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Title: Sixth annual report of the Bureau of ethnology. (1888 N 06 / 1884-1885)

Editor: John Wesley Powell

Contributor: Franz Boas

James Owen Dorsey

William Henry Holmes

Cyrus Thomas

Release date: March 8, 2016 [eBook #51390]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51390

Credits: Richard Tonsing, PM for Bureau of American Ethnology and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. (1888 N 06 / 1884-1885) ***

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

Series Title.

Smithsonian institution. Bureau of ethnology.

Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1888

8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2 maps.

Author title.

Powell (John Wesley).

Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1888

8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2 maps.

[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Bureau of ethnology.]

Title for subject entry.

Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1888

8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2 maps.

[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Bureau of ethnology.]

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

TO THE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

1884-'85

BY

J.W. POWELL

DIRECTOR

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1888

CONTENTS.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Page.

Letter of transmittal

XXI

Introduction

XXIII

Publication

XXIV

Field work

XXVI

Mound explorations

XXVI

Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas

XXVI

Explorations in the Southwest

XXVIII

Work of Mr. James Stevenson

XXVIII

Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff

XXIX

Linguistic field work

XXX

Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith

XXX

Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw

XXXI

Work of Mr. A. S. Gatschet

XXXIII

Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey

XXXVI

Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin

XXXVII

General field work

XXXVIII

Work of Dr. Washington Matthews

XXXVIII

Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow

XL

Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman

XLI

Office work

XLIII

Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw

XLV

Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith

XLV

Work of Col. Garrick Mallery

XLV

Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman

XLV

Work of Mr. James C. Pilling

XLV

Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing

XLVI

Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas

XLVII

Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff

XLVII

Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey

XLVIII

Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet

XLVIII

Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes

XLVIII

Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow

L

Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce

L

Accompanying papers

LI

Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by William H. Holmes

LI

A study of the textile art in its relation to the development of form and ornament, by William H. Holmes

LIV

Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Cyrus Thomas

LV

Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey

LVI

The Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas

LVI

Financial statement

LVIII

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

Page.

Introduction

13

Geography

13

Literature

14

People

15

The cemeteries

16

The graves

17

Human remains

20

Placing of relics

21

Objects of art

21

Stone

21

Pictured rocks

21

Columns

22

Images

23

Mealing stones

25

Stools

27

Celts etc.

29

Spearheads

34

Arrowpoints

34

Ornaments

34

Metal

35

Gold and copper

35

Bronze

49

Clay: Pottery

53

Preliminary

53

How found

55

Material

55

Manufacture

56

Color

57

Use

57

Forms of vessels

58

Decoration

62

Unpainted ware

66

Terra cotta group

67

Black incised group

80

Painted ware

84

Scarified group

87

Handled group

90

Tripod group

97

Maroon group

107

Red line group

109

White line group

111

Lost color group

113

Alligator group

130

Polychrome group

140

Unclassified

147

Miscellaneous objects

149

Spindle whorls

149

Needlecases

150

Figurines

151

Stools

154

Musical instruments

156

Rattles

156

Drums

157

Wind instruments

160

Life forms in vase painting

171

Résumé

186

A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

Introduction

195

Form in textile art

196

Relations of form to ornament

201

Color in textile art

201

Textile ornament

202

Development of a geometric system within the art

202

Introduction

202

Relief phenomena

203

Ordinary features

203

Reticulated work

210

Superconstructive features

211

Color phenomena

215

Ordinary features

215

Non-essential constructive features

226

Superconstructive features

228

Adventitious features

231

Geometricity imposed upon adopted elements of design

232

Extension of textile ornament to other forms of art

244

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.

Introduction

259

C   HAP. I. The numerals in the Dresden Codex

261

II. Conclusions

339

III. The writing

345

Signification of the characters

347

Symbols of animals etc

348

Symbols of deities

358

Discussion as to phonetic features of the characters

365

OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

Introduction

377

Traditions of the elders

381

Unŭn    u¢áʞe. Tsíɔu wactáʞe itáde (Tradition of the Tsíɔu wactáʞe gens)

381

Translation

388

Unŭn u¢áʞe. Qü¢ápasan    itáde (Tradition of the Bald Eagle subgens)

390

Translation

394

Concluding remarks

396

THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.

Introduction

409

Authorities quoted

410

Orthography

413

Geography of northeastern America

413

Distribution of the tribes

419

General observations

419

Baffin Land

421

The Sikosuilarmiut

421

The Akuliarmiut

421

The Qaumauangmiut

421

The Nugumiut

422

The Oqomiut

424

The Padlimiut and the Akudnirmiut

440

The Aggomiut

442

The Iglulirmiut

444

The Pilingmiut

444

The Sagdlirmiut

444

Western shore of Hudson Bay

444

The Aivillirmiut

445

The Kinipetu or Agutit

450

The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island

451

The Sinimiut

451

Boothia Felix and Back River

452

The Netchillirmiut

452

The Ugjulirmiut

458

The Ukusiksalirmiut

458

Smith Sound

459

The natives of Ellesmere Land

459

The North Greenlanders

460

Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of the settlements

460

Trade and intercourse between the tribes

462

List of the Central Eskimo tribes

470

Hunting and fishing

471

Seal, walrus, and whale hunting

471

Deer, musk ox, and bear hunting

501

Hunting of small game

510

Fishing

513

Manufactures

516

Making leather and preparing skins

516

Sundry implements

523

Transportation by boats and sledges

527

The boat

527

The sledge and dogs

529

Habitations and dress

539

The house

539

Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing

554

Social and religious life

561

Domestic occupations and amusements

561

Visiting

574

Social customs in summer

576

Social order and laws

578

Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood)

583

Sedna and the fulmar

583

The tornait and the angakut

591

The flight to the moon

598

Kadlu the thunderer

600

Feasts, religious and secular

600

Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and death

609

Tales and traditions

615

Ititaujang

615

The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut

618

Kalopaling

20

The Uissuit

621

Kiviung

621

The origin of the narwhal

625

The visitor

627

The fugitive women

628

Qaudjaqdjuq

628

I. Story of the three brothers

628

II. Qaudjaqdjuq

630

Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal

633

The Tornit

634

The woman and the spirit of the singing house

636

The constellation Udleqdjun

636

The origin of the Adlet and of the Qadluait

637

The great flood

637

Inugpaqdjuqdjualung

638

The bear story

638

Sundry tales

639

Tables relating to animals

641

The owl and the raven

641

Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of other tribes

641

Science and the arts

643

Geography and navigation

643

Poetry and music

648

Merry-making among the Tornit

649

The lemming's song

650

Arlum pissinga (the killer's song)

650

I. Summer song

653

II. The returning hunter

653

III. Song of the Tornit

653

IV. Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling

653

V. Oxaitoq's song

654

VI. Utitiaq's song

654

VII. Song

654

VIII. Song

654

IX. Song of the Tornit

654

X. The fox and the woman

655

XI. The raven's song

655

XII. Song of a Padlimio

655

XIII. Ititaujang's song

655

XIV. Playing at ball

656

XV. Playing at ball

657

XVI.-XIX. Extracts

657, 658

Glossary

659

Appendix

667

INDEX.

Index

671

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

P   LATE I.

Map of Chiriqui

13

II.

Map showing in detail the geographical divisions of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of northeast America

[1]

1. Oqo and Akudnirn.

2. Frobisher Bay.

3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet.

4. Repulse Sound and Lyon Inlet.

5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land.

III.

Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of North America, showing the boundaries

[1]

IV.

Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a Saumingmio

643

V.

Eskimo drawings

648

VI.

Eskimo drawings

650

VII.

Eskimo drawings

651

VIII.

Eskimo carvings

652

IX.

Eskimo carvings

653

X.

Modern Eskimo implements

654

F   IG. 1.

Section of oval grave

17

2.

Section of a quadrangular grave

18

3.

Grave with pillars

18

4.

Compound cist

19

5.

Southwest face of the pictured stone

22

6.

A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians

23

7.

A god of the ancient Chiriquians

24

8.

Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock

25

9.

Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with animal heads

26

10.

Puma shaped metate

27

11.

Stool shaped object

28

12.

Stool with columnar base

28

13.

Stool with perforated base

29

14.

Large partially polished celt

30

15.

Celt of hexagonal section

31

16.

Small wide bladed celt

31

17.

Celt with heavy shaft

31

18.

Celt or ax with constriction near the top

31

19.

Flaked and partially polished celt

32

20.

Well polished celt

32

21.

Narrow pointed celt

32

22.

Narrow pointed celt

32

23.

Cylindrical celt with narrow point

33

24.

Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints

34

25.

Arrowpoints

34

26.

Human figure formed of copper-gold alloy

41

27.

Grotesque human figure in gold

42

28.

Rudely shaped human figure in gold

42

29.

Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper

43

30.

Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold

43

31.

Rudely executed image of a bird in gold

44

32.

Image of a bird in gold

45

33.

Puma shaped figure in gold

45

34.

Puma shaped figure in base metal

45

35.

Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal

46

36.

Figure of a fish in gold

46

37.

Large figure of a frog in base metal plated with gold

47

38.

Small figure of a frog in base metal plated with gold

47

39.

Figure of an alligator in gold

48

40.

Animal figure in base metal plated with gold

48

41.

Bronze bells plated or washed with gold

50

42.

Bronze bell with human features

50

43.

Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande

51

44.

Ancient Mexican bell

51

45.

Fundamental forms of vases—convex outlines

58

46.

Fundamental forms of vases—angular outlines

59

47.

Vases of complex outlines—exceptional forms

59

48.

Vases of compound forms

59

49.

Square lipped vessel

59

50.

Variations in the forms of necks and rims

60

51.

Arrangement of handles

60

52.

Types of annular bases or feet

61

53.

Forms of legs

61

54.

Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase

63

55.

Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase

63

56.

Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase

63

57.

Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities

63

58.

Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities

63

59.

Grotesque figure

64

60.

Grotesque figure

64

61.

Grotesque figure

64

62.

Figure of a monkey

64

63.

Figure of a monkey

64

64.

Figure of a monkey

64

65.

Animal forms exhibiting long proboscis

65

66.

Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures

65

67.

Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures

65

68.

Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures

66

69.

Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures

66

70.

Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware

67

71.

Vase of graceful form

68

72.

Vase of graceful form

68

73.

Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads

68

74.

Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads

69

75.

Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets

69

76.

Vase with mantle covered with incised figures

70

77.

Vase with frieze of grotesque heads

70

78.

Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament

71

79.

Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament

71

80.

Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated necks

72

81.

Large vase with high handles

72

82.

Top view of high handled vase

73

83.

Handled vase

73

84.

Handled vase

73

85.

Handled vase

73

86.

Small cup with single handle, ornamented with grotesque figure

74

87.

Small cup with single handle, ornamented with grotesque figure

74

88.

Vase of eccentric form

74

89.

Vessel illustrating forms of legs

75

90.

Vessel illustrating forms of legs

75

91.

Vessel with large legs decorated with stellar punctures

75

92.

Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped legs

75

93.

Large vase of striking shape

76

94.

Cup with legs imitating animal forms

76

95.

Cup with legs imitating a grotesque animal form

77

96.

Cup with legs imitating the armadillo

77

97.

Cup with legs imitating the armadillo

77

98.

Cup with frog shaped legs

77

99.

Cup with legs imitating an animal and its young

77

100.

Cups supported by grotesque heads

77

101.

Large cup supported by two grotesque figures

78

102.

Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides

78

103.

Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides

78

104.

Vase imitating an animal form

79

105.

Vase imitating an animal form

79

106.

Vase imitating an animal form

79

107.

Fish shaped vessel

79

108.

Top view of a fish shaped vessel

80

109.

Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim

80

110.

Black cup with incised reptilian figures

81

111.

Black cup with incised reptilian figures

81

112.

Black vase with conventional incised pattern

81

113.

Small cup with conventional incised pattern

82

114.

Small tripod cup with upright walls

82

115.

Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal heads

82

116.

Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal

83

117.

Pattern upon the back of the vase

83

118.

Tripod bowl of red scarified ware

87

119.

Tripod bowl of red scarified ware

87

120.

Oblong basin with scarified design

88

121.

Large scarified bowl with handles imitating animal heads

88

122.

Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised ornament

89

123.

Vase with stand and vertical incised bands

89

124.

Vase with handles, legs, and vertical ribs

89

125.

Tripod with owl-like heads at insertion of legs

90

126.

Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms

90

127.

Heavy red vase with four mouths

90

128.

Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude designs in red

91

129.

Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with soot

92

130.

Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised ornament

92

131.

Vase with grotesque figures attached to the handles

93

132.

Vase with upright handles and winged lip

93

133.

Top view of vase with winged lip

94

134.

Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles

94

135.

Vase with handles representing strange animals

95

136.

Vase with handles representing grotesque figures

95

137.

Vase with handles representing animal heads

96

138.

Vase with arched handles embellished with life forms in high relief

96

139.

Vase with arched handles embellished with life forms in high relief

97

140.

Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles

99

141.

Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles

99

142.

Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles

99

143.

Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish

100

144.

Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet

100

145.

Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms and devices in red

101

146.

High tripod vase with incised designs and rude figures in red

101

147.

Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament

102

148.

Vase with lizard shaped legs

102

149.

Vase with scroll ornament

103

150.

Large vase with flaring rim and wide spreading legs

103

151.

Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure of an alligator

104

152.

Vase supported by grotesque human figures

105

153.

Round bodied vase embellished with figures of monsters

106

154.

Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation

107

155.

Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck

107

156.

Small tripod cup with animal features in high relief

108

157.

Handsome vase supported by three grotesque figures

108

158.

Vase decorated with figures of frogs and devices in red

110

159.

Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation

110

160.

Two-handled vase with life form and linear decoration

110

161.

Small tripod vase with animal figures in white

111

162.

Shapely vase with designs in white paint

112

163.

Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament

115

164.

Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices

115

165.

Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices

116

166.

Bottle with broad zone containing geometric figures

116

167.

Bottle with decoration of meandered lines

117

168.

Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices

117

169.

Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices

118

170.

Vase with rosette-like panels

118

170a   .

Ornament from preceding vase

118

171.

Vase with rosette-like panels

119

172.

Vase with rosette-like panels

119

173.

Theoretical origin of the arched panels

120

174.

Theoretical origin of the arched panels

120

175.

Theoretical origin of the arched panels

120

176.

Vase decorated with conventional figures of alligators

120

177.

Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment of life forms

121

178.

Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment of life forms

121

179.

Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms

121

179a   .

Design from preceding vase

122

180.

Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms

122

181.

Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms

123

182.

Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal growths

124

183.

Vase of unusual shape

124

184.

Vase of unusual shape

124

185.

Vase of unusual shape

124

186.

Double vessel with high arched handle

125

187.

Double vessel with arched handle

125

188.

Vase embellished with life forms in color and in relief

126

189.

Vase modeled to represent a peccary

127

190.

Under surface of peccary vase

127

191.

Small vessel with human figures in high relief

127

192.

Tripod cup with figures of the alligator

128

193.

Large shallow tripod vase with geometric decoration

129

194.

Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and alligator design

130

195.

Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures of the alligator

132

196.

Vase with decorated zone containing four arched panels

133

197.

Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted animal devices

133

198.

Vases of varied form and decoration

134

199.

Alligator vase with conventional markings

135

200.

Alligator vase with figures of the alligator painted on the sides

135

201.

Vase with serpent ornamentation

136

202.

Vase representing a puma with alligator figures painted on sides

137

203.

Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and in color

137

204.

Vase with funnel shaped mouth

138

205.

Top view of vase in Fig. 204

139

206.

End view of vase in Fig. 204

139

207.

Large vase with decorations in red and black

140

208.

Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, viewed from above

141

209.

Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in black, red, and purple

142

210.

Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from above

143

211.

Vase of unusual shape, with decoration in black, red, and purple

144

212.

Ornament occupying the interior surface of the basin of vase in Fig. 211

144

213.

Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations

145

214.

Vase with extraordinary decorative designs

146

215.

Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from above

147

216.

Vase of unique form and decoration

148

217.

Painted design of vase in Fig. 216

148

218.

Spindle whorl with annular nodes

149

219.

Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures

149

220.

Spindle whorl with perforations and incised ornament

149

221.

Needlecase

150

222.

Needlecase

150

223.

Needlecase with painted geometric ornament

151

224.

Needlecase with incised geometric ornament

151

225.

Needlecase with incised geometric ornament

151

226.

Statuette

152

227.

Statuette

152

228.

Statuette

152

229.

Statuette

152

230.

Stool of plain terra cotta

154

231.

Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures

155

232.

Stool of plain terra cotta

155

233.

Rattle

157

234.

Section of rattle

157

235.

Rattle with grotesque figures

157

236.

Drum of gray unpainted clay

158

237.

Drum with painted ornament

159

238.

Painted design of drum in Fig. 237

159

239.

Double whistle

161

240.

Section of double whistle

161

241.

Tubular instrument with two finger holes

162

242.

Section of whistle

162

243.

Small animal shaped whistle

162

244.

Small animal shaped whistle

162

245.

Top shaped whistle

163

246.

Section, top, and bottom views of whistle

164

247.

Drum shaped whistle

165

248.

Vase shaped whistle

165

249.

Crab shaped whistle

166

250.

Alligator shaped whistle

166

251.

Cat shaped whistle

167

252.

Whistle with four ocelot-like heads

168

253.

Bird shaped whistle

169

254.

Bird shaped whistle

169

255.

Bird shaped whistle

170

256.

Whistle in grotesque life form

170

257.

Conventional figure of the alligator

173

258.

Conventional figure of the alligator

173

259.

Conventional figure of the alligator

174

260.

Conventional figure of the alligator

174

261.

Conventional figure of the alligator

174

262.

Two-headed form of the alligator

175

263.

Figure of the alligator much simplified

175

264.

The alligator much modified by ceramic influences

176

265.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

176

266.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

176

267.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

176

268.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

177

269.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

177

270.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

177

271.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

178

272.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

178

273.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

178

274.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

179

275.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

179

276.

Conventional figure derived from the alligator

180

277.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

180

278.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

181

279.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

182

280.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

182

281.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

182

282.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

182

283.

Conventional figures derived from the alligator

183

284.

Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable devices

185

285.

Series of devices

185

286.

Mat or tray with esthetic attributes of form

197

287.

Tray having decided esthetic attributes of form

198

288.

Pyriform water vessel

198

289.

Basket with esthetic characters of form

199

290.

Basket of eccentric form

200

291.

Character of surface in the simplest form of weaving

204

292.

Surface produced by impacting

204

293.

Surface produced by use of wide fillets

204

294.

Basket with ribbed surface

205

295.

Bottle showing obliquely ribbed surface

205

296.

Tray showing radial ribs

205

297.

Combination giving herring bone effect

206

298.

Combination giving triangular figures

206

299.

Peruvian work basket

206

300.

Basket of Seminole workmanship

207

301.

Surface effect produced in open twined combination

207

302.

Surface effect produced in open twined combination

207

303.

Surface effect produced by impacting in twined combination

208

304.

Surface effect produced by impacting the web strands in twined combination

208

305.

Surface effect produced by crossing the web series in open twined work

208

306.

Tray with open mesh, twined combination

208

307.

Conical basket, twined combination

209

308.

Example of primitive reticulated weaving

210

309.

Simple form of reticulation

211

310.

Reticulated pattern in cotton cloth

211

311.

Peruvian embroidery

212

312.

Basket with pendent ornaments

213

313.

Basket with pendent ornaments

213

314.

Tasseled Peruvian mantle

214

315.

Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors

216

316.

Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors

216

317.

Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors

216

318.

Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors

217

319.

Base of coiled basket

218

320.

Coiled basket with geometric ornament

218

321.

Coiled basket with geometric ornament

219

322.

Coiled basket with geometric ornament

220

323.

Coiled basket with geometric ornament

220

324.

Coiled basket with geometric ornament

221

325.

Coiled basket with geometric ornament

223

326.

Coiled tray with geometric ornament

224

327.

Coiled tray with geometric ornament

225

328.

Tray with geometric ornament

225

329.

Tray with geometric ornament

226

330.

Ornament produced by wrapping the strands

227

331.

Ornament produced by fixing strands to the surface of the fabric

227

332.

Basket with feather ornamentation

227

333.

Basket with feather ornamentation

227

334.

Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp and woof

228

335.

Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp and woof

228

336.

Example of grass embroidery

230

337.

Example of feather embroidery

231

338.

Figures from the Penn wampum belt

233

339.

Figures from a California Indian basket

234

340.

California Indian basket

234

341.

Figures from a Peruvian basket

235

342.

Figure from a piece of Peruvian gobelins

236

343.

Figures from a Peruvian vase

237

344.

Figure from a circular basket

238

345.

Figure of a bird from a Zuñi shield

239

346.

Figure of a bird woven in a tray

240

347.

Figure of a bird woven in a basket

241

348.

Figures embroidered on a cotton net by the ancient Peruvians

242

349.

Figures of birds embroidered by the ancient Peruvians

243

350.

Conventional design painted upon cotton cloth

243

351.

Herring bone and checker patterns produced in weaving

246

352.

Herring bone and checker patterns engraved in clay

246

353.

Earthen vase with textile ornament

247

354.

Example of textile ornament painted upon pottery

248

355.

Textile pattern transferred to pottery through costume

248

356.

Ceremonial adz with carved ornament of textile character

250

357.

Figures upon a tapa stamp

251

358.

Design in stucco exhibiting textile characters

251

359.

Line of day and numeral symbols from Plates 36c and 37c, Dresden Codex

272

360.

Line of day and numeral characters from Plates 33-39, Dresden Codex

276

361.

Unusual symbol for Akbal from Plate 8 of the Dresden Codex

284

362.

Copy of Plate 50, Dresden Codex

297

363.

Copy of Plate 51, Dresden Codex

306

364.

Copy of Plate 52, Dresden Codex

307

365.

Copy of Plate 53, Dresden Codex

308

366.

Copy of Plate 54, Dresden Codex

309

367.

Copy of Plate 55, Dresden Codex

310

368.

Copy of Plate 56, Dresden Codex

311

369.

Copy of Plate 57, Dresden Codex

312

370.

Copy of Plate 58, Dresden Codex

313

371.

Specimens of ornamental loops from page 72, Dresden Codex

337

372.

Numeral character from the lower division of Plate XV, Manuscript Troano

343

373.

Turtle from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 17

348

374.

Jar from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 27

349

375.

Worm and plant from Manuscript Troano, Plate XXIX

351

376.

Figure of a woman from the Dresden Codex

351

377.

Copy of middle and lower divisions of Plate XIX, Manuscript Troano

352

378.

Copy of lower division of Plate 65, Dresden Codex

353

379.

The moo or ara from Plate 16, Dresden Codex

355

380.

The god Ekchuah, after the Troano and Cortesian Codices

358

381.

The long nosed god (Kukulcan) or god with the snake-like tongue

359

382.

Copy of head from the Borgian Codex (Quetzalcoatl?)

360

383.

The supposed god of death from the Dresden Codex

361

384.

The supposed god of death from the Troano Codex

361

385.

The god with the banded face from the Troano Codex

362

386.

The god with the old man's face

363

387.

The god with face crossed by lines

364

388.

Wooden idol in vessel with basket cover

371

389.

Symbolic chart of the Osage

378

390.

Harpoon from Alaska

472

391.

Modern or sealing harpoon

472

392.

Old style naulang or harpoon head

473

393.

Modern naulang or harpoon head

473

394.

Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding coiled up harpoon lines

474

395.

Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut

475

396.

Siatko found at Exeter Sound

475

397.

Eskimo in the act of striking a seal

476

398.

Tutareang or buckle

477

399.

Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole

478

400.

Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds

479

401.

Wooden case for plugs

480

402.

Another form of plug

480

403.

Qanging, for fastening thong to jaw of seal

480

404.

Qanging in form of a seal

480

405.

Qanging in form of a button

481

406.

Qanging serving for both toggle and handle

481

407.

Qidjarung or whirl for harpoon line

481

408.

Simple form of whirl

481

409.

Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal

483

410.

Seal hook of bear's claw

483

411.

Modern form of seal hook

483

412.

Eskimo approaching seal

484

413.

Frame of kayak or hunting boat

486

414.

Kayak with covering of skin

487

415.

Model of a Repulse Bay kayak

487

416.

Sirmijaung or scraper for kayak

488

417.

Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus

488

418.

Tikagung or support for the hand

488

419.

Qatirn or ivory head of harpoon

489

420.

Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the harpoon

489

421.

Tokang or harpoon head in sheath

489

422.

Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in Cumberland Sound

490

423.

Ancient tokang or harpoon head

491

424.

Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line

492

425.

Qatilik or spear

492

426.

Avautang or sealskin float

492

427.

Different styles of poviutang or pipe for inflating the float

493

428.

Agdliaq or spear for small seals

494

429.

Agdliaq points

494

430.

Spearheads

495

431.

Large spear head

495

432.

Anguvigang or lance

496

433.

Nuirn or bird spear

496

434.

Nuqsang or throwing board

496

435.

Sealing at the edge of the ice

498

436.

Model of sakurpāng or whaling harpoon

500

437.

Niutang with floats

500

438.

Wooden bow from Iglulik

502

439.

Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound

502

440.

Bows of reindeer antlers

503

441.

Bow of antlers with central part cut off straight

503

442.

Arrows with bone heads

504

443.

Arrows with metal heads

504

444.

Arrow head

505

445.

Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and parallel to shank

505

446.

Various forms of arrowhead

506

447.

Socket of spear handle from Alaska

506

448.

Slate arrowhead

506

449.

Flint arrowheads from old graves

507

450.

Various styles of quiver

507

451.

Quiver handles

508

452.

Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl

511

453.

Kakivang or salmon spear

512

454.

Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon

513

455.

Quqartaun for stringing salmon

514

456.

Salmon hook

515

457.

Salmon hook

515

458.

Bait used in fishing with hooks

516

459.

