seide moyſes, "ic am ſonder man,

2872
Egipte folc me knowen can,

for ic am ðat ilc moyſes,

Moses says that he is well known to the Egyptians,

ðe egypte folc of ſorge les,

ðan ethiops woren her cumen;

2876
ic warc al ðat ðu was binumen,

And ſwanc and michel ſorwe dreg,

having delivered them from the Ethiopians,

Get iſt vnſene hu ic it bi-teg?

Ic haue ben ſiðen at munt ſyna,

2880
Godes bode-wurd bringe ic ðor-fra."

and that he brings God's message from Mount Sinai.

Qvað pharaun, "ðu art min ðral,

ðat hidel-like min lond vt-ſtal;

Sum ſwike-dom doð it nu ben,

2884
ðat ðu beſt cumen nu eft agen;

Pharaoh chides Moses,

ðiſ folc, ðat ðu wilt me leden fro,

ſal ben luken in more wo."

and declares that the Israelites shall suffer still greater woe.

Ðe king it bad, and [it] wurð don;

[Fol. 56b  .]

2888
More ſwinc ðo was hem leid on.

Hem-ſeluen he fetchden ðe chaf

ðe men ðor hem to gode gaf,

And ðog holden ðe tigeles tale,

2892
And elten and eilden,[265] grete & ſmale.

More labour is laid upon the Israelites.

Ðo fleg ðiſ folc wið moyſen,

And [he] to god made hiſe bimen.

"Louered, qui waſ ic hider ſent?

2896
ðin folc iſ more in ſorwe went."

Moses complains to God.

[263]

MS. wid.

[264]

MS. ic hic.

[265]

? eldren and children?

MOSES AND AARON PERFORM MIRACLES BEFORE PHARAOH.

God quað, "ic ſal hem leſen fro,

And here fon weren wið wo;

Abraham, yſac, and hiſe ſunen

2900
Woren to min ðhunerg wunen,

ðog ne tagte ic hem nogt for-ði

Min mig[t]ful name adonay;

God renews his promise by his name Adonai,

Min milche witter name eley

2904
He knewen wel, and ely;

ðat ic ðe haue hoten wel,

Ic it ſal leſten euerilc del."

which was unknown to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Moyſes told hem ðiſ tidding;

2908
ðog woren he get in ſtrong murni[n]g.

Siðen ſpac god to moyſen,

and tagte him hu it ſulde ben.

Moses told the Hebrews these tidings, and yet were they in great anguish.

fowre ſcore ger he waſ hold,

2912
And aaron ðre more told,[266]

Moses was now fourscore years old.

Quanne he ðat[267] bodewurd ſpoken,

And deden ðe firme token.

[Fol. 57.]

AAron ðor warp vt of hiſ hond

2916
Moyſeses migtful wond,

And it wurð bi-foren pharaon

Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh.

An Iglic ſnake ſone on-on;

ðe king ſente after wiches kire,

It became an ugly snake.

2920
Wapmen ðe weren in ſowles lire,

ðe ferden al bi fendes red,

fendeſ hem gouen ſinful ſped;

And worpen he ðor wondes dun,

The sorcerers, by the devil's help, did the like.

2924
fro euerilc ðor crep a dragun;

Oc moyſes wirm hem alle ſmot,

Each of their rods became a dragon.

And here aldre heuedes he of bot;

ðog deden wicheſ ðo men to ſen

2928
On oðere wiſe or ſoðe ben;

for ðo fendes or he[m] bi-foren

Hadden ðo neddres ðider boren;

Moses's serpent bit off their heads.

[266]

At the bottom of this page is the catchword—"Quanne he ðat bodewurd."

[267]

MS. dat; see the catchword.

THE WATERS ARE TURNED INTO BLOOD.

And pharaon ſtirte up a-non,

2932
And for-bed ðiſ folc to gon.

ÐO ſeide moyſes to araon,

"Quat redeſ tu, broder, ſule wit don?

ðiſ king him his[268] wel wiðer-ward

2936
Agen ðis folc, and herte hard;

Pharaoh would not let the Israelites go.

Go we and ſpeken wið hem get,

And fonden wið ðiſ token bet."

Moses and Aaron again came before Pharaoh.

And ſo deden [he] ſone a-non,

2940
And comen bi-foren pharaon,

Quad aaron, "nu ſaltu ſen

Quilc godes migtful ſtrengðes ben."

[Fol. 57b  .]

He ſmot on ðat flod wið ðat wond,

Aaron smote on the flood with his wand;

2944
Sone anon blod men al it fond;

soon anon it became blood,

And ðe fiſſes, in al ðat blod read,

floten a-buuen and wurðeden dead;

and the fish in it died.

In euerilc welle, in euerilc trike,

2948
men funden blod al witterlike,

In every well and pool blood was found,

But-if it were in ðe lond gerſen,

ðor-inne woree[269] ðe ebriſſe men.

ðis wreche, in al egypte rigt,

except in Goshen.

2952
Leſtede fulle ſeuene nigt;

ðo waſ ðiſ king ſumdel for-dred,

This plague lasted seven nights.

And het hem he ſulden vt ben led;

And moyſes ðiſ pine vn-dede,

2956
And water wurð on blodeſ ſtede.

Pharaoh then promised that the Hebrews should depart.

ðan pharaon wurð war ðis bot,

ðiſ folc of londe funden ne mot;

Iannes and mambres, wicheſ wod,

2960
Him ðhugte he maden water blod;

When the plague was removed he would not release them.

It waſ on fendes wiſe wrogt,

for to bi-tournen[270] ðe kingeſ ðogt.

Moyſes lerede god, ſpac him mide,

2964
Al ðat iſ broðer aaron dede.

Mad sorcerers misled the king.

Eft he comen to pharaon,

And he wernede ðiſ folc ut-gon.

[Fol. 58.]

[268]

read is.

[269]

woren?

[270]

MS. bitoueren.

THE PLAGUES OF FROGS AND GNATS.

And aaron held up his hond,

2968
to ðe water and ðe more lond;

ðo cam ðor up ſwilc froſkes here

ðe dede[271] al folc egipte dere;

Aaron held up his hand towards the water, and up came a host of frogs.

Summe woren wilde, and ſumme tame,

2972
And ðo hem deden ðe[272] moſte ſame;

Some were wild and some tame.

In huſe, in drinc, in metes, in bed,

It cropen and maden hem for-dred;

Some crept into houses, drink, meat, and bed.

Summe ſtoruen and gouen ſtinc,

2976
And vn-hileden mete and drinc;

Some died and stank.

Polheuedes, and froſkes, & podes ſpile

Bond harde egipte folc [273]in ſile.

ðiſ king bad moyſes and aaron,

2980
ðat he ſulden god bone don;

Tadpoles, frogs, and toads afflicted Egypt's folk.

And ſone ſo moyſes bad iſ bede,

ðiſ wirmes ſtoruen in ðe ſtede;

The frogs died,

And quane ðe king wurð war ðis dead,

2984
Anon ðis folc fore he for-bead.

Ðe ðridde wreche dede aaron

Bi-foren ðe king pharaon;

but the king forbad the departure of the Hebrews.

He ſmot wið ðat gerde on ðe lond,

2988
And gnattes hird ðor ðicke up-wond,

ſmale to ſen, and ſarp on bite,

In al egypte fleg ðiſ ſmite.

The third plague of gnats, small to look at, but sharp in biting.

And ðo dede men and herf wo,

2992
Anger and tene, ſorge and wo.

[Fol. 58b  .]

Quoðen ðo wiches clerkes(.) "ðiſ

fortoken godeſ gaſtes is."

The sorcerers said, "This is token of God's ghost,"

Her hem wantede migt and ſped,

2996
to ſwilc ðing cuðen he non red;

ðiſ toknes dede aaron.

for they lacked might to do this.

God ſente ſiðen hem oðere on,

for euere eld ðiſ king on-on,

3000
And wernede ðiſ folc vt to gon.

Ðo ſeide god to moyſen,

"Go ðu gund pharaon agen;

Pharaoh remained obstinate,

[271]

MS. ðede.

[272]

MS. de.

[273]

? un-sile.

PLAGUES OF FLIES, BOILS, AND BLAINS,

Sei him, if min folc ne mote gon,

3004
fleges kin ſal hin ouer-gon,

And al hiſ lond to ſorge ten;

Oc lond gerſen ne ſal non ben."

and was punished by a plague of flies.

And ðuſ[274] it was, and al ðiſ ſor

3008
Sag pharaun, and dredde him ðor.

He gaf hem leue ðo vt to faren

wið-ðanne-ðat he to londe ef[t] charen;

And moyſes bad meðe here on,

Then gave he them leave to depart,

3012
And ðiſ fleges fligt vt iſ don;

And pharaon wroð[275] herte on hard,

And vn-dede hem ðat[276] forward.

Moyſes ſpac ſiðen wið gode,

and the flight of flies was removed.

3016
And he brogte pharaun ðiſ bode;

Message comes to Pharaoh of a great plague.

"To-morgen, bute he mugen vt-pharen,

Egyptes erf ſal al for-faren."

[Fol. 59.]

He wið-held[277] hem and, al-ſo he it b[e]ad,

3020
Al ðe erf of egipt wurð dead;

And get ne migte ðiſ folc vt-gon,

ſwilc har[d]neſſe iſ on pharaon.

After ðiſ time, it ſo bi-cam,

3024
ðat moyſes aſkes up-nam,

The murrain among the cattle.

And warpes vt til heuene-ward;

ðo wex vn-ſelðe on hem wel hard,

dolc, ſor, and blein on erue and man;

The plague of boils and blains.

3028
ðe wicches hidden hem for-ðan,

Bi-foren pharaun nolden he ben,

The sorcerers hid themselves, and would not come before Pharaoh,

So woren he lodelike on to ſen;

At laſt, quan it waſ ouer-gon,

3032
Hadde moyſes ðo leue non.

Siðen ſente ðe louerd gode,

so loathsome were they to look upon.

bi moyſes, to ðiſ king bode;

"for-ði lete ic ðe king her ben,

3036
Men ſal, ðurg ðe, min migte ſen,

And knowen ſal ben, ðe to un-frame,

In euerilc lond min migte name.

God's message to Pharaoh.

[274]

MS. duſ.

[275]

worð?

[276]

MS. dat.

[277]

MS. wid-held.

HAIL-STORM, AND GRASSHOPPERS.

ſwilc hail was her or neuere nomen

3040
So ſal ðiſ ſel to-morgen cumen;

Do men and erue in huſe ben,

If ðu wilt more hem liues ſen."

He threatens the king with hail-storm.

ðo men, ðe weren in eige and dred,

3044
ben borwen, and erue, ðurg ðiſ red.

[Fol. 59b  .]

O morgen, al ſwilc time al ſir,

ðhunder, and hail, and leuenes fir,

Cam wel vnghere; al ðat it fond

On the morrow came thunder, hail, and lightning.

3048
Bergles, it ſloge in ðat lond;

Treeſ it for-brac, and greſ, and corn,

ðat waſ up-ſprungen ðor bi-foren;

Oc ðe ebrius in lond gerſen

3052
ne derede it, coren, ne erf, ne men;

ðo ſeide ðe folc to pharaon,

It slew many men, broke down trees, grass, and corn.

"Nu ic wot we haue miſ-don;

Moyſes, do ðiſ weder charen,

3056
And gu ſal [ic] leten ut-faren."

Moyſes gede vt, helde up iſ hond,

And al ðiſ vnweder ðor atwond,

The Egyptians beseech Moses to remove this plague.

And wurð ðiſ weder ſone al ſtille,

3060
And al after ðe kinges wille.

The storm ceased,

ðiſ weder iſ ſofte, And ðiſ king hard,

And brekeð him eft ðat forward.

MOyſes ſiðen, and aaron,

but though the weather was soft, the king's heart was hard.

3064
Seiden bi-foren pharaon,

Then said Moses,

"To-morgen ſulen greſſeoppes cumen,

And ðat ail ða bileaf ſal al ben numen;

So ſal ðin hardneſſe ben wreken,

3068
ðat men ſulen longe ðor-after ſpeken."

"To-morrow shall the grasshoppers come into the land."

"Goð vt," quað he, "red ic ſal taken,

And gu ſiðen i ſal anſwer maken."

[Fol. 60.]

Qvað ðiſ folc, "beter iſt laten hem vt-pharen,

3072
Al ſal egipte elles for-faren."

The Egyptians advise the king to let the Israelites go.

He calde hem in; quad pharaon,

"Quilc ben ðo ðe ſulen vt-gon?"

Pharaoh is at first inclined to let them go,

PLAGUES OF LOCUSTS AND DARKNESS.

Quað moyſes, "but alle wapmen,

3076
wið erf, and childre, and wimmen."

"Hu! haue ge wrong," quad pharaon,

"Gu wapmen giue Ic leue to gon;

Of erf and wimmen leue ic nogt,

3080
Ear one of wapmen waſ bi-ſogt."

Ef[t] ðiſ andſwere, ben vt-gon

moyſes forð and aaron;

but would only grant permission to the men.

MOyſes held up hiſ hond,

3084
A ſuðen wind iſ flig[t] up-wond,

And blew ðat day and al ðat nigt

And brogte egipte an newe figt;

Moses held up his hand, and a southern wind uprose,

ðiſ wind hem brogte ðe ſkipperes,

3088
He deden on greſ and coren deres.

which brought the locusts.

ðat lond was ful, and ðiſ king wo,

He ſente after ðe breðere ðo.

Quad pharaon, "ic haue miſ-numen,

Then was the king full of woe,

3092
Wreche iſ on vs wið rigte cumen;

Bi-ſek get god, ðis one ſiðe,

ðat he vs of ðiſ pine friðe."

and besought Moses to turn from them the evil.

And ſo [he] dede, and on wind cam

3096
fro weſten, and ðo opperes nam,

And warpes ouer in-to ðe ſe;

ðo pharaun ſag iſ lond al fre,

[Fol. 60b.]

A western wind took away the locusts.

Hiſ herte ðo wurð ðwert and hard,

3100
And al he brac hem [ðat] forward.

MOyſes ſiðen held up iſ hond,

Pharaoh broke his covenant.

And ðhikke ðherkneſſe cam on ðat lond,

ðat migte non egipcien

3104
Abuten him for mirkneſſe ſen;

Manige ðor ſorge on liue bead,

The plague of thick darkness.

And manige weren rewlike dead;

Quor-ſo ðe folc waſ of yſrael,

Many died from fear.

3108
He adden ligt and ſowen wel.

ðo quad pharaon to moyſen,

The Israelites had light.

"Led vt al ðat iſ boren of man,

The king tells them to go, and

THE INSTITUTION OF THE PASSOVER.

And let her hen boden er[f] & ſep,

3112
ic wile ðor-on[278] nimen kep."

Quad moyſes, "la! god it wot,

to leave their flocks and herds behind.

ſal ðe[r]-of bi-leuen non fot,

Al we ſulen iſ wið vs hauen;

3116
'Wold,' quad god, 'wile ðor-of crauen.'"

Quað pharaon to moyſen,

Moses will not consent to this arrangement.

"Nu ic rede ðat ge flen;

for ſe ic gu more-ouer nu,

3120
dead ſal be[279] wreken ouer gu."

Moses and Aaron are driven out from the presence of Pharaoh.

MOyſes fleg to lond gerſen,

ðor wuneden hiſ kinnes men.

[Fol. 61.]

Quað god, "get ic ſal pharaon,

3124
Or ge gon vt, don an wreche on,

(Nu ſal ic in-to egipte gon,)

Swilc wreche waſ ear neuere non;

God tells Moses of his final vengeance upon the Egyptians.

Deigen ðor ſal ilc firme bigeten

3128
Of men and erf, non forgeten;

Oc among gu, dredeð gu nogt,

to gu ne ſal non iuel ben ſogt,

Ne ſal ic gu nog[t] loten

3132
Of ðat ic haue gu bi-hoten."

Each first-born shall be destroyed.

Siðen quað god to moyſen,

"ðiſ ſal gure firmeſt moneð[280] ben,

ðoo gune men ðe mone ſen

The year shall begin,

3136
In april Reke-fille ben."

ðanne he lereden hem newe wunen;

when in April the new moon is seen.

"Euerilc ger, more to munen,

Euerilc huſ-folc ðe mai it ðauen

The institution of the Passover.

3140
On ger ſep oðer on kide hauen;

ðe tende dai it ſulde ben lagt,

And ho[l]den in ðe tende nagt,

And [slagen] on ðe fowrtende dai;

3144
So mikil hird ſo it noten mai,

Ben at euen folc ſum to ſamen,

A lamb or kid of the first year is to be taken and slain by each household on the fourteenth day of the month,

And ilc folc iſ to fode framen,

and to be roasted whole.

[278]

MS. dor-on.

[279]

MS. me.

[280]

MS. moned.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST-BORN.

And eten it bred, and non bon breken,

[Fol. 61b  .]

3148
And nogt ðor-of vt huſe wreken,

Oc ſod and girt, ſtondende, and ſtaf on hond,

None of it is to be taken out of the house.

Ilc man after his owen fond,

It is to be roasted whole,

Heued and fet, and in rew mete[n],

3152
leſen fro ðe bones and eten,

Wið[281] wriðel and vn-lif bread;"

and eaten with bitter herbs, and unleavened bread.

ðe bi-leuen brennen he bead.

"ðe dure-tren and ðe uuerſlagen,

3156
wið yſope ðe blod ben dragen;

ðat nigt ſal ben feſt paſche,"

forð-for, on engle tunge, it be.

The remainder is to be burnt, and the blood is to be sprinkled upon the door-posts.

ON midel ſel, ðat[282] ilc nigt,

3160
So cam wreche on egipte rigt;

Vengeance came upon the Egyptians.

Ilc firme bigeten, of erf and man,

was ſtoruen on morwen and dead forðan;

ðo waſ non biging of al egipte

3164
lich-leſ, ſo manige dead ðor kipte.[283]

The first-born of man and beast were slain.

ðo wurð phara[o]n nede driuen

And haueð[284] hem ðane leue giuen;

And egipte folc bad hem faren,

3168
And ſwiðe a-weiward hem garen.

Pharaoh consented to let Israel go.

Quat-ſo he boden, ſrud[285] or ſat,

Egipte folc hem lenen ðat;

Waſ hem nogt werned ðat he crauen,

3172
for here ſwinc-hire he nu hauen;

The Egyptians gave the Hebrews whatever they asked.

Gold and ſiluer he hauen vt-brogt,

[Fol. 62.]

ðe tabernacle ðor[286]-wið wurð[287] wrogt;

He woren ſexe hundred ðhuſent men,

3176
wið-vten childre and wimmen;

Al erf-kin hauen he ut-led,

Egipte folc hem hauen ut-ſped.

The Israelites numbered 600,000 men.

Almost redi waſ here fare,

3180
moyſes bi-ðogt him ful gare

Of ðat ðe iſ kin haueð ſworen,

Moses thought of the oath sworn to Joseph.

Ioſepes bones ſulen ben boren;

Joseph's grave could not be found.

[281]

MS. wid.

[282]

MS. dat.

[283]

caught.

[284]

MS. haued.

[285]

MS. ſruð.

[286]

MS. dor.

[287]

MS. wurd.

THE ISRAELITES LEAVE EGYPT.

Oc ðe ail haueð[288] ſo wide ſpiled,

3184
ðat hiſ graue iſ ðor vnder hiled,

On an gold gad ðe name god

Iſ grauen, and leid up-on ðe flod;

A golden rod with the name of God upon it was laid upon the flood.

Moyſes it folwede ðider it flet,

3188
And ſtod ðor ðe graue under let;

ðor he doluen, and hauen ſogt,

And funden, and hauen up-brogt

ðe bones ut of ðe erðe wroken,

Moses followed its course, and thus discovered the grave.

3192
Summe hole, & ſumme broken;

He dede iſ binden & faire loken

Alle ðe bones ðe he ðor token.

Some of the bones were whole and some broken.

Quane he geden egipte fro,

3196
It wurð erðe-dine, and fellen ðo

When Israel left Egypt there was an earthquake.

fele chirches and ideles mide,

Miracle it was ðat god ðor dede.

Many temples fell down.

Gon woren .vii. ſcore ger

3200
Siðen[289] ioſep waſ doluen ðer;[290]

And .xxiii. ſcore fro ðan

ðat god it ſpac wið[291] abrahram.

[Fol. 62b.]

Seven score years were gone since Joseph was buried.

fro Rameſe to ſokoht ſtede

3204
Non man on hem letting dede,

For ſwinc and murning hem was on,

fro ðe liches in-to ðe erðe don;

And manige of ðo greten forði

3208
ðat he adden ben hard hem bi.

The Israelites journey from Rameses to Succoth.

To burg ethan fer fro ſokoth,

And ðeðen he ten to pharaoth;[292]

ðor he ſtunden for to ſen

3212
quilc pharaon wið hem ſal ben.

From Succoth they go to Etham, and thence to Pihahiroth.

Pharaon bannede vt hiſ here,

Iſrael he ðhogte to don dere;

Pharaoh called out his army.

Sex hundred carte-hird i-wrogt[293]

3216
vt of egipte he haueð[294] brogt;

On horſe fifiti ðhusent men,

x ſcore ðhusent of fote ren;

Six hundred chariots he brought out of Egypt, fifty thousand horsemen, and ten score thousand men of foot.

[288]

MS. haued.

[289]

MS. Siden.

[290]

MS. der.

[291]

MS. wid.

[292]

MS. pharaofh.

[293]

MS. hirdi wrogt.

[294]

MS. haued.

THE ISRAELITES CROSS THE RED SEA.

Alle he ledde hem vt forði

3220
ðat folc ebru to werchen wi.

Ðiſ godes folc waſ under-numen,

Quan he ſegen ðiſ hird al cumen,

Sore he gunen for-dredde ben,

3224
for ne cuðen ne[295] gate flen,

When the Israelites saw the Egyptian host they became sore afraid.

And if he ðore ben bi-ſet,

[Fol. 63.]

Ille he ſulen ben hunger gret;

He ne mogen figten a-gen,

for they were without weapons.

3228
for [he] wið-vten wopen ben;

ðanne he ðuſ woren alle in dred,

On moyſen he ſetten a gred.

"Beð nu ſtille," quað moyſes,

They chided Moses.

3232
"ðor god wile(.) iſ non helpeles;

Ge ſulen ſen ðiſ ilke dai

Quat godes migt for gu mai."

He bad ðiſ folc dregen wið ſkil,

3236
And he bi-ſogte godes wil.

Moses promises them God's assistance.

Qvað god, "quor-at calles ðu me?

Hold up ðin gerde to ðe ſe

And del it ſo on ſundri del,

3240
ðat gu ben garknede weigeſ wel."

God instructs Moses to stretch out his rod over the sea.

ðo moyſes helde up hiſ hond,

Moses did so.

A wind blew ðe ſe fro ðe ſond;

On twel[fe] doles delt iſt ðe ſe,

A wind blew the sea from the sand,

3244
xii. weiges ðer-in ben faiger and fre,

ðat euerilc kinde of iſrael

Mai ðor hiſ weige finden wel.

and twelve thoroughfares were made for the people.

ðe water up-ſtod, ðurg godes migt,

3248
On twinne half, alſo a wal up-rigt;

Moyſes bad hem, alſo he ben boren,

ðe eldeſt kindes gon bi-foren;

The water stood up as a wall on both sides.

Oc moyſes gede in bi-foren,

3252
And ðo ðe kinde of iuda boren;

On and on kin, alſ herte hem cam,

ðat folc ilc in his weige nam;

[Fol. 63b.]

Moses went first, and then the men of Judah.

[295]

? he no-gate

THE EGYPTIAN HOSTS ARE DROWNED.

Bi-foren hem fleg an ſkige brigt

3256
ðat nigt hem made ðe weige ligt;

Egiptes folc gunnen ðiſ ſen,

A cloud went before them.

And wenden ðat he wode ben.

Ðis bode herde king pharaon

3260
And him ðuhte ſellic ðer-on,

Garkede his hird & after nam,

Pharaoh pursued the Israelites,

And to ðe ſe bi nigte he cam;

and to the Red Sea he came.

In ferde ðiſ hird after ðiſ king,

3264
And ðo ſprong ðe daiening.

ðhunder, and leuene, and rein ðor-mong

God ſente on ðat hird, ſtið and ſtrong;

In went this host after the king.

ðo quoðen he, "wende we a-gen,

3268
An[d] iſrael folc lete we ben."

ðor-quiles ben ðo kinges[296] cumen

Some were for going back.

Ouer, and hauen ðe londes numen;

Egipcienes woren in twired wen

3272
queðer he ſulden folgen or flen;

And moyſes ſtod up-on ðe ſond,

The Israelites reached the land,

God him bad helden up hiſ hond

to-ward ðiſ water, in a morgen quile

3276
ðe ſe luked, ſo god it wile,[297]

and God bade Moses stretch his rod over the sea.

And on and on, ſwiðe litel ſtund,

Egypcienes fellen to ðe grund;[298]

[Fol. 64.]

The sea covered the Egyptians,

Of hem alle bi-leaf non fot

3280
Vn-drincled in ðat ſalte ſpot.[299]

Ðvs iſ iſrael of hem wreken,

And here welðe iſ to londe weken,

Wepen, and ſrud, ſiluer, and gold;

3284
wel hem mai ben ðe god beð hold!

and not one remained undrowned in that salt spot.

Moyſes ðor made a newe ſong,

And tag[t]e it al ðat folc a-mong;

Moses made a new song, and taught it to the people.

And ilke dai ðat ſeuen nigt,

3288
Ones he ðor it ſungen rigt;

Each day for a week it was sung over.

[296]

kindes?

[297]

At the bottom of this page is the catchword—"And on and on."

[298]

MS. grunð.

[299]

MS. ſwot.

THE SOJOURN AT SHUR, ELIM, AND SIN.

ðor-of in eſterne be we wunen

Seuene ſiðes to funt cumen.

Ðor quiles he weren in ðe deſert,

3292
God tagte hem weie, wis and pert;

A fair piler ſon hem on o nigt,

And a ſkie[300] euere on daiges ligt.

In memory of which are we wont to come seven times to the font at Eastertide.

Ðe fifte ſuriuren ðat he deden,

3296
In ðe deſert ſur, on drie ſtede;

The fifth sojourn was in the wilderness of Shur;

ðre dages weren he ðider gon,

ðat he ne funden water non;

three days the people were without water.

A welle he funde at marath,[301]

3300
ðe water was biter and al wlath;[302]

A funden trew ðor-inne dede

At Marah the waters were bitter, but

Moyſes, and it wurð ſwet on ðe ſtede.

a tree rendered them sweet.

Ðe ſexte ſuriuren at elim,

3304
xij welle-ſpringes weren on him,

An[d] then[303] and ſexti palme tren

bi ðo welles men migte ſen;

He maden ſiðen, fro elim,

[Fol. 64b.]

The sixth sojourn was at Elim,

3308
Mani ſuriuren in ðe deſert ſin.

Bi-twen elim and ſinay,

and from thence to Sin.

bred wantede, hem was wo forði;

ðat was on ðe ðrittiðe[304] dai,

3312
ðat here wei fro egypte lay,

ðor he woren hungur for-dred;

Bread fails them.

"Ille," he ſeiden, "haue we ſped,

Bet uſ were in egipte ben,

3316
Bred and fles ðer[305] we muwen ſen."

Moyſes wurð war ðe folc was wroð,

And here gruching ðo god was loð.

"ſtille," quað he, "and on-dreg,

3320
Godeſ fulſum-hed iſ gu ful neg."

They murmur against Moses.

At euen cam a fugel-fligt,

fro-ward arabie to hem rigt;

ðor migte euerilc man fugeles taken,

3324
So fele so he wulden raken;

God sends them a flight of fowls,

[300]

MS. aſkie.

[301]

read marach.

[302]

read wlach.

[303]

ten?

[304]

MS. ðrittide.

[305]

MS. der.

THE MIRACULOUS FALL OF MANNA.

On morgen fel hem a dew a-gein.

firſt he wenden it were a rein,

knewen he nogt ðiſ dewes coſt;

and on the morrow a dew,

3328
It lai ðor, quit als a rim[306] froſt,

like rime frost;

He ðe it ſogen,[307] ſeiden, "man hu,"

Manna for-ði men clepeð it nu.

"Man-hu," said they, wherefore they called it Manna.

Quad moyſes, "loc! her nu [iſ] bread,

3332
Ille gruching iſ[308] gu for-bead."

A met ðor was, it het Gomor,

[Fol. 65.]

Ilc man iſ he bead, and nunmor,

Him gaderen or ðe ſunne-ſine,

3336
Elles he ſulden miſſen hine.

Each man gathered an omer of it before the sun shone,

for it malt at ðe ſunne-ſine,

Oc oðer fir for-hadede hine.

for it melted at the sunshine.

To duſt he it grunden and maden bread,

3340
ðat huni and olies ðef he bead;

Quo-ſo nome up forbone mor,

it wirmede, bredde, and rotede ðor.

When ground and made into bread, it tasted like wafers made with honey.

Moyſen dede ful ðe gomor,

3344
In a gold pot, for muning ðor.

Held it ſundri in clene ſtede,

Moses filled an omer of the manna,

And in ðe tabernacle he it dede.

Wið ðiſ mete weren he fed,

3348
fowerti winter vten leð,[309]

Til he to lond canaan

Comen(.) ðat god hem giuen gan.

and placed it in the tabernacle.

Forð nam ðiſ folc, ſo god tagte him,

3352
to ðe deſert of rafadim;[310]

Forth came this folk, and came to Rephidim,

Tidlike hem waſ ðat water wane,

ðor he grucheden for ðriſt hane;[311]

where they murmured for thirst, and did chide with Moses.

Harde he bi-haluen ðer moyſes,

3356
And to god he made is bi-men.

"Louered," quad he, "quat ſal ic don?

He ſulen me werpen ſtones on."

[Fol. 65b  .]

Quað god, "go ðu to erebiſ ſton,

3360
And ſmit wið ðin gerde ðor-on."

God sent him for water to a rock in Horeb.

[306]

MS. rin.

[307]

MS. logen.

[308]

? ic.

[309]

led?

[310]

MS. rafaclim.

[311]

MS. haue.

THE ISRAELITES OVERCOME THE AMALEKITES.

It was a ſtede henden ðor-bi,

On a ſyde of munt ſynay;

And he ſmot wið his wond ðor-on,

3364
And water gan ðor-vten gon;

Moses smote the rock,

Anog adden he ðanne drinc,

Redi funden wið litel ſwinc;

and the people had enough to drink without toiling for it.

ðat ſtede waſ cald temptatio,

3368
for he ðo god fondeden so.

This place was called Temptation.

Amalec, yſmaeles ſune,

Was ðor hende rafadim[312] wune,

He welte ðor ſtone and iaboch,

3372
ðat herdes folc him louerd toch;

Wopened he ben a-gen iſrael.

Amalek comes to war against Israel.

Moyſes ear it wiſte wel,

And ſente agen hem king ihesum,

3376
wið folc iſrael wopened ſum;

He let bi-aften ðe[313] more del,

Moses sends Joshua with the army to fight with Amalek.

To kepen here ðing al wel.

He, and aaron, and hur ben gon,

3380
Heg up to a dune ſone o-non;

Moses, accompanied by Aaron and Hur, goes up to the top of a hill, and prays for the folk of Israel.

Moyſes bad [for] folc yſrael,

And hiſe benes hem holpen wel;

Ai quiles he up iſ hondes bead,

[Fol. 66.]

3384
Amalechkes folc fledde for agte of dead,

And quane he let[314] iſ hondes niðer,

Amalech folc fagt hard and wiðer;

Quane it wurð war, vr[315] and aaron

3388
He iſ under-leiden wið an ſton,

Til ſunne him ſeilede in ðe weſt;

Amalek is overcome by the holding up of Moses' hands.

ðus fagt Moyſes ðor alðer-beſt.

Amalech fleg, and iſrael

3392
Hadde hegere hond, and timede wel.

ðo ſente god to moyſen,

wið ðis timing to muning ben,

Thus Moses fought best of all.

"Get ſal ðe kinde of amalech

3396
Ben al fled dun in deades wrech."

The future destruction of Amalek.

[312]

MS. rafaclim.

[313]

MS. de.

[314]

MS. leth.

[315]

MS. ut.

JETHRO VISITS MOSES.

Moyſes made ðor alter on,

"Min bliſ" iſ name ðor-one don.

Moses raises an altar.

ÐO cam ietro to moysen,

3400
To ſpeken him and ðo kinnes-men,

Jethro visits Moses,

And ſephora, moyſes wif,

And hire two ſunes of faiger lif;

Ietro liſtnede moyſes tale,

bringing with him Zipporah and her two sons.

3404
Of him and pharaon ðe dwale,

And ðhankede[316] it almigten wel,

ðat waſ bi-tid for iſrael;

Moses relates to him the destruction of Pharaoh.

And at wið moyſen feſtelike,

[Fol. 66b  .]

3408
And tagte him ſiðen witterlike

Vnder him helpes oðere don,

ðat folc ſtering to ſtreng[t]hen on.

Jethro counsels Moses to appoint rulers of the people,

Al bi ðhuſenz ðiſ folc was told,

3412
Ilc ðhuſent adde a meiſter wold;

And vnder ðiſ tgen[317] ſteres ben,

rulers of thousands,

Ilc here on hundred to bi-ſen;

Vnder ðis ilc two ſteres wunen,

rulers of hundreds,

3416
And vnder hem fif oðere numen;

rulers of fifties,

Ilc of ðe .v. ſteres-men

Vnder hem welden in ſtere tgen.[317]

and rulers of tens.

If ymong .x. wurð ogt miſ-don,

3420
Here ſtere rigten [ſulde] ðor-on,

And if he ne mai it rigten wel,

An appeal to be made from the ruler of ten,

Taunet iſ meiſter euerilc del;

And if he rigten it ne can,

to the ruler of hundreds,

3424
He taune it al hiſ ouer-man,

Ai ſo forð fro man to man,

Til he it here, ðe rigten can;

and thence to the superior ruler.

If it ne mai or rigted ben,

3428
ſo ſal it cumen to moysen.

The final appeal to be made to Moses.

He bad him cheſen ſtereſ-men

Migti, ðe gode-frigti ben,

ðe ſoð-faſtneſſe lef ben,

3432
And ðe niðing [and] giſcing flen.

These rulers were to be able men, god-fearing, lovers of truth, and haters of covetousness.

[316]

MS. ðahankede.

[317]

ten?

THE PEOPLE COME TO SINAI.

ðiſ red ðhugte moyſes ful god,

And leuelike it under-ſtod.

Ietro wente in-to his lond a-gen;

3436
Al[ſ] he redde, al-ſo gan it ben.

[Fol. 67.]

Moses accepts the counsel.

Ðe ðridde moneð in iſ cumen,

To ſynay ðiſ folc iſ numen;

ðe ſeuene and forwerti dai

3440
ðat he nomen fro egipte awei,

In the third month of the year Exodus, and in the forty-seventh day after they left Egypt,

Vnder ðiſ munt he funden ſteden,

And here teldes ðor he deden.

On oðer daiges morgen quile,

3444
God tauned[318] moyſi quat he wile.

"Sei ðiſ folc ðat nu ðolen,

the people come to the desert of Sinai.

for iſ here ðhogt nogt me for-holen;

'If ye liſten lefful to me,

3448
Ic wile min folc owen be.'"

And moyſes tolde ðiſ iſrael,

And him heten euerilc del,

ðat hem bideð, ſulen he don.

3452
God dede moyſes ðiſ bodeword on,

God's message by Moses unto the people out of the mount.

"Clenſe ðiſ folc wel ðiſ to daiges,

And bidde hem leden clene la[i]ges;

Abute ðiſ munt ðu merke make,[319]

3456
If erf or man ðor-one take,

The people are to be prepared against the third day.

It dead ðolen, wið ſtones ſlagen,

Or to dead wið goren dragen;

The mountain must not be touched.

ðiſ frig[t]ful [folc] ðus a-biden,

3460
Quiles ðiſ daiges for[ð] ben gliden."

[Fol. 67b  .]

Ðe ðridde daiges morge quile,

ðunder and leuene made ſpile,

On ðiſ munt ſtod, and ſkies caſt,

3464
And dinede an migtful hornes blast;

On the third day there were thunders and lightning and a thick cloud upon the mount.

Smoke up-rekeð and munt quakeð,

Slep ðor non ðe[320] ðane up-wakeð;

Ai was moſes one in ðis dine,

3468
ðiſ folc wende hauen for-loren hine;[321]

Smoke up reeked and the mount quaked.

[318]

? tauneð.

[319]

MS. made.

[320]

MS. de.

[321]

MS. himine.

MOSES RECEIVES THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

Oc he cam faiger and fer him to,

And gan wið hem ſpeken ſo;

"Ilc gure wel in herte mune,

3472
Ne iſt nogt moyſes, amrame ſune,

Moses addresses the people.

ðe ge ſulen to dai here ſpeken;

Oc he ðe ſlog, gu for to wreken,

Egypte, an weige made in ðe se,

3476
And let adam fonden ðe tre

ðe noe barg, and abraham

He reminds them of their deliverance from the Egyptians,

Ledde vt in-to lond canaan;

Of olde abraham and of ſarra bigeten

3480
Dede yſaac, of olde teten;

ðe gaf yſaac so manige ſunen,

ðe Ioſep dede ſo riche wunen;

His word gu wurðe digere[322] al-ſo lif,

3484
Digere[322] or eiðer child or wif.

and of God's kindness to their ancestors, to Abraham, to Isaac, and Joseph.

Cumeð her forð, and beð alle reken,

And lereð wel quat he ſal ſpeken."

[Fol. 68.]

He ledde hem to ðe muntes fot,

3488
Non but non[323] forðere ne mot,

And on iſ broðer aaron;

God bad hem ðat merke ouer-gon;

ðo ſo ſpac god ſo brigt-like,

3492
ðat alle he it herden witterlike.

Moses leadeth the people to the foot of the mount.

LOke ðat ðu god oðer ne make,

Ne oðer ðan me ðat ðu ne take.

for ic am god, gelus and ſtrong,

3496
Min wreche iſ hard, min ðole iſ long.

The Ten Commandments.

First Commandment.

Tac ðu nogt in idel min name[n],

Ne ſwer it les to fele in gamen,

Ne let ðu nogt min wurðfulhed

3500
for-faren in ðe fendes red.

Third Commandment.

Min hali dai ðu halge wel,

An do ðin dede on oðer ſel.

Fourth Commandment.

Wurð ðin fader and moder ſo,

3504
ðat ðu hem drede and helpe do.

Fifth Commandment.

[322]

= dgere = diere = dere.

[323]

? Nun.

THE PEOPLE ARE AFRAID.

Ne ſlo ðu nogt wið hond ne wil,

Ne rend, ne beat nogt wið vn-ſkil;

Help de nedful, ðat he ne be dead

3508
for truke of ðin helpe an[d] read.

Sixth Commandment.

Oc horedom ðat ðu ne do,

Ne wend no lecherie to.

Seventh Commandment.

Loke ðe wel ðat ðu ne ſtele,

3512
Ne reflac, ne ðefte, for-hele.[324]

[Fol. 68b.]

Eighth Commandment.

Falſe witneſſe ðat[325] ðu ne bere,

Ne wið ðe leſe non ma[n][326] ne dere.

Ninth Commandment.

Ne giſce ðu nog[t] ðin neſtes ðing,

3516
Huſ, ne agte, ne wif, in ðin giſcing;

For if ðu it gernes and giſſe,

ðu tines vn-ended bliſce."

Tenth Commandment.

Ðiſ for-frigted folc figeren ſtod,

3520
dredful, and bleð, and ſori mod;

Herden ðat dredful beames blaſt,

Sogen ðat figer, dred held hem faſt.

ðo ſeiden he to moyſen,

The Israelites at the foot of the mount are in great dread and fear.

3524
"Be ðu nu god and us bi-twen,

Her nu quat god ſal more queðen,

And tellet uſ ſiðen her bi-neðen."

And moyſes ſteg up a-non,

They intreat Moses to stand between them and God.

3528
God hem bad bodes manige on

And lages; and hu he ſulen maken

ðe tabernacle, and wor-of taken

God gave to Moses many commandments and laws,

ðe gold, and ſiluer, and ðe bras,

3532
ðe ſyðen don ðor-on[327] was,

And nemeld it beſeel,

instructed him concerning the making of the Tabernacle,

And two oðere to maken it wel;

And gaf to[328] tabeles of ſton,

3536
And .x. bodeword writen ðor-on.

and gave him two tables of stone upon which were written the Ten Commandments.

Ðor quiles moyſes was up wið gode,

And liſtenede al ðat leue bode,

[Fol. 69.]

[324]

MS. for for hele.

[325]

MS. dat.

[326]

MS. ma.

[327]

MS. dor-on.

[328]

two?

THEY WORSHIP A GOLDEN CALF.

Swilc wod-hed ðiſ folc[329] cam on,

3540
ðat he ſeiden to aaraon,

The people, in the absence of Moses, said unto Aaron,

"Mac vs godes foren us to gon,

of moyſes haue we helpe non."

Aaron and vr ſtoden a-gen,

3544
And boden hem ſwilc ðhowtes leten;

ðat wod folc ðor ur of dage

"Make us gods to go before us,"

Brogten, and deden aaron in age;

Here faigere ringes he boden taken,

3548
And don in fier, and geten, and maken

An calf of gold, and [an] alter

Made ðat folc, and lutten it ðer,

and compelled him to make a molten calf,

And ðat calf ofrendes deden,

3552
And made gret feſt in ðat ſtede[n].

Ðo ſeide god to moyſen,

which they worshipped.

"Go ðu nu dun ðin folc to ſen,

He hauen ſineged and miſdon,

3556
Let me taken wreche ðer-on."

God is angered thereby.

"LOruerd,[330] merci!" quad moyſes,

"get ne let hem nogt helpe-les;

If he nu her wurðen ſlagen,

3560
Egipte folc ſal ðor-of ben fagen,

And ſeyen ðat he ben bi-ſwiken,

In ðe deſert wel liðerlike;[331]

Moses intreateth for them.

And ðenk, louerd,[330] quat ben bi-foren

3564
Abram, and yſaac, and iacob ſworen."

[Fol. 69b  .]

God liſtnede wel[332] al ðis anſwere;

ðat he ðis folc al ðer[333] ne dere.

And moyſes gan neðer-ten,

God listeneth to Moses, and is appeased.

3568
And Ioſu cam him a-gen,

Alſ he was ilc dai wune to don,

quil moyſes ðat munt was on.

Quat Ioſue to moyſi,

3572
"Ic wene he figten dun her-bi,"

Moses came down with the tables,

[329]

MS. has "ðiſ folc" twice over.

[330]

MS. louerð.

[331]

MS. liderlike.

[332]

MS. wel and wel.

[333]

MS. alðer.

THE IDOLATERS ARE SLAIN.

"Nai, for gode," quad moyſes,

"It iſ a ſong wikke and redles."

Moyſes cam ner and ſag ðiſ plages,[334]

3576
And ðiſ calf, and ðiſ ille lages;

So wurð he wroð, o mode ſarp,

Hiſ tables broken dun he iſ warp,

and seeing the idolatry of the people, he brake them in pieces.

And dede ðat calf melten in fir,

3580
And ſtired it al to duſt ſir,

And mengde in water and forð it of,

And gaf ðat folc drinken ðat drof.

ðo wiſte he wel quilc hauen it don,

3584
Sene it was here berdes on.

ðo gredde he lude, "goð me to,

Alle ðe god luuen so."

The calf he burnt and ground to powder, and mixed it with the water they drank.

Frend ne broðer ne ſpared he nogt

3588
On of hem ðat haued ðiſ wunder wrogt;

Moses caused the idolaters to be put to death.

Of ðo ðe weren to ðiſ red,

[Fol. 70.]

.xxx. hundred to ðe dead

woren ðane don ſone a-non,

3592
ðurg ſtrengðe of moyſes and aaron;

On oðer ſtede men writen ſen,

xxiii. ðhusent ðat ðor ben;

The number slain were about 3000.

Ðo woren on liue ſumdel les.

3596
On oðer dai quad moyſes,

"Michel ſinne haue ðe[335] don,[336]

Ic ſal gon ſeken bote her on."

On the morrow, Moses reminded the people of their sin.

Eft he ſteg up to munt ſynay,

3600
for to bi-ſeken god merci.

"Louerd," quad he, "ðin meðe iſ god,

Merci get for ðin milde mod![337]

Or ðu ðiſ folc wið milche mod,[338]

3604
Or do min name ut of ðin boc."

He returned to Mount Sinai to seek God's mercy.

God anſwerede, "of ſal ic don

Hem, ðe arn nogt to ben ðor-on;

Go, led ðiſ folc, min engel on

God promises to send his angel before the people.

[334]

MS. wlages.

[335]

ge?

[336]

MS. Michel ſinne quað haue ðe don.

[337]

? milde-hod.

[338]

MS. moð.

THE TABLES ARE RENEWED.

3608
Sal ic don ðe bi-foren gon."

Ebrus ſeigen it waſ michael

Engel ðe ſiðen ledde hem wel.

Moyſes faſtede ſiðen to pligt

3612
xl. daiges and xl. nigt;

Oðere tables he brogte eft(.) writen,

And ſunne-bem brigt ſon iſ wliten

Moses received other tables.

ðat folc on him ne migte ſen

3616
But a veil wore hem bi-twen.

[Fol. 70b  .]

Ðo waſ ðiſ folc frigti and rad

To don al ðat moyſes hem bad;

Offreden him ſiluer and golde,

3620
And oðer metal ſwilc he wolde;

The Israelites offer Moses gold and silver for the tabernacle.

He it bi-tagte beſſeleel,

And eliab, he maden wel

ðe tabernacle alſ hem was tagt,

3624
Goten and grauen wið witter dragt;

Bezaleel and Aholiab are appointed for the work of the tabernacle.

.vii. moneð ðor-buten he ben,

And here ſwinc wel he bi-ten;

for ſwilc huſ was ear neuere wrogt,

3628
Ne ſwilc ſafte her on werlde brogt;

Seven months they were about it.

God it tagte al ear moyſen

Wiſlike hu it wrogt ſulde ben,

Quilc ſrud, quat offrende, quilc[339] lage,

3632
And quat for luue, and quat for age.

God taught Moses the fashion of it.

Aaron biſſop, oðere of ðat kin,

Sette he hem for to ſeruen ðor-in.

Bokes he wrot of lore wal,

3636
Hu ðiſ folc hem rigt leden ſal,

Betten miſ-dedes, and clene lif

Leden, wið-uten [h]ate and ſtrif.

Aaron and others of his kin were appointed to serve in the tabernacle.

Twelf moneð forð ben alle cumen,

3640
Or he fro ſynay ben forð numen;

Twelve months passed ere the people departed from Sinai.

On ðat oðer twentiðe[340] dai,

of ðe oðe[r] moneð[341] tagte he wei;

ðat brigte ſkie bi-foren hem fleg,[342]

[Fol. 71.]

On the twentieth day of the second month (in the second year),

[339]

MS. quil.

[340]

MS. twentide.

[341]

MS. moned.

[342]

MS. flegt.

THE BURNING AT TABERAH.

3644
And ðiſ folc ðor after teg.

ðre dages and nigtes faren it gan

the Israelites departed from Sinai,

And wið-ſtod in ðe deſerd pharan;

ðiſ folc iſ after ſofte togen,

and came into the wilderness of Paran.

3648
And hauen ſwinc in weige drogen;

for ðat ſwinc he grucheden ðor,

ðor-fore hem cam on more ſor.

For their complaining,

fier iſ on hem bi-ſiden ligt,

3652
fele it brende and made o-frigt,

the fire of the Lord consumed them,

Moyſes it bleſſ[ed]e wið his bede,

And brenninge he calde ðat ſtede.

Here hine-folc ðe waſ hem mide,

3656
And ſumme of hem ðor ille dede,

but is quenched by the prayers of Moses.

He gerneden after oðer mete[n],

Of manna he ben for-hirked to eten;

He greten up-on moyſen,

3660
And he to god made his bi-men.

The people lust for flesh and loathe manna.

"Loruerd!" quad he, "ðiſ folc iſ ðin,

And al ðis ſorge nu iſ min;

But ic haue an oðer[343] read,

3664
Ðu ſalt me raðe don[344] ðolen dead."

Moses complains of his charge.

Quað god, "ches ðe nu her ſeuenti

Wiſe men to ſtonden ðe bi,

God commands him to choose seventy wise men to help him in the government of the people.

And ic ſal hem geuen witter-hed,

3668
And he ðe ſulen don helpe at ned;

And ðin folc ſal to-morgen bi-geten

ynog fles(.) into a moneð[345] for to eten."

Moyſes was bliðe an glad[346] of ðis,

[Fol. 71b  .]

3672
And ches ðo men [ðe] god made wiſ;

waſ here non of herte dim,

prophetis he weren and holpen him.

Fro lond ortigie cam a wind,

The appointment of seventy elders.

3676
And brogte turles michel mind;

It flogen longe, and ðikke, and wel

Abuten ðe folc of yſrael;

Quails are sent in wrath at Kibroth-Hattaavah.

Two daiges hem ben fugeles cumen,

For two days the fowls came.

[343]

MS. oder.

[344]

MS. ðon.

[345]

MS. moned.

[346]

MS. glað.

MIRIAM IS SMITTEN WITH LEPROSY.

3680
So fele he wilen, he [h]auen numen,

And dried and holden to eten;

Oc god ne wile[347] it nogt for-geten;

ðat gruching hauen he derre bogt,

3684
fier haueð[348] on hem ðe wreche wrogt,

Brend and doluen waſ ðat folc ſoth;

ðat ſtede beð cald ðor-fore cabroth.

The Lord smote the people with a plague because of their murmuring.

FOrð he nomen to aſſaroth,

The people come to Hazaroth.

3688
ðor wurð maria ſumdel ſoth,[349]

for ſche ðor haueð wið moyſes fliten;

Miriam speaks against Moses,

ðor wurð ghe ðanne wið lepre ſmiten,

And vten ſundred .vii. nigt,

3692
In grot and in ſrifte, ſore offrigt;[350]

and is smitten with leprosy.

Moyſes bi-ſogte, and ſche wurð fer

And frend, and cam ðat[351] broðer ner.

[Fol. 72.]

FOrð nam ðiſ folc ſiðen fro ðan

3696
fele iurnes in-to pharan;

Forð waſ gon al ðeſe oðer ger,

ðo he woren at ſyon-gaber;

The people remove from Hazaroth and come to Paran.

Fro ðeðen[352] he ſente forð to ſen,

3700
Quilc ðo riche londes ben,

ðat god hem ſulde bringen in;

Men are sent to search the Land of Promise.

On man he ſente of ilc kin.

xii. ſondere men ðor vte faren,

3704
ðiſ hoten lond ðurg-vt he charen,

One is sent from each tribe.

xl. daigeſ faren ben;

Bi ðanne quanne he wenten a-gen,

In-to cades ðe folc was ſogt.

3708
ðeſ .xii. ðider hem hauen brogt

The spies having been away forty days,

Of ðe plenteð ðe god ðor gaf,

An win-grape on an cuuel-ſtaf,

And tolden hem ðe lond iſ god,

3712
ful of erf and of netes brod;

return bringing with them of the plenty of the land.

Oc burges ſtronge and folc v[n-]frigt,

ſtalwurði to weren here rigt;

In Hebron they found walled cities, stalworth men, and giants.

[347]

MS. wile he.

[348]

MS. haued.

[349]

? sot.

[350]

At the bottom of the page is the catchword—"Moyſes bi-ſogte, &."

[351]

MS. dat.

[352]

MS. ðeden.

THE REPORT OF THE SPIES.

And geteniſſe men ben in ebron,

3716
Quilc men mai get wundren on.

ðiſ folc ðo ſette up grot and gred,

And ſeiden he folwen iuel red;

The Israelites murmur at the news.

"Betre iſ vs get we wenden agen

3720
And in egipte ðralles ben,

ðan we wurðen her ſwerdeſ ſlagen,

[Fol. 72b  .]

And ure kin to ſorge dragen;[353]

An loder-man we wilen us ſen,

3724
And wenden in-to egipte agen;

"A captain," said they, "we will make, and return into Egypt."

Ðo quad Ioſue and calef,

"Leateð ben ſwilc wurdes ref,

And doð nogt god almigten wrong,

3728
Iſ milce iſ mikel, iſ ſtrenge iſ ſtrong."

Joshua and Caleb endeavour to still them.

ðor ðrette god hem alle to ſlen,

If moyſes ne wore ðor agen;

God threatens them.

Oc for iſ benes and for iſ ſake[n],

3732
get he ſal wið hem milche maken,

For Moses' sake he spareth them.

Oc alle he ſulen wenden a-gen,

And in ðe deſert longe ben;

And on ðe .xx. winter hold

3736
or mor ut of egipte told,

ðat hauen ðuſ often fand,

Ne ſulden welden ðat leue land,

The murmurers are deprived of entering the land.

Wið-vten Ioſue & calef,

3740
Here rigt-wiſed waſ gode lef.

Joshua and Caleb are excepted.

Moyſes told hem al ðis anſwere,

And he ben ſmiten in ſorweſ dere;

Much sorrow came upon the people.

Get he ſulen .xxx.vii. ger

3744
In ðe deſert ben vten her.

Yet thirty-seven years shall they be in the desert.

Agen he maden here dragt,

Al-ſo ðat ſkie haueð[354] tagt.

Oſwas was moyſes eam,[355]

3748
And chore was iſ bernteam;

[Fol. 73.]

Ille nið iſ herte wexe on

A-gen moyſen and aaron,

Korah, with two hundred and fifty princes, rebel against Moses.

[353]

MS. ðragen.

[354]

MS. haued.

[355]

MS. cam.

THE REBELLION OF KORAH AND ABIRAM.

Hem two .ii. hundred men,

3752
And two[356] ðo .xl. and ten;

He ſeiden he weren wurði bet

to ðat ſeruiſe to ben ſet;

And two migtful he hauen taken,

3756
Meiſtres princes he wolden hem maken,

They said they were more worthy to perform the services of the Tabernacle.

On dathan(.) an oðer Abiron.

Moyſes it herde and ſeide a-non,

"To-morwen beð her alle redi,

Dathan and Abiram were joined to Korah.

3760
And ilc gure oðer ſtonde bi;

And ilc gure hiſe reklefat,

And fier ðor-inne and timinge on ðat,

And ðan ſulde we brigte ſen,

3764
Quilc gure ſal god quemest ben."

And ðuſ it waſ on morgen don,

Moses' directions to the company of Korah.

Ne wulde he, dathan(.) ne abiron,

For orgel pride forð ðor cumen;

3768
Moyſes wið[357] folc iſ to hem numen,

In here teld he ſtonden a-gen

Moyſes and vr, [&] ne wulde gon;

Dathan and Abiram would not obey the command of Moses.

Moyſes ðor gret and bad iſ bede,

[Fol. 73b  .]

3772
And erðe denede[358] ſone in ðat ſtede,

And opnede vnder [h]ere fet;

Held up neiðer ſton ne gret,

Alle he ſunken ðe erðe wið-in,

3776
Wið wifes, and childre, and hines-kin,

Swilc endeſið vn-bi-wen hauen;

The earth swallowed up Korah.

darð[359] noman ſwinken hem to grauen,

ðiſ erðe iſ to-gidere luken,

3780
Als it ne were neuere or to-broken.

FOr chore wel wiſte ðat

None had need to toil in burying them.

Gret fier wond vt of is reclefat,

And of iſ fere on and on,

A fire came from God,

3784
And for-brende hem ðor euerilck on;

Oc aaron al hol and fer,

Cam him no fieres ſwaðe ner;

and burnt the two hundred and fifty men.

[356]

to?

[357]

MS. wid.

[358]

MS. deuede.

[359]

MS. ðarð.

A PLAGUE SLAYS FOURTEEN THOUSAND PEOPLE.

Of ðo Reklefates for wurðing,

3788
Woren mad, and for muning,

Corunes at ðe alter of bras,

ðe at here tabernacle was.

Of the censers were made crowns for the altar of brass.

For al ðiſ, oðer day ðor waſ neſt,

3792
Agenes moyſes and iſ prest

Gan al ðiſ folc wið wreðe gon,

And wulden hem werpen ſtones on;

To ðe tabernacle he ben flogen,

3796
ðor [h]aueth a ſkie hem wel bi-togen;

On the morrow the people murmured against Moses and Aaron, who fled to the Tabernacle.

A fier magti ðat folc feſt on,

And haueð manige ðor for-don.

ðan bad moyſes aaron,

3800
wið hiſe Rekelefat, to ðat fir gon;

And he it dede[360] alſ he him b[e]ad,

[Fol. 74.]

A fire slew many of the people.

Ran and ſtod tuen[361] liues and dead,

And ðiſ fier bleſſede and wið-drog,

3804
It [h]adde or ſlagen manige ynog;

Aaron stays the plague.

.xiiii. ðhusent it haueð ſlagen,

And .iiii. ſcore of liue dragen.

Ðog ðiſ folc miðe a ſtund for-dred,

Fourteen thousand and eighty were thus slain.

3808
ðog he ben get in ſunder red,

Get he aglen on here red(.) and wen

ðat it mai loked betre ben;

ðog ðiſe brende ben for-ſaken,

3812
ðog he wenen ðat god ſal taken

The Israelites do not recognise Aaron's authority,

Of ðo .xii. tribuz ſumme mo,

To ben ðor he for-hu-gede ðo,

Or ynog raðe of euerilc kin,

3816
He wile ðat ſumme ſerue ðor-in.

"Childre," quat moyſes, "gure ſtrif

but think that others are fitted for the service of God.

dereð ðe ſowle and greueð ðe lif;

Do we uſ alle in godes red,

Moses addresses the people,

3820
Vs ſal timen ðe betre ſped;

Ilc prince me take hiſe wond,

And do we us here in godes hond;

and directs each prince of the tribes to take a rod, and to write every man his name upon it.

[360]

MS. ðede.

[361]

MS. tiren.

THE PRIESTHOOD OF AARON CONFIRMED.

And on [ilc] wond writen ſal ben

3824
ðe kindes name ðe ðor to tgen;

God ſal to-morgen token don,

Quilc kinde he wile ðiſ meſter on.

[Fol. 74b  .]

ðuſ it was don, and on a wond

3828
Wið-uten[362] ðo wrot he wið hond

ðe twelfte names of ðat kin;

The rods were written upon,

ðe tabernacle he dedis in,

And ðor he iſ haued god bi-tagt,

3832
And let iſ ben ðor al ðat nagt.

and laid before the Lord in the Tabernacle.

O morgen quan he com a-gen,

Quat was bitid he let hem ſen;

Ilc wond he fond of euerilc kin

3836
Alſ ſwilc alſ he iſ dede ðor-in;

On the morrow the rods were examined,

Oc on, ðe was of aaron,

(Writen was name leui ðor-on),

It was grene and leaued bi-cumen,

3840
And nutes amigdeles ðor-onne numen;

ðo wiſten he ðat[363] aaron

and Aaron's rod, of the house of Levi, had budded, blossomed, and brought forth almonds,

Was hem biſſop ðurg god don;

To ſen gode witneſſe ðor-on,

3844
ðat wond was in ðat arche don.

[I]N ðe deſert he wuneden ðor

so it was seen that God had appointed Aaron as bishop.

.xxx.vii. winter and mor;

Longe abuten munt ſeyr,

3848
folgede hem ðat ſkie ſcir,

Thirty-seven years and more the people abode in the desert,

And often to ðe ſe ðor-bi,

And often to ðe munt ſynay;

Her and gund ðor he biried lin,

[Fol. 75.]

wandering about from place to place,

3852
Alle he[364] olde deden ðor fin.

And at ðe laſte ne-ðe-les,

Eft he come ſone to cades,

and all the old ones died.

ðor was moyſes ſiſter dead;

3856
ðat folc ðor .xxx. daiges a-bead,

And after wune faire hire bi-stod,

wið teres, rem, and frigti mod;

At Kadesh Miriam died,

[362]

MS. wid-uten.

[363]

MS. dat.

[364]

ðhe?

THE DEATH OF AARON AT HOR.

Hire lich iſ biried in munt ſin,

3860
Hire ſowle iſ reſted ſtede wið-in.

It bi-tidde after hire dead

and her body was buried in Mount Zin.

ðat ðis folc ſorge in ðriſte abead.

And ðer roſ wreððe and ſtrif a-non

3864
Agen moyſen and aaron;

The people murmur for water.

God [bad] ſemelen folc and gon,

And foren hem ſmiten on ðe ſton

And ſeide, ut of ðe ſmiten ſton

3868
Ynog hem ſulde water gon;

He and hiſ folc comen ðer-to,

Ic wene frigtlike ðat he do;

Ones he ſmot ðor on ðe ſton,

Moses is commanded to gather the people before the rock at Meribah.

3872
And miſte, and ſag ðe water gon;

An oðer ſiðe he went iſ ðogt

Betre and ſoftere, and ne miſte nogt,

Moses smote the rock twice, and the water flowed forth,

ðo flew ðor[365] water michil and ſtrong,

3876
Al folc and erue a-nog a-mong.

[Fol. 75b.]

and the folk and cattle had enough.

Ðvrg lond edom ne migten he faren,

ðor-fore he ſulen a-buten charen

Bi ðe deſert of arabie lond;

3880
Long weige and coſtful he ðor fond,

forð bi archim ðat meiſter burg;

ðe deſert aren he walkeden ðurg,

The people are denied a passage through Edom.

Til ðat[366] he comen to munt hor;

3884
Aaron ðo wente of liwe ðor,

They come to Mount Hor,

Eleazar, iſ ſune, him neſt

Was mad biſſop and meiſter preſt.

where Aaron dies.

xxx. daiges ðat folc in wep

3888
Wið bedes, and gret, and teres wep;

Get iſt ſene, on ðe munt on ðat ſtede,

Quor men aaron in birieles dede;

Thirty days the folk mourned for him.

vii. ſcore ger and .iii. told,

3892
ðor he lið doluen on ðat wold.

Forð ðeðen he comen to ſalmona,

The age of Aaron.

for-weried grucheden he ðoa,

The people murmur,

[365]

MS. dor.

[366]

MS. dat.

SIHON AND OG ARE OVERCOME.

ðor-fore hem cam wrim-kin among,

3896
ðat hem wel bitterlike ſtong;

Non oðer red ðor don ne waſ,

and are plagued with serpents.

Moyſes ðor made a wirme of bras,

And henget hege up-on a ſaft,

3900
ðurg godes bode and godes craf[t];

They, repenting, are healed by a serpent of brass,

Quat ſtungen man so ſag ðor-on,

ðat werk him ſone al was vn-don;

[Fol. 76.]

Digere it was al ðat berem-tem,[367]

3904
figer ſiðen in-to ierusalem;

oc ſiðen it waſ to duſte don,

for ðat folc miſleuede ðor-on.[368]

which long afterwards was worshipped in Jerusalem.

Frigti nam forð ðis folc and bleð,

3908
Til he comen to flum iareth;

ðiſ water him on-ſunder drog,

And let hem ouer, drige ynog;

The people come to Zered.

King ouer(.) amor(.) reos(.) ſeon,

3912
for to figten cam hem ageon;

ðiſ folc him ſlog and hiſ lond tok,

Suð fro arnon, norð to iabok,

And weſten al to flum iordan;

Sihon, king of the Amorites, comes out against Israel and is overcome.

3916
Oc he ſlugen king of baſaan.

To lond moab drugen he ſo,

ðor nu iſ a burg, ierico.

Balaac king was for-dred for-ðan,

3920
And ſente in to lond madian,

To hiſe frend ðe ben him neſt;

The king of Bashan is slain.

And ſente after balaam ðe preſt,

Wið riche men an[d] giftes oc,

3924
for to ſtillen hiſe [vn-]eðe mod,

And bad him cumen for to don

Balak sends after Balaam,

fol[c] of yſrael hiſ curſing on.

to curse the folk of Israel.

