Iberia Won; A poem descriptive of the Peninsular War / With impressions from recent visits to the battle-grounds, and copious historical and illustrative notes
Date: 2017-01-02T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Peninsular War; 1807-1814 -- Poetry

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Title: Iberia Won; A poem descriptive of the Peninsular War

Author: T. M. Hughes

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Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IBERIA WON; A POEM DESCRIPTIVE OF THE PENINSULAR WAR ***

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The ‘Table of Contents’ has been created and inserted before the Preface by the Transcriber.

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Omitted text in quotations was indicated by ‘ * * ’ in the original book, sometimes ‘ * * * ’, and this has been retained in the etext.

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More detail can be found at the end of the book.

IBERIA WON.

LONDON:

WILLIAM STEVENS, PRINTER, BELL YARD,
TEMPLE BAR.

IBERIA WON;

A Poem

DESCRIPTIVE OF

THE PENINSULAR WAR:

WITH IMPRESSIONS FROM RECENT VISITS TO

THE BATTLE-GROUNDS,

AND

Copious Historical and Illustrative Notes.

BY T. M. HUGHES,

Author of “An Overland Journey to Lisbon,” “Revelations of Spain,” “The Ocean Flower,” &c.

LONDON:

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS.

MDCCCXLVII.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface | iii
Introduction | 1
CANTO I | 43
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto I | 59
CANTO II | 69
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto II | 87
CANTO III | 99
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto III | 117
CANTO IV | 127
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto IV | 144
CANTO V | 149
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto V | 165
CANTO VI | 173
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto VI | 190
CANTO VII | 199
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto VII | 216
CANTO VIII | 231
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto VIII | 247
CANTO IX | 259
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto IX | 276
CANTO X | 283
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto X | 299
CANTO XI | 305
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto XI | 322
CANTO XII | 327
Historical and Illustrative Notes to Canto XII | 344

PREFACE.

The following work is the result of six years’ residence in the Peninsula, devoted to literary pursuits. It contains the fruits (be they mature or otherwise) of many excursions through Spain and Portugal, of considerable opportunities of observation, and much familiarity with localities and people, as well as of meditative habits in an isolated life, which during the last three years especially has been compelled by severe sickness. Love and admiration of the British Islands, whose climate would be fatal to me, except during two or three summer months, have been fostered by constrained absence; and my attention having been strongly turned to the great Peninsular struggle, I have consulted every accessible work, and every surviving authority within my reach, that could illustrate a theme with which my mind has been filled for years. While I have endeavoured to sustain the glory of England, I have striven to award a meed of truthful but generous justice to her Allies, and have not thought it requisite to depreciate the well-earned fame of France. Yet, even while celebrating the most splendid military achievements, it has been my aim to inculcate a horror of the bloody arbitrament of War.

Determined to perfect the work, so far as in me lay, I last year traversed the whole Peninsula from East to West, at the constant risk of a very precarious life (which might thus, perhaps, become not utterly valueless), and acquired the advantages to be derived to my labours from visiting the following battle-grounds:—Bayonne and the Adour, the Nive, St. Pierre, the Nivelle, the Bidasoa, San Marcial, Vera, Sauroren, San Sebastian, Vitoria, Talavera, Almaraz, Albuera, and Badajoz, having previously visited most of the battle-fields in Portugal and in Northern and Southern Spain.

The task which I have undertaken, and accomplished according to my means, was an ambitious one, yet honourable. I scarcely dare to hope for success. I feel the full force of the immortal Scott’s address to the illustrious Wellington, in the Introduction to his Vision of Don Roderick:—

But we weak minstrels of a laggard day,

Skilled but to imitate an elder page,

Timid and raptureless, can we repay

The debt thou claim’st in this exhausted age?

Thou giv’st our lyres a theme, that might engage

Those that could send thy name o’er sea and land,

While sea and land shall last; for Homer’s rage

A theme; a theme for Milton’s mighty hand—

How much unmeet for us, a faint degenerate band!

But, while I regard with befitting humility the result of this labour of love, I trust that the spirit in which I have conceived and written has at least been pure and irreproachable.

It is with feelings of the utmost satisfaction and pride that I notice, contemporaneously with the appearance of this work, the concession of a medal to our Peninsular veterans by the high-minded Sovereign of England, whose propitious name and reign are identified with victory:—

Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἁ μεγαλώνυμος ἦλθε Νίκα.

Soph. Antig. 148.

Victoria came with mighty name and glory.

With equal pain have I witnessed, having traversed Spain at the period, the recent success of French intrigue and the spectacle of renewed subserviency. The wedding-ring may replace the sword, but the instrument, because less bloody, is not less fatal to Liberty; and the words of Byron, at the close of the first Canto of Childe Harold, become invested with prophetic and appalling truthfulness:—

Not all the blood at Talavera shed,

Not all the marvels of Barosa’s fight,

Not Albuera lavish of the dead,

Have won for Spain her well asserted right.

When shall her Olive-Branch be free from blight?

When shall she breathe her from the blushing toil?

How many a doubtful day shall sink in night,

Ere the Frank robber turn him from his spoil,

And Freedom’s stranger-tree grow native of the soil!

Lisbon, 1st March, 1847.

INTRODUCTION.

Of all the great achievements which make up the sum of British glory, the Peninsular War and its results form one of the grandest, brightest, and most unimpeachable. These gigantic efforts were made in the holy cause of Freedom; they were disinterested in a high and unparalleled degree; their success was uniform, brilliant, and startling; and their guerdon was the liberation and advancement of mankind.

For six years England had constantly employed in the Spanish Peninsula from thirty to seventy thousand of her troops, who besides sustaining combats innumerable, took four great fortresses, attacked or defended in ten important sieges, and were decisively victorious in nineteen pitched battles, killing, wounding, or making prisoners, two hundred thousand of the enemy. She liberally subsidized Spain and Portugal, and maintained the troops of both countries, regular and irregular, with supplies of ammunition, clothing, and arms, while upon her own military operations she expended upwards of one hundred millions sterling. Twice she expelled the French from Portugal, and finally drove them from Spain besides, surmounting and winning step by step the terrific bulwark of the Pyrenees. With her naval squadrons she repeatedly harassed the Invader by well-combined descents upon the coasts, and rescued or preserved Lisbon and Cadiz, Alicante and Carthagena. Her land forces tracked the enemy from Vimieiro to Busaco, from Busaco to Navarre, over some of the most frightfully broken ground in Europe, signally defeating them wherever they came in collision, and sweeping them at times like a wreck before the ocean-wave; and forty thousand of her children fell in the Peninsula to attest her devotion to the cause of Freedom.

In this most memorable liberation of Spain from the French invader, it is the glory of England to have realized with singular exactness the splendid encomium of Livy: “Esse aliquam in terris gentem quæ suâ impensâ, suo labore ac periculo, bella gerat pro libertate aliorum. Nec hoc finitimis, aut propinquæ vicinitatis hominibus, aut terris continenti junctis præstet. Maria trajiciat: ne quod toto orbe terrarum injustum imperium sit, et ubique jus, fas, lex, potentissima sint.”—Hist. lib. xxxiii.

The pre-eminent importance of the War of Independence in Spain, and of the part which England took in that struggle, has been acknowledged by rival French writers, whose love of historic truth was too strong for the countervailing influences of prejudice, passion, and professional jealousy. M. Thiers, in his Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, speaks of it as “that long and terrible struggle, that great Peninsular war, which lasted more than six years, which exhausted more treasure and drained off a greater tide of human blood than the murderous campaign of Russia, and in which all the most renowned generals and marshals of France were severally defeated, to the surprise of Napoléon, and to the astonishment of the world, by an English general, newly returned from India, whose name was as yet almost a stranger to every mouth.”

“Elle était à juste titre désignée comme la cause première et principale de la chute de Napoléon,” is the remark of General Foy, Histoire de la Guerre de la Péninsule. Avant-propos. And in one of his private letters he says, “Moscow brought Alexander, Spain brought Wellington, into the walls of our sacred city!”

I am therefore sure of the intrinsic interest of my subject, and am tremulous only about its treatment. Of this much I at least am certain—that no one will exclaim, as Horace did 2,000 years ago:

——“Quis feræ

Bellum curet Iberiæ?”

or be indifferent to the exploits of Englishmen in a country, with whose people the same Horace coupled a most flattering epithet—“peritus Iber.” The splendour and the decadence, the glory and misfortunes, the ancient grandeur and the existing distresses of Spain, the great historic parts which we have played either in unison or in rivalry,—above all, the terrible struggle which we maintained together against a Power with which it was at first despair to cope, and yet brought to a triumphant issue, make it impossible that any record of that struggle can be received with indifference; and the customary fate of rashness and incompetency is the only one that I have to apprehend.

That these great and glorious exploits should not have hitherto formed the subject of any extended poem may at first appear surprising. But the reason is obvious—the time had not yet arrived. The glare of contemporary fame is unfavourable to poetic celebration, except in the form of Pindar’s Olympionics, in dithyrambic odes imbued with the intoxication of victory, or otherwise in such short reflective sonnets as embodied a Wordsworth’s calm and philosophic spirit. The mists of time must be interposed before the hero rises to the Demigod, an entirely new generation must have succeeded, and the poet must himself belong to that generation. The halo of Imagination must invest what was before Reality, the subject must have attained the dignity of the myth, or heroic legend, and Ideal Art must be unencumbered by the pressure of the Actual. That time appears to have arrived. Forty years have elapsed since the commencement of this mighty struggle; those of our Peninsular heroes whom the shock of battle spared, have nearly all been gathered to their fathers, and those who remain are like late surviving Nestors whose heads are crowned with the snowy tonsure of Time.

Into the construction of this poem it is unfit that I should enter further than to state, that the action, which is in some degree formed on the purest ancient model, comprises a period of about two months, commencing a month before and ending a month after the taking of San Sebastian by storm. The besieged city forms the central point, and the events there, with superadded imaginative incidents, are combined with the fighting round San Sebastian, of which the object was on one side to relieve, and on the other to prevent the relief of that fortress. These are what are usually known by the name of the Battles of the Pyrenees, and commenced with the first battle of Sauroren, which was fought on the 28th July, 1813; the storming of San Sebastian occurred on the 31st of August; and the action of the poem concludes with the passage of the Bidassoa, and the advance of the Allied Army to the Greater Rhune, by which the Spanish soil was freed from the presence of the Invader—events which occurred on the 7th and 8th of October. The second siege of San Sebastian commenced contemporaneously with the first battle of Sauroren, on the 28th July.[A] The actual time therefore employed in the action is precisely two months and twelve days. The battles of the Pyrenees introduced are essentially interwoven with the main subject, which is the capture of the great fortress of San Sebastian, the principal event of the latter part of the War while it was confined to the Spanish soil. All the characters are grouped by the story round the central figure of the besieged city, the incidents of the peripeteia or plot are interwoven with that event and with each other, and—if it be not presumption to use such a word—the Epos is complete. The critics, I have no doubt, will find abundant faults; and the rest I commit to their tender mercies.

Though the time, as essential to such compositions, is in comparison with the duration of the War extremely limited, all its leading incidents are introduced in the permitted shapes of narrative, episode, allusion, and apostrophe. The historical part of the work invites the closest examination, as well as the local colouring, to which a six years’ constant residence in the Peninsula has enabled me, I trust, to impart some truth and vivacity. I have lived in the midst of revolts, revolutions, and military movements; my experience almost equals that of an actual campaigner; and I have witnessed even portions of three sieges—those of Seville and Barcelona in 1843, and that of Almeida in Portugal in 1844. Copious historical and explanatory notes are annexed to each canto, and the description of the battle grounds is made accurate by personal observation of many of them, which I have embodied in the notes. The theatre of that portion of the War which enters into the action of the poem itself presents very felicitous subjects for description, the ground being the gigantic Pyrenees, and the combats there sustained being more like those of Titans than of men. In addition to much oral testimony, the authorities I have consulted are very numerous, and as fidelity has been my constant aim their language will be found frequently cited in the notes. The principal of these are Napier’s History of the War in the Peninsula, Southey’s History of the Peninsular War, Foy’s Histoire de la Guerre de la Péninsule, Gurwood’s Despatches of the Duke of Wellington, Jones’s Journals of the Sieges in Spain, Belmas’s Journals of Sieges, compiled from official documents by order of the French government, Captain Cooke’s Memoirs, Captain Pringle’s Ditto, Captain Batty’s Campaign of the left Wing of the Allied Army in the Western Pyrenees, Gleig’s Subaltern, Annals of the Peninsular War, De la Pène’s Campagnes de 1813 et 1814, and Pellot’s Mémoires des Campagnes des Pyrénées.

A difficulty inseparable from this subject is its great historical and political interest, which although in one respect an advantage in another is a considerable drawback. With events so well known and comparatively so recent it is impossible to take liberties; invention is restrained, and the imagination is confined within limits more strict than the poetical faculty might desire for its operations. If this objection has been felt with regard to Tasso’s Gerusalemme, the personages of which were French and Italian counts and princes familiar to the reader of general history, and whose acts and characters were well known though they lived four centuries before he wrote, it is clearly far more applicable in the present instance. The answer at once is that an entirely different treatment must be resorted to, that celestial machinery, witchcraft, and all analogous means must be excluded, and that actual truth must be made the basis of the whole composition. To truth I have accordingly adhered, and invite the strictest historical criticism, consistent with poetical diction and imagery, of my account of these campaigns. The events were fortunately of that brilliant description, and their theatre, the Pyrenees, so essentially romantic, that the true and the marvellous are here one and the same. Historical accuracy is here an element of beauty; and my minor plot is alone invented, yet is meant to be strictly probable.

Nearly the entire of our modern military system dates from the commencement of the Peninsular War. The cumbrous old system which fought a whole campaign for a comfortable place for winter quarters (a great aim with Turenne) was broken up rapidly by the vigour of Napoléon, and our first débût under the Duke of York had taught us that we must change our plan. In 1808, the very year of our first victories in the Peninsula (Roriça and Vimieiro) the use of hair-powder was for the first time discontinued in the British army. Rifle corps were then first formed—in the first instance as rather a hopeless experiment, our soldiers having been deemed too slow and heavy for this practice; but, as the result proved, with perfect success. From the Polish lancers whom we first saw at Albuera we borrowed the idea of our corps of lancers, as we afterwards took from the French cuirassiers the modern equipment of our lifeguards. The brilliant appearance of our light dragoons astonished the French on their first appearance in the Peninsula. “Nos soldats, frappés de l’élégance de l’habit des dragons légers, de leurs casques brillants, de la tournure svelte des hommes et des chevaux, leur avaient donné le nom de lindors.”—Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. 2. For this rather theatrical display we substituted with better taste in 1813 an uniform similar to that worn by the German light cavalry. The Shrapnell shell, or spherical case shot, (the invention of an English Colonel of that name) was used for the first time during the Peninsular War with great effect.

Amongst the many great services performed by the Peninsular War was raising the character of the British soldier from a very low to a very high standard in the national estimation. The plays of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Mrs. Centlivre, the tales of Fielding, Smollett, and Defoe, and the graver essays of Dr. Johnson, sufficiently demonstrate that in the time of those writers military men were held in the lowest esteem. The conquerors of Blenheim and of the Heights of Abraham were currently regarded as debauchees, cutthroats, and dishonest adventurers, and where a more gentlemanly exterior was exhibited, it was commonly united to the silliest foppery. Such from the Restoration to the end of the last century was the common character even of the officers of our army, and the ruffianly brutality of Ensign Northerton towards Tom Jones was perfectly characteristic in an age when undoubtedly it was too true that pimping too often obtained commissions, and it was an accurate general description to say of any chance-met couple of officers that “one had been bred under an attorney, and the other was son to the wife of a nobleman’s butler.” (History of a Foundling, book vii. c. 12). Though there were undoubtedly many officers then of a far superior class, still the high tone of chivalrous honour in our army, and the general refinement and accomplishment of character, belong to the present century. It is the great praise of the British private soldier that his stubborn will and indomitable energy, his cheerful discipline and unflinching valour, carry him through the most brilliant exploits to a success almost miraculously uniform, without any of those tangible hopes of promotion which inspire the continental soldier. Such noble and manful discharge of duty appears to merit some more adequate reward than the possible working of a miracle which may raise him from the ranks.

Wellington, in his admirable Despatches, says of the army with which he won these Pyrenean victories: “I think I could do any thing with them.” The resemblance of many portions of these remarkable compositions to those of Cæsar has been more than once pointed out; but the striking coincidence in the present instance has never, I believe, before been noticed: “Non animadvertebatis,” says Cæsar, likewise speaking of the exploits of his Peninsular veterans, “decem habere legiones populum Romanum, quæ non solùm vobis obsistere, sed etiam cœlum diruere possent.” De Bello Hispanico, § ult. Even the number of veterans under the command of the ancient and the modern General was nearly the same.

Indomitable energy and hearty courage are an old strain in the English blood. They are thus attested by Cromwell:—“Indeed we never find our men so cheerful as when there is work to do.” Carlyle, Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Supplement. That no specific decoration has yet been accorded to our Peninsular veterans appears a most amazing oversight.

The courage displayed in our Peninsular sieges was of the highest order. There can be no question that, since the commencement of the world, no military daring, no dauntless valour, has been witnessed, Greek or Roman, Saracenic or Chivalrous, to exceed—perhaps none to equal, that of our storming parties at Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, and San Sebastian. But it is very doubtful whether human life was not unnecessarily squandered, and whether the fire of the besieged should not have been silenced, and their defences in the first instance destroyed. This opinion seems now to be generally maintained both by engineer officers and by experienced officers of the army. The dictum of the great master of the art of fortification is in one respect vindicated, though in another it has been broken down by British heroism: “La précipitation dans les sièges ne hâte point la prise des places, la retarde souvent, et ensanglante toujours la scène.” Vauban, Maximes. General Foy, who sometimes emancipates himself from his prejudices against England, and is often candid, while he praises the courage of our men, says that it was needlessly expended, and that the taking of fortified places by the rules of art is reduced to a mathematical problem. But the bravery of our troops is still unquestionable. “On eût dit que les ingénieurs étaient là seulement pour construire les places d’armes desquelles s’élanceraient les troupes destinées a l’assaut ou à l’escalade; et encore eût-on pu à la rigueur, avec des soldats si déterminés, se passer de leur ministère.” Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. ii. I must transcribe his testimony as to the conduct of our officers: “L’officier anglais conduisait les troupes au feu sans effort, et avec une bravoure admirable. * * La gloire de l’armée britannique lui vient avant tout de son excellente discipline et de la bravoure calme et franche de la nation.” But Foy adds a stigma which these sieges affixed to our army, and these sieges alone in all our Peninsular campaigns, and the impartiality which I am determined to preserve, and from which in some years to come I am convinced not the slightest departure will be tolerated, requires that it be rigorously unveiled for the reprobation of a more enlightened age:—“Une fois sortis de la discipline, les soldats anglais se livrent à des excès qui étonneraient les Cosaques; ils s’enivrent dès qu’ils le peuvent, et leur ivresse est froide, apathique, anéantissante.” Humanity shudders at the brutalities perpetrated by our soldiers at Badajoz and San Sebastian.

It was not without much reason that the general opinion throughout Europe attributed the extraordinary successes of the revolutionary armies of France to the admirable arrangement of the light infantry service. Napoléon may be said to have created the corps of voltigeurs and tirailleurs, upon which model were subsequently formed the Carabineers and Rifles of the British service, and the Caçadores of Spain and Portugal. The Prussian General Bulow in 1795, stated his opinion that “l’emploi de l’infanterie légère est le dernier perfectionnement de la guerre, et qu’à la rigueur on pourrait désormais se passer d’infanterie de ligne dans les armées!” Esprit du Système de Guerre moderne, par un ancien officier prussien. We may laugh at the extravagant absurdity of the latter part of this statement, but it shows the effect which Napoléon’s new system had produced. An opinion nearly similar prevailed about the same time in England. “The continent has been subdued by the French tirailleurs, and battles are sought to be won by killing one after another the officers of the enemy’s army.” Letter to a General-Officer on the Establishment of Rifle Corps in the British Army. By Col. Robinson. These rifle corps were established, and became eminently successful, being detached in companies to the different infantry brigades. The coolness, however, of our ordinary infantry skirmishers in the Peninsula rendered an extensive introduction of rifle corps unnecessary.

The rifle, as used in modern warfare, is the most terrible because most treacherous of weapons. It would have fallen especially under the ban of the Bayards and Montlucs of the sixteenth century, who chivalrously deprecated the use even of the common firelock, and formed vows worthy of Don Quixote, “pour qu’on abandonnât l’usage de ces armes traîtresses au moyen desquelles un lâche, tapi derrière un buisson, donne la mort au brave qu’il n’aurait pas regardé en face!”

Colonel H. A. Dillon says that for what the French call le moral d’une armée he can find no equivalent in the English language, and must explain his thought by paraphrase. He defines this moral to be the liveliest courage produced by the purest patriotism. Commentary on the Military Establishments and Defences of the British Empire, vol. i. This moral the French lost by their repeated defeats in the Peninsula, and by the conviction forced on them that even the Pyrenees were no longer a barrier. Napoléon placed in le moral three fourths of the power of an army. Celerity of movement was the principal secret of the early French successes, and of this the rapid marching of the French soldier and his wonderful power of sustaining fatigue were the main elements. The French soldier is small of stature, as General Foy himself confesses, but he marches quick and long, and this the General in great part attributes to the French eating much more bread than any other European troops: “Les soldats qui mangent le plus de pain et le moins de viande sont en général plus musculeux, et marchent plus vite et plus long temps que les autres. * * Le Français a besoin en campagne de deux livres de pain par jour.”—Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. i.

The astonishing developement which Napoléon gave to the infantry service has been dwelt on by more than one writer. “L’infanterie française, cette nation des camps,” says De Barante, Des Communes et de l’Aristocratie. Napoléon gave to this arm a power and vigour to which it was before a stranger. “Napoléon augmenta le bataillon d’infanterie d’une autre compagnie d’élite, les voltigeurs. Ce fut une idée heureuse que de rehausser dans l’estime publique les hommes de petite taille, qui en général sont les plus intelligens et les plus alertes.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins.) The consummation of the Emperor’s gigantic views was found in the Imperial Guard. “La garde impériale représentait la gloire de l’armée et la majesté de l’empire. On choisissait les officiers et les soldats parmi ceux que les braves avaient signalés comme les plus braves: tous étaient couverts de cicatrices.”—(Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. i.) Napoléon after the battle of Marengo called them his “granite column.” At the height of his power his Imperial Guard consisted of 68 battalions, 31 squadrons, and 80 pieces of artillery—in itself a powerful army. Never will the exclamation of these devoted men on the field of Waterloo be forgotten: “La garde meurt et ne se rend pas!”

The peculiar constitution of the French grenadier corps is likewise to be remarked. These bodies were the combined excerpts of all the best men from every regiment. “L’éclat et la prééminence des grenadiers Français * * l’usage de réunir tous ceux d’une ou de plusieurs brigades pour tenter des actions de vigueur.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins., liv. ii.) To these we never opposed more than our average regimental forces, and their picked men were for the most part overcome by our rank and file. What this rank and file was composed of let the following passage attest. “Les Anglais n’escaladent pas la montagne et n’effleurent pas la plaine, lestes et rapides comme les Français; mais ils sont plus silencieux, plus calmes, plus obéissants; pour ce motif leurs feux sont plus assurés et plus meurtriers.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins., liv. ii.) Such is the brilliant testimony to the merits of the British soldier by one of Napoléon’s own Generals. Our footmen are still the sturdy yeomen who accomplished such marvels at Crecy. If in a state little removed from brute ignorance they have done such wonders, what may be expected from them in the not far distant day, when they shall become elevated by education to a more fitting standard? Splendid as our horses are, and our dragoons both heavy and light, the strength of our army will be always in its powerful infantry, in their steady fire, indomitable endurance, and incomparable use of the bayonet. These are the robur peditum, like the triarii of the Roman legions, who were chosen from the strongest men, and ever fought on foot. It was remarked that in moments of peril they set their limbs so strongly, that their knees were somewhat bowed (precisely like our modern pugilists), as if they would rather die than remove from their places; and it passed into a proverb, when a thing came to extremity: “ad triarios res venit.”

The use of tents, like many another classic incumbrance, has been swept away from campaigning by our modern tactics, which originated at the commencement of the Peninsular War, and, arrived at the bivouac, the “lodging is on the cold ground” and sub Jove frigido. “L’usage des tentes préservait les troupes des maladies pernicieuses. Tout cela est vrai, et cependant on ne reviendra ni aux petites armées, ni aux sièges de convention ni aux maisons de toile.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. i.) The commander who makes a campaign with tents is fettered with embarrassments as to means of transport, which must always place him in a state of inferiority to an adversary not thus encumbered. This is one of the great changes wrought by the wonderful genius of Napoléon, which even amidst the new hardships which he imposed, secured almost the adoration of his soldiers. “Ils frémissent encore d’alégresse en exprimant le transport dont on fut saisi, quand l’empereur, qu’on croyait bien loin, apparut tout-à-coup devant le front des grenadiers, monté sur son cheval blanc et suivi de son mamelouck.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. ii.) At the close of the War, the person of Wellington commanded almost equal admiration.

I am a great admirer of General Napier, whom I regard as the counterpart of Thucydides, the soldier-historian of Athens, and to whom may be not infelicitously applied the character assigned to Xenophon (another Athenian narrator of military exploits in which he himself participated) by our earliest Latin lexicographer, Thomas Thomas, the contemporary of Shakspeare: “Xenophon was a noble and wyse captaine, and of a delectable style in wrytynge.” Napier’s style is enchanting and stirs like the sound of a trumpet. My obligations to him are unbounded. But Heaven forbid that his enthusiasm for War should become general, for it is of a truly rabid character:—“War is the condition of this world. From man to the smallest insect all are at strife!” (Hist. War in the Penins., book xxiv. chap. 6.) This is a mere reproduction of Hobbes: “The state of nature is a state of war.” I trust that peace will ere long be the enduring condition of this world; and there are happily indications of that approaching consummation. If I sing the glories of the Peninsular War, it is because it was of a defensive character and we struck for Freedom. We may surely now repose on our laurels (as it is phrased), and never hereafter engage in a war which shall not be in the strictest sense inevitable.

I am happy to record upon this subject the enlightened sentiments of a French General: “L’esprit de liberté tuera l’esprit militaire. Il ne sera plus permis aux princes de faire entr’égorger les peuples pour des intérêts de dynastie, ou pour des lubies d’ambition. Les gouvernants, quels que soient leur titre et l’origine de leur pouvoir, ne pourront subsister qu’en s’effaçant personnellement devant la volonté générale. Les nations, comparant les désastres de la bataille au mince profit de la victoire, ne pousseront plus le cri de guerre, hormis dans les circonstances très rares où il s’agira de vivre libre ou mourir.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre Pénins. liv. i.) Elsewhere he makes this acute criticism on the audacious designs of Napoléon. “Le despotisme avait été organisé pour faire la guerre; on continua la guerre pour conserver le despotisme. Le sort en était jeté; la France devait conquérir l’Europe, ou l’Europe subjuguer la France. * * La nature a marqué un terme au-delà duquel les enterprises folles ne peuvent pas être conduites avec sagesse. Ce terme l’empereur l’atteignit en Espagne, et le dépassa en Russie. S’il eût échappé alors à sa ruine, son inflexible outrecuidance (presumption) lui eût fait trouver ailleurs Baylen et Moscou.” Such is the impartial testimony of one of his own generals.