Butcher's knife with bone handle

516

460.

Pana or knife for dissecting game

517

461.

Form of ulo now in use

518

462.

Old ulo handle from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait

518

463.

Fragment of an ulo blade made of slate

518

464.

Ulo handle from recent grave

518

465.

Modern tesirqun or scraper

519

466.

Old style tesirqun or scraper

519

467.

Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins

520

468.

Old stone scrapers found in graves

521

469.

Stretcher for lines

522

470.

Ivory needle

523

471.

Ivory needlecase from Cumberland Sound

523

472.

Common pattern of needlecase

523

473.

Tikiq or thimble

524

474.

Instrument for straightening bone

525

475.

Drill for working in ivory and bone

525

476.

Driftwood used in kindling fire

526

477.

Eskimo graver's tool

526

478.

Framework of Eskimo boat

527

479.

Kiglo or post

527

480.

Umiaq or skin boat

528

481.

Umiaq or skin boat

528

482.

Qamuting or sledge

529

483.

Sledge shoe

530

484.

Form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge

531

485.

Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge

531

486.

Uqsirn for fastening traces to pitu

532

487.

Ano or dog harness

532

488.

Sadniriaq or clasp

532

489.

Tube for drinking

535

490.

Various styles of snow knife

539

491.

Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes

540

492.

Snow house of Davis Strait, sections

541

493.

Section and interior of snow house

543

494.

Ukusik or soapstone kettle

545

495.

Plan of double snow house

546

496.

Plan of Iglulik house

547

497.

Plan of Hudson Bay house

547

498.

Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house

548

499.

Plan of large qarmang or stone house

549

500.

Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland Sound

549

501.

Plan of groups of stone houses in Pangnirtung

530

502.

Plan of qarmang or house made of whale ribs

550

503.

Storehouse in Ukiadliving

551

504.

Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland Sound

551

505.

Plan and section of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay

553

506.

Plan and section of double winter tent, Cumberland Sound

553

507.

Qaturang or boot ornament

554

508.

Woman's jacket

555

509.

Ivory beads for women's jackets

555

510.

Girdle buckles

556

511.

Infant's clothing

557

512.

Child's clothing

557

513.

Ivory combs

559

514.

Buckles

560

515.

Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair

561

516.

Manner of tattooing legs and hands

561

517.

Forks

563

518.

Ladle of musk ox horn

563

519.

Skull used in the game ajegaung

565

520.

Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in the game ajegaung

565

521.

Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in the game ajegaung

566

522.

Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game similar to dice

567

523.

Game of nuglutang

568

524.

The sāketān or roulette

569

525.

Ajarorpoq or cat's cradle

569

526.

Ball

570

527.

Dolls in dress of the Oqomiut

571

528.

Dolls in dress of the Akunirmiut

571

529.

Modern snow goggles of wood

576

530.

Old form of snow goggles of ivory

576

531.

Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house among eastern tribes

600

532.

Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house

601

533.

Kilaut or drum

602

534.

Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing houses

603

535.

Qailertétang or masked figure

606

536.

Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound

613

537.

Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies

631

538.

The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq

631

539.

The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq

632

540.

Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq

632

541.

Qaudjuqdjuaq killing his enemies

633

542.

Tumiujang or lamp of the Tornit

634

543.

Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio

644

544.

Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Sunapignang, an Oqomio

645

545.

Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio

646

546.

Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a Padlimio

647

1.  In pocket at end of volume.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY,

Washington, D. C., October 23, 1885.

SIR: I have the honor to submit my Sixth Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology.

The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjects, mainly prepared by my assistants to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.

I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge.

I am, with respect, your obedient servant,

Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD,

Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

BY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR.

INTRODUCTION.

The prosecution of research among the North American Indians, as directed by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year 1884-'85.

No change has been made in the general plan upon which the work has been prosecuted as set forth in former reports. Certain lines of investigation have been decided upon, which are confided to persons trained in their pursuit, and the results of these labors are presented from time to time in the publications of the Bureau provided for by law. A brief statement of the work upon which each of the special students was actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below; this, however, does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended in this, as in former years, in order to prosecute temporarily work regarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been occasioned in the completion of several treatises and monograph's, already partly in type, which otherwise would have been published.

Invitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with the Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestions or of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and, if published either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins, as the liberality of Congress may in future allow, will always receive proper credit.

The items now reported upon are presented in three principal divisions. The first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work prosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which largely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of field work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the literature of the subjects and by correspondence.

PUBLICATION.

The only publication actually issued during the year was entitled Proof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians, by James Constantine Pilling. The volume, a quarto of 1,175 pages, consists of an author catalogue of books, manuscripts, magazine and newspaper articles, publications of learned societies, and other documents relating in any way to the Indian languages of North America. Only one hundred copies were printed, which were distributed to collaborators.

This work was commenced by Mr. Pilling in 1879 and has been prosecuted with diligence and skill, notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his other duties. It began as an author card catalogue, designed merely for office use. In time it became apparent that such a systematic catalogue of the literature of Indian languages, if printed and distributed, would be of important service to all the numerous workers on the general subject, besides those directly connected with the Bureau, to whom alone it was accessible in manuscript form. By this course the accumulated results of several years' labor would be immediately available for the use of students generally, and the distribution of proof-sheets would in turn increase interest in the work, elicit comment and criticism, and secure additional contributions, through all of which the final volume contemplated would become more satisfactory and complete, both in form and substance. The thorough conscientiousness and punctilious care shown in the present catalogue, and especially the comprehensive bibliographic spirit in which the work has been conceived, prove the peculiar fitness of the author for the undertaking. He has set before him and has kept steadily in view the following aims:

First, to discover every document in existence relating to the subject, either printed or in manuscript.

Secondly, to record a description of every document found, so accurate and full that each book or article mentioned is clearly identified and all its contents relating to Indian languages set forth, with citation of the chapters and pages within the work where the linguistic material may be found.

Thirdly, to name, when possible, one or more libraries where each work catalogued may be found.

Fourthly, to arrange and combine the whole so that the student using it may in the shortest time learn whether any work contains the special matter which he desires to consult, and, if so, precisely where he may find it. In the case of rare books or papers special attention has been paid to obtain full information, and in the case of some of the rarest books fac-similes of the title pages are given. The value of a work so broadly conceived and so carefully executed is very great. The literature of this subject has become so voluminous, so disconnected, so scattered in time and place, that progress in the classification of Indian languages and the determination of their affinities has been greatly retarded, awaiting the orderly arrangement of accumulated information. This requisite, with the important addition of the correction of current errors, is met by the catalogue. It has been found indispensable to the Bureau and has already been gratefully acknowledged as invaluable by all students of American tribes to whom copies have been distributed.

Since the printing and distribution of the proof-sheets, and markedly as a result thereof, the card catalogue has continued to grow; and, although not complete and, from the nature of the subject, not expected to become absolutely exhaustive, the recent additions to it indicate how thoroughly the work was originally done. It may be possible, therefore, before long to substitute for the Proof-Sheets the Bibliography itself in standard form.

FIELD WORK.

Under this heading are comprised—

First, the systematic operations of the division of mound exploration carried on east of the Rocky Mountains.

Secondly, researches in and collections from the ancient ruins of the Southwest and comparative study of the present inhabitants of that region and the objects found among them.

Thirdly, linguistic work or expeditions among the several Indian tribes at their homes, with the main purpose of acquiring knowledge of their spoken languages.

Fourthly, general studies, or those embracing various branches of inquiry, conducted among the existing Indian tribes.

MOUND EXPLORATIONS.

WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.

The work of exploring the mounds and other ancient monuments of that portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, commenced in 1882, was carried on during the fiscal year, under the charge of Prof. Cyrus Thomas.

The regular assistants during the first half of the year were Messrs. P.W. Norris, James D. Middleton, and John P. Rogan. For the latter half they were Messrs. Middleton, Rogan, and John W. Emmert, the last named having been engaged to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Norris.

Mr. Norris was engaged during the fall of 1884 in exploring the extensive group of works in the vicinity of Charleston, Kanawha Valley, W. Va. He continued at work there until December, when he was compelled by cold weather and illness to desist. To the great regret of all his associates in the work, his illness terminated in death on the 14th of January, 1885. By his death the division has lost a faithful and enthusiastic worker.

During the summer and fall of 1884 and until the approach of extremely cold weather, Mr. Middleton was engaged in exploring the works of Knox County, Ohio. Throughout the winter and following spring his field of operations was eastern Arkansas. In the latter field he was assisted by Mr. L. H. Thing, who was employed for three months as temporary assistant.

During the summer and until the beginning of winter, Mr. Rogan was engaged (in conjunction with Rev. J. P. Maclean, who was employed as a temporary assistant) in exploring the ancient monuments of Butler County and the adjacent regions of southern Ohio. On the approach of the cold season he went south, his field of operations for the remainder of the year being northern Georgia and the southern counties of East Tennessee.

Mr. Emmert, who had been employed on January 1, 1885, to make some special explorations in East Tennessee, was made permanent assistant immediately after the death of Mr. Norris. His work in that section proving successful he continued it until the close of the fiscal year.

Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged during November in examining the ancient quarries of Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in making a collection to illustrate the various stages in the aboriginal manufacture of flint implements. His collection is, perhaps, the most complete in this particular line of any so far made in this country. In the winter he was employed about two months in special investigations of some ancient works in Pontotoc and Union Counties, Miss., a locality supposed to have been visited by De Soto during his unfortunate expedition. In some of the mounds of this section, which was formerly the home of the Chikasa, he found some articles of European manufacture, among them a small silver plate bearing the royal arms of Castile and Leon in an old heraldic form.

Although the number of specimens obtained does not exceed that of the collection of the preceding year, the general result shows a decided advance in the accuracy of the work done. The measurements and plats have been made with more care and exactness, the descriptions are more complete, and the details more fully set forth. As an illustration one case is presented. A large mound was opened which was found to contain over ninety skeletons, irregularly placed and at different depths. At the outset a plat of the mound was made; each skeleton was located on it as discovered, and notes were taken of the depth, position, articles found with it, etc. Thus the exact position of each skeleton in the mound is recorded, as well as that of any article accompanying it. The collections made are more varied in character than those of any previous year, including several new types of pottery, some unusually fine stone implements, and from several mounds articles showing contact with Europeans. The pottery obtained by Messrs. Middleton and Thing in Arkansas is of more than ordinary interest, containing a number of specimens of the rarer forms, also several colored specimens.

The same care has been taken as heretofore in labeling and numbering the specimens, so that each can be traced by the record to the exact place where it was found. The illustrations showing the construction, character, and form of the various works explored exceed in number, accuracy, and importance those of any previous year.

EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON.

Mr. James Stevenson was placed in charge of a party, with instructions to proceed to Arizona and New Mexico to make researches and collections among the Pueblo Indians and the ancient ruins in that region.

Mr. Stevenson's party was divided into three sections. The section in charge of Mr. F. T. Bickford visited the remarkable series of ruins in Chaco cañon, in northwestern New Mexico; Cañon de Chelly and its branch cañons; the cliff dwellings in Walnut cañon, in Arizona, and a group of interesting cave dwellings, different in structure from any heretofore found, near Flagstaff, in the same Territory. All these were carefully examined. Full and extensive notes, as well as sketches and photographic illustrations, were made of these ruins.

Another section, in charge of Mr. C. A. Garlick, was stationed at the pueblo of Acoma, in New Mexico. The work at this village resulted in a collection of about thirty-five hundred specimens, consisting of pottery and a variety of utensils of other material, such as stone, bone, wood, and woven fabrics, illustrating the arts of the people of Acoma. The collections from this pueblo, though not embracing a great variety of objects, will illustrate nearly all the phases of the arts and industrial pursuits of these Indians.

Another section of Mr. Stevenson's party, under his own supervision and with the important assistance of Mrs. Stevenson, was employed in making collections and studies at Zuñi. The collection from there is much larger than any heretofore obtained and includes many objects relating to the outdoor ceremonies of the Zuñi. Specimens of these were secured from their sacred springs, caves, and shrines. All details relating to their ceremonials were attentively studied, and a series of water color sketches was made of altars used and of masks worn on these important occasions. A large number of fetiches was also obtained, representing many of the animals held in religious esteem by the Zuñi. A series of photographs was made of the sacred springs, wells, monuments, picture writings, and shrines of the Zuñi located at different points over an area of about seventy-five miles from Zuñi, and a collection was secured of representative specimens of their fetiches, plume sticks, and other objects connected with their mythology and religious practices. The collection made during the year was unusually large and important. It comprises about eighty-five hundred specimens from the Indian tribes of the Southwest embraced in the research; these consist of woven fabrics and pottery, bone, and stone implements, both ancient and modern, and represent nearly all phases of the life, art, and industries of these tribes. These collections have been deposited in the U. S. National Museum for arrangement, classification, and description.

WORK OF MR. VICTOR MINDELEFF.