Balaam wið-[h]eld him ðor ðat nagt

[Fol. 76b  .]

3928
To witen quat him ſal wurðen tagt;

Al waſ iſ fultum and hiſ ſped

The failure of the first message.

[367]

beren-tem?

[368]

For this see 2 Kings, xviii. 4.

BALAAM SETS OUT TO CURSE ISRAEL.

Bi-luken ille, in fendes red.

On nigt him cam ſonde fro gode,

3932
Agen ðiſ kinges[369] red for-bode,

And ðat he ne curſe non del

ðiſ folc ðat god bliſcede wel.

O morgen ſeide he, "fare ic nogt,

3936
for bode iſ me fro gode brogt."

God forbids Balaam to curse the Israelites.

Balaac ſente richere an[d] mo

Medes, and oðer men to ðo.

"Sondes, ſondes," quað balaam,

3940
Or he ðeſe oðere medes nam,

Balak's second message to the prophet.

"Ðog balaac king me goue hold,

Hiſ huſ ful of ſiluer and of gold,

Ne mai ic wenden her bi-neðen;"

3944
Godes wurd iſ cumen alſ it iſ queðen;[370]

Oc or or ge wenden agen,

ðiſ nigt ic ſal fonden and ſen."

Quat tiding so it cam on ðe nigt,

3948
On morgen, at ðe daiges ligt,

Balaam's answer to the messengers.

Vp-on hiſe aſſe hiſ ſadel he dede,

To madian lond wente he hiſ ride,

And wente iſ herte on werre ðhogt;

3952
Wicke giſcing it haueð[371] al wrogt.

He consents to go with the princes of Moab,

ðuſ rideð forð ðiſ man for-loren,

being influenced by covetousness.

An angel drog an ſwerd him bi-foren,

ðiſ aſſe wurð ſo ſore of-dred,

3956
Vt of ðe weige it haueð him led.

Sellic ðogte balaam for-ði,

And bet and wente it to ðe ſti

Bi-twen two walles of ſton;

[Fol. 77.]

An angel meets him in the way. The ass is frightened,

3960
Eft ſtod ðiſ angel him a-gon,[372]

ðiſ aſſe iſ eft of weige ſtired,[373]

So ðat balames fot iſ hird;[374]

and turns aside to the wall,

And he wurð ðo for anger wroð,

3964
And ðiſ prikeð and negt ſloð;

so that Balaam's foot is crushed.

[369]

MS. ginges.

[370]

MS. queden.

[371]

MS. haued.

[372]

? agen.

[373]

? stirt.

[374]

? hirt.

BALAAM'S ASS SPEAKS.

forð and narwere ðiſ aſſe him bar,

And ðe ðridde ſiðe wurð ðe angel war.

ðo ne migte ðes aſſe flen,

The angel went further, and stood in a narrow place,

3968
Ne he ne durſte forðere ten,

Oc fel ðor dun(.) ðan ðis was don,

and the ass fell down under Balaam,

Balaam it ſpureð and ſmit ðor-on;

And god vndede ðiſ aſſes muð,

who smote her with his staff.

3972
So ſoð it iſ(.) ſo it is ſelcuð.

Quuað ðiſ aſſe ðus wið vn-miðe,

"Qui betes ðu me ðis ðridde ſiðe?"

Quað balaam, "for ðu tregeſt me;

3976
Had ic an ſwerd, ic ſluge ðe."

God opened the mouth of the ass, and she spoke to her master.

So was ðis were to wunder brogt,

ðhog ðe aſſe ſpac, frigtede he nogt;

Nevertheless this infatuated man was not frightened.

ðe let god[375] him ðat angel ſen,

[Fol. 77b  .]

3980
wið ðe ſwerd dragen him agen.

Quað ðe angel, "ðin weige iſ me loð,

The angel tells Balaam,

ðor-fore am ic wið ðe ðuſ loð;[376]

If ðin aſſe ne were wið-dragen,

3984
Her ſuldes ðu nu wurðen ſlagen."

that but for the ass he would have slain him.

Quað balaam, "quane ic haue miſ-faren,

If ðu wilt, ic agen ſal charen."

The prophet offers to return.

"far forð," quað ðe angel, "oc loc ðe wel,

3988
for-bi min red, quað ðu non del."

He is cautioned by the angel.

forð-nam balaam, and balaac king

Cam him a-gen for wurðing,

Gaf him giftes of mikil priſ;

3992
And balaam ſeide him to wiſ,

"Sal ic non wurd[377] mugen forð-don,

Vten ðat god me leið on."

Balak entertains Balaam.

Balaac him leddede[378] heg on an hil,

3996
And .vii. alteres wrogte in his wil,

On ilc alter fier alðerneðer,

Balak causes seven altars to be built.

And ðor-on an calf and a weðer,

And he bad balaac ſtonden ðor-bi,

4000
And gede on-rum qui[379] bute for-ði,

On each altar was offered a bullock and a wether.

[375]

MS. goð.

[376]

wroð?

[377]

MS. wurð.

[378]

ledde?

[379]

quile?

BALAAM BLESSES ISRAEL.

fro abuuen cam to him bi-neðen,

Word in herte ðat[380] he ſal queðen;

Quan he cam to balaac a-gen,

4004
Swilc wurdes he let vt-ten.

God's word comes to Balaam,

"Hu mai ic ðat folc curſen on,

[Fol. 78.]

ðor louerd haueð[381] bliſcing don?

ðiſ folk ſal waxen wel and ðen,

4008
And ouer al oðer migtful ben,

Hiſ lif beð bliðe, hiſ ending ſal,

ðe timeð al-ſo ðiſ timen ſal."

and he blesses Israel.

Balaac miſliked al ðiſ queðe,[382]

4012
And ledde hem ðeðen on oðer ſtede,

To munt faga, for to ſen wel

Of folc iſrael ðe oðer del.

Balak is greatly displeased.

He wente on oðer ſtund or ſtede,

4016
Betre timing ðor-fore he it dede,

And wende wenden godes ðogt,

Oc al he ſwinked him for nogt.

He brings the prophet to another place.

Hef[t] haueð he mad her .vii. alter,

4020
And on ilc brend eft twin der.

Gede eft balaam up on-rum,

ðo ſeide ðuſ quanne hem cam dun,

Again seven altars were raised, and offerings made.

"ðis folc, ſprungen of iſrael,

4024
Iſ vnder god timed wel;

Al-ſo leun iſ migtful der,

The parable of Balaam.

So ſal ðiſ folc ben migtful her;

ðiſ leun ſal oðer folc freten,

4028
Lond canaan al preige bi-geten."

Israel is compared to a lion.

Ille liked ðanne balaac

Euerilc word ðe preſt balaam ſpac.

Balak was ill pleased with the priest's words.

Get he ledde him to munt fegor,

4032
And efte he ſacrede deres mor;

ðor[383] ſpac balaam mikel mor

Of ðiſ folckes migt, or he dede or.

"folc ebru," quað he, "ðat ic ſe,

[Fol. 78b.]

Balak brings Balaam to Mount Peor.

4036
Bliſced ſal ben ðe bliſcede ðe;

Again he blesses the Israelites,

[380]

MS. dat.

[381]

MS. haued.

[382]

quede?

[383]

MS. dor.

BALAAM'S ADVICE TO BALAK.

And quuo-ſo wile curſing maken,

Ille curſing ſal him taken;

Of ðe ſal riſen ſterre brigt,

4040
And a wond ðe ſal ſmiten rigt

Moab kinges, and under-don

Al ſedes-kin ðiſ werld up-on."

and prophesies their future happiness and greatness.

Manie tiding quad balaam ðor,

4044
ðe made balakes herte ſor;

Oc ðan balaam wente a-gen,

Such tidings made Balak's heart sore.

Tagte he balaam quat migte ben

ðiſ folc to dere, and gaf him red

4048
ðat brogt iſrael iwel ſped.

Balaam teaches Balak how to injure the Israelites,

"ðe ginge wimmen of ðin lond,

faiger on ſigte an[d] ſofte on hond,

And brigte on hewe, on ſpeche glad,

4052
Wið ðgere[384] ſal ic ſondes ſad,

ðe ðu ten vt gen ðiſ men,

by sending out young women fair of face and soft of speech,

ðe cunen[385] brewen herte-bren,

wið win, and wlite, & bodi, & dwale,

4056
Luue[li]ke and wið ſpeche ſmale,

who should "brew heart-burning and love,"

To wenden hem fro godes age

To ði londe godes and vre lage;

Bute-if ðu migt forðen ðiſ red,

4060
And hem fro godes luue led,

[Fol. 79.]

and so turn the people from God.

And fonde to wenden ðuſ here ðhogt,

for wi ne wopen ne helpeð[386] nogt."

forð-nam balaam, ðat ille qu[e]ad

4064
ðe gaf ðiſ read of ſoules dead.

For war nor weapon had no power to harm them.

ðuſ it was don, and bi ðat ſel

This counsel was followed,

In ſichin ſingede iſrael,

And for luue of ðiſ hore-plage

4068
Manie for-leten godes lage,

And wrogten ðor ſwilc ſoules for

and thus it fell that Israel sinned in Shittim,

ðat he ðor lutten belphegor.

Ðo ſeide god to moyſen,

4072
"ðe me[i]ſtres of ðiſe hore-men,

and worshipped Baal-peor.

[384]

gere?

[385]

MS. cumen.

[386]

MS. helped.

WHOREDOM AND IDOLATRY PUNISHED.

ðe fendes folgen and me flen,

ðe bidde ic hangen ðat he ben;

Ben ðeſe hangen ðe ſunne agen,

4076
ðise oðer[387] folc ſal meðe ſen."

God commands the chief men to be hanged.

Godes wreche ðor haueð of-ſlagen

xx.iii. ðuſent of dagen.[388]

Twenty-three thousand were slain.

finees waſ a ſeli man,

4080
ðe godes wreche forðen gan;

He ſlug Zabri for godeſ luuen,

Hiſe hore bi-neðe and him abuuen;

Phinehas kills Zimri and Cozbi

ðurg and ðurg boðen he ſtong

4084
wið hiſe giſarme ſarp & long.

God moysen nemnen bead

[Fol. 79b.]

with his long and sharp pike.

Hiſ folc ðe was firmeſt fro dead,

Or .xx. winter or more hold,

4088
ðe in egypte or ne weren told;

God commands Moses to take the sum of the people above twenty.

On and .vi. hundred ðuſent ðor,

And .vii. hundred and .xx. mor

Moyſes fond and eliazar;

4092
Was non of hem told in tale or,

It was found to be 601,720.

ðo moyſes tolde hem and aaron,

ðan [h]e gunnen fro egipte gon.

Vten ioſue and caleph,

4096
Alle elles he driuen in deades weph;

Alle ðiſe wapmen ðor[389] god let liwen,

ðe lond hoten ſal hem ben giuen.

God moyſes clepede and quad to him,

Of those who were numbered at Sinai, all died except Joshua and Caleb.

4100
"ſtig hege up to munt Abarim,

And ic ſal don ðe ðeðen[390] ſen

ðe lond ðe ſal ðiſ folc[e]s ben;

ðer ðu ſalt ben of werlde numen.

4104
In to ðat lond ſalt ðu nogt cumen."

"Louerd, merci!" quad moyſes,

Moses being told of his death,

"Let ðu ðin folc nogt helpe-les,

And good let oc ðu hem bi-ſe,

4108
Alſwilc alſ hem bi-hu[f]lik bee."

intreats God not to let the people be "helpless."

[387]

MS. oder.

[388]

MS. ðagen.

[389]

MS. dor.

[390]

MS. ðeden.

MOSES DIES IN MOAB.

God hem andſwerede, "ioſue

Ic wile ben loder-man after ðe;

Tac him bi-foren eleazar,

4112
ðat al ðin folc wurð war,

And ðine hondes ley him on,

Sey him on ðin ſtede to gon."

Alſ it is boden, alſo he dede,

4116
Ioſue wurð ſet on hiſe ſtede.

[Fol. 80.]

Joshua is appointed to succeed him.

Ðo moyſes was on abarim,

ðat lond hoten god tawned him.

ðor quiles him leſten liue dages,

4120
Hiſ he tagte leue lages,

When Moses was on Abarim, God showed him the promised land.

And writen hem, haueð[391] iſ hem bitagt,

Bute-if he iſ loken hem beð agt,[392]

Erðe and heuene he wittneſſe tooc,

4124
And wrot an canticle on ðat booc,

Moses' song, setting forth God's vengeance

ðat ðreated ðo men bitter-like

ðe god ne ſeruen luue-like.

ðo .xii. twelue kinderedes, on and on,

upon those who would not serve Him truly.

4128
He gaf bliſcing bi-leue gon;

At munt nemboc on ðat knol faſga,

Wane he was ſtigen ðeðen ðoa,

Sag ðe lond of promiſſion,

4132
ðurg god[393] him was ſiðen ðat on.

The blessings of the twelve tribes.

ðer he ſtarf inne. ðe moab lond,

His bodi was biried wið angeles hond,

Moses dies in Moab, and is buried by angels' hands.

ðer non man ſiðen it ne fond,

4136
In to lef reſte hiſ ſowle wond.

Ebrius ſeigen, ðuſ waſ bi-tid,

[Fol. 80b.]

No man ever found his body.

ðat moyſes waſ hem ðuſ hid,

for, migten he finden ðe ſtede,

It was thus hid,

4140
Quor engel-wird hiſ liche dede,

fele ſulden him leuen on,

And leten god; ðat were miſ-don.

that the people might not afterwards worship it.

[391]

MS. haued.

[392]

MS. beð beð agt.

[393]

MS. goð.

MAY GOD SHIELD US FROM HELL'S NIGHT!

Ydolatrie, ðat waſ hem lef,

4144
ofte vt-wrogte hem ſorges dref.

MOyſes iſ faren, on elde told

fulle ſex ſcore winter old;

Although Moses was 120 years old,

And ðog him leſtede hiſe ſigte brigt,

4148
And euerilc toð bi tale rigt.

.xxx. daiges wep iſrael

for hiſ dead(.) and bi-ment it wel.

yet his eyesight remained bright, and every tooth was "by tale right."

Swilc prophete in folc of iſrael

4152
Roſ non, ne ſpac wið god ſo wel;

Eſdras iſ witneſſe of [hiſ] ſage,

He was wel wiſ of ðe olde lage.

Such a prophet in Israel rose none.

Bi-ſeke we nu godes migt,

4156
ðat he make ure ſowles brigt,

Beseech we now God's might,

And ſhilde us fro elles nigt,

And lede us to bliſſe and in-to ligt;

In ſwilc ðewes lene[394] us to cumen,[395]

4160
ðurg quat we ben to liue numen,

that he shield us from Hell's night,

And in-to bliſſe wið ſeli men;

Wið muð and herte ſey we, Amen!

EXPLICIT LIBer EXODUS.

[Fol. 81.]

and bring us all into bliss. Amen!

[394]

? leue.

[395]

MS. cunen.

NOTES.

P. 1. ll. 1-2

Man og to luuen ðat rimes ren,

ðe Wisseð wel ðe logede men.

og, another form of agh, = ow = ought. ren = run = rune, song, story.

"Nalde ha nane runes

Ne nane luue runes

leornen ne lustnen."—(St. Kath. 108.)

logede = lay. It is not necessarily unlearned, ignorant, etc., for O.E. writers frequently use the term in contradistinction to clergy. See Ayenbite, p. 197. "Vor all manere of volk studieþ in avarice, and (both) great and smale, kinges, prelates, clerkes, an lewede and religious."—(Ayenbite, p. 34.)

"And bathe klerk and laued man

Englis understand kan,

That was born in Ingeland."—(Met. Hom. p. 4.)

3 loken, to take care of oneself, to direct one's course of life, keep from sin. See Ayenbite of Inwyt, pp. 1, 197, 199, 201.

"Ac alneway hit is nyed to leawede men

that hi ham loki vram þise zenne (avarice)."—Ayenbite, p. 31.

10 ðund is evidently an error for gund = yond, yonder, over. Cp. gu for ðu, ll. 365, 366.

"& þeond þat lond he heom to-draf (B. & ouer al þat lond he drof heom)."—(Laȝ. i. 68.)

12 earuermor = eauermor = evermore. 14 soðe-sagen = soðe-sage = sooth-saw = sooth-saying, true saying.

15-16

Cristene men ogen ben so fagen,

so fueles arn quan he it sen dagen.

Christian men ought to be as fain (glad)

As fowls (birds) are when they see it dawn.

17 telled = telleð = telleth. 20 devil-dwale = devil-deceiver, devil-heretic = arch-deceiver, arch-heretic. See l. 67. Cf. maȝȝstredwale = master heretic = arch-heretic, in the following passage:—

"Off all þis laþe læredd follc

Þat we nu mælenn ummbe

Wass maȝȝstredwale, an defless þeww,

Þat Arrius was nemmnedd."

Of all this loathsome learned folk

That we now talk about

Was an arch-heretic, a devil's serf

That Arius was named.

—(Orm. i. p. 258, l. 7454.)

23

til god srid him in manliched,

till god shrouded (clothed) himself in manhood.

srid = sridde.

24 bote and red, salvation and counsel. 25 And unspered al ðe fendes sped = undid all the fiend's successful work (luck). 26 halp = Old and Middle Eng. holp = helped, assisted.

P. 2. l. 27 Biddi, an error for bidde?

31-34

ðu giue me seli timinge,

To thaunen ðis wer[l]des biginninge,

ðe, leuerd god, to wurðinge,

Queðer so hic rede or singe!

Give Thou me a propitious opportunity

To show (declare) this world's beginning,

Thee, Lord God, for honour,

Whether-so-ever I read or sing!

thaunen = taunen, show, exhibit.

"Ful wel he [Crist] taunede his luue to man,

Wan he ðurg holi spel him wan."

—Bestiary (O.E. Miscell. p. 24, l. 767.)

The word is very uncommon in O.E. writers. Cp. O.Du. tônen, to show. See ll. 1022, 2034. wurðinge = for worship, honour. wurðinge is a noun, not a participle or gerund. See l. 133. 38 Ear ðanne = ere that.

41

ðo bad god wurðen stund and stede,

When God bad exist time and space.

43 ðrosing seems to be an error for ðrosim or ðrosem = fog, mist, chaos. Cf. waspene in l. 1440, p. 41, where the correct form is wasteme. aðrusemen, to suffocate, occurs in Ancren Riwle, p. 40.

wíte þoliað

hátne heaðo-welm

helle to-middes

brand & bráde lígas

swilce eác þa biteran récas,

þrosm and þystro,

torment they suffer

burning heat intense

amidst hell,

fire, and broad flames;

so also the bitter reeks

smoke and darkness.

(Caedmon, p. 21, 18.)

45 ðu wislike mune = do thou wisely bear in mind. 47 hin = hine = him. 48 or, another form of ar, = ere, before. 49-56 The meaning of these lines may be expressed as follows:—"And of them two [God the Father and God the Son] that dearly love, who wield all here and above, proceeds that holy love, that wise will [the Holy Ghost], that wieldeth all things with right and skill [reason]. Might bad with word light exist; also that might [the Holy Ghost] wieldeth holy consolation, for there are three persons and one counsel, one might, and one godhead." 54 Hali froure = holy comfort, an allusion to the office of Holy Ghost as the comforter.

"Hire uoster moder wes an þe frourede hire."

= Her foster mother was one who comforted her.—(St. Marherete, p. 8.) 58 o sunde[r] sad = on sunder shad, i. e. a-sunder shed = divided apart, separated. It still exists in water-shed, Ger. wasser-scheide. Cf. l. 116. See Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, p. 271, l. 32. Cp. "the schedynge of tonges." (Trevisa's Translation of Higden's Polychron., p. 251.) "The longages & tonges were ischad & to-schift."—Ib. p. 251.

P. 3. l. 63 ðis walkenes turn = this welkin's course. See l. 79. 64 quuad = biquuad = bequeathed, ordained. See l. 117.

69

And euerilc wunder, and euerilc wo.

And every evil and every woe.

Wunder = misfortune, evil. S.Saxon wundre, mischief, hurt.

"hare lust leadeð ham to wurchen to wundre."

= their lust leadeth them to work to mischief.—(St. Marh. p. 14.)

(See Sir Gawaine and the Green Knyght. Ed. Morris, l. 16.)

71-72 Our ancestors had some strange chronological theories. In the Cursor Mundi we read that Adam was made at undern-tide, at mid-day Eve was drawn from his side, and at noon they both ate the apple, and were thus only three tides in bliss.[396]

73

ðis ik (ilk?) wort in ebrisse wen.

This same word is in Hebrew opinion (tradition). The true form is wene, "a wene" = in supposition. See Laȝ. l. 18752; Orm. l. 4326; Owl and Nightingale, l. 237.

77 a-gon = agen = again. 78 a-gon = gone. It is our word ago. Grammarians, therefore, altogether err in making the a in ago = the prefixal element ge (y) as in yclept. agon and ago = the A.Saxon agán = af-gán, gone by, past. We have abundant examples in O.E. writers of the verb agon (ago) = to go. The past participle is agon or ago, in conformity to the rule that the past participles of verbs with this prefix do not take the initial y. 81 o france moal; in French speech; moal = mel = speech. S.Saxon mælenn, to speak. See Orm. vol. i. l. 99, 253. mol also signifies tribute. See O.E. Hom. 2 S. p. 179; O.E. Miscell. p. 151, l. 161. 87 tellen = reckon. 88 or = ar = first.

P. 4. l. 102

It hiled [= hileð] al ðis werldes drof.

= It surrounds (encloses) all this world's drove (assemblage).

drof = A.S. dráf, company.

105

Til domes-dai ne sal it troken.

Till doomsday it shall not fail.

troken = S.Saxon truken, O.E. trokie.

"Ah for nauer nare teonen

Nulle we þe trukien."

But never for no injury

Will we fail thee.

—(Laȝ. i. p. 186.)

"Ah nauest þu neuere nenne mon.

. . . . . .

Þe cunne wærc makien.

Þe nauere nulle trukien."

But thou hast never no [any] man

. . . . . .

Who can make a work,

That never will fail.

The later copy reads "þat neuere nolle trokie." See St. Kath. 1814.

107 suuen = shoven, i. e. thrust, prest, driven.

111 oo = O.E. aa = ai = ever.

119 birðheltre, fruit tree, from birðel, fruitbearing. Adjectives in -el, -ol, are not uncommon in O.E. See O.E. Hom. 2 S. p. 131.

Cp. "ðare bwys bowys all for byrtht."

Their boughs bend all for fruit.—(Wyntown, i. p. 14.)

124-5 fodme. When we find, as on p. 2, l. 43, ðrosing for ðrosim, we must not be surprised at learning that fodme is an error for fodinge, production; A.S. fadung, dispensation, order, production, from fadian, gefadian, to dispose, order, produce. "Hwæt is se Sunu? He is þæs Fæder Wisdom, and his Word, and his Miht, þurh þone se Fæder gesceop ealle þing and gefadode."—(Ælfric—"De Fide Catholica"—Thorpe's Analecta, p. 65.) "An Scyppend is ealra þinga, gesewenlicra and ungesewenlicra; and we sceolon on hine gelyfan, forþon þe hé is soð God and ána Aelmihtig, seðe næfre ne ongann ne anginn næfde, ac hé sylf is anginn, and hé eallum gesceaftum anginn and ordfruman forgeaf, þaet hí beon mihton, and þæt hí hæfdon agen gecynd, swa swa hit þære godcundlican fadunge gelicode."—(Ibid, p. 63.)

125 quuemeðen = quemeden, pleased. See l. 86.

P. 5. l. 133

walknes wurðinge, and erdes [erðes?] frame.

welkin's glory and earth's advantage.

frame = advantage, gain, profit. See Handlyng Synne, ll. 5, 4249.

"Twifold forbisne in ðis der [the fox]

To frame we mugen finden her."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 14, l. 425.)

"Summwhatt icc habbe shæwedd ȝuw

till ȝure sawle nede,

ȝiff þat ȝe willenn follȝenn itt

& ȝuw till frame turrnenn."—(Orm. vol. i. p. 31.)

"Manne frame = men's advantage."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 2, l. 39.)

"Jhesu, do me that for thi name

Me liketh to dreȝe pyne ant shame

That is thy (the?) soule note ant frame,

Ant make myn herte milde ant tame."—(Lyric Poetry, p. 71.)

134

He knowned (= knoweð) one ilc sterre name.

He alone knoweth each star's name.

135 He settes = He set (placed) them. Cf. l. 156, where wroutis = wrought them. The pronoun is or es = them. See Prefaces to Ayenbite of Inwyt, O.E. Hom. 1st and 2nd SS. 136 ðis walkne went = this welkin's course. See l. 63. 141 bi mannes tale = by man's reckoning. 143 egest = hegest = highest. ðe sunnes brigt = the sun's brightness. 145 moneð met, measure of a month. Cp. O.E. metwand. 148 Reke-fille (see l. 3136) = reke-filleð (cp. O.E. winter-fylleð = October. See Menologium, p. 62, ed. Fox), April (the vapoury or watery month).

155

wel wurðe his migt lefful ay.

Well worth his might ever holy!

Cf. "wo worth the day!" etc. lefful = O.E. geleáfful, faithful, holy. O.E. Miscell. p. 23, l. 713. 160 eruerilc = eauerilc = every. 162 his flotes migt = his floating (swimming) power. Cp. "a flote," a float, Rob. of Brunne, p. 169, l. 13. 163 ðen = to prosper, be successful. Cf. the O.E. phrase, "so mot I the." 164 tuderande = propagating, fruitful.

"Þa gyt drihten cwæð

. . . . .

wórd to Noe

tymað nu & tiedrað."

Again the Lord spake

. . . . .

words to Noah:—

Teem now and propagate.

—(Cæd. p. 91.)

"I was borenn her

Off faderr & off moder.

. . . . .

Þa þeȝȝre time wass all gan

To tiddrenn & to tæmenn."

I was born here

Of father and mother.

. . . . .

When their time was all gone

To propagate and to teem.

—(Orm. ii. p. 284.)

See O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 177, where tuder = offspring.

168 So, an error for ðo?

P. 6. l. 169 wrim = wirm = reptiles. 170 Qwel = qwelc; quilc = which.

172 singen, to sin. It is not an error for sinnen, but a genuine form (contracted from sinigen), and not uncommon in O.E. writers. See sineged in l. 3555, p. 101.

"He su[n]ggeden and sorgeden and weren in ðogt."

They sinned and sorrowed and were in thought.

(O.E. Miscell. p. 22, l. 682.)

"Þe verþe manere to zeneȝi in chapare is to zelle to tyme."

—(Ayenbite, p. 33.)

"Alsuo may he mid his oȝene wyue zeneȝi dyadliche.—(Ibid. p. 36.)

Sunegi = to sin, occurs in the "Owl and Nightingale," 926.

See Sunegie, sunehi, in O.E. Miscell. pp. 67, 68, 78, 79, 193.

173

to fremen and do frame,

to serve and do good.—(See l. 133.)

"Heo scullen me mon-radene mid mo[n]scipe fremmen."

They shall me homage with honour perform.—(Laȝ. ii. 586.)

See St. Kath. 288; Anc. Riwle, p. 284.

Freme and frame are radically the same words, the former being of A.Saxon and the latter of Norse origin. In the Ayenbite, p. 91, vreme = freme = frame is used exactly in the sense of frame: "We wylleþ wel þet we be yvonded (tempted) vor hit is oure vreme ine vele maneres, vor we byeþ þe more ymylded and þe dredvoller and þe more wys ine alle þinges and þe more worþ and þe more asayd." 197 oc = og = ow, ought.

P. 7. ll. 204-6

Whilst it (the soul) followed holy will,

God's self the while is pleased,

And displeased when it loves sin.

un-lif is evidently an error for un-lief = displeased = O.E. unleôf. In the MS. the f has a long tail, and might almost stand for an incomplete k. 217 kiegt = hight = threatened, literally promised. 222 ilc here = each of them. Cf. the expressions her non, non her = none of them. 228 sib = akin, related; still preserved in gossip, originally godsib. See Ayenbite, p. 36. 230 wrocte = wrogte = pret. of worken, to ache, pain, hurt. Cf. A.S. rop-weorc = stomach-ache; weorcsum, irksome. In the Reliq. Antiq., p. 51, a receipt is given "for evel and werke in þe bledder." On p. 54 of the same work we have a receipt for the "seke man" whose "heved werkes." 234 ðurte, an abbreviated form of ðurfte = behoved. This verb is used with the dative of the pronoun. (See Handlynge Synne, l. 5826.)

"Whyne had God made us swa

Þat us thurt never haf feled wele ne wa."

—(Hampole's P. of C. 6229.)

P. 8. l. 240 seli sped may be regarded as a compound, and printed seli-sped = good speed, prosperity. Cf. l. 310, where iwel sped = iwel-sped = misfortune. Cf. O.E. gode-happe, prosperity, and ille-happe, mishap. 247 seuendai = seuend dai = seventh day. 250 newes = a-new, a genitival adjective used adverbially. Cf. our modern adverb needs, O.E. nedes, of necessity; lives, alive. (R. of Gloucester, 301, 376. Owl and Nightingale, 1632.) deathes = dead. (R. of Gl., 375, 382. Owl and Nightingale, 1630.) 255 rode-wold = rode tree. I have printed rode-wold and not rode wold, because the two expressions are widely different in meaning. In the latter phrase the word wold = put to death, slain; in the former it is a suffix = -tree, -beam; so that rode-wold corresponds exactly to the O.E. rode-tre = rood-tre = the cross.

"Þe ille men in manhed sal hym [Christ] se,

Anly als he henged on þe rode-tre," etc.

—(Hampole's P. of C., l. 5260.)

Cf. dore-tree, Piers Pl. 833, and the phrases "hanged on a tree," "the gallows tree," etc. O.E. Tre = tree = wood, beam (and treen = wooden), still existing in axle-tree, saddle-tree, etc. The -wold in rode-wold must therefore = -tre = wood, beam, which we still preserve in threshold. O.E. threshwald, threshwold (A.S. thersc-wald, thyrscwold). The affix -wold fortunately occurs again in lines 576 and 614 in the word arche-wold = ark-board.

Sexe hundred ger noe was hold,

Quan he dede him in ðe arche-wold.—(l. 576.)

Sex hundred ger and on dan olde

Noe ſag ut of ðe arche-wolde.—(l. 614.)

A passage in Cædmon's poems furnishes us with the very term ark-board by which we have rendered arche-wold.

"Læd swa ic ðe hate

under earce-bord

eaforan þine."

Lead so I thee hete (command)

under the ark-board

thy progeny.

—(l. 23, p. 80.)

"Him þa Noe gewat

swa hine nergand het

under earce-bord."

Noah then departed

as him the preserver bad,

under the ark board.

—(l. 4, p. 82.)

259

Siðen for-les ðat dai is pris

Afterwards lost that day its honour.

266

And seli sad fro ðe forwrogt.

And the righteous separated from the wicked (accursed).

Seli constantly occurs in O.E. writers in the sense of good, and unseli, with the opposite meaning of bad, wicked. At first sight it would appear that the for in forwrogt is the same prefix which we have in forbid, forsake, O.E. for-worth, "good for nothing;" but forwrogt in O.E. = overworked, and, hence, fatigued. Forwrogt seems to be connected with the O.H.Ger. foruuerget, cursed; O.E. weried, cursed. The first interpretation, however, is supported by the Goth. verb fra-vaurkjan; Ger. verwirken, sündigen.

271

Ligber he sridde a dere srud.

Lucifer he shrouded (clothed) in dear (precious) shrouds (vestments).

Ligber is evidently Ligtber = Lucifer. It occurs in the Ayenbite, p. 10:—"And verst we willeþ zigge of þe zenne of prede, vor þet wes þe verste zenne and þe aginninge of alle kueade, for prede brek verst velaȝrede and ordre, huanne Liȝtbere the angel for his greate vayrhede and his greate wyt wolde by above þe oþre angeles and him wolde emni to God þet hine zo vayr an zuo guod hedde ymad."

272-276

And he became in himself proud,

And with that pride upon him waxed envy

That evilly influenced all his conduct;

Then might he no lord tolerate,

That should in any wise control him.

P. 9. l. 275 ðhauen = suffer, endure, tolerate. S.Saxon ðafen, iðeuen; O.E. thave.

"Þe sexte bede þatt mann bitt

Uppo þe Paterr Nossterr

Þatt iss, þatt Godd ne þole nohht

Ne þafe laþe gastess.

To winnenn oferrhand off uss

Þurrh heore laþe wiless."

The sixth petition that one prayeth

in the Pater Noster is that God should

not suffer nor permit loathsome spirits

to gain the upperhand of us

through their loathsome wiles.

—(Orm. i. p. 188.)

"& Hengest hine gon werien.

& nalde it noht iþeuen [þolie]."

And Hengest gan him defend

And would not suffer it.

—(Laȝ. vol. ii. p. 215.)

276 ðhinge = place, office, duty; it seems to be here used adverbially in the sense of "any wise," "at all." 276 grauen is perhaps an error for þrauen, to compel, control. Cf. gu for ðu, p. 11, ll. 365, 366, and ðund for gund. If grauen be the original reading then it is equivalent to greven. O.F. grever, Lat. gravare, to injure, grieve.

278

Min sete norð on heuene maken.

"Sette," he (Lucifer) said, "mi sete I sal

Gain him þat heist es of alle;

In þe north side it sal be sette,

O me seruis sal he non gette."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 4b.)

282 geuelic = geuenlic = like. Cf. the A.S. ge-efenlæcan, to be like, to imitate. O.E. euening = equal.

"And ðeðen he sal cumen eft,

and thence he shall come again,

. . . . . .

for to demen alle men,

for to judge all men,

oc nout on-geuelike.

but not a-like."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 23.)

"It (the law) fet ðe licham and te gost oc nowt o geuelike."

It feedeth the body and the spirit but not alike.

—(Ibid. p. 10.)

295 ðis quead = this wicked one. In Early English writers we meet with several derivatives of this word, as kueadliche, wickedly, kueadvol, sinful. (See Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 4, and extract in Note to l. 271, p. 125.)

301

Euerilc ðhing haued [haueð] he geue name,

To everything hath he given name.

309-310 Yet I ween I know of a device, that shall bring them misfortune.

P. 10. l. 314 ðor buten hunte, there without search, or hunting, without delay; or thereabout to hunt or search. 316 bilirten, to deprive of by treachery, to cheat a person out of a thing.

"ða herodes gesægh for-ðon bisuicen

[& bilyrtet] wæs from dryum, [& tungul

cræftgum] urað wæs suiðe."

(Matthew ii. 16, Northumbrian version.)

"Listneð nu a wunder,

ðat tis der doð for hunger:

goð o felde to a furg,

and falleð ðar-inne,

in eried lond er in erð-chine,

forto bilirten fugeles."

Listeneth now to a wonder,

That this deer (fox) doth for hunger:

Goeth a-field to a furrow,

And falleth therein,

In eared land or in earth-chink,

For to deceive fowls.

—(O.E. Miscell. p. 13, l. 403.)

318 dreue = trouble, disturb. Cf. O.E. drove, to trouble, droving, tribulation. "Þa Herodes þæt gehyrde, þa wearð he gedrefed,[397] & eal Hierosolim-waru mid him."—Matt. ii. 3.

"& for-þi þatt he sahh þatt ȝho

Was dræfedd of his spæche

He toc to froffrenn hire anann."—(Orm. i. p. 74.)

"And because that he saw that she was troubled at his word, he took to comfort her anon." Southern writers, by metathesis, formed from dreuen (dreue) the vb. deruen (derue), thereby confounding it with another vb. deruen or derue, pret. dorue, p.p. doruen (A.Sax. deorfan, pret. dearf, p.p. dorfen), to labour, perish, be in trouble. Dreue is a transitive vb. of the weak conjugation, while derue is intransitive and of the strong conjugation, nevertheless we find derue (pret. dorue), taking the signification of dreue. "Stute nu earme steorue ant swic nuðe lanhure swikele swarte deouel, þat tu ne derue me na mare."—(Seinte Marherete, p. 12.) "Stop now, poor stern one, and cease now at once, deceitful swart devil, that thou harm me no more." In Laȝamon we find not only pret. drof = distressed, but derfde, and the p.p. iderued. In the Owl and Nightingale (ed. Wright), p. 40, we find the p.p. idorve = troubled, injured.

"Other thou bodest cualm of oreve (orve),

Other that lond-folc wurth i-dorve."

322

And senkede hire hure aldre bale

= And poured out to her the bale of us all,

i. e. gave her the cup of sorrow, of which we all drink; senkede = schenkede, to pour out, to give to drink, to skink. See Orm. ii. 181. Laȝ. ii. 202, 431; Alys. 7581; Owl and Nightingale, p. 70.

324

Quat oget nu ðat for-bode o-wold

= What does now that prohibition signify?

i. e. What is the meaning of the prohibition; oget = has, possesses o wold = a wold = in force, in signification. Cp.

Quat-so his dremes owen a wold

= What-soever his dreams do mean.

In ll. 1671, 2122 wold occurs as a noun = interpretation, meaning. The connection between the idea of power, and meaning, interpretation, is not, after all, so very remote. Do we not speak of the force of a word, its power, use, etc., in an expression? See Ormulum, p. 56, l. 11815.

327

for is fruit sired [sireð?] mannes mood,

= for its fruit enlighteneth (cleareth) man's mind.

330 witent for witen it = know it. 333 on hire mod = in her mind. 339 scroðt = scroð = solicited; the pret. of scriðe. The original meaning of the verb is, (1) to go; (2) to cause to go, to urge; (3) to solicit.

341

for to forðen is fendes wil,

for to further (do) his foe's will.

"For up he rigteð him

redi to deren,

to deren er to ded maken

if he it muge forðen."—(O.E. Miscell. pp. 5, 6.)

342

At he ðat fruit, and dede unskil,

Ate he that fruit and committed sin.

unskil, literally, signifies indiscretion, folly, and by an easy transition, sin, crime. (See Ormulum, vol. i. p. 12. Cf. O.E. unskilwis = irrational.)

P. 11. l. 345 Vn-buxumhed = disobedience; but in line 346 it signifies weakness, un-lithesomeness.

347-8

Vn-welde woren and in win

Here owen limes hem wið-in.

Their own limbs within them

Were powerless and in strife.

vnwelde = unwieldy = the S. Saxon vniwælde, heavy.—(Gower i. 312.)

"——hise limes arn unwelde."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 3.)

(i. e. weak with age); in win, in strife, conflict.

"and wið al mankin

he (the devil) haueð nið and win" (envy and strife).

(O.E. Miscell. p. 8.)

"ðis fis wuneð wið ðe se grund,

and liueð ðer eure heil and sund,

til it cumeð ðe time

ðat storm stireð al ðe se,

ðanne sumer and winter winnen (strive)."

(O.E. Miscell. pp. 16, 17.)

"Þar aros wale and win."

There arose slaughter and strife.—(Laȝ. i. 18.)

349

flesses fremeðe and safte same

boðen he felten on here lichame.

Lust of flesh, and shame of form

both they felt in their bodies.

fremeðe seems connected with fremen and frame. In the translation I have connected fremeðe with O.E. frim, vigorous; but it may be another form of O.E. frumðe, beginning. Then the translation of l. 349 would be 'the beginning of flesh and shame of form.'

360

ðu haues ðe sorges sigðhe waked.

Thou hast for thyself a sight of sorrow roused.

sigðhe = sight, but if it be an error for siðhe it will signify adversity, mishap. 362 ut luken = shut out. 363 tilen ði mete[n] = earn thy food. tilen (till), earn, procure.

"Ne maig he tilen him non fode."

He is not able to procure food for himself.

(O.E. Miscell. p. 3.)

364 wid = wið, with. swotes teres = tears of sweat, i. e. drops of sweat. We may, however, by spoiling the metre, read swotes & teres, for in O.E. writers swot is frequently used in the singular and makes the plural swotes.

365, 366

Til gu beas eft into erðe cumen,

Till thou art again into earth come.

beas = be'st = art. The present has also a future signification.

369 niðful = envious.

"O nyth þare springes mani bogh,

Þat ledes man to mikel wogh,

for nithful man he luuves lest,

Þe quilk he wat es dughtiest."

—(Cursor Mundi, MS. Cott. Vesp. A iii. fol. 153b.)

loð an liðer, loathsome and vile.

372

And atter on is tunge cliuen,

And poison on his tongue shall cleave.

373 san = schand, disgrace, shame. Did the scribe originally write sam = shame? 377 pilches. This word answers to the "coats of skin" in our English version of the Scriptures. In modern English pilch is merely the flannel swathe of an infant, but it formerly signified a fur garment. Cf. Ital. pellicia, pelizza, any kind of fur; also Fr. pelisse (pelice), a furred garment.

"Here kirtle, here pilche of ermine,

Here keuerchefs of silk, here smok o line,

Al-togidere, with both fest,

Sche to-rent binethen here brest."—(Seven Sages, 473.)

P. 12. l. 384.

Cherubin hauet [haueð] ðe gates sperd,

Cherubim have the gates bolted (barred, fastened).

391 swem = sorrow, grief. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. swemande. Legends of Holy Rood, pp. 135, 201.

392

Of iwel and dead hem stondeð greim

Of evil and death they stand in awe.

A similar phrase occurs in l. 432, p. 13. The phrase stande awe is not uncommon in O.E. writers.

"Than sal be herd the blast of bem,

The demster sal com to dem,

That al thing of standes awe."

(i. e. stands in awe of.)

—(Met. Hom. p. xii.)

"For Crist com sal be sa bright

Þat thoru þat mikel lauerd might

Him sal of stand sa mikel au,

Þat alle þe filthes of his maugh

Sal brist ute at his hindwin,

For dred he sal haf of drightin."

—(Antichrist and the Signs of the Doom,

in Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur,

1863, p. 203, l. 408.)

"Thereof ne stod him non owe."—(Seven Sages, 1887.)

See Havelok the Dane, p. 9, l. 277.

393 on sundri = asunder = apart, separate.

398

And leded (ledeð) samen gunker lif.

And lead (pass) together your (two) lives.

leded = ledeð, is a verb in the imperative mood; gunker, the A.S. incer (dual) = your two, of you two. Cf. ȝunkerr baþre = of you both.—(Orm. i. 214.)

408

And sumdel quemeð it his seri mood

And somewhat it cheereth his sorry mood.

411

More for erneste dan [ðan] for gamen,

More for necessity than for pleasure.

P. 13. l. 417 al swilc sel = all such time.

420

ðan he was of is broðer wold,

When he was by his brother killed.

421, 422

An hundred ger after is dead,

Adam fro eue in srifte abead.

A hundred years after his death,

Adam from Eve in shrift (penance) abode.

(i. e. on account of the death of Abel.)

"A hundred winter of his liue

fra þan forbar Adam his wiue,

for soru of Abel þat was slayn."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 8.)

See Legends of the Holy Rood, pp. 20, 21.

431 and wurð ut-lage = and became an outlaw.

432

wið dead him stood hinke and age.

Of death he stood in dread and fear.

hinke = inke, doubt, dread. See note on l. 392.

436

ðeft and reflac ðhugte him no same,

theft and robbery appeared to him no shame.

Reflac = robbery with violence, rapine. (See Laȝ. i. 172, 272, 424; ii. 526.)

"Þe first sin is o covatise

Þat revis mani man þair praise,

O þis cumes blindnes and tresun,

Reuelaic, theft, extorsiun."

—(The Seven Deadly Sins: Cursor Mundi, Cott. MS. Vesp. A iii.)

438 stonden agon = withstand, oppose. Cf. O.E. again-stande, to oppose.

439

Met of corn, and wigte of fe,

Measure of corn, and weight of goods.

The only objection against explaining fe by goods or money is that in the poem it signifies cattle, the proper term for goods, etc., being agte. In Laȝamon fe, however, has the meaning of goods, money.

440

And merke of felde, first fond he,

And he first devised division (boundary) of fields (lands).

444 at ðe sexte kne = at the sixth degree. Kne in this sense is used by Robert of Gloucester, p. 228:—"He come of Woden þe olde louerd, as in teþe kne" (i. e. tenth generation). 450 On engleis tale = in English speech.

P. 14. l. 451 kire, modesty, purity. See Laȝ. l. 8077. K. Horn, l. 1446.

456

He was hirde wittere and wal.

He was herdsman wise and experienced (skilful).

See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. wale.

457-8

Of merke, and kinde, and helde, & ble,

sundring and sameni[n]g tagte he.

He taught of (concerning) the character, breed, age, colour [of cattle], the keeping them asunder, and the matching them together. merke refers, perhaps, to the form, shape, etc., of the cattle, and kinde to their pedigree. 459 glew, music, still exists in glee, gleeman, etc., O.E. gleowinge = singing. gleu, to amuse by singing.

"Bi a piler was he þar sett

To gleu þaa gomes at þair mete."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 40b.)

Cf. gleo, music.—(Laȝ. i. 298.) gleo-cræften = glee-crafts, arts of music.—(Ibid. i. 299.) gleo-dreme = glee-sound.—(Ibid. i. 77.) gleowen, gleowien, to chant, play.—(Ibid. ii. 382, 429.) 466 a sellic smið, a wonderful (rare) smith. 468 To sundren and mengen = to separate (the ore from the dross) and to mix (alloy).

469

Wopen of wigte and tol of grið

= weapon of war and tool of peace.

wigte = wig = war. Wigte may signify sharpness; it usually = strong, brave.

470

wel cuðe egte and safgte wið.

This line seems to be very corrupt and to stand in need of some emendation. I would propose to read as follows:—

wel cuðe he fegte and sagte wið

= well could he fight [i. e. with the wopen of wigte] and heal with [the tol of grið]. If this interpretation be right tol of grið would refer to some curative agents. 472 wurð bisne, became blind.

"Þis Lamech was called Lamech þe blind,

Caym he slogh wit chaunce we find."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 10.)

475

Al-so he mistagte, also he schet,

As he mistaught, so he shot.

477 wende = weened, thought. 480-481 Cain unwarned, received it (the arrow), groaned, and stretched (fell prostrate), and died with that (immediately). unwarde may be an error for unwarnde = unwarned, or for unwared = A.S. unwered = unprotected. 484 dedes swog = death's swoon. Swog = O.E. swowe, swoughe.

"Aswogh (in swoon) he fell adoun

An his hynder arsoun (rise of the saddle),

As man that was mate."—(Lybeaus Disconus, 1171.)

The verb to swoon occurs often in English under the form swoghen (p.p. yswowe),

"The king swoghened for that wounde."—(Kyng Alys., 5857.)

Cf. Laȝ. 130, "he fel iswowen;" i. 192, stille he was iswoȝen (the later copy reads iswoȝe).

486

Of his soule beð mikel hagt.

On his soul is much sorrow.—(See l. 2044, p. 59.)

The literal signification seems to be thought, care. (See Agte in l. 3384.)

P. 15. l. 490 or or, etc. = first ere, etc. = first before, etc. fen = mud, dirt.

"Man here is nathyng elles

Bot a foule slyme, wlatsom til men,

And a sekful of stynkand fen."

—(Hampole's P. of C., l. 566.)

See R. of Gloucester, 6; Ps. (in Surtees' Psalter) xvii. 43. 492 drinkilden = were drowned; drinkil is a derivative of O.E. drinke, to drown, a softer form of which is drenche, which often signifies in O.E. a drink, potion (R. of Gl., p. 151; Ayenbite, p. 151, deaþes drenche), as well as to drink and to drown. See Laȝ. i. 64.

"& att te lattste drunncnenn þeȝȝ

þa wrecchess, þat hemm trowwenn.

And at the last drown they

The wretches who them trow (believe)."—(Orm. ii. 181.)

"The see him gon adrynke

That Rymenil may of-thinke."—(Kyng Horn, 978.)

494

he began holy custom

Of prayers, and of god-fearing-ness,

for life's help and soul's comfort (counsel).

500 alied = halihed = holiness; toch = toc = took. 501 fro mannes mene, from man's fellowship, society. The usual form of mene in O.E. is ymene, ymone = common, general. 503-510 From Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, pp. 122-126, we learn that both Enoch and Hely (Elijah) shall come before doomsday to turn the Jews from following Antichrist to the Christian law:—"For 1260 days, or three years, shall they continue to preach. Antichrist, in great wrath, shall put the two prophets to death in Jerusalem, where their bodies shall lie in the streets for three days and a half, after which they shall ascend to heaven in a cloud. After their death Antichrist shall only reign fifteen days, at the end of which time he shall be slain before the Mount of Olivet." Some "clerks" affirm that he shall be slain by St Michael in Babylon, "that great hill." (See "Antichrist and the Signs before the Doom," in Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur, 1863.) 517 Metodius. In the "Polychronicon Ranulphi Higdeni," p. 23, ed. by Churchill Babington, 1865, amongst the "auctores names" we find mention made of "Methodius etiam martyr et episcopus, cui incarcerato revelavit angelus de mundi statu principio et fine." 518 sighe sir = sigðhe sir = sheer insight, clear fore-knowledge.

P. 16. l. 525 quat agte awold = what should happen. 526 water wold, destroyed by water. wold may = walled, flooded, from wallen. 530 hore-plage, whore-play, whoredom. Cf. O.Sax. hor-uuilo; O.H.G. huorgilust. In O.E. hore (not whore) was an epithet applicable to men as well as women. It occasionally signifies adultery. It is found in combination as a qualifying term in hore-cop, horesone, a bastard; hore-hous, a brothel. The O.E. horwed, defiled, unclean; horowe, foul (Chaucer); hori, ouri, dirty; Provincial E. horry (Devonshire), seem to belong to another family of words.

532

Wimmen welten weres mester

Women wielded a man's art.—(See Rom. i. 26.)

See Allit. Poems, p. 46, ll. 269-272.

533

And swilc woded wenten on,

And such madness (folly) went on.

woded = wodhed. Cf. alied = alihed = holiness (l. 500, p. 15). "Þe oþer ontreuþe þet comþ of prede is wodhede, me halt ane man wod þet is out of his wytte, in huam skele is miswent."—(Ayenbite, p. 12.)

534

Golhed hunkinde he gunnen don,

Unnatural lust they did commit.

Golnes = lust, lasciviousness, occurs in the Owl and Nightingale, l. 492. Ancren Riwle, p. 198. Ps. lxvii. 14.

"Non lest (listen) on man do amys

Thorȝ hys oȝene gale (lust)."—(Shoreham, p. 107.)

hunkinde = unkinde, unlawful, unnatural. 536 quad mester, wicked craft (practices). See Allit. Poems, p. 46, ll. 265-268. Quad takes several forms and meanings in O.E.; as qued, wicked (Kyng Alys., 5619; evil, 4237); the devil (R. of Gl., 314); quead, wickedness (Ayenbite, p. 4); quathe, wothe, wathe, evil, harm (Hampole's P. of C., 2102, 4558; Allit. Poems, B. 885).

"De quât deit, de schuwet gêrn dat licht."—(Reynard the Fox.)

537 hun-wreste plage, wicked lust; hun-wreste = unwreste, weak, frail, and hence wicked.

"Mærling vnwærste [onwreste] man

Whu hæuest þu me þus idon."—(Laȝ. ii. 228.)

"Þenne þat hæfd (leader) is unwræst [onwrest]

Þe hæp (host) is þæ wurse."—(Ibid. vol. ii. 259.)

"Thanne aȝte men here wyves love,

Ase God doth holy cherche;

And wyves nauȝt aȝens men

Non onwrestnesse werche,

Ac tholye,

And nauȝt onwrest opsechen hy

Ne tounge of hefede holye."—(Shoreham, p. 57.)

See Orm. i. 168-9. A.Sax. Chron., 1052. Wright's Lyric Poems, 37. Kyng Alys., 878. Owl and Night., 178. 538 A ðefis kinde = in thief's kind, in sodomy. thief in O.E. was a general term of reproach. Perhaps in ðefis we have an allusion to Cain.

542

And leten godes frigti-hed

And forsook the fear of God.

544

And mengten wið waried kin

And intermixed with accursed kin.

545

Of hem woren ðe getenes boren

Of them were the giants born.

—(See Genesis vi. 4.)

546

Migti men, and figti, for-loren

= Migti men, figti and forloren,

Mighty men, warlike and forlorn (doomed).

548 litel tale, little account (worth). 553 blissen = lessen = be-lessen (?) or bi + leschen, to soften. Cf. blinnen and linnen = to cease. See ll. 3653, 3803.

554

ðat it ne wexe at more hun-frame

lest it should grow to greater evil.

hun-frame = unframe, loss, disadvantage. 556 deres kin = animals.

P. 17. l. 560 grið, protection, safety.

"he wuneden (dwelt) seoððen (afterwards) here

inne griðe and inne friðe (peace)."—(Laȝ. ii. 50.)

"Lauerd, lauerd, ȝef (give) me grið."—(Ibid. iii. 35.)

Cf. greth, quarter (Sir Cleges, 292). grith-bruch, breach of the peace (Owl and Nightingale, 1043). grith-sergeant (Havelok, 267). 561 feteles, a vessel, a fat or vat.

"þe firrste fetless wass

Brerdfull off waterr filledd."—(Orm. ii. 148.)

"Sex feteles of stan war thar stan[d]and,

Als than was cumand in the land

And Crist bad thaim thir feteles fille

Wit water, and thai did son his wille."

—(Met. Hom. p. 120.)

562 set, made, formed. limed, daubed, pitched. 564 sperd, sparred, barred. See Orm. D. 261; H. i. 142, ii. 68; Havelok, 448. spere or sparre signifies also to lock, shut up. Chaucer, Troilus and Creseide, v. 455; Bone Florence, 1774. ðig = ðic, thick.

566

ðor buten noe(.) long swing he dreg.

Thereabout Noah endured long toil.

swing = swinc, toil, labour. 568 welken, pass away, literally to fade, wither; and usually applied to plants and flowers.

"It wites als gresse areli at dai,

Areli blomes and fares awai;

At euen doun es it brogt,

Un-lastes, and welkes, and gas to noght."—(Ps. lxxxix. 6.)

See Hampole's P. of C. l. 707. 576 arche-wold. See note to l. 255. 582 gette or get, poured down. gette is the preterite of geten or gete. See l. 585. Cf. O.E. yhete (ȝete); pret. yhet; p.p. yhoten (iȝote).

"Yhet over þam þi wreth."—(Ps. lxviii. 25.)

See Ps. xli. 5, lxxiii. 21. Percy's Reliq. vol. ii. 81. Cf. "a metal geoter," a metal caster, Kyng Alys. 6725. out-yhetted, poured out, Hampole's P. of C. 7119. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Gote. 592 moned = moneð = month.

P. 18. l. 598 dragen by metrical license for wið-dragen, withdrawn. ðe watres win = the water's force (strife). Winne in O.E. has the signification of to fight, contend with, strive, and hence to get. Cf. O.E. wunne, victory; wan, contrivance, remedy. See l. 347.

"Alle we atter dragen off ure eldere,

ðe broken drigtinnes word ðurg ðe neddre;

ðer-ðurg haueð mankin

boðen nið and win."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 11.)

607 est = east. Probably only an error for eft = again. 614 arche-wolde. See note to l. 255. 617 Rad = hasty, rash. Literally it signifies ready, and frequently occurs in O.E. writers with this meaning. Cf. O.E. gerâd, rædlîce, rædliche, radely, radly, promptly, quickly, suddenly. See l. 2481, and Owl and Nightingale, ll. 423, 1041, 1279; Laȝ. 25603; St Marh. p. 10; Avow. Arth. xix. 6.

P. 19. l. 630 tudered (see note to l. 164).

631-637

Often he prayed with timid prayer,

That such vengeance as God then did

Should no more on the world come,

What vengeance so ever there should be taken.

God granted it in token of love,

Showed him in the welkin above

A rainbow, they call it, red and blue.

so after swiulc is a true relative, as in the oldest period.

635 gat = granted. It is the preterite of a verb gate, to grant.

"Fourti dais he sal [tham] yate

Þat fallen ar ute o þair state

Þoru foluing o þat fals prophet,

Þat þai mai þam wit penance bete."

—(Antichrist, in Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur,

1863, p. 204, l. 428.)

gate or yate, pret. yatte, is the Northern form of the word, the corresponding southern term is ȝete, pret. ȝette.

"& ȝho ne wass nohht tær onnȝæn,

Acc ȝatte hemm hĕre wille

& ȝatte þatt ȝho wollde ben

Rihht laȝhelike fesstnedd

Wiþþ macche, swa summ i þat ald

Wass laȝhe to ben fesstnedd."—(Orm. i. 80.)

"& þe king him ȝette

swa Hengist hit wolde."—(Laȝ. ii. 172.)

"& þe king him ȝette

al þat he ȝirnde."—(Laȝ. i. 189.)

See Seinte Marherete, p. 18. Allit. Poems, p. 17, l. 557. a = an = in. 637 men cleped = one calleth it; cleped = clepet = clepe + et; et = it. We have a similar construction in l. 1082:

"for al ðat nigt he sogten ðor

ðe dure, and fundend neuere mor."

fundend = funden + ed = founden + et = found it. The author of the poem constantly joins the pronoun et = it to the preterite of weak verbs. See line 479, where letet = let it. 590 stodet = stod it = it stood. 1654 kiddit = kidd it = showed it. As the plurals of the present indicative do not end in -eþ or -et in the poem, but in -en (-n), cleped may be an error for clepeð or clepeth = calls, and men = O.E. me = one. See line 750.

643-644

And as high the flame shall go,

As the flood flowed on the downs (hill).

lowe, a northern term (of Norse origin) for flame, the southern form (of A.Sax. origin) is leie. Religious Songs in Old Eng. Miscell., pp. 67, 182.

"Of his neose-þurles

cumeð þe rede leie."

See also Legend of St Brandan, 512.

"Þair throtes sal ay be filled omang

Of alle thyng þat es bitter and strang,

Of lowe and reke with stormes melled,

Of pyk and brunstane togyder welled."

—(Hampole's P. of. C., l. 9431.)

653 vten = wið-vten, without, besides. See l. 656. Cf. l. 596, with l. 598. 655 bi tale, in number.

P. 20. l. 676 gan ille wune, began wicked practices. 678 muni[gin]g = remembrance. 692 fendes fleiðing, fiends' strife. Probably fleiðing = flitting, contention, strife. The phrase fendes fleathe = ? fendes fleiðing, occurs in Shoreham's poems, p. 97.

"ȝyf thou rewardest thyne eldrynges nauȝt

A-lyve and eke a-dethe,

That were wel besy to brynge the forthe,

. . . . . . . .

ȝyf thou hy gnaȝst and flagȝst eke,

Ryȝt hys that fendes fleathe."

P. 21. l. 713 hicte = higte, was called, named. 724 wol wel = wel wel = very well, extremely well. Cf. the O.E. expressions wel ald, wel lang, etc., very old, very long, etc.; wol wel corresponds exactly to the O.H.G. and M.H.G. vil wol; Mod. Ger. sehr wohl. See Erec. (ed. Haupt. 1839), 2017.

725

Thare let hur, and ðeðen he nam,

Terah left Ur, and thence he went.

let (pret. of lete) = left; nam, literally took, and hence took the way, departed, went. See ll. 744, 745. 727 burgt, an error for burg.

P. 22. l. 743 for, went. See l. 763.

748

Of weledes fulsum and of blis Rich of (in) wealth and of (in) bliss.

weledes is an error for welðes; it may = werldes = world's; fulsum = rich, plenteous, bountiful, occurs in O.E. fulsumhed (see l. 1548), fulsumly.

749 ist = is it, is there.

751

Each thing dieth that therein is cast.

753 ðus it is went = thus is it turned or changed. 754 brimfir, if not an error for brin-fire (burning fire; see l. 1164), signifies wild-fire, i.e. brimstone. Cf. A.Sax. cwic-fyr = fire of brimstone. 763 hunger bond. We ought, perhaps, to read hunger-bond, corresponding to the German hungersnoth, famine, dearth. Cf. luue-bond, l. 2692, force of love. 764 feger = feyer, far. 767 to leten = to lose.

P. 23. l. 787 erdne = ernde, errand, prayer, petition, message.

"Ih scal iu sagen imbot,

gibot ther himilisgo Got,

Ouh nist ther er gihorti

so fronsig arunti."—(Otfried's Evangelienbuch.)

to god erdne beren = to intercede with God. Ernde occurs in Lyric Poetry, p. 62, in the sense of to intercede. 792 arsmetike = arsmet[r]ike = arithmetic.

793

He was hem lef, he woren him hold,

He was dear to them, they were true to him.

795 sat = schat, treasure, still existing in scot, shot. 796 vn-achteled, unestimated, immense; from achtel, to estimate, reckon. See Stratmann, s.v. ahtlien.

801

ðor he quilum her wisten wunen,

Where they formerly wished to dwell.

P. 24. l. 813 atteð = hatteð, is called.

827

ðer het god abre ðat tagte lond, etc.

There God promised Abraham that promised land, etc.

tagte = bitagte, literally, assigned, appointed. 832 giscinge of louerd-hed = desire of lordship, greed of dominion. Giscinge = covetousness; the correct form is gitsing (ȝitsung, ȝittsung), but ȝissinge is found in Laȝ. ii. 227. Cp. yssing, O.E. Miscell. p. 38. icinge, Ayenbite, p. 16, and see Orm. i. 157.

"Al his motinge (talk)

was ful of ȝitsinge."—(Laȝ. i. 280.)

833

Neg ilc burge hadde ise louereding,

Nigh each borough (city) had its lord.

834 kumeling is literally a stranger, foreigner, but here signifies a king or ruler not of native blood, one of foreign extraction. See Comeling in Prompt. Parv. p. 89.

"For I am a commelyng toward þe

And pilgrym, als alle my faders was."

—(Hampole's P. of C., 1385.)

"Wande ein chomelinch ih bin mit dir unde ellente also alle uatere mine."—(Wendb. Ps. xxxviii. 22.)

P. 25. l. 842 ferding stor, a great army. See O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 189.

844 gouel, tribute, tax. Later writers use the word gauel or gouel in the sense of usury. See Ayenbite, p. 35; O.E. Miscell. p. 46. Cf. gaueler, usurer. Ayenbite, p. 35; Ps. cviii. 11. 847 haued = haueð, hath. 848 here-gonge, invasion.

"For ich am witi ful iwis,

And wot (knoweth) al that to cumen is:

Ich wot of hunger [and] of hergonge."

—(Owl and Nightingale, l. 1189.)

851 fowre on-seken and fifue weren = four attack and five defend. on-seken = attack.

"heo wenden to beon sikere. They weened to be secure

þeo Belin heom on-sohte." when Belin attacked them.

—(Laȝ. i. 241.)

864 witter of figt = skilled in fighting. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. wyter, and Laȝ. i. 260, 409; ii. 247.

866

Abram let him tunde wel,

Abram caused himself to be well surrounded (well guarded).

869 wenden, thought.

875

wið-ðuten [= wiðð-uten] ðo ðe cuden flen

= except those who could flee.

P. 26. l. 882 bat = bad = bead = literally offered, and hence restored. bat = bette occurs in Legends of Holy Rood for amended, restored, p. 210, l. 6. 886 Borwen, delivered, rescued, the p.p. of bergen (O.E. berȝe, berwen).

"Þis boc is ymad vor lewede men

vor vader and vor moder and vor oþer ken

Ham vor to berȝe vram alle manyere zen

þet in hare inwytte ne bleve no voul wen."

—(Ayenbite, p. 211.)

"And huo þat agelt ine enie of þe ilke hestes him ssel þer-of vor-þench, and him ssrive, and bidde God merci yef he wyle by yborȝe."—(Ibid. p. 1.) Orm uses berrȝhenn, to save, preserve, from which he forms the derivative berrhless, salvation. 888 feres wale, brave companions (allies). Wale signifies select, choice, worthy, and hence brave. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Wale.