The French “playing at soldiers” is an old vice, older than the days of Sir Thomas More, who thus pleasantly hits it off: “In France there is yet a more pestiferous sort of people, for the whole country is full of soldiers, that are still kept up in time of peace, if such a state of a nation can be called a peace: and these are kept in pay upon the same account, it being a maxim of those pretended statesmen, that it is necessary for the public safety, to have a good body of veteran soldiers ever in readiness. But France has learned to its cost, how dangerous it is to feed such beasts.” Louis XIV. kept up a standing army of 440,000 men, and Napoléon had frequently more.

The Gauls in modern times seem to have very much changed their nature, for so far from invading other countries, their reputation amongst the ancients was for remaining to fight at home, according to the obvious interpretation of a line in Pindar:

ἐνδομάχας ἅτ’ ἀλέκτωρ.—Olymp. xii.

“domi pugnans ceu Gallus.” To be sure, it is just possible that the learned Theban may have meant that humble domestic fowl, a cock. Erasmus reads “domi abditus.” There can be no doubt that a cock was meant, and unquestionably it is a bellicose bird. The passage from Pindar might be fairly rendered by the Latin adage: “Gallus in suo sterquilinio,” which it is needless to turn into the vernacular. There are symptoms of the French reforming this national vice, and I therefore shall not dwell upon a somewhat disagreeable subject.

I am happy to be the first to record the true orthography of one of our two first and not least important battles in the Peninsula, Roriça and Vimieiro. They used to be invariably written Roleia and “Vimeira.” Napier has considerably improved upon this, making the latter “Vimiero.” But still he is wrong. The correct word is “Vimieiro.” Even had I made no other discovery, my four years’ residence in Portugal would not have been useless. True, it may be said that the General has only “knocked an i out of it” in military fashion. But, though the error be confined to a single letter, it would be only the change of a letter to call Waterloo “Waterlog,” and who could excuse such a travesty of our glorious victory? These mistakes in the orthography of the names of Peninsular localities are common to all English writers, and excellent a scholar as Southey was, they disfigure his History as well as that of Napier. I find the names of these two battles misdescribed as “Roleia” and “Vimieira” in the memoir by Sir B. D’Urban lately reproduced at the elevation of Sir H. Hardinge to the Peerage—should I not rather say the elevation of the Peerage by the accession to it of that gallant and chivalrous Peninsular veteran?

The French, too, write the names of these battles as erroneously. They call them uniformly “Roliça” and “Vimeiro,” vide “Histoire de la Guerre de la Péninsule, par le Général Foy,” “Mémoires par Pellot, Campagnes par De la Pène,” and “Mémoires de M. la Duchesse d’Abrantès” passim. Napier in the twenty-fourth book of his History takes leave of the comparative approach to accuracy in his earlier books, and speaks of these battles every where as “Roliça” and “Vimiera.” Specks in the sun!

In my choice of a metre I have been led by the following considerations. The beauty and completeness of the stanza of Spenser appear now to be generally acknowledged. But it certainly presents great difficulties in a language so unvocal compared with those of Southern Europe, and so little abounding in rhymes as the English. It is more difficult in a narrative and consecutive poem than in one of a descriptive and reflective character, like Childe Harold, where the topics and the order in which they shall be discussed are both at the discretion of the poet. Yet the terrible exigencies of four recurring rhymes in each stanza have led even such a master as Byron into not a few puzzling dilemmas, as in his description of Cintra (Childe Harold, i. 19), where he has completed a stanza, in which “steep,” “weep,” and “deep” had already done service, with “torrents leap,” although the faintest trickle of a torrent was never seen in that locality! As he proceeded in his task, he attained to a more perfect mastery of his materials; and, I think, the fourth canto unsurpassed in English poetry. It may be asked why I hoped to succeed in what Byron found so difficult? My answer is that I do not think the difficulty insuperable, as Byron has proved it not to be in the latter and infinitely finer part of his poem, that none but a Milton could elevate blank verse to the sublimity as well as harmony of the Paradise Lost, that rhyme, and especially such an elegant form of rhymed verse as the stanza of Childe Harold, possesses a popular and inalienable charm, that success (if achieved at all) rises with the magnitude of the difficulties encountered, and that Spenser himself, Thomson’s Castle of Indolence, his other imitators, Shenstone’s Schoolmistress, Beattie’s Minstrel and West’s Education, Campbell’s Gertrude of Wyoming, occasional short pieces by Wordsworth, Wiffin’s Translation of Tasso, Scott’s introductions to very many cantos of his several poems (in these two latter cases I speak merely of mechanical execution), Shelley’s Revolt of Islam and Adonais, Kirke White’s Hermit of the Pacific and Christiad, Mrs. Norton’s Child of the Islands, and a few (too few) verses of Tennyson and Milnes abundantly prove the capability of the stanza. The Italian ottava rima, although sanctified by the use of Tasso and Ariosto, adopted almost universally in the heroic poetry of one Peninsula, and most successfully introduced by Camóens into the only epic poetry of the other, appears unadapted for any but burlesque or satirical poetry in the English language, the serious passages of Don Juan deriving all their beauty from being interspersed with lighter, and the excellence and power of Fairfax’s Tasso being marred by the effect of the metre. The English heroic couplet becomes clearly, I think, monotonous in a long poem—a doom from which not all the genius of Dryden and Pope could rescue it. And if in his Corsair, Lara, and The Island, Byron proved, in the words of Jeffrey, that “the oldest and most respectable measure that is known amongst us is as flexible as any other,” and elicited from Sir E. Brydges a just tribute to his “unbroken stream of native eloquence,” it is precisely because “the narrative (as he says) is rapid,” and because the hazardous experiment is not tried of continuing rhymed distiches through a long poem. The Italian ottava rima has been observed to derive great strength from its majestic close, which is invariably in a doubly rhymed couplet, and I have occasionally introduced double rhymes in this and other parts of the stanza to relieve the tendency to monotony. The most distinguished cultivator of Southern literature that England has ever produced, Lord Holland, in his translations from Lope de Vega, Luis de Gonzaga, &c., and from Ariosto, was very successful in this imitation. The hypercatalectic syllable occurs in every line of Tasso’s Gerusalemme, and in every line of Camóens’ Lusiadas, and the Italians and Portuguese therefore call the verse “hendecasyllabic.” A poem of any length constructed on this principle in English would degenerate into pure burlesque; but Byron and others have proved that it may be advantageously introduced as a pleasing variety.

The Alexandrine at the close of each stanza of Spenser produces an equivalent, and perhaps even a more majestic effect. It has been objected to this Alexandrine that it gives a drawling tone to a long narrative poem; but I do not think with justice, since very much depends on the mode in which the line is constructed. Pope’s celebrated “needless Alexandrine” has created a prejudice against this metre, which I admit to be just where it is interspersed with heroic verse, since, as Johnson correctly observes, it disappoints the ear. But in the stanza of Spenser it is expected. How easily the form and character of a verse may be changed by transposing a word or two will appear from Pope’s famous imitative Alexandrine:

“Which like a wounded snake drags its slow length along.”

Alter two monosyllables, and it goes quite trippingly from the tongue:

“And like a wounded snake it drags its length along.”

There is no essential alteration. The adjective “slow” omitted is an incorrect epithet applied to “length,” since the quickest objects in nature, a racehorse or a greyhound, appear very long when upon full stretch, and in most rapid movement. The trick of the line is in the simple use of spondees in the place of iambuses, “which like,” “drags its,” “slow length.” How short and compact an Alexandrine may be, may be seen in Horace’s Epodes passim. Take the first line of the celebrated second ode, the “longè pulcherrima” by the consent of all critics:

“Beatus ille qui procul negotiis.”

This is a perfect Alexandrine, and though consisting of twelve syllables, does not appear longer than one of Scott’s shortest octosyllabic lines in the Lady of the Lake:

“Thy threats, thy mercy I defy.”

The reason is because it is a pure Iambic line, and therefore very vocal; since, if it contained many consonants, as nearly every English line does, they must make most of the previous vowels long by position; and, though accent generally determines the quantity in English, literal quantity enters more into the construction of English verse than is commonly supposed.

I may here observe that the stanza commonly called “Spenserian” is by no means so purely an original invention of that most imaginative poet as is usually represented. The Alexandrine at the close is the only part that is original. I find the germ of Spenser’s stanza very palpably in the old ballet-staves and in the works of two poets who lived fully a century before him, Skelton who styled himself Poet Laureate to Henry VII. and Stephen Hawes who was Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the same monarch. The following stanza is from Skelton’s “Elegy on the death of Henry Percy, fourth Earl of Northumberland:”—it is the ballet-stave of seven, in which was written an enormous quantity of early, but now forgotten, English poetry, and in which Spenser has written his “Ruins of Time,” and Shakspeare his “Rape of Lucrece.”

O cruell Mars, thou dedly god of war!

O dolorous Teusday, dedicate to thy name,

When thou shoke thy sworde so noble a man to mar!

O grounde ungracious, unhappy be thy fame,

Which wert endyed with rede blode of the same!

Most noble earl! O fowle mysuryd grounde

Whereon he gat his fynal dedely wounde!

Down to the end of the fifth line this is precisely the stanza of Spenser. With the addition of two lines, one rhyming with the last, and the other with the fifth, and of two syllables to the closing line, it is literally that stanza. But in fact the latter addition was often made by both Skelton and Hawes, though irregularly, metrical cadence being then imperfectly understood, and both poets being of the “tumbling” school. This poem was probably composed in the year 1490. Skelton died in 1529, and an edition of his poems in black letter appeared in 1568. I take the stanza which follows from a poem of Hawes’s called “The History of Graunde Amoure and la Belle Pucel,” written in 1505 and published in quarto in 1555:

Till that I came unto a ryall gate,

Where I saw stondynge the goodly portresse,

Whyche asked me from whence I came a-late;

To whom I gan in every thynge expresse

All myne adventure, chaunce, and busynesse,

And eke my name; I told her every dell;

Whan she herde this she lyked me right well.

The construction of this stanza is the same as of the former, but the versification is rather rougher. It, like the other, is very near the Spenserian stanza. But it is not the Spenserian stanza. Friar Bacon and Leonardo da Vinci were very near the discovery of steam, but they did not discover steam, or at all events they did not apply it. The stanzas cited, however, contain the great distinguishing peculiarity of the stanza of Spenser, which is the reduplication of the rhyme, that closes the second and fourth lines, in the fifth—the doubling of the stanza within itself, and turning upon this most musical pivot. And this beauty, like so many other great discoveries, I believe to be probably the result of accident. Add another line to each of the foregoing stanzas, make it rhyme with the first and third, and interpose it between the fourth and fifth lines, and you have the exact ottava rima of the Italians. This ballet-stave is the clear germ of the Spenserian stanza, which with a few perfectionnemens is precisely as it stands. It may be traced more directly to the ballet-stave of eight, but either will suit equally well for illustration.

To make this quite intelligible to every reader, Hawes’s stanza becomes the exact ottava rima of the Italians, which Surrey brought into England, and in which Spenser wrote two of his poems, the rhyme of Fairfax’s Tasso, of Frere’s Whistlecraft, and Byron’s Don Juan, by the insertion of the single line which I have added here in italics:

Till that I came unto a royal gate,

Where I saw standing the goodly portresse,

Who askéd me from whence I came of late;

To whom I ’gan in every thing express

The various hazards of my chequered fate,

All mine adventure, chaunce, and busynesse,

And eke my name; I told her every dell:[B]

When she heard this she likéd me right well.

The stanza becomes purely Spenserian by the addition of the two lines and one word which I here insert in italics:

Till that I came unto a royal gate,

Where I saw standing the goodly portresse,

Who askéd me from whence I came of late;

To whom I ’gan in every thing express

All mine adventure, chaunce, and busynesse,

With every accident that me befel

Throughout my chequered life—I could no less—

And eke my name; I told her every dell:

When she this story heard she likéd me right well.

The ballet-stave of seven is one of the many varieties of Chaucer, who has written in this measure four of his “Canterbury Tales,” and composed a very long poem in it, Troylus, of which the following stanza is a specimen (lib. ii. 1030.)

For though that the best harper upon live

Would on the beste sounid jolly harpe

That evir was, with all his fingers five

Touch aie o string, or aie o warble harpe,

Were his nailes poincted nevir so sharpe,

It shoulde makin every wight to dull

To heare is glee, and of his strokes full.

This, like the other, becomes the perfect ottava rima by the addition of a single line, which I have likewise marked in italics:—

For though that the best harper upon live

Would on the beste sounid jolly harpe

That evir was, with all his fingers five

Touch aie o string, or aie o warble harpe,

And with Glaskyrion the Briton strive,

Were his nailes poincted nevir so sharpe,

It shoulde makin every wight to dull

To heare his glee, and of his strokes full.

The addition refers to a celebrated ancient Welsh harper mentioned with honour by Chaucer himself in his Boke of Fame. I shall not further meddle by patchwork with the illustrious Father of English Poetry. But, as in the former case, by the addition of two lines and one word I could at once convert his stanza into that of Spenser. The ottava rima was not then invented, nor for many years after Chaucer wrote, not having made its appearance until the days of Boiardo and Berni, nor been brought to perfection until the lyre was held by the master hands of Ariosto and Tasso. The secret of the great resemblance of this stanza as employed by Chaucer to that subsequently invented by his Italian successors is, that both delved in the same mine and wrought upon the same material—the Sicilian sonnet, first introduced and naturalized in Europe by Chaucer’s great contemporary, Petrarch. So perfect was this instrument, the sonnet, at its discovery, that the fine taste of Petrarch adhered to it throughout life with marvellous tenacity, and at this day Wordsworth has without change written nearly half his poetry in it. I believe Chaucer, who either copied or adapted many of his modes of versification from Petrarch, to have moulded his ballet-staves both of seven and eight, by squaring them with the first half of the Sicilian or Petrarcan sonnet, with which they are nearly identical. The Italian successors of Petrarch in the same way took the first half of the sonnet, transposing the first and second lines, and inserting another line between the fourth and fifth lines. Thus simply is derived the far-famed ottava rima.

In real fact and truth, Chaucer has had nearly as much share in the formation of what is known as the stanza of Spenser as Spenser himself. That stanza is purely the ballet-stave of eight with three close rhymes—with the simple addition by Spenser of an Alexandrine at the close, rhyming with the last verse of the ballet-stave. There are some who trace these ballet-staves to the Latin rhymed church iambics, and the germ of the ballet-stave of eight has been sought in a Latin hymn written by the German monk, Ernfrid, in the ninth century; but they are to be traced more probably (at least in their more perfect shape) to the Romance poetry of the Provençals. The first instance I meet with of the use of the ballet-stave of eight in English verse is in the elegy on the death of our first Edward, written from internal evidence shortly after that period. The rhymes and their arrangement are precisely as in the stanza of Spenser, but the verse is octosyllabic:

Alle that beoth of huerte trewe

A stounde herkneth to my song

Of duel that deth hath diht us newe

That maketh me syke and sorrow among. &c.

Chaucer was the first who wrote this stanza in the heroic line of ten syllables, and his contribution to the stanza is therefore quite as important as Spenser’s addition of the closing Alexandrine. In this stanza Chaucer has written the whole of the Monk’s Tale, and how entirely it is the stanza of Childe Harold, with the exception of the Alexandrine at the end, may be seen from the following example:—

His wif his lordes, and his concubines

Ay dronken, while her appetitis last,

Out of thise noble vessels sondry wines;

And on a wall this King his eyen cast,

And saw an hand armles that wrote ful fast,

For fere of whiche he quoke, and siked sore.

This hand that Balthasar so sore aghast,

Wrote Mane techel phares and no more.

The Faëry Queen stanza must be regarded as a felicitous discovery rather than invention, and even the merit of the addition becomes diminished by the consideration that Alexandrine verse had become a great favourite amongst his contemporary poets before he used it. It was the favourite metre of a Howard and a Sidney at the commencement of the era of Elizabeth, and is frequently met in our alliterative poems, both early English and Anglo-Saxon. Yet Dr. Johnson has most erroneously represented Spenser as the inventor of the Alexandrine! But so fortunate was Spenser’s completion of the stanza, that all the attempts of Phineas Fletcher, Giles Fletcher, Prior, and even Milton, to improve on it were unavailing, and it may now be regarded as one of the special glories of England.

The stanza of Spenser, as used by that poet, was by no means the perfect musical stave that it is at present, so exquisitely attuned with the dominant quadruple rhyme for its key-note. Thomson appears to me to have brought it very nearly to perfection—his sole drawback being a too frequent indulgence in imperfect rhymes. In Byron’s fourth canto of Childe Harold I conceive it to be brought to perfection. Spenser indulges constantly in imperfect rhymes, and though sometimes musical as well as often charmingly fanciful and suggestive, he was by no means such a master of language and rhythm as Shakspeare, whose influence, followed up by the examples of Milton, Dryden, and Pope, is felt in the excellence of the poetical diction of the poets of this century. Though Spenser in some degree discovered the stanza which bears his name, he did not complete the discovery, for his Alexandrine is commonly deficient in the cæsural pause, which is absolutely essential to the satisfaction of the ear and to the majestic close of the stanza, and now almost as much de rigueur as it is in the French Alexandrine, which is the common heroic measure of our neighbours. The Alexandrine in every second stanza of Spenser is without it, and the effect is very bad, as may be seen from the following examples:—

“So shall wrath, jealousy, grief, love, die and decay.”
“You shame-faced are but Shame-facedness itself is she.”
“Save an old nymph, hight Panope, to keep it clean.”
“Of turtle doves, she sitting in an ivory chaire.”
“And so had left them languishing ’twixt hope and feare.”
“Excludes from faire hope withouten further triall.”
“All mindless of the golden fleece which made them strive.”
“The other back retired, and contrary trode.”
“With which it blessed concord hath together tied.”
“Did waite about it, gaping griesly, all begor’d.”
“Yet spake she seldome, but thought more the less she said.”
“But of her love to lavish, little have she thank.”
“And unto better fortune doth herself prepare.”
“Fails of her souse, and passing by doth hurt no more.”
“Forgetful of his safety hath his right way lost.”
“But with entire affection, and appearance plaine.”
“Great liking unto many, but true love to few.”
“Into most deadly danger and distressed plight.”
“Whilst loving thou mayst loved be with equal crime.”
“They have him taken captive, tho’ it grieve him sore.”
“So kept she them in order, and herself in hand.”
“’Mongst which crept the little angels through the glittering gleames.”
“And thereout sucking venom to her parts intire.”
“Ease after war, death after life, does greatly please.”

Admitting the richness and fertility of Spenser’s fancy, I cannot find that he has depth, originality, or brilliancy of thought to compensate for a roughness, which is amazing by the side of Shakspeare’s exquisite versification, or to justify the high opinion expressed by Wordsworth. Compare Spenser’s Description of Lucifer’s Palace, commencing

“A stately palace built of squared brick,

“Which cunningly was without mortar laid”

with Milton’s Pandemonium!

Superadded to Spenser’s roughness, which the antique style affected by him in some degree palliates, are very frequent imperfect rhymes and slovenly repetitions of the same identical metrical sounds, as plain, plane, and complain, see and sea, rhyming in the same stanza—liberties which now are utterly inadmissible. It is very true that the recurrence of four lines which rhyme together and of three lines which likewise rhyme with each other in each stanza makes the Spenserian stanza in a long poem extraordinarily difficult, without an occasional manifestation of these defects; but the exigencies of modern criticism, I think justly, require that the difficulty be overcome. And a portion, doubtless, of the superiority of modern English to modern French and Italian poetry arises from explosion of imperfect rhymes. If the poets of these days are degenerate in grasp of thought, they are at least superior to their predecessors and to their continental contemporaries in the mechanism of their art.

Having said thus much of the stanza which I have chosen, I shall add that, rejecting classical conformity in all those matters wherein I conceive the advanced spirit of the age to demand modern treatment, I have availed myself largely of classical allusion, and to a certain extent of classical imagery, to impart interest to a subject which might otherwise smell too much of “villanous saltpetre,” and have in some cases adhered more closely to true classical nomenclature than has hitherto been the custom. I regard it as one of the advantages of the acuteness of modern scholarship to have cleared away much rubbish and removed many an excrescence. But the Grecian may unhappily descend into the Græculist, and by adopting too much spoil every thing. Thus I conceive no good effect to be produced by writing the name Pisistratus in a serious work “Peisistratus,” and I would not imitate in modern poetry Homer’s not at all ignobly meant comparison of Aias (Ajax) to an ass any more than I would adopt the word hog as applied to Achilles: ὅγ’ ὣς εἰπὼν “he thus speaking”—“Hog thus speaking” would be rather offensive to English ears. Neither would I write “Klutaimnestra” for Clytemnestra, “Loukas” for Luke, “Dabid” for David, or “Eua” for our first mother. In matters of taste, like these, above all things we must observe the modus in rebus. Quintilian, a master in all that relates to elegance of speech, explains very well that such things must be regulated by feeling. Speaking of the beauty of one of the smallest of particles in a passage of Cicero, he says: “Cur hosce potiùs quàm hos? Rationem fortassè non reddam; sentiam esse melius,” Instit. ix. 4. “Aias” I would at once reclaim from the vulgar tyranny of “Ajax,” which, as we pronounce it, scarcely differs from a jakes. This pronunciation, be it observed, is purely British and German, for it is nearly certain that the Latins pronounced the word which they spelt Ajax quite like the Greek Aias, Ajax being pronounced Aias in nearly all the languages of Southern Europe at this day. In this poem, accordingly, I spell the name “Aias.” In the same way I restore the ancient and true spelling of the name “Leonides.” (Herod. lib. vii. passim. Thucyd. i, 132.) Achilles I would retain because more musical than “Achilleus;” but I would expunge the word “Hectoring” from our language, as originating in disgraceful ignorance, because so far from being a bully, Hector was a hero of the noblest and most amiable character, and is so described by Homer. Helen thus apostrophizes his dead body:

Ἕκτωρ, ἐμῷ θυμῷ δαέρων πολὺ φίλτατε πάντων, * *

Ἀλλ’ οὔπω σεῦ ἄκουσα κακὸν ἔπος, οὐδ’ ἀσύφηλον·

Ἀλλ’ εἴτις με καὶ ἄλλος ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἐνίπτοι,

* * σὺ τόνγ’ ἐπέεσσι παραιφάμενος κατέρυκες,

Σῇ τ’ ἀγανοφροσύνῃ, καὶ σοῖς ἀγανοῖς ἐπέεσσι.

Iliad. xxiv. 762.

“Hector, to my soul far dearest of all my brothers-in-law! Never from you have I heard a bad or contumelious word; but if any other in all the household reproached me, you with admonishing voice restrained him—with your bland humanity and gentle words.” Yet with gross and disgusting ignorance this high-souled hero is thus slaughtered in all our dictionaries:—

“Hector—a bully, a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow!!”

I have adopted the Homeric names in preference to the common Latin forms, as Aphrodité instead of Venus, Atrides for Menelaüs (where so substituted in the original) for the same reasons which have influenced Archdeacon Williams in the spirited prose translations which accompany his learned Essay, “Homerus,” Mr. Guest of Caius College, Cambridge, in the specimen of translation of the first book of Homer into hexameters which is introduced into his ingenious History of English Rhythms, the Translator of Homer in the late numbers of Blackwood’s Magazine, and the learned Voss in his hexametrical German version. I have chosen the name Paris, however, in place of Alexander, for the sake of clearness and appropriateness in the allusion, and to avoid confusion with the better-known hero of that name. I do not know that it is necessary to extend my poetical confessions on this subject further. But I shall just add that in pronunciation I have adhered to classical quantity, wherever it could be done without a sacrifice of beauty, but have unhesitatingly departed from it in such cases as that of the word “Hyperion,” in which Shakspeare has fixed the accent on the antepenultimate, with so fine an effect in the way of improvement on the (to merely English ears) intolerable “Hyperíon” which is of classical rigueur, as to have induced the otherwise uncompromising Cooke, translator of Hesiod, to follow his too sweetly sinning example. I hope I shall not be exorcised for thus erring with Shakspeare.

The best image that I can offer of the Græculist carver of cherry-stones is such a realization of Buridan’s ass suspended between two rival and opposite bundles of hay, as might be presented by a bad concocter of College exercises, puzzled in an address to Prometheus to choose between the heptasyllabic form “Iapetionides” and the tetrasyllabic “Japetides,” to commence his puling hexameter!

The earliest military expedition into Spain, of which there is mention amongst ancient poets or doubt amongst historians, is that of Hercules, amongst whose twelve labours is recorded his victory over Geryon and obtaining possession of his crown. Geryon, the son of Crysaör, was King of the Balearic Isles, and hence by poetical fiction he was endowed with three bodies, and is commonly called tricorpor, triplex, or tergeminus, and sometimes Pastor Iberus. Virgil describes Hercules proceeding to the conquest of Cacus from that of Geryon thus:

——Nam maximus ultor,

Tergemini nece Geryonis spoliisque superbus,

Alcides aderat, taurosque huc victor agebat

Ingentes: vallemque boves amnemque tenebant.

Æn. viii. 201.

Of these Cacus stole four of the finest, and though he ingeniously dragged them by the tails, was the cause of his own destruction. And that was not the first time that meddling with Spanish affairs was fatal to a foreign robber! Horace likewise alludes to this expedition of Hercules, in compliment to Augustus (Carm. iii. 14), where he compares the victorious return of the Roman from Iberia to that of Hercules—“Herculis ritu.” The first authenticated occupation of the country was by the Phœnicians, who colonized it extensively, but according to their usual practice endeavoured long to keep their discovery secret. The name of the country “Span” in the Phœnician signifies “a mystery.” The rivalry between Rome and Carthage brought the Romans subsequently to the Peninsula, and Spain since that period has played a great part in the history of the world.

The warlike character of the ancient Spaniards is attested by a variety of circumstances; by the terrific struggle which they maintained against the overwhelming power of Rome, by their determined and unflinching resistance to Hannibal as well as Scipio, by such desperately sustained sieges as those of Saguntum and Numantia, by the complimentary allusions to their valour with which the Latin poets abound, and not least by the reputation of their ancient armour, which was in the highest esteem at Rome in the days of Julius and Augustus Cæsar. Thus, when Horace addresses Iccius on his change of the study of Philosophy for a military life, he twits him with having promised better things than to exchange his splendid library for Iberian cuirasses:

Cùm tu coëmptos undique nobiles

Libros Panæti, Socraticam et domum

Mutare loricis Iberis,

Pollicitus meliora, tendis?

Carm. i. 29.