A party in charge of Mr. Victor Mindeleff left Washington on August 5 to survey the ruined pueblos of the Chaco, in New Mexico. Five of the ruins were accurately measured and platted to scale, and a full series of sketches, plans, and photographs was secured. Mr. Mindeleff returned from the field on the 1st of October. He then made a trip to the great Etowah mound, near Cartersville, Ga., under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas, in order to secure an accurate survey and scale drawing, as a basis for the construction of a model.

At the close of this work Mr. Mindeleff returned to Washington, on October 7, and was engaged in office work until the middle of the following June, when he took the field in advance of his party for further studies among the ruins and pueblos of the Cibola and Tusayan groups. He was also instructed to secure similar material at other available points for comparison.

LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK.

WORK OF MRS. ERMINNIE A. SMITH.

From the 1st of July to the 15th of August, 1884, Mrs. Smith, assisted by Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, of Tuscarora descent, was engaged among the Onondaga living near Syracuse, N. Y., in translating and annotating two Onondaga manuscripts; afterward, until the latter part of October, with the same assistance, she was at work on the Grand River reservation in Canada, where she filled out the vocabulary in the Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages from the dialect of the Cayuga. She also obtained from the Mohawk a translation, with annotations, of a manuscript in their dialect.

The three manuscripts mentioned are now in the possession of the Bureau of Ethnology. Their origin and history are not distinctly known, as they are all probably copies of originals which seem to have been lost or destroyed. It was intended in these manuscripts to reproduce, by the alphabet and the script used by English writers, the sound of the dialects employed.

These records have their chief interest in the preservation of many archaic words, or those of ceremony, law, and custom, which in these dialects, as is the general rule, remain unchanged, although the colloquial language may be modified. The subject matter of all these records is genuinely and exclusively Iroquoian.

The Mohawk manuscript was copied about the year 1830 by Chief John "Smoke" Johnson from an earlier original or perhaps copy. The orthography of this copy is quite regular and is that of the early English missionaries, being similar in many respects to the well known Pickering alphabet.

One of the Onondaga manuscripts was found in the possession of Mr. Daniel La Fort and the other in that of Mrs. John A. Jones, both of the Onondaga reserve, New York. These two copies differ from each other in orthography and substance, the Jones manuscript being probably a full detail of a part of the other.

The orthography of the La Fort manuscript is very irregular and difficult to read, but that of the Jones manuscript is regular and legible. The Mohawk manuscript contains a detailed account of the rites and ceremonies, speeches and songs, of the condoling and inducting council of the Iroquoian League in the form in which that council was conducted by the elder brothers or members of the Onondaga, Mohawk, and Seneca divisions, which have been generally called tribes, but are more correctly confederacies, their villages being the tribal unit. The La Fort Onondaga manuscript comprises a similar ritual of the same council as carried out by the younger brothers, viz., the Cayuga, Oneida, and Tuscarora members or confederacies of the league. The Jones Onondaga manuscript is the charge of the principal shaman to the newly elected or inducted chief or chiefs.

During the remainder of the year material was collected and work continued on the Tuscarora-English part of the Tuscarora dictionary.

WORK OF MR. H. W. HENSHAW.

Mr. H. W. Henshaw visited southern California for the purpose of pursuing linguistic studies in the group of languages spoken by the Santa Barbara Indians. Although these Indians became known at a very early day, being mentioned with particularity in the relation of Cabrillo's voyage along the California coast in 1542, but little has been ascertained in respect to their language and its relations to the speech of neighboring tribes.

Few vocabularies were collected by the early Spanish missionaries and those gathered were very imperfect, so that no conclusions can be based upon them with confidence.

As a result of the policy pursued by the various missionaries among these docile tribes, aboriginal habits were soon exchanged for others imposed by the priests. Tribal organizations were broken up and the Indians were removed from their homes and located about the missions. In addition the Spanish language was early introduced and so far as possible made to replace the aboriginal tongue. As a consequence Spanish became familiar to a large number of the proselytes, and all the surviving Santa Barbara Indians speak Spanish fluently, or rather the Mexican dialect of Spanish. Indeed, the impression prevails generally in California that none of the Indians can speak their own tongue. As a matter of fact, however, in their own families and when away from the white men they discard Spanish entirely.

The attempt to preserve the language was begun none too soon, as of the large population attributed to this part of the California coast Mr. Henshaw was able to discover only about fifty survivors, and these were widely scattered over several counties. A number of the dialects of the linguistic family are now extinct, and only a month before Mr. Henshaw's arrival at San Buenaventura an old woman died who, it is believed, was the last person to speak the dialect belonging to the Island of Santa Cruz. In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties six dialects of the family were found, which are believed to be all that are now extant.

In the case of the dialect of Santa Rosa island, but one Indian remained to speak it. Two more dialects are spoken by two or three individuals only. The existing dialects, named according to the missions around which they were spoken, are as follows: San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa Island, Purissima, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. With the exception of the last named the several dialects are very closely related, and, although each possesses a greater or less number of words not contained in the others, their vocabularies show many words which are common to all.

The dialect formerly spoken at San Luis Obispo differs much from any of the others, and a critical comparison is necessary to reveal a sufficient number of words possessing identical roots to render their common parentage obvious.

Extensive vocabularies of the dialects of San Antonio and San Miguel were obtained, there being about a dozen Indians who speak these languages around the old San Antonio mission. These languages have been supposed to be of the Santa Barbara family (as it has hitherto been termed, now called Chumashan family), but the material obtained by Mr. Henshaw disproves this, and, for the present at least, they are considered to form a distinct family.

Mr. Henshaw visited Los Angeles and San Diego counties for the purpose of determining the exact northern and southern limits of the Shoshonian family, which extends quite to the coast in California.

At San Diego and San Luis Rey he obtained vocabularies representing four dialects of the Yuman family.

WORK OF MR. A. S. GATSCHET.

In August, 1884, Mr. Gatschet proceeded to visit the Tonkawē and Lipan tribes in Texas.

He reached Fort Griffin on the 29th of August. The Tonkawē tribe was encamped about a mile and a half south of Fort Griffin, Shackleford county, and consisted of 78 individuals, while the Lipan camp, one mile north-northwest, consisted of 19 persons only. All these Indians were on the point of removing to the Oakland reserve, Indian Territory.

The Tonkawē constitute an aggregate of several tribal remnants formerly living independently of one another in southern Texas and on the Rio Grande. Mr. Gatschet devoted five weeks to the study of their language and one week to that of the Lipan, which is a dialect of Apache (Athapascan). The Tonkawē is a sonorous and energetic form of speech. The radix of many of the adjectives becomes reduplicated to form a kind of plural, and the same thing is observed in some of the verbs, where iteration or frequency has to be indicated. Case suffixes are observed in the substantive, which can easily be traced to postpositions as their original forms. Very few of the natives were sufficiently conversant with English or Spanish to serve as interpreters, so that it was difficult to secure trustworthy results. A white man who had lived over six years among them was of material help, and several mythologic and other texts were obtained with tolerable correctness through his aid.

On October 9 Mr. Gatschet left Fort Griffin and reached Fort Sill, in the Indian Territory, on the 15th. Many Kaiowē and Comanche Indians encamped during the warmer months of the year around this fort, which is situated at the southeast base of the Wichita mountains. He engaged the best help he could find for studying the Kaiowē language, for which there is no Government interpreter. The Comanche is the predominating language on the whole Kaiowē, Comanche, and Apache reservation, although the Comanche exceed the Kaiowē but little in number. The Comanche is more easily acquired, at least to the extent required in conversation, and all the traders and shopkeepers on the reservation have a smattering of it.

Better interpreters for Kaiowē were obtained at Anadarko, the seat of the agency, where Mr. Gatschet remained from October 31 to December 12. A few Kaiowē were found who had passed some months or years among Americans or at the Indian schools at Carlisle, Chilocco, and elsewhere, and could express themselves intelligibly in English. A few white Mexicans were found among the Comanche, who were captured by them in infancy, acquired the Comanche language, and have ever since lived among these Indians. Of the Kaiowē, Mr. Gatschet acquired over two thousand terms, phrases, and sentences, several historic texts of value, and of the Comanche, eight hundred or a thousand words. The circumstances necessitated careful and numerous revisions of everything obtained, by which much of the time was absorbed.

The Na-ishi Apache, about four hundred in number and formerly roaming with the Kaiowē, furnished also a large amount of terms, exceeding fifteen hundred.

There are a few verbal similarities between the Kaiowē and the Shoshoni languages, but apparently not enough to indicate anything more than long association of these peoples. The Kaiowē has a dual in the intransitive verb and in some nouns. There are more than a dozen different modes of forming the plural of nouns. The subject pronoun is incorporated with the verb as a prefix, and every tense has a different subject pronoun, as in Otomi and other languages of southern Mexico.

Vocabularies were also obtained of Delaware, Ottawa, Yuchi, Caddo, Wichita, and of the hitherto unstudied Caddo dialects of Anadarko and Yatassi.

In spite of persevering search it was not possible to find any of the Bidai or the Tonica in Texas, although it is probable that some of them survived in that State as late as 1850.

Mr. Gatschet then passed a whole month among the Atakapa at Lake Charles, the county seat of Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. Of the two dialects traceable, only the western one seems to exist now, being still spoken by a few women living at the town. The language is sonorous, but strongly nasal.

Returning to the Indian Territory, after a fruitless search for the Tonica and Adai, he stopped at Eufaula, Creek Nation, to meet a Na'htchi Indian named Lasley, about sixty years old, who had represented his tribe in the councils of the Creek Nation. This man explained his Na'htchi terms and phrases by Creek equivalents, and these had to be translated into English to obtain full light concerning the Na'htchi terms. One legendary text was also obtained. The language is rather consonantal and has a multiplicity of verbal forms.

Among the Yuchi tribe on Middle Arkansas river, southwestern bank, and over 40 miles from Muscogee Station, Indian Territory, he remained but a week, too short a time to obtain full information respecting this interesting language. There are five or six hundred Yuchi still living on this tract. Two texts and a few popular songs, with one thousand terms of the language, were obtained.

The last stop was made among the Modoc at Quapaw Agency, at the agency buildings. About ninety are left of those brought there for having taken part in the Modoc war of 1872-'73. Five mythic tales were gathered from the natives within the short time of three weeks, one of them being of considerable length and of importance. It is called "The birth of Aishish." The birth of this astral deity resembles in most particulars that of Bacchus from the thigh of Jupiter after his mother, Semele, had been burned to death. The terms, phrases, and sentences gathered, besides the myth mentioned, amount to over fifteen hundred items, which will prove useful for completing the work on the Klamath Indians of Oregon now in preparation.

Of the Shawnee language several hundred words were gathered from the Indians of that tribe settled around the agency.

Mr. Gatschet returned to Washington in April, 1885.

WORK OF REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

Rev. J. Owen Dorsey visited the Siletz Agency, Oregon, in August, 1884, to gain linguistic and other information respecting the tribes in that region. When he returned, in November, he brought back as the result of his work the following vocabularies:—Athapascan family: Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chastā Costa, Miko-no-tunne, Chetco, Smith River, Cal., and Upper Coquille.—Yakonan family: Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Lower Umpqua.—Kusan family: Mulluk or Lower Coquille.—Takilman family: Takilma or Upper Rogue River.—Shahaptian family: Klikitat.—Sastean family: Shasti—total, nineteen vocabularies, ranging from fifty to three thousand entries, exclusive of phrases and grammatical notes.

He also obtained materials for an account of the social organization into villages of some of these Indians, the basis for which appears to have been the clan or gens. Rough maps, showing the localities of the villages, were made. Mr. Dorsey also obtained from several tribes the corresponding Indian names of about sixty vegetal products, specimens of which were brought to Washington for identification.

WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN.

Mr. Curtin spent the first two weeks of July at the Quapaw agency, Indian Territory, in making a collection of Modoc myths, which he had begun in the preceding winter, being part of a general collection of Indian myths begun in 1883. The number of Modoc myths obtained was nearly one hundred.

After finishing work at the Quapaw Agency, he returned to Washington, and shortly afterward was directed to proceed to northern California and obtain vocabularies of the Nosa and Kombo languages, and thence to Oregon to obtain vocabularies of the Wasco, Tyigh, and Tenina languages.

Work was begun on the Nosa language (Yanan family) at Redding, Cal., on October 11. The difficulties were very great, especially at first, owing to the fact that the Nosa are few in number, live far from one another, and have a very imperfect knowledge of English.

The Nosa were a prominent and rather numerous people until 1864, when all of them who could be found were massacred by white settlers, who organized two companies for the purpose of exterminating the tribe. Owing to a chance by which a few escaped and to the exertions of Mr. Benjamin Oliver, who secreted several in his cellar, about fifteen full blood Nosa survived.

Work on Nosa was continued in and around Redding until the end of November, when Round Mountain was visited to complete the Nosa vocabulary and obtain that of the Atsugei (Palaikan family), a very interesting language. Work at Round Mountain was finished on January 8 and Redding was revisited on January 9, preparatory to departing for Oregon.

Owing to the excessive severity of the winter and the snow blockades, which lasted six weeks, communication with Warm Spring was closed, and it was impossible to enter the reservation till January 27, when Sinnashee, a school and center of the Warm Spring Indian population, was reached.