893

He froðer[ed]e him after is swinc.

He comforted him after his toil.

Herbert Coleridge (Gloss. Index, p. 33) connects froðere with the A.Sax. frofrian, to comfort. Of course there is nothing to be said against the interchange of f and th (cf. afurst, thirsty; afyngred, hungry, etc.); but the A.S. freoðian, to protect, render secure, is nearer in form, and there is the O.E. vreþie (Ayenbite) to prove that this verb had not gone out of use. 895 ðe tigðe del = the tenth part. tigðe = tithe = tenth. 898 bargt = barg (the pret. of bergen) preserved. 910 wið-uten man = except the men. The rhyme seems to require us to read nam; the meaning would then be "without exception or reserve."

911

Alle hes hadde wið migte bi-geten.

He had them all with might begotten (obtained).

hes = he + es = he + them. The combination hes occurs again in l. 943. es or is = them, as in l. 949. See Note to l. 135, and Preface to O.E. Miscell. p. xv, and O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. xii.

P. 27. l. 913 meðelike wel, with great moderation, very meetly. Cf. unmeaðeliche in Seinte Marherete, p. 10. meðeliche in O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 7. meðleas, Ancren Riwle, p. 96. 918 algen = halgen = hallow. 920 bi-told (rescued) should be the pret. of a vb. bitellen, but no such word occurs in the poem. See O.E. Hom. 1st S. p. 205. Owl and Night. l. 263. Laȝamon uses bi-tellen, to win.

"Ac wih him we scullen ure freoscipe (freedom)

mid fehte bitellen."—(Vol. i. p. 328.)

"Bi-ðencheð eow ohte (bold) cnihtes

to bi-tellen eoweore rihtes."—(i. 337.)

The editor explains bitellen by to win, but regain would suit the context.

"Nu þu hauest Brutlond,

Al bi-tald to þire hond."—(Vol. ii. p. 335.)

"Nu ich mi lond habben bi-tald."—(Vol. iii. p. 258.)

924

Quo-so his alt him bi-agt

= Whoso them (goods) holdeth, him it behoveth (yield as tithes).

His = is = es, them. 927 gulden wel, requited well.

934

Of ðe-self sal ðin erward ten,

Of thyself shall thine heir come.

erward = eruweard, heir. 939 nam god kep = took good heed to, attended carefully to. kep = care. See R. of Gl. 177, 191. Owl and Night. l. 1226. Hampole's P. of C. ll. 381, 597. 941 Euerilc, each, every one. euerilc is the same as the O.E. euerich, Mod. Eng. every.

943

Vndelt hes leide quor-so hes tok,

Undivided he laid them where-so he took (brought) them.

This line refers to the "duue and a turtul," in the following line. See Genesis xv. 10. 945 on-rum the same as a-rum, apart, aside.

"Tho Alisaundre sygh this,

Aroum anon he drow, ywis,

And suththe he renneth to his muthe (army)."

—(Kyng Alys., 1637.)

946

And of ðo doles kep he nam.

And of the pieces care he took.

P. 28. l. 949 kagte is wei, drove them away. kagte is the pret. of kache, to drive.

"And he ansuered als he war medde,

And said, Allas and wailewaye.

That ever I com at yon abbaye,

For in na chaffar may I winne

Of tha lurdanes that won tharinne

For likes nan of thaim my play,

Bot alle thar kache me away."—(Met. Hom. p. 151.)

953-954 God said to him in true dream, the future condition of his seed. beren-tem = barn-teem, offspring, descendants.

"We are alle a (one) man barn-teme."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 27b.)

956

And uten erdes sorge sen.

And in foreign lands sorrow see (experience).

Cp.

"Outen sones to me lighed þai,

Outen sones elded er þai."—(Ps. xvii. 46.)

"Filii alieni mentiti sunt mihi, filii alieni inveteraverunt."

Cf. uten stede, l. 1741. O.E. utenlande, a foreigner. Havelok, l. 2153. 958 Hor = or, before. 960 ðat hotene lond, that promised land. 964 untuderi, barren. The usual O.E. term is unberand, unbearing. See O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 177. 965 abre = to Abram. 969-971 And Sarai would not suffer it, that Hagar were thus swollen (with pride). She held her hard in thrall's wise (treated her as a slave). 974 one and sori, solitary and sad. 975 wil and weri, lonely and weary. Wil literally signifies astray, wild, from the verb wille, to go astray. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Wyl.

"He is hirde, we ben sep;

Silden he us wille,

If we heren to his word

ðat we ne gon nowor wille."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 2.)

"And child Jesus willed them fra."—(Met. Hom. p. 108.)

977

wiste hire drogen sori for ðrist.

Knew her to be suffering sorely for thirst.

drogen may be an error for drogende = suffering. sori as an adjective is not sorrowful, as most editors interpret the word, but heavy, painful, and hence anxious, etc. See l. 974.

"Quen thai him (Jesus) missed, thai him soht

Imang thair kith and fand him noht,

And forthi Joseph and Mari

War for him sorful and sari."—(Met. Hom. 108.)

978 quemede hire list, satisfied her desire.

P. 29. l. 984 folc frigti, formidable folk, frigti does not here signify, as in other parts of the poem, afraid, but to be feared. 991 in sunder run, secret speech or secret communing, private conversation. See O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 29. 1010 ðe ton = the one. ton = that one the first; toðer = that other, the second.

P. 30. l. 1019 quamede = quemede, pleased.

1021-1024

Quoth this one, "this time next year,

Shall I appear to thee here;

By that time shall bliss befall Sarah,

That she shall of a son conceive."

1026

And it hire ðogte a selli ðhing,

And it appeared to her a marvellous thing.

1028 on wane, wanting one, i.e. one less. "In þis burh was wuniende a meiden swiðe ȝung of ȝeres, two wone of twenti."—(St. Kath. 69.)

1032

And it wurð soð binnen swilc sel,

And it became so (came to pass) within such time.

1035 stelen = go away stealthily or secretly.

1036

Ne min dede abraham helen, Nor my deed from Abraham hide.

1037 sinne dwale = complaint of sin (see l. 1220); dwale may be taken as an adj. = grievous, mischievous. 1038 miries dale, an error for mirie dale = pleasant dale. See l. 1121.

1039-40

ðo adde abram-is herte sor,

for loth his newe wunede ðor,

Then had Abraham's heart grief,

For Lot, his nephew, dwelt there.

1041-4 "Lord," quoth he, "how shalt thou do (this), if thou shalt take vengeance thereon; shalt thou not the righteous protect (spare), or for them (for their sake) to the others mercy bear (show)?" með beren = to bear mercy, to show mercy to. See ll. 1046, 1242.

1046

Ic sal meðen ðe stede for ðo,

I shall have mercy upon the place for those (for their sake).

Meðen signifies to use gently, act with moderation towards any one, to compassionate, to show mercy to. (See Allit. Poems, p. 45, l. 247; p. 51, l. 436; p. 54, l. 565; O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 153.) 1049 at-wot, departed. There is no such verb as æt-wítan, to depart, in Bosworth's A.Sax. Dict. The only meaning given to atwiten by Stratmann is to reproach, twit. At-wot may be a blunder for at-wond, departed. See l. 3058. Laȝ. l. 87. We have the O.E. at-flegen, at-gon, at-scape, etc. The simple verb wite is not uncommon in Early English authors.

"The first dai sal al the se

Boln and ris, and heyer be

Than ani fel of al the land,

. . . . . . . . .

And als mikel the tother day

Sal it sattel and wit away."—(Met. Hom., p. 25.)

"When this was sayd, scho wyte away."—(Ibid., p. 169.)

1054 quake is evidently an error for quate = wait, look for.

P. 31. l. 1055

He ros, and lutte, and scroð him [hem?] wel.

He rose, and bowed, and urged (invited) them well.

1060

He wisten him bergen fro ðe dead.

They wished to preserve him from death.

bergen is literally to preserve, but it may be here used passively, as the infinitive often is by O.E. writers, and we must then render the line as follows:—"They wished him to be preserved from death."

1062

And he him gulden it euerilc del.

And they him requited it every whit.

1063

Oc al ðat burgt folc ðat helde was on.

But all that townsfolk that were old enough.

1073

ðat folc vn-seli, sinne wod.

That wretched folk, mad with sin.

1076 wreche and letting = vengeance and failure.

1079

Wil siðen cam on euerilc on.

Blindness or bewilderment afterwards came on every one.

1082 fundend = funden + id = funden + it = found it. 1084 don red = do (obey) counsel, i.e. take advice.

P. 32. l. 1095 in sel = in time, timely, opportunely.

1097

ðat here non wente agen.

That none of them should turn back.

1101 gunde under dun, under yond hill. 1103 sren, if correct, might signify screen, but it seems to be an error for fren, to set free, and hence to save.

1105

Ai was borgen bala-segor.

Aye was saved Bela Zoar (little Bela).

See Gen. xiv. 2; xix. 20, 22. 1107 hine = him, the name of the town being regarded as of the masculine gender. 1108 erðe-dine = earthquake.

"Á hundyr á thowsand and seẅyntene yhere

Frá þe byrth of our Lord dere,

Erddyn gret in Ytaly

And hugsum fell all suddanly,

And fourty dayis frá þine lestand."—(Wyntown, p. i. 289.)

The verb dinne in O.E. has not only the sense of to din, but to shake, quake. See Seinte Marherete, p. 20.

"Þe erth quok and dind again."

—(Cursor Mundi; Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 11b.)

1109 Sone so, as soon as. 1110 brend-fier-rein, rain of burning fire.

1116

Ne mai non dain wassen ðor-on,

None may dare to wash therein.

dain, if not an error for darin = daren, dare, venture, may = ðain, a man, a servant, or = duen, avail. 1119 wente hire a-gon, turned her aback. See l. 1097. 1120 wente in to a ston, turned into a stone.

1121

So ist nu forwent mirie dale,

So is there now changed merry (pleasant) dale.

ist = is + it, is it, there is. 1125 deades driuen, held (influenced) of (by) death.

P. 33. l. 1127 They say the trees that are near it, come to maturity in time, and bring forth fruit and thrive, but when their apples are ripe, fire-ashes one may see therein. fier-isles, fire-ashes. For the meaning of isle, see Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Vsle. 1131-2 That land is called dale of salt, many a one taketh thereof little heed (account).

"Of thair schepe thai gif na tale,

Whether thai be seke or hale."—(MS. Harl. 4196, fol. 92.)

1137 biggede, dwelt. It signifies more properly to build. 1139-40 Here is an allusion to the destruction of the world by fire mentioned in lines 640-644, p. 19. Those maidens erewhile heard some say that fire should all this world consume. 1140 forsweðen, to burn up entirely, from the O.E. swethe or swithe, to burn, scorch. See Ancren Riwle, p. 306 (footnote). Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. swythe. 1142 fieres wreche, vengeance (plague) of fire. 1143-4 The Cursor Mundi says that Lot's daughters seeing only their father, thought that all men had perished.

"Bot Loth him held þat cave wit-in,

He and his doghtres tuin;

For þai nan bot þair fadre sau,

Þai wend alle men war don odau,

Thoru þat ilk waful wrak;

Þe elder to þe yonger spak:

'Sister to þe in dern I sai,

Þou seis þe folk er alle awai;

Bot Loth our fader es carman (male) nan,

Bot we twa left es na womman;

I think mankind sal perist be,

Bot it be stord wit me and þe.'"—(fol. 18.)

1147 vnder-gon, (1) to go under, (2) to cheat, deceive. In line 1160 under-gon = to undertake, take up again.

Cp.

"ȝet our by-leave wole onder-gon,

That thyse thre (Persons of the Trinity) beth ryȝt al on."

—(Shoreham, p. 142.)

"Ope the heȝe eȝtynde day

He onder-ȝede the Gywen lay."—(Ibid. p. 122.)

"And tus adam he [Christ] under-gede,

reisede him up, and al mankin,

ðat was fallen to helle dim."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 22.)

1151 eiðer here, each of them. Cf. O.E. eiðer eȝe, each eye, both eyes. 1159-60 Now behoveth us to turn back and take up the song concerning Abraham.

1162

Wið reuli lote and frigti mod.

With mournful cheer and frightened mood (mind).

reuli = sad, rueful, from the verb rue, to pity, compassionate, grieve for. Cf. O.E. rueness, compassion; Ruer, a merciful person; reuthe, pity.

"He saith 'we ben ybore euerichone

Making sorwe and reuly mone.'"—(MS. Addit. 11305.)

lote, fare, cheer.

"Þis isah þe leodking

grimme heore lates."

The king saw this,

their grim gestures.

—(Laȝ. ii., 245.)

"Þat freond sæiðe to freonde,

mid fæire loten hende,

'Leofue freond, wæs hail!'"

That friend saieth to his friend

With fair comely looks,

"Dear friend, wassail!"

—(Ibid. ii., 175.)

P. 34. l. 1163 Roke, East Anglian for reke, smoke. See Prompt. Parv. p. 436; Beve's, l. 2471.

1164

And ðe brinfires stinken smoke,

And the sulphur's stinking smoke.

stinken = stinkende, stinking. 1166 him reu. The verb rewe is used impersonally in O.E. 1167 suðen = southwards. (See Gen. xx. 1.) 1171-2 Erewhile as first Pharaoh her took, now taketh Abimelech her also. 1177 wif-kinnes, womankind. 1178 wið-helð = wið-held. 1179-80 In dream to him came tidings why he suffered and underwent that misfortune. 1180 untiming is literally that which is unseasonable. We have the same notion expressed in O.E. unhap (mishap), misfortune; E. happen, happy, and E. hap, happen, etc. Cp. untime, in Ancren Riwle, p. 344. 1184 ðat il sel, that same time, immediately.

1186

And his yuel sort was ouer-gon,

And his evil lot was passed.

1188

ða ðe swinacie gan him nunmor deren,

When the quinsy did him no more vex (annoy).

Our author or his transcriber is certainly wrong about the "swinacie;" for the punishment of "lecher-craft" was meselry (leprosy), the quinsy being the penalty for gluttony. The seven deadly sins were thus to be punished in Purgatory:—

1. Pride,

by a daily fever.

2. Covetousness,

" the dropsy.

3. Sloth,

" the gout.

4. Envy,

" boils, ulcers, and blains.

5. Wrath,

" the palsy.

6. Gluttony,

" the quinsy.

7. Lechery,

" meselry or leprosy.

1192 ðat faire blod, that fair woman. blod in O.E. was used as a term of the common gender, as also were such words as girl, maid, etc. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. blod.

1193

Bad hire ðor hir wið heuod ben hid

= Bad hire ðor-wið hir heuod ben hid?

Bad her there-with her head to be hid,

(That is, she was to buy a veil for her head).

1194 timing, good-fortune, happiness. See note to line 1180. 1195 bi-sewen, be seen. so in this line seems an unnecessary addition of the scribe's. 1197 wurd = wurð, became; on elde wac, in age weak (feeble). Woc = weak; the older form is wac. See Laȝ. ii. 24, 195, 411.

"Forr icc amm i me sellfenn wac,

& full off unntrummnesse."—(Orm. ii. 285.)

"Vor nout makeð hire woc but sunne one."

For nought maketh hir weak but sin only.

—(Ancren Riwle, p. 4.)

See O.E. Miscell. p. 135; ll. 581, 595.

1198 trimede is, perhaps, for timede = teemed = brought forth; if not it must be referred to O.E. trumen. See trimen in l. 1024.

P. 35. l. 1200 a-buten schoren = about shorn, is merely the explanation of circumcized.

"O thritte yeir fra he was born,

was ysmael wen he was schorn."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 16b.)

1201 lay is another form of law. Cf. O.E. daye and dawe. 1204 al swilk sel, even at such time. 1206 is told, is reckoned. 1208 fro teding don, removed from his mother's care (?). teding = tending (?), nursing, care, not teðing = teething. "fro teding don" in the Cursor Mundi is expressed by the phrase spaned fra the pap = weaned from the breast.

1209

Michel gestninge made abraham,

great feasting or entertainment made Abraham.

gestninge (feasting) seems to be the same as the S.Saxon gistninge, a banquet. The original meaning is hospitality; O.E. gesten, to entertain a guest; S.Sax. gistnen, to lodge. See Ancren Riwle, p. 288a, 414. Laȝ. ii. 172.

1212

And ysmael was him vn-swac,

And Ishmael was to him (Isaac) disagreeable.

vn-swac, displeasing, distasteful. There is no such word as un-swæc to be found in the A.Sax. glossaries, but we have swæc, savour, taste, from which I have deduced the meaning here given to un-swac. See Ancren Riwle, p. 48, where spekung = swekung, and cp. swæc, stenc, and hrepung, in Ælfric's Hom. i. 138.

1213 un-framen, to annoy, from O.E. frame, to benefit, to profit.

1216 Hir was ysmaeles anger loð, To her was Ishmael's anger displeasing.

1217 Ghe bi-mente hire to abraham, She bemoaned her to Abraham. bimente = pret. of bimene, to complain, lament.

"bimene we us, we hauen don wrong."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 25; see R. of Gloucester, p. 490.)

1220 dwale, complaint, grief. See l. 1037.

"Be þu neuere to bold, to chiden agen oni scold,

ne mid mani tales to chiden agen alle dwales."

(O.E. Miscell., p. 127. See p. 126, l. 414.)

1221 rapede, hastened, hurried away. See Rich. Cœur de Lion, 2206.

"The wretche stiward ne might nowt slape;

Ac in the morewing he gan up rape."—(Seven Sages, l. 1620.)

"The king saide, 'I ne have no rape (I am in no hurry)

For me lest yit ful wel slape.'"—(Ibid. l. 1631.)

1224

In sumertid, In egest sel,

In summer time, in the highest time (the hottest season) of the year.

Cp. 'in a hyȝ seysoun.'—Allit. Poems, p. 2, l. 39. 1228 hete gram, fierce heat. 1229 wexon ðrist. The sense requires us to read wex on ðrist, with fatigue and heat thirst waxed on them.

1231

Tid-like hem gan ðat water laken,

Soon did that water fail them.

P. 36. l. 1238

Bi al-so fer so a boge mai ten,

By as far as a bow may reach.

1239 sik and sor, sighing and sadness. 1241 dede hire reed, brought her help.

1242

An angel meðede hire ðat ned,

An angel alleviated her distress.

hire is the dative of the personal pronoun. 1244 seli timing, a fortunate occurrence. See note to l. 1180. 1247 nam fro ðan, went from that place. fro ðan = Sc. fra thine, from thence. 1252 mikil and rif, great (powerful) and wide-spread. 1254 In Arabia his kin dwell. 1258 kungriche = kineriche, kingdom. Cf. kungdom = kunedon = kingdom, l. 1260. kunglond, kunelond = kinglond, kingdom, l. 1262. guglond = kunglond, kingdom, l. 1264.

1261-2

His ninth son was Tema,

Wherefore is there a kingdom called Teman.

1264

Het a guglond esten (eften ?) fro ða,

Was called a kingdom afterwards from that time.

esten fro ða = eastwards from those other kingdoms. 1269 siker pligt, firm, sure pledge.

P. 37. l. 1275 feren pligt, pledged fellows.

1279

ðog [it] was nogt is kinde lond,

Nevertheless it was not his native land.

1280

Richere he it leet ðan he it fond,

richer he left it than he found it.

1290

On an hil ðor ic sal taunen ðe,

on a hill where I shall show thee.

1292 ðat he bed him two [to ?], that he commanded him to go to. two, an error for to. See l. 3752. 1295-6 They say on that hill's side was made the temple of Solomon. 1295 dune-is siðen = dune-is siden, down's (hill's) sides. 1299 buxum o rigt, rightly obedient. 1301 sagt, an error for sag (saw). See l. 1334.

P. 38. l. 1308

ðo wurð ðe child witter and war,

Then became the child wise and wary.

1315-20

Wonderfully art thou in the world come,

Wonderfully shalt thou be hence taken;

Without long suffering and fight (struggle)

God will thee take from world's night,

And of thyself holocaust have,

Thank Him that He would it crave (demand).

1317 ðhrowing = throe, suffering, agony.

"ðrowwinge and pine."—(Orm. ii. 174.)

"Vor soð wisdom is don euere soule-hele biuoren flesches hele: and hwon me ne mei nout boðe holden somed, cheosen er licomes hurt þen þuruh to stronge vondunges, soule þrowunge."—(Ancren Riwle, p. 372.) For true wisdom is ever to put soul-health before flesh-health, and when one may not hold both together, to choose rather bodily hurt than, through too strong trials, soul-agony (death). 1323 Supply don after wulde. 1328 nuge = nog, now. 1331 frigti fagen may be either frigti and fagen, timid and glad, or else frigti-fagen, timidly glad.

1332 for ysaac bi-leaf un-slagen, for Isaac remained unslain.

1333 Bi-aften, behind, abaft.

"Tacc þær an shep bafftenn þin bacc

and offre itt forr þe wennchell."—(Orm. ii. 156.)

1336 on ysaac stede, instead of Isaac.

P. 39. l. 1345

Sarra was fagen in kindes wune, Sarah was naturally glad.

in kindes wune = after the manner of kinde (nature); kindes wune = kind-wise, kin-wise. 1365 semeð is an error for semes, burdens, loads, or for semed, burdened, loaded. See l. 1368. seme is properly a load for a pack-horse.

"An hors is strengur than a mon,

Ac for hit non i-wit ne kon,

Hit berth on rugge grete semes,

And draȝth bi-vore grete temes."

—(Owl and Nightingale, ed. Wright, p. 27.)

1372 min erdne ðu forðe selðhelike, mine errand do thou perform, accomplish successfully. forðe = forðen. See Orm. l. 1834; Ancren Riwle, p. 408; Laȝ. l. 31561. 1373 lene, grant, still exists in lend, loan, etc.

1375

He bad hise bede on good sel,

He offered his prayer (in good time) opportunely.

P. 40. l. 1379 ilc on = each one.

1382

Ne wor nogt so forð ðeuwe numen,

The custom had not been so forth (up to that time) practised.

1388 bofte = bi-ofte, behoof; cf. O.E. byefþe, bi-ofþe. See l. 1408. 1390 beges = bracelets, armlets, probably from A.Sax. bugan (= beogan), to bow, to bend. The original meaning of beg is crown. In Piers Ploughman 346, beighe signifies a collar. In the Middle High German version of the Book of Genesis (ed. Diemer) it is stated that Eliezer, for love, gave Rebekah

"Zwêne ôringe

und zuêne arm-pouge

ûz alrôteme golde."

1391 ghe seems to be an error for he. 1394 kiddit = made it known, showed it. 1397 good grið = good entertainment. 1398 Him (the dative of the personal pronoun), for him.

1404

Quilc selðe and welðhe him wel bi-cam,

What prosperity and wealth had well befallen him.

1409 wið-ðan, with-that, thereupon.

1410

fagneden wel ðis sondere man,

welcomed well this messenger.

fagnen is literally to make fain or glad, to welcome, entertain; sondere man. The proper form is sondes-man. Ancren Riwle, p. 190. Cf. loder-man for lodes-man, l. 4110, p. 117; and sander-bodes, O.E. Hom. 2nd S. p. 89.

P. 41. ll. 1411-12

When God hath it so ordained,

As he sendeth so it shall be.

1417 garen, to prepare (to set out), to make yare, to get ready.

1419-20

For entreaty nor meed not would he there.

Over one night delay no (any) more.

drechen is (1) to trouble, annoy, (2) to hinder, delay.

(1) "Sir Pilates wife dame Porcula

Tille hir Lord thus gan say—

'Deme ȝe noght Ihesus tille ne fra,

Bot menske him that ȝe may

I have bene drechid with dremes swa,

This ilk night als I lay.'"

—(Gospel of Nichodemus, Harl. MS. 4196.)

(2) "Quhen Claudius þe manhed kend

Of þe Brettownys, he message send

Tyl Arẅyragus, þan þe kyng

Þat Brettayne had in governyng,

For til amese all were and stryfe,

And tak his dochtyr til his wyfe,

And to Rowme þat Tribwte pay

Wycht-owtyn drychyng or delay."—(Wyntown, vol. i. p. 92.)

In the Cursor Mundi we are told that wanhope (despair) causes

"Lathnes to kirc at sermon here

Dreching o scrift (delay of shrift)," etc.—(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)

1427 Or or first ere, i.e. before. 1428 morgen-giwe = morgen-giue, nuptial gift, the morning gift, the gift of the husband presented to the wife on the morning after marriage. See Ancren Riwle, p. 94. Hali Meid. p. 39. 1430 godun dai, good day. godun = godne, the accusative of the adjective.

"He let clipie þe saterday:

Þe freres bifore him alle

And bed alle godne day."—(St Dunstan, l. 200.)

1434 sondes fare, the journey of the messenger (Eliezer). 1437 on felde = the O.E. afelde. 1439 Eððede = eðede, alleviated, is connected with the O.E. eþe (eað), easy, and literally signifies softened. 1440 Of faiger waspene, of fair form; waspene is evidently an error for wasteme or wastene. "He seh þeos seli meiden marherete ... þe schimede ant schan al of wlite (face) ant of wastum (form)."—(Seinte Marherete, p. 2.) "In þis burh was wuniende a meiden swiðe ȝung of ȝeres, two wone of twenti, feir ant freolich o wlite & o westum."—(St Kath. p. 69.) 1442 Here samening, their union, intercourse.

1444

And sge ne bi-spac him neuere a del.

And she contradicted him never a whit.

bispeke in O.E. also signifies to threaten. See Castle of Love, l. 221.

P. 42. l. 1448

Abraham dede hem siðen sundri wunen,

Abraham assigned them afterwards sundry abodes.

1456

Him bi-stoden wurlike and wel,

Mourned for (bewailed) him worthily and well.

See ll. 716, 3857. wurlike = wurðlike, worthily. 1461-4 Long it was ere she him child bare, And he entreated God, when he became aware of it (i.e. that Rebekah was barren), That he should fulfil that promise, That he to Abraham erewhile made. 1463 fillen, to fulfil, accomplish. See Orm. i. 91. quede, promise, saying, is the same as the O.E. quede, a bequest, quide, a saying, from queðe, to say, still existing in quoth. See Laȝ. i. 38, 43; ii. 151, 197, 613 ; iii. 3; Orm. ii. 321.

1467-8

At one burden she bore

Two, who were to her akin of blood.

sibbe blod = O.H.G. sippe-bluot, blood relatives. Perhaps this line was inserted by the author on account of the popular belief at this time, that the birth of twins was an indication of unfaithfulness on the part of the woman to her husband. 1469-71 Also it seemed to her day and night, As (though) they wrought in fight (struggling, conflict), Which of them should first be born. 1470 "And the children struggled together within her."—(Gen. xxv. 22.) The following curious paraphrase of this passage occurs in the Cursor Mundi, fol. 20b:—

"His wiif (Rebekah) þat lang had child forgane,

Now sco bredes tua for ane,

Tuinlinges þat hir thoght na gamen,

Þat in hir womb oft faght samen.

Swa hard wit-in hir wamb þai faght,

Þat sco ne might rest dai ne naght;

At pray to Godd ai was sco prest,

To rede hir quat þat hir was best;

Þat hir war best he wald hir rede.

Hir liif was likest to þe ded (death).

Strang weird was giuen to þam o were,

Þat þai moght noght þair strif forbere

Til þai had o þaim-seluen might

To se quarfor þat þai suld fight.

Fra biginning o þe werld

O suilk a wer was never herd,

Ne suilk a striif o childer tuin

Þat lai þer moder wamb wit-in.

Þair strut it was vn-stern stith,

Wit wrathli wrestes aiþer writh.

Bituix unborn a batel blind,

Suilk an was ferli to find.

He þat on þe right side lai

Þe tother him wraisted oft awai;

And he þat lay upon þe left,

Þe tother oft his sted him reft."

1470 and = an = in; or else figt must be an error for fagt = fought; and nigt = nagt. 1477 Ghe is evidently an error for ghet or get, yet. liues = alive. Cf. newes, anew, etc.

P. 43. l. 1484 swete mel, sweet meal (food), not sweet speech. "And Isaac loved Esau, because he did eat of his venison."—(Gen. xxv. 28.) 1487 seð a mete, sod a meat. "sod pottage."—(Gen. xxv. 29.) 1493 mattilike weri = mattilike and weri, overcome (faint) and weary. Mattilike is connected with the O.E. mat, mote, faint, half dead. See Allit. Poems, p. 12, l. 386.

1494

Iacob wurð war he was gredi,

Jacob became aware that he (Esau) was hungry.

—(See Gloss. s.v. Gredi.)

1495-6 "Brother," quoth he, "sell me those privileges Which are said to be the first (eldest) son's." 1499 bliðelike, quickly; blithelike has often this sense in O.E. writers. 1501 wurði wune, a worthy (high, great) privilege. 1503 offrende sel, offering time.

1504

Was wune ben scrid semelike and wel,

Was wont to be clothed seemly and well.

1506 dede his ending, came to his end (died). 1507 heg tide, hey (high) days. 1510 twinne del, two-fold. 1511-12 And when the father were (should be) buried, to have two portions of hereditary property. ereward = erfeward, is properly the guardian, keeper of the erfe or inheritance, and hence the heir, so that instead of ereward riche we ought to read ereward-riche, corresponding to the A.Sax. yrfe-land, hereditary land. The -riche is the affix found in O.E. heven-riche, heaven kingdom; kine-riche, a kingdom; E. bishoprick. The -ward (in ereward) = warder, keeper, is found in O.E. gate-ward, dore-ward (door-keeper), bat-ward (boat-keeper); hey-ward (farm-yard keeper); sti-ward (steward, the officer who originally had care of the highways or sties?).

P. 44. l. 1514 then, an error for ten, to go. 1515 in wis, in wise, so that; but may we not read in-wis = i-wis, indeed, truly? See l. 2521. 1518 Holden wurðelike, esteemed honourably, held in honour, respect; a may be for and, or for aa = aye, ever.

1519-20

A hundred times as much waxed his honour,

So may God prosper where he will.

1521

Niðede ðat folk [ðat] him fel wel,

That folk envied him because he prospered.

1522 And made him change his abode; flitten is to remove, to flit.

"O land he (Noe) had ful grette plenté,

For him and for his sons thre;

Mast to tilth he gave him þan,

To flitt þe breres he bigan;

Sua lang wit flitting he þam sloght,

Þat wine-treis he þam wroght."

—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 13.)

1524 trewðe fest, troth-fast, pledged by troth or plighted faith; fest has usually the sense of confirming, pledging, in O.E.

"Þis neu forward (covenant) was festened þan."

—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 23.)

1527-28

And age came upon Isaac,

He became sightless and weak of (with) age.

elde swac = eldes wac, weak of (with) age. 1531 ðat, what. 1535 brogtes, brought them. 1536 And she well knew the father's choice; kire answers exactly to the later gloss, wune = what is chosen, selected; S. Sax. cure, choice.

"Þer stoden in þere temple

ten þusend monnen

þet wes þe bezste cure

Of al Brut-londe."—Laȝ. i. 345.

1537 And made exceedingly good, or very opportunely, that meat; on sele = on-sele, good, literally timely, opportunely; S.Sax. on sele, safely. See note on l. 1542.

"Cnihtes fuseð me mid

leteð slæpen þene king

And fare we on sele."—Laȝ. i. 32.

sæ-men æfter

fóron flód-wége

folc wæs on salum.

The sea men after

marched the flood way

the folk prospered (was in prosperity).

—(Cædmon, 184, 13.)

1539 Clothed she Jacob and made him rough. 1542 seles mel, an error for selie mel, good (timely) meal? Cf. miries dale for mirie dale, l. 1038, p. 30. See Laȝ. i. 75; ii. 173.

"And þas word saide

Brutus þe sele (the good)."—Laȝ. i. 30.

"haueð mi fader bi þære sæ

Castel swiðe sæle."—(Ibid. ii. 14.)

1544 For he handled him and found him rough. 1545 When he knew him, opportunely he blessed him, faithfully and well. on gode sel, in good time, opportunely. See note to l. 1542.

P. 45. ll. 1547-8

Heaven's dew and earth's fatness,

Abundance of wine and oil.

1550 Supply and after migt.

1565-6

Quoth Esau, "right is his name

Called Jacob, to my disadvantage."

1569-70

Nevertheless, dear father, intreat I thee

That thou give me some blessing.

1573 erðes smere, earth's fatness; smere is properly fat, grease, butter. In the Orm. ii. 106 it is used in the sense of ointment. 1574 granted him blessing that was precious to him; gere is evidently an error for dere, beloved, dear, precious.

1575-6

For Idumea, that rich land,

Of pasture good, was in his hand.

lewse, cf. O.E. leswen, to pasture; lezzer[398] (Shropshire), a pasture-land. (Wicliffe, 1 Kings xvi. 11; 1 Cor. ix. 7; Luke viii. 34.) "If ony man schal entre by me, he schal be saved; and he schal go yn, and schal go out, and he schal fynde lesewis." (Wicliffe, St John x. 9.) "Egipte aȝenst kynde of oþer londes haþ plenté of corn; he is bareyne of lesue, and whan he haþ plenté of lesue it is bareyne of corn." (Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon, vol. 1, p. 131.)

1577-8

Quoth Esau, "The time of mourning shall pass away,

And I shall take vengeance of (on) Jacob."

1577 grot is a noun formed from the vb. to grete (to weep, mourn), just as wop is from wepe (weep). It is the same as the O.E. gret, grete, cry, outcry.

P. 46. ll. 1583-4

"Be thou there," quoth she, "till Esau

Appeased be, who rages now."

Eðe-moðed (= eðe-moded) is literally easy-minded, humble, mild, and hence soft-mooded, appeased. S.Sax. edmod, eadmodied, edmodie. See Laȝ. ii. 554; Ancren Riwle, 246, 278. The insertion of be is necessary to the metre as well as to the sense.

1588-9

Esau married in order to annoy us

When he allied (himself to kin of Canaan) and is so foolish.

1591-2

Wherefore he maketh him stubborn and strong,

For he is mixed amongst that kin.

1594

Ne bode ic no lengere werldes lif,

I could endure (abide) no longer world's life.

1605 an soðe drem, in true dream. 1606 heuene bem = heaven-beam (?), the sun (?). 1610 Lened = leaned; but the MS. also sanctions leued = remained; and [Jacob] wurð ut-suuen, and Jacob became cast out of (aroused from) his sleep. 1615 i = ic, I. It is common to find i before sal, instead of the fuller ic.

P. 47. l. 1620 amongus = amonges = amongst. 1621 a-gen cumen = agen-cumen, return. 1623 for muniging = for a memorial. 1624 And get on olige = and poured on oil; olige = the O.E. olie, elye = oil; anelye, to anoint. 1636 A well well-covered under a stone. 1638 abiden (= abode) is the pret. pl. of abide. 1641 sulden samen = should assemble.

1649

Iacob wið hire wente ðat ston,

Jacob for her removed that stone.

wið in O.E. signifies in, for, against, etc.

1651-2

And he made known he was her aunt's son,

And kissed her after kins-wise (as a relative).

mouies is properly a female relative; S.Sax. mawe, moȝe, mowe, and must be distinguished from mæi, mey, may, etc., a male relative. "Þis ȝet þuncheð me wurst þæt tu þe ane hauest ouergan þi feder ant ti moder, meies ba ant mehen." (St Marherete, p. 16.)

"Nu is afered of þe

þi mei and þi mowe;

Alle heo wereð þe weden

þat er weren þin owe."—(O.E. Miscell. p. 178.)

We occasionally, as in this instance, meet with the word in a more limited sense.

"Annd hire meȝhe Elysabaeþ

Wass gladd inoh & bliþe

Off hire dere child Iohan,

And lefliȝ ȝho himm fedd."—(Orm. i. 109.)

"Has þou her," þai said, "ani man,

Sun or dogter, mik or mau

To þe langand, or hei or lau."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 17.)

We even find a confusion between the two terms, as in l. 1761, p. 51, and in the following passage:

"Loth went and til his maues (sons-in-law) spak."

—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 17.)

P. 48. ll. 1655-6 Laban welcomed him (Isaac's son travelled from afar) in friend's wise (friendly); feren = S.Sax. feorren, afar, far, from a distance. (See Ancren Riwle, p. 70, l. 3888.)

"The sonne, and monne, and many sterren

By easte aryseth swythe ferren."—(Shoreham, p. 137.)

1658 and laban herte ranc = and Laban's heart was wrung (with pity)? for ranc read wranc = wrang. 1666 wað = quað, quoth, spoke. 1668 wið skil, in reason, reasonably.

1671

Luue wel michil it agte a-wold

Love so great it ought prevail.

agte awold, have in power, prevail, avail. Cp. "Þerfore everyche Romayn overcomeþ oþer is overcome wiþ flaterynge and wiþ faire wordes; and ȝif wordes failleþ, ȝiftes schal hym awelde." (Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicum, vol. i. p. 253.) 1676 tog = toc = took.

1681

long wune is her driuen,

long custom is here held (practised).

P. 49. l. 1693 londes kire, custom of the land (country). 1700 caldes, called them. Cf. calde is in l. 1702. 1706 ille bi-nam, foully ravished. 1712 charen, to depart, literally to turn. 1713 ðelde an error for gelde = should requite.

1713-14

Unless Laban should reward better

His service, and withhold (retain) him yet.

1715 serue he scriðed = he entreated him to serve.

1719-26

Covenant is made of all sheep,

Jacob should take charge of those of one colour,

And if of those, spotted ones came,

Those should be taken for hire (wages).

Sheep or goat, speckled, streaked, or gray,

Are placed from Jacob far away;

Nevertheless those of one colour

Bore many unlike and dissimilar.

P. 50. l. 1723 haswed = haswe, "livid, a sad colour mixed with blue." It also signifies rugged, shaggy. 1726 vn-like = unlike in colour. It may be, however, an error for on-like = alike; likeles, unlike, dissimilar in form. 1729 ðe sunder bles, the diverse coloured ones. 1736 To be under him longer is displeasing to him. 1740 clipping time, shearing time. See Allit. Poems, A. 802. 1747 for-olen = for-holen, secreted.

P. 51. l. 1758

ðus meðelike spac ðis em,

thus kindly (mildly) spake this uncle.

1761-2

My relative, my nephew, my fellow (companion)

Thou oughtest not to do me such unlawfulness (wrong).

mog. See note to l. 1651.

1763-4

I was afraid it might occur to thee

To take thy daughters from me.

1765 fro an error for for (?).

1767

Theft I deny, that is my advice,

That he be dead (put to death) with whom thou findest them (thy gods).

1768-9 is = them. 1771 yuel ist bi-togen, evil is there accused = wrongfully has accusation been made, i. e. I am accused of a crime. bitogen, the p.p. of biteon, signifies also befallen. bitogen may be an error for bilogen. 1772 My labour about thy property is drawn (taken up), i. e. I am troubled about thy property. 1774 And to me was thine honour dear; wurðing = honour, respect, good opinion. 1775 fend sule wit ben, friends shall we two be. 1776 And troth plight (pledge) now us two between. 1779 glað = glad. 1782 Turned backward ere it was light. 1783 of weie rad, quickly away. of liues = alive; of kin = akin. 1784 Soon was he far from Laban separated. 1786 Engel-wirð = engel-wird, a troop, multitude of angels.

"Þer wes Bruttene weored

baldeliche isomned."—(Laȝ. ii. 412.)

1787 wopnede here, a weaponed (armed) host.

"iwepned wel alle

heo wenden to þan walle."—(Laȝ. i. 401.)

"& sone anan se þiss wass seȝȝd

Þurrh an off Godess enngless,

A mikell here off enngleþeod

Wass cumenn ut of heoffne,

& all þatt hirdeflocc hemm sahh

& herrde whatt teȝȝ sungenn."—(Orm. i. 115.)

"He comuth with so gret here

Wondur is the ground may heom beore."—(Kyng Alys., p. 91, l. 2101.)

P. 52. l. 1797-8

And Jacob sent far before

Him rich gifts, and sundry bearers.

1798 loac = lac, loc, a gift, present.

"ðe riche reoðeren

& scheop & bule,

hwa se mihte

brohten to lake."—(St. Kath. 63.)

"And bi þatt allterr wass þe lac

O fele wise ȝarkedd."—(Orm. i. 34.)

"Alle hii nemen þat lock."—(Laȝ., later copy, ii. 320.)

boren = bearers. A.S. bora. 1804 The sinews sprang from the limb. lið = member, limb. See Hampole's P. of C. 1917.

1805-6

Would they (Jacob's kin) no sinews thenceforth eat,

His own kin will not forget that usage.

1808 Till the dawning up from the east burst. 1811 leate = lete, relinquish. 1818 How shall any man be able to hurt thee? 1826 And honoured him as the first-born; wurðe should be wurð[ed]e. 1828 ðo rew him so, then had he such compassion upon Jacob.

P. 53. l. 1829 trume, host. (See Guy of Warwick, p. 291; Laȝ. iii. 73, 107.)

"And he arayeth hare trome

As me (one) areyt men in fyȝt."—(Shoreham, p. 108.)

Cp. shel-ter = or scheltron = schild-trume. 1833 Jacob was sorrowful that he forsook (refused) them (the presents). 1835 hol and schir = whole and sound; schir = sheer, pure, undefiled. 1837 him to frame = for his own use. 1840 tgelt = tyelt = encamped. Cf. Ger. zelt; Eng. tilt. 1843 There King Emor sold him a piece of ground. 1848 She departed leave-less (without permission) from that place. 1851 Her own counsel misled (ruined) her. We might read

for hire listede hire owen red,

for her own counsel pleased her.

1854

And his burge-folc fellen in wi,

And his people (borough-folk) fell in war.

wi = wig = war. Cf. Semi-Sax. wiȝe, battle, conflict. (Laȝ. i. 201; ii. 260; iii. 5.) wi-ax, wi-eax, a battle-axe. (Laȝ. i. 67, 96, 166, 286.) 1855 bi-speken, blamed. Cf. bi-spac, l. 1444, p. 41.

P. 54. l. 1872 Gol prenes = golde prenes = gold brooches. Prene is connected with O.E. preonne, to sew up. (See O.E. Miscell, p. 172, l. 68.) Sc. prin, a pin.

1873-4

Deep he them buried under an oak,

No covetousness made him weak (disobedient) in heart.

1877-8

For Solomon shall find them,

And his temple deck withal.

1887 merke dede, set up a mark (monument).

P. 55. ll. 1901-2

Of Edom so it was named then,

For it was before called Bozra.

1906 deden un-red = committed sin; unred, want of wisdom, miscounsel, folly, wickedness. (See Owl and Nightingale, 161.)

"For unræd is swiðe ræh (rash)."—(Laȝ. i. 278.)

1910 Brictest of waspene (wasteme), brightest of form; witter wune = skillwise, skilful, of good abilities. 1912 vn-hillen & baren, discover and lay bare (disclose); vnhillen = O.E. unhelen. (See Surtees, Ps. xxviii. 9.)

1914 wel-ðewed, well conducted, well behaved.

1915

for-ði wexem wið gret nið;

unless wexem = wex hem, we should perhaps read,

for-ði he wexen wið gret nið,

Wherefore they increased in great envy (jealousy).

wið = in. 1919 soren = shorn = reaped. Shear is still an E.Anglian term for to reap.

"And I sal say til men scherande,

Gaderes the darnel first in bande,

And brennes it opon the land,

And scheres sithen the corn rathe,

And bringes it unto my lathe."

—(Met. Hom. p. 146.)

1920 here = theirs. Cf. ure = ours. 1923 hu mai ðis sen, how may this appear (be seen). 1928 siðe = siðen = afterwards. 1934 In Dothan he found them come. sogt = sought = come, arrived? 1935 fro feren = from afar.

P. 56. l. 1942 ðisternesse = cisternesse = cistern. (See l. 1960.) Cistern occurs in the Middle High German Book of Genesis and Exodus, ed. Diemer, p. 75.

"Nu sehet ze dem trômære, er bringet nivmare

Slahen wir den selben hunt,

Werfen in in der zisterne grunt."

1942-4

In this pit, old and deep,

Yet shall he be cast, naked and cold,

What-so(ever) his dreams may signify.

1943 wurðe = wurð e = wurð he (?) = he shall be. 1950 derne sped = secret haste. I should prefer derue sped = derfe sped, bold (wicked) haste. 1952 spices ware = spices-ware = spicery. 1958 Than he should there die in their power. 1961 ðhogte swem = appeared grieved = was sorrowful.

1962-3

Believed him to be slain, set up a cry

He will not cease, such sorrow he endured.

1962 rem, cry, outcry.

"ðanne remen he alle a rem,

so hornes blast oðer belles drem (noise)."

—(O.E. Miscell., p. 21.)

1967-8

In kid's blood they turned it,

Then was there-on a piteous stain.

1968 lit = stain.

"Ah wið se swiðe lufsume leores

Ha leien, se rudie

& se reade i-litet (coloured)

eauereach leor

as lilie i-leid to rose,

Þæt nawhit ne þuhte hit

Þæt ha weren deade."—(St. Kath. l. 1432.)

"Saide Laverd of Basan torne, torne sal I,

In depnesse of þe se for-þi;

Þat þi fote be lited in blode o lim,

Þe tunge of þi hundes fra faas of him."—(Ps. lxvii. 24.)

P. 57. ll. 1975-8

He wept, and said that "wild beasts

Have my son swallowed here."

His clothes rent, in hair (cloth) shrouded,

Long mourning and sorrow is him befallen.

1977 haigre.

"Þai sal be, als þe appocalips spekes,

In harde hayres clende and in sekkes."

—(Hampole's P. of C., 4530.)

1980 hertedin, consoled; literally encouraged him (to hope that his son was still alive). 1982 herting = consolation. 1989 skiuden for skinden = went. 1992 They made quickly a gainful covenant. 1995 wol = wel = very.

1999, 2000

But he became then so naturally cold,

To do such deed had he no power.

2004 The author of the poem seems to have confounded Potiphar with Poti-pherah, the priest of On. (See Gen. xli. 45.)

P. 58. l. 2011 an heg for and heg = and high. 2015 One and stille, alone and secretly. 2019 Provided that he would with her wanton; wile seems to be the same as wigele, to play, sport. May we not supply plaige, play, before wile? 2020 But what she desired was displeasing to him. 2024 But it was to him all alike displeasing. 2025 tgeld = tyeld = tent. Cf. tilt (of a cart). 2030 god = goð = goes.

2031-2

And saith Joseph would do to her,

What she might not prove (or bring) against him.

2031 seið, says.

2035-6

The blame is his, the right is hers,

May God almighty discern the truth.

wite, blame, still exists in twit; O.E. at-wite.

P. 59. l. 2043 chartre for cwartre = prison.

"Forr nass nohht Sannt Johan ȝët ta

Intill cwarrterrne worrpenn."—(Orm. ii. 270.)

2044 in hagt, in sorrow. We might translate ll. 2042-4 as follows:—"The gaoler did love him, and hath entrusted him the prison to live in care with the prisoners." 2045 on-sagen = un-sagen = O.E. mis-saw, opprobrious language. 2047 One that the king's cup presented (the butler). 2049-50 onigt = anigt, by night; o-frigt = afrigt, in fright, affrighted. 2054 Hard (troublesome) dreams would cause that (i. e. cause them to mourn). 2057 softe or strong = pleasant or unpleasant. 2058 The interpretation will on (to) God belong. 2059 win-tre, a vine.

"Me thoght I sagh a win-tre,

A bogh þar was wit branches thre;

O þis tre apon ilk bogh,

Me thoght hang winberis inogh."—(Cursor Mundi, fol. 26.)

2060 That had full grown boughs three; waxen = full grown, explains Shakespear's man of wax. 2061 First it bloomed, and afterwards bore. 2062 Of the berries ripe became I aware. 2073 Present my petition (intercede for me) to Pharaoh; herdne = ernde. Cf. O.E. wordle = world.

"Bute heore almesdede

heore ernde schal bere."

But their alms-deed

Shall intercede for them.

—(O.E. Miscell. p. 164.)

2075 kinde lond, native land. 2076 And here wrongfully held in bond; wrigteleslike = wrigte-les-like, fault-less-ly; wrigte = wrihhte, a fault, crime.

"For niss nohht Godess griþþ wiþþ þa

Þatt wiþþrenn Godd onnȝæness,

Acc helle-wawenn iss till þa

All affterr þeȝȝre wrihhte."—(Orm. i. 136.)

P. 60. l. 2077 liðeð nu me, listen now to me. 2078 bread-lepes = bread-baskets. Cf. O.E. bar-lepe, a basket for keeping barley in. See Townley Myst., p. 329; Wicliffe, Exod. ii. 3. Leep, or baskett (lepp. K). Sporta, calathus, corbis.—(Prompt. Parv.)

2085-6

It were preferable to me (I had rather) quoth Joseph,

Tell the meaning of pleasant dreams.

2086 rechen = recken = to tell, explain; swep = force, stroke. Cf. the use of bond, wold, ll. 2114, 2122. 2088 ben do[n] on rode, be put on the cross (be crucified).

2089-90

And fowls shall tear away thy flesh,

That no wealth shall be able to save thee.

2094 wið-uten erd, in a foreign land. 2105 On a bush full grown and very beautiful (seasonable? well-seasoned, prime?). 2107 welkede = withered. drugte numen, seized with drought (dryness).

P. 61. l. 2114 Who could explain the meaning of these dreams. 2119 ðo hogt. Is hogt an error for logt = lagt, taken, or for sogt = sought? 2122 ðis dremes wold = this dream's meaning. Wold signifies (1) power, (2) force, (3) meaning. 2130 nedful = grievous; the O.E. ned often signifies grief, trouble. 2132 rospen and raken, rasp and rake, diminish and scatter. The Swedish raka signifies to clip, shave, shear. 2134 laðes, barns. (See note to l. 1919.) Chaucer uses the word in the Reve's Tale. "Berne or lathe, Horreum."—(Prompt. Parv.) 2136 hungri gere, famine years. 2146 so to-bar, so falsely accused him. (See baren in l. 1912.) In the Castle of Love to-beren = disagree; to-boren, at enmity, l. 49.

P. 62. l. 2153

The seven years of plenty pass away.

Joseph himself knew how to provide beforehand.

2161 for nede sogt, sought, come by compulsion. (See l. 2165.) 2163 he lutten him, they did obeisance to him.

2167-8

Joseph knew them all in his thought (mind),

He made as if he knew them not.

2176 For hunger doth (causes) them (Jacob's sons) hither to come.

2178 bi gure bering, by your behaviour. 2181 For seldom betideth even any king.

P. 63. l. 2190 ða = ðat; pore is evidently an error for gure = your.

2191-2

For then was Joseph sore afraid

That he were also through them deceived.

2196 ðe ton = the one. 2198 to wedde = in pledge, as hostage.

"He said, 'Forsothe, a tokyne to wedde

Salle thou lefe with me.'"—(Sir Perceval of Galles, p. 19.)

2204 Wrigtful = sinful. (See note to l. 2076.) 2209 For we denied him mercy; werneden = denied, refused.

"God schewes in his godspelle

Of þe riche man and laȝarus,

How þat he warned him almus,

Þarfor God warned him agayne

A drope of water, to sloken his payne

In þe fire of helle when he was þan."

—(Cott. MS. Tib. E. vii., fol. 37.)

2214 pilt = O.E. pult, thrown, placed (R. of Gloucester, 3376, 459; Lay le Freine, 136).

P. 64. l. 2219 ouer-ðogt, over-anxious. 2224 ðo agtes = the monies. 2232 Death and sorrow come on me; segeð = sigeð, cometh, alighteth, falleth.

"& þi wracche (wretched) saule

[Scal] siȝen to helle."—(Laȝ. ii. 186.)

2233 bi-lewen = bi-liuen = remain.

2235-8

Then quoth Judah, "It will go hard with us,

If we do not keep our agreement with him."

Famine increased, this corn is gone,

Jacob again biddeth them go again (to Egypt).

2241-2

Then quoth he, "When (since) it is necessary,

And I know no better plan."

2249 God grant that he may be kindly disposed (towards you); eði-modes = eðe-moded (see note to l. 1584). 2252 ligt = soon; literally easily, without difficulty. 2254 Kind thought (natural affection) was in his heart then; ðag = ða = ðo = then, is necessary for the sense and the rhyme.

P. 65. l. 2255 gerken = O.E. ȝarke, Mod. Eng. yark, prepare, get ready.

"He lætte bi sæ flode

ȝearkien scipen gode."—(Laȝ. i. 111.)

2258 None of them had then merry cheers (countenances). 2262 ur non, none of us; ur should be properly ure. Cf. l. 2260, where we have gur for gure.

2267-8

Very glad (fain) he was of their coming,

For he was held there as a prisoner.

to nome may have the same signification as the phrase to wedde = as hostage, as security; nome (nom?), derived from nimen, to take, capture, signifies seizure. Cf. wop from wepe (weep), grot from grete (lament, cry), lop (flee) from lepe (leap, run), etc. 2269 vndren time = A.Sax. undern-tid; vndren is the Prov. aandorn, oandurth, orndorn. It literally denotes "the intervening period, which accounts for its sometimes denoting a part of the forenoon, or a meal taken at that time, and sometimes a period between noon and sunset."—(Garnett.) 2275 And he willingly accepted it. 2279 Know I that none of them but what trembles.

2287-9

Soon he went out, and secretly he wept,

That all his face became wet with tears.

After that weeping, he washed his face.

P. 66. l. 2295 of euerilc sonde, of every dish, of every mess; sond signifies a dish, mess, meal. S.Sax. sonden, sunde, viands.

"wanliche (bad) weoren þa sonden."—(Laȝ. iii. 32.)

"þas beorn þa sunde

(þes beare þe sondes)

from kuchene to þan kinge."—(Laȝ. ii. 611.)

"Hwer beoð þine disches

midd þine swete sonde?"—(O.E. Miscell., p. 174.)

2297 In abundance they became glad. 2302 ðeden = peoples. 2311 weren ... went = had gone. 2316 vn-selðehe = vnselðe, misfortune, evil.

"Her waas unnseollþe unnride inoh

Till an mann forr to dreȝhenn."—(Orm. i. 165.)

"Ah ich heom singe, for ich wolde

That hi wel understonde schulde

That sum unselthe heom is i-hende (near)."

—(Owl and Nightingale, p. 43.)

Later writers use the word in the sense of wickedness. (See Shoreham's Poems, p. 43.) 2314 bi-calleð, accuses. See Ywain and Gawin, p. 21, l. 491. 2318 gure on = one of you. 2320 vp = vpe = upon.

"Moni of þisse riche

þat wereden foh and grei,

An rideþ uppe stede

and uppen palefrai,

Heo schulen atte dome,

suggen weilawei."—(O.E. Miscell., p. 164.)

P. 67. l. 2335 Provided that thou spare Benjamin. 2341 so e gret = so he gret, so he wept. 2342 That all his face became wet of (with) tears. See l. 2356. 2354 sundri = on-sundri, apart. 2356 Ilc here, each of them.

P. 68. l. 2367 twinne srud, two changes of raiment. 2369 fif weden, five garments. 2373 wið semes fest, with burdens loaded. 2380 He knew not who they were (on account of their princely garments). 2384 All Egypt in his power is placed (fixed). 2390 or ic of werlde chare, ere I from the world go (turn) = ere I die.

P. 69. l. 2399 derer, an error for derë = beloved. 2400 How many years are on thee. 2403 fo = few; O.E. fowe. Cp. Northern fon, few, in Hampole's P. of C. 2404 Although I have passed (suffered) them in woe. 2406 her vten erd = here in foreign lands. See l. 2410. 2412 seli mel, good sustenance (food). Cf. l. 1542. 2416 y-oten = y-hoten, called.

2427-31

So was it pleasing to him to be laid,

Where the Holy Ghost secretly had said

To him and his elders, far ere before,

Where Jesus Christ would be born,

And where be dead, and where be buried.

P. 70. l. 2435 Or ðan = ere that.

2441-3

Joseph caused his body to be honourably prepared (for burial),

To be washed, richly anointed,

And with spices to be scented.

Smaken usually signifies to taste, savour, but here means to scent, to be scented. Smac in the Owl and Night., 821, is used for scent, while in the Ayenbite of Inwyt it has the sense of flavour.

"Zalt yefþ smac to þe mete."

See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s. v. Smach.

2444-9

And Egypt's folk him bewaked,

Forty nights and forty days,

Such were Egypt's laws;

The first nine nights the bodies they bathe,

And anoint, and shroud, and bewail

And watch them afterwards forty nights.

2451-5

And Hebrew folk had a custom,

Not immediately to bury it with iron,

But to wash it (the corpse) and keep it right,

Without anointing, seven nights,

And afterwards (keep it) anointed thirty days.

2452 yre = iron; O.E. ire, iren (Owl and Night. 1028). The form ize, iron, is also met with in O.E. writers. (See Ayenbite, pp. 110, 133.) 2454 smerles, ointment, belongs to the same class of words as feteles, a vessel, reckeles, incense, etc. "þe smeryels ne is naȝt worþ to hele þe wonde ne non oþer þing þer huile þet þet yzen is þerinne."—(Ayenbite, p. 174.)

2459-60

For truth and with good deeds,

Done is then all that watch-deed.

2460 wech-dede, vigils. 2463 And some every year as it happens or comes round. 2465 Do for the dead church-going; chirche-gong = church-going.

"Þe gret cyte of Medes suþþe afure he (William) sette,

Vor me (one) ne myȝte non chyrche gong wyþ out lyȝte do."

—(R. of Gloucester, p. 380.)

2467 And that is instead of the vigils.

P. 71. l. 2472 daiges is evidently an error for laiges, laws. See l. 2456. 2479 wis of here[n], skilful in arms. 2487 ouer-pharan = ouer-faren, pass over or beyond Pharan. 2488 in biriele don, put into the tomb. "And whanne Jhesus hadde comen over the water at the cuntre of men of Genazereth, twey men havynge develis runnen to him, goynge out fro birielis (tombs), ful feerse, or wickid, so that no man miȝte passe by that way."—(Wicliffe, St. Matt. viii. 28.) 2498 To beðen meðe, to supplicate for mercy; beðen may be an error for beden, to entreat, bedden oc = beoden oth = to offer oath [of obedience].

P. 72. l. 2505-12

"It shall," quoth he, "be fulfilled

What God before hath to our elders sworn;

He shall lead you in his hand

Hence to that promised land;

For God's love I yet entreat you;

Perform it (my prayer) then, promise it now

That my petition shall not be lost (sight of);

With you let my bones be borne.

2510 Lested = lesteð, perform. 2514 God bring the soul into bliss. 2516 egipte-like, after the custom of the Egyptians. 2521 to ful in wis = to ful-iwis, very full (completely), indeed. See l. 109. Orm uses the word fuliwis, ful iwiss, fuliȝwiss, in the sense of certainly, truly. See Gloss. to Orm, s. v. fuliwis. 2524 for lefful soules ned, for the need of faithful souls. 2528 May God help him kindly (joyfully). For the meaning of weli see Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s. v. wely. 2529 And preserve his soul from sorrow and tears. 2532 God grant them in his bliss to have pleasure; spilen signifies to sport, live pleasantly.

"Þan was Uortigerne þa king

in Cantuarie-buri.

Þer he mid his hirede,

hæhliche spilede (nobly diverted themselves)."

—(Laȝ. ii. 153.)

"dâ was spil unde wunne

under wîben unde manne.

vone benche ze benche

hiez man allûteren wîn scenchen:

Si spilten unde trunchan

unz in iz der slâf binam."

—(M.H.G. version of Genesis and Exodus, ed. Deimer.)

P. 73. l. 2544 hatel, severe, cruel. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s. v. Hatel. 2546 seli sið, prosperity. 2547 Quoth (spoke) this king with them, secretly, in council. 2548 michil sped = great speed, rapidly. 2553 feten seems to be an error for seten, made. 2555 vn-ðewed swinc, unaccustomed (extraordinary) labour; vn-ðewed also signifies immoral, wicked. See Orm. i. 74, Allit. Poems, B, l. 190. 2556 fugel = ful, foul, loathsome. 2560 They caused them to creep along (or through) dikes; dikes = O.E. diches, may here signify subterraneous passages, burrows; or perhaps dikes = sewers, from the allusion to muc and fen. "And Jhesus said to him, Foxes han dichis, or borowis, and briddis of the eir han nestis, but mannes sone hath not where he reste his heued."-(Wicliffe, St. Matt. viii. 20.)

2561-2

And wide about (through) the cities to go,

And come where none had been before.

2564 comb, crest or top (?). 2567 ðhogen = ðogen, throve. See l. 2542.

P. 74. l. 2575 But they disobeyed from fear of God. 2578 They defended themselves with lies.

2581-2

God requited it these women well,

On their homes, their wealth, a happy time.

eddi sel is, literally, pleasant time, but may here denote prosperity, success, etc. 2583 opelike = openlike, openly. 2588 Abraham is an error for Amram, i.e. Amram was Moses' first name. 2590 dreful and bleð, sorrowful and afraid; bleð. In A.Sax. bleað = gentle, slow; blæt = miserable; the S.Sax. blæð = destitute, poor; bliðere, cowardlier. 2594 Nor could she take him stealthily (secretly) of (from) the water; or stelen may signify to still, to quiet. 2595 rigesses = rushes. Cf. Sc. reesk, reyss. 2596 terred = tarred, pitched.

P. 75. l. 2609-10

God had such beauty him given,

That the very foes let him live.

2611-5

Egypt's women came near,

And bad her leave the child there,

But she took it away with a cry (scream);

Of their command took she no heed.

2613-4 he = ghe = she. It cannot be the plural he = they, for this would require namen instead of nam. 2621 On whose teat (paps) he soon hath seized. 2629 on sunes stede, instead of a son. See l. 2637. 2639 ayne [= ane] stund, one minute. 2644 ðis timing = this occurrence, this timely assistance.

P. 76. l. 2647-8

If help had not run between

This child had then soon been killed.

2650-8 He said, "The child doth as he knows (i. e. acts according to the extent of his knowledge); we shall now learn whether it did this wittingly, or in childishness." He offered this child two burning coals, and he took them; how was he able to bear it? and in his mouth so deep he placed them, that his tongue's end is burnt therewith; therefore said the Hebrews truly that he afterwards spake indistinctly. This legend is thus given in Lady Eastlake's Life of Our Lord:—"Therefore when he (Moses) was three years of age she (Thermutis) brought him to Pharaoh, who caressed him, and in sport, put the crown on his head, when the child eagerly pulled it off, and dashed it to the ground; for it is said that the crown was engraved within with figures of idols, which Moses instinctively abominated.... Those around Pharaoh looked upon it as a bad omen, and they counselled the king that he should be slain; but another counsellor said that he should be pardoned, because he was too young to know right from wrong; and a third counsellor said, 'There is in this child something miraculous and uncommon. Cause, therefore, a burning coal and a ruby ring to be set before him; and if he take the ring it will show that he knows right from wrong, and then let him be destroyed, lest he spoil the kingdom of Egypt. But if he take up the burning coal, it will show that he is too young to know right from wrong, and then let his life be spared.' Then the king said, 'Let the hot burning coal and the king's signet ring (which was a large shining ruby) be placed side by side, and we shall see what he will do.' And immediately the child stretched out his hand to take the signet ring; but the angel Gabriel (who instantly took the form of one of the attendants) turned his hand aside, and the child Moses took up the burning coal, and put it to his mouth, and his tongue was burnt therewith, so that he was unable afterwards to speak distinctly, even to the end of his days." 2652 childhede; "ac zeþþe ich com to elde of vol man, ich vorlet alle mine childhedes."—(Ayenbite, p. 208.) 2653 brennen = brennende, burning; to = two. 2654-5 is = them. 2658 miserlike = S.Sax. misliche, variously, differently; and, hence, thickly, indistinctly. The form miser-like may be a corruption of the A.Sax. missen-lic, dissimilar. Misliche in Owl and Nightingale, l. 1771, signifies erroneously. 2662 b[i]leph = bi-lef, remained.