The metallurgic fame of Spain covers a period of nearly two score centuries. It is attested by Hudibras and Horace, by Le Sage and Pliny:—“Iron ores are almost everywhere found ... there is a variety of different species ... and great difference in the forges. But the greatest difference of all is the water, into which it is plunged when red-hot. This glory of her iron has ennobled certain places, as Bilbilis in Spain,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14. Pliny here alludes to the town now known as Bilbao, which retained its reputation for sword-blades, like Toledo, down to a recent period. He speaks of it as a city in Tarracon or Cantabria, corresponding with the Basque Provinces of which Bilbao is one of the chief towns. How strange that, after the lapse of seventeen centuries, representatives from this very Bilbao should have accompanied the Asturian Deputies to England to solicit a subsidy of arms from the descendants of those who were such utter barbarians, when the cuirasses of Cantabria were eagerly sought after by the nobles of Imperial Rome!

The Greeks called Italy “Hesperia,” because it was situated to the west of them, and the Romans called Spain “Hesperia” equally, because it was to the west of Italy. But the Latin poets, imitating the Greeks, very frequently call Italy “Hesperia” also. Thus Virgil:

Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt.

Æn. i. 534.

Macrobius prefers deriving the origin of the name, as applied to Italy, from its western situation, to the fact of its being chosen by Hesperus for his residence, when he was expelled by his brother Atlas: “Italy is called Hesperia, because it lies to the west.” (Macrob. Saturn. lib. i. cap. 3.)

Horace, when he applies the name to Spain, distinguishes the latter country by the addition of the word “ultima,” thus:

Qui nunc Hesperiâ sospes ab ultimâ

Caris multa sodalibus, &c.

Carm. i. 36.

Strabo, lib. i. seems to derive the name from situation, where he describes the Spaniards as the most western nation, “μάλιστα ἑσπέριοι.” And both he and Pliny state that Hispania was likewise called Iberia, either from a king of that name or from the river Iberus (Ebro).

Iberia, though the name by which, after Hispania, Spain was most commonly known to the Latins was, by a confusion not very complimentary to their geographical accuracy, likewise the name of a region in Asia Minor. It was a tract in Pontus separated from Colchis by the Moschic mountains, and corresponds with the modern Georgia:

Herbasque, quas Iolcos atque Iberia

Mittit venenorum ferax.

Horat. Epod. 5.

The names “Hesperia” and “Iberia” are found together in the same stanza of Camóens as applied to the Peninsula, yet with some vague attempt to confine the latter name to the Spanish portion exclusively:

“Nome em armas ditoso, em noss’ Hesperia,

*****

Se não quizera ir ver a terra Iberia.”

Lus. iv. 54.

Both names are properly applicable to the entire Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal, the second epithet, modified by the prefix Celto into “Celtiberia,” being the ancient name of Aragon and Catalonia, and Iliberia that of Granada. The name Iberia as applied to Spain is found in Virgil, Æn. ix. 582:

Pictus acu chlamydem, et ferrugine clarus Iberâ,

and under this name the country is described elaborately by Avienus (P. C. 380).

Quamque suis opibus cumulavit Iberia dives, &c.

Ausonius (also P. C. 380) makes use of both the names “Hispania” and “Iberia:”

His Hispanus ager tellus ubi dives Iberum.

Juvenal (P. C. 120) uses the name “Hispania” as the distinctive appellation of the country, which became better and more perilously known in his time than in the days of Horace and Virgil:

Horrida vitanda est Hispania.

Sat. viii. 116.

There is classical authority for a happy variety of names in describing Spain—“Hesperia,” “Iberia,” “Hispania:”

Tum sibi Callaïco Brutus cognomen in hoste

Fecit, et Hispanam sanguine tinxit humum.

Ov. Fast. vi. 461.

Herculis ritu, modò dictus, ô plebs,

Morte venalem petiisse laurum

Cæsar, Hispanâ repetit Penates

Victor ab orâ

Horat. Carm. iii. 14.

Spain was anciently divided into Hispania Ulterior and Citerior. The former comprehended Bætica, the present Andalucía, and Lusitania nearly corresponding to what is now called Portugal. Hispania Citerior comprised all the rest of the Peninsula. The name “Hesperia” was more commonly applied by the ancient poets to the Italian Peninsula than to the Spanish. Thus Virgil (in addition to the passage above cited):

Et sæpe Hesperiam, sæpe Itala regna vocare. * *

Sed quis ad Hesperiæ venturos littora Teucros

Crederet?

Æn. iii. 185.

The preponderance of authority is clearly in favour of designating Spain as “Iberia” or “Hispania,” and generally confining “Hesperia” to Italy. Ovid has a very charming nymph named Hesperie, no connection, however, of the Hesperides, of whom the most famous was that Arethusa whose fountain-streamlet is so celebrated, and whose enchanting name has been tastefully introduced into the nomenclature of the British Navy. Ovid’s Hesperie, the daughter of Cebrenis, was loved and persecuted by the Trojan hero Æsacos, whose discovery of her is thus exquisitely described:

Aspicit Hesperien patriâ Cebrenida ripâ,

Injectos humeris siccantem sole capillos.

Visa fugit Nymphe!

Ov. Met. xi. 769.

A very amusing and somewhat malicious mistake was recently witnessed at one of our English Universities. A prize was offered for a composition on “Hesperiæ mala luctuosæ.” Spain was manifestly intended. But the wags spreading all manner of doubts and difficulties, the “Dons” were obliged to come out with a public notice, intimating that “the gentlemen had better confine themselves to the Spanish Peninsula!”

Cantabria, which is the scene of this poem, was likewise the scene of some of Augustus’s victories. His policy seems to have been here as successful as his generalship. “Domuit autem, partim ductu, partim auspiciis suis Cantabriam.” (Sueton. cap. 20.) But the Cantabrians, then as now unformed for subjugation, rebelled again the moment Augustus returned to Rome. Augustus, however, paid them a second visit, and appears to have quieted them in Roman fashion, this being the last of his warlike exploits: “Hic finis Augusto bellicorum certaminum fuit: idem rebellandi finis Hispaniæ.” (Luc. Flor. lib. iv. c. 12.)

It was the proud distinction of the Cantabrian in the ancient world to be indomitable, a character very significantly assigned to him in Horace’s well known line:

Cantabrum indoctum juga ferre nostra.

Carm. ii. 6.

In a later ode Horace commemorates the subjugation of the Cantabrians, but it was only momentary, and the difficulty with which it was effected is acknowledged by the poet himself:—

Servit Hispanæ vetus hostis oræ

Cantaber, serâ domitus catenâ.

These are splendid tributes to the valour which resisted the then irresistible Roman power. The Cantabrian strength was broken, and they were temporarily subjected by Agrippa (Sueton. Octav. c. 20), but it was only to rise again the moment they had recovered their shattered forces.

Cantabria corresponded (as already observed) with the modern Basque Provinces, and gave with the neighbouring Asturia more trouble to the Romans than all the rest of Spain, the mountainous character of the country aiding them in that resistance to which they were prompted by the hardy mountaineer’s character, and by his inherent love of

The mountain-nymph, sweet Liberty!

“Two most powerful nations (says Florus, lib. iv. cap. 12), the Cantabri and the Astures, were still free from the Imperial sway. The determination of the Cantabrians was pejor (so the proud Roman calls it) and loftier, and more pertinacious in rebellion, for not content with defending their own liberty, they sought even to control their neighbours.... Beaten at last, they retired to the lofty mountain Vinnius, to which they deemed that the Ocean would ascend before the Roman arms.... But he in person drew them from these mountains, and reduced them beneath the crown by right of war.” Florus is here describing the last expedition against the Cantabrians in the reign of Augustus, of which Agrippa was commander. Suetonius gives the same narrative in substance in Octav. cap. xx., and Strabo, lib. iii. Silius Italicus pays even a still greater tribute to the indomitable spirit of the Cantabrians:

Cantaber ante omnes hyemisque, æstusque, famisque

Invictus.

Horace in that variety of refined flattery, with whose incense he knew how to intoxicate Augustus, returns frequently to his Cantabrian wars, and while his object is to praise the Roman pays unceasing tributes to Spanish valour. Thus:

Te Cantaber non antè domabilis

Miratur, ô tutela præsens

Italiæ dominæque Romæ!

Carm. iv. 14.

Again, commemorating the triumph of Agrippa under Augustus, in the year U. C. 733:

Cantaber Agrippæ, Claudî virtute Neronis

Armenius cecidit.

Epist. i. 12.

Agrippa was not the only one of Augustus’s generals, who was despatched to the conquest of Cantabria, and with dubious success. Lucius Æmilius had before failed in the attempt.

It is curious enough that the Britons, the Gauls, and the Spaniards are alluded to by name, and in the exact order of their greatness, in three successive lines of an ode of Horace:

Te belluosus qui remotis

Obstrepit Oceanus Britannis,

Te non paventis funera Galliæ,

Duræque tellus audit Iberiæ.

Carm. iv. 14.

Singular approximation of nations whose struggles in the Peninsular War were to make so famous near twenty centuries later!

In the Peninsula I do not expect much appreciation, where even amongst those who palaver English, English poetry is not at all understood, and where once a littérateur, expressing his sham admiration of Shakspeare, spoke to me of “Macabets as one progidy of a tradegy!” I am not prepared to sacrifice to an ambition which nothing but undue praise could conciliate, and I shall be satisfied with the approval of my own countrymen, if I can only have the good fortune to secure it.

Corunna, September, 1846.

IBERIA WON.

A Poem.

IN TWELVE CANTOS.

IBERIA WON.

Canto I.

I.

On San Sebastian’s towering castle wall,

What fiery meteor crowns the brow of night?

Its gathering splendour glows majestical

’Gainst darkling skies—a diadem of light!

It grows amain upon the dazzled sight,

While to their posts the amazed besiegers run;

The eternal stars an instant beam less bright,

As startled by another burning sun,

Which now distincter bears the name “Napoléon!”

II.

For Gaul’s imperial master shines that flame,

And quivering flouts the Angliberian host;

Effulgent skies enthrone his mighty name—

His fortress stands impregnable, the boast!

This, this his birthday, this the fearless post

Where England’s strength shall fail again, again,

For warriors fresh have poured along the coast;

And though the siege hath cost a thousand men,

No hostile foot shall dare profane that lion’s den!

III.

Great Arthur smiled, and calm the work went on;

Bartolomeo’s heights were strengthened well,

The trenches deepened ere the night was gone;

Antigua’s rocks with thunder bristling tell

The bold besieged how other bosoms swell

With warlike pride that pants for battle’s hour;

And comes the ponderous train of cannon fell

To try the strength of bastion, scarp, and tower,

And bid the boastful Gaul beware Britannia’s power!

IV.

Say, is, not death then terrible enough,

Ye Captains fierce, but ye must point his dart?

Is man not made of perishable stuff,

But ye must wing new shafts to pierce his heart?

Say, is not famine, pestilence, the smart

Of dire disease and suffering, toil and wo

Enough, but Nature’s pangs must be by Art

Deep multiplied till tears like Ocean flow,

And shattering death-bolts fly, lest Death arrive too slow?

V.

Genius of Liberty, inspire my song!

For thou alone canst consecrate the strife,

That bids surcease the despot sway of Wrong,

And Man prefer thy dignity to Life

Without thee,—War proclaiming “to the knife”

’Gainst Tyrants. May the strain I feebly raise,

Like the Caÿstrian bird’s with death-notes rife,

Tune every human organ to thy praise,

And curb War’s eagles, save to blast Oppression’s gaze!

VI.

On Mont’ Orgullo Mota’s fortress-crown

Seems like defiant Pride from high to smile,

Poised on her lofty cone, while far adown

Blue Ocean bathes her feet and guards the while;

And southward Santa Clara’s rocky isle

Stands like a Cyclop to defend the wall.

War’s stern munitions heaped in many a pile

The ramparts strew, prepared the foe to gall—

Yet deeply now ’tis sworn, shall San Sebastian fall!

VII.

The Chofre hills with giant carronades

Are horror-crested. Far on either side

Swift Uruméa, while the twilight fades,

Are armed the enormous batteries deep and wide.

And opens now like thunder to deride

Yon beacon light the loud artillery’s roar,

With fire and smoke that seem to Hell allied,

Makes wall and castle reel and tremble sore,

And shakes the affrighted wave that foams along the shore!

VIII.

Dire straits of War! The crystal stream of Life

Is now cut off from San Sebastian’s ground;

Where water flowed, an aliment of strife

The withering Genius of Destruction found.

Oh, fatal skill! Sulphureous heaps abound

Within the tube that from Ernani’s hills

Brought Life, yet soon will scatter Death around.

Though lymph, Pyrene, all thy crags distil,

For San Sebastian vain is every mountain rill.

IX.

But, hark the voice of cannon from within!

’Tis raised in joy, a Royal salvo peals.

What new discovery marks that potent din,

Which speaks in thunder that the assailant feels—

Bolts with each flash? For joy the Norman kneels.

Where Mota’s rock above the wave doth frown,

A living fount its bubbling stream reveals,

More prized than diámonds on Regal crown.

The stream is hoarded well—its flow supplies the town.

X.

A moment pause the batteries now, while flag

Of truce and summons of surrender due

Approach the wall, nor long before it lag,

For soon in Rey a noble foeman knew

The English arms as he in England too.

No paltering there! Redoubled every post;

More resolute his wing’d defiance flew,

In fiery tempest ’gainst the leaguering host;

And scorning even to read the summons was his boast.

XI.

Well answered! Where the river widest swells

’Neath rapid Ocean’s amorous embrace,

And on the Siérra swung the Convent bells

For matin-lauds and vesper-song of grace,

The howitzer ascends that holy place,

And from the belfry vomits forth its fire;

From cloisters dim whose cowls the shakos chase

The stabled charger bids the monk retire,

And tell his beads apart till pass War’s tempest dire.

XII.

Now Mont’ Orgullo vaunting Pride doth shew

Less proudly throned, for climb Olía’s side

The straining oxen, dragging upward slow,

With starting eye-ball and hoof opening wide,

Cannon and mortar o’er the foaming tide

Terrific hung. And Man the work completes,

Where fail the labouring beasts, till e’en Mount Pride

O’ercrested now from far defiance meets;

And from the Miradór who gazeth slaughter greets!

XIII.

The booming salvo hurls its ceaseless shower,

Saint John’s huge bastion slowly crumbling falls,

Destruction seizes many a stately tower,

And totter to their base Tirynthian walls

Beneath the fury of resistless balls,

From circling orchards heaved by Britain’s sons;

And snake-like trench advancing swift appals

The garrison, as o’er the isthmus runs

The deadly sapper’s stroke that like an earthquake stuns.

XIV.

And sally forth the warlike sons of France,

As prisoned lions vainly lash the bar,

To foil the miner in his bold advance,

And rages on the isthmus fiercest war;

Full many a shrapnell shell doth strew afar

Its withering shower of lead in thickest hail.

But what can like the British bayonet mar

Thy prowess, France? Before ’t the sallyers quail,

And fly like scattered hawks flung headlong on the gale.

XV.

With glancing steel upon the trenches’ edge

Confronted Cameron the advancing host;

And swift retired before that gleaming wedge

The light-limbed chasseur, battling Gallia’s boast.

And, rough fascine and earth-piled gabion most

The ground demanding, rose the isthmus o’er

Banquette and parapet, the foremost post

Of war for those who sap and mine explore,

And lithe artilleryman and lynx-eyed caçadore.

XVI.

And now the isthmus boasts its battery too;

At shortest range ’tis thundering ’gainst the wall.

Saint John protect thy bastion, or ’twill rue;

Sebastian, guard thy castle, or ’twill fall!

And lo, where shells ascending vertical,

Like iron disc by surest player cast,

Unerring light the townsmen to appal,

And, scattering hundred deaths, with ruin blast

The region doomed where’er that tempest dire hath past.

XVII.

See many a bark that swan-like floats the tide

Steal rapid round the fair Cantabrian shore.

Daughters of luxury, your frail heads hide!

’Tis women’s arms that ply the lusty oar

That hostile castle’s bristling wall before.

A patriot impulse bids them proudly dare

(Was never seen the like!) the batteries’ roar,

Their fruits and wine with the besiegers share,

And bless the arms upraised to guard Iberia fair!

XVIII.

Isaro’s sunlit isle her dark-eyed maids

Sends laden with the grape’s delicious bloom;

Guerníca from its close embowering shades

Sends clustered muscatel whose globes illume

Bright tints of amber. Ondarróa’s gloom

Of archéd boughs gives golden apples forth,

Fair as on Hesperus’ dragon drew the doom;

Ripe Ceres’ gifts of Deba prove the worth;

And bland Zumaya opes her garden of the north.

XIX.

Brown nuts and almonds from Cestona’s groves,

Soft melons come from Castro’s silvery streams;

The small black olive that the mountain loves

From Orrio’s hills ’mid peach and nectarine gleams.

Palencia sends her wine which most esteems

The midnight watcher on the tented field,

With blissful thoughts to stimulate his dreams

When, the watch ended, soon his eyes are sealed

By Heaven’s physician, sleep, and all his sorrows healed.

XX.

Berméo’s vines of green most tender send

Black clusters soft with purple bloom bespread;

And where her gnarled and twisted fig-trees bend

’Neath load of luscious fruit their dark green head,

The gathered treasure for a feast is shed.

The quince sweet-flavoured, and the juicy gourd,

The beautiful love-apple coral-red,

And curd-white cheese (an Arcady restored)

For Valour’s sons they bring to spread the ambrosial board.

XXI.

Bright-eyed Biscayan maids, as shapely tall

As Atlas’ daughter in her sun-lit isle

Led in the dance through flowery vale and knoll,

Mother of streams while Tethys fair the while

The chorus blest with an approving smile.

The lively movements of the Vascon race,

The Tartar glance, the ringing laugh where guile

Ne’er enters, brown yet blooming charms of face,

And teeth of dazzling lustre lend uncommon grace.

XXII.

Their hair dark shining shamed the raven’s wing,

In tresses long their shoulders floating down,

With ribands gay confined or silken string,

Or slight embroidered veil the head to crown.

Of gold and pearl some covet the renown,

Pendent from prettiest ears; with coral some

Their necks encircle. Camisoles each gown

Surmount, gallooned with silk or silver from

Shoulder to waist so fair that Envy’s self is dumb.

XXIII.

’Twas thus the Basque barqueras, happiest race,

Like their Cantabrian mothers rowed along;

A nymph-republic from whose dwelling-place

Both man and dame excludes the Nereid throng,

True to their Ocean-sire, as Dian strong.

Two row each bark, and one Dorina steers

’Neath fluttering banderoles, and oft with song

They tune their oars, or dance with merry cheers

Zorcícos, while Basque drum and timbrel greet the ears.

XXIV.

And oft, through summertide, some sheltered cove

On fair Biscaya’s coast these Nereids sought

To cool their lovely limbs, while far above

A sister-sentinel their safety wrought,

With eyes whose jealousy was still uncaught.

And through the crystal waters joyously

Spinning, like ivory, charms surpassing thought,

They plunged and sported, laughing wild with glee,

And swam with matchless skill—their element the sea.

XXV.

And, robed again, full oft the Nymphs advanced

’Neath dewy eve in beauteous double file,

And boundingly the gay Zorcíco danced,

With shouldered oars and frolic feet, the while

Basque drum and tamborine and Ocean’s smile

Make mirthful holiday. Now high they leap,

With mazy figure now the sense beguile,

Now cross their clattering blades as in the deep,

And laugh, dance, sing—methinks, ’tis better thus than weep.

XXVI.

Nor vigilance secures that lovely coast,

Nor danger’s tremulous excitements flee,

For Gaul her cruisers and her arméd host

From fair Santona pours along the sea;

And even Columbian rovers, far too free

To curb the lust of plunder, hovering there—

Indifferent whether Spain’s or England’s be

The rifled flag—like vultures foul prepare

On battle’s skirt to fall, and aidless stragglers tear.

XXVII.

For years had past since great Britannia’s hand

Made Earth and Ocean feel her trident stroke;

And Trafalgár and San Vicente, fanned

By Victory’s wing, no present terrors woke;

Nor o’er the Deep her voice in thunder spoke,

Since feeble councils numbed at home the arms,

Which even thus paralysed Gaul’s legions broke;

And but that patriot zeal the virgin warms,

Had Famine crushed our men more dire than War’s alarms.

XXVIII.

Yet nought could baffle England’s Chieftain-shield,

Who drove the Invader to Pyrene’s foot,

With thunder-shock on many a battle-field,

While Spain with aidful arm the foeman smote.

Oh, glorious rivalship! where late each throat

Was hostile grasped, now rank with rank contending,

Now side by side,—the Armada’s strife forgot,

Gibraltar’s griefs, Saint Vincent’s memory rending—

Against the general foe in War’s proud union blending.

XXIX.

Heroic brotherhood! Mark o’er all her soil

Where Spain’s Partidas like Cadmean seed

Spring armed and terrible to make War’s toil

Ubiquitous, the foe unceasing bleed;

Till, like bull gored and vanquished, he recede,

While Mina and the Empecinado hang

Upon his flanks, and give the Invader’s meed

In death from every crag—where Tell-like sprang

The Guerrillero forth, whose loud trabúco rang.

XXX.

The carcase of a rotten State may fall

Corrupt asunder, life-blood e’en diseased;

Head, body, members vile contagion’s thrall,

By gore-stained hands Religion’s emblems seized—

But Nations ne’er yet died when Tyrants pleased!

Yea, lives for aye the spirit and the soul

Invincible, howe’er by despots teased;

And let Injustice sting, Invasion roll,

The sudden counter-shock will shake the distant Pole!

XXXI.

And quakes the stern invading Tyrant now,

Whose legions to the frontier back are driven;

For even Pyrene’s rocky margins bow

Before the giant march, with fetters riven,

Of Freedom’s phalanx marshalled on by Heaven!

Rey, on thine arm an Empire’s fate depends.

To San Sebastian haply now is given

The fortress key their swelling strength that bends.

France jealous eyes thee! Rey his post full well defends.

XXXII.

From Guetaría see where vulture-eyed

That scowling band of Franks perforce retires,

And turns their chief in demon triumph joyed

To mark the scene where, Gaul, thy pride expires.

Sudden explode terrific blasting fires,

And swift the fortress-ruins blot the skies

With matrons, virgins, babes, and aged sires,

Rent by the train the ruffian, as he flies,

Hath left alight—to fierce Revenge a sacrifice.

XXXIII.

Shudder, thou worm that point’st thy petty sting;

A breath may quench both thee and all thy line!

Fly, passion, hate, ’neath Mercy’s sheltering wing—

Hath not the Lord declared: “Revenge is mine?”

Reptile, dost Him defy? Not thus will shine

Thy courage when, at dissolution’s hour,

The more thou scornest now the more thou’lt whine,

And feel no weed that deems itself a flower

So mean as man who dares to brave the Almighty’s power!

XXXIV.

From Haya’s crest of rough and broken crag

A darkling thunder-storm came grandly down.

From peak to peak, while gathering rain-drops lag,

The fiery demon leaps, from chasm to crown—

Terrific dance!—then hides ’neath blackest frown,

Whose pall o’erspreads the sky; low growls at times,

Then volleying roars while floods the welkin drown.

Andaye took up the song of mountain-climes,

And Jaizquibél gave back the sound with thunder-chimes!

XXXV.

San Marcial echoes it with savage pride,

The Grand Monarque rebellows it with zeal.

Then, when the monsters huge had shook each side

With giant laughter, of which every peal

Is thunder that can make the despot feel,

And waked Pyrene o’er his widest span,

While peak to peak replied, and torrents reel

With that rejoicing music, as it ran,

That spake their savage strength in terror’s tones to man.

XXXVI.

Dark muffled thus they slept. Yet even in dreams,

Such dreams as mountain-spirits give to birth,

The thunderous memory lives. Low muttering seems

To sullen tell how baleful was that mirth,

Whose very faintest echo shook the earth,

Gigantic! Downward gathering comes the storm

O’er Haya’s flank and Oyarzuno’s girth

By crag and deep ravine, till lightning warm

With wind and rain it falls o’er Uruméa’s form.

XXXVII.

And ’mid the thickest of the storm behold

Where scud Cantabria’s daughters through the tide,

The death-rain from the rampart fronting bold,

And bear to Britain’s sons, Hesperia’s pride,

The tribute of support for arms allied.

Now brighter beams each eye, and heroes wear

Unwonted blushes warrior cheeks to hide,

And feel thrice-nerved their arms by Beauty rare,

Their spirits bounding high: on Valour smiles the fair!

XXXVIII.

Amongst these maids the beauteous Blanca stood,

Pride of the ocean-beat Biscayan coast;

A laughing damsel gay yet angel-good,

Light-haired, blue-eyed, in Spain no vulgar boast,

Where black-eyed maidens are a countless host.

With mirth so radiant was her spirit free,

That all she gladdened—melting roughest frost:

Like her none danced Bolera or Olé,

And none could featly touch the light guitar as she.

XXXIX.

Her auburn hair in clustering curls around

Her sunny face now shrouded, now revealed

Its beauties, waving with each fairy bound;

Her peachy cheek now glancing, now concealed.

Her eye the wound it gave next instant healed,

So bright yet soft, so keen yet melting tender.

A sweetness inexpressible made yield

All hearts: ripe lips, and teeth of pearly splendour,

Made Nature’s task in vain another charm to lend her.

XL.

No coif encircling bound her beauteous head,

No silken net her tresses rich confined,

To mar the lustre which her glances shed;

But ribands plain its wild luxuriance bind.

She wore no jewels: streamed upon the wind

A gauzy veil, with flowers of golden sheen

Embroidered, floating gracefully behind,

Her only ornament—yet form and mien

Proclaimed her thus attired ’mongst hundred maids the queen.

XLI.

Her xaquetilla, to the shape most lithe,

Was of cerulean velvet, room supplying

For her full bosom’s play, when free and blithe

She plied the oar, yet to her form close lying,

Which no compression needed, art defying.

Two billows heaved within, as on the tide

She mastered, with its foam in whiteness vying;

And from her ears to every turn of pride

Two tiniest silver bells with tinklings sweet replied.

XLII.

So fair the maid in infancy had been,

That San Sebastian chose her then to bear

A cherub’s wings amid the festal scene

Her warrior-patron’s day that honours there.

And with her foster-sister not less fair,

The noble Isidora, hand in hand,

Oft walked she thus in childhood—beauteous pair!

Though tender still their loves apart they stand,

For San Sebastian’s siege the approach of Blanca banned.

XLIII.

She was the leader of the virgin group,

The Delia of that race of shallops gay;

And vigorous-handed to the oar could stoop,

When gales tempestuous tost the stormy Bay.

For high the spirit of that lightsome fay,

And bold as Manuela’s self, the Maid

Of Zaragoza, she could guide the fray,

The French marauders menaced undismayed,

And oft her wild guitar thus prompted to the raid:—

The Spanish Song of Freedom.

1.

Let the brave, let the brave fill the battered

War-chalice, fair Freedom, to thee;

On the slave, on the slave be it shattered,

Unless the slave pant to be free!