At this place the Tyigh vocabulary (Shahaptian family) was collected. The Wasco (Chinookan family) was obtained at the agency headquarters near the Deschutes river. Tenina, being identical with the Tyigh language, was omitted. From April 18, at which date work at the Warm Spring agency was finished, until June 30, the time was devoted to collecting myths in the Klamath reservation and at Yreka.

During the whole period of work all the myths that could be found among the people whose languages were being investigated were reduced to writing. In this manner a large body of Nosa, Atsugei, Tyigh, and Wasco myths was collected. In the cases of Klamath and Shasti, myths were the objects directly in view.

The vocabularies were obtained with satisfactory completeness and the verbal systems worked out in detail.

The Nosa is remarkable for a regularity of structure which yields to analysis and has a certain monotonous harmony of sound.

The Atsugei has a sonorous roll, a strong letter r, and a certain number of words in common with the Shasti, itself one of the r languages.

GENERAL FIELD WORK.

WORK OF DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS.

Dr. Washington Matthews, assistant surgeon U. S. Army, continued his investigations among the Navajo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. He had been stationed in the Navajo country as post surgeon of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., from 1880 to 1884, during which time he devoted himself to studying the language, customs, and ceremonies of this tribe as much as his official duties would permit. Some of the great shamanistic ceremonies of the Navajo, occupying nine days for their performance, he had often seen in part; but he had never had an opportunity of witnessing one throughout its entire duration, as he had not sufficient time at his disposal.

Before leaving New Mexico, however, he secured the friendship and confidence of some of the leading medicine men and obtained their promise to admit him to their most secret rites during their entire performance whenever he should be able to avail himself of the privilege. He was also promised complete instruction in the mythology and symbolism of these rites.

In the autumn of 1884 he was given an opportunity, under the auspices of the Bureau of Ethnology, to return to the Navajo country and devote himself for a considerable time entirely to anthropologic studies among the people.

He first visited the Navajo who dwell in the neighborhood of the San Mateo mountains, the Tsotsildinè, or people of the Great Peak, a local division or subtribe living much farther to the east and having longer and more intimate associations with Mexicans and Americans than the main body of the people. While at this place, he ascended the peak of San Mateo, or Mount Taylor, a mountain held sacred by the Navajo, to observe the various places on the mountain mentioned in the Navajo myths.

Leaving San Mateo he proceeded to Fort Wingate, and learning that one of the most important of the Navajo rites was about to be celebrated at a place called Niqotlizi (Hard Earth), north of Fort Wingate on the Navajo reservation, he repaired thither without delay. The ceremony which he went to witness was that of dsilyídje-qaçàl, or mountain chant. It is also called Ilnasjingo-qaçàl, or chant in the dark circle of branches, from the great corral of evergreens in which the public rites of the last night are performed. It is known to the white men who live among these Indians as the hoshkawn dance, from one of the public dances of the last night, in which the Indian jugglers pretend to grow and develop the hackàn, or Yucca baccata. This last night's performance is varied and interesting and all persons, including whites and Indians of other tribes, are permitted to witness it; but previously, for several days, mystic rites are celebrated in the medicine lodge, to the most of which only the initiated are admitted. Dr. Matthews remained ten days in the Indian camp at Niqotlizi, during which time the shamans admitted him into their medicine lodge and allowed him to observe their rites and practices.

His most interesting discovery on this occasion was that of their system of mythic dry paintings, by which they represent various legends or traditions with dry pigments on the sanded floor of the medicine lodge. A full account of the ceremonies and of the myth on which they are based was prepared by Dr. Matthews and appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of this Bureau.

When the ceremony at Niqotlizi was over he proceeded to a locality in Arizona called by the whites The Haystacks, from the peculiar appearance of the rock formations there. At The Haystacks another great ceremony, probably the second in importance of the Navajo rites, was to take place. Here he again encamped with the Indians and remained until the work of the shamans was done.

The ceremonial observances witnessed on this occasion are, collectively, called by the Navajo Klèdji-qaçàl, or chant of the night. They are called by the whites the Yàybichy dance, from the name of the principal masked character, Yèbitcai or Gebitcai, the granduncle of the gods. Like the hoshkawn dance, it has several days of secret rites with elaborate symbolic sand pictures and one night of public dances, less varied and interesting than those of the hoshkawn. Dr. Matthews was permitted to witness the whole performance and to take as many notes and sketches as were necessary.

From The Haystacks Dr. Matthews went to the Indian agency at Fort Defiance, Arizona, where he secured the services of one of the oldest and most learned (in their own peculiar lore) of the Navajo priests, and from him he obtained full explanations of all these rites and of the symbolism of the pictures and masked characters, with a complete recital of the long and elaborate myths on which the ceremonies depend, and the texts and translations of the very numerous songs which form the ritual of the ceremonies.

WORK OF DR. H. C. YARROW.

Dr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, with the assistance of military details and supplies, in addition to the instruction and facilities provided by this Bureau, started, August 8, 1884, on an expedition into the Territory of Utah, with reference mainly to the exploration of burial mounds and the study of mortuary customs.

Near Choke Cherry Spring a burial cave was discovered, containing the skeletons of three persons, which were secured. Other skeletons, with contents of graves, were obtained near Willow creek; also, an interesting specimen of tree burial.

At Deep creek an explanation of the curious form of water burial was gained from a chief of the Gosiats, to the effect that the bodies of the turbulent and disorderly men of the tribe were thus disposed of to prevent the spirits of these objectionable persons from joining the rest of the tribe after death. Their bodies were sunk in springs and marshy places and kept down by sticks and stones, so that their spirits could never get out.

In the neighborhood of Fillmore a mound was excavated which afforded an admirable example of the beforementioned conversion of a dwelling into a sepulcher. The probability is that the deceased died in his house, which was made of adobe bricks, and that it was at once abandoned and the body left therein, the roof being first removed. The corpse was placed on the floor and covered with a paste of moist clay, on which were placed the mortuary gifts of weapons, utensils, and food. Cottonwood branches were then piled above and set on fire, thus baking the clay crust and charring the several objects. The whole structure had been covered, so that on first examination the hard surface of burnt clay, 18 inches below the loose earth, appeared to be the floor of a former dwelling.

In the whole of the expedition, which continued into the last days of September, much difficulty was experienced from the suspicion and consequent hostility of the Indians of the localities visited.

WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman proceeded early in August to Victoria, B. C., where numerous sketches of Haida totem posts and carvings were obtained, in connection with the myths which they illustrated. At this locality attention was paid to the burial customs and osteologic remains of the nearly extinct tribe of Songish Indians.

At Port Townsend sketches were obtained of Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings, clearly indicating the adoption by that tribe of Haida art designs. Here, too, many Indians of British-American tribes were met on their way south to work in the Puyallup hop fields, notable among which was a large number of Haida, whose persons were examined for the purpose of copying the numerous and varied tattoo designs with which they were profusely decorated. Interpretations of many of these characters were obtained from the persons bearing them, as well as from the chief artist of the tribe, together with concise descriptions of the methods and customs in connection with tattooing and the materials used. Drawings were made of a collection of Eskimo pictographs and ivory carvings at the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company and the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.

At Santa Barbara, Cal., Dr. Hoffman discovered some painted pictographs and examined a number which have not yet been published. In several private collections at this place were found interesting relics of the Indians formerly inhabiting Santa Cruz island, the most important of which was a steatite cup containing earthy coloring matter and pricking instruments of bone, which had evidently been used in tattooing. Painted pictographs were also visited in the Azuza cañon, twenty-five miles northeast of Los Angeles.

At Tule Indian Agency, in the deep valleys on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, sketches of pictographs were made in continuation of work accomplished there two years before. Vocabularies were also obtained from the Waitchumni Indians here located, as well as from the few remaining Santa Barbara Indians at Cathedral Oaks, Santa Barbara county, Cal. By far the greatest amount of pictographic material was collected in Owen's valley, California, where series of petroglyphs are scattered over an arid, sandy desert, the extremes of which are more than twenty miles apart.

OFFICE WORK.

The work upon a synonymy of the Indian tribes of North America, which has been mentioned to some extent in former reports, has been continued with increased energy.

Every tribe of Indians of any size and importance has been treated of by historians under a variety of names. The sources of these different appellations are manifold. In very many instances the names of tribes or other bodies of Indians communicated by themselves have been imperfectly understood and erroneously recorded; misspelled names and typographical errors have been perpetuated.

Traders, priests, and colonists have called the same tribes by different names and the historian has often added to the confusion by handing down these synonyms as the names of other and different tribes. Not a few tribes well known under established names have received new names upon a change of residence, especially when they have removed to a great distance or have coalesced or allied with other tribes. Added to these and to other sources of confusion are the loose and dissimilar applications of the terms clan, band, tribe, confederacy, and league, the same term having been used with various meanings by different authors.

As a consequence the student of Indian languages and customs finds himself in a tangle, as regards tribal names, which it is beyond the power of the individual worker, unaided, to unravel. The scope of the work in question includes the attempt to trace the several names back to their sources and to ascertain their original and proper application, to define their meaning when possible, and to relegate each tribe under its proper title to the linguistic family to which it belongs. In the completion of this work the whole force of the Bureau assists.

The need of a volume giving the results mentioned has long been felt, and it is believed that it will prove to be one of the most important contributions to the accurate study of Indian history ever made. The classification of the languages of the North American Indians is closely connected with the synonymy of tribal names, each work assisting the other. During recent years the number of students who have directed their attention more or less exclusively to the study of Indian languages has been constantly augmented, and as a result of their labors the number of vocabularies has been correspondingly increased; hence the demand for a more comprehensive and satisfactory classification than now exists.

Prior to Gallatin's time little or nothing had been done in the direction of a systematic classification of Indian languages. In 1836 Gallatin issued his treatise in which he classified all the languages which he was able to study by a direct comparison of vocabularies. His classification was an immense advance over anything previously done and has proved a boon for scholars, having served, indeed, practically as the basis for most of the work in the same line performed since his time. No fixed rules of nomenclature, however, have ever been adopted by linguistic writers, and authors have named and renamed linguistic groups without regard to the names imposed upon the same or similar groups by earlier writers. As a result great confusion has followed not only respecting the status of the various linguistic families, but also respecting the identity of the languages which have served as a basis for the several groups proposed. The remedy for this state of affairs is the adoption, with strict adherence thereto, of a code of nomenclatural rules similar in scope to those prevailing among zoölogists.

There would appear to be no good reason why the rule of priority of name, for instance, should not be followed in linguistic as well as in zoölogic classification, or why the same beneficial result of fixity of nomenclature should not be expected to result from the adoption of this rule in the one case as in the other. Students who may attempt to unravel the many perplexing nomenclatural problems arising from unnecessary change of names will certainly agree that such a rule is no less desirable in linguistics than in zoölogy.

Accordingly, the rule of priority of name, within certain limitations, together with some other rules, has been adopted by the Bureau. These limitations and rules, together with a discussion of the subject, which would still be premature, may be presented by the Director in his next annual report.

Mr. H. W. HENSHAW, when not in the field, was specially engaged in the organization and details of the office work upon tribal synonymy and linguistic classification above described. A careful examination of all the literature pertaining to these correlated subjects was necessary and also the preparation of tentative tables of synonymy. He has prepared such tables and made in connection with them a brief historical résumé of the literature. Much longer time and the work of the whole official force will, however, be needed for the completion for publication of the results of this vast and complicated undertaking.

Mrs. ERMINNIE A. SMITH was occupied, while not engaged in the field as reported above, in the revision for publication of her Tuscarora dictionary, the material for which had been collected during several years.

Col. GARRICK MALLERY continued the collection and classification of material on the two correlated subjects of sign language and pictographs. His two preliminary papers on those subjects have appeared in former annual reports. It is intended, while increasing the data obtained from the Indian tribes of North America, bearing upon these subjects, to supplement and illustrate the mass of information collected from those tribes by comparison with everything of a similar character to be found in other parts of the world and to publish the results of the collection and study in the form of monographs.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman, when not in the field, continued to assist in the work mentioned.

Mr. JAMES C. PILLING'S preparation of the Bibliography of North American Languages continued during the year. In October and November he visited several libraries in Boston and Providence, for the purpose of clearing up a number of doubtful points. During the year pages 839-1135 were received from the printer, which completed the volume. In the spring a limited number of copies were struck off by the Public Printer, and these have been sent to various libraries, public institutions, and to individuals interested in the subject, for the purpose of obtaining additions and corrections, with the intention, if these should prove to be numerous, of resetting the matter.

Mr. FRANK H. CUSHING was stationed at Washington at the commencement of the fiscal year and was engaged in the classification of his field material in preparation for its publication. During the fall he completed a short paper on Zuñi culture growth as evidenced by studies of Pueblo ceramics, which was published in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau. In this paper he maintains, with a large amount of linguistic evidence, that the Zuñi culture is mainly autochthonous, and that its growth, especially the growth of architectural, agricultural, ceramic, and other arts and industries pertaining to it, has been largely accomplished within the desert areas of America which still form the habitat of the Pueblo Indians, and probably, also, within a period more limited than has usually been supposed essential to such development.