2665-8

By that time that he was a youth (young man)

With (for) beauty and strength renowned,

The Ethiopian folk on Egypt came,

And burnt, and slew, and vengeance took.

2675-8

Teremuth scarcely might bring it about (prevail)

That Moses shall with them forth-go,

Ere she have her pledged and sworn,

That to him shall be borne (kept) honourable faith.

2676 hire, an error for hem, them. 2677 he = ghe = she. 2680 were (a substantive from weren, to defend), a defender, protector. Cf. dere, harm, from deren, to hurt.

P. 77. l. 2682 vn-warnede, unexpected. This enables us to correct the reading unwarde in l. 480. 2688 ut-ðhurg = out-through, throughout. Cf. O.E. ut-with, without, in-with, within, etc. 2696 Nevertheless that sojourn was very distasteful to him. 2701 meten is the p.p. of mete, to measure. 2702 This causes remembrance, the other causes forgetfulness. 2703 He fest is = he fixed them. 2704 Gave her the first gem; he was kind to her. Two lines seem missing after this line. We might supply the following:—

And quan awei nimen [faren] he wolde

Gaf hire ðe toðer, he was hire colde.

And when he would go away, he gave her the other gem, and was distasteful to her. 2708 e = he. 2712 a modi stiward, a moody (proud) steward. 2714 That seemed to Moses a great shame.

P. 78. ll. 2718-20

And secretly he buried him in the sand,

He weened that no Egyptian

Had known it, or should have seen it.

2720 a sen may signify 'have seen.' Northumbrian ha, to have; but more probably we should read a-sen, to see, the infinitive being required after sulde, so that sulde a-sen = should see. In the Romans of King Alysaundre asen occurs as the p.p. of a-see, to see. Cf. our modern words wake and awake, rise and arise, etc. These double forms were far more common in O.E. writers than in the modern stage of our language. 2727 And enquired of him what it should mean. 2730 to rad, too hasty. 2736 his weige ðeðen ches = chose (took) his way thence.

P. 79. l. 2757 ðewe and wursipe, courtesy and honour. 2758 estdede, kindly deed (actions). (See Owl and Nightingale, l. 997.) Esste mete occurs in the Ormulum for delicate meat (food), etc.

"Ac thar lond is bothe este and god."

—(Owl and Nightingale, p. 36, l. 1029.)

2764 To wife in law he her took; in lage = in law, in marriage, is an early use of a common phrase. 2769 And Moses had gone on a time. 2771 To look after the condition of the herds. 2775 brennen = brennende. See l. 2653. 2776 And nevertheless green and whole remained. 2783 in min geming, under my care (protection). 2788 milche, milk; queðen, to promise.

P. 80. l. 2789 an = in. 2790 on hond = on-hond, soon, speedily. Ger. in die hand. (See Laȝ. vol. ii. pp. 96, 106, 251, 264.) 2792 to ðan, to that = for that purpose. 2797 If he refuse it and be there-to contrary. 2803 to token, for a token (sign). Cf. to wedde, for a pledge, etc. 2812 fer, sound, and hence unfer (l. 2810), diseased. (See Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, l. 103; Ormulum, i. 41, 153, 212.) 2815 get = pour (see l. 582). 2817 wanmol = un-eloquent; wan occurs in O.E. wan-hope, despair; wan-trauthe, disbelief; mol is the same as moal (speech) in l. 81, p. 3; vn-reken = un-ready, slow. (See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s. v. reken.) 2822 Who made the blind, and who the looking (seeing)? 2824 fultum, aid, assistance.

Þa cristine liðen after,

and heom on læiden,

& cleopeden Crist, godes sune,

beon heom a fultume.

The Christians pursued after,

and laid on them,

and called Christ, God's Son,

To be to them in aid (to help them).

—(Laȝ. ii. 264.)

P. 81. l. 2828 vnsteken, disclose. See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s. v. Steke. 2830 Gunc = you two. See Orm. i. 301; ii. 98. 2831 funden; O.E. founde, to go, occurs in Allit. Poems, p. 63, l. 903. 2834 of liues = alive. 2838 is werkes len, reward of his works. 2845 feren swike, unfaithful companions, that is, his two sons who were uncircumcised. he = they, refers to Moses and his wife. 2847-50 Zipporah took this young lad, and made him to have circumcision, and wept, and turned back frightened, and let Moses forth alone proceed. 2855 Eyðer [h]ere = each of them. 2856 haueð is herte vt-dragen = hath his heart out-drawn. Cf. our expression, to unbosom oneself, with the Ger. sein herz anschütten.

P. 82. l. 2876-78

I defended so that thou wast rescued,

And laboured, and great sorrow endured,

Yet is it unseen (is it a secret) how I accomplished it?

2882 hidel-like (= hidingly), secretly. Cf. O.E. hidel, a hiding place (Ps. xxvi. 5). 2890 to gode, for good, gratuitously. 2891-2 And yet they hold (keep up) the number of the tiles (bricks), and knead and bake (them), great and small. 2894 And to God he made his complaint (bemoaning).

P. 83. l. 2900 ðhunerg = ðuner; O.E. thoner, thunder. 2903 Min milche witter name may signify (1) my great wise name, or (2) my merciful wise name. In (1) milche = michel = mikel, great; but in (2) it = milce, mild, merciful. See l. 3603. 2918 Iglic = uglic, ugly, horrible. 2919 wiches kire, select (choice) witches. 2920 in sowles lire, in soul's loss. 2926 And the heads of them all he bit off.

P. 84. l. 2934 wit = we two. See Orm. vii. 73, H. i. 4, 300. 2935-6 This king himself is very bitter against this folk, and of heart hard. 2938 And try better with this token. 2947 trike, a rivulet, small stream, evidently connected with the verb trick-le. 2951 wreche = wreke, vengeance, plague. Cf. michel and mikel, dike and diche, etc. 2957 bot = boot, release, deliverance, is connected with O.E. bete, to amend, to alleviate. 2962 bi-tournen = biturnen, turn, change.

P. 85. l. 2969 froskes here = host of frogs.

2977-8

Pole-heads (tadpoles) and frogs, and sport of podes (toads),

Bound hard Egypt's wretched folk.

in sile = vn-sile = vn-sele, miserable, wretched. Stratmann says that sile = sele, epirhedium. Polheuedes (Provincial Eng. pole-head), a tadpole. Palsgrave has polet. Polly-wigs, tadpoles. "Tadpoles, pole-wigges, young frogs." (Florio, p. 212.) Pol-wygle, wyrme, occurs in the Prompt. Parv. (Hall.); pode = Prov. E. pode, paddock, a toad (Shakespeare); W. Prov. E. padstool = toadstool. (See King Alis. 6124.)

"ðare nakyn best of wenym may

Lywe, or lest atoure a day;

As ask, or eddyre, táde or pade,

Suppos þat þai be þiddyr hade."—(Wyntown, i. p. 15.)

2988 up-wond = up-went, but literally up-wound. 2989 on bite, in their bite. 2990 smite, a blight, plague.

P. 86. l. 3011 bad meðe, entreated for mercy. 3013 wroð = worð = wurð, became. 3014 And broke them that promise (see l. 3062). 3027 dolc = O.E. dolg, wound, ulcer. O.E. dolc = pin, tongue. 3037 ðe to un-frame, to thy sorrow.

P. 87. l. 3045 al sir = all sheer, clearly, openly. 3047 vnghere may be an error for undere = badly, or, what is more probable, for vngere = unready, unexpectedly, gere being the same as gare, yare, ready, prepared. 3048 bergles = unprotected, shelterless, from bergen, to protect.

3055-6

Moses, cause this weather to turn,

And I shall let you out fare (go).

3058 vnweder, storm. See ll. 3059, 3061. Weder in O.E. is often used for a tempest, storm. See Ywaine and Gawin, 411; Wyntown, i. 387; Romaunt of the Rose, 72, 4302. atwond, departed = away-wound, or away winded. Cf. at in at-wot, departed, p. 30, l. 1049. 3065 gresseopp-e, grasshopp-e-r, locust. Cf. O.E. hunt-e, a hunt-e-r, etc.

"And to lefe-worm þar fruit gaf he,

And þar swynkes (labours) to gress-hope to be."

—(Ps. lxxvii. 46.)

3066 And what the hail then left (untouched) shall all be consumed.

P. 88. l. 3075 but, without exception (?). 3077 Hu = how? 3080 Erewhile alone of men was leave besought. 3086 an newe figt, in a new conflict. 3087 skipperes, the grasshoppers. See l. 3096, where opperes is similarly used. 3088 They did on grass and corn injuries. 3102 ðherknesse = derknesse, darkness, is a genuine form, and occurs in the Coventry Mysteries:—"Therknesse, or derknesse, tenebre, caligo."—(Prompt. Parv.) 3105 Many there suffered sorrow in life; bead = abead, suffered. 3108 sowen = sogen, saw. See l. 3329.

P. 89. l. 3111 boden = both. See bothen in Glossary to Morte Arthure, ed. E. Brock. 3120 Death shall be avenged over you.

3123-6

Said God, "Yet I shall on Pharaoh,

Ere ye go out, put a plague

(Now I shall into Egypt go)—

Such a plague was never any before."

3131-2

I shall not fail you

Of what I have promised you.

3139 Every house-folk (family) that may permit of it.

3141-3

The tenth day it should be taken,

And kept on the tenth night,

And slain on the fourteenth day.

3144 so it noten mai, as may partake of it; noten = O.E. note, naite, to make use of, enjoy, eat.

P. 90. l. 3147 bred = O.E. brad, roasted. (See Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, l. 891.) 3148 wreken, taken, thrown out. "God nele naȝt þet me make, his hous marcat ne boþe, huerout he wrek þo þet zyalde and boȝte in þe temple."—(Ayenbite, p. 172.) 3150 his owen fond, his own wants (need). 3153 wriðel; can it mean haste? (see Ex. xii. 11.) At first sight it seems to be a derivative of wirt (by metathesis writ), an herb; but the mention of rew mete[n] in l. 3151 renders this rather doubtful. 3154 bi-leuen, the remainder. O.E. lave, leve, the remainder. 3155 dure-tren = door-trees, posts.

"For James the gentile

Jugged in hise bokes

That feith withouten the feet

Is right nothyng worthi

And as ded as a dore-tre

But if the dedes folwe."

—(Piers Ploughman, 833.)

uuerslagen = overslagen, ouerslage, over-piece, lintel. "Ovyrslay of a doore. superliminare."—(Prompt. Parv.) 3172 For their toil they now have hire.

P. 91. l. 3206 fro = for, on account of. 3211 stunden does not mean stood, but is a vb. (formed from the sb. stund, a stound, a short space of time) signifying to delay awhile, to wait. 3212 How Pharaoh should act toward them. 3213 Pharaoh summoned (assembled) out his army; bannen = to call to arms.

"Þa bleou Brutus

& bonnede [bannede] his ferde."

Then blew Brutus his horn

And assembled his forces.

—(Laȝ. i. 75.)

3218 of fote ren = swift of foot.

P. 92. l. 3220 to werchen wi, to work war, to make war upon. 3224 ne gate = no gate, no ways; gate is often used by Northern writers as an affix = -wise or -ways; as al-gate, thus-gate, etc. 3230 On (against) Moses they set up a cry. 3234 Supply don after gu. 3235 dregen wið skil, endure with patience. 3240 That for you ways (paths) may be well prepared.

P. 93. l. 3255 an skige, a cloud. Cf. Milton's 'sky-tinctured' (Paradise Lost, Book V.).

"..... it ne left not a skie

In al the welkin long and brode."

—(House of Fame, iii. 508-511.)

3264 daiening = daigening, dawning. 3271 in twired wen, in perplexing doubt; twired signifies two-fold (doubtful) counsel.

"and [Bruttes] duden swiðe vnwraste

...... alle his haste,

and weoren alle twiræde."

And Brutus did very evilly

all his behests,

and all were of two counsels.

—(Laȝ. ii. 392.)

3274 helden, an error for holden. 3275 a morgen quile, a morrow while, a minute. 3282 weken seems to be an error for wreken, taken (see l. 3148.)

P. 94. l. 3292 pert = apert, open, clear. 3300 wlath, the reading of the MS., = lað, loathsome. But wlach = brackish, properly warm; cp. luke-warm. 3301 a funden (discovered) trew = a tree which he found. 3310 bred wantede, bread failed.

3315

Bet us were in egipte ben,

It were better for us in Egypt to be.

3319 on-dreg = 'bear up,' endure patiently. 3324 so fele so, as many as.

P. 95. l. 3327 ðis dewes cost, the nature of this dew. For the meaning of cost see O.E. Miscell., pp. 12, 25; Allit. Poems, p. 66; Chaucer's Knight's Tale. 3328 rim frost = rime frost, hoar frost. 3338 for-hadede. Read ? for-hardede, hardened. 3340 That it gave a flavour of honey and oil. 3341 forbone mor, more than was bidden; forbone may be an error for forbode, prohibition, command; or we may read (and the MS. will admit of it) forboue, above. Cf. bi and for-bi, etc. 3345 Kept it apart in a clean place. 3348 vten leð = in a foreign land; withouten let = without cessation. 3353 Soon was that water wanting to them. 3354 MS. haue; the rhyme requires hane; ðrist hane signifies torment of thirst.

P. 96. l. 3378 here ðing, their affairs. 3381 Moses prayed for the folk of Israel. 3385 For leth is read let his. 3388 They supported them with a stone. 3393 bode seems wanting after sente. 3394 Of this occurrence to have a memorial.

P. 97. l. 3398 min blis. Jehovah-nissi is generally explained as "The Lord is my banner." 3410 stering, government, rule; stere in ll. 3418, 3420, rule; steres, rulers, ll. 3413, 3415; steres-men, rulers, ll. 3417, 3429. 3412 a meister wold, a master (head) ruler, the same as ouer-man, l. 3424. 3413 tgen = tyen, ten. See l. 3418. 3414 Ilc here, each of them. 3429-32 He bad them choose rulers, mighty, who are God-fearing, truth-loving, and who strife and covetousness forsake. 3432 niðing signifies not only strife, but niggardliness, wickedness, slaughter, etc. O.E. writers usually employ the word in the sense of a coward, villain, miser, etc.

P. 98. l. 3434 And willingly (gladly) he received (accepted) it. 3438 is numen, has gone. 3448 May we not read Ic wile min folc cnowen be = I will be known to my people?

3449-51

And Moses told this to Israel,

And they promised him every whit

What he biddeth them they will do.

3453 ðis to daiges = these two days. 3458 wið goren dragen = pierced with darts.

"heo beoren on heore honde

gares [speres], swiðe stronge."

—(Laȝ. iii. 44.)

3459-60

These people fearful thus abode,

While these days forth have passed.

3462 Spile, ravage, destruction (see l. 2977). 3463 On this mount stood a cloud's shadow; and = an = a (see l. 3475).

P. 99. l. 3471-84 Each of you bear in mind, that it is not Moses, Amram's son, whom ye shall to-day hear speak, but He who slew Egypt (you for to avenge), and a path made in the sea; and who let Adam discover the tree which preserved Noah, and led Abraham out into the land of Canaan; who caused Isaac to be begotten of old Abraham and of Sarah (of old teats); who gave Isaac (Jacob?) so many sons, and who gave Joseph such rich gifts (abilities); let His word be to you as precious as life, dearer than either child or wife.

3488-9

None might go further except Nun,

And also his brother Aaron.

3489 on = one. It may be an error for oc = also. 3496 My vengeance is severe, my forbearance is long. 3497 in idel, in vain; idel in O.E. signifies empty, void. 3498-3500 Nor swear it lyingly to defile in sport, Nor let thou my honour be lost in the fiend's tempting (i. e. in yielding to the devil's advice).

P. 100. l. 3508 for truke of = for failure of, for want of. 3515 Covet not thy neighbour's thing. 3518 Thou losest everlasting bliss. 3519 figeren = fiyeren = feren, afar. 3533 nemeld = nemend = nemned, named, appointed (?).

P. 101. l. 3545-6 That mad folk there of day brought Hur (i. e. put Hur to death) and put Aaron in fear; 'to don of dawe' = to bringen of dage = put to death. (See Legend of St. Beket, l. 622; Allit. Poems, p. 9, l. 282.)

"For quen the childe es born, sal I

Do it of daw sa priuely,

That na wiht sal the squeling here,

And delf it sithen in our herbere."—(Met. Hom. p. 167.)

P. 102. l. 3573 for gode is frequently employed by Chaucer. 3574 It is a song wicked and foolish.

3581-2

And mixed it in the water and poured it off,

And gave that folk that draff (dregs) to drink.

Cf. O.E. draff, chaff. "Draffe or drosse, or mater stampyd, pilumen." (Prompt. Parv.) Cf. "draf-sak." (Chaucer.)

3583-4

Then wist he well who had done it (committed idolatry),

Seen it (the dregs) was on their beards.

3603 milche moð = milce mod, mild (merciful) mood.

3605-6

God answered, "Off shall I take them,

Who are not worthy to be placed thereon."

3607 min engel on, my angel alone.

P. 103. l. 3611 to pligt, for their sin. 3614 And as sun-beam bright shone his features. 3624 wið witter dragt, with skilful device. 3626 And their labour they well apply. 3635 of lore wal, of choice lore. 3637 betten = beten, amend, from bet, better. 3640 Ere they from Sinai forth have passed. 3642 ðe oðer, the second.

P. 104. l. 3647 This folk has after pleasure gone. 3653 Moses caused it to cease with his prayer. See note on blissen, p. 182. 3658 for-hirked = for-irked, tired. 3661 Loruerd = louerd, lord. 3664 Thou shalt cause me quickly to suffer death. 3676 And brought a great mint of quails; but turles = turtles, doves. See Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 181.

P. 105. l. 3688 There became Miriam somewhat foolish; soth = sott, a fool (see l. 3685). 3710 A bunch of grapes on a long pole; O.E. cowele, cowle, a coop, tub, etc.; Prov. E. cowl; cuuel-staf signifies the staff or pole upon which the people carried their kneading troughs. This interpretation is supported by the form cowle-tre or soo-tree. Falanga, vectatorium. (Prompt. Parv.) "Phalanga est hasta, vel quidam baculus ad portandas cupas, Anglice a stang, or a culstaffe."—(Ortus.) "Courge, a stang, pale-staffe, or cole-staffe, carried on the shoulder, and notched for the hanging of a pale at both ends."—(Cotgrave.) In Caxton's Mirrour of the World, c. 10, A.D. 1481, it is related that in Ynde "the clusters of grapes ben so grete and so fulle of muste, that two men ben gretly charged to bere one of them only upon a cole-staff." In Hoole's translation of the Orbis sensualium, by Comenius, 1658, is given a representation of the cole-staff (ærumna), used for bearing a burden between two persons, p. 135; and again, at p. 113, where it appears as used by brewers to carry to the cellar the new-made beer in "soes," or tubs with two handles (labra), called also cowls. In Brand's "Popular Antiquities," ii. 107, will be found an account of the local custom of riding the cowl-staff or stang (Way in Prompt. Parv.)

P. 106. l. 3721 swerdes slagen, slain of (with) sword. 3723 loder-man = lodesman, leader. A leader we will choose (take); sen = bi-sen. 3730 If Moses were not opposed there-to. 3732 milche = milce, mercy, pity. See l. 3728, where the correct form occurs. 3740 Their righteousness was pleasing to God. 3742 sorwes dere = sorrow's hurt.

3745-6

Again (backwards) they made their course,

As that cloud had taught.

P. 107. l. 3755 migtful qualifies meistres in l. 3756. 3760-61 ilc gure, each of you. Cf. quilc gure, which of you, l. 3764. 3761 reklefat, incense vat, the vessel holding the incense, censer. See Orm. i. 2, 35, 58. 3762 timinge seems to be an error for time ge, wait ye. 3767 orgel pride, arrogant pride. Cf. orrȝhellmod, pride (Orm. i. 216). "Ichabbe isehen his ouergart, ant his egede orhel ferliche afallet."—(St. Marh. p. 11.) I have seen his presumption and his arrogance fearfully felled. 3770 Instead of the reading in the text substitute the following: Moyses, and vt ne wulde gon; vr seems to be an error for vt = out. See Numbers xvi. 12. 3774 Held up neither stone nor grit. I do not think ston ne gret = strong ne gret = strong nor great.

3777-80

Such destruction they have unexpectedly

No man need labour to bury them

This earth is together closed

As it were never ere broken up.

3786 fieres swaðe, flame (burning) of fire.

P. 108. l. 3796 There hath a cloud them well girded. 3802 Ran and stood between the living and the dead; tiren seems, from the way it is written in the MS., to be an error for tuen = twen, between. 3807-14 Though this folk, much frightened, remained quiet for a time, nevertheless they are yet in diverse counsels (i. e. of conflicting opinions). Moreover, they vacillate in purpose, and think that it may be decided better. Though these burnt (i. e. those destroyed by fire) are refused, yet they ween that God shall take of the twelve tribes some more to be in the place of those whom he had despised (rejected). miðe is the pret. subj. of miðen = A.S. míðan (pret. mád, pl. midon; pret. subj. mide), to lie hid, to avoid, omit, hide, dissemble. 3809 aglen = aylen = ail, become weak or foolish. 3814 for-hugede, despised, rejected.

"Ah Gurmund hit for-hoȝede

And habbe he heo nolde."—(Laȝ. iii. 156.)

"For niss nan mann þatt uss birrþ att

Forrhoȝhenn god to lernenn."—(Orm. ii. 107.)

P. 109. l. 3824. The name of the tribe which shall thereto belong. 3826 Which tribe he desires this service to be on.

3851-2

Here and there (yonder) there they buried lie,

All the old (ones) did there end (i. e. died).

P. 110. l. 3865-6

God bad assemble the folk and go,

And before them smite on the stone.

3880 costful, dangerous. See Met. Hom. p. xix, where far-cost = a dangerous voyage. 3884 wente of liwe = turned from life = died. 3887 in = hin = hine, him.

P. 111. l. 3924 The sense requires us to read, for to stillen his vn-eðe mod, for to quiet his uneasy (disturbed) mind.

P. 112. ll. 3931-2

In the night a message came to him from God,

And a prohibition against this king's counsel.

3941 me goue hold = should give me faithfully; hold = holde = faithfully, truly. 3945 Oc or or = but first ere. 3951 And turned his heart on worse thought. 3958 And beat and turned it to the path; sti, path, way. "ðes is forðon ðeðe gecuoeden wæs ðerh esaias ðone witgo cuoeðende: stefn cliopende in woestern gearuas woeg drihtnes, ræhta doeð [wyrcas] stiga his." (Matt. iii. 3. Northumbrian Version.) 3964 negt = neg + it = nigh it.

P. 113. ll. 3972-3

It is as true as it is marvellous.

Said this ass thus with anger.

3976-7

Had I a sword, I would slay thee.

So was this man to mischief (grief) brought.

3985-6

Quoth Balaam, "since I have mis-fared,

If thou wilt, I will turn back."

3988

Against my counsel speak thou nought.

3993-4

Shall I no word be able to forth-do (utter),

Except what God layeth on me.

4000-1 And went apart; why? but because from above, etc.

P. 114. ll. 4009-10

His life is blithe (joyful), so shall be his ending (death),

Who prospereth as this (one) shall prosper.

4015 For or read and (?). 4016 He did it for better success. 4022 hem, if not an error for he, stands for he + hem.

P. 115. l. 4049 "The young women of thy land, fair of sight, and soft of hand, and bright of hue (complexion), of speech glad (joyous), in haste shall I set apart as messengers; do thou send out against these men those who can brew (produce) heart-burning with joy, with features, and with body and sin, pleasantly, with speech small (flattery), to turn them from God's fear to thy land gods and our laws; unless thou canst follow this advice and lead them from God's love, and seek to turn thus their thought, for war nor weapon helpeth not. 4052 ðgere = gere = haste. At first I was inclined to take ðgere for dere, so that wið ðgere = for harm. 4053 ten = te (?). Or should we read, ðe do ten vt = cause those to go out. 4056 Luueke may be an error for luue-like = pleasantly; or it may = luue-leke = love; -lec being a not uncommon ending of abstract nouns, as in O.E. feirlec, fairness, beauty. 4063 quad. The rhyme seems to require quead; ðat ille quad = that wickedly spoke (advised); ðat ille quead = that wicked wretch.

P. 116. ll. 4086-88

God bad Moses number

His folk who were first preserved from death

Either twenty winters or more old,

Who in Egypt were not before numbered.

4096 All others were driven in death's web. 4106-8 Leave thou not thy folk helpless, and do thou, O God, cause them to be governed just as it may be advantageous for them.

P. 117. l. 4110 loder-man. See note on l. 3723.

4119-22

Whilst to him lasted life-days,

Them he taught precious laws,

And written hath committed them to them,

Unless they them keep, on them shall be sorrow (misfortune shall befall them).

In line 4121 the first hem should be omitted.

P. 118. l. 4143-4 Idolatry, that was pleasing to them, oft out-wrought (effected) for them sorrow's trouble, i. e. brought sorrow and trouble upon them.

4159-60

In such virtues grant us to come;

Through which we shall be to everlasting life taken.

[396]

See "The History of Our Lord," vol. i. p. 53.

[397]

The Northumbrian version reads gedroefed, from which the O.E. vb. drove.

[398]

Written leasowe.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

A, in, 271, 538, 635, 953.

A, have, 2720.

Abead = abad, abode, 422, 3856, 3862.

A.S. abídan, pret. abád, p.p. abiden.

Abiden, (pl. pret.) abode, 1638, 2483, 3459.

Abiden, (p.p.) abided, remained, 2388.

Abraid, awoke, arose, started up, 231, 1617, 2111, 2385.

A.S. abredan (pret. abræd).

Abute, about, 3455.

Abuten, about, 94, 1772, 2482.

A.S. abútan.

Abuten-schoren, circumcised, 1200.

See Schoren.

Abuuen, above, 10, 108, 332, 636, 1518.

A.S. abufan.

Adde = hadde, had (3 pers. sing.), 240, 518, 519, 600, 1039, 1693, 1747, 2274.

Adden = hadden, had (3 pers. pl.), 239, 1480, 2451, 2545, 2546.

Aftre, after, 1652.

Age, awe, 432, 3546, 3632.

A.S. ege, fear, terror, dread. Dan. ave, O.E. age, awe, is a northern form corresponding to the southern eige or eie.

Agen, awe, (acc.) 192.

Agen, (a) again, 405, 604, 606, 979, 985;

(b) against, 562, 3373, 3375;

(c) adverse, opposed to, 3730;

(d) backwards, back, 1097, 3267;

(e) towards, 1786, 1796, 1823, 1824;

(f) for, 562.

A.S. ongean, agen.

See Agon.

Agenes, against, 538, 541.

Agenward, back, 1782.

Ageon, against, 3912.

A.S. agean.

Aglen, to become weak, foolish, 3809.

A.S. eglian, to ail, egle, troublesome; Goth. aglo, affliction, aglus, difficult.

Agon, gone, 78.

A.S. agán.

Agon, again, 77, 958;

against, 438;

backwards, 1119;

towards, 1009, 1438.

Agrisen, terrified, alarmed, 667.

A.S. agrýsan.

Agt, Agte, property, possession, wealth, 742, 783, 857, 910, 924, 1858, 1867, 2017, 2090.

A.S. ágan, (pret. ahte, áhte) to own, possess. A.S. æht, property.

Agte, owned, 2309.

Agte, ought, should, 525, 1671, 2727.

Agte, fear, 3384. It literally signifies thought, anxiety, sorrow.

A.S. eaht, estimation, eahtian, to meditate, devise. Ger. acht, care, attention, achten, to mind, regard.

See Hagt.

Agtes, oughtest, 1762.

Agtes, moneys, 2224.

Ai, ever, aye, 451, 1105.

Ail, hail, 3066, 3183.

Al, all, 36, 37;

entirely, quite, 3059, 3098.

Al abuten, all about, 96, 136.

Aldre, of all;

'hure aldre bale,' the bale of us all, 322;

'here aldre heuedes,' the heads of them all, 2926.

Algen = halgen, to hallow, keep holy, 918.

A.S. halgian.

Alle, all, 874, 896.

Al-migt-ful, powerful, 2694.

Almigten, Almigtin, almighty, (sb.) 9, 3405, (adj.) 30, 572, 3727.

Als, Alse, also, 867;

as, 1773, 1785, 1787, 2650;

so, 1412.

Also, as, 475, 643, 1238, 2212;

so, 3436.

A.S. alswá.

Alswilc, Alsswilc, even as, 4108.

A.S. alswilc = eallswilc, even as, likewise.

Alt = halt, holdeth (?), 924.

Alter, altar, 758.

Alðer-best, the best of all, 3390.

Alðerneðer, beneath all, 3997.

Amigdeles, almonds, 3840.

Gr. αμυγδαλη; Lat. amygdala.

Amonge, among, 700.

Amongus, amonges, amongst, 1620.

An (before a cons.), a, 680, 938, 951;

'an time,' 1435, 1487;

'an busk,' 2105;

'an kire,' 2451;

'an wis man,' 2649;

'an sel,' 2769;

'an steuene,' 2780;

'an dragen swerd,' 2843.

An, in, 1605, 2789, 3086.

A.S. and O.S. an; South Prov. E. an.

An, and, 206, 221, 647.

And = an, a, 3463.

And = an, in, 1470.

Andswere, answer, 3081.

Andswerede, answered, 4109.

A.S. andswerian, to answer.

Anger, grief, 972.

Ani, any, 48, 2181.

Anog, enough, 600, 3365, 3876.

Answerede, answered, 2728, 3605.

Answeren, (sb.) answer, 2673.

Ant, and, 485.

Apples, 1129.

Arche, ark, 560, 561, 580.

Arche-wold, ark-board, 576, 614.

Arches, ark's, 602.

Ard, hard, 1228.

Arled, ring-streaked, 1723.

A.S. orl, rim, welt, border.

Arn, Aren, are, (pl.) 16, 815, 3606, 3882.

Arsmetike = arsmetrike, arithmetic, 792.

Arwe, arrow, 478.

As, hast, 1760.

Aske, ask, 1668.

Askede, asked, 1391.

Askeden, (pl.) asked, 2672.

Askes, ashes, 3024.

Astronomige, astronomy, 792.

At, to, 554;

of, 2697;

in, 3790.

At, ate, did eat, 337, 342, 3407.

Ate, hate, 373, 3638.

Atter, poison, venom, 372.

A.S. áter, atter.

Atteð = hatteð, is called, 813.

At-wond, ceased, 3058.

A.S. ætwíndan, to wind off, escape, flee away (pret. ætwánd, p.p. ætwunden).

At-wot, disappeared, departed, 1049.

A.S. wítan, to depart; at = A.S. æt, as in at-wond, etc.

Aucter, altar, 612, 625.

Auter, altar, 1297, 1325.

Aue, have, 2388.

Auede = hauede, had, 1251.

Auen = hauen, have (inf.), 1505, 1512;

(pl.) 3680.

Aueð = haueð, hath, 2425, 2469.

Awai, Awei, away, 616, 810, 858, 860, 861.

Aweiward, away, 3168.

Awold, avail, be successful, 1671;

signify, 1944, 2727;

cause, 2054.

A.S. walden, to rule, wealdan, to govern (p. weold, p.p. wealden).

Ay, ever, always, 5, 87, 155.

Ayne = ane, one, a, 2639.

Bad, commanded, 41, 57, 441, 572, 618;

prayed, 1462;

'bad meðe,' besought mercy, 3011.

A.S. biddan (pret. bæd, p.p. beden), to ask, pray, command.

Bad, offered, gave, 2653;

'bad bede,' offered prayer, 1375, 2981.

A.S. beódan (pret. beád, p.p. boden).

Bade, bad, 2436.

Bak, back, 1333.

Bale, sorrow, misery, calamity, destruction, 68, 322, 850, 1122, 1166;

death, 1984.

A.S. bealu.

Bannede, summoned, assembled, 3213.

A.S. bannan, bonnan, to proclaim.

Bar, bore, took, 209, 338;

gave birth to, 418, 428, 722;

carried, 2078.

Baren, to disclose, 1912.

Barg, (pret. of bergen) preserved, 1330, 3477.

Bargt = barg, preserved, 898.

Bat, bad, 53;

restored, 882;

offered, gave, 1015.

See Bad.

Be, shall be, 784.

Bead, bad, 1059, 2494, 2768;

invited, 1056;

offered, 1069;

presented, 3340.

Bead = abead, endured, suffered, 3105.

Beames, trumpet's, 3521.

A.S. byme, a trumpet.

Beas = beast = beëst, art, 365, 366.

Bed, (pret. of bidden) commanded, bad, 258, 1292.

See Bad.

Bed, (pret. of beden) offered, gave, presented, 909, 1014, 2017, 2047;

(imp.) present, 2073.

Bedden, (pl. pret.) offered, 2273;

prayed to, 2498.

Bede, prayer, 631, 1375, 2981.

A.S. béd.

Beden, (p.p.) commanded, 2212.

Bedes, prayers, 495, 3888.

Bege, ring, 2140.

A.S. beah, béh, beág (g. beáges), a crown, bracelet, ring.

Beges, bracelets, 1390.

A.S. beágas.

Bem, beam, 'heuene-bem' = the sun (?), 1606.

Ben, to be, 15, 101, 164;

are, 107, 139, 630.

Bene, prayer, petition, 2511.

A.S. bén.

Ber, bore, 1701.

Berdes, beards, 3584.

Bere, bier, 2481.

Bere, (inf.) bear, 1465;

(subj.) 3513.

Bered = bereð, beareth, 326, 2705.

Berem-tem = bern-tem, family, race, 3903.

Beren, (inf.) bear, carry, 8, 118, 120, 787, 2084;

(pl. pret.) 1187, 2557;

to show, 1044.

Beren-tem, family, descendants, 954.

Beres, (sb.) bears, 191.

Bereð, bear, (imp.) 2243, 2248.

Berg, (sb.) defence, protector, 926.

A.S. beorh.

Berge, Bergen, to protect, 1060;

(opt.) 2529.

A.S. beorgan (pret. bearh, p.p. borgen).

Bergles, shelterless, unprotected, 3048.

Beries, berries, 2062, 2064.

Bering, bearing, behaviour, 2178.

Bernteam, descendant, 3748.

A.S. bearn-team, posterity, from bearn, a child, and teamian, to generate.

Best, art, 2884.

Beste, beast, 194.

Bet, beat, (pret.) 483, 3958.

A.S. beót.

Bet, better, 1713, 2366, 2938, 3753.

A.S.

Betende, beating, 2713.

Betes, beatest, 3974.

Betre, Bettre, better, 1585, 1957, 2820.

Betten = beten, amend, 3637.

A.S. bétan.

Beð, is, 182, 1156, 1589;

shall be, 386, 4122;

(imp.) 2263, 3231.

Beðen, bathe, 2447.

A.S. beþian.

Beðen, pray, entreat, 2498.

O.N. beiða, to pray.

Bi, by, 141, 1586.

Bi-aften, behind, 1333, 3377.

A.S. be-æftan.

Bi-agt, ought, should, 924.

Bicalleð, calls after, accuses, 2314.

Bicam, became, befell, happened, 996, 1404, 2007, 2148;

went, 1744.

Bicrauen, (inf.) ask, crave, 1388.

Bicumen, (inf.) become, pass, come into, 960, 1577;

(p.p.) befallen, 2227;

become, 3839.

Bid, intreat, pray, 2509.

Bidde, intreat, 1569;

command, 3454.

Bidden, (inf.) pray, beseech, 1802.

Biddi = bidde, offer, 27.

Bideð, biddeth, 3451.

Bifel, befell, 963.

Biforen, Biforn, before, 47, 219, 253, 451, 665, 905, 907, 2272.

Bigan, began, 188, 236, 448, 921.

Bigamie, 448, 449.

Bigat, begot, 708, 709, 711, 1590;

obtained, 796.

Bigen, to buy, 2166, 2246.

A.S. bygan, bycgan.

Bigete, winnings, spoil, 896.

Bigetel, advantageous, 1992.

Bigeten, (inf.) obtain, 1532;

beget, 2180;

require, 1666;

prevail, 2021;

(p.p.) begotten, 906, 1151, 1376, 1377, 2006;

acquired, obtained, 911, 2706.

Biggede, dwelt, 1137.

A.S. byggan, to build; Icel. byggia; O.Sw. bygga, to build, inhabit.

Bigging, Bigginge, Biging, sojourn, abode, dwelling, 718, 762, 807;

house, 3163.

Biginned = biginneð, beginneth, 2538.

Biginning, Biginninge, beginning, 32, 39, 521.

Bigote, begotten, 2618.

Bigunnen, (pl. pret.) began, 536.

Bihaluen = surround, 3355.

See Havelok, l. 1834.

Bihet, (pret. of bihete) promised.

A.S. beǽtan, (pret. behét; p.p. beháten) to promise.

Bihoten, promised, 3132.

Bi-hu[f]lik (?), needful, necessary, 4108.

A.S. behóflíc.

Bilagt, taken away, 773.

A.S. ge-læccan (pret. gelæhte), take, catch, seize.

Bileaf, remained, 1332, 2776;

left, 3066.

Bilef, remained, 671, 1346, 1516, 1791, 1801.

A.S. belífan (pret. belaf).

Bileften, (pl. pret.) dwelt, abode, 800.

Bileph = bilef, remained, 2662.

Bileue, should remain, 1716.

Bileue, quickly, 4128.

Bileuen, to remain, stay, 1766, 3114.

Bileuen, remainder, 3154.

Bilewen, to remain, 2233.

Bilirten, deprive of by fraud, 316.

Biloc, surrounded, 2684.

See Biluken.

Bilong, along of, not belong, 2058.

Biluken, enclosed, shut up, 104.

A.S. belúcan (pret. beleác; p.p. belocen).

Bimen, complaint, cry, 2894.

Bimeneð, bemoaneth, 2226.

Bimening, mourning, bemoaning, 2484.

Biment, Bimente, complained, 1217;

bewailed, bemoaned, 2202, 4150.

A.S. bemǽnan (pret. bimǽnde).

Binam, used, 1706.

See Binimen.

Binden, to bind, 2193, 3193.

Bineðe, Bineðen, beneath, below, 10, 66, 126, 3526, 4082.

A.S. benyðan.

Binimen, to take away, 1764.

A.S. beniman (pret. benám, p.p. benumen).

Binnen, within, 1032, 1731.

A.S. binnan.

Binumen = be taken, 1578.

Binumen, bereft, taken away, 198, 772;

rescued, 2876;

placed, 376.

Biofte, behoof, 1408.

A.S. behofian, to behove.

Bioueð, behoveth, 1159.

Biquuad, ordered, appointed, 117.

See Quuad.

Biqueðen, bewail, 2448.

See Queðe.

Bird, birth, 2591.

Biri, city, 2257.

A.S. burh (pl. byrig).

Biried, buried, 256, 735, 2517, 3851.

Biriele, tomb, sepulchre, 2488.

A.S. byrgels.

Birien, to bury, 2424.

Birigeles, burial, interment, 2474.

Birðe, Birðehe, birth, 441, 1177, 1187, 1484, 1497.

Birðen, to be born, 1471.

Birðehe, birth, 368.

Birðheltre, fruit-bearing tree, 119.

Bise, rule, govern, 4107.

Bisek, (imp.) beseech, 3093.

Biseke, (imp.) beseech, 4155.

Biseken, to beseech, 2492, 3600.

Bisen, to provide, 1313;

ordained, 1411;

govern, direct, 2141, 3414.

A.S. beseon.

Biset, (p.p.) beset, surrounded, 3225.

Bisette, (pret.) beset, compassed, 2687.

Bisetten, surrounded, encompassed, 1066.

Bisne, blind, 472, 2822.

A.S. bisen.

Bisogt, (p.p.) besought, asked, 3080.

Bisogte, (pret.) besought, 3236;

interceded, 3693.

Bispac (= bespoke), gain-said, contradicted, 1444.

Bispeken, to blame, condemn, 1855.

A.S. besprécan, to accuse, blame.

Bistod, lamented, 3857.

Bistoden, (pl.) bewailed, wept for, 716, 1456.

A.S. bestanden, to stand by.

Biswiken, betrayed, deceived, 3561.

A.S. beswícan.

Bit, biddeth, 2238.

Bitagt, (p.p.) delivered, given over, assigned, 774, 1677.

Bitagte, (pret. of bitaken or bitechen) gave, 212, 782, 1185;

appointed, assigned, 923, 965, 1663, 2622, 3621.

A.S. betǽcan (pret. betǽhte).

Bitagten, (pl.) delivered, consigned, 1424.

Biteg, accomplished, 2878.

See Ten.

Biten, (pl.) accomplish, 3626.

See Ten.

Biter, bitter, 3300.

Bithowte, bethought, 2735.

Bitid, befallen, 357, 1194, 1876, 1978, 2358, 3406.

Bitidde, befell, 3861.

Bitime, betimes, 1088.

Bitogen, bestowed, applied, 1771;

guided, directed, 3796.

See Ten.

Bitold, rescued, 920;

from bitellan, to defend, rescue. See Orm. l. 2045, and O.E. Hom. 1st S. p. 205.

Bitterlike, bitterly, 1115;

angrily, 2030;

severely, sharply, 3896.

Biðhogte, Biðogt, Biðohte, bethought, devised, 36, 37, 1183.

A.S. beþencan, to consider, bethink.

Bitwen, between, 8, 251, 760, 1168, 1601, 2406.

Biueð, trembleth, 2280.

A.S. bifian, beofian.

Biwaken, (pl.) keep a wake (or vigil) for the dead, 2444.

A.S. wæcan, to watch, wake.

Blast; (ph.) 'liues blast,' 201;

'hornes blast,' 3464.

Ble, colour, hue, 457;

appearance, 749.

A.S. bleo.

Blein, blain, 3027.

Bles, (g. sing. of ble) of colour, hue, 1725.

Blessede, turned aside, ceased, 3653, 3803.

See Blissen.

Bleð, timid, fearful, 2590, 3520, 3907.

A.S. bleáð, gentle, timid. O.N. blauðr.

Blinne, Blinnen, to cease, 289, 1963.

A.S. blinnan.

Blis, Blisce, bliss, 382, 748, 3518.

Blisced, (p.p.) blessed, 1552, 1616.

Bliscede, (pret.) blessed, 163, 897, 1546.

Bliscing, blessing, 1508, 1532, 1556, 1563, 1568, 2398.

Blisse, bliss, 11, 241, 2068.

Blissen, to lessen, 553.

Du. bleschen, to quench.

Blisses, (g. sing.) of bliss, 19, 383;

pl. happiness, joys, 2350.

Bliðe, blithe, joyful, 1343, 1653.

Bliðelike, blithely, joyfully, 1424, 1499.

Blo, blue, 637, 638.

A.S. bleo; O.Du. bla.

Blod, blood, 1074, 1452, 1661, 2816.

Blod, woman, 1192.

See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Blod.

Blodes, of blood, 2956.

Blomede, bloomed, flowered, 2061.

Boc, book, 523, 2522.

Bode, (subj.) should tolerate, endure, 1594.

Bode, word, message, command, 395, 621, 939, 991, 1008, 1286, 1973, 2383, 2859.

A.S. bod, gebod, a command, message; beódan, to command, order, bid.

Boden, (pl. pret.) bad, commanded, 1067, 1096, 1971, 3544;

asked for, 3169;

p.p. bidden, 1430, 3111, 4115.

Bodes, commands, rules, 3528.

Bodeword, Bodewurd, commandment, prohibition, 213, 218, 361, 2282;

message, 396, 2494, 2880, 2913.

See Bode.

Bofte = Bihofte, behoof, 1388.

A.S. be-hófian, to behove.

Bog, bough, 608.

Boge, bow, 483, 1238.

Bogt, (p.p.) bought, 1994, 3683.

Bogte, (pret.) bought, 1996.

Boken, book;

ph. 'on no boken,' 4.

Bokes, books, 3635.

Bold, bad, 323;

stubborn, 1917;

boldly, 2728.

Bolen. See To-bollen.

Bond, Bonde, bond, prison, 2076, 2693;

force, power, 763, 2114, 2716.

Bondes, bonds, 344, 2230.

Bone, prayer, petition, boon, 2980.

O.N. bón; A.S. bén.

Booc, book, 4124.

Bor, (pret. of beren) bore, 425.

Borde, table, board, 1210.

Boren, s. pl. bearers, 1798.

Boren, (pl. pret. of beren, to bear) bore, 684, 1725, 1730;

p.p. born, 84, 220, 648, 655, 666, 1144;

borne, 2512, 2518.

Borgen, (p.p. of bergen) protected, saved, 1102, 1105, 2686.

See Bergen.

Borwen, (p.p. of berge) preserved, saved, 886, 3044.

Bosum, bosom, 2809.

Bot, (pret. of biten) bit, 2926.

Bot, Bote, salvation, deliverance from evil, forgiveness, atonement, 24, 2957, 3598.

A.S. bót, bótu; bétan, to amend.

Boðen, both, 328, 350, 899, 1275, 1390.

Brac, broke, 3100.

Bras, brass, 467.

Brast, (pret. of bresten) burst, 1808.

Bread-lepes, bread-baskets, 2078.

A.S. leap, a basket, hamper.

Bred, Bread, bread, 364, 1013, 1225, 2079.

Bred, (p.p.) roasted, 1013, 3147.

A.S. brǽdan, (p. brǽdde; p.p. gebrǽd) to melt, roast.

Bredde, (pret.) melted, 3342.

Bredes, of bread, 894, 1246.

Bred-wrigte, baker, 2077.

Breken, break, 3147.

Brekeð, breaketh, 3062.

Brend, (p.p.) burnt, 3685.

Brende, (pret.) burnt, 1108, 2668, 2778, 2779.

Brend-fier-rein, rain of burning fire, 1110.

Brennen, to burn, 1087, 2775, 3154.

Brennen = brennende, burning, 2653.

Brenninge, (sb.) burning, 3654.

Brent, Brente, burnt, 754, 1114, 1336, 2656.

Brest, breast, 343, 370.

Brewen, to brew, produce, 4054.

Breðere, brethren, 823, 1911, 2217;

brothers', 530, 2213.

Brictest, brightest, 1910.

Bridale, wedding, 1674.

Brigt, (adj.) bright, 132, 951;

beautiful, 1058;

clear, 2780;

(sb.) brightness, 143.

Brigte, (adv.) clearly, 3763.

Brigtlike, clearly, brightly, 3491.

Brimen, to become fertile, teem, 118;

bear fruit, 1128.

A.S. breman, to have in honour.

Brimfir, burning-fire, brimstone, 754.

Brinfires, burning-fires, brimstones, 1164.

Bringen, to bring, 312, 738, 1067;

'bringen on' = to bring against, 2032.

Briðere = breðere, brethren, 2271.

Brocte, brought, 237.

Brod, brood, 3712.

A.S. bród.

Brogt, (p.p.) Brogte, (pret.) brought, 62, 124, 219, 608, 847, 870, 874, 882, 2634.

Brogten, (pl. pret.) brought, 3546.

Broðer, brother, 420, 1394.

Bruc, (imp.) enjoy, 1831.

A.S. brúcan, (p. bréac; p.p. gebrocen) use, enjoy, eat.

Buges, boughs, 2060.

Bunden, (p.p.) bound, 2216.

Burdene, burden, birth, 1467.

Burg, Burge, city, 812, 833, 1110, 1837.

A.S. burh, burg.

Burge-folc, townsfolk, 1854.

Burges, cities, 746, 840.

Burges, (g. sing.) of the city, 1053, 1086.

Burgt = burg, city, 727, 744, 879.

Burgt-folk = burg-folc, towns-folc, people, 1063.

Busk, bush, 2779.

But, send out (?), 3075.

It may represent the A.S. búte, bútu, both.

But, Bute, unless, 3017, 3616;

only, 4000.

A.S. búte.

Bute if, unless, 4059.

Buteler, butler, 2092, 2115.

Buten, about, 566.

A.S. bútan.

But-if, unless, 1713, 2698, 2949.

Buttere, butter, 1014.

Buxum, obedient, 980, 1299.

A.S. bocsum, from búgan, to bend.

Cald, (p.p.) called, 3367, 3686.

Calde, (pret.) called, 1446, 1631, 1702.

Calden, (pl. pret.) called, 685.

Calles, callest, 3237.

Cam, came, 114, 158, 416.

Can, know, 309;

did, 2872.

Canticle, 4124.

Care, sorrow, 775.

A.S. cáru.

Carf, cut, carved, 2700.

A.S. ceorfan, (pret. cearf; p.p. corfen) to cut, engrave.

Carte-hird, collection of carts (chariots), 3215.

Cartes, carts, 2362.

Cast, a shadow (?), 3463.

Caue[n], a cave, 1137.

Chaf, chaff, 2889.

Chafare, chaffer, 1951.

Chare, turn, go, 2390.

Charen, to turn, depart, journey, 1712, 2436, 3010, 3055, 3704, 3986.

A.S. cérran, círran, to turn, pass over or by.

Charite, charity, 1016.

Chartre, prison, 2043.

A.S. cwartern, a prison.

Chasthed, chastity, 2022.

Che, she, 1227.

Cherl, churl, man, fellow, 2715.

Ches, (pret. of chesen) chose, selected, 433, 805, 807, 1250, 2736, 3672;

(imp.) 3665.

Chesen, to choose, 3429.

A.S. ceósan, (pret. ceás, p.p. córen) to choose, select.

Chidden, (pret. pl.) chided, rebuked, 1927.

Chiden, to chide, 2722.

Childe, child, 966, 974.

Childes, child's, 1965, 1972.

Childhede, childishness, 2652.

Childles, childless, 930.

Childre, children, 656, 715, 722.

Chirche-gong, church-going, 2465.

Chirches, churches, 511, 3197.

Chosen, (pl.) chose, 543.

Circumcicioun, circumcision, 992.

Circumcis, circumcised, 999, 1002.

Circumcise, circumcision, 2848.

Circumcised, circumcised, 1200, 1202.

Cisternesse, pit, cistern, 1960.

Clene, clean, pure, 605, 611, 627, 777, 3454, 3637.

Clense, cleanse, 3453.

Cleped, Clepede, Clepit, called, 1198, 1274, 2631, 4099.

A.S. cleopian, to cry, call.

Clepeð, calleth, 3330.

Clerkes, clerks, learned men, 2993.

Clipping-time, shearing time, 1740.

Cliued, 'he cliued' = him cliueð = cleaves to him, 1963.

Cliuen, to stick, fasten, 372.

A.S. clifian.

Cliueð, adheres, remains, 2384.

Cloðen, to clothe, 2630.

Colen, coals, 2653.

Comb, top, crest, 2564.

Du. kam.

Come, coming, arrival, 2267.

Come, should come, 464.

Comen, (p.p.) come, 344.

Comen, (pret. pl.) came, 1979, 2611, 2940.

Coren, corn, 2104, 2237.

Corune, crown, 2638.

Corunes, crowns, 3789.

Cost, nature, kind, 3327.

A.S. cost. Icel. kostr, habits, character.

Costful, trying, dangerous, 3880.

A.S. costian, to try.

Craflik, craftily.

Crauede, craved, asked, 1418.

Crauen, to crave, ask, demand, 1320, 1408, 1667, 1718, 2366, 3171.

Crep, (pret. of crepen) crept, 2924.

A.S. creópan, to creep (pret. creáp, p.p. cropen).

Crepen, to creep, 610, 2560.

Crisme, chrisom, the anointing oil, 2458.

O.Fr. cresme, from χρισμα.

Cristene, Cristenei, Christian, 7, 15.

Cropen, crept, 2974.

Crune, crown, 2642.

Cude = cuðe, could, knew how to, 878, 2674.

Cuden = cuðen, (pl.) could, 875.

A.S. cunnan, to ken, know (pret. cúðe, p.p. cúð).

Cum, (imp.) come, 2791.

Cume, (1st pers. sing.) come, 1037.

Cume, (p.p.) come, 1432.

Cume, (pl.) come, 2171.

Cumen, (inf.) come, 305, 505, 2337.

Cumen, (pl. pret.) came, 1065.

Cumen, (p.p.) come, 365, 410, 570, 1141, 2316.

Cumeð, (imp. pl.) come, 3485.

Cunen, (pl.) can, are able, 4054.

Cuppe, cup, 2310, 2318.

Cursen, to curse, 4005.

Cursing, (sb.) curse, 3926, 4037, 4038.

Cuðe, could, 470, 2594, 2747;

showed, 1659.

Cuðen, could, 3224;

knew, 2996.

Cuuel-staf, a cowl-staff, a pole for carrying two-handled vessels, 3710.

A.S. ceofl, cawel, a basket.

Dage, days, 'of dage brogten,' put to death, 3545.

Dagen, to dawn, 16, 91.

A.S. dæg, a day; dægian, to shine; dagian, to dawn; dagung, a dawning, daybreak.

Dages, days, 3297.

Dai, day, 83, 88, 93.

Daiening, Daigening, Daning, dawn, 77, 1808, 3264.

Daiges, day's, 3294.

Daiges, days, 2455, 2471.

Dain = ðain (?), a man, 1116.

Dais, day's, 113, 114, 157, 158.

Dais, days, 590.

Dale, dale, vale, 'sorwes dale,' 19;

'werldes dale,' 142.

Dalen, dale, 1931.

Dalf, buried, 2718.

See Deluen.

Dan = ðan, then, 411, 613, et passim.

Daning, dawn, 1808.

See Daiening and Dagen.

Dat = ðat, 224, 232, 342.

Dead, Deade, death, 312, 392, 402, 421, 2573, 3120.

Dead, deed, 2983.

Deades, death's, 268, 714, 3396.

Deai, day, 862.

Ded, Dede, death, 214, 257, 261, 265.

Ded, Dede, dead, 217, 750, 2465.

Dede, deed, 355, 502, 1150, 2662.

Dede, did, 24, 118, 224;

put, placed, 42, 576;

made, 762, 2291;

showed, 2757.

Deden, (pl. pret.) did, 1059, 1153;

made, caused, 1522, 2100, 2560;

put, 2555;

fixed, 3442;

gave, 3551.

Dedes, death's, 344, 484, 2716.

Dedes, deeds, 2459.

Dedes, deeds', 551.

Dedis = put them, 3830.

Dei, day, 78.

Deieð, dieth, 751.

Deigen, to die, 3127.

Del, a part, a whit, bit, 230, 1092, 567, 1062;

-what, -thing, 353;

parts, 3239.

A.S. dǽl, a part.

Del, (imp.) divide, 3239.

A.S. dǽlan, to divide, distribute.

Delen, (pl. pres.) divide, 151.

Delt, divided, scattered, 670, 3243.

Delte, (pret.) divided, 941.

Deluen, to bury, 2452.

A.S. delfan, to dig, delve (pret. dealf, p.p. dolfen).

Dempt, doomed, condemned, 2038.

A.S. déman, to deem, doom.

Denede = dinede, shook, quaked, 3772.

A.S. dynian, to din.

Dep, deep, 1942.

Depe, Diep, deeply, 1873, 2655, 2770.

Der, deer, animal, 169, 178, 187, 299, 4020, 4025.

Dere, noble, precious, 271, 2247;

dear, beloved, 403, 1569.

Dere, to harm, annoy, 1588, 3514;

to injure, 4047;

destroy, 3566.

A.S. derian.

Dere, (sb.) harm, hurt, 2970, 3214, 3742.

A.S. dere, dar, daru, hurt, damage.

Dered, Derede, harmed, hurt, 242, 2596, 3052.

Deren, to hurt, annoy, 788, 1188, 1271, 2348.

Deren, (pl. pres.) hurt, annoy, 187, 852.

Derer = dere, dear, beloved, 2399.

Deres, injuries, 3088.

Deres, animals, 4032.

Deres-kin, animals, 556.

Dereð, harms, hurts, 3818.

Derke = derðe, dearth, famine, 2237, 2345.

Derne, secret, 1950.

A.S. dearn.

Derre = dearly, 3683.

Deserd, Desert, desert, 1227, 2737, 2770.

Dew, 3325.

Dhogt = ðhogt, thought, care, 1153.

Dewes, dew's, 3327.

Digere = diyere, dear, precious, 3483, 3484;

dearer, 3903.

Dik, dike, ditch, pit, 281.

Dikes, ditches, 2560.

Dim, dull, 286;

ignorant, 3673.

Dine, din, noise, 3467.

Dinede, sounded, 3464.

Dis = ðis, 63.

Diserd, desert, 975.

Do, take, put, 2781, 3604, 3819, 3822.

Dogtres, daughters, 1090, 1094.

Dole, part, 152.

Doles, parts, 151, 3243;

pieces, 952;

shares, 1512.

See Del.

Doluen, (p.p.) buried, 1895, 3200, 3685.

Doluen, (pret. pl.) dug, 3189.

Domesdai, Domesday, doomsday, 105, 505, 645.

Domme, dumb, 2821.

Don, (inf.) to do, cause, 194, 534, 1146, 3608.

Don, (pl. pres.) do, 311;

cause, 180.

Don, (p.p.) done, 345, 3012;

placed, put, 267, 381, 383, 2586, 3206.

Dor = ðor, there, 668, 897.

Dor-bi = ðor-bi, thereby, 1637.

Doð, (imp.) cause, 2351;

do, 3727.

Doð, doth, causes, 2702, 2883.

Dowter, daughter, 1847, 2147, 2599, 2601, 2603.

Dowtres, daughters, 2743.

Dragen, (p.p.) drawn, 3980;

compiled, 13;

'to dead ... dragen,' put to death, 3458;

'of liue dragen,' slain, 3806;

withdrawn, 598;

led, drawn, 2046;

sprinkled, 3156.

Dragen, (inf.) to draw near to, 2360, 2378.

Dragen, (adj.) drawn, 2843.

Dragt, plan, 3624;

way, course, 3745.

Dragun, dragon, serpent, 2924.

Drake, dragon, 283.

Dranc, drank, 1660.

Drechede, delayed, 2835.

Drechen, delay, 1420, 1946.

A.S. drécan, to trouble, oppress.

Dred, dread, fear, 179, 660, 694, 698.

Dredde, dreaded, feared, 767, 1868, 3008.

Dredes, dread's, 2806.

Dredeð, (imp.) dread, 2343, 3129.

Dredful, fearful, 3520;

dreadful, 3521.

Dredi, afraid, 872.

Dref, trouble, 4144.

See Dreue.

Dreful, sorrowful, 2590.

See Dregen.

Dreg, suffered, endured, 429, 566, 2877.

Drege, Dregen, (pl.) endure, suffer, bear, 512, 2208.

Dregen, (inf.) to suffer, 3235.

A.S. dreógan (pret. dreag, p.p. drogen), to suffer, bear.

Drem, Dreme, dream, 953, 2095;

'on dreme,' in dream, 1179.

Dremen, to dream, 2067.

Drempte, (vb. impers.) dreamt, 1941, 2049, 2059, 2078, 2095.

Dremes, (pl.) dreams, 1918, 2086;

(gen.) 2112, 2114.

Dreue, to trouble, 318.

A.S. dréfan, to trouble, disturb.

Drie, dry, 616.

Dried, 3681.

Drige, dry, 3910.

Drinc, drink, 1149, 1246.

Drinkelen, to drown, 2768.

Drinken, to drink, 2065, 3582.

Drinkilden, (pl.) drowned, 492.

Dririhed, dreariness, 1122.

Driuen, (pres. pl.) drive, 1647;

(pret. pl.) drove, fell, 4096;

(p.p.) driuen, 307, 574, 1125;

practised, 1681.

Drof, draff, dregs, 3582.

O.Du. draf. Dan. drav; Icel. draf, dregs.

"Draffe or drosse, or matter stamped, pilumen."—(Prompt. Parv.)

Drof, assemblage, 102.

A.S. dráf.

Drog, Droge, drew, 478, 1746, 1844, 3909.

Drogen, (pl.) drew, 1077.

Drogen = ? drogende, suffering, 977.

Drogen, (p.p.) suffered, 1772, 2402, 2404, 2786, 3648.

See Dregen.

Drope, drop, 1018.

Dropen, killed, 2648.

A.S. drepan (pret. dræp, p.p. drepen), to strike, wound.

Drug, drew, 2717.

Drugen, (pl.) drew.

Drugte, drought, dryness, 2107, 2348.

A.S. drugoð.

Drunken, drunk, 871, 1154.

Dun, down, 484, 714, 1303.

Dun, Dune, hill, 19, 587, 1101, 1295, 3380.

A.S. dún.

Dun-cumen, to descend, 1608.

Dunes, hills, 599, 644, 855, 1100.

Dune-is, down's, hill's, 1295.

Dure, door, 1082.

Duren, dare, 2239.

Dure-pin, door pin, bolt of the door, 1078.

Dure-tren, door-posts, 3155.

Durste, durst, 2593, 3968.

Dursten, (pl.) durst, 1863.

Duue, dove, 605, 944.

Dwale, heretic, apostate, 20, 67;

deceit, fraud, 4055.

A.S. dwala, an error; dwelian, to deceive.

Dwale, grief, complaint, 1037, 1220;

strife, contest, 3404.

O.E. dule, dole. Sc. dool.

Dwelledde, dwelt, 1106.

E = he, 2341, 2708.

E = he, they, 4094.

Ear, ere, before, formerly, 36, 47, 250, 284, 1089, 1757, 2562, 3080;

'ear ðanne,' ere that.

A.S. ear, ǽr.

Eares, ears (of corn), 2104.

Earuermor = eauermor, evermore, 12.

Ebrisse, Hebrew, 73.

Eddi, pleasant, good, 2086.

A.S. eadig.

Eddi-sel = happy (pleasant) time, prosperity, 2582.

A.S. eádig, happy, blessed; sǽl, time.

Ef = eft, again, 2337.

Eft, Efte, again, 77, 365, 1169, 4032.

Egest = hegest, highest, 143, 1224.

Egte, probably miswritten for fegte, 470.

Egte, eight, 1349.

Egtende, Egtenede, eighth, 1199, 1202, 2543.

Eige, awe, fear, 2550, 3043.

A.S. ége, fear, terror.

Eilden, ? bake, 2892.

Stratmann proposes to derive it from O.N. elda, to make a fire.

Eld, Elde, age, 579, 705, 707, 740, 900, 1283;

on elde, in age, 1197.

A.S. eld, yld, age.

Eldes, of age, 1528.

Eld = held, 2999.

Elles, Hell's, 4157.

Elles, else, 3072;

besides, 4096.

Elmesse-gifte, alms-gift, 2466.

Elne, ells, 563, 565, 586.

Elten, knead, 2892.

O.N. elta. (Stratmann.)

Em, uncle, 1758.

A.S. eám.

Endede, ended, 166.

Endesið, destruction, death, 3777.

A.S. ende, end, sið, adversity.

Endesið may be an error for unsið, from A.S. unsið, mishap.

Ending, Endinge, death, 487, 1506, 2420, 2439.

Engle, Engleis, English, 14, 450, 814.

Erd, Erde, land, abode, 210, 383,1131, 2094, 2406.

A.S. eard, province, country.

Erdes, abodes, lands, 956.

Erdfolc, people, 1880.

Erdne, Erdene, = ernde, errand, petition, 787, 1372, 1400, 1402.

A.S. ærend, ærende, message, news.

Ere = here, of them, 2855, 3773.

Ereward-riche, inheritance, 1512.

Du. erfrijk.

See Erward.

Erf, cattle, 183, 195, 910, 2746, 3018.

A.S. ærfe, erfe, orfe, yrfe.

Erf-kin, cattle, 3177.

Ermor = eauermor, evermore, 306.

Erneste, necessity, 411.

Erðe, earth, 40, 116, 118, 122.

Erðe-dine, earthquake, 1108, 3196.

A.S. eorð-dýne.

Erðes, earth's, 124, 1547, 1573.

Erue, cattle, 169, 174, 803, 1948, 2751.

See Erf.

Eruerilc = euerilc, every, 160.