In glory, in glory we’ll perish,

Ere tyrants shall wither our plains.

This nectar, this nectar shall cherish

No dastard who spurns not his chains!

Let the brave, let the brave fill the battered

War-chalice, fair Freedom, to thee;

On the slave, on the slave be it shattered,

Unless the slave pant to be free!

Libertad, libertad sacrosanta!

Were death in the depths of the flask,

Libertad, libertad mi encanta,

We’ll drain it to “Free be the Basque!”

2.

For our homes, for our homes and our altars,

For our wives and our children we fight;

We but scoff at their dungeons and halters,

As bursts Freedom’s sun into light!

While our rights, while our rights we are seeking,

Great Power! ’tis thy will we maintain;

Though our swords, though our swords may be reeking

With blood, ’tis in rending the chain!

Let the brave, let the brave fill the battered

War-chalice, fair Freedom, to thee;

On the slave, on the slave be it shattered,

Unless the slave pant to be free!

Libertad, libertad sacrosanta!

Were death in the goblet we drain,

Libertad los tiranos espanta,

We’ll pledge to the freedom of Spain!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO I.

In August, 1813, as the preparations for the renewed siege of San Sebastian were advancing, the besieged demonstrated their confidence by celebrating the Emperor’s birthday with a splendid illumination. The castle, upon whose crest it was exhibited, is seen from a great distance; and the besiegers could plainly read the letters of fire in which the name of Napoléon was written high in air.

The incidents of the siege I have derived chiefly from Napier’s History of the War in the Peninsula, book xxii. chapters 1 and 2, and from Jones’s Journals of Peninsular Sieges. The topography of San Sebastian will be found sufficiently illustrated in either of those works.

The small castle of La Mota is most picturesquely situated like a crown on the conical hill of Monte Orgullo, which rising immediately behind the town westward, is nearly four hundred feet high, and washed by the sea. “The Hill has a broad base of 400 by 600 feet, and is crowned by fort La Mota.” Jones, Journal of Peninsular Sieges, vol. ii.

General Jones’s description of cutting off the aqueduct, and converting it into a globe of compression, is thus prosaic but practical and deadly:—“The parallel crost a drain level with the ground, 4 feet high, and 3 feet wide, through which ran a pipe to convey water into the town. Lieut. Reid ventured to explore it, and at the end of 230 yards, he found it closed by a door in the counterscarp, opposite to the face of the right demi-bastion of the hornwork: as the ditch was narrow, it was thought that by forming a mine, the explosion would throw earth sufficient against the escarpe, only 24 feet high, to form a road over it: eight feet at the end of the aqueduct was therefore stopped with filled sand bags, and 30 barrels of powder of 90 lb. each, lodged against it, and a saucisson led to the mouth of the drain.” Journals of the Sieges undertaken by the Allies in Spain, Supplementary Chapter. The aqueduct had been cut off at the commencement of the siege by the Spanish general, Mendizabal. “It was formed into a globe of compression designed to blow, as through a tube, so much rubbish over the counterscarp as might fill the narrow ditch.” Napier, Hist. book xxi. c. 3. This plan was subsequently realized, and with complete success, “creating” says Jones “much astonishment in the enemy,” at the period of the first assault, which took place on the 25th July, five weeks before the second and memorable storming. I have transferred the incident to the latter part of the siege.

The incident of the discovery of the spring upon Monte Orgullo after the cutting off of the aqueduct, but for which fortunate accident the town would have been probably forced to surrender much sooner, was communicated to me by an officer who was present at the siege. It was found about half way up the cliff where it overhangs the ocean, and surrounded by masonry is carefully preserved to the present day. The water is excellent, and the flow abundant. There were not wanting French partisans at the time, especially amongst the elderly female residents in San Sebastian, who believed the discovery of this spring to be miraculous!

When Marshal Berwick attacked San Sebastian in 1719, he threw up batteries on the same Chofre hills where the Allies now planted theirs. He then pushed his approaches along the isthmus, and established himself on the covered-way of the land front. As soon as the breach was practicable, the governor capitulated. But the present governor, Ney, was made of different stuff. Capitulation was the last thing that he thought of, and Napoléon’s instructions to the defenders of besieged towns were never more terribly fulfilled than by this very gallant man. “Napoléon’s ordinance,” says Napier, “which forbade the surrender of a fortress without having stood at least one assault, has been strongly censured by English writers upon slender grounds. The obstinate defences made by French governors in the Peninsula were the results. * * It may be reasonably supposed that, as the achievements of Napoléon’s soldiers far exceeded the exploits of Louis (XIV.)’s cringing courtiers, they possessed greater military virtues.”—Hist. book xxii. c. 1.

The attack was in a great degree carried on from the midst of “circling orchards.” From the ground taken up by the besiegers to Ernani, the whole country is covered with orchards.

For the costume and other particulars of the Basque barqueras, or boat-girls of the Bidassoa and Urumea, the reader is referred to the tours of Madame D’Aulnoy and M. de Bourgoing. The xaquetilla is a “little jacket” or spencer.

As reference is made to the Guerrillas in this canto, the following brief sketch of the leaders may be acceptable:—

Mina was a man of powerful frame and noble aspect—a fine specimen of Nature’s nobility. He was rather tall, of portly size, with fine chest and shoulders, and gigantic arms. His features were more English than Spanish in their aspect, being by no means dark, and their expression powerful, dignified, and heroic. There is a fine portrait of him in Somerset House, London. Like almost all the Guerrilleros, however, he was cruel. The French, whom they cut off by their most harassing mode of warfare, were mercilessly slaughtered. Mina, who was of the common class of peasant-farmers, began with a band of about twenty men whom he formed from amongst his neighbours, appointing a sergeant and corporal. Repeated successes and the character of the chief swelled this band to 300 in number. Mina then appointed a lieutenant. The latter plotted against his commander, and Mina shot him dead with a pistol, after taxing him with his treason, in presence of his men. The rough Spanish mountaineers liked his daring and resolute character, his band swelled to a thousand, and his new lieutenant again conspired to oust his leader. Mina had this man drowned in a well. He was subsequently left unmolested in his command, until his powerful genius organized and led an army. At his death, which occurred about ten years since in Barcelona, he was a Field Marshal, a Grandé of Spain, and Vice-Roy of Navarre. His widow became Aya or Governess to the present Queen of Spain, Isabel, and held that post till the expulsion of Espartero. Mina had a brother, Xavier Mina, who entered the regular army at an early period of life, and likewise rose to the rank of Field Marshal. He was treacherously shot in Mexico by Morillo.

The Empecinado was in person a still finer man than Mina, but of a much less pleasing aspect. His face was stamped with savage resolution and ferocity. His appearance was strictly Spanish, his complexion being much darker than that of Mina. Both were black-haired, but the Empecinado’s was of a raven intensity of jet. He was one of the strongest men in Europe, tall and square-built—a Hercules to the eye as well as in reality. Some nearly incredible feats are recorded of his prodigious strength. The last of all was the most worthy of note, and recalls the main incident of our fine old English ballad of “Adam Bell, Clym o’ the Clough, and William of Cloudeslie.” During the fatal year of the Duke of Angoulême’s invasion, 1823, when so many Constitutionalists fell victims to Ferdinand’s gloomy ferocity, and Riego was villainously butchered at Madrid, the Empecinado was seized by the myrmidons of Absolutism at a village about twenty miles distant, caged and tortured for three days, and at the end of that time led out for execution. At the foot of the furca or gallows-tree, with one effort he burst the thick cord with which his arms were bound, and seized a gun from one of the soldiers near him. Had he not been instantly slain, there is little doubt that with the butt-end he would have slaughtered a hecatomb of the satellites of power. But the whole file poured their fire into him at once, and he was hung notwithstanding, though the rope was adjusted on a corpse! The Curate Merino was distinguished for bush-fighting, and a rather treacherous and Parthian mode of assault, and his aspect corresponded with his character. His influence over his comrades was secured by promises of eternal happiness.

Blanca’s figuring in childhood in the character of an angel is thus accounted for. The feast of San Sebastian is every year a great event in that ancient town. The celebration is in many respects interesting, including a procession in which female children chosen for their beauty take a very prominent part, bearing baskets of flowers, arrows typical of the martyr’s fate, and other interesting emblems. Their dresses are of the richest description—a little gaudy, to be sure, but beneath the brilliant sky of Spain this is, perhaps, excusable. They represent angels, and are provided with crowns set with mock diamonds, rubies, and topazes of the largest size, and with gauze wings bound round with gold or silver tissue. Short skirts of the ballet class, satin shoes, and white silk stockings, complete an array of splendour which excites, as may well be believed, terrific admiration in their mammas and envy in all the rest of the town. A chorus from time immemorial is sung to celebrate their progress, of which the burthen is:

Vivan las niñas

De San Sebastian!

III.  “Bartolomeo’s heights”—“Antigua’s rocks.”

Convents in the vicinity of San Sebastian, which were seized by the besiegers and fortified.

“And comes the battering train of cannon fell.”

Ma il Capitan, ch’espugnar mai le mura

Non crede senza i bellici stromenti.

Tasso, Ger. Lib. iii. 71.

V.  “—War proclaiming ‘to the knife’ ’Gainst Tyrants!”

“Guerra al Cuchillo!” the celebrated proclamation of Palafox at the Siege of Zaragoza.

“Like the Caÿstrian bird.”

——Quæ Asia circum

Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri.

Virg. Georg. i. 382.

“With death-notes rife.”

——Ut olim

Carmina jam moriens canit exequialia cygnus.

Tabuit; inque leves paulatim evanuit auras!

Ovid. Met. xiv. 430.

These lines are dictated by the same feeling, which prompted Cervantes’s last poetical address (in anticipation of death) to the great Conde de Lemos:

Puesto ya el pié en el estribo,

Con las ansias de la muerte,

Gran Señor, esta te escribo.

X.  “Soon in Rey a noble foeman knew:”

The French Governor of San Sebastian.

XI.  “’Neath rapid Ocean’s amorous embrace.”

Labitur ripâ, Jove non probante,

Uxorius amnis.

Horat. Carm. i. 2.

“And on the Sierra swung the Convent bells.”

San Bartolomeo.

“The stabled charger bids the monk retire.”

Sir Thomas More commemorates the housing of cattle in churches. “They stop the course of agriculture, reserving only the churches, that they may lodge their sheep in them.” (Utopia, book i.) Bayle has a similar story in his Dictionary of an abbot who converted his church into a stable, an example which was speedily followed by revolutionary France. During the French invasion of Portugal the cavalry were frequently quartered in churches, and during the Miguelite war in that country I have been assured that the same thing was witnessed more than once, and I know of a Constitutionalist, at present a dignified, clergyman, who upon its being found that the priest was absent upon some Saint’s festival, stept forward himself and said mass for the assembled soldiers, booted and spurred as he was and in dragoon regimentals! I have often seen this pious gentleman in Lisbon, whom the populace declare to have taken from an image of the Virgin the ring which he now sports upon his finger!

XII.  “Olia’s side.”

The batteries of Monte Olia commanded the Castle at a distance of 1,600 yards, from the north side of the Urumea, Olia and Orgullo buttressing the entrance of the river magnificently on either side, and standing apart like giant ramparts.

“The Mirador.”

A battery on the eastern side of Monte Orgullo. The name signifies “a look out,” the use to which it was formerly applied. It reminded me very much of the Signal House at Gibraltar, only that I missed those sapphire and chrysolite tints of the Mediterranean, which struck me so much when I saw the moon rise from that elevated ground under the auspices of the stalwart Sergeant MacDonald.

XIII.  “And totter to their base Tirynthian walls.”

—Τίρυνθά τε τειχιόεσσαν.—Hom. Il. ii. 559.

Tiryns is the first walled city upon record. Its walls were supposed to have been erected by the Cyclops, and the stones of which they were composed were of such prodigious size, that the least of them could not be moved by a pair of oxen. (Pausanias, lib. ii.) The ruins subsist to the present day, and the traces are still gigantic. Pindar mentions Tiryns in his Olympionics, Nemeonics, and Isthmionics. These shattered remains present the earliest specimen of the Cyclopean architecture.

“The deadly sappers’ stroke that like an earthquake stuns.”

This was the first time that sappers were employed by us in the Peninsular sieges, or that a corps of sappers formed any regular portion of the British army. It was likewise the first time that Shrapnell shells were used.

XIV.  “But what can like the British bayonet mar
Thy prowess, France?”

The bayonet, originally a French invention (deriving, as is well known, its name from the town of Bayonne), became ultimately the very instrument of French defeat—for by the universal testimony of military men, when wielded by British hands, the French have invariably fled before it:—

—Neque enim lex æquior ulla,

Quàm necis artifices arte perire suâ.

Ovid. de Arte Amandi.

But it would be as grossly unjust as ungenerous to dispute the ardour and frequent brilliancy of French courage. Upon this subject the discriminating testimony of Napier is as follows: “Place an attainable object of war before the French soldier and he will make supernatural efforts to gain it, but failing he becomes proportionally discouraged. Let some new chance be opened, some fresh stimulus applied to his ardent, sensitive temper, and he will rush forward again with unbounded energy: the fear of death never checks him, he will attempt any thing. But the unrelenting vigour of the British infantry in resistance wears his fury out.”—Hist. War in the Penins. book xxiv. chap. 6.

XV.  “With glancing steel upon the trenches’ edge.”

Wie glänzt im sonnenstrahl

So bräutlich hell der stahl—

Hurrah!

Körner, Schwertlied.

How glances bride-like bright

The steel which sunbeams strike,—

Hurrah!

XVII.  “See many a bark that swan-like floats the tide.”

Eis mil nadantes aves pelo argento

Da furiosa Thetis inquieta.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 49.

“Was never seen the like!”

“It was probably the first time that an important siege was maintained by women’s exertions; the stores of the besiegers were landed from boats rowed by Spanish girls!”—Napier.

XIX.  “The small black olive that the mountain loves.”

—Lecta de pinguissimis

Oliva ramis arborum.—Hor. Epod. ii.

XXI.  “As Atlas’ daughter in her sunlit isle.”

Calypso.

Ἄτλαντος θυγάτηρ ὀλούφρονος, ὅστε θαλάσσης. κ. τ. λ.

Hom. Od. i. 52.

XXIII.  “Both man and dame excludes the Nereid throng.”

——τὸν εὐγενῆ

... πεντήκοντα Νηρῄδων χορόν.

Eurip. Iph. in Taur. 273.

“The illustrious band of the fifty Nereids.”

XXIV.  “And swam with matchless skill—their element the sea.”

Nadan en su cristal ninfas bizarras,

Compitiendo con el candidos pechos.

Lope de Vega, Sonetos.

XXVII.  —“Britannia’s hand
Made Earth and Ocean feel her trident stroke.”

Vide Virg. Geor. i. 13.

—“Feeble councils numbed at home the arms

Which even thus paralyzed Gaul’s legions broke.”

Under the administration of Lord Melville, the Navy of England for the first time sustained disasters in battle, and ships containing stores and money for the Peninsular army were suffered to be taken on the passage by French and American cruisers; while the despicable absurdity was witnessed of two successive investments and assaults of San Sebastian without the co-operation of a fleet.

XXVIII.  “Oh, glorious rivalship!” &c.

Vide Wordsworth’s “Convention of Cintra.”

“Gibraltar’s griefs—St. Vincent’s memory rending.”

The memorable siege, in which the Spaniards were finally defeated on the 13th September, 1782.—The battle of St. Vincent, in which Jervis destroyed the Spanish fleet, 14th February, 1797.

XXIX.  “Spain’s Partidas.”

Partidas was the generic name of the partisan bands, who maintained the indomitable Guerrilla warfare against the French, and of whom there were not less than 50,000 at one period in Spain. A favourite weapon of these legitimate successors of the Almugavars, or ancient mountaineer troops of Spain, was the trabuco, or blunderbuss. The two most famous Partida chiefs were those whose names are recorded in the text. The Mina alluded to is Espoz y Mina, the Scanderbeg of Spain, uncle to the Student of the same name.

XXX.  “But Nations ne’er yet died when Tyrants pleased!”

The strongest proof of the inherent vitality of a Nation is that Spain survived the villanies of Godoy.

XXXIII.  “Reptile, dost Him defy?”

Wer empfinden

Und sich unterwinden

Zu sagen: ich glaub’ ihn nicht?

Der Allumfasser!

Der Allerhalter!

Goethe, Faust.

“Who can feel, and dare to say: ‘I believe in Him not?’ the All-encompasser, the All-sustainer!”

IBERIA WON.

Canto II.

I.

How terrible the march of blood-stained War!

Though rank on rank his fiery breath lay low,

Still patriots crowd, and many a needless scar

And daring profitless derides the foe.

Oh, human passion! Is’t but human wo

Thou deign’st for food, for drink the crimson tide?

Incarnadined Ambition! Here bestow

A glance upon thy fruits, and learn to chide

Thy self-idolatry, thy more than fiendish pride!

II.

Dauntless defenders! On Numantia’s wall,

Or ’mid self-fired Sagunthus’ leaguered towers,

Defying Hannibal whose eyes appal

The flames of sacrifice; or ’gainst the powers

Of Tarik fierce arrayed in darker hours—

From rough Asturian mountains hurling down

Huge rocks whose maw the Moorish host devours,

While great Pelayo’s form with deadly frown

Up Covadonga’s vale comes trampling fell Mahoun!

III.

Or ’mid the echoing heights that girdle round

Fair Roncesvalles taming haughty France,

When Roland’s horn with its tremendous sound

No response woke from aidful troop’s advance,

And Paladin and Peer Bernardo’s lance

Beneath Pyrene slaughtered; or more late

At mightiest Zaragoza, where askance

Flew Gaul’s derided death-bolts winged by hate,—

Unyielding still as here by San Sebastian’s gate.

IV.

Not many moons before, Gaul’s soldiery

Through fair Cantabria’s coast licentious strayed,

Brought rapine to the homesteads of the free,

And deathless grief to many a beauteous maid;

And wo unutterable cast its shade

Along Biscaya’s lovely sunlit shore.

Weak natures drooped their foreheads, sore afraid,

But Blanca proudly lifted hers the more,

And death to him whose hand might ruffian-dare she swore!

V.

Not long the chance removed, not long the arm

Of withering conquest left the test untried;

To sabred villains an unrifled charm

Were like a stigma to inhuman pride.

A gentle sister clung to Blanca’s side

One sweet May eve when fills the clustering vine;

And ’neath the trellised porch embowering wide,

As forth their footsteps strayed from Home’s sweet shrine,

Two bearded French hussars forbade them pass its line.

VI.

“What! buxom damsels—not discerned before.

“Where hid my Venus?” Blanca cried: “Forbear!”—

“How now? By Heaven, this coyness fires me more;

“No dame of Normandy more beauteous fair,

“No Bretonne maiden binds more golden hair.”—

“Black,” quoth his comrade “is of Beauty’s flower

“For me the hue—so, lovingly we’ll share.

“Come, be a soldier’s bride—for half an hour.”

He grinned—both troopers laughed—the maids were in their power!

VII.

This Blanca saw, nor seemed she to resist,

E’en smote not when the dastard seized her waist,

Resented nought when one her sister kist,

Nor frowned when his compeer herself embraced.

Thus lulled each fear, each dark suspicion chased,

They called for wine, the lawless soldier’s bane.

O’erjoyed was Blanca, yet with eager haste

As poured she cup on cup which swift they drain,

Betrayed no joy, though fast it mounted to each brain.

VIII.

Fired with the generous vintage, which gave all

The ruffian forth, as gives it forth the balm

Of nobler natures, the hussars appal

The maidens’ breasts with many a sinking qualm.

Hell gleams from forth their eyes; and burns each palm;

Distended wide their satyr nostrils scare!

Ye maids of England, blissful in your calm

Security, oh, long from you be far

Invasion’s horrors dire, the fiendishness of War!

IX.

One villain seized the gentle Ana’s arm,

And dragged her to the bowering vineyard near;

With cruel irony, “lest aught of harm,”

He said, “should chance to reach your sister dear,

“I’ll take my carbine with me,”—for with fear

He marked the flashing wrath in Blanca’s eye;

Then o’er his shoulder with this parting jeer

He sought to rouse his comrade: “Jules, good b’ye;

“The dove you think you’ve caught may like a falcon fly.”

X.

But Jules still cried: “More wine!” And Blanca poured

Like Hebe for this flagrant Hercules,

While ever and anon she eyed his sword;

But—happier fate—while drains he to the lees

Another cup, he drops his head and frees

His carbine with the movement. Swift as thought,

She lifts the weapon—to the vineyard flees;—

The deadly tube she to a level brought,

When Ana’s struggling arm a friendly vine-branch caught.

XI.

Unskilled her aim—but stainless purity

Gave loftiest courage, nerving eye and hand.

She breathed a prayer—an instant gazed on high—

“Oh, Virgin Queen, mi madre, guardian stand!”

Next instant she discharged the flaming brand.

Within the throb of Ana’s beauteous breast

Flew the fleet bullet. Heaven its progress banned;

And through the ravisher’s hot heart it prest,

His fell design extinct in death’s eternal rest!

XII.

Up starts the drunkard sobered by the sound,

And runs with hasty sabre to the scene;

But Blanca dropt the carbine to the ground,

Which like Camilla’s battleaxe, I ween,

The virgin bore; and like that Volscian queen,

When fiery swift her footsteps past the steed

Of Aunus’ son, she bounded o’er the green;

And, Ana’s hand in her’s, with matchless speed,

Reached the far shore, where swift her floating bark she freed.

XIII.

Maddened with rage quick followed the hussar,

But soon his footsteps checked the foaming tide.

Gnashed were his teeth while shot the bark afar,

And rung the maidens’ laughter clear and wide;

For greater not Penthesilea’s pride,

Girt by her crescent-shielded Amazons

In war’s array, whom Dian dared not chide!

Full soon the joyous news like lightning runs,

And wins undying fame ’mongst wild Cantabria’s sons.

XIV.

And ever after Blanca bore the name

“La Espingarda,” which her daring told,

And gave the carbine she discharged to fame,

When Innocence was made by Virtue bold.

Oh, selfish were the breast, methinks, and cold,

That would not look with eye of favour there:

Such was the maid who led that Nereid fold,—

Whose loud guitar, in scorn a chain to wear,

Called her compatriot men to guard Iberia fair.

XV.

Thus oft between Isaro’s isle and San

Sebastian Blanca past with fancy free,

Till through her veins Love’s soft infection ran,

And tamed her spirit of wild gaiety.

A gallant youth and fond did Blanca see

’Mongst Albion’s sons who lay the town before.

Of all the host was braver none than he,

And Blanca trembled to her bosom’s core

Beneath his eagle-glance, when love he whispered o’er.

XVI.

Full many a sweet, nor yet delusive tale

He told the maid of mingling heart and hand,

And home and household gods in sweetest vale

Amid the glories of his Motherland,

Of joys that glistened ’neath Hope’s faëry wand,

And life’s long course by Gnidian torches lighted,

Of foreheads pure by milder zephyrs fanned,

And England’s happier clime by war unblighted.

His passion soon declared, their mutual vows were plighted.

XVII.

Hast thou not seen a clear and sparkling rill,

Upon whose ripplings joyous sunbeams quiver,

Flow swift, yet tranquil, from its native hill

Straight to the bosom of some mighty river,—

Its separate existence lost for ever,

Its name, its nature, sunk in the devotion

Of that great confluence? Calm as to the Giver,

Her life she gave, nor struggle nor commotion

Showed where that streamlet flowed, for ever mixed with Ocean.

XVIII.

Morton the youth was named—majestic tall,

For strength and symmetry his shape combined;

Gentle as valiant, generous, loved by all;

A soldier frank, pellucid was his mind,

His judgment sound, his bearing ever kind;

To her ’twas tenderest love that hourly grew.

The pride that scorns unequal lots to bind

In wedlock deeply he contemned, nor knew

A thought that was not all to humbler Blanca true.

XIX.

And Morton from the maiden learnt how soon

Might Santa Clara’s rocky isle be won,

Where batteries planted ere another moon

The siege must end, and Mota’s fortress stun

With many a thunder-voiced o’erpowering gun;

And Blanca promised to the shore to guide.

Swift Morton warm with warlike zeal doth run,

His plans unfolding to his Chief with pride,

And valiant Graham doth give to Morton margin wide.

XX.

Soon were his comrades chos’n, and Nial first,

His bosom-friend, companion oft in arms;

Both of the Light Brigades, and both athirst

For Glory! Nial led ’mid War’s alarms

A file of Rifles. Danger still had charms

For him transcendent; young, as woman fair,

Slight-formed yet lion-brave—his vigour warms

The veteran. Clothed his cheek with beauty rare,

Yet none in all the host so actively would dare.

XXI.

The Spaniards oft declared he was a girl

In male attire, till they beheld his deeds.

The oldest soldiers watched his looks in per’l,

Obeyed his slightest sign, and where he leads

Follow in battle—though the column bleeds.

Yet Nial hath not reached his twentieth year!

Noble and proud is every thought he feeds.

Such was the youth, who Morton counselling clear,

His plans to take the Isle arranged the trenches near.

XXII.

And as they spoke the batteries raised their voice,

From crowned La Mota raining shot and shell,

Drove through the ranks, and made the Gaul rejoice

With many a horrid gap that, ah, could well

Its tale of dire disaster silent tell!

For fragments strewn of gunner and his art

Lay quivering round while fierce the foemen yell.

Dismounted gun, and shattered carriage, chart,

Line, linstock, bullet, corse, were tossed in every part.

XXIII.

“Rey’s petulant to-day,” quoth Nial. Straight

A huge artillery waggon by their side,

That fed our batteries, six strong horses’ freight,

Struck by a shell, up-bounding scattered wide

War’s provender. The missile dumb doth bide—

A minute’s pause of horrible suspense,

That hushed each heart, and paled the cheek of Pride!

Then with explosion terrible, immense,

Its dire contents around were showered in ruin dense.

XXIV.

The riders instant died—three gunners more

Were gravely wounded. Mad with pain and fright,

The horses started off at gallop o’er

The plain, while blazed the waggon with that bright

Combustion. One steed wounded fell outright;

And frantic with the fiery mass each bound

Whirled through the air—the wheels themselves alight—

They dragged both horse and waggon o’er the ground,

Till all was shattered ’mongst Ernani’s orchards found.

XXV.

“Swift—to the Island!” both the friends exclaim;

And as night fell their boats from cove concealed

Beneath Antigua’s convent seaward came;

Full soon with muffled oars that nought revealed,

They lay ’neath Santa Clara’s rocky field;

And Blanca in the crag disclosed a cleft,

Where straight they land. But loud the sent’nel pealed

The alarum gun, its post the picquet left,

And flew like burghers bold to guard from midnight theft.

XXVI.

But soon, o’erpowered by numbers, their array

Was beaten back—resistance now was vain.

Submissively their arms were lowered away,

And o’er their sorrowing breasts a captive chain

Is gently flung: “Our battery soon shall reign

“Triumphant here,” quoth Morton, “thanks to thee,

“Sweet maiden.” Blanca smiled, and cried,—“For Spain!”