He prepared also a paper on the "Ancient province of Cibola and the seven lost cities," in which he not only identifies the seven cities of Cibola above referred to with seven ruins near the present Zuñi village, but also furnishes interesting examples of the permanence of Indian tradition and of its value, when properly used, as a factor, in ethnographic and historic research.

Among the later and perhaps more important results of his studies during the year are investigations of the myths and folk tales abundantly recorded by him during previous years among the Zuñi.

By the extended comparison which he is able to make between these folk tales and myths, now first brought together as a whole, and by the application to their study of the linguistic method employed by him in the preparation of the two papers already mentioned, he is able to trace the growth of mere ideas or of primitive conceptions of natural or biotic phenomena and of physical or animal function into the personæ and incidents which go to make up myths, as well as to trace the influence of these growths on the worship of the Zuñi.

Early in 1885 Mr. Cushing furnished the Director with a schedule of his manuscript, notes, and sketches, and from an examination of this it was deemed advisable that he should continue putting his linguistic material into permanent shape, in order that it might be used as a check on ensuing studies of the sociology and mythology of the Zuñi, as well as for its suggestive value towards the explanation of obscure passages in those departments of study. This work had progressed but little, however, when a severe illness necessitated its temporary abandonment.

Prof. CYRUS THOMAS, in addition to his administrative duties in charge of the division of mound exploration, was engaged in preparing for publication the results of the operations of that division. The constant arrangement, comparison, and study of the material objects and facts ascertained required his close application. He also commenced the paper presented by him in this volume.

Mr. VICTOR MINDELEFF, in the first part of the fiscal year, completed models of the seven villages of the ancient Province of Tusayan, together with a relief model illustrating the topographical character of the province. The model of Walpi, of this series, was carried out in such a manner as to show on a large scale the character of the rocky mesa on which the town is built. Several types of cliff ruins were also modeled for this series, among them the White House ruin of Cañon de Chelly and the mummy cave of Cañon de la Muerte. After August 1 this work was carried on under the supervision of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who also prepared a model of the great Etowah mound from the data of Mr. V. Mindeleff's survey; he also furnished several other examples of mounds, with sections, under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas. This work was carried on without interruption until December 7, when Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff was ordered to New Orleans, to take charge of the combined exhibits of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology, and was instructed to look after the proper installation of the same in the Government building. He returned to Washington about February 1. During the ensuing four months the small force in the modeling room was engaged in making models of the ancient pueblos of the Chaco, from the plans secured during the preceding summer, as referred to in the report of field work. This work continued until early June, when Mr. C. Mindeleff was again ordered to New Orleans to take charge of the packing and shipment of the exhibits of the Geological Survey and Bureau of Ethnology for their return to Washington and for the installation of a portion of the material at the Louisville Exposition. During the interval from February 1 to June 15 Mr. Victor Mindeleff was engaged in the preparation of a report on the architecture of the ancient provinces of Cibola and Tusayan, together with the plans and diagrams necessary for its illustration. This study was based on the large amount of data that had been secured during former field seasons for modeling purposes.

Rev. J. OWEN DORSEY, when not in the field, made nearly 10,000 entries for the Ȼegiha-English dictionary, and prepared Ponka and Omaha native texts, with free and interlinear translations, in addition to those found in part 1 of vol. 6, Contributions to North American Ethnology. After December 1, 1884, he collated the following vocabularies obtained by him in Oregon, viz: Takelma, Shasti, Applegate Creek, Chastā Costa, Galice Creek, Mulluk, Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, Yaquina, Klikitat, and one on Smith River, California. He also prepared a list of the villages obtained from the tribes at the Siletz Agency, Oregon.

Mr. ALBERT S. GATSCHET was engaged at the beginning of the fiscal year in revising and perfecting his grammar of the Klamath language of southern Oregon. The phonology was completed and stereotyped, extending from page 200 to 245. He was engaged in correcting proofs of the subsequent section on morphology when he proceeded to the Southwest, as elsewhere reported, to investigate several languages spoken there, the affinities of which had not before been ascertained.

Mr. W. H. HOLMES, as in previous years, has supervised the illustrations of the Bureau publications. He also continued his archæologic studies, chiefly in the department of ceramics, the character of which is shown by his papers in this volume. He was in charge of the preparation of exhibits for the expositions at New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati; but, owing to the pressure of other duties, much of this work was intrusted to Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was assisted materially by Mr. Victor Mindeleff. The most important feature of the exhibits consisted of models of plaster and papier mâché of the pueblo towns and cliff houses of New Mexico and Arizona.

Aside from the models, exhibits of ethnologic and archæologic materials were made. A large and important collection of objects of pueblo art was obtained by Mr. James Stevenson, but much of it failed to reach Washington in time for exhibition purposes, and a series of similar objects, already classified and labeled, was selected from the National Museum and forwarded to New Orleans. A valuable collection of the ancient fictile products of Tusayan belonging to Mr. Thomas Keam was also utilized in perfecting the exhibits of Pueblo art.

Archæologic materials from other sections of the country were placed on exhibition, notably a superb collection of prehistoric relics from the province of Chiriqui, Panama, which was purchased for the purpose.

The collections of ethnologic and archæologic material made during the year are of unusual importance and magnitude. This is chiefly due to the facilities afforded by the New Orleans Exposition fund, a liberal portion of which was devoted to the collection and purchase of objects of permanent value to the Government and to science. The collections made by Mr. Stevenson in Zuñi and Acoma comprise upward of four thousand pieces, chiefly objects of clay, but including other classes of products. The collection of prehistoric relics obtained by Mr. J. A. McNiel from the tombs of Chiriqui is one of the most important and complete series of ancient American products to be found in any country, and must prove of great value to students.

Mr. Victor Mindeleff secured a small series of relics from the ancient ruins of northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Dr. H. C. Yarrow added some objects of archæologic and ethnologic interest from central Utah. Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith procured a number of articles of shell, illustrating the modern manufacture of wampum in New Jersey; a small collection of fragmentary pottery from the eastern shore of Maryland was presented by Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Ellicott City; and Mr. Holmes secured a series of articles, including arrowheads, shell implements, and pottery, from the island of Nantucket. Mound explorations, conducted by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, yielded a valuable series of objects of stone and clay. An unusually interesting series of the earthen vessels of the ancient pueblo races was secured by Mr. E. W. Nelson in eastern central Arizona. The greater part of the abovementioned material has already been catalogued and turned over to the U. S. National Museum.

Dr. H. C. YARROW, acting assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, besides his field explorations described, continued to collect information relative to the mortuary customs of North American Indians. Of the material gathered, a considerable portion has been forwarded by various persons throughout the country in answer to the circular sent out early in the last year, but much has also been derived from the published works on anthropologic subjects, including scientific journals and reports. Numerous authorities have been consulted and much time has been devoted to the consideration of the many theories advanced to account for certain peculiar rites and customs.

Mr. CHARLES C. ROYCE continued during the year the preparation of a historical atlas of Indian cessions. The boundaries of the various cessions of land by the different Indian tribes were traced out and located upon the maps of the States and Territories left uncompleted at the date of the last annual report. All that remains to be done in completing the atlas for publication is to transcribe, with considerable elaboration, the historical and descriptive notes pertaining to the various cessions, and to make, from the rough working sheets, legible copies of the maps showing the boundaries of the cessions within the States of California, Oregon, Nevada, and Texas and the Territories of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Dakota. Most of these States and Territories will each require two maps, showing respectively the primary and secondary cessions. The work will be finished as rapidly as possible.

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

The present volume contains papers the subject matter of which may be classified under the grand divisions of Technology, Philosophy, Sociology, and Ethnography.

They are all prepared by experts of recognized authority in their several lines of research and are illustrated to the degree required by the text for full understanding, the number of figures presented being 548, besides ten full page plates. Special mention of each of these papers follows in their order as printed.

ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA, BY

WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

The archæology of Chiriqui should be studied, not only for comparison with that of the territory comprised in the present political divisions of North America, but because geographically the province should be considered as a part of the North American continent. Until recently this isthmian region was little known, the explorations for railroads and canals having furnished the first valuable accounts of its modern inhabitants and the relics left by former occupants.

The National Museum now contains a large and precious collection of archæologic material from the province, chiefly obtained by Mr. J. A. McNiel during years of enthusiastic labor. The information derived and the lessons to be learned from this collection, together with all particulars relating thereto gathered from other sources, are now presented in this paper by Mr. W. H. Holmes. His work in the classification of the immense number of objects and in the elucidation of their functions, material, construction, forms, and decorations has been careful and comprehensive. His manifest success has been owing to his artistic insight and skill as well as to his archæologic training. His ability in both fields can be appreciated by an examination of the 287 illustrations in his paper, considered not only as to their number, but as to their instructive arrangement in his text.

The objects of ancient art found in Chiriqui are, as elsewhere in North America, derived almost entirely from graves. The cemeteries, apart from their contents and the mode of sepulture, constitute in themselves topics of interest which are discussed and illustrated in the paper. Another curious feature is that the objects buried generally appear to have been manufactured for mortuary purposes and not for use by the living. A general review of the contents of the graves shows that the ancient inhabitants were skillful in the manipulation of stone, gold, copper, and clay, and tombs of undoubtedly great antiquity yield evidence of long continued culture.

It also appears that, while the art of the old peoples of the isthmus can in some respects be connected with that of adjacent regions in North America, in others it is remarkable for individuality. Ornaments of stone were seldom used by them and those of gold and copper were common. The articles of gold which the graves have yielded in large quantities to explorers during the last quarter of a century, and for which only they have until recently been searched, have generally been considered to be mere ornaments, but they probably had a fetichistic origin.

It is remarkable that no weapon, tool, or utensil of metal has been noticed. The objects were generally formed by casting in molds, which was done with considerable skill, and gilding, or at least plating, was practiced. The art of alloying also appears to have been understood.

The use of metals does not appear early in the order of technology, and an advanced degree of culture is generally attained before the casting of any metal is attempted. Without allowing too much weight to any argument based upon the surprising skill of these people in plating and alloying, the evidence of technical skill in general, together with the conceptions embodied in their art, proves conclusively that it was the product of a long period of experiment and progress.

The pottery of Chiriqui is to be noted for the perfection of its technique, its high specialization of form, and its conventional use of a wide range of decorative motives. Its forms present many striking analogies to the wheel made ware of the Mediterranean, regarded as classic.

The mythologic stage of the builders of these graves is shown by the fact that in their ceramic art there is no attempt to render the human face or figure with accuracy. The personages of their religious philosophy were zoömorphic and some of their forms may be discerned by a skillful analyst in or on all the ornaments and vessels. On each of the latter all decorative devices and delineations have some reference to the mythic creature associated with the vessel and its functions.

Mr. Holmes has made an important discovery in the evolution of decoration in Chiriqui from which are deduced instructive generalizations of wide application. All the decorations originate (doubtless under the influence of the stage reached in mythologic philosophy) in life forms of animals, none being vegetal. Coming from mythologic concepts they are significant and ideographic, and coming from nature they are primarily imitative and non-geometric. Nevertheless the agencies of modification inherent in the practice of art through its mechanical conditions are such that the animal forms early employed have changed into conventional decorative devices, among which are the meander, scroll, fret, chevron, and guilloche.

That this was the course of evolution of the classic forms of ornaments is not asserted; indeed, it is not necessary to form such a hypothesis, as by the interacting principles, well classified by Mr. Holmes, the course by which the same result was accomplished may have been wholly diverse. It is, however, shown that this was in all probability the particular and independent course in one region of America, being in that respect in distinct contrast to other art regions, such as that of the Pueblos, where the rise of geometric figures through technologic channels is equally obvious. It follows that in seeking to divide peoples by the criteria of their decorative arts the examination must embrace what is far more fundamental than a mere comparison of their finished products: these may be and are markedly similar without any evidence of transmission, and when in fact by deeper study the ascertained separate courses of development preclude such transmission.

A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE

DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY W. H. HOLMES.

For several years Mr. Holmes has been engaged in the study of the ancient and existing art of the North American Indians, and has published in the annual reports of this Bureau a number of elaborate essays upon the art of specified peoples and regions.

In the present paper he submits the comprehensive results of his studies in one great branch, the textile art, and treats chiefly of its esthetic relations as distinct from those of construction and function, so far as they can be separately discussed.

He has been fortunate in the character of the material studied. In America there is yet found a great body of primitive, indigenous, and independent art, almost uncontaminated by the complex phenomena, processes, and conditions which elsewhere obscure its origin and development. To a knowledge of American art acquired by long study Mr. Holmes adds a mental equipment exceptionally qualifying him for its philosophic discussion. His conclusions therefore, presented with ample evidence and explained by illustrations, are to be received as those of a recognized authority, although they may disturb some sentimental and metaphysical fancies concerning abstract beauty in form, color, and design.