Erward = erf-ward, heir, 934.

A.S. yrfe-weard, an heir.

Es = is, them, 135, 1535, 1700, 2176, 3025, 3097.

Est, an error for eft, 607.

Est, east, 829, 1449.

Estdede, kindness, 2758.

A.S. este, mild, favouring.

Esterne, Easter, 3289.

Et, it, 590, 3899.

Eten, (p.p.) eaten, 329;

(inf.) to eat, 364, 1531, 1538;

(pl. pres.) eat, 1779.

Eðe-moðed = eðe-moded, appeased, 1584.

Eðen = heðen, hence, 2188.

Eði-modes = eðe-moded (easy minded), kind, gentle, 2249.

A.S. eáð, easy, gentle, mild; eáð-mód, easy-minded, humble.

Eððede, softened, alleviated, 1439.

Euen, evening, 1675.

Euene, even, equally, 331.

Eui, heavy, 2559.

Euerilc, every, 68, 69, 121, 2407;

each, every one, 2214, 2355.

Euerilc del, every whit, 567.

Euerilc on, every one, 185, 609.

Euerilk, every, 582.

Fader, father, 29, 1148.

Faderes, father's, 1536, 1586, 1748, 2293.

Fagen, glad, joyful, 15, 510, 854, 1331, 1343, 1551.

A.S. fægn, fægen, glad; fægnian, to rejoice, be delighted with.

Fagnede, welcomed, 1441, 1655.

Fagneden, (pl.) welcomed, 1410.

Fagt, fought, 3386, 3390.

Faier, Fair, Faire, (adj.) fair, beautiful, 126, 127, 769, 1058, 1192;

(adv.) 1061.

Faiernesse, fairness, colour, 1233.

Faiger, (adj.) fair, beautiful, 1440, 2636, 2659;

good, 3244;

(adv.) 1396.

A.S. fæger.

Faigere, (pl.) fair, 3547.

Faigered, fairhood, beauty, 2666.

Faire, (adv.) decently, honourably, 2393, 3193.

Faire-hed, Fair-hed, beauty, 1998, 2609.

Fallen, to fall, 2734.

Fand, temptation, strife, 3737.

See Fonden.

Far, Fare, (imp.) fare, go, 737, 1288.

Fare, course, journey, 1434, 1989;

departure, 3179;

welfare, 2771.

A.S. fær, faru.

Fare, (inf.) to go, 2389.

Fare, (1st pers. sing.) go, 930.

Faren, (inf.) to go, 137, 1418, 1596, 2238;

(pl. pres.) pass away, 2153;

(p.p.) gone, 3705, 4145.

A.S. faran, to go (pret. fór, p.p. gefaren).

Fastede, fasted, 3611.

Fe, goods, 439;

cattle, 783.

A.S. feoh, cattle, money, goods.

Fear, far, 253, 2616.

Feble, weak, bad, 1072.

Fechen, Fechin, (inf.) to fetch, 1363, 1530, 2363.

Fedde, fed, 2630.

Feið, faith, 2187, 2678.

Feger, far, 764.

Fel, fell, 72, 484;

'fel wel,' prospered, 1521.

Felage, fellow, companion, 1761.

Felde, field, 440, 1437.

Fele, many, 2371, 2400, 3197.

Fele, defile, dishonour, A.S. fǽlan, to defile; ? or 'to fele' = too much, 3498.

Fellen, (pl.) fell, 65, 287, 1854, 2272.

Felte, felt, 1466.

Felten, (pl.) felt, 350.

Fen, mud, dirt, 490, 2557.

Fendes, fiend's, devil's, 25, 401.

Fendes, devils, 512, 2922, 2929.

Fendes wise, devil wise, 2961.

Fer, far, 36, 47, 1238, 1256.

Fer, sound, whole, 2812, 3469.

Dan. fór; O.N. foerr.

See Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight, l. 103.

Ferde, went, 810, 1598, 1739, 3263.

Ferden, (pl.) went, 2306;

acted, 2921.

A.S. féran, to go.

Ferding, army, 842.

A.S. ferd, army; fyrding, an army, expedition.

Fere, companion, 338;

companions, 3783.

A.S. fera, gefera, a companion.

Feren, companions, fellows, 1275, 2845.

Feren, afar, 2601.

A.S. feorran, far from.

Feres, companions, 659, 888, 2478.

Ferli, wondrous, 2774.

A.S. fǽrlíc, sudden; fǽrlíce, suddenly, from fǽr, sudden, fearful, strange.

Ferlike, marvellously, 2799.

Ferðe, fourth, 130, 131, 156, 157.

Fest, fastened, 2703, 3797.

Fest, Feste, feast, 1689, 2470, 3552.

Festelike, convivially, 3407.

Fet, feet, 3151.

Fet, (sing.) Fette, (pl.) fat, 2098, 2100, 2101, 2104, 2110.

Fetchden, (pl.) fetched, 2889.

Feteles, Fetles, vessel, 561, 1225, 1247, 2595, 2801.

A.S. fetels.

Feten, an error for ſeten, set, built, 2553 (?). It may = fettle.

O.Fris. fitia; Goth. fetjan, to adorn.

Feten, fetch, 2744.

A.S. fettan.

Fette, fetched, 1535.

Fetthed, fatness, abundance, 1547.

Fier, fire, 103, 464, 1140.

Fier-isles, fire ashes, 1130.

A.S. ysla, ashes.

Fieres, fire's, 1142, 3786.

Fif, five, 527, 746.

Fifte, fifth, 158, 159, 165, 166.

Fiftene, fifteen, 415, 417.

Fifti, fifty, 578, 657.

Fifue, Fifwe, Fiue, five, 731, 852, 854, 855.

Figer, fire, 3522.

Figer, Figeren, far, 3519, 3904.

Figt, fight, 870, 886;

struggle, 1317, 1470.

Figten, (inf.) fight, 3227;

(pl.) 3572.

Figti, warlike, 546.

Figures, forms, 1006.

Fild, filled, 1225.

Fillen, fulfil, perform, 1463.

Filt, filled, 1247, 2213, 2307.

Fin, ending, death, 3852.

Finden, Findin, to find, 1877, 3246.

Findes, findest, 1768.

Fir, fire, 99, 3338.

Firmament, 95, 135.

Firme, first, 39, 43, 59, 75, 76, 78, 172.

Firmest, first, 1472, 1682, 1826, 4086.

Fis, fish, 162, 221, 299, 752.

Fisses, fishes, 2945.

Fled, put to flight, subdued, 3396.

Fledde, fled, 3384.

Fleg, fled, 430, 1136, 1745, 2806.

Flegen, to fly, 479, 610.

Fleges, flies, 192.

Fleges, flies', 3012.

Fleges-kin, flies, 3004.

Flegt = fleg, fled, 3643.

Fleis, flesh, 591, 1013, 2089.

Fleiðing, instigation, 692.

A.S. flít, strife, offence.

Flemd, banished, 1265.

Flemede, banished, 1223.

A.S. flyman, to banish.

Flen, (inf.) to flee, 1086, 1513, (pl.) 2685.

Fles, flesh, 3316.

Flesses, flesh's, 349.

Flet, flowed, 644;

floated, 3187.

A.S. fleótan, to flow.

Fligt, Fligte, flight, 137, 161, 277, 3012.

Fliten, striven, 3689.

A.S. flítan, to strive (pret. flát, p.p. gefliten).

Flitten, to remove, 1522.

Dan. flytte, to remove.

Flod, Flode, flood, 596, 644, 1112, 3186.

Flodes, flood's, 2096.

Flogen, (pl.) flew, 861, 3677;

(p.p.) fled, flown, 1750, 3795.

Flotes, swimming's, floating's, 162.

A.S. flótan, to swim, float; flót, a float, raft. Stratmann compares flote with O.H.Germ. floza pinna.

Floten, (pl.) floated, 2946.

Flum, flood, 490;

river, 806, 2486;

sea, 1123.

Flures, flour's, 1013.

Fo, few, 2403.

A.S. feáw, feá.

Fode, food, 176, 894, 3146.

Fodme, productions, 124, 125.

A.S. fadung, setting in order, disposition.

Fol, full, 211.

Folc, folk, people, 697, 770, 894.

Folckes, folk's, 4034.

Folged, (p.p.) followed, 239.

Folgede, (pret.) followed, 204, 1866.

Folgen, to follow, 28, 3272.

Folkes, folk's, people's, 2785.

Folkes-kin, people, 1864.

Folwede, followed, pursued, 880, 3187.

Folwede on, pursued, 1751.

Folwen, to follow, 401.

Fon, foes, 2610, 2693.

Fond, trial, 336;

need, want, 3150.

Cf. Du. vond, scheme, device.

See Fonden.

Fond, Fonde, found, 440, 1280, 1397, 1933, 2324.

Fondeden, (pl.) tempted, 3368.

Fonden, to try, 2938;

to seek, 3476, 3946.

A.S. fandian, to try, tempt, seek, search out.

For, (pret. of fare) went, 743, 763, 1337, 2709.

For, whether, 2651.

Forbead, Forbed, forbad, 213, 311, 1329, 2932, 2984.

Forbi, against, 3988.

Forbode, prohibition, 324.

Forboden, forbidden, 325.

A.S. forbeódan, to forbid, prohibit.

Forbone, an error for forbode, command, law, 3341.

Forbrac, broke down, 3049.

A.S. for-brecan, to break in two.

Forbrende, burnt up, consumed, 3784.

Fordede, killed, 426.

A.S. for-dón, to destroy.

Fordred, afraid, 1557, 1763, 2191.

Fore, departure, 2984.

A.S. fór, fóru, faru, a way, journey.

Foren, before, 3541, 3866.

A.S. fóran, before.

Foren, (pl.) went, 2482.

See Fare.

For-fare, For-faren, to perish, 1087, 1134, 3018.

A.S. for-faran.

Forfrigted, afraid, frightened, 3519.

Forgaf, forgave, 2499.

Forgat, forgot, 2092.

Forgeten, (inf.) to forget, 912, 1400, 1806;

(p.p.) forgotten, 1152, 2179, 3128.

For-hadede, consecrated (by burning), 3338.

A.S. hadian, to consecrate.

? for-ha[r]dede, hardened.

For-held, withheld, 2026.

For-hele, (subj.) hide, 3512.

For-helen, (inf.) to hide, 2593.

A.S. for-hélan, to hide, conceal.

For-hid, hidden, concealed, 1875.

For-hirked, tired of, 3658.

A.S. earg, slothful, dull, timid;

yrhð, sloth, fear.

For-holen, For-olen, (p.p.) concealed, hidden, 1747, 1759, 1870, 2317, 2331, 3446.

For-hugede, rejected, 3814.

A.S. for-hugian, to despise.

Forles, lost, 189, 259, 502, 808.

A.S. for-leósan, to lose.

For-leten, (pl.) forsook, 4068.

For-listede, from forlisten, to desire greatly, yearn for (see Orm. l. 11475);

or does forlistede = deceived (?), 1851.

Cf. Ger. list, craft, deceit.

For-loren, (pret. pl.) lost, 241;

(p.p.) 1886, 2511, 3468;

accursed, reprobate, 546;

destroyed, 1143.

For-numen, taken away, 2228.

See Nimen.

For-quat, wherefore, 1657, 2053.

For-red, deceived, 2192.

A.S. forrǽdan, to mislead, deceive.

For-sake, deny, 1767.

For-saken, refused, 3811.

For-sanc, sank entirely, 1114, 1117.

For-soc, refused, 1833.

For-sweðen, burn up, consume, 1140.

O.N. sviða, to burn, consume.

Forð, forth, away, forward, 249, 262, 578.

For-ðan, therefore, 1190, 1261;

because, 1996;

thereupon, 3162.

Forð-do, utter, 3993.

Forðe, perform, 1372.

Forðen, to promote, further, accomplish, 341, 4080;

follow, 4059.

A.S. fyrðrian, to further, support.

Forðere, further, 1304, 3488.

Forð-for, departure, exodus, 3158.

A.S. forð-faru.

Forð-geden, (pl.) passed, 1755.

See Gede.

Forð-glod, passed away, 113, 129, 157.

See Glod.

Forð-gon, extended, 835;

pass, 845;

gone, 2819.

Forði, therefore, wherefore, 1581, 1591.

A.S. forði.

Forð-nam, forth went, 3351.

See Nimen.

Forð-nimen, proceed, 2676.

Forð-numen, passed, 3640.

Forð-wexen, (pl.) passed, 1211.

For-token, token, sign, 2994.

Forward, covenant, agreement, 1719, 1992, 3014.

A.S. for-weard.

Forwerti, fowertieðe, fortieth, 3439.

For-went, changed, 1121.

See Wente.

For-weried, fatigued, 3894.

For-wrogt, accursed, 266.

Fostre, foster, nurse, 2620, 2624, 2625.

Fostred, fostered, brought up, 2618.

Fot, Fote, foot, 376, 1303, 1474;

'to fot,' at the feet, 2497.

Foueles, fowls, birds, 570, 947.

Foure, Fowre, four, 559, 814, 816, 852.

Fowerti, fourty, 583, 589, 601, 3348.

Fowrtende, fourteenth, 3143.

Frame, profit, advantage, 133, 173, 626, 1837;

benefit, 2540.

Framen, to profit, serve, 1642;

use, 3146.

A.S. framian, to avail; freme, profit, gain.

Fre, free, 623, 3244.

Freinen, to question, 1047;

inquire, ask, 1426, 1643, 1792.

A.S. fregnan, to inquire, interrogate.

Freinede, inquired, 2759.

Frelike, freely, 2800.

Fremen, to strengthen, aid, comfort, 173, 1245.

A.S. fremian, to profit, prosper, do well.

Fremeðe, force, lust, 349.

A.S. freom, strong.

Fren, to deliver, rescue, 2787.

A.S. freón, to set free.

Frend, friend, 1084, 3587.

Frend, friends, 1775.

Frendes, friend's, 1270; friends', 1392, 1597.

Frenkis, French, 81.

Freten, to eat, devour, 371, 4027;

(p.p.) devoured, 2101.

A.S. fretan, to eat, fret (pret. fræt, p.p. freten).

Frigt, fright, fear, 1234.

Frigted, Frigtede, feared, 1861, 3978;

frightened, 1757.

Frigtful, timid, 3459.

Frigti, timid, frightened, afraid, 667, 1162, 1331, 2849;

formidable, 984.

Frigtihed, fear, awe, 542, 2222.

Frigtilike, Frigtlike, timidly, 1617, 2163, 3870.

Frið, protection, safety, 681, 683, 789.

Friðe, Friðen, preserve, protect, 786, 1070, 2335;

deliver, 3094;

prosper, 1520.

A.S. frið, peace; friðian, to make peace, protect, defend, keep, free.

Fro, from, 89, 261;

from the time that, 3206;

ph. fro ðan, from that time, 188;

from that place, 1247;

fro ða = fro ðan, 1264.

O.N. frá.

Froren, frozen, 97.

Cf. frore (Milton); and forloren from forleosan.

Froskes, frogs, 2977;

frogs', 2969.

A.S. frosc.

Froðer[ed]e, comforted, 893.

A.S. freoðian, to protect, give peace to.

Froward, from, 3322.

Froure, comfort, consolation, 54.

A.S. frofer, comfort; frofrian, to comfort.

Fruit, 216.

Fuel, fowl, 160, 161, 1124.

Fueles, fowls, 16.

Fugel, foul, 2556.

Fugel, fowl, bird, 221, 299.

A.S. fugel.

Fugeles, fowls, 2081, 2089, 3323, 3679.

Fugel-fligt, fowl-flight, 3321.

Ful, full, 109, 110, 111.

Fulfillen, perform, 1222.

Fulfilt, accomplished, 1950.

Fulsum, rich, plenteous, abundant, 748, 2153.

Fulsum-hed, abundance, 1548, 2128, 2297, 3320.

Fultum, aid, help, 2824, 3929.

A.S. fultum, help.

Funde, Funden, (pl.) found, 1973, 2948, 3298, 3299.

Funden, (p.p.) found, 3190, 3366;

discovered, 3301.

Funden, to go, 2831, 2958.

A.S. fundian, to go forward.

Fundend = funden et, found it, 1082.

Funt, font, 3290.

Gad, a rod, 3185.

A.S. gád, goad.

Gaderen, gather, 2134, 3335.

Gaf, Gafe, gave, 232, 238, 681, 1500.

Gamen, pleasure, 411, 2015;

sport, 3498;

tricks, 1214.

A.S. gamen.

Gan, did, 91, 1417, 1421.

Gare = yare, soon, quickly, 390, 2866, 3180.

A.S. gare, gearo.

Garen, prepare, get ready for a journey, 1417, 1595;

exhibit, show, 138;

to hasten, 3168.

A.S. gearwan, gyrwan, to make ready, prepare.

Garkede, arrayed, 3261.

Garknede, prepared, 3240.

O.E. yark; A.S. gearcian, to prepare, make ready.

Gast, ghost, 202, 2428.

A.S. gást.

Gastes, ghost's, 1486, 2994.

Gat, Gatte, Gatten, granted, 635, 1574, 2477, 2513;

gave, 659.

A.S. geatan, to grant. O.N. geta.

Ge = ghe, she, 1024.

Ge, ye, 329, 330.

Geald, requited, 2581.

See Gelden.

Gede, went, 618, 1236, 1947, 3057.

Geden, (pl.) went, 1034, 3195;

passed away, 1673.

Gef, if, 311.

Geld, (pret.) performed, 1884;

requited, 2758;

(imp.) requite, 2152.

Gelden, to requite, reward, 6;

pay, 1628.

A.S. geldan, to pay, yield, restore (pret. geald, p.p. golden).

Gelus, jealous, 3495.

Gem, heed, 2614.

A.S. geame, gyme, care.

Geming, care, protection, 2783.

A.S. gýman, to take care of, preserve.

Ger, year, 150, 152.

Ger, years, 415, 419.

Gerde = yard, rod, 2851, 2987.

A.S. geard.

Gere, an error for dere, precious, 1574.

Geren, set in order (for burial,) 2441.

See Garen.

Geres, years, 2153.

Gerken, prepare, 2255.

See Garknede.

Gerneden, (pl.) yearned, 3657.

Geste, guest, 1054;

guests, 1070.

Gestning, feast, festival, 1507.

A.S. gyst, a guest; gystenlíc, hospitable.

Get, (pret.) poured, flowed, 585;

(imp.) pour, 2815.

A.S. geótan, to pour, pour out, shed (pret. geát, p.p. gegoten).

Get, Gete, yet, 313, 375, 503, 1488.

Gete, obtain, get, 1497.

Geten, melt, cast, 3548.

See Get.

Getenes = yetenes, giants, 545.

A.S. eóten, a giant.

Getenisse, gigantic, 3715.

Gette, poured, 582.

Geue, given, 301.

Geuelic, like, 282.

A.S. ge-efenlǽcan, to be like.

Geuelengðhe (even length), equinox, 147, 149.

Geuen, to give, 1508, 2398;

given, 2458.

Ghe = she, 237, 337, 339.

Ghe = ghet, yet, 1477.

Gif, (imp.) give, 1492.

Giftes, gifts, 1416.

Gildes = cildes, child's, 2624.

Gilt, Gilte, guilt, 2262, 2409.

Ging, king, 2547.

Ginge, young, 4049.

A.S. ging.

Ginges, king's, 3932.

Girt, girded, 3149.

Gisarme, pike, axe, 4084.

Gisce, covet, 3515.

Giscing, covetousness, 1874, 3432, 3516.

A.S. gítsung, desire.

Gisse, covetest, 3517.

A.S. gítsian, to desire.

Gister-dai, yesterday, 2732.

Giuen, to give, 11, 1613.

Glað, Glaðe, = glade; glad, 1779; 2297, 3671.

Glente, looked affrighted, stared in astonishment, 1029.

It signifies originally merely to shine, look.

"Þys persone lay and lokede furth

Vntyl a cofre yn þe florthe;

Þar-to þe frere gaf gode tente

Whyderwarde hys eyȝen glente."

—(Robt. of Brunne's Handlying Synne.)

Glew, music, 459.

A.S. gleó.

Gliden, (inf.) to glide, go, 370, 952;

flowed, (pret pl.) 733;

(p.p.) passed, 3460.

Glod, glided, passed, 76, 113, 129.

Gnattes, gnats', 2988.

God, Gode, good, 1191, 1545, 1576.

God, goeth, 2030.

Gode, 'to gode,' gratuitously, 2890.

Gode-frigtihed, Godes-frigtihed, god-fearingness, the fear of God, 495, 542.

Godfulhed, godhead, 56.

Gol = gold, 1872.

Godun, (acc.) good, 1430.

Golhed, lust, 534.

A.S. gál, wanton; gálnes, lust.

Gon, (inf.) to go, 643, 845, 2561;

(pl.) go, 3124;

(p.p.) gone, 639, 835;

departed, 4128.

Goren, darts, 3458.

A.S. gár, a dart, javelin.

Got, goat, 940.

Goð, (imp.) come, 3585.

Goð, God, 4132.

Goue, should give, 3941.

Gouel, tax, tribute, 844, 846, 848.

A.S. gafel, gafol, tax, tribute.

Gouen, (pl.) gave, 844, 2922, 2975.

Grantede, consented, 1423.

Grapte, felt, grasped, 1544.

A.S. grápian, to feel, grope.

Gram, fierce, 1228.

A.S. gram, furious, fierce.

Grauen, (inf.) to bury, 3778;

(p.p.) dug, 1138;

buried, 2431;

carved, 2701, 3186, 3624.

Grauen, an error for þrauen, control, 276.

A.S. þrafian, to urge, compel.

Graunte, grant, 2536.

Gred, (sb.) cry, clamour, 3230, 3717.

Gredde, cried, 3585.

A.S. grædan, to cry, call.

Gredi, hungry, 1494.

A.S. grǽdig, greedy, from grædan, to cry, call for. Goth. gredags, hungry.

Grei, grey, 1723.

Greim, grievous, hard, 392.

A.S. gremian, to make severe or cruel; grim, rage; grim, sharp, bitter.

Greiðet, hastens, 1738.

O.N. greiða, to make ready.

Grene, green, 608, 2775, 2776.

Gres, grass, 3049, 3088.

Gresseoppes, grasshoppers, locusts, 3065.

A.S. gærshoppa, grasshopper.

Gret, great, 2098, 3226.

Gret, grit, earth, 3774.

A.S. greót, dust, earth.

Gret, (sb.) weeping, 3888.

Gret, wept, 1975, 2287, 2341.

A.S. grǽtan, to weep (pret. grét; p.p. grǽten).

Grete, (pl.) great, 2892.

Greten, (pl.) wept, cried, 3207, 3659.

Greteð, greeteth, 2382, 2864.

Greueð, grieveth, 3818.

Grið, protection, safety, security, 469, 560, 682, 1397.

A.S. grið, peace, protection; griðian, to protect, defend.

Grot, weeping, mourning, lamentation, 1577, 1978, 2289, 3717.

See Gret.

Groten, to bewail, 1984.

Grucheden, murmured, 3354.

Gruching, murmuring, 3318.

Grund, Grunð, ground, 2110, 2640, 3278.

Grunden, (pret. pl.) ground, 3339.

Grusnede, groaned, 481.

O.N. grijsen, grijnsen, to snarl, grin. Ger. grausen, to shudder, grunzen, to grunt.

Gu, you, 325, 399, 2260.

Guglond, kingdom, 1264.

Gulden, (pl.) requited, 1062;

(p.p.) requited, 927.

Gummes = gimmes, gems, 2700.

A.S. gimm.

Gunc, you two, 2830.

A.S. inc.

Gund, Gunde, yonder, 1101;

there, 3851.

A.S. geond.

Gune, (pl.) did, 3135.

Gunen. See Gunne.

Gunge, young, 2281, 2756.

Gungere, younger, 1508, 1510.

Gungest, Gunkeste, youngest, 1909, 2160, 2190.

Gunker, of you two, both your, 398.

A.S. incer.

Gunne, Gunnen, Gunen, (pl.) did, 218, 534, 540, 592, 1344, 1953, 2378, 2492, 2755.

Gur, Gure, your, 404, 2178, 2260;

of you, 2318, 3471.

Guð, youth, 2665.

A.S. gugoð, youth.

Hadde, (pret.) had, 193, 3392.

Hadden, (pret. pl.) had, 413, 2930.

Hagte = agte, possession, wealth, 431, 2582.

See Agte.

Hagt = agt, sorrow, grief, care, 486, 2044, 2082.

See Agte.

Haigre, hair cloth, 1977.

See Allit. Poems, C. 373.

A.S. hæra, sackcloth.

Halge, hallow, 3501.

Halle, all, 2340.

Hali, holy, 54;

'hali day,' 3501;

'hali gast,' 202, 2438.

Halp, helped, succoured, 26.

Ham, am, 926.

Hane, torment, oppression, 3354.

A.S. hýnan, to hurt, vex; hean, poor; hænð, want.

Hangen, hanged, 4075.

Hard, obstinate, 3061;

(adv.) hard, 3386.

Harde, troublesome, difficult, 2054;

severely, 3355.

Hardi, fearless, 2121.

Hardnesse, obstinacy, 3022, 3067.

Haswed, spotted, variegated, 1723.

A.S. haso, livid, dusky, dark, rugged, haswig, variegated.

Hatte, called.

See Het.

Hatel, severe, cruel, 2544.

A.S. hétol; S.Sax. hatel.

Heg, Hege, high, 2011;

loud, 2780, 3380, 4100.

A.S. heg, heh.

Hegere, higher, upper, 3392.

Hegest, highest, 30, 2142.

Heilnesse, health, 2068.

A.S. hǽlnes, wholeness, health.

Helde = eld, age, 457, 1527.

Heled, healed, 229.

Helden, (pl.) held, 285.

Helden, to hold, 3274.

Held forð, took, 165.

Heli, holy, 51, 204.

Helid, covered, 1636.

A.S. hélan, to cover, conceal. Prov. E. hele, hile.

Helle, hell;

'helle-dik,' 281;

'helle-bale,' 2525;

'helle-dale,' 1983;

'helle-pine,' 2530.

Helles, hell's, 22.

Helpe, (vb.) help, 2528;

(sb.) help, assistance, 496, 1802, 2647.

Helped, helpeth, 4062.

Helpeles, helpless, 3558.

Helpen, to help, 176, 1272.

Helpes, helpers, 3409.

Helðe, health, safety, 2344.

Hem, an error for him, 180.

Hem, them, 392, et passim.

Hem-seluen, themselves, 537, 2889.

Hemward; to h., to them, 2726.

Hende, Henden, near, 3361, 3370.

O.E. i-hende; A.S. ge-hende, hende.

Heug, hung, 3899.

Hente, seized, caught, struck, 2715.

A.S. hentan, to seize.

Her, here, 170, 175, 177, 184.

Her = here, of them, 2258.

Her, hear, 3525.

Her = er, before, 801.

Her-after, here-after, 243.

Herberge, lodging, 1392.

Herberged, lodged, 1602.

A.S. here-bergan, to lodge, harbour, from here, an army.

Herbergen, to lodge, 1057.

Her-bi, hereby, 3572.

Herdes, (gen.); uten herdes = out of (his) own country, 2410.

Herdes-folc = erdes-folc, land-folk, people, 3372.

Herde, heard, 1285, 1611.

Herden, (pl.) heard, 1139, 3492, 3521.

Here, theirs, 1920.

Here, army, host, 1787, 2679.

A.S. here.

Here, hear, 3426, 3473.

Here-gonge, invasion, 848.

Here[n], expedition, 2479.

See Here.

Heren, to hear, 1370, 2531.

Herf = erf, cattle, 2991.

Herte, heart, 518, 520, 1302;

g.s. of heart, 2936;

courage, 3253.

Herte-bren, heart-burning, lust, 4054.

Hertedin, encouraged, consoled, 1980.

Hertes, hearts, 1917.

Herting, consolation, 1982.

Herðe, an error for herte, heart, 2856.

Herðe = herde = erde, land, 806.

Het, promised, 2365, 2954;

was called, 2588, 2589, 3333.

A.S. hátan, to command, promise (pret. hét, p.p. háten); hátan, to call (pret. hátte).

Hete, heat, 1228, 1229.

Heten, (pl.) promised, 3450.

Heðen, hence, 1644, 2508.

O.N. hëðan.

Heued, Heuod, head, 376, 1193, 1604.

Heuedes, heads, 2926.

Heued-welle, spring, 868.

Heuene, Heuone, heaven, 40, 270;

'heuene bem' (the sun?), 1606;

'heuene dew,' 1547, 1573;

'heuene gate,' 1620;

'heuone hil,' 281;

'heuene rof' (heaven-roof, firmament), 101.

Heuene-ward, heaven-ward, 3025.

Heuerilc, every, 368.

Heui, heavy, 2565.

Heuones, heavens, 287.

Hewe, form, 4051,

Hic = ic, I, 34, 2783.

Hicte = higte, was called, 713.

See Hiegt.

Hidden, (pl.) hid, 3028.

Hidel-like, secretly, 2882.

Hiden, to hide, 352.

Hider, hither, 2344, 2895.

Hiegt, threatened, 217.

A.S. héht, pret. of hátan, to promise.

Higte, was called, 747.

Hil, hill, 1290, 1293.

Hiled = hileð, covers, encloses, 102;

(p.p.) hidden, concealed, 3184.

See Helid.

Himseluen, himself, 1338.

Hin, Hine, him, 47, 3004, 3468.

Hine-folc, servants, 3655.

A.S. hína, híne, a domestic.

Hines-kin, servants, 3776.

Hinke = inke, fear, dread, 432.

A.S. inca, doubt.

Hird, flock, 2988;

host, 3222, 3261, 3263, 3266;

household, 1001.

A.S. heord, herd.

Hird, hurt, 3962.

Hirde, shepherd, 456.

A.S. hirde.

Hirde-men, shepherds, 2395.

Hirdenesse, Hirdnesse, herds, flocks, 1664, 1732, 1930, 2771.

Hirdes, shepherds, 1643.

Hire, wages, 1718, 1722.

Hire, her, 238, 322;

hers, 2035.

His = is, 2935.

His, Hise, his, 44, 45, 46;

its, 125.

Hogt, called (?), 2119.

See Higte.

Hol, whole, 1835, 2776, 2812.

A.S. hál.

Hold, old, 419, 424, 1453.

Hold, kind, attentive, 1389;

true, faithful, 2704, 3284.

A.S. hold, faithful, friendly, true.

Hold, (adv.) truly, 3941.

Holden, (pl.) hold, 1201, 2236;

(p.p.) held, 1425, 2040;

esteemed, 1518.

Holdet, holdeth, 1132.

Holdelike, faithfully, truly, 1546.

A.S. holdlíce.

Holocaust, Holocaustum, 1319, 1326.

Holpen, (pl.) helped, 3382, 3674.

Holðe, possession, property, 1772.

Hom, home, 1711.

Homward, homeward, 1431, 2376.

Hond, hand, 104, 959.

Hondes, hands, 3383, 3385.

Hor = or = before, 958.

See Or.

Hore, whore, 4082.

Horedom, whoredom, adultery, 3509.

Hore-men, adulterers, 4072.

Hore-plage, adultery, 530, 4067.

Hornes, horn's, 3464.

Hostel, lodging, 1397.

O.Fr. hostel, hosteil.

Hot, promise, 935.

Hoten, Hotene, (p.p.) called, 101, 1566, 2522;

promised, 2508, 3704, 4098, 4118.

See Het.

Hoteð, (imp.) promise, 2510.

Hu, how! 3077.

Hu, how, 244, 295.

Hun-frame, disadvantage, evil, 554.

A.S. unfreme.

Hunger, famine, 1513, 2150.

Hunger-bond, force of hunger, famine, 763.

Hungri gere, famine years, 2136.

Huni, Hunige, honey, 2788, 3340.

Hunkinde, unnatural, 534.

Hunne, grant, 2249.

A.S. unnan, to grant.

Hunte, delay, 314.

Huntere, hunter, 1481.

Hun-wreste, wicked, 537.

A.S. wræst, good; unwræst, base.

Hure, our, 322, 2206.

Hus, house, 1619, 2010.

Huses, houses, 1602.

Hus-folc, household, 3139.

I, Ic, I, 309, 314, 315, 317.

Idel, 'in idel,' in vain, 3497.

Ideles, idols, 3197.

Idelhed, vanity, 28.

Iglic, ugly, 2918.

See Uglike.

Ik = ilk, same, 73.

Ilc, Ilk, each, 68, 119, 134.

A.S. ælc.

Ilc, Ilke, same, 258, 313, 1184.

Ilc-kinnes, of each kind, 220.

Ilc-on, each one, every, 1379.

Ille, ill, wicked, 1916, 4038, 4063;

badly, wickedly, 1706, 4029.

In = hin = him, 3887.

In-gon, entered, 1068.

In-wis = iwis, truly, indeed, 1515, 2521.

A.S. gewís.

Irin, iron, 467.

Is, his, 482, 483, 1737.

Is = his, its, 327.

Is, them, 1702, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1833, 1873, 1877, 2654, 2655, 3115, 3831, 3832.

Ist = is it, is there, 1121.

It, they, 298, 1920.

It, there, 2808.

Iurnes, days' journeys, 1291, 3696.

Iusted, allied, intermarried, 1589.

Iuel, Iwel, (sb.) evil, 328;

(adj.) bad, evil, 310, 502, 3718;

(adv.) wickedly.

I-wis, I-wisse, truly, indeed, 91, 109.

I-wreken, avenged, 1856.

I-wrogt, wrought, 3215.

Kagte, pret. of catch, drove, 949.

Kalues, calf's, 1013.

Kamel, camel, 1398.

Kameles, camels, 1365.

Kenned, taught, 216.

A.S. cennan, to adduce, to vouch the truth.

Kep, care, heed, 939, 946, 1333, 2602.

A.S. cépan, to keep, heed.

Kepen, to keep, look to, 2453, 3378.

Kepte, kept, 2625.

Kepten, (pl.) kept, 2772.

Kid, made known, 2357.

Kidde, made known, 1651.

Kiddit, showed it, made it known, 1394, 1654.

Kides, kids, 1535;

kid's, 1967.

Kin, family, kin, 652.

Kinnes, kin's, 756, 828.

Kinde, natural, 78;

native, 1279.

Kinde, kind, nature, 185, 250, 457.

Kinde, kin, family, 488, 650.

Kindelike, kindly, with natural affection, 2500.

Kinderedes, kindreds, 4127.

Kindes, kinsmen, 1549;

'in kindes wune,' kin-wise, naturally, 1345;

'aftre kindes wune,' after the manner of relatives, 1652;

family's, tribe's, 1389, 3824.

Kinge-riches, kingdoms', 2789.

Kipte, seized, 3164.

O.N. kippa.

See Allit Poems, B. 1510, and Gloss., s.v. Kyppe.

Kire, purity, 451;

choice, 1536;

custom, 1693, 2451.

A.S. cýre, choice; Ger. küren, to choose.

Kiste, kissed, 1652, 2355.

Knape, man-servant, 477, 482;

male, 2585.

A.S. cnápa, a man.

Knapes, boys, 2573.

Knaue, male child, 1151.

Kne, degree, 444.

A.S. cneo.

Knewen, (pl.) knew, 2904.

Knigt, knight, 283.

Knol, knoll, top, 4129.

A.S. cnoll.

Knowen, know, 2872;

known, 3037.

Komen, (pl.) came, 2577.

Kude = cuðe, could, 2114, 2366.

Ku[n]glond, kingdom, 1262.

Kumeling, stranger, 834.

O.H.Ger. chomeling. O.E. comeling.

Kumen, to come, 399, 984, 1007.

Kumen, (p.p.) come, 902, 1556.

Kuppe, cup, 2047.

Kuð, renowned, 2666.

A.S. cúð, known.

Kuðe, could, 289.

La, lo! 3113.

Lage, marriage, 538;

'in lage,' in marriage, 2764.

Cf. Goth. liugan, to marry, liuga, wedlock.

Lages, Laiges, laws, 2446, 2456.

Lagt, seized, 2081, 2621;

caught, 3141.

A.S. læhte, pret. of læccan, to seize.

Laken, to fail, lack, 1231.

O.E. lac, lak, fault. Du. lack, want, fault; laecken, to decrease.

Laten = leten, to let, 3071.

Laðes, barns, 2134.

Dan. lade.

Lay, law, 1201.

Leate, (imp.) leave, 1811.

Leateð, (imp.) let, 3726.

Leaued, leafy, 3839.

Lecher-crafte, lechery, 1064.

Lecher-fare, lechery, 776.

Lecherlike, lecherously, 770.

Lecherie, lechery, 3510.

Lechur-hed, lechery, 1997.

Led, song, 27.

A.S. leoð. Ger. lied.

Led, (p.p.) brought, 649;

(imp.) lead, 3607.

Ledde, (pret.) led, 89, 92.

Leddede = ledde, led, 3995.

Ledden = ledde, led, 2845.

Ledden, (pl.) led, 858, 1990.

Leded = ledeð, (imp.) lead, pass, 398.

Leden, to lead, 2193;

pass, 304;

take up, 699;

act, 2301, 2304.

Leddre, ladder, 1607.

Leet, left, 1280.

A.S. lǽtan, to leave (pret. lét, p.p. lǽten).

Lef, agreeable, pleasant, 340, 2664;

dear, precious, 793, 1774, 3431;

joyful, 4136.

A.S. leóf.

Lefful, dear, precious, 155, 2524;

faithful, 3447.

Legeð, lies, speaks falsely, 1281.

Leid, (p.p.) laid, 817, 2426, 2427.

Leide, (pret.) laid, 943, 2693.

Leiden, (pl.) laid, 1969.

Leigen, (pl.) lay, 1920.

Leiste, least, 198.

Leið, layeth, 3994.

Leman, wife, 782.

A.S. leof-man.

Len, reward, 2838.

Lene, lean, 2099, 2101, 2106.

Lene, grant, 4159.

Lened, leaned, 1610.

Lenen, lend, grant, 3170.

A.S. lǽnan.

Leng, Lengere, longer, 1594, 1736.

Lentil, 1488.

Lep, leapt, 2726.

Lepre, leprosy, 3690.

Lered, learned, 4.

Lerede, taught, instructed, 791, 2300, 2963;

learnt, 1383.

Lereden, (pl.) learned, 3137.

Leren, to learn, 354.

A.S. lǽran, to teach, inform.

Lereð, (imp.) learn, 3486.

Les, less, 3595.

Les, delivered, loosed, 2874.

Les, falsely, 3498.

A.S. leas, false.

Lese, lie, 3514.

Lesen, loosed, 3152;

deliver, 2897.

Lesing, lies, 2578.

Lesse, less, 994.

Leste, least, 189.

Lested, Lestede, lasted, 600, 2952, 4147.

Lested = lesteð, lasteth, 111.

Lested = lesteð, (imp.) listen or perform, 2510.

Lesteful, everlasting, 304.

Lesten, (inf.) to last, 12;

(pl.) last, 4119.

Lesten, to perform, 2906.

Ger. leisten.

"And thei ben false and traiterous

and lasten not that thei bihoten."—(Mandeville.)

Let, 'let ben' = let be, 1809.

Let, pretended, 2168.

A.S. lǽtan, to pretend (pret. lét, p.p. lǽten).

Let, left, 725, 809.

Let, (p.p.) led, 476.

Lete, (sub.) permit, 2796.

Leten, (inf.) to let, permit, 3056;

lose, 767.

Leten, (inf.) forsake, 4142.

Leten, (pl.) left, forsook, 542;

allowed, permitted, 629, 2610.

Letten, to leave, 2612.

Letting, hindrance, 1076, 3204.

Lettre, letter, 993, 2527.

Leð, diminution, 3348.

Leunes, lions, 191.

Leue, dear, precious, 90, 2421, 2868;

dearly, 49.

A.S. leóf.

Leue, grant, 2532.

Leue, leave, permission, 784, 805.

Leuede, believed, 935.

Leuedi, lady, 968, 980, 2616.

Leueles, without leave, 1848.

Leuelike, kindly, 2275;

gladly, joyfully, 3434.

Leuene, lightning, 3265.

Leuenes, lightning's, 3046.

Norse ljón, ljún.

Leuerd = louerd, lord, 33.

Leues, leaves, 352.

Lewse, pasture, 1576.

A.S. lǽsu (acc. lǽswe), lǽswian, to pasture.

Ley, lay, 4113.

Lich, Liche, body, corpse, 2441, 2488, 4140.

A.S. líc.

Liches, bodies, 2447, 3206.

Licham, Lichame, body, 200, 350.

A.S. líchama, the (living) body.

Lichles, corpseless, 3164.

Liderlike, Liðerlike, treacherously, 3562;

wickedly, deceitfully, 1563.

See Liðer.

Lif, life, 176, 267, 504;

'in lif,' alive, 1364.

Ligber, Lucifer, 271.

A.S. lig-bǽr, flame-bearing.

Ligið, lies, 889.

Ligt, light, 44, 53, 57.

Ligt, descended, come upon, 2787.

Ligt, soon, 2252.

Ligten, to descend, 1983.

Ligtlike, lightly, 1218.

Ligtnesse, insight, knowledge, 1559.

Lik, like, 223.

Likede, pleased, 2299, 4029.

Likeles, dissimilar, 1726.

Likenes, Likenesse, Liknesse, likeness, 202, 678, 682, 684, 688, 2641.

Likenesses, 2701.

Liket = like it, 205.

Lim, lime, 2552.

Limed, cemented, 562.

Limes, limbs, members, 348, 352.

Lin, lie, 942, 3851.

Lire, loss, 2920.

A.S. lyre.

List = lust, desire, want, 978, 1230.

Listen, to listen, 1220.

Listeðe, 2814. Read 'liste ðe' = listen to thee.

Listnede, Listenede, listened, 1597, 2137, 2222, 3403, 3538.

Lit, stain, 1968.

O.N lita, to stain.

Lið, lieth, 735, 812, 1916, 3892.

Lið, limb, 1804.

A.S. lið.

Liðer, bad, vile, 369.

A.S. lýðer.

Liue, life, 265, 629, 3806.

Liue-dai, life, 652;

liue-dages, life-days, life-time, 4119.

Liuede, lived, 777, 908.

Liuen, (inf.) to live, 308, 573, 2044.

Liuen, (pl.) live, 2496.

Liues, life's, 201, 496.

Liues, alive, 1477, 3042;

living, 3802;

'of liues,' alive, 2834.

Liueð, liveth, 503.

Liwe, life, 3884.

Liwen, live, 4097.

Loac = loc, gift, 1798.

A.S. lác, gelác.

Loar, loss, 177, 181.

A.S. lor.

Loc, look, behold, 3331.

Lockende, looking, seeing, 2822.

Lodelike, loathly, 3030.

Loder-man, leader, 3723, 4110.

A.S. lád-man; O.E. lodesman, from A.S. lád, ládu, a way. Cf. Eng. loadstar.

Logede men, laymen, 2.

Loke, (imp.) look, take heed, 3511.

Loked, kept, guarded, 193.

Loked, awarded, decided, 3810.

Loken, to look, 2600;

look to, take care of, 2771, 3193.

A.S. lócian.

Loken, to keep from, abstain from, 215.

Lond, Londe, land, 103, 208, 1843.

Londes, lands, countries, 3700.

Londes-speche, (native) language, 18.

Lond-speches, languages, 669.

Lond-weige, land-way, path, 2681.

Lore, learning, wisdom, 3635.

A.S. lár.

Lordehed, lordship, 196.

Lote, cheer, face, 1162, 2328.

S.Sax. lote, late. O.N. læti. A.S. wlíte.

Loten, features, 2258.

Loten, to fail, 3131.

Loð, loathsome, 369;

displeasing, 1216, 1736.

A.S. láð.

Loðt = loð, displeasing, 340.

Loðlic, loathsome, horrid, 749.

Louerd, Louered, lord, 30, 275, 282, 997.

A.S. hlaford.

Louerdhed, lordship, 190, 832.

Louereding, lording, lord, ruler, 833.

Louerdes, lord's, 1388.

Louerdis, lord's, 2272.

Lowe, flame, 643.

O.N. log.

Lude, loudly, 3585.

Luked, locked, closed, 3276.

Luken, (p.p.) enclosed, 94, 3779;

shut, 362;

beset, 2886.

Luket = lukeð, encloseth, 98.

Luten, to bow down to, 1926.

A.S. lútan, to bow down to (pret. sing. leát; pl. luton; p.p. loten).

Lutten, (pret. pl.) bowed down to, worshipped, 2163, 3550, 4070.

Luue, love, 8, 35, 51.

Luue-bonde, power of love, 2692.

Luued, Luuede, loved, 770, 1174.

Luueden, (pl.) loved, 549, 2152.

Luuen, (sb.) love, 635, 1517, 2002, 4081.

Luuen, to love, 1, 5, 9, 2042.

Luuen, (pl.) love, 49, 3586.

Ma = mai, may, 295.

Mac, (imp.) make, 3541.

Mad, (p.p.) made, 122, 184.

Maden, (pl.) made, 1992, 2960, 2974.

Magnie = manige, many, 877.

Magti, mighty, 584, 3797.

Mai, may, 371.

Maidenes, maidens, 1145, 1153, 2749.

Maidenhed, maidenhead, 1852.

Maked, makeð, maketh, 1591.

Maked, made, 2470, 2515.

Maken, to make, 278, 1269, 1312, 2018.

Male, 'helles male,' hell's mail, 22.

Malt, melted, 1017, 3337.

Man = manie, many, 1488.

Man, one, 1, 3, 1130.

Mani, Manie, many, 696, 836, 1362, 2392.

Manige, many, 413, 428, 437.

Manige-fold, many fold, 2502.

Manigon, many one, 630.

Mankin, mankind, 240.

Manliched, manhood, 23.

Manne, man, 366.

Mannes, man's, 141, 327, 501, 753.

Manslagt, manslaughter, 485.

Mat, foolish, doted, 1589.

Du. mat, exhausted, overcome; Ger. matt, feeble, faint.

Mattilike, faintly, 1493.

Mayden-childre, girls, 2574.

Mede, reward, meed, 1419.

Medes, rewards, 3940.

Meidenes, maidens, 1139.

Meister, (adj.) master, chief, 664, 3412, 3881, 3886;

(sb.) master, 2729, 3422.

Meistres, chiefs, 3756, 4072.

Mel, meal, food, 1020, 1246, 1484, 1509.

Melten, to melt, 99, 3579.

Men, one, 750, 1127, 1293.

Mene, company, fellowship, 501.

A.S. ge-mána, a company, marriage.

"Forr drihhtin haffde þanne sett

Amang Iudissken þeode,

Þatt nan ne shollde filedd ben

Þurrh hæþenn macchess mæne."

—(Orm. i. 65.)

Mengde, mixed, 3581.

Mengen, to mix, 468.

A.S. mengian.

Mengt, mixed, 1592.

Mengten, (pl.) mixed, 544.

Mentel, mantle, 2026.

Merci, mercy, 1241, 3602.

Merk, Merke, character, mark, 457;

sign, 1003.

Merke, boundary, 440, 3455;

memorial, stone, 1887, 3490.

Messe-song, mass-song, 2466.

Mester, arts, devices, craft, 532, 536;

duty, office, 3826.

Lat. ministerium; Span. menestre.

Met, (sb.) measure, 439, 3333.

Mete, meat, food, 573, 1487, 1492, 1498.

Meten, devised, formed, 2701.

Cf. metedd, painted (Orm. i. 34, 36).

A.S. metan, to measure, paint.

Meten, meat, 363, 2255, 3657.

Meten, to meet, 2828.

Mette, (pret.) met, 888.

Metten, (pl.) met, 1790.

Með, Meðe, mercy, pity, 195, 1044, 2498, 3011, 3601, 4076.

A.S. mæð, measure, moderation; mæðian, to use gently.

Meðede, pitied, compassionated, 1242.

Meðelike, mildly, kindly, 1758.

Meðen, to have mercy upon, to spare, 1046.

See Með.

Michel, Michil, great, 1209, 1366, 1671.

A.S. mycel.

Mide, with, 2478, 2963.

Middel, Middil, middle, 98, 288.

Middel-erd, middle-earth, earth, 106.

Middel-hed, (sb.) middle, 522.

Middes-werld, the earth, 42.

Midel, middle, 3159.

Midelerdes, middle-earth's, 521.

Midlest, middle, 427, 710.

Migt, 54, 56, 584.

Migte, mighty, 3038.

Migten, (pl.) might, 573, 876, 1147.

Migtful, (adj.) mighty, powerful, 100, 2902, 2916, 3464, 4008, 4025, 4026;

(sb.) mighty ones, 3755.

Migti, mighty, 546, 983.

Mikel, Mikil, great, 26, 389, 486, 1252.

See Michel.

Milce, mercy, 3728.

A.S. milts.

Milche, milk, 2788.

Milche = Milce, mercy, 3732;

merciful, 2903, 3603.

Milde, kind, merciful, 128;

meek, gentle, 1306, 1441.

Mildelike, meekly, 1321, 1371, 1423;

gently, 2778.

Min, mine, 1566, 1567.

Mind, quantity, 3676.

Mirc, dark, mirk, 286.

O.N. myrkr, dark; myrka, to darken.

Miri, Mirie, merry, pleasant, 212, 294;

cheerful, 2258.

Miries, an error for mirie, pleasant, 1038.

Mirknesse, darkness, 3104.

Mis, (sb.) wrong, 206.

Mis-ches = mischose, sinned, 190.

Misdede, misdid, sinned, 1847, 1890.

Misdedes, misdeeds, 3637.

Misdon, misdone, 1680, 2642, 3054.

Miserlike, indistinctly, 2658.

A.S. misse-líc, dissimilar, various.

Misfaren, to misbehave, 1911.

Misleuede, disbelieved, 3906.

Misliked, Mislikede, displeased, 1728, 4011.

Misnumen, (p.p.) sinned, 3091.

See Nimen.

Missen, to miss, lose, 3336.

O.N. missa. Du. missen.

Mistagte, misdirected, misled, 475.

Miste, missed, 3872, 3874.

Miswiuen, to miswive, marry unlawfully, 540.

Miðe, cease, remain quiet, 3807.

Du. mijden, to avoid, shun.

Mo, Moo, more, 354, 414, 428.

Moal = mal, speech, 81.

Du. maal. O.N. mâl.

"For Iesus o Grickisshe mal

Onn Ennglissch iss, Hælennde."

—(Orm. i. 147.)

Mod, Modd, Mode, mood, mind, 36, 128, 333, 717, 3577.

A.S. mód.

Moder, mother, 122, 1421.

Moderes, mother's, 1434.

Modi, moody, angry, 2660, 2712.

A.S. módig.

Modilike, cruelly, 2584.

Mog, male relative, 1761.

A.S. mæg, (m.) a relation, kinsman; mæge, (f.) a kinswoman.

Mogen, may, can, 3227.

Moned = moneð, month, 593, 597, 615.

Mone, moon, 132, 139, 141.

Monen, to moan, bewail, 180.

Mones, moon's, 144, 145.

Moneð, month, 145, 152, 619;

months, 2592.

Moo, more, 428.

Mor, more, 511, 993.

Morgen, morrow, morning, 247, 1161.

A.S. morgen.

Morgen-giwe = morgen-giue, nuptial gift, 1428.

A.S. morgen-gifu.

Morge-quile, Morgen-quile, morning while, a short space of time, 3275, 3443, 3461.

Morgen-tid, morning time, 59.

Morwen, morrow, morning, 2305, 3162.

Moste, most, greatest, 189, 198.

Mot, Mote, may, might, 1304, 1621, 3488;

should, 2645.

Moðed = moded, minded, 1584.

Mouies, aunt's, 1651.

Cp. Du. moei, aunt.

See Mog.

Mount, 2853.

Mugen, (inf.) to be able, 1818, 2090, (pl.) 3017.

A.S. mágan.

Mune, (imp.) bear in mind, 45.

Mune, Munen, to bear in mind, remember, 197, 972, 1622, 2422;

commemorate, 687, 3138.

A.S. ge-munan, to remember, call to mind.

Munen, (pl.) bear in mind, 558, 1350.

Munendai, Monday, 72.

Muneð, remembers, 2409.

Muniging, Muning, commemoration, memorial, 678, 1623, 3344, 3394.

Munt, mount, 1744, 2773.

Muntes, mount's, 3487.

Murnen, to mourn, 2053.

Murning, mourning, 2908, 3205.

Musike, music, 460.

Muste, (pret. of mot) might, 2624.

Muð, mouth, 2655, 3971.

Muðes, mouths, 2216.

Muwen, may, 3316.

See Mugen.

Nagt, night, 1678, 3142, 3832.

Naild, nailed, 564.

Nam, took, 85, 200, 1218;

seized, 482, 673;

conceived, 1177;

came, 698, 1402;

came upon, 1490;

went, took the way, 744, 745, 1247, 1436.

See Nimen.

Name[n], name, 3497.

Narwere, narrower, 3965.

Ne, not, 554, et passim.

Ne-gate, no-gate, no-wise, 3224.

Nede, necessity, 2161, 2165, 3165.

Neddre, adder, serpent, 323, 369, 374.

Neddres, adders, serpents, 2930.

Nedful, needy, 2130.

Neet, neat, cattle, beeves, 2097.

See Net.

Neg, nigh, 833, 1234, 3320.

Negt = neg it, nigh it, 3964.

Neiðere, Neiðer, neither, 394, 1276.

Nemeld = nemned, assigned, 3533.

Nemnen, name, call, 82;

number, 4085.

A.S. nemnan, to name, call upon.

Ner, near, 478, 1395.

Nest, nearest, next, 3791, 3921.

Nestes, neighbour's, 3515.

A.S. nesta, a neighbour.

Net, Neet, neat, cattle, 940, 2097.

A.S. nýten, níten, cattle, beast. O.N. naut, an ox.

Netes, neat's, 3712.

Ne-ðe-les, nevertheless, 3853.

Neðer, downwards, 370.

Neðer-ten, to descend, 3567.

See Ten.

Neue, Neve, nephew, 724, 799, 1761.

A.S. nefa; Fr. neveu; O.Fr. neve.

Neuere, never, 230, 1240.

Newe, new, 694, 1286.

Newes, anew, 250.

Newelike, recently, 293.

Nifte, niece, 1386.

A.S. nift.

Nigt, night, 43, 76, 79.

Nigtes, nights, 590.

Nigenti, Nigneti, ninety, 990, 1027.

Nile, will not, 1806.

Nim, take, 1720.

Nimen, to take, 1042, 1739, 2362.

A.S. niman (pret. nám, p.p. numen).

Nið, envy, 373, 1915.

A.S. nið, malice; Ger. neid; O.N. nída, to abuse, disgrace. Nídíngr, a niggard, coward.

Niðede, envied, 1521.

Niðful, envious, 369, 1917.

Niðing, niggardliness, 3432.

Nogt, not, 330.

Nogwer, nowhere, 1271.

Nolden, (pl.) would not, 3029.

Nome, (sb.) hostage, pledge, 2268.

See Nimen.

Nome, should take, 3341.

Nomen, (pl.) took, accepted, 1016, 1965;

(p.p.) come, 3039.

Non, no, none, 223, 275.

Noten, use, enjoy, eat, 3144.

A.S. notian, use, enjoy.

Nov, now, 749.

Nu, now, 356, 379.

Nuge, now, at once, 1328.

Numen, (p.p.) taken, 343, 366, 400, 409, 1316;

smitten, seized, 2107, 2826;

kept, 2268;

passed, gone, 579, 594, 1142, 2485, 2753, 2769;

practised, 1382.

Nunmor, no more, 788, 1118, 1420.

Nutes, nuts, 3840.

Nyð, envy, 273.

See Nið.

O, of, 111, 353, 674, 1196, 2330, 2556, 3577.

O = on, in, 81.

Oc, but = O.E. ac, 187, 213, 488, 852, 861.

A.S. ac.

Oc, also, 54, 465.

A.S. eác.

Oc = og, ought, 197.

Of, in, 1355, 1901;

from, 2390.

Of-dred, afraid, 3955.

Offerd, afraid, 2844.

Offiz, office, 2071.

Offrande, Offrende, Ofrende, (sb.) offering, 1298, 1309, 1312, 1314, 3631;

(adj.) 1503.

Offreden, (pl.) offered, 3619.

Offrendes, Ofrendes, offerings, 1627, 3551.

Offrigt, Ofrigt, afraid, 2050, 2225, 3652, 3692.

Of-slagen, slain, 4077.

Og, (pres.) owe, 2187;

ought, 1.

Ogen, (pres. pl.) ought, 15;

would, 2054.

Ogen, (adj.) own, 884.

Oget, ought, should, 324.

Ogt, aught, 1793.

Ok, also, 944.

See Oc.

Olde, old (ones), 3852.

Olie, oil, 1548, 2458.

Olige, oil, 1624.

Olike, alike, 2024.

Oliues, olive's, 608.

On, after, 1751.

On, an error for of = from, 649.

On, in, 4, 14, 38, 151, 161, 162, 164.

On, one, 56, 185, 454, 665;

'on and on,' singly, 1639, 2323.

On-dreg, (imp.) endure patiently, 3319.

See Dreg.

One, alone, 134, 308, 974, 2015.

Ones, once, 3288;

of one, 1720, 1725, 1730.

On-felde, afield, 1437.

On-kumen, invaded, 841.

A.S. on-cuman, to enter in.

On-liue, in life, alive, 2417, 3105, 3595.

On-morgen, On-morwen, a morrow, in the morning, 1093, 1161, 1417, 1680, 2305, 3162.

On-nigt, Onigt, by night, 869, 1781, 2049, 2123, 3293.

Onon, anon, at once, 1067, 1145.

On-ros, arose, 1936.

A.S. on-rísan, to rise up.

On-rum, aside, apart, 4000, 4021.

A.S. rúm, room, space, place.

On-sagen = unsagen = unsaw, reproach, 2045.

On-seken, (pl.) attack, 851.

On-sel, On-sele, in time, betimes, timely, 1537, 2051.

See Sel, Sele.

On-sunder, separate, apart, 148, 3909.

On-ðrist, athirst, 1229.

Oo, ever, 111.

Ooc, oak, 1873.

Opelike, openly, publicly, 2583.

Opnede, opened, 3773.

Opperes, hoppers, locusts, 3096.

A.S. hoppere, a hopper. Cf. Eng. grasshoppers.

Or, ere, before, previously, 48, 490, 645, 649, 658, 905, etc.;

'or ðan,' ere that, 2435;

first, 88, 490, 658, 905, 2929.

Or, than, 1510, 2928.

Orest, first, 2061.

Orf, cattle, 795, 883, 1642.

See Erf, Erue.

Orgel, presumptuous, 3767.

A.S. orh, orgel. Fr. orgueil.

Origt, aright, rightly, 1299, 2226.

Ostel, lodging, 1056.

See Hostel.

O-sunder, asunder, apart, 58, 116.

Oten = hoten, called, 1131.

Oðer, second, 93, 705.

Oðer, or, 1940.

Oðere, others, 1187, 2132, 2199, 3613.

Oðer sum, 'some other,' 686.

Ougt, aught, thing, 121.

Ouer-cam, passed over, 1633.

Ouer-cumen, (p.p.) overcome, 2108.

Ouer-flet, overflowed, 586.

See Flet.

Ouer-flowged, overflowed, 556.

Ouer-gon, passed, 1186, 1903, 3031.

Ouer-man, ruler, 3424.

Ouer-meten, passed over, elapsed, 1665.

Ouer-pharan = over-faren, overfare, pass over, 2487.

See Faren.

Ouertakeð, overtakes, 2313.

Ouer-toc, overtook, 1756.

Owen, should, 1944.

Owen, own, 120, 348, 1838.

Owold, Awold, signify, 324;

happen, 525.

See Awold.

Paid, (p.p.) 2215.

Pais, peace, 8, 2535.

Palme-tren, palm-trees, 3305.

Paradis, Paradise, 291, 406.

Pert = apert, open, clear, 3292.

Pilches, garments of skin, 377.

A.S. pylce.

Piler, pillar, 3293.

Pilt, thrown, put, 2214.

O.E. pult. Dan. putte, to put into.

Pine, (vb.) torment, plague, 179.

Pine, (sb.) sorrow, torment, 177, 244, 955, 2530, 2785, 3094.

Plage, play, lust, 537.

Plages, plays, amusements, 3575.

Plaigen, to play, 2016.

Plates (of silver), 2370.

Pleide, played, 1214.

Plenteð = plenté, plenty, 3709.

Pligt, (sb.) pledge, 1269;

sin, offence, 'to pligt' = for the offence, 3611.

A.S. pliht.

Pligt, (vb.) pledge, 1776;

(p.p.) pledged, 1275, 2677.

Podes, toads, 2977.

O.N. padda, a toad.

Polheuedes, tadpoles, 2977.

Does it signify spade-headed, from O.N. pál, a spade, as in pole-axe?

Pore, an error for gore = gure, your, 2190.

Preige, prey, 4028.

Prenes, brooches, 1872.

A.S. preon, a clasp, bodkin. O.N. priona, to sew.

Present, (sb.) 1831, 2273.

Prest, priest, 3886, 3922.

Prikeð, pricks, spurs, 3964.

Pris, honour, 292, 326;

value, worth, 2247, 2700;

riches, 2690.

Prisun, prison, 2040, 2046, 2070.

Prisuner, gaoler, 2042.

Prisunes, prisoners, 2044.

Prud, proud, 858, 1414;

pride, 1966.

Quad = quead, bad, evil, 536.

Quad = quoth, said, 755, 929, 1041, 1045.

Quake = wake, watch, 1054.

The rhyme requires quate = wait.

Quamede, pleased, 1019.

See Quemede.

Quam, whom, 1768.

Quan, Quane, Quanne, when, 16, 92, 418, 576, 708, 721, 930.

Quan, since, 1817.

Quar, where, 1311.

Quase, whose, 2870.

Quat, what, 171, 324, 357, 634;

which, 4160.

Quat, quoth, 1313, 1775.

Quatso, whatso, 1324.

Quað, (pret.) quoth, 1311, 1371;

in line 3988 read 'queð' (imp.), speak.

Quead, wretch, wicked one, 295, 4063.

Du. kwaad, bad.

Quede, promise, 1463.

A.S. cwede, a saying; cwiddian, to speak.

Quemed, beloved (ones), 86.

A.S. cweman, to please, satisfy.

Quemede, satisfied, 978, 1380.

Quemest, most pleasing, 3764.

Quemeð, easeth, lightens, 408.

Quer, where, 762.

Quer-of, whereof, 366.

Queðe = quede, word, 4011.

See Quede.

Queðen, to speak, 3525, 4002;

to promise, 2788;

to enquire, 1792.

A.S. cwéðan (pret. cwǽð, p.p. ge-cweden).

Queðen, (p.p.) called, 1496;

promised, 3944.

Queðen, whence, 1401.

O.N. hvaðan.

Queðer, whether, 3272;

which (of the two), 1471.

Queðer-so, whether, 340, 491.

Quhu, how, 20.

Qui, why, 1759, 1760.

Qui = quile, awhile, 4000.

Quider, whither, 2600.

Quil = quilc, which, 3631.

Quilc = what, 1572;

which, 3764;

how, 3212.

Quile, while, 2041;

'ðor quile,' while, whilst, 205, 1104, 1106.

Quiles; 'ðor quiles,' whilst, 186, 204, 574.

Quilke, (pl.) which, 2080;

what, 2350.

Quilum, whilom, formerly, 801, 1139, 1171, 1464.

Quit, white, 2810.

Quo, who, 359, 2821, 2822, 2823.

Quor, where, 356, 714.

Quor-at, where to, 3237.

Quor-bi, whereby, 573.

Quor-fore, wherefore, 1632.

Quor-of, whereof, 1314.

Quor-on, whereon, 1310.

Quor-so, where-so, 943, 3107.

Quo-so, whoso, 924.

Quoðen, (pl.) spake, 2993, 3267.

Quow, how, 1560.