Then to her bark once more she bounded free,

And with her Nereids young thus sang and smote the sea:

The Oar-Song.

1.

Lean to your oars;

Pull along cheerily;

Ne’er let the shores

Drag along drearily.

Courts are but slavery,

Grandeur is smoke;

Our’s the true bravery;

Bend to the stroke!

2.

See where the tide

Sparkles phosphorical;

Learning is pride,

Science an oracle!

While through the water we

Dash with our stems,

Royally scatter we

Myriads of gems.

3.

Stoop with good will;

Joyous our motion is.

Breast with air fill;

Sapphire-like Ocean is!

Laugh at each lazy man,

Keep the stroke—so;

Poor lackadaisy man

Never could row!

4.

Where is the joy

Like the oar feathering?

Where’s the alloy

Tempests in weathering?

Lash the spray, scattering

Many a beam;

While our oars clattering

Flash through the stream!

XXVII.

Upon thy buckler, Gaul, terrific rang

Vittoria’s powerful stroke, and reeling back

Thy phantom-King to tall Pyrene sprang;

Thy shattered Army, sorrowing deep for lack

Of conquest or of guiding, fell to wrack,

By the great arm of Arthur paralyzed,

Till rapid Soult, when loured the sky most black,

From Dresden rushed and chaos methodized:

No Marshal-Chief, be sure, Napoléon higher prized.

XXVIII.

Yet wise by experience, taught a cautious dread,

And rocking still from England’s vigorous blows,

A hissing serpent’s more than lion’s head

That earth-struck host presented when it rose,

And watched the hour to spring upon its foes.

First San Sebastian to relieve its aim,

Next to redeem lost glory and oppose

Our strong advance, upon Pyrene tame

The pride that dares its crags, and France preserve from shame.

XXIX.

See where the couchant giant bristling lies,

Pyrene with his mountain sides and hair

Of forests dense. His crest doth pierce the skies,

His limbs are precipices poised in air,

His rugged spine full many a peak doth bear;

His ribs, huge ridges, part on either hand,

His mouths are deep ravines where torrents tear

Through rocks a course to Man that seemeth banned.

Yet there our heroes march, their brows by Victory fanned.

XXX.

At Zabaldíca now with gathering ire

The rival armies stand on fearful steeps,

Where rocks on rocks are piled like bastions dire,

And savage Solitude sublimely sleeps,

And Cristovál’s and Lanz’s torrent leaps

Adown the valley where Sauróren smiles.

The pass to San Sebastian England keeps.

There Morton brave and Nial lead their files;

And hardy veterans climb those cloudy mountain piles.

XXXI.

What clattering steed doth gallop fleet as air

Through the Lanz valley, making earth to shake

’Neath his hoofs’ thunder? With that horseman dare

None ride save one, the noblest, for his sake

Light valuing life or limb. Thought-swift they make

Sauróren. O’er the mountain crest they see

Clausel’s brigades from Zabaldíca take

The glen. Leaps from his horse that rider free

To the bridge-parapet, and writes full rapidly.

XXXII.

It is great Arthur, who the varying chance

Of mountain-warfare spirit-like doth seize.

Cole eagle-eyed and gallant Picton France

Would fain cut off; but now our Chief with ease

Averts the danger. Rapid as the breeze,

Somerset’s charger gallops carrying far

His fresh instructions. Dashes through the trees

The French light horse—in vain his course they mar,

And Arthur tranquil rides, the ascent to him no bar.

XXXIII.

The Lusitan battalions first descried

The advancing Chief, and raised a shout of joy.

Uneasy they while distant he doth ride;

Their treasure-trove, their gold without alloy!

The British legions swift caught up the cry,

Which swelled along the line till stern it rose

To Battle’s shout appalling fierce the sky—

The shout that tells the breast to Victory goes,

The shout that ne’er was heard unmoved by Britain’s foes!

XXXIV.

An instant stopt great Arthur on the brow

Of that steep mountain. Both the Armies saw

The Hero at that moment. Soult was now

So near, each rival Chief could plainly draw

The lineaments of each that strike with awe

Their several hosts: “Now strong,” thought Arthur, “is he,

“But cautious. Of that shout he will, some flaw

“Suspecting, much inquire; and thus will free

“My scattered host, till all combined resistless be.”

XXXV.

And Soult, indeed, the battle’s shock withheld,

Till rose next morning’s sun. But forth he pushed

His skirmishers whose fire was keen repelled,

Yet not till night was o’er the mountain hushed.

For rode the Marshal where Lanz’ torrent gushed,

Our whole position cautiously surveying:

By deep defile to far Villalba rushed

The infant Arga, all around displaying

Our troops on every height, for battle fast arraying.

XXXVI.

Upon a rugged mountain’s craggy crest,

A shrine of spotless Mary clustered round

The Lusitan battalion. Soult possest

With thought of weakness there, where cannon frowned

At Zabaldíca, raised Destruction’s sound;

But vain its poise ’gainst that enormous height,

His shot from lower crags doth back rebound.

Powerless his ordnance for Titanian fight,

’Tis Nature’s storm-artillery ushers in the Night!

XXXVII.

Dumb be your voices while the thunder-chime

Peals from Pyrene’s turrets, echoing far.

While roar the elements with rage sublime,

Hushed be your strife, Pygmæan men of war!

See, see, ye tremble at the lightning-scar.

Your brands are sheath’d—ye feel as feathers, dust.

Away! nor God’s designs profanely mar,

Wreaking on brother-forms your gory lust.

In vain! France tempts her doom, and England holds her trust!

XXXVIII.

Next morn the absent corps our army join.

Joy to our Chieftain for his guidance true!

Sir Pack’s not yet hath come—but Marcaloin

Shakes with its onward tramp—though from the view

Of hawk-eyed Soult ’tis hid. To battle flew

His host, assailing Cole in front and rear.

Clausel from the Lanz valley poureth too

His skirmishers—the mountain-side they clear;

Cole’s left is rapid turned—defeat we now may fear.

XXXIX.

But sudden rises o’er the mountain’s crest—

What is’t? An army new of warriors dread—

Pack’s corps, whose swift approach by Soult unguest

Great Arthur’s eagle-eye to battle led,

In place and time where best our ranks are fed.

Instant their clattering fire is hostile blended.

Cole smites the foeman’s right, whose left too bled

From Lusia’s arms; their front, by Pack offended,

With violent shock the vale in headlong flight descended.

XL.

The Gaul who had strove to compass round our left

Himself is now encompassed—in that dire

Extremity of daring not bereft,

But facing all around in conflict’s ire

His fierce assailants—scattering with his fire

Full many a corse, where Frenchmen thicker fell.

But climbs Clausel’s reserve the mountain higher,

Up craggy steep where doth the Virgin dwell.

Stern was the fight, and Gaul had battled ne’er so well.

XLI.

See from Sauróren in the vale beneath

Where darts that column to the mountain-shrine,

Nor fires a shot, but silent o’er the heath

Strains to the rugged summit, while their line

Is swept by fiery tempest. Bright doth shine

French valour there. Though ranks be swept away,

Unchecked their ardour. For the crest they pine,

And win it. Lusia’s rifles swell the fray,

And France upon this point an instant gains the day.

XLII.

But Ross his bold brigade of Britain’s sons

Hath close at hand; and Nial, Morton there

With martial ardour each impetuous runs,

Heading their veterans in the fray to share.

With lusty shouts against the French they bear,

And strongly charge and down the mountain dash.

Yet undismayed again the foemen dare

The dire ascent—again their firelocks flash.

Again o’erturned they fall, and vain their valour rash.

XLIII.

Through sulphurous shroud new skirmishers ascend,

And mount the crest new columns of attack;

Ev’n gallant Ross an instant forced to bend

Before that fiery crowd recedeth back,

But to return next instant with no lack

Of desperate courage. Up the crest once more

Our heroes charge, nor Gallic fire doth slack.

Charge upon charge succeeding o’er and o’er,

Each gains and yields by turns—the sod is dyed with gore.

XLIV.

But Britain must the foemen hold at bay,

Whom Creçy, Poictiers, Azincour beheld,

Whom Blenheim, Ramilies, and Malplaquet,

And Oudenarde saw by Britain’s yeomen felled—

The foe on every field in Spain she quelled!

Brief, potent words did Nial, Morton then,

While proud effusion from their bosoms welled,

Address with voice inspiring to their men,

And lead with flashing swords the charge again, again!

XLV.

Oh, solid Infantry! oh granite breasts!

Like Rome’s Triarians there they stand or fall.

Each flashing death-tube not an instant rests,

Save where the bayonet-flash may more appal.

By France outnumbered, yet till slaughtered all

The ground they’d hold. Their wounded and their dead

Are laid in one terrific line, a wall

Of dauntless valour: by Leucadia’s head,

So stood Leonides with Persia’s life-blood red!

XLVI.

A rampart of the brave—of dead and dying!

Thy column, Gaul, advances to the line,

And halts where stern that gory bulwark’s lying,

While Britain’s heroes all their fire combine.

Nor ’mid tremendous showers of death repine

Their wounded comrades smote, since death may bring

The foeman under. Gaul, as drunk with wine,

Reels from excess of slaughter. Forward spring

Our bayonets to the charge. The foe is on the wing!

XLVII.

Then rose the shout that told of England’s power

Triumphant on that new Thermopylæ,

And gallant hands were clasped in glory’s hour,

And beamed Hesperia’s eye more bright to see

That now in spite of Hell she will be free!

And Nial, Morton folded heart to heart:

“Joy! joy! This day shall long remembered be,

“For France hath vainly tried her utmost art.”

And tears of joy were seen from many an eye to start.

XLVIII.

Oh glow of Victory! oh, thrilling pride

Of triumph in the strife of mind or hand!

More dear to mortal breasts than all beside,

In mart or senate as in warlike band,

In court or cell—where’er by conquest fanned

The swelling temples wear thy plume, Success!

How pure thy throb when Freedom lights a land,

When pen, tongue, sword a cause sublime confess,

Well worthy to aspire, befitting Heaven to bless!

XLIX.

Lo, where the giant form of Liberty

Arises grand yet shadowy dim o’er Spain.

With smiles her champion, Arthur, she doth see,

And frowns terrific with august disdain

Upon the Invaders, trampling on the chain!

A fiery sword that as a comet blazed

On high she brandished, like the angel-train

O’er Paradise. The tyrant-host amazed

Saw their expulsion doomed, and trembled as they gazed.

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO II.

For the incidents from ancient Spanish history with which this Canto opens, the reader is referred to Livy (lib. xxi. et Epit.) or to Ferguson’s Roman Republic, where a full account will be found of the ever-memorable Sieges of Saguntum and Numantia. The ruins of Saguntum (Liv. loc. cit.) or Sagunthus (Sil. Ital. lib. i.) are still visible on the sea coast, a little to the north of Valencia. The site of Numantia, having a much more central position, a few miles north of Soria, capital of the small province of that name in the eastern part of Old Castile, is more conjectural than that of Sagunthus. The name of Numantia is erroneously spelled “Numantium” in Mr. Lockhart’s Ancient Spanish Ballads, a work of extraordinary merit, notwithstanding a few inaccuracies. The particulars of the siege of Numantia are to be found in the 57th Epitome of Livy’s lost books. The Moorish invasion under Tarik, the fall of Roderick, and the struggles of Pelayo, are described or alluded to by Byron, Scott, and Southey. The scene in the Vale of Covadonga is one of the finest passages in the latter’s poem of Roderick, where huge masses of rock are hurled down on the advancing Moorish host at the signal of the following words pronounced by the heroine:

—“In the name

Of God! For Spain and vengeance!”

Southey, Roderick. book xxiii.

The fight at Roncesvalles is the most memorable in the entire range of Romantic History, and has been alluded to, amongst other poets, by Pulci, Ariosto, Milton, Scott, and Lockhart. The siege of Zaragoza will be found described in detail in a succeeding canto. The ferocity displayed by the Moors in their invasion appears to have been not at all exaggerated by the Spanish chroniclers, and it is curious that this fierceness of aspect should have been noticed many centuries before by Horace:

Acer et Mauri peditis cruentum

Vultus in hostem.

Carm. i. 2.

The modern representations of Abd-el-Kader’s warriors by French artists square with the ancient notions of the Moorish ferocity of aspect. I myself have seen at Tangier and Gibraltar for the most part fine-looking men, but certainly with a tinge of ferocity, and here and therewith an expression worthy the “truculentus Maurorum vultus.” The introduction of Mohammedanism seems to have altered nothing in this respect, for in the days of Julius Cæsar, as Horace here attests, the same physiognomy was apparent; and Suetonius, speaking of the war between Cæsar and Juba, king of Mauritania, represents even the Roman legions as affrighted: “Famâ hostilium copiarum perterritos ... expectatio adventûs Jubæ terribilis.” cap. 66.

The part which I assign to the Basque boat-girls, and the strain of sentiment which pervades their oar-song, although not consonant with a peaceful state of cultivated society, is quite characteristic of Spain during the Peninsular War. The creed of Hippolytus was not very favourable to those literate pretensions which Molière has so pleasantly satirized in his “Précieuses Ridicules,” and the Basque barqueras would be quite to his taste. The persecuted of Phædra, whose uncompromising chastity caused his neck to be broken, said:—Σοφὴν δὲ μισῶ, “I hate a learned woman;” and Blanca and her sisters of the oar appear to have extended that hatred to both sexes.

Gen. Jones’s record of the seizure of the island of Santa Clara in the mouth of the harbour is as follows:—“A party of 200 men was landed this night on the high rocky island of Sta. Clara, and made prisoners of the enemy’s guard on it, of an officer and twenty-four men.” Journals, &c., Supp. Chapt. Napier makes the military party to consist of only 100 men—such difficulties does one meet in ascertaining the minute parts of even recent history. But probably Gen. Jones may have estimated that the seamen amounted to another hundred. “A heavy fire was opened on them,” says Napier, “and the troops landed with some difficulty, but the island was then easily taken, and a lodgment made with the loss of only twenty-eight men and officers.” Hist. book xxii. c. i. The historical fact of the supplies having been conveyed to the besiegers at San Sebastian by boat-girls gives warrant to the supposition that they may have assisted in the capture of the Island.

This Canto describes the principal warlike operations between the battle of Vittoria and the first battle of Sauroren, with a description of the first part of which it terminates. The incidents will be found in Napier’s History, book xxi. chap. 5.

The concluding incident is from the combat of Maya, which took place in the same neighbourhood a few days previously, and is thus described by Captain Norton, of the 34th regiment.—“The ninety-second met the advancing French column first with its right wing drawn up in line, and after a most destructive fire and heavy loss on both sides, the remnant of the right wing retired, leaving a line of killed and wounded that appeared to have no interval. The French column advanced up to this line and then halted, the killed and wounded of the ninety-second forming a sort of rampart; the left wing then opened its fire on the column, and as I was but a little to the right of the ninety-second, I could not help reflecting painfully how many of the wounded of their right wing must have unavoidably suffered from the fire of their comrades.” This frightful butchery appears to excite the enthusiasm of some of its military historians. “So dreadful was the slaughter,” says Napier, “that it is said the advancing enemy was actually stopped by the heaped mass of dead and dying; and then the left wing of that noble regiment coming down from the higher ground smote wounded friends and exulting foes alike, as mingled together they stood or crawled before its fire. * * The stern valour of the ninety-second, principally composed of Irishmen, would have graced Thermopylæ.”—Hist. War. Penins. book xxi. chap. 5.

III.  “When Roland’s horn with its tremendous sound.”

La dove il corno sona tanto forte

Dopo la dolorosa rotta.

Pulci.

VIII.  “Fired with the generous vintage, which gave all
The ruffian forth,” &c.

Κράτιστον μὲν τῆς ἀκμῆς τῶν χαιρῶν τυγχάνειν· ἐπειδὴ δὲ δυσκαταμαθέτως
ἔχουσιν. κ. τ. λ.
Isoc. ad Nicocl.

“It is most excellent to enjoy moderately the height of felicity; but this men find most difficult to learn.”

X.  “Like Hebe for this flagrant Hercules.”

Τέρπεται ἐν θαλίῃς, καὶ ἔχει καλλίσφυρον Ἥβην,

Παῖδα Διὸς μεγάλοιο καὶ Ἥρης χρυσοπεδίλου.

Hom. Od. xi. 602.

“Flagrans amor Herculis Heben.”—Propert I. 13. 23.

XII.  “Which like Camilla’s battle-axe, I ween.”

“Rapit indefessa bipennem.”—Virg. Æn. xi. 651.

“When fiery swift her footsteps past the steed.”

——“Pernicibus ignea plantis,

Transit equum cursu.”

—Ib. 718.

XIII.  “Girt by her crescent-shielded Amazons.”

“Fœminea exsultant lunatis agmina peltis.”

—Virg. Æn. xi. 663.

XVII.  “Hast thou not seen a clear and sparkling rill, &c.”

Qualis in aerii pellucens vertice montis

Rivus, muscoso prosilit e lapide;

Qui cùm de pronâ præceps est valle volutus,

Per medium densi transit iter populi.

Catul. lxvi.

XVIII.  “A soldier frank, pellucid was his mind.”

Ἀλλ’ ἐνθάδ’, ἐν Τροίᾳ τ’, ἐλευθέραν φύσιν

Παρέχων, Ἄρη, τὸ κατ’ ἐμὲ, κοσμήσω δορί.

Eurip. Iphig. in Aul. 930.

“Achil. Both here and in Troy, displaying a frank mind, as far as in me lies, I will illustrate Mars in battle.”

XX.  —“Nial led ’mid War’s alarms
A file of Rifles.”

—Sævam

Militiam puer, et Cantabrica bella tulisti

Sub Duce.

Horat. Epist. i. 18.

XXI.  “The Spaniards oft declared he was a girl.”

Era Medoro un mozo de veinte años,

Ensortijado el pelo, y rubio el bozo,

De mediana estatura, y de ojos graves,

Graves mirados, y en mirar suaves.

Lope de Vega, Angelica, iii.

XXVII.  “Till rapid Soult,” &c.

Rapidity of conception and execution were marked features in Marshal Soult’s military character. The decree by which Napoléon appointed him his Lieutenant in Spain was issued at Dresden on the 1st July, 1813, ten days after the battle of Vittoria. On the eleventh day he was in the midst of the army in Spain! “The 12th, Soult, travelling with surprising expedition, assumed the command of the armies of the ‘north,’ the ‘centre,’ and the ‘south,’ now reorganized in one body called ‘the Army of Spain.’ And he had secret orders to put Joseph forcibly aside if necessary, but that monarch voluntarily retired from the army.” Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xxi. chap. 4. “Marshal Soult was one of the few men whose indefatigable energy rendered them worthy lieutenants of the emperor; and with singular zeal, vigour, and ability he now served.”—Ibid. “Such was Soult’s activity that on the 16th all the combinations for a gigantic offensive movement were digested.”—Ibid.

XXIX.  “His rugged spine full many a peak doth bear,
His ribs, huge ridges, part on either hand.”

This is the actual formation of the Pyrenees. A great spinal ridge runs diagonally across this entire mountain tract, trending westward. From this spine sierras shoot forth on both sides, and the communications between the valleys formed by these ridges pass over breaks in the sierras, called puertos by the Spaniards, and cols by the French.

XXXI.  “What clattering steed doth gallop fleet as air.”

On the 27th July, Wellington, having been unable to learn any thing of the movements of Picton and Cole, who had been left in the valley of Zubiri and on the adjoining heights of Linzoain, on the evening preceding, and dreading lest Soult’s combinations should cut them off, quitted Sir Rowland Hill’s quarters in the Bastan at a very early hour in the morning (these early matutinal movements have been always characteristic of his Grace) and descending the valley of Lanz, reached Ostiz, a few miles from Sauroren, where he met General Long with his brigade of light cavalry, who informed him that Picton and Cole had abandoned the heights of Linzoain, and were moving on Huarte, “He left his quarter-master-general with instructions to stop all the troops coming down the valley of Lanz until the state of affairs at Huarte should be ascertained. Then at racing speed he made for Sauroren. As he entered that village he saw Clauzel’s divisions moving from Zabaldíca along the crest of the mountain, and it was clear that the allied troops in the valley of Lanz were intercepted, wherefore pulling up his horse, he wrote on the parapet of the bridge of Sauroren fresh instructions to turn every thing from that valley to the right, by a road which led through Lizasso and Marcalain behind the hills to the village of Oricain, that is to say in rear of the position now occupied by Cole. Lord Fitzroy Somerset, the only staff officer who had kept up with him, galloped with these orders out of Sauroren by one road, the French light cavalry dashed in by another, and the English general rode alone up the mountain to reach his troops,” &c.—Napier, Hist. book xxi. c. 5.

—“Thought-swift they make
Sauróren.”

I trust this Teutonism will be pardoned, believing these forms of expression to be more suited to the genius of our language than has been hitherto supposed, and likely to be more generally introduced into poetical diction.

XXXII.  “Cole eagle-eyed and gallant Picton.”

The gallantry of Picton and the keen observation of Cole were eminent characteristics of those two generals respectively. The danger which they ran in this instance was very imminent. Picton “directed Cole to occupy some heights between Oricain and Arletta. But that general having with a surer eye, &c.”—Napier, Hist. book xxi. c. 5. Wellington’s rapid riding on this occasion defeated a very able combination of Soult’s. The Duke was always an expert and eager horseman, and it was not for nothing that he kept his pack of fox-hounds in the Peninsula.

XXXIII.  “The advancing Chief * *
Their treasure-trove, their gold without alloy!”

Longas, ô utinam, dux bone, ferias

Præstes Hesperiæ!

Horat. Carm. iv. 5.

“The shout that ne’er was heard unmoved by Britain’s foes.”

“That stern and appalling shout which the British soldier is wont to give upon the edge of battle, and which no enemy ever heard unmoved.” Napier, Hist. book xxi. c. 5.

XXXIV.  “Soult was now so near, &c.”

“Lord Wellington suddenly stopped in a conspicuous place, he desired that both armies should know he was there, and a double spy who was present pointed out Soult, then so near that his features could be plainly distinguished. The English general, it is said, fixed his eyes attentively upon this formidable man, and, speaking as if to himself, said: ‘Yonder is a great commander, but he is a cautious one and will delay his attack to ascertain the cause of these cheers; that will give time for the sixth division to arrive and I shall beat him.’ And certain it is that the French general made no serious attack that day.” Napier, ibid.

XXXVI.  “But vain its poise ’gainst that enormous height.”

“Some guns were pushed in front of Zabaldíca, but the elevation required to send the shot upward rendered their fire ineffectual.” Napier, ibid.

“’Tis Nature’s storm-artillery ushers in the night.”

“A terrible storm, the usual precursor of English battles in the Peninsula, brought on premature darkness and terminated the dispute.” Napier, ibid.

XXXVII.  “Dumb be your voices, while the thunder-chime, &c.”

Bedecke deinen himmel, Zeus,

Mit wolkendunst, und übe!

Goethe (Prometheus).

“Curtain thy heavens, Zeus, with clouds and mist, and exercise thy arm!”

“While roar the elements with rage sublime,” &c.

Nè quivi ancor dell’ orride procelle

Ponno appieno schivar la forza e l’ira;

Ma sono estinte or queste faci or quelle,

E per tutto entra l’acque, e’l vento spira * *

La pioggia ai gridi, ai venti, al tuon s’accorda

D’orribile armonía, che’l mondo assorda.

Tasso. Gerus. Lib. vii. 122.

—“Ye feel as feathers, dust.”

——La materia humana—

Viento, humo, polvo, y esperanza vana!

Lope de Vega, Sonetos.

XXXIX.  “Pack’s corps, whose swift approach by Soult unguest.”

General Pack was in command of the sixth division till this battle, when he was wounded, and the command passed to general Pakenham.

XL.  “Stern was the fight, and Gaul had battled ne’er so well.”

Throughout the entire Peninsular campaigns, the French never fought with such desperate valour as on this and the few preceding and following days. In Soult they had the utmost confidence; they saw that a crisis had arrived, and trembled for France. “The fight raged close and desperate on the crest of the position, charge succeeded charge, and each side yielded and recovered by turns; yet this astounding effort of French valour was of little avail.” Napier, ibid.

XLI.  ——“Lusia’s rifles swell the fray.”

General Ross’s brigade of the fourth division was posted on this strongly contested height, having a Portuguese battalion (the seventh caçadores, tenth regiment) in his front, with its flank resting on the chapel. “The seventh caçadores shrunk abashed, and that part of the position was won.” Napier, ibid. The inequality with which the Portuguese fought was remarkable throughout the Peninsular War. They fought well, or gave way, in great measure according to the impulse of the movement. Here they gave way, then inspired by the example of Ross’s brigade renewed the combat, but again gave way. “Soon, however, they rallied upon General Ross’s brigade * * and the tenth Portuguese regiment fighting on the right of Ross’s brigade yielded to their fury.” Napier, ibid. Sometimes they fought extremely well.

XLIII.  “Ev’n gallant Ross.”

This epithet was well deserved by general Ross, and is assigned to him by Napier. “That gallant officer.” Book xxi. c. 5. I am proud to record the exploits of my countryman, whose name and achievements are endeared to me by early recollections. A lofty column is erected in his honour at the beautiful village of Rosstrevor, within seven miles of which, at Newry, my early years from infancy to the period of my going to College were passed. All my summers were spent in and near Rosstrevor, one of the most charming sea-bathing spots in the British dominions. The noble Bay of Carlingford stretches before it, girt by an amphitheatre of lofty hills, and Killowen Point, the Wood-house, Greencastle, the light-house, and Grenore, with the ancient and picturesque town of Carlingford, the stupendous mountain overhanging it, and the bleak tract extending along to Omeath, contrasted with the sunny and wooded slopes beyond, have left impressions indelible even during much travel in foreign lands. I rejoice to perceive that a railway is about to open up this magnificent region, and trust that this new means of intercourse will be eminently beneficial to the warm-hearted inhabitants of all the surrounding district.

“But to return next instant with no lack
Of desperate courage.”

Φεύγειν μὲν οὐκ ἀνεκτὸν, οὐδ’ εἴωθαμεν.

Eurip. Iphig. in Taur. 104.

“For to fly is not tolerable, neither has it been our custom!”

“Each gains and yields by turns—the sod is dyed with gore.”

This action between Ross’s brigade and Clauzel’s second division was one of the most terrific during the war. “The fight,” says Napier “raged close and desperate on the crest of the position, charge succeeded charge, and each side yielded and recovered by turns.”

XLV.  “So stood Leonides, with Persia’s life-blood red.”

ἐν Σπάρτᾳ δ’ ἐρέω
πρὸ Κιθαιρῶνος μάχαν:

ταῖσι Μήδειοι κάμον ἀγκυλότοξοι:

Pind. Pyth. i.

“In Sparta I will sing the fight before Cithæron, where the Median bowmen fell.” For the details of the battle, and of the Trachinian treason, see Herodotus, lib. 7. Pindar does not name Thermopylæ, but Cithæron being in its immediate neighbourhood would make the allusion at once intelligible. Pindar with instinctive good taste prefers the name “Cithæron” to that of “Thermopylæ,” the latter name, though to us so magnificent, sounding somewhat vulgar to Greek ears, as indicating the θερμὰ λουτρὰ, or hot-baths from which it was derived.