It is not contended that the earliest concepts of beauty originated with textile art. On the contrary, it is probable that the first esthetic attempts were in the line of personal decoration, such as paints on the skin and pendants and feathers disposed about the person. But as the textile art appears early and widely in culture it is believed that the association of esthetic concepts with it very generally preceded their association with other arts. Having thus the start in the field, its nature was full of suggestions of embellishment, while it was fixed in its method of expression. The technique therefore shaped and directed the esthetic concept and became the parent of much geometric ornament.

Mr. Holmes gives an instructive analysis of the forces and influences inherent in the textile art, the first lessons of which are order, uniformity, and symmetry; he shows how the necessities of technique determine ideas of the beautiful in linear geometric forms and how taste in selecting certain ornaments as the most beautiful is simply choosing that product which in the evolution of art gave it character and power.

The influence of textile ornament upon other forms of art, such as architecture and sculpture, is discussed, as also the manner in which extrinsic decorative elements are remodeled in accordance with the rules of textile combination. The paper, however, does not undertake to cover the whole field of the development of form and ornament, being confined to the relation of the textile art thereto, and similar studies in all other grand divisions of art must be made before the relative importance of all their forces and tendencies can be estimated. But the laws of evolution in all art closely correspond, and the present paper is eminently instructive to all students of the esthetic.

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.

That Prof. Cyrus Thomas has long been engaged in the examination of the few Maya records in existence is known from his former works, "A study of the Manuscript Troano" and "Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts," both published by the Bureau of Ethnology.

The object of the present paper is to give information of some original discoveries and to present some explanations not brought forward by Professor Thomas in his former papers.

The records of Maya and Mexico yet challenge students with unsolved problems similar to those which in the writings of Egypt and Assyria have perplexed so many generations. The translation of the paleographic literature of this continent may be expected to throw light on the past of America, in some degree reproducing the brilliant result which has attended the translation of the hieroglyphs of the eastern hemisphere. Long and laborious comparisons, together with the trial of successive hypotheses, will be necessary to the decipherment of our aboriginal manuscripts, and but few competent persons are actively engaged in the work. It becomes, therefore, the duty of any one whose discoveries tend to clear up even minor points of the great problem to furnish them to his fellow laborers, and thereby limit the remaining field of investigation. In this paper Professor Thomas supplements his former work.

OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

This paper contains an account of a secret society of seven degrees, still existing among the Osage, in which the traditions of the people have been preserved. The author, by his skill and personal influence, has obtained and now furnishes two of these traditions in the original language, with an interlinear and a free translation of each and with explanatory remarks.

The traditions are both cosmologic and sociologic, and are admirable examples of Indian philosophy. The existence of secret associations, periodically celebrating religious mysteries, and of shamanistic orders, which, by ceremonies, pictographs, and chants, have preserved in more or less purity the traditions of their ancestors, has been vaguely known for some years, but until lately no accurate or indeed intelligent account of them has been secured.

The exertions of several of the officers of this Bureau have been successful in obtaining full details and clear explanations both of the traditions and the ceremonials of several of the Indian tribes, notably those of the Zuñi and the Navajo, published in former annual reports. The present paper by Mr. Dorsey takes an important place in this new collection of materials for the study of Indian philosophy, from which valuable results have been already acquired.

THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.

For the express purpose of personal exploration and examination, the author of this important paper spent a considerable time in the region of which he treats. His course of travel was to Cumberland sound and Davis strait. The grand division of the Eskimauan linguistic family, inhabiting nearly the whole range of the Arctic-American coast, which has been classed as Central Eskimo, occupies the northeastern part of the continent and the eastern islands of the Arctic-American archipelago. It inhabits, at Smith sound, the most northern countries in which man has been known to dwell. Its southern and western boundaries are about Fort Churchill, the middle part of Back river, and the coast west of Adelaide peninsula.

Dr. Boas gives an admirable account of the topography of the region and of the distribution, tribal divisions, and numbers of the inhabitants. His work is replete with valuable statements in minute detail and with acute suggestions regarding their habits and customs. Their peculiar and ingenious weapons, implements, and utensils are fully described and illustrated. His account of their religious practices and beliefs, supplemented by translations of their myths and legends, is equally entertaining and instructive.

In connection with his observations made through original research, Dr. Boas presents the result of a close study and analysis of the work of former explorers in this field, by which his contribution to the study of this interesting hyperborean people will command additional attention.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

Table showing amounts appropriated and expended for North American ethnology for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1885.

Expenses.

Amounts expended.

Amount appropriated.

A.

Services

$30,433.55

B.

Traveling expenses

3,716.14

C.

Transportation of property

354.12

D.

Field subsistence

198.42

E.

Field supplies and expenses

535.45

F.

Field material

197.71

G.

Instruments

49.25

H.

Modeling material

40.11

I.

Photographic material

306.71

K.

Books and maps

355.85

L.

Stationery and drawing material

15.70

M.

Illustrations for reports

668.64

N.

Articles for distribution to Indians

23.69

O.

Office furniture

59.67

P.

Office supplies and repairs

36.61

Q.

Manuscripts

395.00

R.

Correspondence

15.43

S.

Specimens

71.00

T.

Collection of material for classification of the Indians in the United States

1,326.61

Balance on hand to meet outstanding liabilities

1,200.34

40,000.00

$40,000.00

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

INDEX.

A.

Page.

Acoma, collections of J. Stevenson from

XLIX

Adelung, J. C., cited

262

Adlet and Qadlunait, origin of the

637

Adlet or Erqigdlit

640

Aggomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of

442-444

Aglio, Augustina, fac simile of Dresden Codex by

263-266

Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of

450, 451

Aivillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

445-450

Akudnirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

440-442

Akuliarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

421

Alaskan Indians, illustration of ornamentation by

199

Alligator, utilization of, in Chiriquian art

130-140, 166, 173-176, 178, 80, 183

American Museum of Natural History, acknowledgments to

409

[American Museum of Natural History], figured specimens from

472, 517

Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, paper by W. H. Holmes on

13-187

Ancon, Peru, examples of ornamentation from graves at

212, 230, 231, 236, 243, 248

Anderson and Stewart, cited

458, 459

Apache, illustrations of ornamentation by

198, 213, 223

Ardnainiq, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition

640

Arrowpoints and spearheads of Chiriqui

34

B.

Back, cited

485

Baffin Land, description of

415, 416

[Baffin Land], distribution of tribes in

421-444

[Baffin Land], traditions of, with comparisons

641-643

Balboa, ornaments captured by

35

Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie etc., Verhandlungen der, cited

409, 616

Bessels, Emil, cited

412, 460, 486

Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians

XXIV-XXVI

Bickford, F. T., field work of

XXVIII

Bill Nix (W. P. Matthews), Osage traditions dictated by

377

Black incised group of Chiriquian pottery

80

Boas, F., remarks on paper respecting Central Eskimo by

LVI, LVII

[Boas, F.], paper on Central Eskimo by

399-669

Bollaert, W., cited

41, 45

Boothia Felix and Back River, tribes of

452-459

Böttiger, C. A., mention of Dresden Codex by

262

[Böttiger, C. A.], controversy with Abert concerning Dresden Codex

267

Brasseur, copy of the Manuscript Troano by

284, 286, 343

[Brasseur], cited

350

British Guiana Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

217

C.

Calendar system, tabular view of

270-274

Castillo del Oro, name given by Columbus to Chiriqui

35

Ȼegiha-English dictionary

XLVIII

Celts, collection of, from Chiriqui

29-34

Central Eskimo, remarks on paper of F. Boas on

LVI, LVII

[Central Eskimo], paper on, by F. Boas

399-669

Charency, H. de, cited

282

Chimu, Peru, ornamentation of "hall of arabesques" at

251, 252

Chiriqui, collections from tombs at

XLIX

[Chiriqui], ancient art of the province of, by W. H. Holmes

13-187

Cibola, identification of ancient cities of

XLVI

Clallam Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

207

Codex Cortesianus, similarity of, to Manuscript Troano and Dresden Codex

286

Collinson, cited

503

Color in textile art

201, 202

Color phenomena in textile ornament

215-232

Comanche Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among

XXXIV

Costa Rica, origin of name of

35

Cranz, D., cited

412, 586, 590

Cumberland Sound, description of settlements of

428-440

Curtin, J., linguistic field work of

XXXVII, XXXVIII

Cushing, F. H., office work of

XLVI

D.

Dakota, organization of the

396

Darien, capture of, by Balboa

35

Davis Strait Indian tribes, snow houses of

541-544

Dease and Simpson, cited

458

De Zeltner, A. See Zeltner, A. de. Diller, J. S., acknowledgment to

21, note

Dogs and sledges of Eskimo

529-538

Dorsey, J. O., linguistic field work of

XXXVI

[Dorsey, J. O.], office work of

XLVIII

[Dorsey, J. O.], remarks on paper respecting Osage traditions by

LV, LVI

[Dorsey, J. O.], paper by, on Osage tradition

373-397

Dresden Codex, numerals in

261-338

Drums of ancient Chiriqui

157, 160

E.

Ebert, F. A., description of Dresden Codex by

263

[Ebert, F. A.], controversy with Böttiger concerning Dresden Codex

267

Eenoolooapik, cited

410, 425, 464

Egede, H., cited

412

El Dorado, origin of

35

Ellesmere Land, natives of

459, 460

Emigration of the Sagdlirmiut

616-620

Emmert, J. W., field work of

XXVI, XXVII

Erdmann, F., cited

412, 597

Eskimo, the Central, by F. Boas

399-669

F.

Falkenstein, K. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by

268

Field work

XXVI-XLII

Figurines of Chiriquian art

151-153

Fillmore, exhumation of sepulcher at

XLI

Financial statement

LVIII

Fishing, Eskimo methods, of 513-516

Fleischer, H. L., mention of Dresden Codex by

263

Flight to the moon

598, 599

Form in textile art and its relation to ornament, with illustrations from Indian work

196-201

Förstemann, E., citation from Die Mayahandschrift of

261-269

[Förstemann, E.], cited

272, 278, 280, 281, 283, 290, 292, 293, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 320, 322, 329, 330, 339, 340

Fowke, G., field work of

XXVI

Frobisher, M., cited

410, 469, 558

Frobisher Bay, use of, by Eskimo

423

G.

Gallatin, A., mention of classification of Indian languages by

XLIV

Garlic, C. A., field work of

XXIX

Gatschet, A. S., linguistic field work of

XXXIII-XXXVI

[Gatschet, A. S.], office work of

XLVIII

Geography, Eskimo knowledge of

643-647

Geometric design, relations of, to textile ornament

202-244

Gilder, W. H., cited

411, 456, 457, 458, 459, 466, 498, 522

Glossary of Eskimo terms

663-669

Gordon, A. R., cited

412, 463

Gosiats, water burial among

XLI

Götze, J. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by

261

[Götze, J. C.], biographical sketch of

261, 262

H.

Haida Indians, art among

XLI, XLII

Hall, C. F., acknowledgments to

409

[Hall, C. F.], cited

411, 422, 432, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 456, 457, 459, 462, 463, 464, 486, 499, 503, 509, 547, 578, 583, 589, 594, 595, 596, 601, 602, 606, 607, 608, 611, 614, 615, 639

Hallock, W., on Chiriquian methods of casting

38

Handled group of Chiriquian pottery

90-97

Harpoons of Eskimo, mode of constructing

489-494

Henshaw, H. W., linguistic field work of

XXXI-XXXIII

[Henshaw, H. W.], office work of

XLV

Herrera, cited

35

Hewett, J. N. B., field work of

XXX, XXXI

Hoffman, W. J., field work of

XLI, XLII

[Hoffman, W. J.], office work of

XLV

Holmes, W. H., office work of

XLVIII, XLIX

[Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on ancient art of the province of Chiriqui by

LI-LIV

[Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on textile art in its relation to the development of form and ornament by

LIV, LV

[Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on ancient art of the province of Chiriqui

13-187

[Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on textile art in its relation to the development of form and ornament

189-252

Huacals, exploration of, in Chiriqui

16, 17

Hudson Bay, tribes of western shore of

444-452

Hudson Bay district, geographic description of

414-418

Hudson Bay Indians, snow houses of

547

Humboldt, A. von, notice of Dresden Codex by

262, 263

Hunting, Eskimo methods of

471-513

I.

Igdlumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

463

Igdlungajung, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition

640

Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal

633, 634

Iglulik Eskimo tribe, snow houses of

546, 547

Iglulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

444

Ijirang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition

640

Indian tribes, synonymy of

XLIII-XLV

Inuarudligang, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition

640

Inugpaqdjuqdjualung

638

Inuit race, divisions of

420

Iowa, secret society among

396

Ititaujang; 615-618

Itivimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

463

J.

Jones, Mrs. J. A., Onondaga manuscript of

XXXI

K.