Quuad = biquad, ordained, 64.

Quuad, quoth, 1021.

Quuam, which, 696.

Quuan, Quuanne, when, 190, 206, 991, 2311.

Quuat, what, 1310.

Quuat-so-euere, whatsoever, 270.

Quuen, queen, 296.

Quuo, who, 1003.

Quuor, where, 2428, 2430, 2431.

Quuow, how, 2732.

Qwel = quelc = quilc, which, 170.

Rad, hasty, 617, 2730;

expeditious, 2481;

eager, 3617;

readily, quickly, 998, 1783.

A.S. rád, ready, quick.

Raken, to scatter, 2132.

Sw. raka.

Raken, to gather, 3324.

A.S. rǽcan, to reach. Du. ráken, to handle.

Ranc = wrang (?) = was wrung (with pity), 1658.

Ranc, strong, 2105, 2108.

A.S. ranc.

Ransaken, to search, 2323.

O.N. ransaka.

Ransakes, searchest, 1773.

Rapede, hastened, 1221.

Du. rap, nimble. O.N. rapa, to hasten.

Rapen, to hasten, 2376.

Rapeð, (imp.) hasten, 2349.

Raðe, quickly, soon, 1784, 2313, 3664.

A.S. hraðe.

Read, Red, Reed, counsel, advice, 401, 659, 1222, 1737, 2547, 3808, 4064;

instruction, 1515, 2830;

device, plan, 309, 3663, 4059;

remedy, help, 2996.

A.S. rǽd, counsel, advice, opinion.

Reade se, Red Sea, 2670.

Rechede, interpreted, 2124.

Rechen, to interpret, 2086, 2122.

A.S. recan, to explain, interpret.

Reclefat, censer, 3782.

Redde, advised, 3436.

Redden, (pl.) consulted, 1145;

advised, 2861.

See Read.

Rede, read, 34.

Rede, Reed, red, 637, 640, 1256,

Rede, advise, 3118.

Reden, to counsel, 1534.

A.S. rǽdan, to counsel (pret. réd, p.p. rǽden).

Redes, advisest, 2934.

Redi, readily, 998;

ready, 1066.

Redles, foolish, wicked, 3574.

A.S. rǽdleas, rash.

Ref, rough, 3726.

A.S. hreof, rough, scabby.

Reflac, robbery, 436, 3512.

A.S. reáflác, spoil, rapine.

Rein, rain, 3265, 3326.

Rein-bowe, rainbow, 637.

Reke-fille, April, 148, 3136.

Rekelefat, Reklefat, censer, 3761, 3800.

A.S. récels, incense; récelsfæt, a censer.

Reken, ready, 3485.

Reklefates, censers, 3787.

Rem, cry, outcry, 1962, 2613, 3858.

A.S. hream.

Ren, course, 1.

A.S. ryne, rene.

Ren, swift, 3218.

A.S. ryne, course, race.

Reste, Resten, (sb.) rest, 11, 249, 252, 400.

Restede, (pret.) rested, 257.

Resten, to rest, 1369.

Reu, Rew, grieved, 1166;

sorrowed, 1828.

A.S. hreówan, to rue, grieve (pret. hreáw).

Reuen, spoil, 2802.

A.S. reáfian, to rob, spoil.

Reuli, sorrowful, mournful, 1162.

A.S. hreówlíc.

Rew, bitter, 3151.

A.S. hreów, raw, fierce.

Rewde, Rewðe, sorrow, grief, 2339;

pity, 2608.

Reweli, Rewli, = piteous, sorrowful, 1968, 2328.

See Reuli.

Rewlike, sorrowfully, 3106.

A.S. hreówlíce, mournfully.

Reyn, rain, 582.

Riche-like, richly, 2442.

Richere, richer, 1280, 3937.

Ride, road, way, course, 3950.

Rif, widely known, renowned, 232;

wide-spread, 1252.

A.S. ryf, rife, prevalent.

Rigesses, rushes, 2595.

A.S. risce, rixe, a rush.

Rigt, right, justice, 52, 451;

rights, 3714;

rightly, 885, 1565;

mode, wise, 1270.

Rigted, set right, 3427.

Rigten, to righten, set right, decide, 3421, 3423, 3426.

A.S. rihtan, to righten, correct, govern, rule.

Rigt-wise, righteous, 418, 516, 1043.

Rigt-wised, Rigt-wished, righteousness, 936, 3740.

Rimes, rhyme's, 1.

Rim-frost, rime, hoar frost, 3328.

A.S. rím-forst.

Ringes, rings, 1872, 2703.

Risen, to rise, 4039.

Roche, rock, 256, 1138.

Rode, cross, 386, 388.

A.S. ród.

Roke, reek, smoke, 1163.

A.S. reác, réc.

Ros, rose, 261, 1055.

Rospen, to rasp, diminish, 2132.

Du. raspen, to grate.

Rotede, became rotten, 3342.

Ru, rough, 1539, 1544.

A.S. rúh.

Run, discourse, conversation, 991.

A.S. rún.

Sac-les, without strife, willingly, 916.

A.S. sacu, strife; sac-leas, without contention.

Sacrede, sacrificed, 612, 626, 938.

Sad, separated, divided, 58, 116, 266, 1784;

set apart, 208;

scattered, 672.

See Shad.

Safgte, an error for sagte, cure, heal (?), 470.

Saft, a pole, 3899.

A.S. sceaft, sceft, a shaft, pole.

Safte, making, work, 3628;

creatures, 127.

A.S. sceaft, a creature, created, made, formed, from scapan, to form.

Safte, of form, 349.

Sag, saw, 26, 127;

looked, 3901.

Sage, words, sayings, 4153.

A.S. sagu, a saying, speech, saw.

Sagen, saying, 14.

See soðe-sagen.

A.S. sægen, a saying.

Sagt, an error for sag, 1301.

It may = sag + it = saw it.

Sake[n], sake, 1392, 3731.

Sal, shall, 12, et passim.

Sal = salt, shalt, 1815.

Salt, shalt, 1042, 1043.

Salte, salt, 3280.

Saltes, of salt, 1131.

Saltu, shalt thou, 1041, 1813.

Same, shame, 234, 302, 349, 351.

Sameden, (pl.) assembled, gathered, 434.

A.S. samnian, to assemble, collect.

Samen, together, 40, 398, 412.

Samening, assembling, matching, 458;

intercourse, 1442.

A.S. samnung, a congregation.

San, infamy, shame, 373.

A.S. scǽnan, to destroy; scand, disgrace.

Sanc, sank, 1108.

Sarp, sharp, 2989, 3577.

Sat, set, 945.

Sat, treasure, money, 795, 881, 3169.

A.S. sceat, treasure, gift, money.

Scaðe, harm, ruin, 302, 2314.

A.S. sceaðan, sceaðian, to hurt; scæðþe, injury, loss.

Schad, separated.

A.S. scádan, to separate, divide.

See Shad, Sad.

Sche, she, 235, 2619.

Schet, shot, 475.

Scheten, to shoot, 474.

A.S. sceótan, to shoot (pret. sceat).

Schilde, shield, 2525.

A.S. scýldan, to shield.

Schinen, (pl.) shine, 153.

Schir. sheer, sincere, 1835.

Schoren, cut.

See Abuten-schoren.

Scir, bright, 3848.

Scité, city, 2415.

Sckaðe, harm, destruction, 850.

See Scaðe.

Sckil = skil, reason, 203.

See Skil.

Scrið, entreaty, 1419, 2021.

Scriðed, urged, 1715.

Scroð, urged, solicited, entreated, 1055, 1834, 2023, 2695.

A.S. scríðan, to go (pret. scráð).

Scroðt, an error for scroð, 339.

Se, sea, 1123.

Seek, sack, 2309.

Seckes, sacks, 2213, 2223.

Sed, seed, 121, 1613.

Sedes-kin, Seth's kin, 4042.

Segen, (pl.) saw, 3222.

Segeð, cometh, falleth, 2232.

A.S. sígan, to fall.

Sei, (imp.) say to, tell, 3445.

Seid, (p.p.) said, 2425.

Seide, (pret.) said, 277, 323.

Seiden, (pl.) said, 903, 1083.

Seien, to say, 1139.

Seigen, (pl.) say, 917;

(inf.) 2494.

A.S. secgan, seggan, to say.

Seilede, sailed, went, 3389.

Seið, says, 1127, 1293, 1295.

Seið, (imp.) say, 2350.

Sek, sick, 1175.

Seken, to seek, 3598.

Sekenesse, sickness, 775.

Sel, time, season, 417, 928, 1032, 1184, 1224, 1375, 1503, 1545, 2541, 2769, 3159;

'in sel,' quickly, opportunely, 1095;

'al swilk sel,' at such time, 1204;

'on sel,' 'on sele,' in time, timely, 1537.

A.S. sǽl, seel, time. Prov. E. seel.

Sel, (imp.) sell, 1495.

Selcuð, marvellous, 3972.

A.S. sel-cúð = seldom known, wonderful, rare.

Seldum, seldom, 2181.

Seles = selie, good, 1542.

See Seli.

Self; 'Self his kinde' = his own kin, 1806;

even, very, 2610.

Seli, blessed, righteous, 266, 1532, 1986, 2782;

good, 2412, 4079;

fortunate, 1244;

propitious, 31;

happy, blissful, 64.

A.S. sél, good; sǽlig, happy, blessed, prosperous.

Seli-red, good advice, help, 2514.

Seli-sið, prosperity, 2546.

Seli-sped, bliss, happiness, prosperity, 240, 2138.

Selkuð, strange, 1286.

See Selcuð.

Selkuðlike, wondrously, greatly, 1557.

Sellic, Selli, rare, wondrous, 466;

marvellous, 1026;

strange, 3260, 3957.

Sellik, Sellic, wonderfully, miraculously, 1315, 1316.

A.S. séllíc, síllíc, wonderful.

Selðe, Selðhe, bliss, luck, fortune, 1023, 1341, 1404, 2001.

A.S. sǽlð, gesǽlð, happiness, felicity.

Selðhelike, successfully, 1372.

Semelen = to assemble, 3865.

Semelike, Semlike, seemly 1007, 1504.

Semes, loads, 1368, 2373.

A.S. seam.

Semet, seemeth, 2169.

Semeð, 1365.

Read semede, loaded.

Sen, to be, 298, 1923, 3843.

Ger. sein.

Sen, (inf.) to see, 279, 956;

to look, 394, 2664;

to look after, take care of, 1663, 2628;

choose, take, 3723.

Sen, (pl.) see, 16, 140.

Sen, Sene, visible, manifest, 74, 1173.

Sende, (imp.) send, 2820.

Senden, to send, 1683.

Sendet, sendeth, 1412.

Senkede = schenkede, poured out, 322.

A.S. scenc, drink; scencan, to pour out, give to drink.

Sent, (imp.) send, 2825.

Senten, (pl.) sent, 1970, 1973.

Senwe, sinew, 1805;

sinews, 1804.

A.S. sinewe.

Sep, sheep, 1334.

Serf, (imp.) serve, 1685.

Seri, sorry, 408.

Seri-mod, sorrowful-minded, 1850.

Serue, to serve, 1715.

Serue, should serve, 3816.

Seruede, served, 1692, 2051.

Seruen, (pl.) serve, 4126.

Seruen, to serve, 5, 1670, 1694, 3634.

Seruen, to deserve, 1686.

Seruise, service, 1672, 1714, 3754.

Set, made, 562.

Sete, seat, 278.

Sette, planted, 1278.

Setten, (inf.) set, place, 2598.

Seð, sees, 181, 196.

Seð, sod, seethed, 1487.

A.S. seóðan, to boil, seeth (pret. seáð; p.p. soden).

Seue, seven, 489, 1825.

Seuend, Seuende, seventh, 445, 593, 611.

Seuendai = seuend dai, seventh day, 247, 607.

Seue nigt, Seuene nigt, se'nnight, a week, 609, 1687, 2952.

Seuenti, seventy, 706, 3665.

Seweden, (pl.) looked, gazed, 2661.

Sex, Sexe, six, 575, 577, 578.

Sexte, sixth, 167, 199, 531.

Sextene, sixteen, 1907.

Sexti, sixty, 663, 1475.

Sey, tell, 4114;

sey we, let us say, 4162.

Seyen, Seyn, say, 1445, 3561.

Sge, she, 1444, 1447, 1698.

Shad, separated, 148.

A.S. sceádan (pret. sceod, p.p. scaden), to separate, divide.

Shauen, shaved, 2120.

She, 1925.

Shent, destroyed, 754.

A.S. scendan, to shend, disgrace.

Sheren, to reap, 2347.

Shetten, (pl. pret.) shut, 1078.

Shewed = shewede, (pl. pret.) showed, 1971.

Shiftede, changed, 1732.

Shilde, Schilde, shield, 2525, 4157.

Shire, make clear, 2036.

Sib, Sibbe, akin, 228;

relatives, 2503.

A.S. sib.

Sibbe-blod, blood-relatives, 1468.

Sid, side.

Siden = siðen, since.

Sigande, sighing, 1436.

Sighe = sigðhe, sight, 518.

Sighteles, blind, 1528.

Sigt, sight, 1626, 2774.

Sigðhe, sight, 335, 360.

Sik, sighing, 1239.

A.S. sícan, to sigh. Prov. E. sike.

Siker, secure, safe, 869, 876, 1269.

O.Fris. sikur; Ger. sicher.

Sikerlike, certainly, surely, 1500;

with confidence, boldly, 2319.

Silden, to shield, 214, 1788.

Sinfulhed, sinfulness, 180.

Sile = sel, time, 2978.

See Sel.

Singe, sing, 34.

Singede, sinned, 4066.

Singen, to sing, 27.

Singen, to sin, 172, 188.

A.S. singian.

Sinigeden, (pl.) sinned, 2205.

Sinne, sin, 182, 186.

Sinnes, sin's, 553.

Sinne-wod, sin mad, 1073.

Sir, sheer, pure, 518, 3580;

clearly, 3045.

See Scir.

Sired, enlighteneth, 327.

A.S. scír, clear; scýrian, to divide.

Sitten, to sit, 279.

Sið, course, conduct, 274.

A.S. sið, path, way.

See Seli-sið.

Siðe, time, 3093.

A.S. sið.

Siðe, Siðen, since, 84, 262, 2405;

after, 237;

afterwards, 509, 609, 1928.

A.S. síððan.

Siðen = siden, sides, 1295.

Siðes, times, 1731, 1825.

Skie, cloud, 3294, 3643.

Skies, clouds, 3463.

Skige, sky, cloud, 3255.

Skil, Sckil, reason, discretion, wisdom, 193, 203, 1425;

'wit skil,' reasonably, 52.

O.N. skil.

Skipperes, locusts, 3087.

Skiuden, (pl.) skewed, changed, 1989.

Slagen, (p.p.) slain, 509, 591.

Sleckede, slaked, satisfied, 1230.

A.S. sleacian, to slacken; Sw. sloka, to droop.

Slen, to slay, 2837, 3729.

A.S. sleán.

Slep, slept, 967, 1605, 3466.

Slepi, sleepy, 871.

Slo, (imp.) slay, 1939, 3505.

A.S. sleán; O.E. (Nn.) sla.

Slog, Slug, slew, 483, 2668, 2685, 3474, 3913, 4081.

Sloge, slew, 3048.

Slon, to slay, 1328, 1752.

Sloð, slays, 3964.

Sluge, would slay, 3976.

Slugen, (pl.) slew, 3916.

Smaken, to scent, 2443.

A.S. smæccan, to savour, taste.

Smale, small, 656, 2107;

'wordes smale,' easy words, 18;

'speche smale,' flattery, 4056.

Smere, fatness, 1573.

A.S. sméru, fat.

Smered, anointed, 2455, 2457.

Smerles, anointing, 2454.

A.S. smérels, ointment.

Smeren, to anoint, 2442, 2448.

A.S. smérian, to anoint.

Smette, smote, 2684.

Smit, smiteth, 3970.

Smit, (imp.) smite, 3360.

Smite, plague, 2990.

Smiten, to smite, 3866, 4040.

Smiten, (p.p.) smitten, 3867.

Smiten, (pl.) smote, 2109.

Smið, smith, workman, 466.

Smot, smote, 2925, 2943.

Snake, serpent, 2805.

So, as, 15, 57, 331, 332, et passim.

Sod, shod, 3149.

Softe, soft, mild, 335, 3061;

pleasant, 2057, 2412;

lust, pleasure, 3647.

Softere, (adv.) softer, 3874.

Sogen, saw, 3522;

seen, 2785.

Sogt, united, at peace, 1934, 2161.

A.S. saht.

Sogt, (p.p.) sought, 848, 3189;

come near, 3130;

'was sogt' = had come, 3707.

Sogte, sought, 682, 1533, 1947.

Sogten, (pl.) sought, 1081.

Solde, sold, 1843;

(pl.) 1955.

Solstices, 150.

Son, shoes, 2781.

Son, shone, 3293, 3614.

Sond, sand, 2718.

Sond, shame, 2714.

A.S. sceond.

Sonde, messenger, 1414, 2313;

message, 3931.

A.S. sand.

Sonde, dish, 2295.

A.S. sand.

Sonder-man, Sondere-man, messenger, 1410, 2791, 2871.

Sondere-men, messengers, 1792, 1969.

Sondes, messengers, 1007, 1014, 2165, 4052.

Sondes, messenger's, 1434.

Sone, immediately, soon, 329, 343, 979;

quickly, 1145, 1221;

'sone so,' as soon as, 1109.

Sor, grief, heaviness, 512, 733, 1039, 1048, 1239, 1765, 3650.

A.S. sár.

Sor, sore, 3027.

Sore, sorely, 1166, 3223.

Soren = shorn, reaped, 1919.

Sorful, sorrowful, 2326.

Sorge, sorrow, 68, 302, 362, 512.

A.S. sorh.

Sorges, sorrow's, 360, 778.

Sori, sorrowful, distressed, heavy, 974, 977, 1974;

wicked, 1074.

Sori-mod, sorrowful-minded, 3520.

Sort, lot, 1186.

Sort-leui, short-lived, 712.

Sorwe, sorrow, 179, 268.

Sorwes, sorrow's, 19, 716, 3742.

Soth, foolish, 3685, 3688.

A.S. sot, a fool.

Soð, Soðe, true, 17, 953, 1032, 1605, 2091, 2842, 3972;

'ben soð' = be accomplished, 2505.

Soð, Soðe, truth, 74, 2034, 2036, 2928.

A.S. sóð, truth, true.

Soðe-sagen, sooth-saw, true story, 14.

Soule, Sowle, soul, 486, 4136.

Soules, Sowles, souls's, 496, 626, 2920.

Sowen, saw, 3108.

Sowen, to sow, 2347.

Sowles, souls, 4156.

Spac, spake, 925, 1753, 1758.

Specande, speaking, 2821.

Speche, speech, language, 665.

Speches, speeches, languages, 666, 668.

Sped, speed, success, 25;

abundance, 122;

'iwel sped,' misfortune, 310;

'in sped,' 'wið sped,' speedily, 935, 1083, 1221.

Sped, succeed, 1585.

Sped, succeeded, fared, 3314.

Speden, to prosper, succeed, 2303.

Sperd, fastened, enclosed, shut up, imprisoned, 22, 94, 384, 564, 2093.

Speken, to speak, 2016, 2027, 2710, 2827, 2832, 3400.

Speren, to shut up, 2194.

A.S. sparran; O.N. sperra.

See Hampole's P. of C., l. 3835.

Spice-like, with spices, 2443, 2515.

Spices, 2247.

Spices-ware, spicery, 1952,

Spien, to spy, 2172.

Spies, 2169, 2174.

Spile, sport, play, 3462;

multitude, 2977.

Spiled, scattered, 3183.

Spilen, to play, sport, live joyously, 2532.

A.S. spilian.

Spirit, 203.

Spoken, (pl. pret) spake, 2913.

Spot, place, 3280.

Spotted, spotted ones, 1721.

Spred, (p.p.) spread, 650, 831.

Spredde, (pret.) 490.

Spredden, (pl. pret.) spread, 2567.

Springe, spring, 581.

Sprong, sprang, 60, 247, 2740.

Sprungen, (pl.) sprang, 1804;

(p.p.) sprung, 4023.

Spureð, spurs, 3970.

Sren, an error (?) for fren, to deliver, save, 1103.

Srid, (p.p.) clothed, 379.

Srid, Sridde, (pret.) clothed, 23, 271, 1539.

Sriden, to clothe, 351.

A.S. scrýdan (pret. scrydde), to clothe.

Srifte, penance, 422, 3692.

Sriðen = sriden, to deck, 1878.

Srud, clothing, vestments, 176, 271, 795, 857, 2367, 3169.

A.S. scrúd.

Staf, staff, 3149.

Stalðe, theft, 1767.

A.S. stálu.

Stalwurði, stalworthy, strong, 655, 864, 3714.

Starf, died, 481, 658, 4133.

A.S. steorfan (pret. stearf; p.p. storfen), to die.

Stede, place, 117, 425, 433.

Steden, places, 3441.

Steden, place, 1114.

Steg, ascended, 319, 3527.

See Stigen.

Stele, steal, 3511.

Stelen, to steal, do secretly, hide, 1035;

hide from, 2594.

A.S. stélan.

Stere, rule, 3418;

ruler, 3420.

A.S. steóran, to rule; steóra, ruler; steóre, rule.

Steres, rulers, 3413, 3415.

Steres-men, rulers, 3417, 3429.

Stering, rule, government, 3410.

Sterre, star, 132;

star's, 134.

A.S. steorra.

Sterres, stars, 1921.

Steuene, Steuone, voice, 355, 622, 1285.

A.S. stefen.

Sti, path, 3958.

A.S. stíg, a way, path.

Stig, (imp.) ascend, go up, 4100.

Stigen, (p.p.) ascended, 4130.

A.S. stígan, to ascend, go (pret. stáh; p.p. gestígen).

Stille, secretly, 2015, 2428, 2718.

Stille, (imp.) be still, 3319.

Stillen, to quiet, still, 3924.

Stinc, stink, 2556, 2975.

Stinken, stinking, 1164.

Stired, stirred, 3580, 3961.

Stirte, started, 2931.

Stið, stiff, stubborn, 1591;

severe, 3266.

A.S. stíð, stýð, firm, stiff.

Stiward, steward, 1991, 2255, 2263, 2712.

A.S. stiward.

Stod, stood, 1019.

Stoden, (pl.) stood, 3543.

Stodet = stood it, 590.

Ston, stone, 1120, 1604.

Stonde, (imp.) stand, 3760.

Stonden, to stand, 1607, 2639, 3666.

Stonden agon, (pl.) opposed, 438.

Stondende, standing, 3149.

Stondes, standest, 2782.

Stondeð, stands, 392.

Stong, stung, 3896;

pierced, 4083.

Stor, great, 842.

A.S. stór.

Storue, should die, 1958.

See Starf.

Storuen, (pl. pret.) died, 2975, 2982.

Storuen, (p.p.) dead, 3162.

Strekede, stretched, fell prostrate, 481.

A.S. streccan, to stretch.

Strem, stream, 2096.

Streng, Strenge, string, 479, 714.

A.S. streng.

Strenge, strength, 3728.

A.S. strengo.

Strengðe, Strengðhe, strength, 581, 673;

harm, 1075.

Strengthen, to make strong, 3410.

Strif, strife, 373;

toil, 175, 503;

grief, agony, 268, 716, 778, 779, 860.

Striuing, strife, 804.

Strond, strand, 2717.

Strong, 1846;

unpleasant, 2057.

Stronge, (pl.) strong, 3713.

Stund, time, 41, 2041, 3277;

a stound, short space of time, moment, 2109, 2639.

A.S. stund.

Stunden, (pl.) wait, abide, 3211;

waited, 1987.

Stungen, stung, 3901.

Sul, Sule, (pl.) shall, 303, 305, 1775.

Sulde, should, 172, 175, 194.

Sulden, (pl.) should, 958, 1326.

Suldes, shouldst, 3984.

Sulen, (pl.) shall, 308, 316, 318, 3358.

Sum, (sing.) some, 337, 690, 834, 835;

'oðer sum,' 686.

Sumdel, somewhat, 380.

Sumertid, summertime, 1224.

Summe, (pl.) some, 399, 401.

Sunder, separate, 991;

diverse, 3808;

'sunder bles,' party coloured, 1729.

Sundren, to separate, 468.

Sundri, separate, apart, 393, 1985, 2354, 2414, 3239;

diverse, 1798;

several, 2551.

Sune, Sunen, son, 46, 403, 1656.

Sunedai, Sunenday, Sunday, 71, 261.

Sunen, sons, 2175, 2899, 3481.

Sunen, to bear a son, 981.

Sunen, to shun, 1864.

Sunes, sons, 529, 540, 1251.

Sunes, son's, 1984;

'on sunes stede,' instead of a son, 723, 2629, 2637.

Sungen, (pl.) sang, 3288.

Sunken, (p.p.) sunk, 754;

(pl.) sank, 3775.

Sunne, sun, 132, 139.

Sunnes, sun's, 143.

Surgerun, Suriuren, Suriurn, sojourn, 64, 2696, 3308.

Suð, south, 829.

Suðen, south, 1167.

Suuen, shoved, driven, 107.

Swanc, toiled, laboured, 2014, 2877;

travelled, 1657.

See Swinken.

Swart, black, 286.

A.S. sweart.

Swem, grievous, afflicting, 391;

grieved, 1961.

Swep (lit. stroke, force), meaning, 2086, 2112.

Swer, (imp.) swear, 3498.

Swerd, sword, 1307, 1327.

Sweren, (pl.) swear, 1964.

Swerdes, of sword, 3721.

Swet, Swete, sweet, nice, 210, 382, 1484, 3302.

Sweuene, dream, 224, 1753.

A.S. swefen.

Swide = swiðe, quickly, 2726.

Swike, unfaithful, 2845.

A.S. swíc.

Swike-dom, treachery, deceit, 2883.

Swilc, such, 143, 407, 417;

such as, 3620.

Swinacie, quinsy, 1188.

Swine, toil, labour, 268, 363, 2554, 2555.

A.S. swinc.

Swing = swinc, toil, labour, 566.

Swinked, laboured, 4018.

Swinken, to labour, 3778.

A.S. swincan, to toil (pret. swánc, p.p. swuncen).

Swinkes, labour's, 175.

Swiðe, very, 334, 1645;

quickly, 1009, 1086, 1537.

A.S. swíð, swýð, great, strong.

Swiulc = swuilc = swilc, such, 632.

A.S. swulc.

Swog, swoon, 484.

Swolgen, (p.p.) swallowed, 1976.

A.S. swolgen, p.p. of swelgan, to swallow.

Swor, sware, 1338.

Sworen, (p.p.) sworn, pledged, 824, 1525.

Swotes, of sweat, 364.

A.S. swát.

Swunken, (p.p.) toiled, travelled, 1656.

See Swinc.

Tabeles, tables, 3535.

Tabernacle, 3174, 3623.

Tac, (imp.) take, 1287, 3497.

Tagt, (p.p.) taught, directed, 3623, 3746.

Tagte, (pret.) taught, showed, 458, 1243, 1954.

Tagte, (adj.) assigned, promised, 827.

Tagten, (pl.) taught, 1096.

Take, touch, 3456.

Takel, tackle, furniture, goods, 883.

Taken, to take, 1318, 3323.

Taken, to assign, give, 1340.

Tale, speech, language, 450;

tale, story, 321;

reckoning, number, 141, 1673, 2891, 4092;

heed, account, 548.

A.S. tal.

Tame, quiet, 1482.

Tamehed, quietness, docility, 1485.

Taune, (imp.) let him show, 3424.

Tauned, Taunede, (pret.) showed, 636, 757, 3444.

Taunen, to show, 1022, 1290.

Du. toonen.

Taunet = taune it, let him show it, 3422.

Tawned, Tawnede, showed, 1294, 4118.

Tawnen, to show, 2034, 2126.

Techen, to teach, 2792.

Teding, suckling, 1208.

A.S. tiedrian, tyddrian, to propagate, nourish, feed.

Teen = ten, to go, 1344.

A.S. teón, to pull, go, lead (pret. sing. teah, pret. pl. tugon, p.p. togen).

Te, the, 2756.

Teg, went, 320, 1135, 3644.

See Teen.

Teld, tent, 3769.

A.S. teld.

Teldes, tents, 3442.

Telled = telleð, telleth, 17.

Tellen, to tell, 651, 2755;

to reckon, 87;

recount, 497.

Tellet, (imp.) tell it, 3526.

Telleð, tells, 414.

Temple, 1296.

Ten, (inf.) proceed, go, 934, 1238, 1953;

lead, 1913;

draw, 3005.

See Teen.

Ten, (pl.) go, 856, 3210.

Tende, tenth, 597, 704, 3141.

Tene, sorrow, grief, affliction, 2992.

A.S. teóna, injury, reproach; teonan, to anger, incense.

Ter, tar, pitch, 662.

A.S. tearo.

Teres, tears, 364, 2356.

Teres, of tears, 2288, 2342.

Terred, tarred, 2596.

Teten, teats, breasts, 3480.

Tette, teat, pap, breast, 2621.

A.S. tite, titte.

Tgeld = telt, tent, 2025.

See Teld.

Tgelt, encamped, pitched tents.

A.S. teldian, to pitch a tent.

Tgen, ten, 3413, 3418.

Tgen, (pl.) = ten, belong, 3824.

See Teen.

Thaunen, show, declare, 32.

See Taunen.

Then, ten, 3305.

Then = ten, go, 1514.

See Ten.

Tho = to, two, 731.

Tholen, suffer, 508.

A.S. þólian, to suffer, bear, endure.

Tid, Tide, time, 59, 263, 1507.

A.S. tíd.

Tidi, in good condition, beautiful, 2105.

O.Sw. tidig, beautiful.

Cf. Shakespeare's use of tidy = plump, well-conditioned.

Tidelike, soon, quickly, 2752.

A.S. tídlíce.

Tiding, Tidding, tidings, message, 396, 407, 1348, 2907.

Tidlike, quickly, 1231, 3353.

See Tidelike.

Tigel, tile, brick, 461, 662, 2552.

A.S. tigel.

Tigeles, bricks, 2891.

Tigðe, tithe, tenth, 895.

A.S. teogeða.

Tigðes, tithes, 1628.

Til, till, until, 85, 254, 255;

to, 879, 945, 1606.

O.N. til, to.

Tile, gain, 1519.

A.S. til, fit, good; tilian, to honour, to get, obtain.

Tilen, to earn, 363.

A.S. tilian.

Tiliere, tiller, 1482.

Tillede, (pret.) cultivated, 1278.

Timed, (p.p.) prospered, 4024.

Timede, (pret.) prospered, 3392.

Timen, to occur, happen, befall, 1763, 3820.

A.S. getimian, to happen, fall out.

Timen, to prosper, 1023, 2361, 4010.

Timen, to teem, bring forth, 982.

A.S. tíman, to teem.

Timeð, prospereth, 4010.

Timing, Timinge, fortune, success, 1194, 4016;

welfare, 954.

Timinge = ?time ge, wait ye, 3762.

Timinge, season, opportunity, 31;

circumstance, occurrence, 1244, 2644, 3394.

Tin, thine, 926.

Tines, losest, 3518.

O.N. tyna, to lose.

Tis, this, 334.

To, two, 423, 2653.

To-bar, falsely accused, 2146.

To-bolen, swollen with pride, 970.

Toc, took, 723, 937, 2654;

took up, 1690;

gave, 1416;

considered, 1751.

Tockenes, tokens, signs, miracles, 2860.

To-dragen, to-draw, to tear in pieces, 191.

To-ful in wis, fully, completely, 2521.

Tog = toc, gave, 1676.

Tog (pret. of ten, to go), went, 607.

See Teen.

Togen (p.p. of ten, to go), gone, 3647.

To-gider, To-gidere, together, 1898, 2352, 3779.

Tok, took (notice), 945.

Toke, (subj.) gave, 1531.

Token, (pl.) took, 2200.

Token, sign, miracle, 635, 646, 2803, 2914.

Tokenede, betokened, 248.

Tokenes, signs, miracles, 2813.

Tokeneð, Toknet, betokeneth, 638, 640.

Toknes, signs, miracles, 140, 153, 2997.

Tok-ning, token, memorial, 1624.

Tol, tool, 469;

tools, 883.

Told, (p.p.) reckoned, 1358, 2912.

Tolde, (pret.) told, 1401, 1403.

Tolden, (pl.) told, 2221, 3711.

Ton, one (first), 1010, 2196, 2704.

To-samen, together, 2109, 3145.

See Samen.

To-teren, tear in pieces, 2089.

Toð, tooth, 4148.

Toðer, other, 2724;

second, 619.

Toðere, (pl.) others, 1044, 2340.

To-wis, truly, 3992.

Treen, trees, 1127, 1278.

Tregest, disregardest, 3975.

A.S. ge-tregian, to disregard; tregian, to trouble, vex; or = treyest = betrayest.

Tren, trees, 3305.

Trew, tree, 3301.

A.S. treow.

Trewe, true, 720.

A.S. treówe.

Treweiðe, truth, fidelity;

'wið treweiðe,' faithfully, 2304.

A.S. treówð, truth, confidence.

Trewed, Trewid, believed, 1031, 2385.

A.S. treówian, to trust, believe.

Trewið, believes, 2037.

Trewðe, truth, 2458, 2459;

troth, 1524, 1776;

fidelity, 1270;

pledged word, 2336.

A.S. treúð, treówð, truth, troth, pledge.

Tribuz, tribes, 3813.

Trike, stream, 2947.

Trimede, brought forth, 1198.

Trimen, to teem, conceive, 1024.

A.S. getrymian, to dispose, bring forward; trymian, to provide, prepare.

Troken, to fail, 105.

A.S. trucan, to fail, diminish.

Troweden, (pl.) believed, 1092.

A.S. trúwian, to trust.

Troweð, 2814.

Read Trowe ðe, believe thee.

Truke, failure, default, 3508.

See Troken.

Trume, host, company, 1829.

A.S. truma, a troop, band.

Tuderande, fruitful, 164.

Tudered, begotten, 630.

A.S. tyddrian, to propagate, procreate.

Tuen, between, 3802.

Tun, Tune, town, 713, 1102, 2311, 2570.

A.S. tún.

Tunde, surrounded, 866.

A.S. týnan, to hedge in, enclose.

Tunes, towns, 856.

Tunge, tongue, speech, 372, 3158.

Tunges, tongue's, 2656.

Tur, tower, 661.

Turles, (lit. doves) quails, 3676.

Turn, turning, course, 63, 79.

Turtul, turtle (dove), 944.

Twelfte = twelfe, twelve, 3829.

Twelwe, twelve, 663.

Twen, between, 804.

Twenti, twenty, 620.

Twentiðe, twentieth, 3641.

Twie, twice, 808.

Twie-wifing, Twin-wifing, bigamy, 450, 485.

Twin, two, 4020.

Twin-manslagt, double homicide, 485.

Twinne, two, 2367, 3248.

Twinne-del, twofold, 1510.

Twired, perplexing, conflicting.

A.S. twy-rǽd, of two opinions, differing.

Two, to, 1292.

Ða, then, 1901.

A.S. þa.

Ða = ðat, that, 2190.

Ðad = ðat, that, 311.

Ðan, Ðane, Ðanne, then, 9, 999, 1003, 2680;

than, 144;

when, 17, 182, 2072;

that time, 'bi ðan,' 'bi ðanne,' 1023, 3706;

'ear ðanne, or ðan,' 38, 2435;

'fro ðan,' 188, 3201;

'til ðan,' 471, 1870;

'to ðan,' 867;

'to ðan,' for that purpose, 2792.

Ðanc, (imp.) give thanks to, 1320.

Ðarð, need, 3778.

Ðat, (dem. adj.) that, 1, 43, 54;

what, 2020, 2032.

Ðat-offe = ðar-offe, thereof, 2422.

Ðauen, permit, allow of, 3139.

A.S. þafian, to suffer, permit, allow.

Ðe, (rel. pron.) which, who, 2, 269, et passim.

Ðe = ðo, then, 1416.

Ðe = the, 778, et passim.

Ðear, there, 1090.

Ðeden, nations, peoples, 2302.

Ðeg, prospered, throve, 2012.

See Ðen.

Ðef = ðeg, property, quality, taste, 3340.

Ðef, thief, 1773.

Ðefis, thief's, 538.

Ðefte, theft, 3512.

Ðei, they, 573.

Ðelde = gelde, (subj.) requite, 1713.

Ðen, thrive, 803, 1550, 2645;

prosper, 4007.

A.S. þeón, pret. þeáh, þáh, p.p. geþogen, to thrive, flourish, grow, increase.

Ðengen = ðenken, to think, 1571.

Ðenk, (imp.) think, 3563.

Ðhenke, (subj.) think, 2072.

Ðenken, Ðhenken, think, 393.

Ðer, Ðere, there, 337, 850.

Ðer-fore, therefore, 747.

Ðer-in, therein, 2068.

Ðer-of, thereof, 1659.

Ðer-on, thereon, 1778.

Ðes, this, 3967.

Ðes, Ðese, these, 941, 1643, 2199, 3697.

Ðeself, thyself, 934.

Ðeðen, thence, 65, 208, 725, 1236.

O.N. ðaðan.

Ðeuwe, custom, 1382.

A.S. þeáw, manner, habit, behaviour.

Ðewe, courtesy, respect, 2757.

Ðewed, behaved, conducted, 1914.

Ðewes, virtues, 4159.

Ðgere = gere, haste, 4052.

Ðhanc, thanks, 1659.

Ðhankede, thanked, 3405.

Ðhauen, to tolerate, endure, 275.

See Ðauen.

Ðheg, Ðehg, throve, 1266, 2779.

See Ðeg, Ðen.

Ðhenken, think, 393.

Ðhenkeð, thinks, 2028.

Ðherknesse, darkness, 3102.

Ðhikke, thick, 3102.

Ðhing, Ðhinge, Ðing, Ðinge, thing, 301;

things, 29, 52, 297, 300;

affairs, 3378.

Ðhinges, things, 280.

Ðhog, though, 3978.

Ðhogen, throve, increased, 1480, 2567.

See Ðen.

Ðholede, suffered, 778.

See Ðolede.

Ðhogt, mind, 2167;

anxiety, 2111;

thought, 1149;

purpose, 1579.

Ðhogt, Ðhogte, Ðhugte, Ðhute, Ðuhte, seemed, appeared, 407, 436, 438, 491, 1469, 1765, 1849, 2064, 3260.

A.S. þincan (pret. þúhte), to seem.

Ðhogte, (pret.) thought, 319.

Ðhowtes, thoughts, 3544.

Ðhre, thre, 55, 152, 563.

Ðhride, Ðhridde, third.

Ðhrowing, agony, suffering, 1317.

A.S. þrówung, from þrówian, to suffer.

Ðhu, thou, 361, 362, 397.

Ðhunder, Ðhunerg = ðuner, thunder, 1108, 2900.

A.S. þunor.

Ðhurg, Ðhurge, through, 588, 2192.

Ðhusant, Ðhusent, thousand, 489, 577, 654.

Ðider, Ðidir, thither, 1068, 1366, 1402, 1844.

Ðicke, thick, thickly, 2988.

Ðig = thick, 564.

Ðin, Ðine, thy, 397, 1764.

Ðing, affairs, 3378.

Ðinken, to seem, appear, 234.

Ðinkeð, seemeth, 391, 2403.

See Ðhogt.

Ðis, Ðise, these, 1083, 2125, 2131, 2527.

Ðisternesse = cisternesse, pit, 1942.

Ðisternesse, darkness, 58.

A.S. þýstre, dark, þeosternes, darkness.

Ðit = ðis, this, 1233.

Ðo, those, 305, 875, 2099.

A.S. þá.

Ðo, the, 1303, 2110.

Ðo, then, 424, 717.

A.S. þa.

Ðoa, then, 840.

Ðog, Ðoge, though, nevertheless, 4, 1794, 1928, 2404, 2908, 3807, 3808.

Ðogen, (pl.) throve, flourished, 2542.

Ðogt, thought, mind, 1558, 2013;

purpose, intention, 1072;

anxiety, 1433;

'kinde ðogt,' natural affection, 2254.

Ðogt, Ðogte, Ðoht, seemed, 948, 2015, 2298.

Ðogte, thought, 333, 1089.

Ðohgteful, anxious, 1437.

Ðole, forbearance, 3496.

Ðolede, suffered, 1180.

Ðolen, (inf.) suffer, 3664;

(imp.) 3457;

(pl.) 3445.

A.S. þólian, to suffer, bear, endure.

Ðoo = þo, then, 3135.

Ðor, Ðore, there, 211, 222, 279, 2270;

where, 438, 757, 1520.

Ðor-agen, Ðor-gen, opposed thereto, 2797, 3730.

Ðor-after, thereafter, 146.

Ðor-bi, thereby, 1458, 2106.

Ðor-buten, thereabout, 566, 3625.

Ðor-fore, therefore, 1215.

Ðor-fra, Ðor-fro, therefore, 112, 2880.

Ðor-in, Ðor-inne, therein, 42, 746, 1104, 3634.

Ðor-mide, therewith, 2656.

Ðor-mong, thereamong, 3265.

Ðor-of, thereof, 234, 329.

Ðor-offen, thereof, 2403.

Ðor-on, Ðor-one, Ðor-onne, thereon, 196, 464, 1116, 3398.

Ðor-quiles, whilst, 574.

Ðore-to, besides, 589.

Ðor-til, besides, 2371.

Ðor-to, thereto, 3824.

Ðor-vnder, thereunder, 3184.

Ðor-uppe, thereup, 1609.

Ðor-vten, thereout, 3364.

Dor-wið, therewith, 379.

Ðornes, thorns, 1334.

Ðoð = ðoðer, the other, 2702.

Ðowgte, thought, 295.

Ðral, thrall, slave, 2881.

Ðraldom, slavery, bondage, 2322.

Ðralles, slave's, 971.

Ðralles, slaves, 3720.

Ðre, three, 647, 1006.

Ðreated, threatened, 4125.

Ðret, threat, 2021.

Ðrette, (pret.) threatened, 2023, 3729.

Ðridde, third, 761, 1301.

Ðrist = ðriste, (pret. pl.) thrust, 2110.

Ðrist, thirst, 977, 3354.

Ðrittiðe, thirtieth, 3311.

Ðrosing, chaos, 43.

A.S. þrósm, chaos, heap, smoke.

Ðrowede, suffered, 1180.

See Ðhrowing.

Ðu, thou, 363, 1084.

Ðugte, seemed, 1099.

Ðund = gund, over, above. See NOTES.

Ðurg, Ðhurg, through, 195, 377, 2192.

Ðurg-vt, throughout, 3704.

Ðurte, needed, 234.

A.S. þearfan, to need, behove (pret. þorfte).

Ðusent, Ðhusent, thousand, 527, 3412.

Ðusse, thus, 308.

Ðwert, obstinate, contrary, 3099.

Ðwerted, thwarted, 1324.

A.S. þweor, þwer, froward, cross, thwart.

Vgging, fear, dread, 950, 2826.

O.N. ugga, to terrify.

See Hampole's P. of C., ll. 6419, 6683.

Uglike, ugly, horrible, 2805.

Vn-achteled, untold, 796.

A.S. æht, value, estimation. O.E. ahtle, to estimate, endeavour.

Vn-bente, unbent, 483.

Vnbiwen, unexpectedly, 3777.

See Wenen, Wen.

Un-bond, unbound, opened, 2223.

Vn-buxumhed, disobedience, 345;

helplessness, unlithesomeness, rigidity, 346.

See Buxum.

Unc, us two, 1776.

A.S. unc.

Vncircumcis, uncircumcised, 2841.

Unclene, unclean, 1867.

Vndede, undid, opened, 581, 3971;

removed, 2955;

violated, 3014.

Under-don, subdue, 4041.

Under-feng, received, 480.

Under-fon, receive, 1679.

A.S. under-fón, to take (pret. under-feng).

Vnder-gon, deceive, 1147;

take up, 1160.

Under-leiden, supported, 3388.

Under-let, under-lay, lay under, 3188.

A.S. lútan, to stoop, lie at the bottom (pret. leát).

Under-nam, perceived, 1553;

questioned, 2728.

A.S. under-niman, to comprehend, take.

Vnder-numen, taken unawares, surprised, 2135, 3221.

Vnder-stod, bore, 1467;

accepted, received, 2275, 2393, 3434;

understood, 2210.

Vn-don, undone, opened, 385, 603;

removed, 3902.

Vn-don, to explain, 2114.

Vndren = undern, the time extending from nine to twelve in the morning, 2269.

A.S. undern.

Vn-drincled, undrowned, 3280.

O.E. drinkle, to drown.

"Alle drenkled thorgh folie."

—(Robt. of Brunne, p. 241.)

[Vn]eðe, uneasy, disturbed, 3924.

Vn-ended, everlasting, 3518.

Un-eðes, with difficulty, scarcely, 2341.

A.S. uneáðe.

Unfer, diseased, 2810.

See Fer.

Un-frame, disadvantage, 1566;

sorrow, 3037.

A.S. unfreme.

Un-framen, be hurtful, 1213.

V[n-]frigt, fearless, bold, 3713.

Vnghere = ungare, unexpectedly, 3047.

A.S. un-gearu, un-prepared, sudden.

Vn-hileden, uncovered, 2976.

Vn-hillen, disclose, 1912.

A.S. unhélan, to unhele, reveal, uncover.

Unkinde, unnatural, 449, 1113;

foreign, 2302.

[Vn-]lage, wrong, 1762.

A.S. unlagu, wrong, injustice.

Vn-lif, displeasing, 206.

Vn-lif, unleavened, 3153.

Vn-like, unlike, 1726.

Un-mad, unfinished, 671.

Vn-miðe, anger, 3973, from O.E. miðe, quiet.

A.S. myðgian, to sooth, quiet. Vn-miðe may signify truth, from A.S. míðan, to hide, dissemble.

Un-red, sin, 1906.

A.S. unrǽd.

Vn-reken, slow, unready, 2817.

See Reken.

Un-rigt, wrong, 1276.

Vn-rigt-wis, unrighteous, 2014.

Vn-seli, wicked, wretched, 1073, 2315.

A.S. unsǽlig.

Vn-selðehe, Vn-selðe, misfortune, misery, 2316, 3026.

A.S. unsǽlð.

Vnsene, unseen, secret, 2878.

Vn-skil, wrong, 3506.

See Skil.

Un-slagen, unslain, 1332.

Unspered, undid, spoilt, 25.

See Sperd.

Vnsteken, disclose, 2828.

See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Steke.

Vn-swac, displeasing, offensive, 1212.

Un-timing, misfortune, 1180.

Untuderi, barren, 964.

See Tudered.

Vn-ðewed, foul, 2555.

See Ðeuwe.

Unwarde, Un-warnede, unwarned, unawares, 480, 2682.

Vn-welde, unwieldy, 347.

See Welden.

Vnweder, storm, 3058.

A.S. unweder.

Vp, upon, 2320.

Up-dragen, carried off, 1858.

Up-gon, (pl.) ascend, 1608.

Up-rekeð, up-reeks, 3465.

Up-rigt, upright, 3248.

Up-sprungen, up-sprung, grown up, 3050.

Up-stod, up-stood, 3247.

Up-wakeð, rouses up, awakes, 3466.

Up-wond, up-winded, up-went, 3084.

Vr, Ur, Vre, Ure, our, of us, 2172, 2261, 2262.

Ut, Vte, out, 13, 227, 362, 607, 3703.

Ut-comen, (pl.) out-came, 2097.

Vt-dragen, out-drawn, opened, 2856.

Ut-drog, out-drew, 1327.

Vten, foreign, strange, 1741;

out of, 956, 2406, 2410;

without, 653, 2739, 3744;

apart, 3691.

Vt-fare, out-go, 2865.

Ut-faren, depart, 3056.

Vt-gon, depart, out-go, 2966, 3021.

Ut-gong, out-go, 2800.

Ut-lage, outlaw, 431.

Vt-pharen = vt-faren, depart, 3017, 3071.

Ut-sped, hurried away, 3178.

Vt-stal, stole out, 2882.

Ut-suuen, out-shoved, aroused, 1610.

Ut-ten, go forth, 4004.

Ut-ðhurg, throughout, 2688.

Vt-wrogte, brought on, caused, 4144.

Uuer-slagen, lintel, 3155.

A.S. oferslæge.

Wac, weak, 1197, 1528.

A.S. wác, waac, weak, frail.

Waden, to ford, 1799.

Waines, wains, waggons, 2362.

Waked, aroused, stirred up, 360.

A.S. wacan, to awake, take origin.

Waked, (pret.) kept a vigil or liche-wake, 2469;

(p.p.) 2516.

Waken, to keep a vigil or liche-wake, 2449.

A.S. wæccan, to watch.

Waken, to watch, 2551.

Wal, Wale, choice, select, 888, 3635.

Ger. wählen, to choose, select. O.N. wal, choice.

Wale, prosperity, 809, 1355.

A.S. wæla, weal, bliss.

Walkeden, 'aren walkeden,' have walked, 3882.

Walkeden is evidently an error for walked.

Walkene, Walkne, welkin, clouds, 96, 103, 136, 161.

A.S. wolcen, a cloud, air, welkin; wealcan, to roll, turn.

Walknes, welkin's, 288.

Walled, Wallede, enclosed with a wall, 435, 2554.

Wan, Wane, when, 642, 4130.

Wane, wanting, 1028, 3353.

A.S. wana, want, lack.

Wanmol, uneloquent, 2817 (from wan = un, and mol, mal, speech).

See Moal.

Wansum, sorrowful, 1099.

A.S. wannan, to be wan, pale.

Wante, should be wanting, 2244.

Wantede, wanted, failed, 1233, 2155, 2995, 3310.

Wapman, man, male, 1001.

A.S. wǽpman, a man, from wǽpn, a weapon.

Wapmen, men, 536, 2920, 3078, 3080.

War, aware, 721, 1308.

A.S. wǽr, wary, prepared, ready.

Warc = warg, defended, 2876.

Ware, merchandise, 1990;

property.

A.S. warú, ware, merchandise.

Waren, to make secure, 1088;

to provide for, 2154.

A.S. wárian, to beware, to guard, ward off.

Waried, cursed, 544.

A.S. werigan, to curse.

Warnede, warned, 1091.

Warnen, to warn, 1581.

Warp, (pret. of werpen) threw, 2640, 2804.

Wassen, to wash, 1116, 2291, 2442.

Waspene = wasteme, form, 1910.

A.S. wǽstm, growth, form.

Water, lake, 749, 1125.

Wateres, water's, 638.

Wateres, waters, 592, 2594.

Wateres-springe, water-spring, 581.

Water-gong, passage of water, 662.

Watres, water's, 598, 1246, 1380.

Watres, waters, 108, 117.

Wattre, Wattren, to water, 1648, 2745.

Wattrede, watered, 2751.

Wað = quað, spake, 1666.

Waxen, grow, increase, 1128, 2548.

Waxen, (p.p.) increased, 831;

full-grown, 2060.

Wech-dede, watch-deed, vigil, 2460.

Weches, vigil's, 2467.

Wedde, hostage, pledge, 2198.

A.S. wed, pledge (dat. wedde).

Wedden, to marry, 1090.

Wedding, marriage, 1428.

Wede, garment, 1972.

A.S. wǽd, a garment.

Weden, garments, 2369.

Weder, weather, storm, 3055, 3059.

Wei, Weie, way, 1100, 1228, 1429, 1435.

Weige, way, 1614, 2681.

A.S. weg.

Weiges, ways, 3240, 3244.

Weila-wei, alas! 2088.

Weis, washed, 2289.

Weken = wreken, taken, 3282.

Wel, well, 229, 1521, 1541.

Welcume, welcome, 1830.

Welcumede, welcomed, 1396.

Welden, to rule, 2143;

take, enjoy, 916;

possess, 3738.

A.S. wealdan, to rule, direct, possess.

Welden, (pl.) rule, 50, 3418.

Weldeð, influences, 274.

Weledes = welðes, wealth's, 748.

Weli, blissfully, prosperously, 2528.

A.S. welig, rich, bountiful.

Welkede, withered, 2107.

A.S. wealwian; Ger. welken, to fade.

Welken, (pl.) elapsed, 568.

A.S. wealcan, to revolve (pret. weolc).

Welle, well, 2756.

Welles, wells, 3306.

Welle-spring, well-spring, 1243.

Welle-springes, well-springs, 3304.

Welt, exercises, 54.

See Welden.

Welte, ruled, 3371.

Welten, (pl.) wielded, 532;

ruled over, governed, 840.

Welðe, Welðhe, wealth, 796, 1268, 1355, 1404, 1550, 2374.

Welðes ware, wealth, property, 929.

Cf. Spices-ware, etc.

Wen, belief, 73;

doubt, 3271.

A.S. wén, hope, weening.

Wen = wenen, believe, 3809.

A.S. wénan, to ween, think.

Wend, (imp.) turn, 3510.

Wende = weened, thought, 477, 1240, 1543, 2209.

Wende we, let us turn, 3267.

Wended, — agon, turned back, 1904.

Wenden, (pl.) weened, thought, believed, 869, 1141, 3258.

Wenden, (inf.) turn, 693, 884, 4057, 4061.

A.S. wendan, turn, change.

Wenden-agen, return, 979, 1159, 3719, 3724.

A.S. wendan (pret. wende), to turn, proceed, go.

Wene, think, ween, 309, 315, 317, 3572.

Wenen, (pl.) think, 3812.

A.S. wénan.

Went, course, 136.

A.S. wend, a turn.

Went, (p.p.) changed, 753;

gone, 1429, 2201;

turned, 2896.

Wente, turned, 321, 606, 1120, 3950, 3951;

removed, 1649;

took away, snatched, 2613;

went, 1107.

Wente agen, returned, 606, 985, 1048, 1343, 1356;

(subj.) should return, 1097.

Wente agon, turned back, 1119.

Wenten, (pl.) went, 533, 623;

turned, changed, 1149, 1967;

returned, 2200.

Wep, weeping, 2328, 3888.

A.S. wóp.

Wep, wept, 4149.

A.S. wépan, to weep (pret. weóp; p.p. wépen).

Wepen, weapon, 3283.

A.S. wǽpen.

Weph, web, 4096.

Werchen, to work, 3220.

Werdes = werldes, world's, 32.

Were, protector, 2680.

See Weren.

Were, man, 3977;

husband, 1587.

A.S. wer.

Were, war, 1788.

Wereden, saved, protected, 2578.

See Weren.

Weren, were, 377, 570, 1468.

Weren, annoy, 2898.

A.S. wérian, to weary.

Weren, defend, protect, 851, 1272, 1794, 1817, 2083, 2090, 2564, 3714;

spare, 1043.

A.S. werian, protect, hinder.

Weres, man's, 532.

Werger, defender, guardian, 926.

A.S. wergan, to defend.

Weri, weary, 975, 1493.

Werk = wrek, plague, 3902.

See Wrake, Wrech.

Werken = wreken, to take vengeance, 2799.

See Wrake, Wrech.

Werken, (pl.) work, 850.

Werld, Werlde, world, 38, 42, 60.

Werlde, world's, 1318.

Werldes, world's, 48, 102, 142, 707, 1594, 2440.

Werlðe, world, 901.

Werne, deny, 2797.

A.S. wyrnan, to deny, forbid.

Werned, (p.p.) refused, 3171.

Wernede, forbad, 2966, 3000.

Werneden, (pl.) denied, refused, 2207.

Werp, (imp.) throw, cast, 2803.

Werpen, to throw, cast, 3358, 3794.

A.S. weorpan, to throw, cast (pret. wearp; p.p. worpen).

Werre, worse, 3951.

Werren, were, 1089.

Westen, west, 3096.

Westen, (pl.) wasted, 3915.

Weðer, wether, 3998.

Wex, increased, grew, 273, 584, 585, 1118, 1266.

See Waxen.

Wex = wexe, (pl.) grew, 1917.

Wexe, should increase, 554.

Wexen, (pl.) grew higher, 599;

increased, grew, 2104, 2502, 2542.

Wexem, for wexen, grew, increased, 1915.

Wi, war, 1854, 3220.

A.S. wig, wih, war.

Wiches, wizards, magicians, 2919, 2927.

Wicke, wicked, 1072, 3952.

Wid, an error for wið, with, 79, 86, 128, 168, 928.

Wid, (adj.) wide, 60, 565;

(adv.) 1256.

Wid-held, Wið-held, withheld, 914, 3019.

Wid-hin, Wid-innen, = wið-in, wið-innen, within, 555, 640, 1352.

Wide, widely, 672, 831.

Wif, wife, 231, 367.

Wifes, wife's, 530.

Wifes, Wifwes, wives, 453, 559, 624, 857.

Wif-kinnes, woman-kind, 1177.

Wifuede, wived, married, 1588.

Wigt, brave, 863.

Sw. vig.

Wigte, war (?), or sharpness (?), 469.

Wigte, weight, 439.

A.S. wiht.

Wikke, wicked, 3574.

Wil, (sb.) will, 194.

Wil, homeless, astray, 975.

See Gloss. to Allit. Poems, s.v. Wyl.

Wil, blindness, 1079.

Wilde, lascivious, 2013;

wild, 169, 178.

Wile, while, 371.

Wile, (vb.) will, 191, 277, 1318.

A.S. willan.

Wile, desires, likes, 206, 2020.

A.S. willan.

Wilen, (pl.) will, 2304, 2531, 3723.

Wimman, woman, 374, 375.

A.S. wífman, wimman.

Wimmanes, woman's, 1426.

Wimmen, women, 532, 653, 2570.

Win, wine, 2295.

Win, strife, 347, 4055;

force, 598.

A.S. win, contention.

Winden, to enshroud, 2448.

Windoge, window, 602.

Wines, wine's, 894, 1542.

Win-grape, bunch of grapes, 3710.

Winter, (pl.) years, 567, 919.

Win-tre, vine, 2059.

A.S. wín-treow.

Wintres, winters, years, 1211.

Wird, Wirð, troop, host, 1786, 1790, 4140.

A.S. werod, host, army.

Wirm, Wirme, reptile, 178;

serpent, 321, 2925, 3898.

A.S. wyrm.

Wirmede, bred worms, 3342.

Wirmes, reptiles, 2982.

Wis, wise, 100, 260, 462, 617.

Wisdam, wisdom, 35.

Wise, (pl.) wise, 331.

Wise, manner, 2961.

Wislike, wisely, 45, 1091;

with wisdom, 520;

properly, 3630.

Wisseð, teacheth, showeth, 2.

A.S. wissian, to instruct, show.

Wiste, knew, 779, 901, 961, 962, 1154, 1310.

See Wot.

Wisten, (pl.) knew, 768, 2217, 3841.

Wisten, wished, 801, 1060.

Wistom, wisdom, 462.

Wit, we two, 1775.

A.S. wit.

Wit, wisdom, 460, 900.

A.S. wit.

Wit, with, 44, 52, 53.

Wite, (pl.) learn, know, 390.

Wite, (sb.) blame, 2035.

A.S. wítan, to blame.

Witen, to know, 328, 1302;

to learn, 2651, 3928.

See Wot.

Witen, (pl.) know, 74, 523.

Witent = witen, to know, 330.

Witnesse, Wittenesse, witness, 507, 1778, 3843.

Witter, Wittere, wise, skilful, 168, 456, 1910, 2330, 3624;

true, 2903;

cognisant, 1308.

Witter-hed, wisdom, 3667.

Witterlike, surely, truly, indeed, 769, 791, 1322, 2320, 2425.

Da. viterlig, known, manifest.

Wið, of, 432;

in, 1083, 1668, 1915.

Wið-dragen, with-drawn, 596, 3983.

Wið-drog, with-drew, 599, 3803.

Wið-[h]eld, Wið-held, Wið-helð, withheld, 1178, 2033, 3927.

Wiðer, hostile, 3386.

A.S. wiðerian, to oppose.

Wiðer-ward, contrary, hostile, 2935.

A.S. wiðer-weard, contrary, rebellious.

Wið-stod, opposed, 2649;

stood still, tarried, 3646.

Wið-ðan, with that, thereupon, 481, 1409.

Wið-ðan-ðat, Wið-ðhan-ðat, provided that, 2019, 2335.

Wið-uten, Wið-vten, Wið-ðuten, except, 557, 611, 875, 910, 3739;

without, 503, 639, 1317, 2454;

outside, 1080, 1367.

A.S. wið-útan (adv.), wið-útan (prep.), without.

Wiue, wife, 2008, 2147.

Wiues, wife's, 1219.

Wiues, Wiwes, wives, 543, 1858, 2363;

wife's, 994, 2037.

Wlath, bad, loathsome, 3300.

A.S. wlætian, to nauseate, loath;

wlath I take to be an error for wlach, A.S. wlæc, warm, slack.

Wlite, Wliten, face, 2288, 2289, 2342, 3614, 4055.

A.S. wlíte, form, person, countenance.

Wo, Woa, woe, sorrow, grief, 216, 237, 353, 880;

sorry, 1833.

A.S. wá, waa.

Woc, Wooc, weak, 1874.

See Wac.

Woc, awoke, 2111.

Wod, mad, foolish, 1073, 2959, 3545.

A.S. wód, mad, insane.

Wod-hed, Woded, madness, 533, 3539.

Wol, very, 1266, 1995.

Wold, power, 1958, 2000.

A.S. wald, power.

Wold, meaning, 2122.

It literally signifies power.

Wold, hill, 938, 3892.

A.S. wald, weald.

Wold, ruler, 3412.

A.S. walda.

Wold, sacrifice, 3116.

Wold, Wolde, would, 912, 1418, 1419.

Wold, (1) killed, slain, 420;

destroyed, 526 (?), or (2) flooded (?).

(1) A.S. cwelian, to kill. (2) A.S. weallan, to flow.

Wolden, (pl.) would, 3756.

Wond, wand, 2715, 2803, 2808.

Du. vaand, a switch.

Wond, went up, 3782, 4136.

A.S. windan, to move or be borne in a winding course, to wind.

Wondes, wands, 2923.

Wooc, weak, 1874.

A.S. wác.

Wopen, weapon, 469, 3228, 4062.

A.S. wǽpen.

Wopened, Wopnede, armed, 1787, 2479, 3373, 3376.

Wordes, words, 18.

Wore, (subj.) were, 768, 1144, 1148, 1170, 2192.

Wore, (2 pers. sing.) 1759, 1814.

Woree = woren, were, 2950.

Woren, were, 347, 488, 790, 1207, 2380.

Worn, were, 61, 147.

Wor-of, whereof, 3530.

Worpen, cast, 1943, 2923.

See Werpen.

Wort, word, 73.

Worðed, honoured, 262.

See Wurðen.

Wot, know, 487, 1473;

knows, 353.

A.S. witan (ic wát, þu wást, he wát; we witon; pret. wiste).

Wrake, punishment, destruction, 552.

A.S. wræc, punishment.

Wrech, Wreche, vengeance, destruction, 552, 632, 634, 641, 1042, 1076, 1142, 3396;

plague, 1176.

A.S. wracu, vengeance, pain, punishment.

Wrecches, wretches, 1074, 1080.

A.S. wræcca, an exile, wretch.

Wreken, (p.p.) revenged, 2028, 3067, 3281.

A.S. wrécan, to avenge.

Wreken, (p.p.) taken, 3148.

Wrestelede, wrestled, 1803.

Wreðe, Wreððe, wrath, 482, 3793, 3863.

A.S. wræðo, wrath.

Wreðed = wreðeð, is angry, 1584.

A.S. wraðian, to be angry.

Wrigtful, guilty, 2204.

A.S. wróht; Da. rygte, a crime.

Wrigteleslike, guiltlessly, 2076.

A.S. wróhtlíc, accusing.

Wrim, reptile, 169, 187, 299.

A.S. wyrm, a worm, reptile, serpent.

Wrim-kin, serpents, 3895.