XLVII.  “That now in spite of Hell she will be free.”

Siasi l’inferno e siasi il mondo armato.

Tasso, Gerus. Lib. xiii. 73.

IBERIA WON.

Canto III.

I.

But France though vanquished oft doth oft renew

The assault which British arms alone can quell.

Her columns fresh the wrested prize pursue,

And at the Siérra’s foot their numbers swell.

Exhausted War’s munitions now, so well

Have England’s sons with fire the foeman plied,

And anxious eyes upon their leaders dwell:—

“See, see, brave hearts,” young Morton stoutly cried,

“While rocks like these abound, we’ll guard the mountain’s side!”

II.

And at the word he loosed with might and main

Such stone immense as feigned Æolides

In Orcus tortured flung. Down to the plain

It rolleth bounding with gigantic ease,

The mountain shaking, crashing through the trees,

Dislodging many a smaller granite mass.

Appalled its dire approach the foeman sees.

On, on it rolls, still thundering o’er the grass,

Till in the vale it rests, nor dares the Gaul to pass.

III.

And on the foremost crest our men have now

Full many a rock’s Aiantine volume rolled;

Prepared to hurl them from the mountain-brow,

Their powerful hands this rude artillery hold,

Should thirst of vengeance make the assailants hold.

But men who Death had braved in every form

Of War’s destruction known to them of old,

Before this unfamiliar mountain-storm

Have quailed, and our’s the height all strewn with corses warm.

IV.

O’er Zabaldíca and the torrent Lanz

Frowned a steep hill, where Spain her sons had placed

Beneath Murillo. There the host of France

Its efforts now concentring urged with haste,

And tirailleur and voltigeur embraced

The peak around, while marched Clausel and Reille

Their columns dense along the mountain-waste.

They charged—Pravía stood the shock awhile,

But numbers soon o’erpower Hesperia’s broken file.

V.

In silence stern a British column waits,

Till on the summit France a footing get;

Then rose the charging cry whose peal elates

The Island-warrior’s breast. With bayonets set,

They rushed upon the advancing crowd, and wet

Was every sod with blood. The broken mass

Was down the mountain hurled, as from the net

The fisher casts his prey. Impetuous pass

Tempestuous bullets showered, and shiver them like glass.

VI.

But France not yet retires, for on this day

Pyrené’s fate and her’s will be decided.

Though, man ’gainst man, their courage melts away,

The charge by Gaulish chiefs again is guided—

Again the powers of Fate and Death derided!

Thrice the assault’s renewed, and thrice each chief

His wearied men doth onward drag to bide it.

In vain! The British shock makes contest brief.

Faint, spiritless, abashed, the foemen seek relief.

VII.

And Gaul, her infantry thus forced to yield,

Now tries the onset of her dashing horse;

And charging through the valley shakes the field

With thunderous gallop, trampling fallen horse

And writhing wounded men without remorse.

Our bold hussars beside the river’s edge

With flaming carbines they would backward force;

Their chargers’ strength they wield like potent wedge,

And strive to urge our men adown the rocky ledge.

VIII.

Our fiery squadrons standing in reserve

Now join the mêlée, flashing fast around

Pistol and carbine—then with powerful nerve

They bathe their swords in blood at every bound,

While ’neath the shock terrific quakes the ground.

See, where yon huge heart-piercéd rider falls;

His horse affrighted at the clattering sound

Drags him by th’ foot which still the stirrup thralls,

Till Death arrests them both ’mid storm of flying balls.

IX.

Oh, generous, strong, and fleet are England’s steeds,

And mettled high their riders even as they!

Though with the cavalier the horse too bleeds,

Yet horse and cavalier have won the day.

Two Gaulish chiefs have perished in the fray.

To the streamlet edge the foe is backward driven;

With spur deep-plunged he leaps the stream—away!

But many a jaded horse his life hath given

Headlong adown the bank, where rider too is riven.

X.

On every side now Britain’s foes repelled

Feel that to stand before her might is vain;

Our strong position is securely held—

Lords of the mountain, masters of the plain

From Vascongada’s frontier to the main.

Our batteries planted on the bloody hill

Before the Virgin’s shrine their death-shot rain

From far Illurdos to Elcano’s rill,

From towering Cristovál to Oricain at will.

XI.

But D’Erlon hath concentred all his force,

And seeks, by steep Buenza, Hill to crush.

O’erpowering numbers urge their onward course,

And Hill retires—but not till he doth hush

The fire of D’Armagnac with torrent rush.

By Lecumberri Soult essays a path

To San Sebastian through our line to push.

But eye more keenly sure great Arthur hath,

And breaks the foe’s design with counter-stroke of wrath.

XII.

With rapid steps Zubiri Picton gains;

His skirmishers molest Foy’s shattered flank.

From Zabaldíca’s crest Foy sees the plains

Strewn with the flower of many a fallen rank.

But powerless he for aid—the bayonet drank

Upon the hill the life-blood of his corps,

Where before Cole’s assault his veterans sank,

While gallant Inglis down the mountain o’er

Clausel and Conroux falls with shock that frights them sore.

XIII.

And headlong from the Sierra Byng, too, comes

To where Maucune the smiling village keeps.

Our cannon from the height the ear benumbs;

The bullets crash where that Arcadia sleeps,

And many a peasant for his Lares weeps.

Along the valley booms the thunderous sound;

And quivering child and pallid virgin creeps

For shelter to the mountain-caves around,

While swells the demon-strife, and death-shot ploughs the ground.

XIV.

Sauróren bridge where late great Arthur wrote

His rapid mandate o’er the torrent’s fall,

The deep Lanz valley by the thunder smote,

The hills above, the blooming village—all

Are covered o’er with dense, sulphureous pall;

And musketry its sharp and rattling peal

Incessant echoes ’gainst the mountain-wall.

While fills the glen tumultuous shot and steel,

The volumed smoke can scarce the form of death reveal.

XV.

Sauróren’s won! The Gallic host is broken,

And thousand prisoners own our conquering hand;

Disarmed and guarded well in Victory’s token,

But nobly used as fits a generous land.

Gaul’s columns fly in many a scattered band

To Urtiága’s pass and Ostiz’ steep,

By Lusia’s sons pursued with flaming brand.

But, ah, Sauróren’s maids and matrons weep,

For from the Virgin’s shrine did many a death-bolt leap!

XVI.

As mariners who on a stormy sea

The magnet lose that guides them o’er the wave;

As warriors marshalled oft to victory,

Who lose the sacred banner of the brave:

So with their tears these mountain-children lave

Lanz’ trodden glen; for, ah, the diadem

That girds the Virgin’s brow no more shall save.

Death rained on Lanz beneath each sparkling gem.

A Madre de Dolór is Mary now to them!

XVII.

Night falls around—in dark and dense defile

Nial and Morton with their gallant host,

Where even by daylight rarest sunbeams smile,

In Leron’s frightful wilderness are lost.

By frowning precipice, through crags high-tost

By earthquakes old—through forests grimly black,

Like ghosts they wandered, crost and then re-crost,

Nor pathway saw to forward move or back,

Nor means of exit found, nor even a desert-track.

XVIII.

“Cheer up, my friends,” said Nial; “whom the foe

“Hath ne’er made flinch the forest shall not quell.

“Full many a pine-branch waves at hand to show

“The way—no torch so fitly or so well.”

Then many a pine-branch torn, with resinous smell

Told of its fiery aliment—the flash

Of muskets gave them kindling.—Through the dell,

Waving on high these flaming brands they dash,

And to their comrades shout who tempt the forest rash.

XIX.

Thus on they moved through thicket, glen, and brake,

By precipice, and crag, and torrent brink,

And yawning chasm that made the boldest quake,

Till without end the dark ravine they think;

And wildered many a foot by flaming link,

That guided few save them the links who bore:

Benighted thus till with fatigue they sink,

Steep crag and glen profound they wandered o’er,

Their beacon fires alight—but none can find a shore.

XX.

And pealed their shouts incessant through the gloom,

With clamour wounding the dull ear of Night,

Till as in churchyards peopled grows each tomb

To midnight wanderers, rose their souls to fright

Infernal Phantoms! On each towering height

Seemed demons sprung with torches from their den,

Their footsteps to mislead with Hellish light;

Till Morning rose, and showed the mount and glen

All strewn with faces wan and worn and wearied men.

XXI.

But daylight woke their hearts to hope and joy;

Refreshment needful cheered their bivouac.

The column they rejoined without annoy:

And there of gladness was, I ween, no lack,

Where soldiers hailed their former comrades back.

Now Soult by perils prest hath outlet none,

Save by Maria’s pass with omens black;

And swiftly, near Lizasso, Hill hath won

Upon his rear, unchecked by Leo’s burning sun.

XXII.

His cannon opened loud with bellowing sound,

And ’neath its deadly roar the French ascend;

Till near the summit of the pass they found

A wood that stretched its branches to befriend.

Yet see, they turn, and skirmishers defend

The steep, but Stewart leads the stern assault.

Soon broke their files, their menace soon doth end.

Headlong they fly, and dareth none to halt—

But thickest mist doth fall—and leave our men at fault.

XXIII.

Thus Menelaüs, while his brazen spear

Thirsting for Paris’ blood is brandished high,

No longer sees the slender youth appear,

But riseth cloud to thwart his vengeance nigh,

Which Aphrodite gliding from the sky

(So sings Mæonia’s bard) doth interpose;

And even while glares Atrides’ conquering eye,

And to his men the adulterer’s helm he throws,

The mist o’erspreads his form and shields from deathful blows.

XXIV.

But o’er the heights that gird the fearful pass

Our troops are gathered soon, and France doth quake,

For now the terrible defile in mass

Her legions enter. Many a brow doth ache.

Our warriors’ death-shots direful havoc make.

They quail—they fly—confused disorder reigns.

Rank upon rank doth every instant break,

Nor Soult’s commanding voice the rout restrains.

They pass, but many a captive leave to mourn his chains.

XXV.

To Yanzi now! where narrower still the cleft

Which France must pass. By Zubiéta came

Our Light Division, ne’er of hope bereft

To reach the ground ere Gaul can thwart the aim

That there full terrible her pride shall tame.

Our warriors through Elgoriága glide,

Fatigue exhausting many a wearied frame,

And toil they faintly up the mountain-side;

But Morton urged their zeal, and Nial touched their pride.

XXVI.

Light-hearted chieftain-boys! No knapsacks they,

No firelock’s weight, no full cartouches bore.

The promptings of their valour they obey;

And Leo’s sun in vain o’er them doth pour

His maddening rays—for courage warms them more!

But clambering Santa Cruz’s torrid steep,

Full many a soldier fell convulsed, while gore

And froth commixed their parchéd mouths o’erleap,

And respite found from toil in Death’s eternal sleep!

XXVII.

And leaned their comrades on their firelocks then,

Whose spirits stern had ne’er before been quelled;

And muttered, “What could more be asked of men?”

And for an instant’s time almost rebelled.

But rose a tear to Morton’s eye, and held

His forehead Nial aching at the sight

Of warriors whom fatigue like death-shot felled.

When saw the men their leaders felt aright,

A hearty cheer they gave, and scaled the fearful height.

XXVIII.

A precipice beneath o’erhung the bridge

Of Yanzi. Hurrying past the French were seen

Along the dread defile. Upon the ridge

His men by Morton ranged their firelocks keen

Discharged. ’Mongst clustering shrubs his rifles green

Did Nial gather lower down the steep.

Oh, dire the calls of duty oft had been,

But direst this! The chieftains almost weep;

The men avert their heads, Death’s harvest while they reap.

XXIX.

For pistol-shot might reach the hastening throng,

Who through the horrid chasm defenceless crowd.

The wounded men on branches borne along

Were flung to earth—in vain their voices loud

Implored for aid, all trampled in the shroud

That wrapt them blood-besmeared. Confusion dire

Possest the ranks. The bravest horsemen cowed

Charged up the pass to escape the avenger’s ire;

The footman ’gainst the hussar was forced to turn his fire.

XXX.

And many a stalwart cavalier and horse

Was headlong flung in Echallara’s stream,

And many an ailing man was soon a corse;

From many a musket fires defensive teem,

Held skyward—but in vain their flashes gleam,

For terrible our vantage. Some too rushed

In veteran might o’er Yanzi’s bridge, and deem

Our flank to gall, but soon their fire was hushed.

The wounded quarter sued—’twas given by conquerors flushed.

XXXI.

And prisoners fell by thousands in our hands,

And all the convoy, treasure, spoil was our’s.

At Echallar and Ivantelly stands

The foe once more, and tempts the leaguering powers;

But daring Barnes upon the mountain towers

With lion-heart, and smites the clustering foe.

Though five to one their number ’gainst us lours,

In vain the arméd throng withstands the blow.

The fortress-crag is won—the French are hurled below.

XXXII.

On Ivantelly’s giant peak they fling

Their last defiance—soon their hope doth melt,

Like hoar upon a sunny morn in Spring,

For there our light brigades their way have felt

Through mist thick gathering, as erewhile it dwelt

Upon Lizasso’s brow, but not to arrest

Again our footsteps. Many a blow they dealt,

Though viewless fatal. Through the clouds they guest

The foeman’s shadowy form, and scaled the mountain’s breast.

XXXIII.

Through misty veil that crowns the topmost crags

Doth Nial with his rifles plunge amain;

Nor Morton with his light battalion lags.

Gaul’s chosen grenadiers Clausel with pain

Sees from the mist emerging to the plain.

Sharp rings the rifle;—with sonorous roll

The musketry less keen replies—in vain!

Disordered France retires, and rends the pole

Our shout victorious raised—the peak is Glory’s goal!

XXXIV.

Pyrene’s won! Upon the tallest crest

Did Nial, Morton mark with fond embrace

The crowning victory. Why together rest

Their eyes, the mist now melted, on that place

Beneath? Ye Powers! It is great Arthur’s face.

The flying French have eyed him too where o’er

His mountain charts, and plans of war the base,

With escort small intently he doth pore,

And none suspects the prize the foemen swift explore.

XXXV.

Rushed Nial, Morton madly down the steep

In generous rivalry who first should reach

To avert the peril. Roelike was each leap

From crag to crag—they are come—the danger teach,

Which Arthur learns with gracious smile to each.

Swift to his charger strong the Chieftain springs:

The Frenchmen’s bullets whistle vain as Speech

Where Action’s wanting. See, his steed hath wings;

And safe is he whose fate had sealed the doom of Kings!

XXXVI.

Strove Arthur long to learn which youth he owed

For safety and deliverance gratitude;

But Nial said ’twas Morton forward strode

The first, and Morton urged that Nial viewed

The peril soonest—Friendship’s generous feud!

Where each desired that each the prize should hoard;

And eyes that witnessed it were tear-bedewed.

Great Arthur gave each noble youth a sword,

That bore his mighty name—magnificent reward!

XXXVII.

But thirsteth Pride for San Sebastian’s towers,

For foiled one effort to surmount her wall;

And Death that sweeps each host had swept down our’s

A moon before in numbers to appal.

’Tis Honour’s voice, then, bids each bastion fall;

Such man’s decree! The galleries swift advance.

A triple mine upheaves the firm sea-wall

With fierce sulphureous shock. Rocks heavenward dance

To ope our troops a path against the sons of France.

XXXVIII.

And pant for glory ’midst their brave compeers

Nial and Morton—keen as curbéd steed.

Though soft their souls in love to melt in tears,

In war they could unmoved see hundreds bleed.

Of passionate fervour was their patriot creed,

And next to Heaven they loved their native land.

With Blanca there to fly, when Spain was freed,

Before the frowning wall young Morton planned,

And murmur thus his lips while waits his eager band:—

The Glory of Islands.

1.

Forbid the linnet from its nest,

And crush its homeward aspirations—

As vain to chide the heaving breast,

And woo repose in foreign nations!

No, England, no! beyond the foam,

Around thy beauteous shore that circles,

I would not fix my lasting home

For every gem that brightest sparkles!

2.

More cloudless bend Italian skies;

Burgundian fruits more richly cluster;

Iberia’s slopes more gently rise,

And shine her stars with purer lustre.

O’er Adria’s coast, o’er fair Stamboul,

O’er soft Mæonia show’rs more splendour.

Out, sunk ’neath Slavery’s abject rule!

’Tis thou art Freedom’s grand defender!

3.

Far sunnier Isles the South make glad,

From Palma’s gulf to the Ægean;

Idalia rose and myrtle clad,

Sicilian shores, and bowers Dictæan;

The Cyclades that shine to snare,

From Lemnos old to Rhodes romantic;

And far Funchál, whose balmy air

Swells earth’s best vine ’mid the Atlantic.

4.

But, oh loved land! what magic lifts

Thee high above all rival glory,

Fills up the void of Nature’s gifts,

And makes thy deeds the pride of story?

What charm endues thy talisman,

Thou chrysolite amid the waters,

And deifies the power of man?

The genius of thy sons and daughters!

5.

The vigorous thought, the spirit firm,

The pride of truth, the deep devotion,

The labouring head and stalwart arm,

That crown thee Queen of Earth and Ocean!

That clothe with grain thy rugged steeps,

Thy factory piles make teem prolific,

And man the fleet each sea that sweeps

To make its trembling shores pacific.

6.

Illustrious land! Yet more than this,

Thou harbourest all life’s solid graces—

No fiends that murder with a kiss—

No treacherous breasts ’neath smiling faces!

Oh! still be thine the bold, the true,

The honest, manly, independent;

In mind, in heart, in sinew, too,

O’er every other land transcendent!

XXXIX.

Nor slow was Rey the city to defend,

Exhausting all the arts that War supplies.

A yawning chasm within the breach doth end;

Loopholed with fire a counterwall defies

Approach;—where’er the rampart broken lies,

A traverse cuts it off—the streets are trenched;

Mines trebly charged prepare to blot the skies

With shattered limb, and head from shoulder wrenched,

Of him who dares the assault, yet not a cheek is blenched!

XL.

And strongest whetstone of fierce Valour’s edge

Thy name, Napoléon! For thee would dare

Thy Guard to leap adown Destruction’s ledge,

For thee would scoff in mockery of Despair!

Genius and energy thou well couldst share

With all thy Chiefs, and courage give thy men,

That scorned to yield with life their lion-lair.

A barbarous strife thou didst require—what then?

The last Barbarian thou that rushed from Scythian den!

XLI.

Meteor of Conquest! terribly endowed

With every faculty to bless or mar,

With voice to speak to Man like trumpet loud,

And eagle-eye with ken for peace or war

Omnipotent, save when Heaven dealt the scar!

Thy course for bale that might have been for bliss,

Thy darling Victory streamed a crimson star.

Around thy laurelled forehead serpents hiss;

And closed thy glory’s dawn, Destroyer, choice like this!

XLII.

Trampler on Human Liberty! Thy plan

Embraced no welfare save thine own; thy aim

A pyramid—each stone a sword-hewn man,—

Rivers of blood o’er Earth to write thy name.

Gigantic was thy crime—as great thy shame!

Even now with gory talon to the North

Thou fliest, the elements but canst not tame;

And there, to teach the peaceful victor’s worth,

Men rigid as their frosts have sent thee howling forth!

XLIII.

Scourge of the Nations! thy appointed time

Is near its close—exhausted is thy quiver.

Vain is thy complex thought, thy grasp sublime;

Nor whirlwind, plague, nor tyrant lasts for ever!

Couldst thou not from the ground one blade dissever

Of joyous herbage, save with butchering steel,

Nor give one glory to the Eternal Giver?

Couldst thou but wound that mightst so nobly heal?

I see thy end begin—for Man thou didst not feel!

XLIV.

And yet France loved thee—loved thy daring flight,

Thy mighty genius—thy creative power;

The soldier’s idol and the hind’s delight—

For ’twas the people made thee like a tower

That topt all Nations! In thy happier hour

A glorious code thou gav’st. Thy sway was just

To France—thy monuments a deathless dower.

No luxury turned thy energies to rust.

A Conqueror why become? why serve Ambition’s lust?

XLV.

What are thy mightiest triumphs? Pages torn

From bloodiest records. What thy phalanx armed?

Assassins. Thy parade of Conquest? Shorn

Of glare deceptive, plunder. Earth alarmed

Saw the career, that dazzled it and charmed,

Sunk in fell Tyranny. Thy potent rays,

Melting all fetters, might have millions warmed

With Freedom. Thou didst forge, to fiends’ amaze,

New shackles for thy kind. Let Hell eclipse thy blaze!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO III.

This Canto describes the battles of Sauroren on the Pyrenees, with the leading incidents in the minor combats of Buenza, Doña Maria, Echallar and Ivantelly which followed. The first battle of Sauroren took place on the 28th July, 1813, the fourth anniversary of the battle of Talavera, and was remarkable for the extraordinary valour displayed by the French under Soult, which, having obtained a slight success at Buenza, they repeated with almost frantic efforts at Echallar and Ivantelly on the 2nd August, their principal object being to relieve San Sebastian. But in vain. Lord Wellington described the first of these actions as “bludgeon work.” The loss on both sides was very considerable; but it was here demonstrated by our soldiers, in the words of Napier “that their opponents however strongly posted could not stand before them.” The actions will be found detailed in his History, book xxi. chap. 5.

The incident of the defence of the mountain top by flinging down rocks, is taken from the previous combat, where it occurred as described by Napier in the following words: “The British, shrunk in numbers, also wanted ammunition, and a part of the eighty-second under Major Fitzgerald was forced to roll down stones to defend the rocks on which they were posted.” (Hist. ibid.) The allusions to Sisyphus and to Ajax will I trust be excused. It is difficult to exaggerate such incidents. There was surely something Titanic in the character of this Pyrenean warfare.

The Spanish regiment which gave way towards the end of the battle (the poor soldiers were starved by their miserable commissariat) was that of El Pravia, which was stationed on the left of the fortieth, and the latter regiment justly styled by Napier the “invincible” victoriously concluded the combat. “Four times this assault was renewed, and the French officers were seen to pull up their tired men by the belts, so fierce and resolute they were to win. It was, however the labour of Sisyphus.” (Napier, ibid.) The cavalry engagement was maintained by our tenth and eighteenth hussars. I occasionally detach my heroes, Nial and Morton, to other infantry corps for poetic effect.

The terrible scene at the bridge of Yanzi is described by Captain Cooke in his Memoirs as follows:—“We overlooked the enemy at stone’s throw, and from the summit of a tremendous precipice. The river separated us, but the French were wedged in a narrow road with inaccessible rocks on one side and the river on the other. Confusion impossible to describe followed, the wounded were thrown down in the rush and trampled upon, the cavalry drew their swords and endeavoured to charge up the pass of Echallar, but the infantry beat them back; and several, horses and all, were precipitated into the river; some fired vertically at us, the wounded called out for quarter, while others pointed to them supported as they were on branches of trees, on which were suspended great coats clotted with gore, and blood-stained sheets taken from different habitations to aid the sufferers.”

The incident of extricating Wellington by the agency of Nial and Morton from his imminent peril of falling into the hands of the French is taken from the following passage at the end of Napier’s description of the combat of Ivantelly: “Lord Wellington narrowly escaped the enemy’s hands. He had carried with him towards Echallar half a company of the forty-third as an escort, and placed a sergeant named Blood with a party to watch in front while he examined his maps. The French who were close at hand sent a detachment to cut the party off; and such was the nature of the ground that their troops, rushing on at speed, would infallibly have fallen unawares upon Lord Wellington, if Blood, a young intelligent man, seeing the danger, had not with surprising activity, leaping rather than running down the precipitous rocks he was posted on, given the general notice, and as it was the French arrived in time to send a volley of shot after him as he galloped away.” (Hist. book xxi. c. 5.)

The prodigies accomplished by our Peninsular veterans, of which this and the preceding Canto fall short in the narration, need little attestation. But here is the testimony of one of Napoléon’s Generals:—“Bien que leurs corps soient robustes, leurs ames énergiques, et leurs esprits industrieux,” &c. (Foy, Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. ii.) “Le Prince-Noir et Talbot étaient nés dans Albion. Marlborough et ses douze mille soldats n’avaient pas été les moins redoutables ennemis de Louis XIV. * * Nos soldats revenus d’Egypte disaient à leurs camarades la valeur indomptée des Anglais. Il n’etait pas besoin d’une réflexion profonde pour déviner que l’ambition, la capacité, et le courage sont bons à autre chose qu’à être embarqués sur des vaisseaux.” (Ibid.) “Leur humeur inquiète et voyageuse les rend propres á la vie errante des guerriers, et ils possèdent une qualité, la plus précieuse de toutes sur les champs de bataille, le calme dans la colère. * * Telle est la puissance Anglaise. C’est Bonaparte en action, mais Bonaparte toujours jeune et toujours vigoureux, Bonaparte persévérant dans sa passion, Bonaparte immortel.” (Ibid.) “Le soldat Anglais ... son corps est robuste. Son ame est vigoureuse, parceque son père lui a dit et ses chefs lui répétent sans cesse que les enfants de la vieille Angleterre, abreuvés de porter et rassasiés de bœuf roti, valent chacun pour le moins trois individus de ces races pygmées qui végètent sur le continent d’Europe. * * Il marche en avant. Dans l’action, il ne regarde pas à droite ni à gauche.” (Ibid.)

The brilliancy of our cavalry service is equally acknowledged, though French military writers strive sometimes to mock it, very ineffectually, as in the following example; “Dans la retraite de la Corogne, les corps de cavalerie faisaient halte; le chef commandait: Pied à terre; prenez vos pistolets; et à un troisième commandement, chaque cavalier brûlait la cervelle à son cheval en un temps et deux mouvements.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. ii.)

In illustration of the character of Napoléon, of which I have attempted some analysis in this Canto, I have drawn together a few striking passages from the most eminent military writers of England and France, Napier and Foy:—

“That greatest of all masters of the art of war.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xxiv. chap. 6.) “In following up a victory the English general fell short of the French emperor. The battle of Wellington was the stroke of a battering ram, down went the wall in ruins. The battle of Napoléon was the swell and dash of a mighty wave, before which the barrier yielded and the roaring flood poured onwards covering all.” (Ibid.) “That successful improvisation in which Napoléon seems to have surpassed all mankind.” (Ibid.)

“Vaincre et trouver des instruments de victoire était le travail de sa vie.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. i. Caractère de Napoléon.)

“Jamais esprit plus profondément meditatif ne fut plus fécond en illuminations rapides et soudaines.” (Ibid.)

“Toujours prêt à combattre, habituellement il choisissait l’occasion et le terrain. Il a donné quarante batailles pour huit ou dix qu’il a reçues.” (Ibid.)

“Napoléon’s system of war was admirably adapted to draw forth and augment the military excellence and to strengthen the weakness of the national character. His discipline, severe but appealing to the feelings of hope and honour, wrought the quick temperament of the French soldiers to patience under hardship, and strong endurance under fire. * * He thus made his troops, not invincible indeed, nature had put a bar to that in the character of the British soldier, but so terrible and sure in war that the number and greatness of their exploits surpassed those of all other nations.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xxiv. chap. 6.)