Kadlu the thunderer

600

Kaiowē language, researches of A. S. Gatschet respecting

XXXIV, XXXV

Kalopaling

620, 621

Kangivamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

463

Kansa, secret society among

396

Kayak, construction of

486-489

Keam, T., Tusayan products collected by

XLIX

Kingnaitmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

424

Kingsborough, Lord, Dresden Codex copied by order of

262

[Kingsborough, Lord], Mexican Antiquities of, cited

266

Kinipetu or Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of

450, 451

Kiviung

621

Klamath Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

208, 209, 227

Klamath language, work by A. S. Gatschet on grammar of

XLVIII

Kleinschmidt, Eskimo orthography of

413

Klutschak, H. W., cited

411, 448, 449, 451, 457, 458, 459, 466, 502, 509, 510, 516, 552, 553, 570, 582, 595, 596, 614, 615

Kouksoarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

463

Kumlien, L., acknowledgments to

409

[Kumlien, L.], cited

412, 471, 474, 475, 482, 483, 524, 549, 550, 567, 589, 596, 606, 607, 610

Kunz, G. F., on use of insects as models in casting metals

38

[Kunz, G. F.], on Chiriquian methods of plating

39

L.

La Fort, D., Onondaga manuscript of

XXXI

Landa, cited

348

Landa's alphabet, insufficiency of

259, 347

Lepsius, cited

418

Lipan Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among

XXXIII

"Lost color" of Chiriquian art, nature of

86

Lost color group of Chiriquian pottery

113-130

Lyon, G. F., cited

410, 451, 463, 487, 497, 511, 579, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 592, 593, 610, 612, 613, 614, 615

M.

M'Donald, A., cited

410

McGuire, J. D., collections of

L

Maclean, J. P., field work of

XXVII

M'Clintock, Captain, cited

411, 455, 456, 458

McCloud River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

221

McNiel, J. A., collection of relics from tombs of Chiriqui by

XLIX

[McNiel, J. A.], archæologic work of, in Chiriqui

14, 15, 20

[McNiel, J. A.], cited

17, 22, 23, 27, 31, 40, 41, 43, 46, 107

Mallery, G., office work of

XLV

Manufactures, Eskimo

516-526

Manuscript Troano, copy of, by Brasseur

285, 286, 343

[Manuscript Troano], study of, by C. Thomas, cited

339, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 366, 367, 370

Maroon group of Chiriquian pottery

107-109

Mason, O. T., acknowledgments to

409

Matthews, W., field work of

XXXVIII-XL

Matthews, W. P. (Bill Nix), Osage traditions dictated by

377

Maya and Mexican manuscripts, C. Thomas on, cited

280

Maya Codices, aids to the study of, by C. Thomas

253-371

Mealing stones of Chiriqui

25-27

Merritt, J. K., cited

14, 16, 49

[Merritt, J. K.], exploration of Bugaba cemetery by

17, 18, 20

Metates of Chiriqui, nature and use of

25-27

Mexican Antiquities, by Lord Kingsborough, cited

266, 267

Middleton, J. D., field work of

XXVI-XXVIII

Mindeleff, C., office work of

XLVII, XLVIII

Mindeleff, V., field work of

XXIX, XXX

[Mindeleff, V.], office work of

XLVII, XLVIII

[Mindeleff, V.], collections of

XLIX

Mintzer, W., acknowledgments to

409

Modoc Indians, linguistic work among

XXXVI, XXXVII

Moki, illustrations of ornamentation by

197, 205, 224, 225, 226, 238, 240

Moravian missionaries, cited

463

Mound explorations, field work on

XXVI-XXVIII

Mountain chant of Navajo Indians

XXXIX, XL

Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, acknowledgments to

409

[Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin], figured specimens from

472, 473, 474, 477, 479, 480, 481, 483, 486, 487, 488, 496, 508, 513, 514, 515, 518, 519, 520, 523, 531, 532, 554, 555, 556, 557, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 576, 613, 634, 644

Music and poetry of the Eskimo

648-658

N.

Nadaillac, Marquis, cited

14, 38

[Nadaillac, Marquis], on Chiriquian methods of casting

38

Na-ishi Apache Indians, linguistic work among

XXXV

Narwhal, origin of the

625-627

National Museum, acknowledgments to

409

[National Museum], figured specimens from

474, 479, 480, 481, 487, 488, 489, 490, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 530, 531, 532, 535, 539, 555, 556, 559, 560, 563, 565, 566, 576

Navajo Indians, field work of W. Matthews among

XXXVIII-XL

Navigation, Eskimo proficiency in

643

Needlecases (?) of Chiriqui

150

Nelson, E. W., collection of earthen vessels from eastern central Arizona by

L

Netchillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

452-458

New Granada, burial customs in

19, 20

Niqotlizi, ceremonies at

XXXIX, XL

Norris, P. W., field work and death of

XXVI

Northeastern America, geography of

414-418

North Greenlanders

460

Northwest Coast Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

213, 218, 227, 230

Nourse, cited

452

Nugumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

424

O.

Omaha, reticence of, as to secret societies

396

Onondaga, work of J. N. B. Hewitt among

XXX, XXX

Oqomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of

424-440

Origin of the Adlet and the Qadlunait

637

Origin of the narwhal

625-627

Osage Indians, traditions among

LVI

Osage traditions, paper on, by J.O. Dorsey

373-397

Otis, F. M., paper on Panama ornaments by, mentioned

46

Owen's Valley, California, pictographic material from

XLII

P.

Padlimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

440-442

Parry, W. E., cited

410, 443, 444, 447, 451, 458, 464, 474, 475, 478, 487, 492, 494, 502, 509, 510, 517, 523, 533, 544, 545, 547, 552, 556, 557, 558, 559, 572, 574, 603, 614

Penn wampum belt

233

Penny, cited

425

Peruvians, ancient, illustrations of ornamentation by

211, 212, 214, 228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 248

Petermanns Mitteilungen, cited

409, note

Petitot, É., cited

412, 516

Piedra pintal, description of, by Seemann

21, 22

Pilingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

444

Pilling, J. C., Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians by

XXIV-XXVI

[Pilling, J. C.], office work of

XLV, XLVI

Pima Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

220

Pinart, A. L., cited

14, 15, 20, 22

Piute Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

198, 205

Poetry and music of the Eskimo

648-658

Polychrome group of Chiriquian pottery

140-147

Polynesian ornamentation, illustrations of

249, 250

Ponka, secret society among

396

Pottery of Chiriqui

53-186

Powell, J.W., report of operations of Bureau of Ethnology by

XXIII-LVIII

Pueblo Indians, researches among

XXVIII, XXIX

Q.

Qailertétang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition

640

Qaudjaqdjuq

628-633

Qaumauangmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

421, 422

Qinguamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

424

Quapaw Indians, linguistic work among

XXXVII

R.

Rae, John, cited

411, 445, 446, 448, 450, 451, 452, 455, 459, 478, 485, 510, 597

Rattles of ancient Chiriqui

156, 157

Red line group of Chiriquian pottery

109-111

Religious ideas of the Eskimo

583-609

Riggs, R. B., analyses by

49

Rink, H., cited

411, 420, 580, 586, 587, 590, 591, 598, 599

[Rink, H.], acknowledgments to

412

Rogan, J. P., field work of

XXVI, XXVII

Rosny, L. de, cited

267, 347, 355, 357

Ross, J., cited

410, 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 469, 471, 478, 485, 508, 552, 553, 579

Royce, C. C., office work of

L, LI

S.

Sagdlirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

444

Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island

451

San Mateo Mountains, Indians near

XXXIX

Santa Barbara, Cal., pictographs at

XLII

Santa Barbara Indians, linguistic work of H. W. Henshaw among

XXXI-XXXIII

Saumingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

424

Scarified group of Chiriquian pottery

87-90

Schellhas, P., cited

345, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364

Schultz-Sellack, K., cited

278

Schwatka, F., cited

445, 457, 458, 459, 464, 465, 470

Science and the arts among the Eskimo

643-658

Seal hunting, Eskimo method of

471-501

Sedna and the fulmar

583-587

Sedna feast

594

Seemann, description of piedra pintal by

21, 22

Seminole Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

207

Sikosuilarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

421, 463

Siletz Agency, linguistic work of J. O. Dorsey at

XXXVI

Silvestre, É., Paléographie universelle of, cited

267

Simpson, J., cited

411, 597

Simpson, T., cited

410, 458

Singing house of Eskimo

600-602

Sinimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

451

Sledges and boats, description of Eskimo

527-538

Smith, Mrs. E. A., field work of

XXX, XXXI

[Smith, Mrs. E. A.], office work of

XLV

[Smith, Mrs. E. A.], collections of

XLIX, L

Smith Sound, Eskimo tribes of

459, 460

Snow houses, of Davis Strait Eskimo

541-544

[Snow houses], of Iglulik Eskimo tribe

544

[Snow houses], of Hudson Bay Indians

547

Social life and customs of Eskimo

574-578

Songish Indians, burial customs and remains of

XLII

Spicer, J. O., acknowledgments to

409

[Spicer, J. O.], cited

489, 511, 587, 588, 611

Spindle whorls of Chiriqui

149, 150

Stearns, J. B., specimens in archæological collections of

24, 41, 43, 45, 48, 49

Stevenson, J., field work of

XXVIII, XXIX

[Stevenson, J.], collection of objects of Pueblo art by

XLIX

Stevenson, Mrs. J., researches among the Zuñi by

XXIX

Stools of ancient Chiriqui

154-156

Sturgis, A., acknowledgments to

409

[Sturgis, A.], cited

491

T.

Talirpingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

424

Tents of Eskimo, mode of construction of

551-553

Terra cotta group of Chiriquian pottery

67

Textile art in its relation to the development of form and ornament, paper by W. H. Holmes on

189-252

Thing, L. H., field work of

XXVII, XXVIII

Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings

XLII

Thomas, C., field work of

XXVI-XXVIII, XXX

[Thomas, C.], office work of

XLVII

[Thomas, C.], collection from mounds by

L

[Thomas, C.], abstract of paper on aids to the study of the Maya codices by

LV-LVI

[Thomas, C.], paper on aids to the study of the Maya codices by

253-371

Tonkawē Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among

XXXIII, XXXIV

Tornait and angakut

591-598

Tornit, the

634-636, 640

Trade and intercourse between Eskimo tribes

462-470

Tripod group of Chiriquian pottery

97-107

Troano Manuscript, copy of, by Brasseur

285, 286, 343

Tule River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

219

Tununirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

442-444

Tununirusirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

442-444

Turner, L. M., cited

420, 462, 520, 565, 567, 608, note

Tusayan, model of the seven villages of

XLVII

[Tusayan], collection of fictile products of

XLIX

Tusayan ornament, illustrations of

247, 248

U.

Udleqdjun

636, 637

Ugjulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

458

Uissuit

621

[Uissuit], fabulous people in Eskimo tradition

640

Ukusiksalirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

458

Ungavimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of

463

V.

Vater, J. S., cited

262

W.

Walpi, model of

XLVII

Warmow, cited

425, 583

Whistles of ancient Chiriqui

164-171

White, B. B., description of cemetery in New Granada by

19

White line group of Chiriquian pottery

111-113

Wiener, cited

242

Wind instruments of ancient Chiriqui

160-171

Winnebago, sacred songs of the Iowa in

396

Y.

Yarrow, H. C., collections of

XLIX

[Yarrow, H. C.], field work of

XL-XLI

[Yarrow, H. C.], office work of

L

Yokut Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by

233, 234

Yuchi Indians, linguistic work among

XXV

Z.

Zeltner, A. de, observations on graves in Chiriqui by

14, 18, 19, 41, 42

[Zeltner, A. de], cited

20, 22, 27, 43, 45, 140

[Zeltner, A. de], description of Chiriquian vases by

145-147

Zuñi, studies of Mrs. J. Stevenson among

XXIX

[Zuñi], culture growth of

XLVI, XLVII

[Zuñi], collection made at

XLIX

[Zuñi], illustrations of ornamentation by

239

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. The Bureau of Ethnology—later the Bureau of American Ethnology—published a total of 48 Annual Reports over the period 1879 to 1933. Each Report was divided into three pieces: introductory material including summaries of what everyone in the Bureau had been doing; a number of free-standing articles; and an Index covering the whole volume.

2. Each article is a separate project, and the introduction and index are combined into another project. Articles are posted separately to PG, and when a volume is finished, a whole-volume version is also posted.

3. This project contains the roman numbered introduction plus the index for the volume.

4. Each volume contains a full index for all papers in that volume. To make the Index usable, page anchors were included in a consistent format, using the physical page number.

5. The arabic numbered page anchors will be linked when the whole volume version is posted to PG. Until this happens only the roman numbered page links will be valid.

6. Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors.

7. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.

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Table of Contents

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1884-'85

CONTENTS.

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

INTRODUCTION.

PUBLICATION.

FIELD WORK.

MOUND EXPLORATIONS.

WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.

EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON.

WORK OF MR. VICTOR MINDELEFF.

LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK.

WORK OF MRS. ERMINNIE A. SMITH.

WORK OF MR. H. W. HENSHAW.

WORK OF MR. A. S. GATSCHET.

WORK OF REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN.

GENERAL FIELD WORK.

WORK OF DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS.

WORK OF DR. H. C. YARROW.

WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN.

OFFICE WORK.

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY W. H. HOLMES.

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.

OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

INDEX.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

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