Writ, 1974.

Wriðel, herbs (?), from Du. wortel, an herb, 3153.

The A.S. wríðels, a band, fillet, cover, does not help us to explain this satisfactorily. Is wríðel written for wrixel, change, alternation, course?

Wrocte, hurt, 230.

A.S. wrécan, to afflict. Wrocte is the pret. of werken = wreken, to hurt. Cf. wirm and wrim, werk and wrek, etc.

Wrogt, Wrogte, wrought, did, made, 40, 61, 249;

done, 1150;

bestowed, 1812.

Wrogten, (pl.) wrought, struggled, 1470;

did, 529, 547, 4069.

Wroken, turned, 3191.

A.S. wrécan, to banish, afflict (pret. wrǽc; p.p. wrecen).

Wrong, squeezed, 2064.

A.S. wringan (pret. wrang; p.p. wrungen), to wring, press.

Wrot, wrote, 462, 523, 2524, 2527.

Wroutis, wrought them, 156.

Wroð, angry, 1215, 1735.

A.S. wráð.

Wroð = worð, became, 3013.

Wude, wood, 476, 1306.

A.S. wude, wudu.

Wudes, woods, 473.

Wukes, weeks, 2473.

A.S. wuce, wucu.

Wulde, would, 214, 846, 1195, 2430.

Wulden, (pl.) would, 1071, 1075, 3324.

Wuldet, would it, 969.

Wunded, wounded, 853.

A.S. wúndian, to wound.

Wunden, wrapped up, 2597.

A.S. windan.

Wunder, sin, mischief, 69, 3588, 3977.

S.Sax. wundre, mischief.

Wunderlike, wonderfully, 585.

Wune, (sb.) custom, 494, 1639, 1681, 1806, 3857;

wise, manner, 971, 1345, 1405, 1652;

practices, 676;

abilities, 1910;

privilege, 1501.

A.S. wune, practice, custom.

Wune, abode, 513, 3370.

See Wunen.

Wune, wont, 1504, 1530, 2066, 2080.

Wune, to dwell, 785.

Wune, (pl.) dwell, 1156, 1254.

Wune = wunede, dwelt, 1842.

Wuned, Wunede, abode, dwelt, 789, 811, 825, 1133, 1167, 1249, 1282.

Wuneden, (pl.) dwelt, 3122, 3845.

Wunen, to dwell, 306, 367, 404, 406, 1863, 1898.

A.S. wunian, to dwell, inhabit.

Wunen, (pl.) dwell, 300, 332, 932, 2464.

Wunen, custom, fashion, 688;

customs, laws, 3137;

abilities, 3482.

Wunen, accustomed, 2900, 3289.

Wunes, customs, usages, 1480, 2293;

practices, 539;

privileges, 1495.

Wuneð, dwells, 465, 2410.

Wuniende, dwelling, 2742.

Wurd, word, 736.

Wurd = wurð, became, 995, 1197.

Wurdes, words, 2818, 3726.

Wurlike = wurðlike, worthily, 1456.

Wursipe, worship, honour, 2757.

A.S. wurðscipe.

Wursiped, honoured, 511.

Wurt, wort, herb, 119.

A.S. wurt.

Wurðe, 'wel wurðe,' well worth! 155.

Cf. 'woe worth the day,' etc.

Wurð, Wurðe, became, 57, 272, 283, 284, 598, 634, 677, 721, 993, 999, 1175, 1462, 1494, 2218, 3196;

shall be, 1564, 2057, 2058, 2074;

let be, 3483.

Wurðe = wurð he, he shall be, 1943.

Wurðe = wurðede, honoured, 1826.

Wurðede, became, 1528, 2011.

Wurðed, Wurðede, honoured, 1010, 1012, 1629, 1845, 1924.

Wurðeden, (pl.) honoured, 1922.

Wurðeden, (pl.) became, 2946.

Wurðelike, honourably, worthily, 1518, 2760.

A.S. wyrðlíc, wurðlíc, worthy.

Wurðen, (pl.) became, 286, 667, 831, 2050, 2297;

(sbj. pl.) 3559, 3721.

Wurðen, to be, become, exist, 41, 53, 510, 641, 2411, 2427, 2816, 3928.

A.S. weorðan, wurðan, to become, to be, happen (pret. wearð; p.p. geworden).

Wurðen, honour, 2463.

A.S. wurðian, wyrðian, to honour.

Wurðful, honourable, 2678.

A.S. wyrð-full, honourable.

Wurðfulhed, honour, 3499.

Wurði, worthy, 1012, 1501, 3753.

Wurðing, Wurðinge, honour, respect, 33, 133, 684, 892, 1550, 1774, 2140, 3787.

A.S. wurðung, honour.

Ybiried, 2520.

Ydeles, idols, 1871.

Ydolatrie, 695.

Ymong, among, 3419.

Ynog, enough, 3670.

Ynug, enough, 2156.

Y-oten, called, 2416.

See Hoten.

Yre, iron, 2452.

Ys, ice, 99.

Yses, ice's, 97.

Yuel, wicked, bad, 1074, 1186.

Ywel, evil, harm, 788.

Ywis, certainly, truly indeed, 159.

A.S. gewís.

INDEX OF NAMES.

Aaraon, Aaron, 3063, 3082, 3379, 3387, 3489, 3540, 3543, 3546, 3633, 3750, 3785, 3799, 3837, 3864, 3884, 3890.

Abel, 419, 426, 430, 921.

Abimalech, 1172, 1175, 1189, 1267, 1525.

Abiron, 3757, 3766.

Abraham = Amram, 2588.

Abraham, 995, 998, 1006, 1008, 1009, 1019, 1028, 1031, 1036, 1047, 1161, 1184, 1189, 1196, 1209, 1217, 1267, 1274, 1277, 1285, 1299, 1307, 1313, 1323, 1327, 1331, 1337, 1347, 1355, 1359, 1386, 1403, 1445, 1448, 1464, 1477, 1612, 2426, 3202, 3477, 3479.

Abram, Habram, 708, 710, 720, 721, 730, 734, 736, 737, 740, 741, 755, 757, 759, 762, 771, 780, 781, 798, 805, 809, 811, 818, 822, 824, 825, 862, 870, 872, 878, 880, 888, 892, 895, 898, 913, 920, 925, 935, 948, 961, 965, 967, 986, 988, 995, 3564.

Adam, 86, 199, 231, 238, 292, 296, 353, 356, 390, 397, 410, 412, 422, 424, 428, 429, 442, 445, 493, 498, 502, 541, 817, 1896, 3476.

Adama, 838.

Adda, 455.

Adonay, 2902.

Agar, 965, 970, 973, 1223, 1249, 1265, 1446.

Ai, Ay, 760, 800.

Amalec, Amalech, 3369, 3384, 3391, 3395.

Amon, 1157.

Amonit, 1158.

Amonaphis, Monophis, 2545, 2569.

Amrame, 3472.

Amorreos, 3911.

Anel, 821, 865.

Arabie, 1254, 3322, 3879.

Arabit, 1203.

Aram, 709, 711, 727, 735, 1599.

Archim, 3881.

Arfaxath, 701.

Armenie, 595.

Arnon, 3914.

Assaroth, 3687.

Babel, 671.

Bal, 691.

Bala, 838.

Bala, Balaam, 1694, 1698, 1699, 1890.

Balaac, 3919, 3937, 3941, 3989, 3995, 3999, 4011.

Balaam, 1354, 3922, 3927, 3939, 3957, 3962, 3975, 3985, 3989.

Balim, 690.

Basaan, 3916.

Batuel, 1376, 1384, 1385.

Bel, 689, 691.

Beland, 690.

Belum, 685.

Belus, 675.

Belphegor, 4070.

Beniamin, 1885, 2185, 2189, 2231, 2233, 2240, 2281, 2296, 2309, 2335, 2368, 2369.

Bersabe, 1274, 1291, 1344, 1523, 1598.

Beseel, Besseleel, 3533, 3621.

Betel, 760, 800, 1883.

Bozra, 1902.

Buz, 1353.

Buzites, 1354.

Cabroth, 3686.

Cadalamor, 841.

Cade, 1168.

Cades, 3707, 3854.

Caim, Caym, 416, 426, 430, 442, 446, 476, 529.

Caldea, 713.

Calef, Caleph, 3725, 3739, 4095.

Cam, 558.

Canaan, Canahan, Cananeam, Caynan, Chanaan, 498, 726, 743, 798, 1590, 1600, 1746, 1785, 2157, 2391, 3349, 4028.

Caram, 1361, 1741.

Cariatharbe, 813.

Cariatht, 815.

Cedar, 1257.

Cedima, 1263.

Ceturam, 1446.

Chore, 3748, 3781.

Cratonide, 1449.

Damak, 931.

Damask, Damaske, 207, 761, 879.

Dathan, 3757, 3766.

Dede Se, 750.

Dina, Dinam, 1705, 1847.

Dirima, 1260.

Dotayin, 1934.

Duma, 1259.

Ebron, 811, 1891, 1931, 2424, 2487, 2520, 3715.

Ebris, Ebrisse, 2451, 2540, 2858, 2950.

Ebru, Ebrius, 917, 2607, 2657, 2674, 3051, 3220, 3609, 4035, 4137.

Eden, 433.

Edom, 3877.

Edon, 1901.

Effraym, 2151.

Egipte, Egypte, 764, 785, 790, 797, 802, 1953, 1990, 2374, 2444, 2469, 2489, 2545, 2611, 2646, 2671, 2680, 2683, 2708, 2767, 2802, 2857, 2872, 2951, 2990, 3018, 3020, 3072, 3125, 3160, 3163, 3167, 3170, 3178, 3195, 3216, 3257, 3312, 3440, 3475, 3560, 3720, 3724, 3736, 4088.

Egypcien, Egipcien, 2723, 3103, 3271, 3278.

Eleazar, Eliazar, 3885, 4091, 4111.

Eliab, 3622.

Eliezer, 931, 1359, 1383, 1396, 1399, 1416, 1429, 1438, 2766.

Elim, 3303, 3307, 3309.

Eliopoleos, 2643.

Eliopoli, 2003.

Eliv, 1354.

Ely, 2904.

Emor, 1843, 1853.

Engle, 3158.

Engleis, 14.

Eno, 435.

Enoch, 499, 503, 513.

Enos, 442, 494, 498.

Erebis, 3359.

Esau, 1472, 1481, 1491, 1499, 1529, 1540, 1543, 1796, 1823, 1836, 1899.

Esdras, 4153.

Ethan, 3209.

Ethiops, 2875.

Ethiopien, 2667, 2689.

Eufrate, 1255.

Eue, Eua, 86, 292, 296, 317, 321, 333, 410, 412, 416, 418, 422, 424, 428, 817.

Excol, 821, 865.

Exodus, 2538.

Faga, 4013.

Fegor, 4031.

Faraon. See Pharao.

Fasga, 4129.

Finees, 4079.

Galaad, Galaað, 1744, 1780, 1951.

Genesis, 414, 2522.

Geraris, 1167.

Gerasis, 1432, 1516.

Gerlon, 2766.

Gersen, 2353, 2364, 2396, 2414, 2709, 3006, 3051, 3121.

Gibi, 826.

Gomorra, 839.

Hamones, 2641.

Heber, 702.

Hur (Ur), 725.

Hur, 3379.

Hus, 1350.

Iaboch, 3371.

Iabok, 3914.

Iacabeð, Iakabeð, 2589, 2623.

Iacob, 820, 1473, 1482, 1485, 1487, 1491, 1494, 1539, 1551, 1562, 1566, 1578, 1581, 1593, 1595, 1597, 1617, 1631, 1643, 1649, 1657, 1666, 1669, 1675, 1679, 1688, 1709, 1724, 1727, 1732, 1742, 1750, 1756, 1771, 1783, 1797, 1811, 1814, 1891, 1906, 1909, 1928, 1930, 1966, 1970, 1974, 2158, 2220, 2226, 2238, 2385, 2391, 2397, 2417, 2474, 2784, 3564.

Iannes, 2959.

Iaphet, 558.

Iareth, 499, 3908.

Ihesus, Iesus, 85, 254, 260, 386, 388, 507.

Ierusalem, 890, 3904.

Ierico, 3918.

Ietro, 2741, 2832, 3399, 3403, 3435.

Iewes, 506.

Ihesum (Joshua), 3375.

Iobal, 455, 459.

Iosep, Ioseph, 1907, 1931, 1955, 1961, 1996, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2031, 2038, 2051, 2067, 2085, 2092, 2093, 2117, 2119, 2124, 2139, 2147, 2154, 2162, 2167, 2191, 2198, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2229, 2253, 2257, 2283, 2298, 2310, 2312, 2329, 2343, 2360, 2361, 2367, 2382, 2393, 2421, 2433, 2489, 3182, 3200, 3482.

Iosephus, 1281.

Iosu, Iosue, 3568, 3571, 3725, 3739, 4095, 4109, 4116.

Iraab, 442.

Israel, 2381, 3214, 3245, 3268, 3373, 3376, 3406, 3449, 4014, 4023, 4048, 4066, 4149.

Issa, 233.

Iudas, Vdas, 1696, 1949, 1954, 2333, 3252.

Iurdan, Iordon, Iurdon, 806, 868, 1799, 2486, 3915.

Laban, 1395, 1421, 1582, 1596, 1644, 1655, 1658, 1663, 1674, 1676, 1681, 1689, 1710, 1713, 1727, 1733, 1735, 1739, 1749, 1756, 1769, 1775, 1781.

Lamech, 444, 447, 453, 465, 471, 482.

Leui, 1696, 1862.

Lia, Liam, 820, 1676, 1695, 1702, 1703, 1705.

Lote, Loth, 711, 723, 730, 734, 799, 805, 859, 885, 919, 1053, 1065, 1069, 1083, 1091, 1094, 1099, 1133.

Luz, Luzan, 1603, 1629.

Madian, 2738, 3920, 3950.

Malaleel, 443, 499.

Mambre, 810, 821, 865, 1033, 1165.

Mambres, 2959.

Manaim, 1789.

Manassen, 2151.

Marath, 3299.

Maria, 2601, 2615, 3688.

Matusale, 443, 514, 515.

Melca, 1349, 1377.

Melcam, Melcham, 712, 719, 729.

Melchisedech, 891.

Memphin, 2669.

Mesopotaniam, Mesopothaniam, Mesopotanie, 728, 1360, 1745.

Metodius, 517.

Michael, 3609.

Moab, 3917, 4041, 4133.

Morie, 1293.

Moysen, Moses, Moyses, Moysi, 1903, 2523, 2587, 2631, 2676, 2687, 2691, 2706, 2717, 2725, 2729, 2735, 2750, 2769, 2781, 2806, 2831, 2856, 2859, 2871, 2907, 2909, 2916, 2979, 2981, 3001, 3011, 3015, 3024, 3032, 3034, 3055, 3057, 3063, 3075, 3082, 3083, 3101, 3109, 3113, 3117, 3121, 3133, 3180, 3187, 3230, 3231, 3241, 3249, 3251, 3273, 3285, 3302, 3317, 3331, 3343, 3355, 3374, 3381, 3390, 3397, 3399, 3401, 3403, 3407, 3428, 3444, 3449, 3452, 3467, 3472, 3523, 3527, 3537, 3542, 3553, 3557, 3567, 3573, 3575, 3596, 3618, 3629, 3653, 3671, 3689, 3693, 3730, 3741, 3747, 3750, 3758, 3768, 3770, 3771, 3792, 3799, 3817, 3855, 3864, 3898, 4071, 4085, 4091, 4093, 4099, 4105, 4117, 4138, 4145.

Nabachot, 1253.

Nacor, Nachor, 703, 710, 719, 729, 734, 1377, 1384.

Nemboc, 4129.

Nembrot, 659, 673.

Neptalim, 1700.

Nilus, 676.

Noe, 516, 557, 566, 575, 580, 614, 621, 906.

Non, 3488.

Oba, 879.

Ortigie, 3675.

"Þe same Delon hatte Ortygia; for ortigie (þat beeþ coturnicies, curlewes,) beeþ þerynne greet plenté."—(Higden's Polychronicon, vol. i., p. 309.)

Oswas, 3747.

Pasche, 3157.

Pentapolis, 747, 837.

Phaleth, 702.

Pharan, 1248, 3646, 3696.

Pharao, Pharaon, Pharraon, Pharaun, 774, 1171, 2073, 2095, 2118, 2126, 2137, 2187, 2357, 2394, 2399, 2411, 2539, 2569, 2634, 2733, 2795, 2837, 2862, 2869, 2881, 2931, 2940, 2957, 2965, 2986, 3002, 3008, 3013, 3016, 3022, 3029, 3053, 3064, 3073, 3091, 3098, 3109, 3117, 3123, 3212, 3213, 3259, 3404.

Pharaoth (Pi-hahiroth), 3210.

Putifar, Putiphar, 1991, 1995, 2009, 2037, 2145.

Rachel, 1646, 1653, 1669, 1683, 1688, 1690, 1693, 1697, 1700, 1707, 1886.

Raguel, 2741.

Ramese, Ramesen, 2416, 2553, 3203.

Rafadim, 3352, 3370.

Rebecca, 819, 1376, 1393, 1407, 1422, 1460, 1534, 1579, 1587.

Rede Se, Reade Se, 1450, 2670.

Reu, 703.

Ruben, 1696, 1890, 1939, 1959.

Saba, 2686.

Sale, 701.

Salam, 891.

Salamon, 1296, 1877.

Salem, 904, 1842, 1857.

Salmona, 3893.

Sarra, Sarrai, Sarray, Saram, 711, 741, 765, 772, 773, 777, 799, 818, 963, 969, 973, 996, 1023, 1170, 1178, 1192, 1196, 1215, 1345.

Saruch, 703.

Seboys, 838.

Sede (Seth), 4042.

Sella, 465.

Sem, 558, 701, 903.

Seth, Seht, 425, 493, 498, 540.

Seon, 3911.

Sephora, Sephoram, 2763, 2839, 2847, 3401.

Seyr, 1836, 1899, 3847.

Sichem, 744, 1706, 1841, 1852, 1855, 1863, 1929, 1933.

Sichin, 4066.

Sin, 3308.

Sinay, 3309.

Siðhinges lond, 1288.

Sodoma, Sodome, 839, 887, 909, 1034, 1050, 1052, 1163.

Sochot, Sokoht, Sokoth, 1840, 1841, 3203, 3209.

Sur, 3296.

Symeon, 1696, 1855, 1862, 2196, 2197, 2265.

Syna, Synai, Synay, 2853, 2879, 3362, 3438, 3599, 3640, 3850.

Syon-gaber, 3698.

Tarbis, 2689, 2695.

Thare, 703, 725, 732, 735.

Tharam (Charam), 1634.

Tema, 1261.

Teman, 1262.

Teremuth, 2603, 2615, 2628, 2629, 2675.

Tubal, 466.

Tur ader, 1889.

Vephres, 2540.

Ydumea, Ydumeam, 1575, 1900.

Ysaac, 819, 1198, 1207, 1211, 1213, 1266, 1283, 1287, 1305, 1321, 1325, 1336, 1363, 1406, 1408, 1432, 1451, 1455, 1459, 1475, 1479, 1513, 1527, 1595, 1612, 1656, 1893, 1905, 2784, 3480, 3481.

Ysakar, 1704.

Ysmael, 1000, 1203, 1212, 1214, 1216, 1223, 1245, 1249, 1265, 1455, 1458.

Ysrael, 3381, 3678.

Zabri, 4081.

Zabulon, 1704.

Zelfa, 1678, 1701.

INDEX OF RIMES.

-a

Cedima, s.

ða, adv. or pron. 36/1264.

Bozra. See ða.

Eua, s.

Sarra, s. 24/818. See woa.

Fasga, s.

ðoa, adv. 117/4130.

Gomorra, s.

ðoa, adv. 24/840.

Lia. See Rebecca.

Oba, s.

woa, s. 26/880.

Rebecca, s.

Lia, s. 24/820.

Salmona, s.

ðoa, adv. 110/3894.

Sarra. See Eua.

Syna, s.

ðor-fra, adv. 82/2880.

ða, adv.

Bozra, s. 55/1902. See Cedima.

ðoa. See Fasga, Gomorra, Salmona.

ðor-fra. See Syna.

woa, s.

Eua, s. 7/238. See Oba.

-ab

Iraab. See bad.

-ac

Balaac, s.

spac, pret. 114/4030.

Ysaac, s.

swac, a. 44/1528;

vn-swac, a. 35/1212. See wac.

spac. See Balaac.

swac. See Ysaac.

vn-swac. See Ysaac.

wac, a.

Ysaac, s. 34/1198.

-ad

Adad. See rad.

bad, pret.

glad, a. 69/2434, 81/2836;

Iraab, s. 13/442;

rad, a. 29/998;

sad, pp. 2/58, 4/116. See rad.

glad, a.

sad, (?) 115/4052. See bad.

mad, pp.

rad, a. 78/2730;

sad, pp. 7/208;

shad, pp. 5/148.

rad, a. or pp.

Adad, s. 71/2482;

bad, pret. 18/618, 103/3618;

sad, pp. 51/1784. See bad, mad.

sad. See bad, glad, mad, rad, un-mad.

shad. See mad.

un-mad, a.

sad, pp. 20/672.

-aden

laden. See waden.

waden, inf.

laden, pp. 52/1800.

-af

chaf, s.

gaf, pret. 82/2890.

cuuel-staf. See gaf.

gaf, pret.

cuuel-staf, s. 105/3710. See chaf.

-aft

craf[t]. See saft.

saft, s.

craf[t], s. 111/3900.

-ag

sag, pret.

[ðag], 64/2254.

-age

age, s.

lage, s. 115/4058. See dage, lage, ut-lage.

dage, s. dat. pl.

age, s. 101/3546.

felage, s.

[vn-]lage, s. 51/1762.

hore-plage, s.

lage, s. 115/4068. See vn-lage.

lage, s.

age, s. 103/3632. See age, hore-plage, plage, sage.

plage, s.

lage, s. 16/538.

sage, s.

lage, s. 118/4154.

vn-lage, s.

hore-plage, s. 16/530.

[vn-]lage. See felage.

ut-lage, s.

age, s. 13/432.

-agen

agen. See to-dragen.

dagen, s. pl. See of-slagen.

dagen, inf. See fagen.

dragen, inf. See fagen.

dragen, pp.

sagen, s. 1/14. See on-sagen, slagen, uuerslagen.

fagen, a.

dagen, inf. 1/16;

dragen, inf. 67/2360, 68/2378;

un-slagen, a. 38/1332;

vt-dragen, pp. 81/2856. See slagen.

of-slagen, pp.

dagen, s. dat. pl. 116/4078.

on-sagen, s.

dragen, pp. 59/2046.

sagen. See dragen, pp.

slagen, pp.

dragen, pp. 98/3458, 106/3722, 108/3806;

fagen, a. 15/510, 25/854, 101/3560;

up-dragen, pp. 53/1858;

wið-dragen, inf. 17/592. See wið-dragen, pp.

to-dragen, inf.

agen, s. 6/192.

un-slagen. See fagen.

up-dragen. See slagen.

vt-dragen. See fagen.

uuerslagen, s.

dragen, pp. 90/3156.

wið-dragen, inf. See slagen.

wið-dragen, pp.

slagen, pp. 113/3984.

-ages

dages, s. pl.

lages, s. pl. 117/4120.

lages. See dages, plages, daiges.

plages, s. pl.

lages, s. pl. 102/3576.

-agt

agt. See bi-tagt.

bi-lagt, pp.

bi-tagt, pp. 23/774.

bi-tagt, pp.

agt, s. 27/924, 117/4122;

hagt, s. 59/2044;

nagt, s. 48/1678, 109/3832. See bi-lagt, lagt.

dragt, s.

tagt, pp. 106/3746. See tagt.

hagt. See bi-tagt, lagt, twin-manslagt.

lagt, pp.

bi-tagt, pp. 75/2622;

hagt, s. 60/2082;

nagt, s. 89/3142.

nagt, s.

tagt. pp. 111/3928. See bi-tagt, lagt.

tagt, pp.

dragt, s. 103/3624. See dragt, nagt.

twin-manslagt, s.

hagt, s. 14/486.

-ai, -ay

ay, adv.

day, s. 3/88, 5/156;

may, v. 1/6. See sunenday.

awai. See dai.

dai, s.

awai, adv. 18/616;

a-wei, adv. 50/1750, 66/2306;

awei, adv. 98/3440;

lay, pret. 94/3312;

mai, v. 10/314, 78/2748, 80/2820, 89/3144, 92/3234;

wei, s. 103/3642. See mai, wei.

day, s.

wey, s. 78/2722. See ay, lay, s., lay, pret.

domes-dai, s.

mai, v. 19/646.

domes-day, s.

may, v. 15/506.

lay, s.

day, s. 35/1202.

lay, pret.

day, s. 39/1362. See dai.

mai, v.

dai, s. 19/652. See dai, domesdai.

may. See ay, domes-day.

munendai. See sunedai.

sunedai, s.

munendai, s. 3/72.

sunenday, s.

ay, adv. 8/262.

-aiges

daiges, s. pl.

daiges, s. pl. 71/2472;

lages, s. pl. 70/2446;

laiges, s. pl. 70/2456;

la[i]ges, s. pl. 98/3454.

-ake

make, v. sbj.

take, v. sbj. 99/3494.

make, v. imper.

take, v. sbj. 98/3456.

quake. See gate.

sake, s.

wrake, s. 16/552. See snake.

snake, s.

sake, s. 80/2806.

take. See make (both).

wrake. See sake.

-aked

maked, pp.

waked, pp. 72/2516. See waked.

naked, a.

waked, pp. 11/360.

waked, pp.

maked, pp. 70/2470. See maked, naked.

-aken

bi-waken. See smaken.

for-saken, pp.

taken, inf. 108/3812.

laken, inf.

waken, inf. 35/1232.

maken, v. pl.

raken, inf. 61/2132.

maken. inf.

taken, inf. 38/1340, 100/3530, 115/4038. See ouer-taken, sake[n], taken (both), up-taken, waken.

ouer-taken, pp.

maken, inf. 26/878.

raken. See maken, v. pl., taken, inf.

sake[n], s.

maken, inf. 106/3732. See taken, inf.

smaken, inf.

bi-waken, inf. 70/2444.

taken, inf.

maken, inf. 77/2698, 87/3070, 101/3548;

raken, inf. 94/3324;

sake[n], s. 40/1392. See for-saken, maken, inf.

taken, pp.

maken, inf. 38/1312, 107/3756.

up-taken, inf.

maken, inf. 9/278.

waken, inf.

maken, inf. 73/2552. See laken.

-akeð

quakeð, v. 3 sg.

up-wakeð, v. 3 sg. 98/3466

-al

al. See wal, s.

Bal, s.

wið-al, adv. 20/692.

Iobal, s.

wal, a. 14/456.

moal, s.

natural, a. 3/82.

sal, v.

sal, v. 114/4010;

wið-al, adv. 54/1878. See wal, a.

ðral, s.

vt-stal, pret. 82/2882.

wal, s.

al, a. 4/98.

wal, a.

sal, v. 103/3636. See Iobal.

wið-al. See Bal, sal.

-ale

[bale], s.

male, s. 1/22.

bale, s.

tale, s. 16/548, 72/2526. See dale, dwale, tale.

bridale. See tale.

dale, s.

bale, s. 25/850, 32/1122, 34/1166, 57/1984;

dwale, s. 1/20;

tale, s. 22/746, 33/1132;

wale, a. 26/888. See dwale, tale, wale, s.

dwale, s.

bale, s. 3/68;

dale, s. 30/1038;

smale, a. 115/4056. See dale, tale.

male. See [bale].

smale. See dwale, tale.

tale, s.

bale, s. 10/322, 58/2038;

bridale, s. 48/1674;

dale, s. 5/142;

dwale, s. 35/1220, 97/3404;

smale, a. pl. 1/18, 19/656, 82/2892. See bale, dale.

wale, s.

dale, s. 24/810, 39/1356.

wale, a. See dale.

-alem

Ierusalem. See Salem.

Salem, s.

Ierusalem, s. 26/890.

-am

Abraham, s.

bi-cam, pret. 29/996, 40/1404;

cam, pret. 36/1268;

Canaan, s. 99/3478;

Ceturam, s. 42/1446;

for-ðan, adv. 34/1190;

nam, pret. 35/1210, 35/1218. See am, cam, nam, ðan.

Abram, s.

ham, v. 27/926;

Iurdan, s. 23/806;

leman, s. 23/782;

man, s. 26/910. See Aram, cam, Melcam, bi-gan.

Adam, s.

cam, pret. 7/224, 12/416, 13/446;

nam, pret. 6/200. See cam, nam.

am, v.

Abraham, s. 46/1612.

Aram, s.

Abram, s. 21/710, 22/736;

Mesopothaniam, s. 21/728;

nam, pret. 46/1600.

Balaam, s.

nam, pret. 112/3940. See cam, nam.

bi-cam, pret.

nam, pret. 58/2008;

up-nam, pret. 86/3024. See Abraham, nam.

bi-nam. See cam, Dinam.

cam, pret.

Abraham, s. 40/1386;

Abram, s. 21/708;

Adam, s. 6/172, 11/356;

Balaam, s. 39/1354;

bi-nam, pret. 32/1110;

Liam, s. 48/1676;

nam, pret. 20/698, 40/1402, 41/1436, 43/1490, 52/1824, 57/1988, 74/2604, 76/2668, 88/3096, 92/3254. See Abraham, Adam, Cananeam, nam, under-nam.

Canaan. See Abraham.

Cananeam, s.

cam, pret. 51/1786;

nam, pret. 22/744. See Mesopotaniam.

Ceturam. See Abraham.

Dinam, s.

bi-nam, pret. 49/1706.

gram. See nam.

Habram, s.

nam, pret. 22/758.

ham. See Abram.

Liam. See cam.

Melcam, s.

Abram, s. 21/720, 21/730.

Mesopotaniam, s.

Cananeam, s. 50/1746.

Mesopothaniam. See Aram.

nam, pret.

Abraham, s. 79/2784;

Adam, s. 3/86, 10/338;

Balaam, s. 49/1698;

bi-cam, pret. 50/1744, 61/2148, 80/2808;

cam, pret. 39/1366, 78/2738, 81/2854, 93/3262;

Canahan, s. 21/726;

gram, a. 35/1228;

Laban, s. 48/1654;

Saram, s. 34/1178;

Sellam, s. 14/454. See Abraham, Adam, Aram, Balaam, bi-cam, cam, Cananeam, Habram, Sephoram, wið-ðan, tok.

ouer-cam, pret.

Tharam, s. 47/1634.

Saram. See nam.

Sellam. See nam.

Sephoram, s.

nam, pret. 79/2764, 81/2840.

Tharam. See ouer-cam.

under-nam, pret.

cam, pret. 45/1554.

up-nam. See bi-cam.

-ame

frame, s.

name, s. 5/134, 53/1838;

tame, a. pl. 6/174. See name.

hun-frame. See same.

lichame. See same.

name, s.

frame, s. 18/626, 73/2540;

same, s. 7/234, 9/302, 13/436;

un-frame, s. 45/1566. See frame, tame, un-frame.

same, s.

hun-frame, s. 16/554;

lichame, s. 11/350. See name, tame.

tame, a. pl.

name, s. 7/222;

same, s. 85/2972. See frame.

un-frame, s.

name, s. 86/3038. See name.

-amen

framen. See samen, to samen.

gamen, s.

samen, adv. 12/412, 58/2016. See name[n], un-framen.

name[n], s.

gamen, s. 99/3498.

samen, adv.

framen, inf. 47/1642. See gamen.

to samen, adv.

framen, v. 89/3146.

un-framen, inf.

gamen, s. 35/1214.

-an

Basaan. See Iordan.

bi-gan, pret.

Abram, s. 27/922. See man, wapman.

Caynan. See can.

can, v.

Caynan, s. 15/498;

ouer-man, s. 97/3424. See man.

Canaan, s.

gan, pret. 95/3350. See man.

Canahan. See nam.

Chanaan, s.

for-ðan, adv. 62/2158;

man, s. 68/2392.

for-ðan, conj. See man.

for-ðan, adv.

Madian, s. 111/3920;

Teman, s. 36/1262. See Abraham, Chanaan, Laban, man.

forð-ran, pret.

wimman, s. 75/2620.

gan, pret.

Laban, s. 45/1582, 47/1644;

man, s. 81/2832;

Pharan, s. 104/3646. See Canaan, man, ran.

Iordan, s.

Basaan, s. 111/3916. See ðan.

Iurdan. See Abram.

Laban, s.

for-ðan, adv. 41/1422. See nam, gan, ran.

leman. See Abram.

Madian. See for-ðan, adv., man.

man, s.

bi-gan, pret. 6/188, 7/236, 13/448, 69/2408;

can, v. 76/2650, 82/2872, 97/3426;

Canaan, s. 23/798;

for-ðan, conj. 57/1996;

for-ðan, adv. 86/3028;

forðan, adv. 90/3162;

gan, pret. 116/4080;

Madian, s. 78/2742;

ðan, pron. 80/2792. See Abram, Chanaan, gan, ðan, wið-ðan, Moysen.

ouer-man. See can.

Pharan. See gan, ðan.

ran, pret.

gan, pret. 44/1534;

Laban, s. 40/1394.

san, s. (= schond).

wimman, s. 11/374.

Teman. See for-ðan, adv.

ðan, pron.

Abraham, s. 91/3202;

Iordan, s. 25/868;

man, s. 14/472;

Pharan, s. 36/1248, 105/3696. See man.

wapman, s.

bi-gan, pret. 29/1002.

wimman. See forð-ran, san.

wið-ðan, adv.

man, s. 40/1410;

nam, pret. 14/482.

-anc

dranc. See ðhanc.

ranc. See swanc.

swanc, pret.

ranc, pret. 48/1658.

ðhanc, s.

dranc, pret. 48/1660.

-and

fand, ?

land, s. 106/3738.

-ande

specande, pres. p.

lockende, pres. p. 80/2822.

-ane

hane. See wane.

wane, a.

hane, 95/3354.

-ar

Agar, s.

bar, pret. 28/966, 36/1250.

bar, pret.

Ysakar, s. 49/1704;

war, a. 38/1308, 42/1462, 59/2062, 62/2150, 113/3966. See Agar, Cedar, war.

Cedar, s.

bar, pret. 36/1258.

Eleazar, s.

war, a. 117/4112.

Eliazar, s.

or, adv. 116/4092.

Ysakar. See bar.

Putifar, s.

to-bar, pret. 61/2146.

war, a.

bar, pret. 21/722. See bar, Eleazar.

-ard

forward. See hard, on hard, stiward.

hard, a.

forward, s. 64/2236, 87/3062, 88/3100. See wiðer-ward.

hard, adv. See heuene-ward.

heuene-ward, adv.

hard, adv. 86/3026.

on hard, pp.

forward, s. 86/3014.

stiward, s.

forward, s. 57/1992, 65/2264.

wiðer-ward, a.

hard, a. 84/2936.

-are

care, s.

fare, s. 41/1434;

gare, adv. 12/390;

lecher-fare, s. 23/776.

chafare, s.

ware, s. 56/1952.

chare, v. sbj. See fare, inf.

fare, s.

gare, adv. 90/3180;

ware, s. 57/1990, 79/2772. See care.

fare, inf.

chare, v. sbj. 68/2390;

fare, v. 1 sg. See ware.

gare. See care, fare, s., vt-fare.

lecher-fare. See care.

vt-fare, pres. subj.

gare, a. or adv. 82/2866.

ware, s.

fare, v. 1 sg. 27/930. See chafare, fare, s.

-aren

baren. See mis-faren, inf.

charen, inf.

ut-faren, inf. 87/3056. See faren, inf., mis-faren, pp.

charen, v. pl. See faren (both).

faren, inf.

charen, inf. 49/1712, 70/2436, 110/3878;

charen, v. pl. 86/3010;

garen, inf. 5/138, 90/3168. See garen.

faren, v. pl.

charen, v. pl. 105/3704;

waren, inf. 62/2154.

for-faren, inf.

waren, pret. 31/1088. See vt-pharen.

garen, inf.

faren, inf. 41/1418, 46/1596. See faren, inf.

mis-faren, inf.

baren, inf. 55/1912.

mis-faren, pp.

charen, inf. 113/3986.

ut-faren. See charen, inf.

vt-pharen, inf.

for-faren, inf. 86/3018, 87/3072.

waren, inf. See faren, v. pl.

waren, pret. See for-faren.

-arp

sarp, a.

warp, pret. 102/3578.

-as

bras, s.

was, pret. 14/462, 14/468, 100/3532, 108/3790. See was.

Iudas. See was.

was, pret.

bras, s. 111/3898;

Gerasis, s. 41/1432;

Iudas, s. 49/1696. See bras.

-asis

Gerasis. See was.

-ast

blast, s.

fast, adv. 100/3522;

gast, s. 6/202. See cast.

brast. See fast.

cast, pret.

blast, s. 98/3464.

fast, adv.

brast, pret. 52/1808. See blast.

gast. See blast.

-at

bat. See sat.

bi-gat, pret.

ðat, pron. 50/1728. See mat, sat, get, adv.

for-gat. See ðat.

for-quat, adv.

ðat, pron. 34/1180, 59/2054.

mat, a.

bi-gat, pret. 46/1590.

reclefat. See ðat.

reklefat, s.

ðat, pron. 107/3762.

sat, s.

bat, pret. 26/882;

bi-gat, pret. 23/796;

ðat, pron. 90/3170.

ðat, pron.

for-gat, pret. 60/2092;

reclefat, s. 107/3782. See bi-gat, for-quat, reklefat, sat.

-ate

gate, s.

quake, 30/1054.

-að

Galaað. See glað.

glað, a.

Galaað, s. 51/1780.

-ath

Marath, s.

wlath, a. 94/3300.

-aðe

glaðe, a.

scaðe, s. 66/2298.

raðe, adv.

scaðe, s. 66/2314.

scaðe. See glaðe, raðe.

-aue

haue. See knaue.

knaue, s.

haue, inf. 81/2848.

-auen

auen. See grauen, pp.

bi-crauen. See hauen, inf.

caue[n], s.

grauen, pp. 33/1138.

crauen, inf.

hauen, inf. 48/1668. See hauen, inf.

crauen, v. pl.

hauen, v. pl. 90/3172.

grauen, inf. See hauen, v. pl., ðhauen.

grauen, pp.

auen, inf. 43/1512;

hauen, inf. 69/2432. See caue[n].

hauen, inf.

bi-crauen, inf. 40/1388;

crauen, inf. 38/1320, 40/1408, 49/1718, 68/2366, 89/3116. See crauen, inf., grauen, pp., ðauen, inf.

hauen, v. pl.

grauen, inf. 107/3778. See crauen, v. pl.

ðauen, inf.

hauen, inf. 89/3140.

ðhauen, inf.

grauen, inf. 9/276.

-e

be. See fe, me, paschë, se, s., tre.

bee. See bi-se.

Bersabë. See fre, me.

birðheltre, s.

he, pron. sg. 4/120.

bi-se, v.

bee, v. 116/4108.

ble, s.

he, pron. sg. 14/458;

se, s. 22/750.

Cariatharbë, s.

citë, s. 24/814.

charitë. See fre.

citë, s.

se, s. 76/2670. See Cariatharbë.

Cratonidë, s.

se, s. 42/1450.

Eufratë, s.

se, s. 36/1256.

fe, s.

be, v. 23/784.

he, pron. sg. 13/440;

sre (? fre), a. 58/2018.

fre, a.

Bersabë, s. 37/1274;

charitë, s. 29/1016;

ðre, a. 18/624. See se, s.

he, pron. sg. See birðheltre, ble, fe, Salë.

he, pron. pl.

ðhre, a. 5/152. See ðre.

Iosuë, s.

ðe, pron. 117/4110.

kne. See Matusalë.

Mambre, s.

ðre, a. 29/1006.

Matusalë, s.

kne, s. 13/444;

Noë, s. 15/516.

me, pron.

be, inf. 98/3448;

be, sbj. 67/2334;

Bersabë, s. 37/1282;

se, s. 92/3238;

ðe, pron. 37/1290, 113/3976;

ðre, a. 60/2078. See ðe.

Noë. See Matusalë, Tharë.

paschë, s.

be, v. 90/3158.

Ramesë. See scitë.

Salë, s.

he, pron. sg. 21/702.

scitë, s.

Ramesë, s. 69/2416.

se, s.

be, inf. 32/1124;

fre, a. 88/3098, 92/3244;

tre, s. 99/3476. See ble, citë, Cratonidë, Eufratë, me.

se, v. 1 sg.

ðe, pron. 114/4036.

she, pron.

ðe, pron. 55/1926.

sre (for fre). See fe.

Tharë, s.

Noë, s. 21/704.

ðe, pron.

me, pron. 45/1570. See Iosuë, me, se, v. 1 sg., she.

ðhre. See he, pron. pl.

ðre, a.

he, pron. pl. 30/1034. See fre, Mambre, me, win-tre.

tre, s.

be, inf. 36/1236. See se, s.

win-tre, s.

ðre, a. 59/2060.

-ead

abead, pret. See dead, s.

a-bead. See dead, a.

b[e]ad, pret.

dead, a. 86/3020, 108/3802.

bead, pret.

dead, s. 31/1060, 96/3384, 116/4086;

dead, a. 88/3106. See bread, dead, a.

bread, s.

bead, pret. 90/3154, 95/3340;

for-bead, pp. 95/3332.

dead, s. (= dede).

for-bead, pret. 85/2984.

dead, s.

abead, pret. 13/422, 110/3862. See bead, for-bead, pret., qu[e]ad, read, s., for-bed, red, s.

dead, a.

a-bead, pret. 109/3856;

bead, pret. 71/2494, 79/2768;

read, s. 100/3508;

red, s. 72/2514;

un-red, s. 55/1906. See b[e]ad, bead, read, a., opened, red, s.

for-bead, pret.

dead, s. 10/312;

frigti-hed, s. 16/542. See dead, s.

for-bead, pp. See bread.

qu[e]ad, s.

dead, s. 115/4064.

read, s.

dead, s. 104/3664. See dead, a.

read, a.

dead, a. 84/2946.

-eaf

bi-leaf. See leaf.

leaf, s.

bi-leaf, pret. 79/2776.

-eai (= ai)

deai. See a-wei.

-eam

bernteam. See eam.

eam, s.

bernteam, s. 106/3748.

-ear

ear, adv.

ðear, adv. 31/1090.

-ech

Amalech, s.

wrech, s. 96/3396.

-ed

bed, s.

for-dred, pp. 85/2974.

bed, pret.

bred, s. 59/2048. See bred, ded.

bred, s.

bed, pret. 29/1014. See bed, pret.

ded, s.

bed, pret. 8/258. See for-bed.

dred, s.

gred, s. 92/3230;

red, s. 76/2672, 87/3044;

sinfulhed, s. 6/180;

sped, s. 74/2576. See red, s., sped, s., reed.

faire-hed. See lechur-hed.

fed, pp.

leð, s. 95/3348.

fetthed, s.

fulsum-hed, s. 45/1548.

for-bed, pret.

dead, s. 38/1330;

ded, s. 7/214.

for-dred, pp.

for-red, pp. 63/2192;

led, pp. 45/1558, 84/2954;

red, s. 108/3808;

sped, pp. 94/3314. See bed, s.

for-red. See for-dred.

frigti-hed. See for-bead, pret., sped, s.

fulsum-hed. See fetthed.

godefrigtihed, s.

red, s. 15/496.

godfulhed. See reed.

gred, s.

red, s. 106/3718. See dred.

idel-hed. See led, s.

lechur-hed, s.

faire-hed, s. 57/1998.

led, s.

idel-hed, s. 2/28.

led, inf. See red, s.

led, pp.

spred, pp. 19/650. See for-dred, of-dred.

louerd-hed. See spred.

maiden-hed. See red, s.

manliched, s.

red, s. 1/24.

ned, s.

red, s. 64/2242. See red, s., sped, s., witter-hed, reed.

of-dred, pp.

led, pp. 112/3956.

opened, pp.

dead, a. 12/388.

red, s.

dead, s. 12/402, 102/3590;

dead, a. 51/1768;

dred, s. 19/660;

led, inf. 115/4060;

maiden-hed, s. 53/1852;

ned, s. 72/2524;

sped, s. 8/240, 9/310, 46/1598, 50/1738, 56/1950, 61/2138, 73/2548, 83/2922, 108/3820, 115/4048. See dead, a., dred, for-dred, godefrigtihed, gred, manliched, ned, sed, sped, s., sped, inf., tamehed, wurðfulhed.

red, inf.

sped, s. 81/2830.

rigt-wished. See sped, s.

sed, s.

red, s. 46/1614;

sped, s. 4/122.

sinfulhed. See dred.

sped, s.

dred, s. 54/1880;

frigtihed, s. 64/2222;

ned, s. 1/26;

red, s. 31/1084, 85/2996, 112/3930;

reed, s. 35/1222;

rigt-wished, s. 27/936. See dred, red, s., red, inf., sed.

sped, inf.

red, s. 46/1586.

sped, pp. See for-dred.

spred, pp.

louerd-hed, s. 24/832, See led, pp.

tamehed, s.

red, s. 43/1486.

un-red. See dead, a.

ut-led, pp.

ut-sped, pp. 90/3178.

witter-hed, s.

ned, s. 104/3668.

wurðfulhed, s.

red, s. 99/3500.

-ede

bede, s.

dede, pret. 19/632;

stede, s. 85/2982, 104/3654, 107/3772.

child-hede. See dede, pret.

dede, s. See stede.

dede, pret.

child-hede, s. 76/2652;

estdede, s. 79/2758;

mide, adv. 71/2478;

ride, s. 112/3950;

stede, s. 7/212, 20/680, 26/884, 38/1336, 54/1882, 54/1888, 69/2414, 94/3302, 117/4116;

ðor-mide, adv. 76/2656. See bede, quede, stede, mide.

estdede. See dede, pret.

for-dede. See stede.

mis-dede, pret.

stede, s. 53/1848.

quede, s.

dede, pret. 42/1464.

stede, s.

dede, s. 15/502;

dede, pret. 2/42, 4/118, 18/606, 21/724, 22/762, 37/1298, 37/1302, 50/1742, 54/1896, 56/1948, 57/1986, 70/2468, 75/2630, 75/2638, 91/3204, 95/3346, 110/3890, 114/4016, 117/4140;

for-dede, pret. 13/426. See bede, dede, pret., mis-dede, undede, vn-dede, deden, queðe.

undede, pret.

stede, s. 17/582.

vn-dede, pret.

stede, s. 84/2956.

wech-dede. See mide.

-eden

beden. See deden.

deden, pret. pl.

beden, pp. 63/2212;

stede, s. 94/3296;

stede[n], s. 101/3552;

steden, s. sg. 32/1114. See steden, s. pl., abiden.

leden, inf.

ðeden, s. pl. 66/2302. See speden.

speden, inf.

leden, inf. 66/2304.

stede[n]. See deden.

steden, s. sg. See deden.

steden, s. pl.

deden, pret. pl. 98/3442.

ðeden, s. pl. See leden.

ðeden, adv.

queðen, inf. 51/1792.

-eed

reed, s.

dred, s. 20/694;

godfulhed, s. 2/56;

ned, s. 36/1242. See sped, s.

-een

seen. See ben, inf.

teen. See a-gen, adv.

treen. See ben, inf.

-eet

neet, s. pl.

gret, a. 60/2098.

-ef

Calef, s.

lef, a. 106/3740;

ref, a. 106/3726.

dref. See lef.

lef, a.

dref, s. 118/4144. See Calef, ðef.

ref. See Calef.

ðef, s.

lef, a. 51/1774.

-eg

bi-teg. See dreg.

dreg, pret.

bi-teg, pret. 82/2878;

fleg, pret. 13/430. See heg.

fleg, pret.

teg, pret. 104/3644. See dreg, teg.

heg, a.

dreg, pret. 17/566;

ðeg, pret. 58/2012. See ðheg.

neg. See on-dreg.

on-dreg, adv.

neg, adv. 94/3320.

steg, pret.

teg, pret. 10/320.

teg, pret.

fleg, pret. 33/1136. See fleg, steg.

ðeg. See heg.

ðheg, pret.

heg, a. 79/2780.

-ei, -ey

a-wei, adv.

deai, s. 25/862. See dai, grei.

dei, s.

weila-wei, int. 60/2088.

grei, a.

a-wei, adv. 50/1724.

wei, s.

dai, s. 41/1430. See dai.

wey. See day.

weila-wei. See dei.

-eid

leid, pp.

seid, pp. 69/2428. See seid.

seid, pp.

leid, pp. 69/2426. See leid.

-eim

greim. See swem.

-ein

a-gein, postp.

rein, s. 95/3326.

-eken

bi-speken, pret. pl.

i-wreken, pp. 53/1856.

breken, sbj. pres.

wreken, sbj. pres. 90/3148.

i-wreken. See bi-speken.

reken, a.

speken, inf. 99/3486.

speken, inf.

vnsteken, inf. 81/2828;

wreken, inf. 99/3474;

wreken, pp. 58/2028. See reken, vn-reken, wreken, pp.

vn-reken, a.

speken, inf. 80/2818.

vnsteken. See speken.

weken. See wreken, pp.

wreken, inf. See speken.

wreken, sbj. pres. See breken.

wreken, pp.

speken, inf. 87/3068;

weken, pp. 93/3282. See speken.

-el

Abel. See sel.

Anel, s.

wel, adv. 24/822, 25/866.

Batuel. See sel.

Beseël, s.

wel, adv. 100/3534.

Besseleël, s.

wel, adv. 103/3622.

Betel, s.

sel, s. 54/1866;

wel, adv. 47/1632, 54/1884.

del, s.

wel, adv. 17/568, 26/896, 92/3240, 96/3378, 112/3934. See Israel, mel, wel.

hostel, s.

kamel, s. 40/1398.

Ysmael, s.

mel, s. 36/1246;

sel, s. 35/1204, 35/1224;

wel, adv. 36/1266, 42/1456.

Israel, s.

del, s. 98/3450;

Phanuel, s. 52/1820;

wel, adv. 52/1816, 68/2382, 82/2864, 92/3246, 96/3374, 96/3392, 114/4024, 118/4150, 118/4152. See sel, wel.

Ysrael, s.

wel, adv. 88/3108, 96/3382. See wel.

kamel, s.

wel, adv. 40/1380. See hostel.

mel, s.

del, s. 43/1510. See Ysmael, sel, wel.

Michael, s.

wel, adv. 103/3610.

ostel. See wel.

Phanuel, s.

wel, adv. 52/1822. See Israel.

Rachel s.

wel, adv. 48/1670, 48/1684. See wel.

sel s.

Abel, s. 13/418;

Batuel, s. 39/1376;

Israel, s. 115/4066;

mel, s. 59/2052;

sumdel, adv. 79/2770;

wel, adv. 32/1096, 43/1504, 44/1546, 73/2542. See Betel, Ysmael, wel.

Smael. See wel.

sumdel. See sel.

wel, adv.

del, s. 7/230, 27/914, 31/1062, 32/1092, 38/1324, 41/1444, 58/2010, 83/2906, 97/3422, 113/3988, 114/4014;

Israel, s. 97/3406;

Ysrael, s. 53/1846, 104/3678;

mel, s. 30/1020, 43/1484, 44/1542, 69/2412;

ostel, s. 31/1056, 44/1522;

Rachel, s. 47/1646;

sel, s. 27/928, 30/1032, 34/1184, 68/2388, 74/2582, 99/3502;

Smael, s. 28/982;

wel, adv. 66/2300. See Anel, Beseël, Besseleël, Betel, del, Ysmael, Israel, Ysrael, kamel, Michael, Phanuel, Rachel, sel.

-eld

for-held. See tgeld.

tgeld, s.

for-held, pret. 5/2026.

-ele

for-hele. See stele.

stele, v. sbj.

for-hele, v. sbj. 100/3512.

-elen

for-helen, inf.

stelen, inf. 74/2594.

helen. See stelen.

stelen, inf.

helen, inf. 30/1036. See for-helen.

-ellen

tellen, inf.

welle[n], s. 79/2756.

-em

bem. See drem.

berem-tem, s.

Ierusalem, s. 111/3904.

beren-tem. See drem.

drem, s.

bem, s. 46/1606;

beren-tem, s. 28/954;

em, s. 51/1758;

strem, s. 60/2096.

em. See drem.

gem. See rem.

hem. See Sichem, Effraym.

Ierusalem. See berem-tem.

rem, s.

gem, s. 75/2614. See swem.

Salem. See Sem, Sichem.

Sem, s.

Salem, s. 26/904.

Sichem, s.

hem, pron. pl. 54/1872, 55/1930;

Salem, s. 53/1842.

strem. See drem.

swem, s.

greim, s. 12/392;

rem, s. 56/1962.

-en

a-gen, (agen) adv.

ben, inf. 12/406, 28/980, 46/1616, 59/2072, 67/2338, 75/2624, 93/3268, 98/3436, 106/3734, 115/4046;

ben, v. pl. 67/2350, 92/3228, 106/3720;

gon, inf. 107/3770;

leten, inf. 101/3544;

sen, inf. 32/1098, 56/1960, 80/2794, 80/2812, 109/3834, 112/3946;

teen, inf. 39/1344;

ten, inf. 81/2850;

under-gon, inf. 33/1160;

vt-ten, inf. 114/4004. See ben, inf., ben, v. pl., sen, inf.

agen, postp.

sen, inf. 116/4076. See Moysen, neðer-ten, sen, inf. (= say), sen, inf., ston.

amen. See bi-twen, men.

ben, inf.

agen, adv. 18/604, 64/2250, 77/2708, 82/2884;

bi-twen, postp. 51/1776, 69/2406;

flen, inf. 7/218, 31/1086, 92/3224;

Moysen, s. 97/3428;

quuen, s. 9/296;

seen, inf. 70/2438;

sen, inf. 12/394, 28/956, 39/1370, 47/1626, 47/1630, 52/1810, 61/2130, 75/2628, 86/3030, 86/3036, 87/3042, 94/3316;

sen, pp. 30/1030;

ten, inf. 27/934;

tgen, v. 109/3824;

ðen, inf. 45/1550;

treen, s. pl. 37/1278. See a-gen, adv., bi-sen, inf., bi-sen, pp., bi-twen, flen, inf., flen, v. pl., Gersen, men, Moysen, sen, inf., sren, ten, inf., ðen, inf., ðor-gen, wen.

ben, v. pl.

a-gen, adv. 105/3706;

bi-sen, inf. 97/3414;

bi-ten, v. pl. 103/3626;

flen, v. pl. 97/3432;

sen, inf. 9/298, 33/1130, 62/2170, 62/2178;

sen, v. pl. 6/140;

ðen, v. pl. 33/1128. See a-gen, adv., flen, v. pl., Ramesen, sen, inf., sen, v. pl., steres-men, ðor bi-twen, in.

ben, v. sbj. sg. See sen, inf.

bimen. See Moysen, Moyses.

bi-sen, inf.

ben, inf. 38/1314, 61/2142. See ben, v. pl.

bi-sen, pp.

ben, inf. 41/1412.

bi-ten. See ben, v. pl.

bi-twen, postp.

amen, int. 72/2536;

ben, inf. 8/252, 55/1928;

ben, v. pl. 46/1602;

sen, inf. 76/2664. See ben, inf., men, Moysen, sen, inf.

chapmen. See ten, a.

Eden, s.

men, s. pl. 13/434.

Egipcien, s.

sen, inf. 88/3104;

sen, pp. 78/2720.

fen. See men.

flen, inf.

ben, inf. 26/876;

ten, inf. 113/3968;

then, inf. 44/1514. See ben, inf., wen.

flen, v. pl.

ben, inf. 77/2686;

ben, v. pl. 116/4074;

ten, v. pl. 25/856. See ben, v. pl., Moysen.

forsweðen. See seien.

hore-men. See Moysen.

Gersen, s.

ben, inf. 67/2354;

men, s. pl. 77/2710, 84/2950, 87/3052, 89/3122. See hirde-men, men.

herte-bren. See men.

hirde-men, s. pl.

Gersen, s. 68/2396.

hore-men. See Moysen.

kinnes-men. See Moysen.

len. See s[l]en.

leten. See a-gen, adv.

men, s. pl.

amen, int. 118/4162;

ben, inf. 72/2534;

bi-twen, postp. 1/8;

fen, s. 15/490;

Gersen, s. 68/2364;

herte-bren, s. 115/4054;

ren, (?) 91/3218;

ten, a. 107/3752;

wimmen, s. pl. 90/3176. See Eden, Gersen, ren, wimmen.

Moysen, s.

agen, postp. 85/3002;

ben, inf. 75/2632, 83/2910, 89/3134, 96/3394, 103/3630;

bimen, s. 82/2894;

bi-men, s. 104/3660;

bi-twen, postp. 100/3524;

flen, v. pl. 89/3118;

hore-men, s. pl. 115/4072;

kinnes-men, s. pl. 97/3400;

man, s. 88/3110;

sen, inf. 101/3554. See ben, inf.

neðer-ten, inf.

a-gen, postp. 101/3568.

quuen. See ben, inf.

Ramesen, s.

ben, v. pl. 73/2554.

ren, s.

men, s. pl. 1/2. See men.

seien, inf.

forsweðen, inf. 33/1140.

sen, inf. (= say).

a-gen, postp. 52/1796;

sen, inf.

agen, adv. 106/3724;

a-gen, postp. 58/2030, 113/3980;

ben, inf. 7/226, 29/1012, 39/1374, 45/1560, 45/1572, 55/1924, 57/1972, 57/1980, 69/2420, 76/2660, 83/2928, 89/3136, 91/3212, 107/3764, 116/4102;

ben, v. pl. 9/280, 81/2834, 84/2942, 93/3258, 105/3700;

ben, v. sbj. sg. 48/1664;

bi-twen, postp. 103/3616;

ten, inf. 36/1238. See a-gen, adv., agen, postp., ben, inf., ben, v. pl., bi-twen, Egipcien, Moysen, tren.

sen, v. pl.

ben, v. pl. 102/3594. See ben, v. pl.

sen, pp. See ben, inf., Egipcien, wen.

s[l]en, inf.

len, s. 81/2838.

slen, inf.

ðor agen, adv. 106/3730.

sren (for fren), inf.

ben, inf. 32/1104.

steres-men, s. pl.

ben, v. pl. 97/3430;

tgen, a. 97/3418.

ten, a.

chapmen, s. pl. 56/1956. See men.

ten, inf.

ben, inf. 55/1914, 56/1954, 86/3006. See a-gen, adv., ben, inf., flen, inf., sen, inf.

ten, v. pl. See flen, v. pl.

tgen, v. See ben, inf.

tgen, a. See steres-men.

then. See flen, inf.

ðen, inf.

ben, inf. 5/164, 23/804, 76/2646, 114/4008. See ben, inf.

ðen, v. pl. See ben, v. pl.

ðor agen. See slen.

ðor bi-twen, adv.

ben, v. pl. 63/2204.

ðor-gen, adv.

ben, inf. 80/2798.

tren, s. pl.

sen, inf. 94/3306.

vt-ten. See a-gen, adv.

wapmen, s. pl.

wimmen, s. pl. 88/3076.

wen, s.

ben, inf. 108/3810;

flen, inf. 93/3272;

sen, pp. 3/74.

wimmen, s. pl.

men, s. pl. 19/654. See men, wapmen.

-ende

lockende. See specande.

-eng

streng, s.

under-feng, pret. 14/480.

-ent

bi-ment. See went.

brent. See sent.

firmament, s.

sent, pp. 3/96;

went, pp. 5/136.

present, s.

sent, pp. 53/1832, 65/2274.

ſent. See went.

sent, pp.

brent, pp. 19/642;

went, pp. 74/2600, 82/2896. See firmament, present, ðusent, went.

shent. See went.

ðusent, s.

sent, pp. 16/528.

went, pp.

bi-ment, pp. 63/2202;

ſent, pp. 71/2490;

sent, pp. 66/2312;

shent, pp. 22/754. See firmament, sent.

-eon

ageon. See Seon.

Seon, s.

ageon, postp. 111/3912.

-ep

dep. See slep.

Iosep, s.

wep, s. 67/2328.

kep, s.

lep, pret. 78/2726;

sep, s. 27/940, 38/1334, 50/1740. See sep, slep.

lep. See kep.

sep, s.

kep, s. 49/1720, 78/2746, 89/3112. See kep.

slep, pret.

dep, a. 56/1942;

kep, s. 28/968.

swep. See Ioseph.

wep, s. See Iosep, wep, pret.

wep, pret.

wep, s. 110/3888.

-eph (= ep).

Caleph, s.

weph, s. 116/4096.

Ioseph, s.

swep, s. 60/2086.

weph. See Caleph.

-er

Ader, s.

ðer, adv. 54/1890.

alter, s.

der, s. 114/4020;

ðer, adv. 101/3550.

Asser. See ber.

aucter. See der.

ber, pret.

Asser, s. 49/1702.

buteler, s.

ðer, adv. 61/2116.

butuler, s.

her, adv. 59/2056.

der, s.

aucter, s. 18/612;

her, adv. 6/170, 6/184, 9/300, 57/1976, 114/4026;

ner, adv. 14/478. See alter, her, ner.

Eliezer, s.

fer, adv. 39/1360. See ner, ðer.

fer, a.

ner, adv. 105/3694, 107/3786.

fer, adv. See Eliezer.

ger, s.

her, adv. 30/1022, 48/1686, 49/1716, 50/1732, 70/2464, 106/3744;

mester, s. 16/532, 16/536;

ner, adv. 42/1460;

Syon-gaber, s. 105/3698;

ðer, adv. 91/3200. See her, ner, ðor.

her, adv.

der, s. 6/178;

ger, s. 5/150, 27/918, 42/1478, 49/1710. See butuler, der, ger.

mester. See ger.

ner, adv. or postp.

der, s. 14/474;

Eliezer, s. 40/1396;

ger, s. 49/1692;

ðer, adv. 47/1648, 75/2612. See der, fer, a., ger.

prisuner. See ðer.

Syon-gaber. See ger.

ðer, adv.

Eliezer, s. 79/2766;

prisuner, s. 59/2042. See Ader, alter, buteler, ger, ner.

-erd

erd, s.

sperd, pp. 12/384. See sperd.

middel-erd, s.

sperd, pp. 3/94.

offerd. See swerd.

sperd, pp.

erd, s. 60/2094. See erd, middel-erd.

swerd, s.

offerd, pp. 81/2844.

-ere

answere, s.

dere, s. 106/3742;

dere, v. sbj. 101/3566.

bere, v. sbj.

dere, v. sbj. 100/3514.

childre-bere, a.

gere, s. 42/1466.

dere, s. See answere, here, were (= husband).

dere, v. sbj. See answere, bere.

gere, s. See childre-bere.

gere, a. See smere.

here, s.

dere, s. 85/2970, 91/3214;

were, s. (= war) 51/1788;

were, s. (= defence) 76/2680.

huntere, s.

tiliere, s. 43/1482.

smere, s.

gere, a. 45/1574.

tiliere. See huntere.

were, s. (= husband).

dere, s. 46/1588. See here.

were (= war). See here.

were (= defence). See here.

-eren

answeren, s.

weren, inf. 76/2674.

beren, inf.

deren, inf. 23/788, 54/1868, 73/2558. See weren, inf.

beren, pret. pl.

deren, inf. 34/1188.

deren, inf.

weren, inf. 37/1272, 52/1794, 73/2564, 78/2750. See beren, inf., beren, pret. pl., sheren, weren, inf.

deren, v. pl. See weren, v. pl.

deren, v. sbj. See here[n].

geren, inf.

smeren, inf. 70/2442.

here[n], s.

deren, v. sbj. 71/2480.

sheren, inf.

deren, inf. 67/2348.

smeren. See geren.

to-teren, inf.

weren, inf. 60/2090.

weren, inf.

beren, inf. 30/1044, 60/2084;

deren, inf. 52/1818. See answeren, deren, inf., to-teren.

weren, v. pl.

deren, v. pl. 25/852.