“Ce n’est pas avec les règles de Montécuculli et de Turenne manœuvrant sur la Renchen qu’il faut juger de telles entreprises. Les uns guerroyaient pour avoir tel ou tel quartier d’hiver; l’autre, pour conquérir le monde. Il lui fallait souvent non pas seulement gagner une bataille, mats la gagner de telle façon qu’elle épouvantât l’Europe et amenât des résultats gigantesques. Ainsi les vues politiques intervenaient sans cesse dans le génie stratégique. * * Quelque habile qu’on soit, il y a presque toujours dans ce jeu terrible des risques proportionnés à la grandeur des profits. Le succès est devenu plus chanceux. Les armées étaient plus nombreuses. Ses ennemis, à son exemple, ont eu aussi des masses. * * La machine n’était plus maniable; il a été écrasé.” (Foy, liv. i.)

Napoléon’s was a game of double or quits played with the hardihood of a determined gambler. The value of the stakes became multiplied with alarming rapidity, as in the arithmetical problem of the horse-shoe-nails. All the military population and resources of the empire became involved in the chances of the die, and he lost the last throw.

General Foy narrates the following anecdote. He was probably himself the interlocutor: “Dans la campagne de France, aux premiers mois de 1814, Napoléon parlait à Troyes en Champagne, avec un de ses généraux, de l’état des choses. ‘Les ennemis, disait celui-ci, sont trop nombreux; il faut que la France se lève’—‘Eh! comment voulez-vous que la France se lève, interrompit avec vivacité Napoléon; il n’y a pas de noblesse, et j’ai tué la liberté!’”

Of the love which the French people bore to Napoléon, let his march to Cannes be a witness, where the inhabitants, as he passed, surrounded him in hundreds of thousands with unmistakeable demonstrations of blind enthusiasm and delight. Not even the terrible conscription could rase his impression from their hearts. The general equity of his internal administration, the exact system of his public accounts, the effectual discharge of duty which he required of the state servants, the abolition of idle privileged classes, and the cessation of fraud in the management of the revenue or its punishment when detected, caused the people to love him as they everywhere love justice. Napoléon, with all his other splendid faculties, was a skilful financier; he was opposed to public loans, and left no debt. He had no private views, and his active energies were unimpaired in his vassals’ service. The utility of his public works was commensurate with their grandeur, providing at once employment for the poor and embellishment for the country. His Code was a monument of legislative wisdom, and his Cadastre an invaluable equalizer and register of taxation and the liabilities of property. But withal he was a detestable tyrant.

II.  “Such stone immense as feigned Æolides
In Orcus tortured flung.”

The epithet “feigned” is imitated from Milton’s treatment of similar subjects. But Milton was not at all uniform in his treatment; and therefore having paid this tribute to the truth of Christianity and entered by this word my protest against the fables of Polytheism, I do not think it necessary, any more than Milton did, to be perpetually marring poetical effects by intimating that comparisons are derived from fictitious subjects. Thus in the finest book of Paradise Lost, the second, all the Greek and Roman fables are introduced with excellent effect, and without any intimation that they are apocryphal. Thus

Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate, &c.

P.L. ii. 577.

Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards

The ford.

Ib. ii. 611.

——The water flies

All taste of living wight, as once it fled

The lip of Tantalus.

Ib. ii. 612.

A cry of Hell-hounds never-ceasing barked

With wide Cerberean mouths.

Ib. ii. 654.

“It rolleth bounding with gigantic ease.”

Καὶ μὴν Σίσυφον εἰσεῖδον, κρατέρ’ ἄλγε’ ἔχοντα,

Λᾶαν βαστάζοντα πελώριον ἀμφοτέρῃσιν·

Ἦτοι ὁ μὲν, σκηριπτόμενος χερσὶν τε ποσὶν τε. κ. τ. λ.

Hom. Od. xi. 592.

The fine dactylic verse which follows, and which Dionysius of Halicarnassus so highly commends, is wonderfully descriptive of the bounding of a huge stone down a mountain:—

Αὖτις ἔπειτα πέδονδε κυλίνδετο λᾶας ἀναιδὴς.

Hom. Od. xi. 598.

Notwithstanding the numerous and highly celebrated attempts of Pope and Dryden at onomatopœiac effects in English iambic lines, I think Thomson has surpassed them both in the following line from what Byron justly pronounces one of the very finest poems in the English language:—

“Down thunders back the stone with mighty sweep!”

Castle of Indolence, cant. i.

III.  “Full many a rock’s Aiantine volume rolled.”

Δεῦτερος αὖτ’ Αἴας πολύ μείζονα λᾶαν ἀείρας.

Hom. Il. vii. 268.

“Their powerful hands this rude artillery hold.”

Others with vast Typhœan rage more fell

Rend up both rocks and hills.

—Milt. Par. Lost. ii. 539.

Typhœus was one of the Titans who warred against Heaven.

VII.  “And charging through the valley shakes the field
With thunderous gallop.”

Debaixo dos pés duros dos ardentes

Cavallos treme a terra, as valles soam.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 31.

VIII.  “Our fiery squadrons. * *
They bathe their swords in blood at every bound.”

Wolauf, ihr kecken streiter!

Wolauf, ihr deutschen reiter!

Wird euch das herz nicht warm?

Nehmt’s liebchen in den arm—

Hurrah!

Körner, Schwertlied.

Well up, ye fearless fighters!

Well-up, ye Saxon riders!

Oh, grows not each heart warm,

The loved one on his arm?

Hurrah!

IX.  “Oh, generous, strong, and fleet are England’s steeds.”

ὕμνον ὀρθώσας, ἀκαμαντοπόδων
ἵππων ἄωτον.

Pind. Olymp. iii.

“I will hymn the praise of the flower of foot-weariless horses.”

XX.  —“On each towering height
Seemed demons sprung with torches from their den.”

—Auf den mondschein folgen trüber,

Dämm’rung schatten; wüstenthiere jagen aufgeschreckt vorüber.

Schnaubend bäumen sich die pferde; unser führer greift zur fahne;

Sie entsinkt ihm, und er murmelt: “Herr, die Geisterkaravane!”

Freiligrath.

“After the moonshine follow the dark twilight-shades; the wild animals fly past affrighted, the horses rear up snorting; our leader clutches at the standard—it sinks from him, and he murmurs: ‘Lord, the ghostly-caravan!’”

XXI.  “Refreshment needful cheered their bivouac.”

Poichè de’ cibi il natural amore

Fú in lor ripresso e l’importuna sete.

Tasso, Gerus. Lib. xi. 17.

XXII.  “But thickest mist doth fall, and leave our men at fault.”

(Combat of Dona Maria.) “A thick fog prevented further pursuit, and the loss of the French in the action is unknown.”
Napier, Hist. book xxi. c. 5.

XXIII.  “Thus Menelaüs, while his brazen spear, &c.”

Αὐτὰρ ὁ ἂψ ἐπόρουσε κατακτάμεναι μενεαίνων

Ἔγχεϊ χαλκείῳ· τὸν δ’ ἐξήρπαξ’ Ἀφροδίτη

Ῥεῖα μὰλ’, ὥστε θεός· ἐκάλυψε δ’ ἄρ’ ἠέρι πολλῇ·

Hom. Il. iii. 379.

I trust it will not be deemed irreverent to observe, by way of anticipative answer to any critic who in his wisdom may condemn this Homeric allusion, that, as the Deus ex machinâ is not mine, I do not stand sponsor for Venus, and that the notion of a Frenchman in a fog quite naturally suggested Paris.

XXVI.  “Clambering Santa Cruz’s torrid steep.”

—Gravis exustos æstus hiulcat agros.

Catul. lxvi.

XXXVI.  ——“Friendship’s generous feud!
Where each desired that each the prize should hoard.”

Ὦ λῆμ’ ἄριστον, ὡς ἀπ’ εὐγενοῦς τινος

Ῥίζης πέφυκας, τοῖς φίλοις τ’ ὀρθῶς φίλος.

Eurip. Iph. in Taur. 609.

“Oh, excellent mind, from some noble root thou art sprung, for thou art truly a friend to thy friend!”

“Great Arthur gave each noble youth a sword.”

The Duke of Wellington presented his sword to Sir Henry (now Lord) Hardinge after the Battle of Waterloo.

XXXVIII.  “And next to Heaven he loved his native land.
With Blanca there to fly when Spain was free,” &c.

Mas el amor de la mujer y de la patria, pues como dicen: de dó eres, hombre? tiraron por mi.—Mendoza, Lazarillo de Tormes.

XLI.  “Thy course for bale that might have been for bliss.”

Then were I brought from bale to blisse,

No lenger wold I lye.

Romance of “Sir Cauline.”

For now this day thou art my bale.

Romance of “Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne.”

Jhesue Christ our balys bete

And to the blys us brynge!

The original “Chevy Chase.”

The origin of the words “bliss” and “bless” is identical.

XLIII.  “Scourge of the nations! thy appointed time
Is near its close—exhausted is thy quiver.”

The certainty of the doom that awaits unjust violence is finely expressed by Pindar:—

Βία δὲ καὶ μεγάλαυχον ἔσφα-
λεν ἐν χρόνῳ. Τυφὼς Κίλιξ ἑκατόγκρα-
νος οὔ μιν ἄλυξεν,
ὀυδὲ μὰν βασιλεὺς Γιγάντων.

Δμᾶθεν δὲ κεραυνῷ,
τόξοισί τ’ ἀπόλλωνος.

Pyth. viii.

“But Violence mineth the proud in time. Cilician Typhos with his hundred heads escaped not its effects, nor the King of the Giants himself. They were slain by the thunder (of Jove) and the shafts of Apollo!” The “King of the Giants” is Porphyrion, who carried off the herd of Hercules, and appears to have originated the plan to scale Olympus. Typhos is better known by the names Typhon and Typhœus. Pindar is perpetually alluding to the combats of the Titans, and they impart a matchless sublimity to his poetry, which in this quality surpasses Homer.

IBERIA WON.

Canto IV.

I.

There is one earthly Love, and one alone,

Which free from penalty all, all may share;

A passion pure, sublime, of loftiest tone,

In whose proud service Man may blameless dare

All that the heart inspires which scorns to wear

A chain—’tis Love of Country! This the power

That levels all distinctions—’midst despair

Upraising prostrate nations to a tower,—

The flame that kindles men to Gods in peril’s hour!

II.

Who’s noble? He that bears a scutcheon? He

Whose lineage can be traced to mailéd Knights,

That with the Bastard came from Normandy?

He that in lacqueys and in hounds delights?

Whose fathers jousted in Plantagenet fights?—

Have not all battled with the roaring Flood?

Noble is he who honours, Man, thy rights,

Sustains thy dignity, is truthful, good;

Kings have I known more base than bondsman e’er hath stood!

III.

Hath not the humblest hands, eyes, feeling, thought

Like your’s, strength, weakness, tears and laughter’s dower?

The bruted serf hath Poland’s serfdom wrought;

For when to strike for Freedom comes the hour,

He strikes his lords! At home let Tyrants cower

In field, or factory, mountain, mine, or glen.

Where’er the weak are crushed by ruffian power,

Where’er the poor are slighted, where the pen

Can reach Oppression, there shall pierce the rights of Men!

IV.

And Labour shall have Justice. Peasant arms,

The implements of peace or war that wield,

Shall not, of Fame defrauded and its charms,

Of Right be too defrauded and the shield

Of Liberty! In ploughed or battle field,

His hire shall be the guerdon, not the mite

Flung by proud scorn! His wrongs shall yet be healed.

Who Badajoz, Ciudád, Sebastian’s height

Could scale shall have his share of glory and of right!

V.

What were thy mural crowns, bellipotent Rome,

Thy gold-beat turrets for the daring head,

Thy vallar circlets given for mounted dome

And rampart, wreaths obsidional that shed

Their grass-green light than gold more coveted?

What thy triumphal bays for glory’s brow,

Thy oval myrtle where no Roman bled,

Thy civic garland of the oaken bough?

Their sound one City filled—the World beholds us now!

VI.

Not Spain, not Spain doth tamely bear the yoke,

Her sturdy peasants the Guerrillas swell,

And, see, where gather ’neath Guerníca’s oak

Her passionate sons to list the tuneful shell

Which ’neath its shade a maiden strikes so well.

One hand alone the loud guitarra wakes

So potently: ’tis Blanca gives the spell!

Through every pause the Basque pandéro breaks,

And Blanca thus i’ th’ crowd each nerve and fibre shakes:—

VII.

“Biscayan bondsmen!—for ’tis bonds ye wear,

While stalks the proud invader o’er your soil;

Methinks, ’tis said Cantabrian blood ye share,

Methinks, ’tis said that vain was Roman toil

To bend your stubborn hearts within its coil!

But this, forsooth, was thousand years ago.

Were your’s Cantabrian blood, ’twould surely boil,

To see Cantabria’s glory laid so low.

Why yes, the Frenchman, sure, excels the Roman foe!

VIII.

“Biscayan bondsmen! patience is your cure

For all their slights and scoffs—by Heaven’s behest.

Lives there a bustard on your hills to endure

A foreign vulture in its cuckoo nest?

Perchance your nests are warmer—ye know best!

Not bustards dwell upon each mountain peak,

But royal eagles none may dare molest,

For piercing are their talons, sharp their beak—

’Tis Biscay’s men alone are pliable and meek!

IX.

“’Tis said and sung—but History doubtless lies—

That great Fernando here and Isabel,

Beneath this aged oak, these mountain skies,

Swore to maintain Biscaya’s rights full well.

’Tis said that those who lived where now ye dwell—

I did not say your fathers—with their swords

Won and preserved their fuéros from the fell

Assaults of native tyrants—idle words!

Ye know the fuéros melt i’ th’ breath of foreign lords.

X.

“’Tis said Biscaya’s lawgivers of old

Beneath this venerable Druid shade,

Ancestral lord, and priest, and peasant bold,

Met in due time and firmest fuéros made.

’Tis said—but chronicling’s a lying trade—

That hearts of oak beneath this oak did meet

To guard the old Basque freedom. Undecayed

The oak is still, and hark what voices sweet,

As from Dodona’s, bid the Basque his deeds repeat!

XI.

“’Tis said this Spanish soil once men did rear,

Whom Rome and Carthage trembled to oppose.

Sagunthus, and Numance, and Bilbil here

Terrific bulwarks in their pathway rose,

Ere yielding crushed by self-destroying blows!

’Tis said Viriatus the Guerrilla storm

Poured from the mountains first ’gainst Roman foes,

And Sylla and Pompey smote Sertorius warm,

Till treachery triumphed. Gaul’s complacent slaves ye form!

XII.

“’Tis said Bernardo with resistless lance

At Roncesvalles Roland’s prowess crushed,

When Carlomain for this same haughty France

Claimed Leon’s crown, and down Pyrene rushed.

There Roland’s blood with many a Peer’s, too, gushed!

’Tis said that more than this e’en Spaniards did,

When bold Ruy Diaz on Bavieca, flushed

With victory, led the Oca hills amid

Five Moorish Kings who long paid tribute to the Cid!

XIII.

“I see the warrior-boy on gallant steed

Spur to the battle proudly o’er the plain,

His eye resolved to make the Moslem bleed,—

His bounding bosom scorns to wear a chain!

His lance in rest, his armour without stain,

He panteth for the mêlée hand to hand;

Enough his guerdon that he strikes for Spain.

Wo to the hostile ranks that dare to stand

Before that fiery Chief’s dread lance and lightning brand!

XIV.

“Such Spaniards were—in days long past away—

Who drove the Invader forth, nor asked for aid.

I need not speak what Spaniards are to-day.

Oh, let not Britons thus the Basque o’ershade.

At least be drawn Bilbáo’s trusty blade!”—

Flushed many a cheek, “Las armas!” was the cry.

With hasty-buckled swords the high-souled maid,

And firelocks true, soon saw them gathering nigh,

And ’neath the sacred oak flashed many a warlike eye:

The Gathering.

“These be my countrymen (she said);

Spain, thy spirit is not dead!

When the kite shall grasp the thunder,

France shall bring thy spirit under;

When upheaved is Roncesvalles,

France shall hold Alphonso’s palace.

When forgotten is Pavía,

When unwrit her annals all,

Then shall Spain consent to be a

Province for the Gaul!

Hoist the standard

Of Hesperia;

Ne’er hath pandered

Celtiberia!

Greatly dare,

Till free as air;

Firm as rock,

Withstand the shock!

Now when babes untimely perish,

Like old Basques strew pure white roses;

Freedom’s flame now, now ye cherish—

’Tis no infant slave reposes!

The pride of arms,

And Freedom’s charms,

Have spurred each soul

For Glory’s goal;

My countrymen, to-day ye make your sister proud.

The Invader may come;

Hark, hark to his drum,

And the hoofs of his chargers clattering loud!

See, see where the dust,

Like a storm-gathered gust,

Rolls over the plain,

As he gallops amain;

Now stand, brothers brave, and be true to your trust!

When upheaved is Roncesvalles,

When the kite shall grasp the thunder,

France shall hold Alphonso’s palace,

France shall bring thy spirit under!

When dishonours Vascongada

Fernan’s triumph at Granada,

When forgotten is Pavía,

When unwrit her annals all,

Then shall Spain consent to be a

Province for the Gaul!

XV.

On came the French light horse—a forage troop—

And dashed impetuous to the ancient square,

Deeming to spoil the town with vulture swoop,

But Blanca’s voice had been before them there!

Beneath the oak the patriot phalanx fair

With volley close receives the deadly shock.

Though trodden down, none yields him to despair,

But light-armed footmen horse and rider mock.

France oft the charge renews; Biscaya stands—a rock!

XVI.

Fiercest amongst the hussars rode Jules, whose friend

Blanca erewhile had with his carbine smote;

He spied her ’neath the oak, and burnt to end

The maid who foiled him in her lightsome boat.

But by her side there stands a youth of note—

Don Carlos named—her father too is nigh.

Stout they received him Carlos—at his throat

Sprang with good sword; and fiery sparkles fly

From blades with master-hand they both wield manfully.

XVII.

But Blanca’s sire with dexterous weapon cut

The Frenchman’s rein, and pricked his foaming steed.

Unchecked, the charger instant wheeled about,

And from the battle fled at utmost speed,

The bridle Jules deserting in his need.

Shouted the enraged hussar, and spurred, and cursed,

But faster flew the horse from guidance freed.

The troop soon followed—of the fray the worst

Was theirs—and from the Basques the cheer of victory burst.

XVIII.

No tongue may tell the transport of delight,

That hailed this triumph of their patriot arms.

A troop from fair Guerníca marched ere night

For San Sebastian, amid War’s alarms

To prove the spirit which the Vascon warms.

And Blanca and her blithe barqueras rowed

Once more to aid the siege with Hebe charms,

While Carlos to whose arm she safety owed

Her shallop bore to San Sebastian, his abode:—

XIX.

“Now thus,” she said, “to Isidora speak,—

Though noblest maid, my foster-sister dear—

Tell her my tongue to express my love is weak,

And this memorial wet with many a tear.

For dire to think how oft I am so near,

But she within and I without the wall

Beleaguered;—you, Don Carlos, need not fear

To enter seaward, but the haughty Gaul

’Gainst Basque barquera soon would hurl the vengeful ball.”

XX.

Then from her beauteous breast the maid drew forth

A silken banneret of pigmy size,

Yet truly figuring—thence was all its worth—

The standard proud of Spain, whose castles rise

With lions rampant to the gazer’s eyes.

And in the centre, broidered all blood-red

Showed the French eagle—arrow-pierced he lies,

Gasping in death, the plumes rent from his head:

“Give this to Isidor,” at parting, “this,” she said.

XXI.

Dark was the night—the horizon pitchy black,

As Carlos with the pass-word reached the town,

And joyous strolled, while War’s dread fire was slack,

With lovely Isidor the rampart down.

More deep ’neath starry pall ne’er fell Night’s frown,

Nor sank repose on Nature and on man.

But hark the rattling musketry, see crown

Each sharp discharge its flash—ere death brief span.

Homeward, poor maiden lorn, sweet Isidora ran!

XXII.

’Twas gallant Rey, who made a night-sortie—

Last effort tried ere come the dire assault.

Our piquets on the Isthmus slaughtered see,

Ta’en by surprise or ere they can cry Halt!

Loud rose the Frenchmen’s En avant! At fault,

Our sentries for a time unaided bleed,

The deadly death-tubes rending the black vault;

But soon a furious contest raged indeed—

Our startled piquets rush, their firelocks flash with speed.

XXIII.

Yet onward the French column densely moved,

Our careful hewn intrenchments filling fast.

Down went banquette and parapet; and proved

Fascine and gabion feeble in the blast.

Soon, as o’er level ground, the trench they passed

While fierce artillery from the rampart roared.

Incessant flashes momentary cast

Made tenfold darkness when their stream was poured,

And shells in beauteous curves of light through æther soared.

XXIV.

But saw great Arthur from the Chofre hills,

And while Graham hurled against the rampart’s height

A fierce reply which all the welkin fills,

Sent our bold columns rapid to the fight.

Morton with joy, and Nial with delight,

The summons heard, and dashing with their men

Plunged through the fitful blazing gloom of night.

Hot was the fire of skirmishers, which then

Maintained on either side bewildered Lyncean ken.

XXV.

For soon so mixed amid the pitchy gloom

Were friend and foe, save when the cannon flashed

To send grim death rimbombing from its womb,

That friend smote friend, and indiscriminate dashed

They on, by that dread peril unabashed.

Hundreds were in the trenches headlong flung,

And bayonets high o’er head and under clashed.

So desperate to their ground the assailants clung,

It seemed as Victory long i’ th’ balance doubtful hung.

XXVI.

And, lo, where ’mid the carnage dire and wide,

Rise rapid fireballs from the citadel,

Whose lurid glare is, sure, to Hell allied,

With strong blue light the darkness to dispel;

And some on the fascines around them fell,

Which fiercely burnt, diffusing terror new

For but an instant. Each his foe can tell,

And musketry now blazes full in view,

Till heaps of corses soon both mound and trenches strew.

XXVII.

By that dread blaze upon the topmost height

A young French chieftain coped with Morton’s sword;

Their clashing blades upon the brow of night

Threw clustering sparkles swift as Brontes poured

’Gainst Steropes whilst Ætna’s forges roared;

And round and round they leapt to every stroke,

And with good will each point of fence explored.

But Morton’s firmer hand his guard soon broke;

The Gaulish chief disarmed the word “Surrender” spoke.

XXVIII.

And Nial coped with yet a hardier chief,

Whose practised valour and whose sinewy arm

Gave little hope, I ween, of victory brief,

Yet joy inspired to Nial, not alarm.

Terrific was their sword play, like the charm

Of deadly basilisk to lure the eye;

And many a pass was parried without harm,

And many a sweep and many a thrust put by,

Till Nial’s foe at last i’ th’ trench doth silent lie.

XXIX.

The Gaulish column while the deed dismayed,

New daring to the British line it gave.

Their rattling musketry more vigorous played,

And clouds of smoke arose with curling wave

O’erarching all the arena of the brave.

Nor yet the fireballs ceased to light the war,

Nor yet the grape to fall where none could save

Or life or limb, nor yet to roar from far

The cannon dire and bombs that burst through every bar.

XXX.

And ’mid this jar confused of noises dire,

And shouts of living soldiers fierce and fell,

The piercing shrieks of wounded men rose higher

Through groans of dying strewn by shot and shell;

And of the fire balls from the citadel

Some lit amongst the helpless wounded, bringing

New pangs where agony too much doth dwell.

See crawling through the blaze, or nervous springing,

The maimed from where blue fire its lurid glare is flinging!

XXXI.

But faint before the valour of our men

Grew Gaulish daring, though they bravely fought;

And when they showed irresolute, ’twas then

Our Britons to the charge the bayonet brought.

With shout appalling in their souls they wrought

Such fear as aided well our glancing steel

And firm advance. In flight they safety sought,

Yet less in terror’s coil, than vain to feel

The assault that hath prepared with Britain’s sons to deal.

XXXII.

Now free once more our deep intrenchments stood,

Save of the heaps of slain and battle’s track,

And many a broken blade and pool of blood,

Which by to-morrow’s dawn shall find no lack

Of zeal to clear, and bring to smoothness back.

The dead shall find a soldier’s simple grave,

The wounded healing care though pain should rack,

With Fame’s requital; and where past the wave

Of War, each trench renewed again shall shield the brave.

XXXIII.

Within the town the lovely Isidor

Shuddered with fear at every cannon’s boom.

As fell upon her ear the horrid roar,

She deemed it sounded like the crack of doom,

And on her knees within her furthest room

Before an image of the Virgin prayed

That Heaven might turn their hearts, and Pity’s womb

Bring forth Pacification—sore afraid

To see man slaughter man in God’s own image made.

XXXIV.

But Blanca in the sound and sight rejoiced,

Which ever told of liberty to Spain,

And soon she hoped to see the standard hoist

Sublime on San Sebastian’s towers again—

The rampant lions spurning Gallic chain!

And as the shells arose, the fireballs flew,

She rowed along the bosom of the main

Beneath the wall, as danger she would woo,

Yet shuddered too at times—for Morton there she knew.

XXXV.

Oh, marvellous variety of minds!

Oh, Nature’s handiwork of subtile shades!

From the same breast the stream to life that binds

In foster-sisterhood drew both these maids.

Yet one with gentlest bosom shrinks and fades

Before the peril which doth rouse the other;

One sickens, one rejoys at clashing blades.

Ah, Blanca, Blanca, learn that joy to smother,

For steel doth smite e’en now who loves thee like a mother!

XXXVI.

Still darkness palled the earth, when round the home

Of Blanca’s father, near Zumaya’s green,

The French hussars who fled Guerníca from,

Arrayed in treacherous descent were seen;

For Jules thus thought to wreak his vengeful spleen

At once upon the maiden and her sire.

His comrades called him Jules L’Enfer—I ween,

Befitting name. More daring or more dire

In the French host was none, or rife with demon fire.

XXXVII.

The vine-clad porch, where Jules erewhile had seized

Fair Blanca while his comrade Ana prest,

Was entered soon—the stubborn door, well pleased,

They battered with their carbines piecemeal—blest

Effects of War, that turns the human breast

To tiger fierceness! Pablo leapt from bed,

Where soon disturbed his lonely widowed rest.

The hussars rushed in by pale light faintly shed

From dim night-taper, when thus Jules ferocious said:—

XXXVIII.

“Where be thy daughters—yield them to our arms,

“This instant yield them—buxom maids be they;

“Buxom and fierce—the soldier’s spiciest charms

“In woman. L’Espingarda fires, I say,

“With aim that like a tirailleur’s can slay.

“’Twas with my carbine she my comrade smote.

“Now will I rifle her—she’ll now obey

“My wishes, while I grasp her soft, white throat.

“Dame! a French bastard soon her tapering waist shall bloat!”

XXXIX.