-eres

deres. See skipperes.

skipperes, s. pl.

deres, s. pl. 88/3088.

-ert

desert, s.

pert, a. 94/3292.

-es

bles, s. gen. sg.

bles, s. gen. sg. 50/1730;

likeles, a. 50/1726.

Cades. See ne-ðe-les.

ches, pret.

for-les, pret. 24/808. See Moyses.

forles, pret.

mis-ches, pret. 6/190. See ches.

helpeles. See Moyses.

les, a.

Moyses, s. 102/3596.

les, pret. See Moyses.

likeles. See bles.

mis-ches. See forles.

Moyses, s.

bi-men, s. 95/3356;

ches, pret. 78/2736;

helpeles, a. 92/3232, 101/3558, 116/4106;

les, pret. 82/2874;

redles, a. 102/3574. See les, a.

ne-ðe-les, adv.

Cades, s. 109/3854.

redles. See Moyses.

-est

alðer-best. See west.

best, a. See fest.

best, adv.

fest, a. or pp. 44/1524.

fest, a. or pp.

best, a. 68/2374. See best, adv.

hegest. See prest.

nest, a.

prest, s. 108/3792, 110/3886, 111/3922.

prest, s.

hegest, a. 26/900. See nest.

west, s.

alðer-best, adv. 96/3390.

-esten

lesten. See reste[n].

reste[n], s.

lesten, inf. 1/12.

-et

bet, adv.

get, adv. 49/1714;

set, pp. 107/3754. See get, adv.

bi-set, pp.

gret, pp. 92/3226.

fet, s. pl.

gret, s. 107/3774.

flet, pret.

under-let, pret. 91/3188.

get, adv.

bet, adv. 84/2938;

bi-gat, pret. 65/2278. See bet.

get, pret.

ouer-flet, pret. 17/586.

gret, s. See fet.

gret, a. See neet.

gret, pret.

wet, a. 65/2288, 67/2342, 67/2356.

gret, pp. See bi-set.

let. See schet.

met, s.

set, pp. 5/146.

ouer-flet. See get, pret.

schet, pret.

let, pp. 14/476.

set. See bet, met.

under-let. See flet.

wet. See gret, pret.

-ete

gete, v.

mete, s. 43/1498.

gete, adv. See mete.

mete, s.

eten, inf. 44/1538;

gete, adv. 43/1488. See gete, v.

-eten

bi-geten, inf.

eten, inf. 104/3670;

for-geten, inf. 58/2022;

teten, s. pl. 99/3480. See eten, inf., for-geten, pp., freten, inf., ouer-meten.

bi-geten, pp.

feten, inf. 78/2744;

for-geten, inf. 27/912;

for-geten, pp. 33/1152, 89/3128. See for-geten, pp.

eten, inf.

bi-geten, inf. 44/1532;

for-geten, inf. 40/1400, 52/1806, 105/3682. See mete, bi-geten, inf., mete[n], s., meten, s., wliten.

eten, v. sbj. See mete[n] (?)

eten, pp.

forgeten, inf. 10/330.

feten. See bi-geten, pp.

for-geten, inf. See bi-geten, inf., bi-geten, pp., eten, inf., eten, pp., freten, pp., meten, pp.

for-geten, pp.

bigeten, inf. 62/2180;

bi-geten, pp. 77/2706. See bi-geten, pp.

freten, inf.

bi-geten, inf. 114/4028.

freten, pp.

for-geten, inf. 60/2102.

mete[n], (?)

eten, v. sbj. 90/3152.

mete[n], s.

eten, inf. 11/364, 104/3658.

meten, s.

eten, inf. 60/2080, 65/2256.

meten, pp.

forgeten, inf. 77/2702.

ouer-meten, pp.

bi-geten, inf. 48/1666.

teten. See bi-geten, inf.

-eð, eth

beð. See seð.

bleð, a.

Iareth, s. 111/3908. See Iacabeð.

Iacabeð, s.

bleð, a. 74/2590.

Iareth. See bleð.

leð. See fed.

með, s.

seð, v. 3 sg. 6/196.

seð, v. 3 sg.

beð, v. 3 sg. 6/182. See með.

-eðe

queðe, s.

stede, s. 114/4012.

-eðen

beðen, inf.

bi-queðen, inf. 70/2448.

bi-neðen, adv.

queðen, inf. 114/4002;

queðen, pp. 112/3944. See queðen, inf., quuemeðen, ðeðen.

bi-queðen. See beðen.

queðen, inf.

bi-neðen, adv. 100/3526. See bi-neðen, ðeden, adv., ðeðen.

queðen, pp. See bi-neðen.

quuemeðen, pret. pl.

bi-neðen, adv. 4/126.

ðeðen, adv.

bi-neðen, adv. 3/66;

queðen, inf. 79/2788.

-eðer

alðerneðer, adv.

weðer, s. 113/3998.

neðer. See liðer.

weðer. See alðerneðer.

-eue

dreue. See Eue.

Eue, s.

dreue, inf. 10/318.

-euen, ewen

bi-lewen, inf.

liuen, inf. 64/2234.

geuen, pp.

liuen, inf. 75/2610. See liuen, v. pl.

-euene, euone

euene, adv.

heuone, s. 10/332.

-ew

glew, s.

knew, pret. 14/460.

-i, -y

Adonay. See for-ði.

Ai. See seli.

Ay. See Sarray.

bi, adv.

Gibi, s. 24/826.

bi, postp. See for-ði, redi, Sarray, seuenti, weri.

dor-bi, adv.

for-ði, adv. 47/1638.

dredi. See slepi.

Eley, s.

Ely, s. 83/2904.

Eliopoli, s.

forði, adv. 57/2004.

for-ði, adv.

Adonay, s. 83/2902;

bi, postp. 91/3208;

her-bi, adv. 58/2034;

Leui, s. 53/1862;

sti, s. 112/3958;

wi, s. 53/1854, 92/3220. See dor-bi, Eliopoli, merci, Moysi, Sarrai, Sinay, ðor-bi.

Gibi. See bi, adv.

gredi. See weri.

her-bi. See for-ði, Moysi.

Leui. See for-ði.

merci, s.

for-ði, adv. 63/2208. See Synay.

Moysi, s. dat.

for-ði, adv. 77/2692;

her-bi, adv. 101/3572.

redi, a.

bi, postp. 107/3760.

Sarrai, s.

for-ði, adv. 22/766;

untuderi, a. 28/964.

Sarray, s.

Ay, s. 23/800;

bi, postp. 22/742;

sori, a. 28/974;

sort-leui, a. 21/712.

seli, a.

Ai, s. 22/760.

seuenti a.

bi, postp. 42/1454, 104/3666.

Sinay, s.

forði, adv. 94/3310.

Synay, s.

merci, s. 102/3600;

ðor-bi, adv. 79/2774. See ðor-bi.

slepi, a.

dredi, a. 25/872.

sori. See Sarray.

sort-leui. See Sarray.

sti. See for-ði.

ðor-bi, adv.

for-ði, adv. 113/4000;

Synay, s. 96/3362, 109/3850. See Synay, ðritti, tidi.

ðritti, a. [xxxvij = seuen and ðritti].

ðor-bi, adv. 42/1458.

tidi, a.

ðor-bi, adv. 60/2106.

untuderi. See Sarrai.

weri, a.

bi, postp. 28/976;

gredi, a. 43/1494.

wi. See for-ði.

-ib

rib, s.

sib, a. 7/228.

-ic

geuelic. See dik.

-id

bi-tid, pp.

hid, pp. 11/358, 74/2592, 78/2732, 117/4138. See for-hid, hid, kid, srid.

for-hid, pp.

bi-tid, pp. 54/1876.

hid, pp.

bi-tid, pp. 34/1194. See bi-tid, srid.

kid, pp.

bi-tid, pp. 67/2358.

srid, pp.

bi-tid, pp. 57/1978;

hid, pp. 11/380.

tid, s.

wid, a. 2/60, 8/264.

-ide

mide, adv.

dede, pret. 84/2964, 91/3198, 104/3656;

wech-dede, s. 70/2460. See dede, pret.

ride. See dede, pret.

ðor-mide. See dede, pret.

-iden

abiden, pret. pl.

deden, pret. pl. 71/2484;

gliden, pp. 98/3460.

gliden. See abiden.

hiden. See sriden.

sriden, inf.

hiden, inf. 11/352.

-ider

hider. adv.

to-gider, adv. 67/2352.

-if

lif, s.

strif, s. 8/268, 23/778, 70/2440, 103/3638;

wif, s. 22/768, 34/1170, 99/3484. See strif, wif.

rif. See wif.

strif, s.

lif, s. 6/176, 15/504, 108/3818;

wif, s. 23/780. See lif, wif.

wif, s.

lif, s. 9/304, 10/316, 12/398, 34/1174, 39/1364, 41/1440, 46/1594, 97/3402;

rif, a. 7/232, 36/1252;

strif, s. 21/716, 25/860, 34/1182. See lif, strif.

-igt

brigt, s.

ligt, s. 5/144.

brigt, a.

ligt, s. 5/154;

ligt, a. 93/3256;

rigt, a. 118/4148;

rigt, adv. 28/952, 115/4040. See migt, nigt.

figt, s.

nigt, s. 38/1318. See migt, nigt, rigt, adv., wigt.

fligt, s.

migt, s. 5/162;

nigt, s. 5/166.

frigt. See migt, nigt.

fugel-fligt, s.

rigt, adv. 94/3322.

knigt, s.

ligt, a. 9/284.

lig[t], s.

nig[t], s. 8/246.

ligt, s.

migt, s. 2/54, 5/168;

nigt, s. 3/76, 9/288;

rigt, adv. 30/1050. See brigt, s., brigt, a., nigt.

ligt, a. See brigt, a., knigt, nigt.

ligt, adv. See rigt, adv.

ligt, pp.

o-frigt, pp. 104/3652.

migt, s.

brigt, a. 4/132, 118/4156;

figt, s. 26/898;

frigt, s. 35/1234;

up-rigt, adv. 92/3248. See fligt, ligt, s., nigt.

nig[t]. See lig[t].

nigt, s.

brigt, a. 31/1058;

figt, s. 25/870, 31/1066, 42/1470, 88/3086;

frigt, s. 28/950;

ligt, s. 2/44, 3/90, 4/114, 4/130, 5/158, 94/3294, 112/3948, 118/4158;

ligt, a. 51/1782;

migt, s. 17/584, 52/1802, 70/2450;

offrigt, pp. 105/3692;

rigt, adv. 3/80, 46/1604, 61/2124, 70/2462, 90/3160, 93/3288. See figt, fligt, ligt, s., pligt, s., rigt, s., rigt, adv.

offrigt. See nigt.

ofrigt, pp.

o-rigt, adv. 64/2226. See ligt, pp. onigt.

onigt, adv.

o-frigt, pp. 59/2050.

o-rigt. See ofrigt.

pligt, s.

nigt, s. 103/3612;

rigt, s. 36/1270.

pligt, pp.

un-rigt, s. 37/1276.

rigt, s.

nigt, s. 37/1300. See pligt, s., v[n]-frigt.

rigt, a. See brigt, a.

rigt, adv.

figt, s. 26/886, 77/2682;

ligt, adv. 64/2252;

nigt, s. 70/2454, 84/2952. See brigt, a., fugel-fligt, ligt, s., nigt.

v[n]-frigt, a.

rigt, s. 105/3714.

un-rigt. See pligt, pp.

up-rigt. See migt.

wigt, a.

figt, s. 25/864.

-igti

frigti. See migti.

migti, a.

frigti, a. 29/984.

-ik

dik, s.

geuelic, adv. 9/282.

-ike

arsmetike. See witterlike.

bitter-like, adv.

luue-like, adv. 117/4126.

bliðelike, adv.

sikerlike, adv. 43/1500. See mildelike.

brigt-like, adv.

witterlike, adv. 99/3492.

festelike, adv.

witterlike, adv. 97/3408.

frigtilike, adv.

mildelike, adv. 62/2164;

wittirlike, adv. 47/1618.

kinde-like. See mildelike.

lecherlike. See witterlike.

liðer-like, adv.

witterlike, adv. 45/1564. See bi-swiken.

luue-like. See bitter-like.

mildelike, adv.

bliðelike, adv. 41/1424;

kinde-like, adv. 71/2500;

selðhelike, adv. 39/1372;

witterlike, adv. 38/1322. See frigtilike, witterlike.

miserlike. See witterlike.

modilike. See opelike.

opelike, adv.

modilike, adv. 74/2584.

selðhelike. See mildelike.

sikerlike, adv.

witterlike, adv. 66/2320. See bliðelike.

swike, a. pl.

witterlike, adv. 81/2846.

trike, s.

witterlike, adv. 84/2948.

witterlike, adv.

arsmetike, s. 23/792;

lecherlike, adv. 22/770;

milde-like, adv. 79/2778;

miserlike, adv. 76/2658. See brigt-like, festelike, liðer-like, mildelike, sikerlike, swike, trike.

wittirlike. See frigtilike.

-iken

bi-swiken, pp.

liðerlike, adv. 101/3562.

-il

hil, s.

wil, s. 17/588, 37/1294, 113/3996.

sckil, s.

wil, s. 7/204.

ſkil. See wil.

skil, s.

wil, s. 6/194, 41/1426, 92/3236.

ðor-til, adv.

wil, s. 68/2372.

unskil. See wil.

vn-skil. See wil.

wil, s.

ſkil, s. 2/52;

unskil, s. 10/342;

vn-skil, s. 100/3506. See hil, sckil, skil, ðor-til.

-ild

child, s.

milde, a. 29/986. See fild, mild.

fild, pp.

child, s. 35/1226.

mild, a.

child, s. 75/2636. See childe.

-ilde

childe, s.

mild, a. 37/1306.

milde. See child.

-ile

quile, s.

spile, s. 98/3462;

wile, v. 3 sg. 93/3276, 98/3444.

sile. See spile.

spile, s.

sile, s. 85/2978. See quile.

tile, s.

wile, v. 3 sg. 44/1520.

wile, v. 3 sg.

wile, v. 3 sg. 58/2020. See quile, tile.

-iled

hiled. See spiled.

spiled, pp.

hiled, pp. 91/3184.

-ilen

spilen. See wilen.

wilen (MS. welin), v. pl.

spilen, inf. 72/2532.

-ille

stille, a.

wille, s. dat. 87/3060.

-ilt

filt, pp.

pilt, pp. 63/2214.

-im, ym.

Abarim, s.

him, pron. 117/4118. See him.

Balim. See him.

Caym, s.

kin, s. 16/544.

dim, a.

him, pron. 104/3674. See him.

Effraym, s.

hem, pron. pl. 62/2152.

Elim, s.

him, pron. 94/3304;

Sin, s. 94/3308.

him, pron.

Abarim, s. 116/4100;

Balim, s. pl. 20/690;

dim, a. 9/286;

Neptalim, s. 49/1700;

Rafadim, s. 95/3352. See Abarim, dim, Elim, Manaim.

Manaim, s.

him, pron. 51/1790.

Neptalim. See him.

Rafadim. See him.

-imen

bi-nimen. See timen.

forð-nimen. See timen.

nimen. See timen.

timen, inf.

bi-nimen, inf. 51/1764;

forð-nimen, inf. 76/2676;

nimen, inf. 67/2362;

trimen, inf. 30/1024.

trimen. See timen.

-in

Beniamin, s.

fin, a. 68/2370;

kin, s. 63/2186, 63/2190;

min, a. 67/2336;

ðin, a. 65/2282;

ðor-in, adv. 66/2310. See in, win.

dure-pin. See in.

fin, a. See Beniamin.

fin, s. See lin.

hin. See kin.

hines-kin. See wið-in.

in, postp. or adv.

ben, v. pl. 24/816;

Beniamin, s. 64/2240;

dure-pin, s. 31/1078;

kin, s. 105/3702;

win, s. 18/598. See kin.

kin, s.

hin, adv. 22/738;

in, postp. 75/2618, 109/3830;

ðor-in, adv. 103/3634, 108/3816, 109/3836;

wid-hin, postp. 39/1352;

wið-hin, postp. 18/628;

wið-in, postp. 74/2586, 74/2608, 79/2760. See Caym, Beniamin, in, wid-hin.

lin, v. pl.

fin, s. 109/3852.

min. See Beniamin, ðin.

Sin, s.

wið-in, postp. 110/3860. See Elim.

ðer-in. See win.

ðin, a.

min, a. 104/3662. See Beniamin.

ðor-in. See Beniamin, kin.

wid-hin, postp.

kin, s. 16/556. See kin.

win, s.

Beniamin, s. 66/2296;

ðer-in, adv. 59/2068.

win, s.

wið-in, postp. 11/348. See in.

wið-hin. See kin.

wið-in, postp.

hines-kin, s. 107/3776. See kin, Sin, win.

-inc

drinc, s.

swinc, s. 96/3366. See stinc, swinc.

stinc, s.

drinc, s. 85/2976. See swinc.

swinc, s.

drinc, s. 26/894;

stinc, s. 73/2556. See drinc.

-ind

mind. See wind.

wind, s.

mind, s. 104/3676.

-ine

dine, s.

hine, pron. 98/3468.

erðe-dine. See hine.

hine, pron.

erðe-dine, s. 32/1108. See dine, sunne-sine.

sunne-sine, s.

hine, pron. 95/3336, 95/3338.

-ing

biginning, s.

ending, s. 15/522.

bliscing, s.

ending, s. 43/1506. See gestning, king.

daiening. See king.

ending. See biginning, bliscing.

gestning, s.

bliscing, s. 43/1508.

giscing. See ðing.

king, s.

bliscing, s. 68/2398;

daiening, s. 93/3264;

lesing, s. 74/2578;

muni[gin]g, s. 20/678;

ofspring, s. 62/2182;

wurðing, s. 20/684, 26/892, 113/3990. See ðing.

kumeling. See louereding.

lesing. See king.

louereding, s.

kumeling, s. 24/834.

muni[gin]g. See king.

muniging, s.

tok-ning, s. 47/1624.

muning. See wurðing.

murni[n]g. See tidding.

ofspring. See king.

ring, s.

wurðing, s. 61/2140.

spring, s.

timing, s. 36/1244.

ðhing. See tiding.

ðing, s.

giscing, s. 100/3516;

king, s. 62/2172;

twie-wifing, s. 13/450.

tidding, s.

murni[n]g, s. 83/2908.

tiding, s.

ðhing, s. 30/1026.

timing. See spring.

tok-ning. See muniging.

twie-wifing. See ðing.

wurðing, s.

muning, s. 108/3788. See king, ring.

-inge

biginninge. See timinge.

kinge. See ðhinge.

singe. See wurðinge.

ðhinge, s. pl.

kinge, s. (gen. pl.?) 2/30.

timinge, s.

biginninge, s. 2/32.

wurðinge, s. (? dat.)

singe, v. 1 sg. 2/34.

-inne

blinne, inf.

sinne, s. 9/290.

-ipte

Egipte, s.

kipte, pret. 90/3164.

-ir, yr

fir, s.

sir, a. 102/3580. See sir.

martyr, s.

sir, a. 15/518.

schir, a.

Seyr, s. 53/1836.

scir. See Seyr.

Seyr, s.

scir, a. 109/3848. See schir.

sir, (?)

fir, s. 87/3046.

sir, a. See fir, martyr.

-ird

hird. See stired.

-ire

hire, pron.

kire, s. 44/1536;

shire, v. sbj. pres. 58/2036. See kire.

yre. See kire.

kire, s.

hire, pron. 49/1694;

yre, s. 70/2452;

lire, s. 83/2920. See hire.

lire. See kire.

shire. See hire.

-ired

stired, pp.

hird, pp. 112/3962.

-iri

biri, s.

miri, a. 65/2258.

-is, ys

Amonaphis, s.

is, v. 73/2544.

blis. See i-wis, paradis, Pentapolis.

circumcis, a.

iwis, adv. 29/1000.

fis. See ywis.

Genesis. See in wis, i-wis.

Geraris, s.

y-wis, adv. 34/1168.

Gerasis. See in wis.

in wis, adv.

Genesis, s. 72/2522;

Gerasis, s. 44/1516.

is, v.

mis, adv. 7/206;

pris, s. 10/326. See Amonaphis, ðis, vncircumcis.

ys, s.

wis, a. 4/100.

i-wis, adv.

blis, s. 4/110;

Genesis, s. 12/414. See circumcis.

ywis, adv.

fis, s. 5/160. See Geraris.

mis. See is.

paradis, s.

blis, s. 7/210, 12/382;

pris, s. 9/292.

Pentapolis, s.

blis, s. 22/748;

Seboys, s. 24/838.

pris, s.

to wis, adv. 113/3992;

wis, a. 8/260, 64/2248. See is, paradis, Tarbis, wis.

Seboys. See Pentapolis.

Tarbis, s.

pris, s. 77/2690.

ðis, pron.

is, v. 18/602, 85/2994;

wis, a. 104/3672.

to wis. See pris.

vncircumcis, a.

is, v. 81/2842.

wis, a.

pris, s. 77/2700. See ys, pris, ðis.

-isce

blisce. See gisse.

-isen

a-grisen, pret. pl.

risen, pp. 20/668.

-isse

blisse. See iwisse.

gisse, v. sbj.

blisce, s. 100/3518.

iwisse, adv.

blisse, s. 3/92.

-ist

Antecrist. See Crist.

Crist, s.

Antecrist, s. 15/508.

list. See ðrist.

ðrist, s.

list, s. 28/978, 35/1230.

-it

it, pron.

lit, s. 56/1968;

writ, s. 57/1974.

-ite

bite, s.

smite, s. 85/2990.

-iten

fliten, pp.

smiten, pp. 105/3690.

witen, v. pl.

writen, pp. 16/524.

wliten, s. sg.

eten, inf. 65/2290. See writen.

writen, pp.

wliten, s. sg. 103/3614. See witen.

-ið

frið, s.

grið, s. 20/682;

wið, postp. 23/790.

grið, s.

wið, postp. 14/470. See frið, wið.

lið, s. See wið.

lið, v. See nið.

nið, s.

lið, v. 3 sg. 55/1916;

sið, s. 73/2546.

nyð, s.

sið, s. 8/274.

sið. See nið, nyð.

smið. See wið.

wið, postp.

grið, s. 17/560;

lið, s. 52/1804;

smið, s. 14/466. See frið, grið.

-iðe

bliðe, a.

swiðe, adv. 68/2376.

fiðe. See vn-miðe.

friðe. See siðe.

siðe, s.

friðe, v. sbj. 88/3094.

swiðe. See bliðe.

vn-miðe, s.

fiðe (for siðe), s. 113/3974.

-iðer

liðer, a.

neðer, adv. 11/370.

niðer, adv.

wiðer, adv. 96/3386.

-iue

for-giue, v. sbj.

liuen, v. pl. 71/2496.

giue, v. sbj.

morgen-giwe, s. 41/1428.

-iued

cliued, v. 3 sg.

liued, v. 3 sg. 56/1964.

-iuen

cliuen. See liuen, inf.

driuen, pp.

giuen, pp. 48/1682, 90/3166;

liuen, inf. 9/308, 22/752, 32/1126, 62/2166, 66/2322. See liuen, inf.

giuen, inf.

liuen, inf. 74/2574.

giuen, pp. See driuen, liwen.

liuen, inf.

cliuen, inf. 11/372;

driuen, pp. 17/574. See geuen, bi-lewen, driuen, giuen, inf.

liuen, v. pl.

geuen, pp. 70/2458. See for-giue.

-iueð

biueð. See liueð.

cliueð. See liueð.

liueð, v. 3 sg.

biueð, v. 3 sg. 65/2280;

cliueð, v. 3 sg. 68/2384.

-iwe (= ive)

morgen-giwe. See giue.

-iwen (= iven)

liwen, inf.

giuen, pp. 116/4098.

-o

blo, a.

wo, s. 19/638.

do, inf. See to.

do, v. sbj.

to, postp. 100/3510. See so, ðer-to.

euere mo. See wo, s.

fo (= few), a.

wo, s. 69/2404.

fro, postp.

ðo, adv. 91/3196;

wo, s. 7/216, 82/2886, 83/2898. See ðo, adv.

Ierico. See so.

mo, a.

ðo, adv. 13/424, 20/670, 21/732, 22/740, 29/988;

ðo, pron. pl. 17/578, 30/1046, 108/3814, 112/3938;

wo, s. 69/2402. See wo, s.

so, adv.

do, v. sbj. 99/3504;

Ierico, s. 111/3918;

so, adv. 34/1196;

two, a. 21/706. See temptatio, ðore-to, ðor-to, to, two, a.

swo. See two, a.

temptatio, s.

so, adv. 96/3368.

ðer-to, adv.

do, v. sbj. 110/3870.

ðo, adv.

fro, postp. 26/902, 45/1552;

moo, a. 13/428. See fro, mo, wo, a.

ðo, pron. pl.

wo, s. 60/2100. See mo.

ðore-to, adv.

so, adv. 17/590.

ðor-fro. See oo.

ðor-to, adv.

so, adv. 20/664.

to, postp.

do, inf. 50/1754;

so, adv. 27/916, 52/1828, 71/2492, 99/3470, 102/3586;

two, a. 32/1094. See do, sbj., two, a.

two (for to). See two, a.

two, a.

so, adv. 17/572, 27/942;

swo, adv. 31/1070;

to, postp. 80/2814;

two (for to), 37/1292. See so, to.

wo, s.

euere mo, adv. 3/70;

mo, a. 11/354;

wo, s. 85/2992. See blo, fo, fro, mo, ðo, pron.

wo, a.

ðo, adv. 88/3090.

-oc

boc. See mod [MS. moð].

for-soc, pret.

tok, pret. 53/1834.

oc, conj.

mod, s. 111/3924;

ouer-toc, pret. 50/1756;

toc, pret. 41/1416, 49/1690. See toc, fot.

ouer-toc. See oc.

toc, pret.

oc, conj. 34/1172, 45/1568. See oc.

-och

Enoch, s.

toch, pret. 15/500.

Iaboch, s.

toch, pret. 96/3372.

toch. See Enoch, Iaboch.

-od

bi-stod, pret.

mod, s. 109/3858,

blod, s.

good, a. 48/1662. See flod, god, s., god, a., under-stod, wod.

brod. See god, a.

flod, s.

blod, s. 80/2816. See God, s., stod.

God, s.

flod, s. 91/3186.

god, s.

blod, s. 42/1452.

god, a.

blod, s. 34/1192;

brod, s. 105/3712;

mod, s. 102/3602;

mood, s. 12/408;

seri-mod, a. 53/1850;

under-stod, pret. 98/3434. See mod.

mod, s.

fot, s. 65/2272;

god, a. 21/718, 41/1442;

good, a. 10/334;

under-stod, pret. 63/2210. See oc, bi-stod, god, a., stod.

mod, s. [MS. moð.]

boc, s. 102/3604.

seri-mod. See god, a.

sori-mod. See stod.

stod, pret.

flod, s. 18/596, 74/2602;

mod, s. 33/1162;

sori-mod, a. 100/3520. See good, a.

under-stod, pret.

blod, s. 42/1468, 65/2276. See god, a., mod.

vnder-stod, pret.

good, a. 68/2394.

wod, a.

blod, s. 31/1074, 84/2960.

-odd

Godd, s.

modd, s. 2/36.

-ode

bode, s.

Gode, s. dat. 12/396, 18/622, 81/2860. See Gode.

for-bode. See Gode.

Gode, s.

bode, s. 29/1008, 37/1286, 86/3016, 86/3034, 100/3538;

for-bode, s. 112/3932. See bode.

-of

drof. See heuene-rof, of.

heuene-rof, s.

drof, s. 4/102.

of, adv.

drof, s. 102/3582.

-og

a-nog. See wið-drog.

bog. See tog.

drog, pret.

ynog, adv. 111/3910.

ynog. See drog, wið-drog.

slog, pret.

swog, s. 14/484.

tog, pret.

bog, s. 18/608.

ut-drog, pret.

nuge, adv. 38/1328.

wið-drog, pret.

a-nog, adv. 18/600;

ynog, adv. 108/3804.

-ogen

bi-togen, pp.

drogen, pp. 51/1772. See flogen.

drogen. See bi-togen, sogen, togen.

flogen, pp.

bi-togen, pp. 108/3796.

sogen, pp.

drogen, pp. 79/2786.

togen, pp.

drogen, pp. 104/3648.

-ogt

bi-sogt. See nogt, pron.

biðogt, pp.

brogt, pp. 2/38.

bogt, pp.

wrogt, pp. 105/3684.

brog[t]. See wrogt.

brogt, pp.

forwrogt, pp. 8/266;

nogt, adv. 113/3978;

sogt, pp. 25/848;

wrogt, pp. 74/2606. See biðogt, hogt, i-wrogt, nogt, pron., nogt, adv., ouer-ðogt, sogt, ðhogt, wrogt, bi-sogte.

dhogt, s.

nogt, adv. 33/1154.

forwrogt. See brogt.

hogt, pp.

brogt, pp. 61/2120.

i-wrogt, pp.

brogt, pp. 91/3216.

nogt, pron.

bi-sogt, pp. 88/3080;

brogt, pp. 15/488, 29/1018;

wrogt, pp. 2/40, 8/270. See ðogt.

nogt, adv.

brogt, pp. 16/550, 25/874, 67/2344, 68/2386, 112/3936;

sogt, pp. 55/1934, 89/3130;

sowt, pp. 82/2870;

ðogt, s. 31/1072, 67/2330;

wrogt, pp. 52/1812, 53/1860, 56/1940, 57/1982, 63/2218, 102/3588. See brogt, dhogt, sogt, ðhogt, ðogt, wrogt.

ouer-ðogt, pp.

brogt, pp. 64/2220.

sogt, pp.

brogt, pp. 105/3708;

nogt, adv. 51/1770, 62/2162;

up-brogt, pp. 91/3190. See brogt, nogt, adv.

ðhogt, s.

brogt, pp. 45/1580;

nogt, adv. 60/2112, 62/2168, 115/4062;

wrogt, pp. 33/1150, 112/3952.

ðogt, s.

nogt, pron. 58/2014, 114/4018;

nogt, adv. 110/3874. See nogt, adv., wrogt.

up-brogt. See sogt.

vt-brogt, pp.

wrogt, pp. 90/3174.

wrogt, pp.

brog[t], pp. 8/250;

brogt, pp. 3/62, 4/124, 9/294, 11/378, 80/2824, 103/3628;

nogt, adv. 74/2596;

ðogt, s. 84/2962. See bogt, brogt, nogt, pron., nogt, adv., ðhogt, vt-brogt.

-ogte

bi-sogte, pp.

brogt, pp. 15/520.

-ok

Iabok. See tok.

ok. See tok.

tok, pret.

Iabok, s. 111/3914;

nam, pret. 27/946;

ok, conj. 27/944. See for-soc.

-oke

roke, s.

smoke, s. 34/1164.

-oken

boken. See loken, inf.

broken, pp.

luken, pp. 11/362. See wroken.

loken, inf.

boken, s. 1/4;

token, pret. pl. 91/3194.

loken, pp. See troken.

spoken, pret. pl.

token, s. 83/2914.

to-broken. See luken.

token, s. See spoken.

token, pret. pl. See loken, inf.

troken, inf.

loken, pp. 4/106.

wroken, pp. or pret. pl.

broken, pp. 91/3192.

-old

arche-wold. See hold (= old).

awold,

bold, a. 78/2728;

told, pp. 48/1672;

wold, pp. 16/526. See cold.

bi-told. See hold (= old), a.

bold, a.

o-wold, 10/324;

told, pp. 55/1918;

wold, s. 61/2122. See awold.

cold, a.

a-wold, 56/1944;

wold, s. 57/2000. See wold, pp.

gold, s.

hold, a. 77/2704, 93/3284. See hold, hold, a.

hold, (?)

gold, s. 112/3942.

hold, a.

gold, s. 23/794, 40/1390. See gold.

hold (= old), a.

arche-wold, s. 17/576;

bi-told, pret. 27/920;

manige-fold, a. 71/2502;

told, pp. 30/1028, 54/1894, 83/2912, 106/3736, 116/4088;

wold, s. 27/938;

wold, pp. 13/420.

manige-fold. See hold (= old).

old, a.

sold, pp. 55/1908;

told, pp. 35/1206, 39/1358, 42/1476. See told.

o-wold. See bold.

sold, pp.

wold, s. 56/1958. See old, told.

told, pp.

old, a. 19/658, 29/990, 37/1284, 118/4146;

sold, pp. 57/1994;

wold, s. 97/3412;

wold, s. 110/3892. See awold, bold, hold (= old), old.

wold, s. (= hill). See hold (= old), told.

wold, s. (= power, &c.). See bold, cold, sold, told,

wold, pp.

cold, a. 8/256. See awold, hold (= old).

-olde

arche-wolde. See olde.

golde, s.

wolde, pret. 103/3620.

olde, a.

arche-wolde, s. dat. 18/614.

wolde. See golde.

-olen

colen, s. pl.

ðolen, inf. 76/2654.

for-holen, pp.

stolen, pp. 51/1760, 66/2318, 67/2332. See stolen, ðolen, v. pl.

for-olen, pp.

stolen, pp. 50/1748.

stolen, pp.

for-holen, pp. 54/1870. See for-holen, for-olen.

ðolen, inf.

to-bolen, pp. 28/970. See colen.

ðolen, v. pl.

for-holen, pp. 98/3446.

to-bolen. See ðolen, inf.

-om

hom. See on-on.

-ome

come, s.

nome, s. 65/2268.

-omen

comen. See numen.

nomen, pp.

cumen, inf. 87/3040.

-on

Aaraon. See on, postp.

Aaron, s.

don, inf. 85/2980;

don, pp. 109/3842;

gon, inf. 108/3800, 116/4094;

on, postp. 85/2998;

ouer-gon, inf. 99/3490;

Pharaon, s. 85/2986, 87/3064;

ston, s. 96/3388;

ðor-on, adv. 109/3838. See a-non, on, postp., vt-gon, pp.

Abiron, s.

a-non, adv. 107/3758. See don, pp.

a-gon, pp. See a-gon, adv.

a-gon, adv.

a-gon, pp. 3/78;

non, a. 64/2244;

ston, s. 32/1120.

See fon, gon, pp., on, a., ouer-gon, pp.

agon, postp.

ton, a. 29/1010.

See gon, pp.

Amon, s.

on (?), 33/1158.

a-non, adv.

Aaron, s. 102/3592, 110/3864 ;

gon, inf. 84/2932;

on, a. 100/3528;

ouer-gon, pp. 34/1186;

Pharaon, s. 84/2940. See Abiron, on, a.

Araon, s.

don, inf. 84/2934.

don, inf.

her-up-on, adv. 47/1628;

on, postp. 31/1076, 58/2032, 74/ 2598, 95/3358, 97/3410, 98/3452, 101/3570, 109/3826, 111/3926;

ðor-on, adv. 30/1042, 102/3606.

See Aaron, Araon, Ebron. on, postp., on-on, Pharaon, up-on.

don, v. pl.

on, postp. 64/2232.

don, pp.

Abiron, s. 107/3766;

Ebron, s. 69/2424;

her-on, adv. 102/3598;

on, postp. 11/346, 66/2316, 82/2888, 102/3584;

Pharaon, s. 75/2634;

quor-on, adv. 38/1310;

ðor-on, adv. 65/2262, 111/3906, 113/ 3970.

See Aaron, Ebron, here-on, on, postp., on, a., Pharaon, ðor-on, un-don, pp.

Ebron, s.

don, inf. 55/1932;

don, pp. 71/2488;

gon, pp. 54/1892 ;

on, postp. 24/812, 106/3716.

See don, pp., on, postp., on, a.

Edon, s.

on, postp. 54/1900.

Faraon, s.

ut-gon, inf. 80/2796.

fon, s. pl.

agon, adv. 13/438.

for-don, v. pl.

on, postp. 73/2550.

for-don, pp.

ðor-on, adv. 32/1116.

See on, postp.

forð-don, inf.

on, postp. 113/3994.

gon, inf.

manigon, a. 19/630;

non, pron. or a. 25/846, 73/2562, 89/3126, 101/3542;

on, postp. 19/644, 108/3794;

ouer-gon, inf. 86/3004;

Pharaon, s. 82/2862;

Symeon, s. 63/2196;

ston, s. 110/3866. See a-gen, adv., Aaron, a-non, on, postp., on, a., on-on, Pharaon, ston, ðor-on, up-on.

gon, v. pl. See on, a.

gon, pp.

a-gon, adv. 28/958, 64/2238;

a-gon, postp. 41/1438;

non, a. 71/2474, 94/3298;

on, (?) 19/640;

on, a. or pron. 24/836;

o-non, adv. 96/3380. See Ebron.

here-on, adv.

don, pp. 86/3012.

her-on. See don, pp.

her-up-on. See don, inf.

in-gon. See on-on.

manigon. See gon, inf.

misdon, pp.

ðer-on, adv. 101/3556;

ðor-on, adv. 97/3420. See on, postp., Pharaon, ðor-on, under-fon.

non, a.

Symeon, s. 64/2230. See a-gon, adv., gon, inf., gon, pp., on, a., ouer-gon, pp.

on. (?) See Amon, gon, pp.

on, postp.

Aaraon, s. 101/3540;

Aaron, s. 106/3750;

don, inf. 16/534, 31/1064, 38/1326, 38/1342;

don, pp. 29/1004, 35/1208, 91/3206, 114/4006;

Ebron, s. 57/1970;

for-don, pp. 108/3798;

gon, inf. 117/4114;

mis-don, pp. 117/4142;

Salamon, s. 37/1296;

slon, inf. 50/1752, 56/1938. See Aaron, don, inf., don, v. pl., don, pp., Ebron, Edon, for-don, v. pl., forð-don, gon, inf., on-on, Pharaon, promission.

on, a. or pron. (= one).

a-gon, adv. 65/2260, 66/2326;

a-non, adv. 66/2324;

don, pp. 97/3398;

Ebron, s. 72/2520;

gon, inf. 18/610, 47/1640, 63/2184, 78/2752, 103/3608, 117/4128;

gon, v. pl. 31/1080;

non, a. 62/2174;

on, a. 107/3784;

Pharaon, s. 61/2126. See a-non, gon, pp., Symeon.

on-on, adv.

don, inf. 33/1146;

gon, inf. 85/3000;

hom, adv. 63/2200;

in-gon, pp. 31/1068;

on, postp. 34/1176;

ouer-gon, inf. 65/2286. See gon, pp., Pharaon.

ouer-gon, inf. See Aaron, gon, inf., on-on.

ouer-gon, pp.

a-gon, adv. 55/1904;

non, a. 86/3032. See a-non.

Pharaon, s.

don, inf. 59/2066;

don, pp. 59/2074;

gon, inf. 63/2188, 88/3078;

mis-don, pp. 87/3054;

on, postp. 69/2400, 89/3124;

on-on, adv. 83/2918;

ðer-on, adv. 93/3260;

ut-gon, inf. 84/2966;

vt-gon, inf. 87/3074. See Aaron, a-non, don, pp., gon, inf., on, a., vt-gon, inf.

promission, s.

on, postp. 117/4132.

quor-on. See don, pp.

Salamon. See on, postp.

Symeon, s.

on, a. 65/2266. See gon, inf., non.

slon. See on, postp.

son, s. pl.

up-on, postp. 79/2782.

ston, s.

a-gen, postp. 112/3960;

gon, inf. 47/1650, 110/3868, 110/3872;

ðer-on, adv. 51/1778;

ðor-on, adv. 95/3360, 100/3536. See Aaron, a-gon, adv., gon, inf., ðor-on.

ðer-on. See misdon, Pharaon, ston.

ðor-gon. See vnder-gon.

ðor-on, adv.

don, pp. 28/948, 109/3844;

gon, inf. 96/3364;

misdon, pp. 75/2642;

ston, s. 47/1636;

vn-don, pp. 111/3902;

up-gon, inf. 46/1608. See Aaron, don, inf., don, pp., for-don, pp., misdon, ston, undon, pp.

ton. See agon, postp.

under-don, inf.

up-on, postp. 115/4042.

under-fon, inf.

mis-don, pp. 48/1680.

under-gon, inf. See a-gen, adv.

vnder-gon, inf.

ðor-gon, adv. 33/1148.

un-don, a. See up-on.

un-don, pp.

don, pp. 12/386;

ðor-on, adv. 14/464.

vn-don. See ðor-on.

up-gon. See ðor-on.

up-on, postp.

don, inf. 82/2868;

gon, inf. 67/2340;

un-don, a. 76/2662. See son, under-don.

ut-gon. See Faraon, Pharaon.

vt-gon, inf.

Pharaon, s. 86/3022. See Pharaon.

vt-gon, pp.

Aaron, s. 88/3082.

-ond

atwond. See hond.

bond, s.

hond, s. 63/2198;

lond, s. 22/764. See lond, wond, s.

fond, s. See hond.

fond, pret.

lond, s. 87/3048;

wond, pret. 117/4136. See hond, lond, un-bond, wond, s.

hond, s.

atwond, pret. 87/3058;

fond, s. 10/336, 90/3150;

fond, pret. 80/2810;

lond, s. 25/844, 28/960, 37/1288, 61/2144, 72/2508, 81/2852, 85/2968, 88/3102;

sond, s. 92/3242;

up-wond, pret. 88/3084;

wond, s. 83/2916;

wrong, pret. 59/2064. See bond, lond, sond (=sand), wond, s.

lond, s.

bond, s. 59/2076, 61/2114;

fond, pret. 37/1280, 77/2712, 110/ 3880;

hond, s. 4/104, 20/674, 22/756, 24/ 828, 45/1576, 62/2156, 80/2790, 115/4050, 117/4134;

up-wond, pret., 85/2988. See bond, fond, pret., hond, bonde.

sond, s. (=sand).

hond, s. 93/3274. See hond, strond.

sond, s. (=schond). See wond, s.

strond, s.

sond, s. 78/2718.

un-bond, pret.

fond, pret. 64/2224.

up-wond. See hond, lond.

wond, s.

bond, s. 77/2716;

fond, pret. 84/2944;

hond, s. 80/2804, 108/3822, 109/3828;

sond, s. 77/2714. See hond.

wond, pret. See fond, pret.

-onde

bonde, s.

lond, s. 77/2694.

-ong

among, postp.

stong, pret. 111/3896;

wrong, s. 23/786. See strong,

a-mong, adv. See song, strong, wrong, s.

bi-long, adv. See strong.

chirche-gong, s.

messe-song, s. 70/2466.

long, a.

strong, a. 17/564, 32/1100. See spro[n]g, stong, strong.

long, postp. See stron[g].

messe-song. See chirche-gong.

song, s.

a-mong, adv. 93/3286;

amonge, postp. 21/700;

strong, a. 8/244.

spro[n]g, pret.

long, a. 8/248.

stong, pret.

long, a. 116/4084. See among, postp.

stron[g], a.

long, postp. 73/2560.

strong, a. (or adv.)

among, postp. 46/1592;

a-mong, adv. 110/3876;

bi-long, adv. 59/2068;

long, a. 99/3496;

ut-gong, s. 80/2800;

water-gong, s. 19/662;

wrong, s. 78/2724. See long, a. song, ðor-mong, wrong, s.

ðor-mong, adv.

strong, a. 93/3266.

ut-gong. See strong.

water-gong. See strong.

wrong, s.

a-mong, adv. 77/2684;

strong, a. 106/3728. See among, postp., strong.

wrong, pret. See hond.

-onge

a-monge. See song.

-oo (= ō)

moo. See ðo, adv.

oo, adv.

ðor-fro, adv. 4/112.

-ooc

booc. See tooc.

ooc, s.

wooc, a. 54/1874.

tooc, pret.

booc, s. 117/4124.

wooc. See ooc.

-ood

flood. See good, a.

good, s. See mood.

good, a.

flood, s. 15/492, 17/562;

mood, s. 4/128;

stod, pret. 6/186. See blod, mod, vnder-stod.

mood, s.

good, s. 10/328. See god, a., good, a.

-open

dropen. See lopen.

lopen, pp.

dropen, pp. 76/2648.

-or

Bala-segor, s.

ðor, adv. 32/1106.

Belphegor. See sor, s.

Cadalamor, s.

stor, a. 25/842.

Emor, s.

ðor, adv. 53/1844.

Fegor, s.

mor, a. 114/4032.

for, pret.

swor, pret. 38/1338.

gomor, s.

nunmor, adv. 95/3334;

ðor, adv. 95/3344.

Hor, s.

ðor, adv. 110/3884.

mor, a. or adv.

or, adv. 28/962, 29/994, 114/4034;

sor, s. 15/512;

ðor, adv. 95/3342. See Fegor, or, sor, a., ðor.

Nachor. See sor, s. ðor.

neuere mor. See sor, s. ðor.

nummor, adv.

or, adv. 52/1814.

nunmor, adv.

sor, s. 30/1048. See gomor, ðor.

or, adv.

mor, adv. 63/2206. See Eliazar, mor, nummor.

Segor, s.

ðor, adv. 33/1134.

sor, s.

Belphegor, s. 115/4070;

Nachor, s. 21/734;

neuere mor, adv. 36/1240;

ðor, adv. 86/3008. See mor, nunmor, ðor.

sor, a.

mor, a. 50/1734;

mor, adv. 73/2566;

ðor, adv. 30/1040, 51/1766, 56/1946. See ðor.

stor. See Cadalamor.

swor. See for.

ðor, adv.

ger, s. pl. 69/2418;

mor, a. 109/3846, 116/4090;

Nachor, s. 39/1348, 40/1384;

neuere mor, adv. 31/1082;

nunmor, adv. 32/1118, 41/1420;

sor, s. 104/3650;

sor, a. 73/2568, 115/4044. See Bala-*

*segor, Emor, gomor, Hor, mor, Segor, sor, s., sor, a.

-ore

more, adv.

ðore, adv. 65/2270.

-oren

bi-foren, adv. or postp.

boren, s. pl. 52/1798;

boren, pp. 2/48, 42/1472, 52/1826, 58/2006, 65/2284, 66/2292, 69/2430, 71/2504, 72/2518, 73/2572, 83/2930, 92/3252;

coren, s. 60/2104, 61/2134;

sworen, pp. 71/2476, 72/2506, 101/3564;

woren, pret. pl. 68/2380. See boren, pp., coren, forloren, pp., soren, sworen.

boren, s. pl. See bi-foren.

boren, pp.

bi-foren, adv. or postp. 40/1378, 45/1556, 49/1708, 74/2580, 74/2588, 79/2762, 92/3250;

for-loren, pp. 16/546, 20/696, 54/1886;

schoren, pp. 35/1200;

sworen, pp. 24/824. See bi-foren, coren, forloren, pret. pl., forloren, pp., sworen, ðor bi-foren, biforn.

coren, s.

bi-foren, adv. 63/2216, 66/2308;

boren, pp. 62/2160. See bi-foren.

for-loren, pret. pl.

boren, pp. 8/242.

for-loren, pp.

bi-foren, postp. 112/3954;

boren, pp. 33/1144, 72/2512. See boren, pp.

schoren. See boren, pp.

soren, pp.

bi-foren, postp. 55/1920.

sworen, pp.

bi-foren, postp. 44/1526;

boren, pp. 76/2678, 90/3182. See bi-foren, boren, pp.

ðor bi-foren.

boren, pp. 20/666, 26/908;

coren, s. 64/2246. See corn.

woren. See bi-foren.

-orn

biforn, adv. (or postp.)

boren, pp. 3/84, 7/220, 8/254, 14/452;

born, pp. 26/906.

born. See biforn.

corn, s.

ðor bi-foren, adv. 87/3050.

-orð

forð. See norð.

norð, s.

forð, adv. 24/830.

-os

Eliopoleos, s. gen. sg.

ros, pret. 75/2644.

-ost

cost, s.

frost, s. 95/3328.

-ot

bot, s.

mot, v. 84/2958.

bot, pret. See smot.

fot, s.

mot, v. 37/1304, 99/3488;

oc, conj. 71/2498;

spot, s. 93/3280. See mod, wot, v. 1 sg., wot, v. 3 sg.

grot, s.

hot, a. 72/2530.

mot. See bot, fot, wrot.

smot, pret.

bot, pret. 83/2926.

Sochot. See wot, v. 1 sg.

spot. See fot.

wot, v. 1 sg.

fot, s. 42/1474;

Sochot, s. 53/1840.

wot, v. 3 sg.

fot, s. 89/3114.

wrot, pret.

mot, v. 3 sg. 72/2528.

-oten

bi-hoten. See loten.

loten, inf.

bi-hoten, pp. 89/3132.

-oth

Assaroth, s.

soth, a. 105/3688.

Cabroth. See soth.

Pharaoth. See Sokoth.

Sokoth, s.

Pharaoth, s. 91/3210.

soth, a.

Cabroth, s. 105/3686. See Assaroth.

-oð

loð, a.

loð, a. 113/3982. See scroð, wroð.

scroð, pret.

loð, a. 58/2024, 77/2696.

sloð. See wroð.

wroð, a.

loð, a. 35/1216, 50/1736, 94/3318;

sloð, v. 3 sg. 112/3964.

-oðt (= oð).

loðt. See scroðt.

scroðt, pret.

loðt, a. 10/340.

-oun

circumcicioun. See run.

-out

out. See Teremuth.

-own

town, s.

dun, adv. 78/2740.

-owt

sowt. See nogt, adv.

-u

Esau, s.

nu, adv. 43/1492, 45/1562, 46/1584;

ru, a. 44/1544. See ru.

gu, pron.

nu, adv. 72/2510. See nu.

man hu.

nu, adv. 95/3330.

nu, adv.

gu, pron. 89/3120. See Esau, gu, man hu.

ru, a.

Esau, s. 44/1540. See Esau.

-ud

prud, a. See srud.

prud, s. See srud.

srud, s.

prud, s. 56/1966;

prud, a. 8/272, 25/858, 41/1414, 68/2368, 80/2802.

-uge

nuge. See ut-drog.

-uken

luken, pp.

to-broken, pp. 107/3780. See broken.

-um

Belum, s.

sum, a. 20/686.

Ihesum, s.

sum, a. 96/3376.

on-rum, adv.

dun, adv. 114/4022.

sum. See Belum, Ihesum.

-ume

trume, s.

welcume, a. 53/1830.

-umen

bi-cumen, inf.

binumen (= ben numen), 45/1578.

bi-cumen, pp.

for-numen, pp. 64/2228;

numen, pp. 109/3840.

binumen (= ben numen). See bi-cumen, inf.

binumen, pp. See cumen, pp., ouercumen, inf., munen, inf.

cumen, inf.

munen, inf. 47/1622;

numen, pp. 19/634, 69/2070, 61/2128, 81/2826, 87/3066, 107/3768, 118/4160;

wunen, inf. 9/306. See nomen, numen, under-numen, sunen, s. pl., wunen, pp.

cumen, pres. pl.

numen, pp. 50/1722.

cumen, pret. pl.

numen, pp. 40/1382.

cumen, pp.

binumen, 23/772, 82/2876;

numen, pp. 11/366, 18/594, 18/620, 32/1112, 33/1142, 38/1316, 67/2346, 93/3270, 98/3438, 103/3640, 105/3680. See mis-numen, numen, wunen, s. pl., wunen, v. pl.

for-numen. See bi-cumen, pp.

forð-cumen. See vnder-numen.

kumen, inf.

numen, pp. 12/400.

kumen, pp.

numen, pp. 56/1936.

mis-numen, pp.

cumen, pp. 88/3092.

numen, pp.

comen, pp. 10/344;

cumen, inf. 116/4104;

cumen, pp. 12/410, 17/580, 30/1052, 49/1688, 71/2486, 79/2754, 81/2858;

ouer-cumen, pp. 60/2108. See bi-cumen, pp., cumen, inf., cumen, pres. pl., cumen, pret. pl., cumen, pp., kumen, inf., kumen, pp., wunen, inf., wunen, v. pl.

ouercumen, inf.

bi-numen, pp. 11/376.

ouer-cumen, pp. See numen.

under-numen, pp.

cumen, inf. 92/3222.

vnder-numen, pp.

forð-cumen, pp. 61/2136.

-un

dragun. See dun, adv.

dun, s.

tun, s. 32/1102.

dun, adv.

dragun, s. 83/2924;

prisun, s. 58/2040, 63/2194. See town, on-rum, Pharaun, tun.

Pharaun, s.

dun, adv. 78/2734;

tun, s. 73/2570. See prisun.

prisun, s.

Pharaun, s. 61/2118. See dun, adv.

run, s.

circumcicioun, s. 29/992.

tun, s.

dun, adv. 21/714, 39/1368. See dun, s., Pharaun.

-und

grund. See stund.

stund, s.

grund, s. 60/2110, 75/2640;

grund, s. [MS. grunð] 93/3278.

-une

mune, inf. See sune, wune, s.

mune, sbj. or imp.

sune, s. 2/46, 99/3472. See sune.

sune, s.

mune, sbj. or imp. 36/1260;

mune, inf. 69/2422;

wune, s. 15/494, 20/676, 47/1652, 55/1910, 96/3370;

wune, v. 33/1156, 36/1254;

wune, a. 44/1530;

wunen, inf. 12/404, 27/932. See mune, sbj. or imp., wune, s.

wune, s.

mune, inf. 28/972;

sune, s. 15/514, 39/1346, 40/1406, 43/1502, 75/2626;

sunen, s. ?pl. 48/1656. See sune.

wune, v. See sune.

wune, a. See sune.

-unen

munen, inf.

binumen, pp. 6/198;

wunen, s. pl. 20/688. See cumen, inf., wunen, s. pl.

munen, v. pl. See sunen, s. pl.

sunen, s. pl.

cumen, inf. 62/2176;

munen, v. pl. 16/558, 39/1350;

wunen, s. pl. 99/3482;

wunen, inf. 42/1448, 54/1898;

wunen, v. pl. 19/648;

wunen, pp. 83/2900. See wune, s.

sunen, inf. See wunen, inf.

wunen, s. pl.

cumen, pp. 23/802;

munen, inf. 89/3138. See munen, inf., sunen, s. pl.

wunen, inf.

numen, pp. 11/368;

sunen, inf. 53/1864. See cumen, inf., sune, sunen, s. pl.

wunen, v. pl.

cumen, pp. 17/570;

numen, pp. 97/3416. See sunen, s. pl.

wunen, pp.

cumen, inf. 94/3290. See sunen, s. pl.

-unes

sunes, s. gen. sg. See wunes.

sunes, s. pl.

wunes, s. pl. 43/1480. See wunes.

wunes, s. pl.

sunes, s. gen. sg. 43/1496;

sunes, s. pl. 16/540, 66/2294. See sunes, s. pl.

-uneð

muneð, v. 3 sg.

wuneð, v. 3 sg. 69/2410.

-urg

burg, s.

ðurg, postp. 110/3882;

ut-ðhurg, adv. 77/2688.

-urn

suriurn. See turn.

turn, s.

suriurn, s. 3/64.

-us

Exodus. See vs.

hus, s.

us, pron. 47/1620.

vs, pron.

Exodus, s. 73/2538.

-uth (= ut)

Teremuth, s.

out, adv. 75/2616.

-uð

guð, s.

kuð, pp. 76/2666.

muð, s.

selcuð, a. 113/3972.

-uue

xie. (= endluue), a.

luue, s. 55/1922.

-uuen

a-buuen, adv.

luue[n], s. 57/2002;

ut-suuen, pp. 46/1610. See luue[n], luuen, s., luuen, inf., luuen, v. pl., suuen.

luue[n], s.

a-buuen, adv. 44/1518. See a-buuen.

luuen, s.

a-buuen, adv. 19/636, 116/4082.

luuen, inf.

abuuen, adv. 1/10.

luuen, v. pl.

abuuen, adv. 2/50.

suuen, pp.

a-buuen, adv. 4/108.

ut-suuen. See a-buuen.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE INDEX OF RIMES.

a. = adjective; adv. = adverb; conj. = conjunction; dat. = dative; gen. = genitive; imp. or imper. = imperative; inf. = infinitive; int. = interjection; p. = participle; pl. = plural; postp. = postposition; pp. = past or passive participle; pres. = present; pret. = preterite; pron. = pronoun; s. = substantive; sbj. = subjunctive; sg. = singular; v. = verb.

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.

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Table of Contents

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story of Genesis and Exodus, by Richard Morris

The Story of Genesis and Exodus

PREFACE.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT, ETC.

DESCRIPTION OF THE POEM.

LAMECH'S BIGAMY.

DEATH OF CAIN.

HOW THE CHILD MOSES BEHAVED BEFORE PHARAOH.

HOW MOSES DEFEATED THE ETHIOPIANS.

THE PLAGUE OF FROGS.

DATE AND DIALECT OF THE POEM.

GRAMMATICAL DETAILS.

THE METRE OF THE POEM.

CONTRACTIONS USED IN THE GLOSSARY.

THE STORY OF GENESIS AND EXODUS, ETC.

GOD MADE HEAVEN AND EARTH BY HIS WORD.

THE DEVIL'S FALL FROM HEAVEN. THE FIRST LIGHT DAWNS.

THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH ARE PARTED.

THE STARS ARE SET, AND FOWL AND FISH ARE MADE.

CATTLE ARE MADE FOR MAN'S SERVICE. ADAM IS CREATED.

OF PARADISE AND THE CREATION OF EVE.

THE SEVENTH DAY IS MADE A DAY OF REST.

LUCIFER IS CAST INTO HELL, AND THERE PLOTS MAN'S FALL.

EVE AND ADAM EAT THE FORBIDDEN FRUIT.

GOD'S CURSE ON ADAM AND EVE, AND THE ADDER.

EVE BEGETS CAIN AND ABEL, AND OTHER CHILDREN.

CAIN BUILDS ENO. LAMECH BEGINS BIGAMY.

LAMECH KILLS CAIN AND HIS OWN SERVANT.

OF SETH, ENOCH, METHUSELAH, AND NOAH.

OF THE WORLD'S CORRUPTION AND NOAH'S FLOOD.

THE BUILDING OF THE ARK. THE FLOOD.

THE ARK STOOD IN ARMENIA.

THE RAINBOW APPEARS IN THE WELKIN.

CONFUSION OF TONGUES. ORIGIN OF IDOLATRY.

ABRAM LEAVES MESOPOTAMIA.

ABRAM REACHES CANAAN. HE GOES TO EGYPT.

PHARAOH TAKES AWAY SARAI, AND IS PUNISHED BY A PLAGUE.

ABRAM DWELLS AT MAMRE. LOT IN SODOM.

THE BATTLE OF FOUR KINGS AGAINST FIVE.

ABRAM RESCUES LOT. MELCHIZEDEK BLESSES HIM.

ABRAM COMPLAINS FOR WANT OF AN HEIR.

SARAI BEING BARREN GIVES HAGAR TO ABRAM.

ISHMAEL IS BORN. CIRCUMCISION IS INSTITUTED.

ABRAHAM IS PROMISED A SON.

LOT ENTERTAINS TWO ANGELS.

THE DESTRUCTION OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.

THE BIRTHS OF AMMON AND MOAB.

ABRAHAM DWELLS IN GERAR.

THE BANISHMENT OF HAGAR AND ISHMAEL.

ABIMELECH COVENANTS WITH ABRAHAM,

AND GIVES HIM THE WELL OF BEERSHEBA.

THE OFFERING OF ISAAC.

ELIEZER IS SENT TO MESOPOTAMIA.

ELIEZER MEETS WITH REBEKAH.

ISAAC TAKES REBEKAH TO WIFE.

THE BIRTH OF ESAU AND JACOB.

THE PRIVILEGES OF THE FIRST BORN.

JACOB DEFRAUDS ESAU OF THE BLESSING.

ESAU THREATENS TO KILL JACOB.

JACOB IS SENT TO PADAN-ARAM.

FROM LUZ HE JOURNEYS TO HARAN.

JACOB COVENANTS FOR RACHEL.

JACOB MARRIES RACHEL.

JACOB LEAVES LABAN SECRETLY.

THE COVENANT BETWEEN JACOB AND LABAN.

THE MEETING OF ESAU AND JACOB.

JACOB DWELLS AT SUCCOTH. DINAH'S FOLLY.

BENJAMIN IS BORN. RACHEL DIES.

JOSEPH IS HATED BY HIS BRETHREN.

JOSEPH IS SOLD TO CHAPMEN,

WHO SELL HIM TO POTIPHAR, AN EGYPTIAN.

JOSEPH IS CAST INTO PRISON.

HE INTERPRETS THE PRISONERS' DREAMS.

KING PHARAOH DREAMS A DREAM,

WHICH IS INTERPRETED BY JOSEPH.

THE FAMINE IN EGYPT AND CANAAN.

JOSEPH'S HARSHNESS TO HIS BRETHREN.

BENJAMIN IS TAKEN TO EGYPT.

JOSEPH'S INTERVIEW WITH HIS BRETHREN.

THE BRETHREN ARE ACCUSED OF THEFT.

JOSEPH MAKES HIMSELF KNOWN TO HIS BRETHREN.

JACOB AND HIS FAMILY GO INTO EGYPT.

THEY DWELL IN THE LAND OF GOSHEN.

THE DEATH OF JACOB.

HE IS BURIED IN HEBRON.

THE DEATH OF JOSEPH.

THE OPPRESSION OF THE ISRAELITES.

THE BIRTH AND PRESERVATION OF MOSES.

TEREMUTH ADOPTS HIM AS HER SON.

THE ETHIOPIANS INVADE EGYPT,

AND ARE DEFEATED BY MOSES.

MOSES SLAYS AN EGYPTIAN,

AND FLEES INTO MIDIAN.

GOD APPEARS TO MOSES AT SINAI.

MOSES AND AARON ARE SENT TO EGYPT.

GREATER LABOURS ARE LAID UPON THE ISRAELITES.

MOSES AND AARON PERFORM MIRACLES BEFORE PHARAOH.

THE WATERS ARE TURNED INTO BLOOD.

THE PLAGUES OF FROGS AND GNATS.

PLAGUES OF FLIES, BOILS, AND BLAINS,

HAIL-STORM, AND GRASSHOPPERS.

PLAGUES OF LOCUSTS AND DARKNESS.

THE INSTITUTION OF THE PASSOVER.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST-BORN.

THE ISRAELITES LEAVE EGYPT.

THE ISRAELITES CROSS THE RED SEA.

THE EGYPTIAN HOSTS ARE DROWNED.

THE SOJOURN AT SHUR, ELIM, AND SIN.

THE MIRACULOUS FALL OF MANNA.

THE ISRAELITES OVERCOME THE AMALEKITES.

JETHRO VISITS MOSES.

THE PEOPLE COME TO SINAI.

MOSES RECEIVES THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

THE PEOPLE ARE AFRAID.

THEY WORSHIP A GOLDEN CALF.

THE IDOLATERS ARE SLAIN.

THE TABLES ARE RENEWED.

THE BURNING AT TABERAH.

MIRIAM IS SMITTEN WITH LEPROSY.

THE REPORT OF THE SPIES.

THE REBELLION OF KORAH AND ABIRAM.

A PLAGUE SLAYS FOURTEEN THOUSAND PEOPLE.

THE PRIESTHOOD OF AARON CONFIRMED.

THE DEATH OF AARON AT HOR.

SIHON AND OG ARE OVERCOME.

BALAAM SETS OUT TO CURSE ISRAEL.

BALAAM'S ASS SPEAKS.

BALAAM BLESSES ISRAEL.

BALAAM'S ADVICE TO BALAK.

WHOREDOM AND IDOLATRY PUNISHED.

MOSES DIES IN MOAB.

MAY GOD SHIELD US FROM HELL'S NIGHT!

NOTES.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

INDEX OF NAMES.

INDEX OF RIMES.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE INDEX OF RIMES.

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