Terrific Pablo’s triumph as he cried:—

“No, ruffians, no; thank Heaven, they are not your’s,

“My daughters! ’Tis God’s hand, to crush your pride,

“To San Sebastian hath removed the lures

“That brought ye hither, worse than Godless Moors!”

“Ha, say you so?” quoth Jules, “pardieu, ’tis he,

“The same who ’neath the oak, ’mongst Vascon boors,

“My bridle cut and made my steed to flee.

“Dog! with those eyes to do the like no more thou’lt see!”

XL.

Then on the bed he prest the old man down;

With sinewy knee upon his breast he lies,

His struggles stifling with terrific frown,

And with his sword-point blinded both his eyes!

Dire were the wounds he made, and crimson flies

The warm blood forth, yet save some groans of pain,

Which spoke poor Pablo’s natural agonies,

Nor shriek nor cry drew forth this deed of Cain,

For Blanca’s sire no weak faintheartedness could stain!

XLI.

Then bound the villain both his hands and feet,

And while its master helpless nought did say,

Ransacked the house for all of wine or meat,

Or forage that within its precincts lay,

And thus caroused till near the break of day,

When all with wine o’ercome the troopers flung

Their lengths upon the floor at dawning grey,

As weary Bacchants with whose orgies rung

Ismenian heights at morn reposed with lolling tongue.

XLII.

Long Pablo heard their movements with disgust,

Till silence broke but by repletion’s snore

Convinced the sightless man that Heaven is just,

And with excitement fierce his bonds he tore.

Trembling with rage, he stood upon the floor

An instant, then drew forth a dagger keen,

And groped his blind way through the chamber-door.

From sleeping form to form he passed, I ween

With preternatural touch as true as each were seen!

XLIII.

Jules he hath found! A scar upon his face

The trooper gives to his revenge at last.

With gentlest finger he the seam doth trace

Along his cheek, till doubt to surety past.

A ghastly smile then Pablo’s features cast,

All grim and gory ’neath his butchered eyes!

His finger’s point to where the heart beat fast

Unerring moved—supine the monster lies—

Beneath blind Pablo’s blade heart-pierced he instant dies!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO IV.

The gathering under the oak of Guernica, the onset of the French light horse, and the resistance of the peasantry, described in this Canto, are incidents which, although imagined, are characteristic of this heroic struggle at various periods. The part here played by Blanca was not uncommon during the Peninsular War, enthusiast emissaries having made their appearance in various quarters, preaching the crusade against the French. They literally preached, or harangued the people in public places. I met an Englishman in the Peninsula who had figured in that capacity. Women, too, undertook the same service, which amongst an excitable Southern people was found to be most potential. The appearance of the fair sex in this character was chiefly after the siege of Zaragoza, when the renown won by Manuela Sanchez caused heroines to spring up in several places, who wore for the most part a half-military attire. Blanca’s use of the guitar is strictly in character, for the talent of the improvvisatore is pretty general in Spain, the language readily adapting itself to extemporaneous recitation in verse, and the ardent temperament of the nation favouring a rapid exercise of the imagination. The Basque drum or pandero, and the gaita or bagpipe, belong to this district. The Oak of Guernica, beneath which I make Blanca rhapsodize, was one of the most venerable natural monuments in Spain. Here the Biscayan legislators, hidalgos and peasants, periodically assembled, and here Ferdinand and Isabella in 1476 swore to maintain the fueros, or ancient rights and privileges of the people. Wordsworth has a sonnet on the subject; but unhappily his “tree of holier power” was cut down by the French. An oak sapling was, however, planted under the protection of the English army to replace it.

The idea of the night-sortie in this canto is taken from the following passage in Napier:—“In the night of the 27th, about 3 o’clock, the French sallied against the new battery on the isthmus; but as Col. Cameron of the ninth regiment met them on the very edge of the trenches with the bayonet, the attempt failed, yet it delayed the arming of the battery.” (Hist. War in the Penins. xxii. 1.) I have made honourable mention of Cameron’s achievement in my first canto, but without specifying that the sortie took place by night. The attack in the real incident was so speedily repelled that it afforded no room for poetical description. I have therefore worked up separately here the idea of a sortie with the numerous picturesque additions incident to its occurrence by night, and have taken some of these incidents from the sortie which took place from Bayonne, then invested by Sir John Hope, on the night of the 13th April 1814—three days after the Battle of Toulouse—being therefore the last event of the Peninsular War, in which Sir John Hope was made prisoner, and great loss of life occurred owing to the French governor’s incredulity as to the abdication of Napoléon. It is described in Napier’s last chapter but one, and still more minutely in Capt. Batty’s Campaign of the Left Wing of the Allied Army, &c. Though Sir Thomas Graham was intrusted with the conduct of the siege of San Sebastian, and though at the period of the assault Wellington was engaged with the allies, as described in a succeeding canto, at some distance from the town, I am warranted in making him superintend the defence of this sortie, he having visited the works frequently during their progress, and having actually visited them on the day (the 28th August) on which this sortie took place. The present is almost the only instance throughout the poem, where there is exaggeration of the actual amount of fighting and its consequences.

The French in desolating the fields of Spain, and sweeping off their sheep and cattle by thousands, professed that they did it for the people’s good, treating them, doubtless, as Sir Thomas More makes the Utopians treat their useless members in his Happy Republic: “Wrought on by these persuasions, they do either starve themselves of their own accord, or they take opium, and so they die without pain.” (Utopia, book ii.) According to Hobbes’s philosophy, this could be doing them no injury, “for he who consents to any thing, cannot consider himself injured.” (De Cive. 1. i. c. iii.) This voluntarily inflicted suicide Bishop Burnet in his preface more justly characterises as “a rough and fierce philosophy.” Still fiercer was the “philosophy” of Republican France.

V.  “What were thy mural crowns, bellipotent Rome?”

The corona muralis was a crown of gold, bearing some resemblance to an ancient wall with turrets, given to him who first scaled the walls of a city in an assault. The corona castrensis sive vallaris was a crown given to the soldier who first mounted a rampart, or invaded the enemy’s camp. The corona obsidionalis (Livy) was a crown composed of the grass which grew in a besieged place, and presented to the general who raised a siege. This was deemed one of the highest military honours. Thomasius says that it was likewise given “to a captain that razed a fort.” The corona triumphalis, originally of laurel and in after ages of gold, was worn by those generals who had received the honour of a triumph. On its being sent to the general, it insured him the triumph on his return, and he immediately obtained the title imperator, which he retained till his triumphal entry. The corona ovalis sive myrtea (Aulus Gellius) was given to a general for a victory without slaughter of men. The corona civica, the highest of all these rewards, was composed of oaken boughs, and given to him who had saved the life of a Roman citizen.

VI.  “Not Spain, not Spain doth tamely bear the yoke.”

Levanta, España! tu famosa diestra

Desde el Frances Pirene al Moro Atlante,

Y al ronco son de trompas belicosas,

Haz embuelta en durisimo diamante

De tus valientes hijos feroz muestra,

Debaxo de tus señas vitoriosas.

Luis de Gongora.

XI.  “Sagunthus and Numance and Bilbil here.”

The cities of Saguntum and Numantia have been heretofore specified. Bilbilis is the modern Bilbao, capital of the province of Biscay. For a sketch of the ancient heroism of Cantabria, corresponding with the modern Vascongadas or Basque Provinces, see the Introduction. For an account of the exploits of Viriatus and Sertorius see Livy and Ferguson’s Roman Republic.

“Now when babes untimely perish
Like old Basques strew pure white roses.”

This ancient custom has been made by Wordsworth the subject of two sonnets, in the second of which occur the following fine lines:—

A garland fashioned of the pure white rose

Becomes not one whose father is a slave!

XVIII.  “A troop from fair Guernica marched ere night.”

Tambem movem da guerra as negras furias

A gente Biscainha, que carece

De polidas razoens, e que as injurias

Muito mal dos estranhos compadece.

A terra de Guipuscoa, e das Asturias, &c.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 11.

XXIV.  “Sent our bold columns rapid to the fight.
Morton with joy, and Nial with delight
The summons heard.”

Ἐν γὰρ χερσὶ τέλος πολέμου, ἐπέων δ’ ἐνὶ βουλῇ·

Τῷ, οὔτι χρὴ μῦθον ὀφέλλειν, ἀλλὰ μάχεσθαι.

Hom. Il. xvi. 630.

“For the end of war is in hands, but of words in council; wherefore, let us not multiply words, but fight!” The dog who barks loudest is least inclined to bite, or, as the German proverb has it: “Die grossen marterhausen sind nicht die besten kriegsleut.” I may add here Suidas’s excellent derivation of Arês Ἄρης, the Greek name of Mars—from α, non, and ῥέειν, dicere, because in war not words but blows are needed.

XXV.  “—Save when the cannon flashed
To send grim death rimbombing from its womb.”

The word rimbombar, signifying “to resound terrifically,” especially as applied to thunder and discharges of artillery, is a very forcible specimen of onomatopœia, and is common to the Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese; I have therefore ventured to adopt it into the English language. Tasso uses the word with fine effect in one of his most celebrated passages:—

Treman le spaziose atre caverne,

E l’aer cieco a quel romor rimbomba.

Ger. Lib. iv. 3.

XXVII.  “Threw clustering sparkles swift as Brontes poured
’Gainst Steropes whilst Ætna’s forges roared.”

Antra Ætnæa tonant, validique incudibus ictus....

Ferrum exercebant vasto Cyclopes in antro,

Brontesque, Steropesque, et nudus membra Pyracmon.

Virg. Æn. viii. 419.

Virgil’s treatment of his subject, the forging of the armour of Æneas, presents a curious contrast to Homer’s treatment of the forging of the armour of Achilles. Vulcan is the agent in both cases, but in the simple patriarchal era of Homer he is made to do it all himself, with the assistance only of “twenty pairs of bellows:”—

Φῦσαι δ’ ἐν χοάνοισιν ἐείκοσι πᾶσαι ἐφύσων.

The more refined contemporary of Augustus makes the Cyclops perform the porters’ work, and Vulcan merely look on.

XXXIV.  “The rampant lions spurning Gallic chain!”

“Publica” respondit, “cura est pro mœnibus istis”

Juppiter: et pœnas Gallia victa dabit.

Ovid. Fast. vi. 377.

IBERIA WON.

Canto V.

I.

Oh human hearts, that nurture fond designs,

While shattering Fate his iron moulds doth fill!

Oh, loving breasts unwarned by direst signs,

The present joy-burst blindly hugging still!

Impregnable redoubt of Human Will!

Less strong than thine is San Sebastian’s wall.

The ruin-clinging ivy Time can kill,

But not avert thy worship from its thrall,

Till comes the destined hour, and instant bids thee fall!

II.

In summer skies I saw serenely bright

Creation smile o’er pastoral cottage fair.

Effulgent glory dwelt in loveliest light

On copse and garden, hedge and homestead there.

It seemed as exiled from that spot was Care!

Sudden a cloud o’ergathering, fringed with red,

Burst in black thunder bellowing through the air.

A hissing bolt its flame terrific sped;

The cottage ruined lay—its peaceful inmates dead!

III.

Not fairer Hella on the Ægean flood

With her young brother sate the golden fleece,

Than Blanca steered her bark when Morton stood

Within its round, ’mid war discovering peace,

And from his eyes drank love-light without cease;

Nor with more grief was Athamantis torn,

When sank her lovely form ’twixt sunny Greece

And blue Propontis, than made Blanca mourn,

When Morton owned his gage to join the Hope Forlorn.

IV.

“Ah, do not go! Mi Dios, thou wilt not go!

“Guillermo, thou wouldst kill thy Blanca. Death

“Is there nigh certain.” William smiled: “Why no,

“Not certain quite. Sweet Blanca, I’ll have breath

“To kiss thee on my return. Why sorroweth

“My love so soon, that was so brave erewhile?”—

“I care not for myself but thee, for saith

“The general voice, tis fatal.”—“See, I smile”—

“Oh God, if aught befal thee, Death may light his pile.”

V.

A trumpet sounded. “’Tis the summons—hark,”

Quoth William. Blanca straight grew lily-pale.

He kist her thrice, then leapt from out the bark.

“Fear not,” he said. “To-morrow without fail

“We meet,” then flew with heart unused to quail.

But Blanca motionless remained behind,

Like calmed Feluca which the dying gale

Hath quite forsook. Oh, Love had tamed her mind,

And pride and patriot thoughts for him were idle wind!

VI.

Now battle’s roar which she had learnt to love,

Or strove to love for liberty to Spain,

Fell on her ear with horror, as the dove

By cry of falcon is transfixed with pain;

And still she numbered William ’mongst the slain,

And every cannon with terrific boom

That maid so bold before made shake amain,

As were his breast the target. Rolled the drum;

“We meet to-morrow.” Ah, that morrow ne’er may come!

VII.

Dire was the chill that fell on Blanca’s soul,

And oft she sighed for Isidora’s ear,

To pour her woes and hear those lips console—

Her foster-sister more than sister dear!

But Isidora’s lot was e’en more drear,

For none might dare from San Sebastian pass;

And shivering from each cannon’s shock with fear,

She longed by Blanca’s side—’twas vain, alas!

To pluck the summer-flowers, and brush the dewy grass,

VIII.

Dark fell the night like thickest, deadliest pall

On Blanca’s bosom fluttering nigh to swoon;

But while she drained her bitterest cup of gall,

O’er fair Biscaya’s bay arose the Moon

In wondrous beauty, and dispelled full soon

Her gloom by enchantment. So serenely bright,

It seemed as ’twere from Heaven a special boon,

And Blanche with tears invoked the Virgin’s might,

And deemed she saw her form within that orb of light!

IX.

A cherry-coloured riband from her head,

Which used to bind and float beneath her hair,

With trembling hand she loosed, and o’er it spread

A golden curl of William’s, tied it there

In fashion of a cross, and with this prayer

Consigned it to her bosom: “Empress-Queen

“Of Heaven, Immaculate Virgin! Spare, oh, spare

“His life. Mi Madre, on Isaro’s green

“Thy shrine shall have a crown as fair as e’er was seen.”

X.

At length the foeman’s guns are nearly mute,

The hour doth come for the terrific shock.

Where thou hast sown, Britannia, pluck the fruit;

Sebastian hoary, tremble on thy rock!

With false assault the gallant Rey to mock,

And haply make the veteran spring his mines

(Oh, perilous emprize, where Death will lock

With icy arms the form that fairest shines)

Leap forth a dauntless score of warriors from the lines.

XI.

Oh England! great thy glory, great the love

Thy children bear thee, when to certain death,

Or death nigh certain, dauntlessly they move,

Condensed in shouts for thee their parting breath!

’Tis not one Curce or Ion gloryeth

Thy history to record, one Mutius fierce,

One Regulus self-devoted. Hundreds hath

Each fleet and army, prompt for thee to pierce

Their panting breasts, and choose for bridal bed a hearse!

XII.

Young Nial forward flies with impulse dire—

Of these heroic warriors he the head;

They gain the breach—they mount—they shout—they fire,

Their shouts are drowned in showers of answering lead;

But still unsprung the mines, nor terror fed

A valour calm as sleeps the Ocean near.

Vain is the assault, and stretched full soon lie dead

All who so late upraised that gallant cheer—

All save their leader bold who stalks the trenches near.

XIII.

The hour is come! Breaks heavily the morn

From densest misty shroud. Great Arthur calls

For nigh a thousand hearts that danger scorn

To rush like Ocean-surge against the walls,

And swarm where thickest fly the deadly balls:

“Men who can show what ’tis to mount a breach.”

That voice inspires with valour where it falls;

A thousand men leap forward—heroes each—

With arms to pluck the prize where Romans dare not reach!

XIV.

And winnowed must be Valour’s chosen grain,

Where headlong to a shroud or victory borne,

All brave alike the peril proud disdain,

Yet culled the chosen for a Hope Forlorn!

Mark the doomed band whose plumes seem loftier worn,

Whose cheeks more red for courted wounds and death.

Oh, many a mother’s breast shall soon be torn,

And widowed spouse and sister gasp for breath,

Nigh perishing for them whose requiem Glory saith!

XV.

Hark to the muffled tread, where stealing slow

Adown the trenches musters their array,

While rank on rank in many a bristling row

Is gathering stern as dimly grows the day,

Nor from yon level sun a beam can stray!

The army’s hum, the awakening city’s din,

The dusky masses gilded by no ray,

But dim with curling vapours, ere begin

The cannon’s roar, make each more doubtful who shall win.

XVI.

A moment now the bravest pause in awe,

’Twixt life and death. Next moment—direful clash!

Opens in thunder every dragon-maw

Of fierce artillery with its lightning-flash.

As cleaves Heaven’s thunderbolt the mountain ash,

So hurled in ruins is the battlement.

While Furies with that scourge its granite lash,

Not adamant, I ween, were long unbent,

And wider grows the breach and easier of ascent.

XVII.

Within the trenches many an eager eye

With fevered gaze doth watch the sinking tide,

Whose ebb will give to conquer or to die—

Oh, cruel use of Man’s unerring guide,

Which Nature’s hand hath stretched so fair and wide,

The throbbing pulse of Ocean! Father Time

Seems heavily on leaden wing to ride,

And hours seem days, and hour-like minutes climb

I’ the anxious nervous pause of that suspense sublime.

XVIII.

And words are few and brief. It seemeth waste

Of breath in idle converse to dilate,

When hundreds momently to Judgment haste;—

And sight usurps all functions! Mouths of Fate

Prophetic line the wall, where batteries wait

The onset, slowly turned the breach to flank,

And bayonets bristle ’neath the parapet,

For them prepared! The heart’s of interest blank,

That hath not waited thus in Battle’s foremost rank.

XIX.

The hour is come! The signal, “On, men, on!”

Sends from the trenches hundreds tow’rds the town.

Like greyhounds straining on the slips, they are gone,

While grape and shell in showers come pouring down,

To where the grisly bastion-breach doth frown.

Away, away, o’er slippery tidal shore,

O’er seaweed dank and shell-incrusted stone.

None stoops to pick, though strewn the seabeach o’er,

Save those whom other shells make stoop to rise no more!

XX.

Loud, louder still the batteries poured their fire,

And softer rippled wavelets o’er the strand.

’Twixt Man and Nature, oh, what contrast dire!

The clattering death-tubes scarce a zephyr fanned.

Is Ocean awed to silence by the land,

Or is’t amazed at human hate and rage?

The eye ferocious, and the red right hand

That writes its name renowned in History’s page?

Nature, I ween, is shocked, and beasts themselves more sage!

XXI.

Ah better far on Albion’s soil to tread

The verdurous meadow or the breezy hill,

For peaceful toil or sportful wandering spread,

In pastoral loveliness unrivalled still;

Where blend sweet lane and slope with murmuring rill,

Hedgerow, and vocal grove, and village green,

And gardens fair and homesteads bright which fill

True household gods and beauty,—there, I ween,

Alone ’neath tempering clouds in full perfection seen.

XXII.

Ah, better ’twere beneath this radiant sky,

This sparkling sunlight shimmering o’er the plain,

To give to tender thoughts the melting eye,

And yield the heart to Love’s delicious pain.

The genius bland, the balmy air of Spain,

More fit the lute than dire artillery’s roar.

Ah, better far to sing such sweet refrain

Some dark-eyed Andaluzan’s bower before,

As thus might ease the shaft that quivers in the core:—

La Sebillana

1.

My Enriqueta’s eyelids

Are as soft as dews that fall

From the moonlit jasper fountain

In Alhambra’s silent hall.

No star that, through its casement,

At the midnight hour you spy,

Hath the light,

Streaming bright,

Of my Enriqueta’s eye!

2.

It hath the Southern darkness,

And the Southern depth as well;

Touches, too, of Moorish wildness

In its rapid glances dwell.

’Tis broad-cut like an almond,

With a long and silken lash;

When her mind

Is to be kind,

How she veils its lightning flash!

3.

Her step is light and buoyant,

As if borne upon the air;

Short and danceful are her movements,

Like a pheasant’s young and fair.

Stately-paced piafadora,[C]

Waving gently to and fro,

Do I hear

No music near,

While so gracefully you go?

4.

Her head she carries finely,

And her bearing’s wondrous proud,

And her voice, like silver lute strings,

Thrills the heart—but never loud!

’Tis a voice the brain to wilder;

Oh, I glory to be near,

As she strolls,

Witching souls,

By the blue Guadalquivír!

XXIII.

The hour is come! The stream of valour doomed

Pours through the openings of the huge seawall.

Death reaps even now his harvest. Deep entombed

I’ the earth full twoscore men like raindrops fall,

By premature mine that else had swallowed all!

Unchecked the rush of that tremendous crowd,

And far beyond the Hope Forlorn appal

The bristling ramparts, as with daring proud

They fly to the horrid breach,—tho’ Hell should yawn, uncowed!

XXIV.

Who leads the van? Green Erin’s son, Mac Iar,

Fleet as the roebuck on his native hills;

Dauntless as Brian’s sword, through showering fire,

He boundeth o’er the seabeach rocks and rills,

Impetuous. How his manly figure fills

The eyes of thousands! How his dancing plume

Of streaming snow enchains his followers’ wills,

Doubling their speed, while copes i’ the front with doom

That gallant form that seems defiant of the tomb!

XXV.

Alcides’ arm—the eye that Python slew,

The limbs and shoulder of the Delian God!

Now ’neath the breach that form triumphant view,

Now see it stretched supine upon the sod!

Ay, instant struck, as strikes Heaven’s fire the rod

That points from loftiest pinnacle. No dirge

Shall wail that fall, no cypress o’er it nod.

’Tis War’s repast! Their course the stormers urge,

And o’er the Hero’s corse go sweeping like a surge!

XXVI.

And Morton now, and Nial by his side,

In peril’s front the impetuous stormers lead;

Nor less their beauty nor their valour’s pride

Than his whose doom was first that day to bleed.

In generous rivalry, like mettled steed,

They strain to win the breach, their grisly goal.

Their flashing swords, athirst for Glory’s meed,

Their tossing plumes, the advancing crowd controul,—

And daring like to their’s inspires each warrior soul.

XXVII.

On, on they rush, their line with dead bestrewing,

While Mont ’Orgullo and Santelmo pour

Both shot and shell, the living brave renewing

The venturous rank where heroes fall before.

Up, up the breach they climb, swift mounting o’er

Bastion and parapet in fragments hurled—

Titanic ruins strewn along the shore—

While nearer now the culverin smoke is curled,

And deadly grapeshot paves the path to a new world.

XXVIII.

From every quarter sweeps an iron shower—

Cannon and musketry in front and rear—

From nearest horn and distant fort and tower,

From rampart, bastion, curtain, cavalier.

Up, up the breach they climb and laugh at fear!

The summit’s gained—it seems the verge of Hell—

A gulf impassable! Live thunder near

Leaps forth from guns whose momentary knell

Rings for the brave who fall where late they stood so well.

XXIX.

Still swarms the fiery brink. Who now will dare

Leap the dire chasm—who like Empedocles

Will plunge into the Ætna flaming there,

And be esteemed a God? Who to appease

Hesperia’s manes, like the youth who sees

The barathrum profound i’ the Forum yawn,

Spurs his strong courser, is engulfed, and frees

Great Rome—who now, by patriot impulse drawn,

Will sound that fell abyss, and haste fair Freedom’s dawn?

XXX.

Oh frightful precipice! Full many an eye

Glares on its horrid depth and back recoils.

Madly to plunge were hopelessly to die,

Or torn and shattered fall into the toils.

Even lingering here is death! As rankest soils

Are strown with richest growths, the valiant strew

That gory Scylla’s crest. Charybdis boils

With vortex under. What may heroes do?

Advance? In vain. Recede? No, Britons’ hearts be true!

XXXI.

Up climbs a multitude of strenuous men,

Who thick as forest-leaves autumnal fall,

So keen for entrance to the lion’s den,

Not death at every footstep can appal!

Sore doth that storm of fire their valour gall,

And slowly with reluctant pride they sink,

Till stubborn planted on the lower wall

They stand beneath the fiery torrent’s brink,

While ever and anon their chain doth lose a link.

XXXII.

Thrice to the deadly summit of the breach

Did Morton rush, and thrice was backward borne,

Like mariner that, dashed on stormy beach,

Swayed by the surge against the cliffs is torn.

But nought could drown unconquerable scorn

Of death in that young hero. Up once more

He rushed to the crest, and fell. Young Blanca, mourn!

Thy lover’s heart is pierced, he totters o’er,

And falls ’mid heaps of slain—his dirge the artillery’s roar:—

The Rally.

1.

As a torrent that bounds

From its mountainous dwelling

Obstruction but chafes

Into foamier swelling;

As snorts the wild bull

Whom the banderils pierce,

So the death-scattered breach

Makes the phalanx more fierce!

2.

Each shower that is cast

From the foemen’s fell cannon

But makes the assault

To lift prouder its pennon.

Each shaft from the walls

Gives to Valour new wings;

O’er each hero that falls

See, a new hero springs!

3.

There is that to be done

At which nations shall wonder;

The scarp shall be our’s,

Although tenfold its thunder;

In spite of wide Earth,

And in spite of deep Hell.

Where a Briton resolved,

Could a Gaul ever quell?

4.

Come, cannon and musquet,

Rain grapeshot and mortar!

We laugh at the rattling,

We ask for no quarter.

By the breach shall we climb

To yon turret-clad town,

And the tricolor tear

From the cavalier down!

5.

On the death-dealing fort

Shall we plant our proud standard.

Was red-coat e’er seen,

Who to cowardice pandered?

Each traverse we’ll cross

With invincible steel.

Then swift to your knees,

Or the bayonet feel!

6.

See, see the breach strewn

With our corses all gory.

’Tis but the first crop

In the harvest of glory!

Sebastian is our’s,

Though it rain shot and shell.

Where a Briton resolved,

Could a Gaul ever quell?

XXXIII.

What stream is poured afresh? new Volunteers!

They come, impetuous as the Pampas steed,

Dash o’er the strand and trample craven fears,

Fly up the breach where thick-strewn heroes bleed.

They reach the crest. In vain! Snapt like a reed

Is many an oak of war. The valorous surge

Is spent in its vain fury, like seaweed

Each quivering corse depositing. Yet urge

The living on, though fire their ranks incessant scourge.

XXXIV.

Thus swarm i’ the summer ray o’er parchéd ground

Unnumbered emmets toiling onward straight.

Vain is the wrath that slays and strews around;

Unslack’d their zeal, uncheck’d their war with fate.

New myriads crowd each instant, even while wait

Unpitying feet to tread them into dust,

Indomitable. To small thus likened great,

Men swarm to the breach, and glut the gory lust

Of sternest foe, yet stand, true to their country’s trust.

XXXV.

And all—must all be slaughtered? Lord of Hosts!

Must this great valour be a Holocaust?

Must men like oxen perish at their posts,

And all the guerdon of their daring lost?

Still do they mount and slow receding, crost

Their dream of triumph, totter, sink, and fall.

Even won the prize, how terrible the cost!

The victory-flag to thousands were a pall.

Oh Lord of Hosts, arise, or butchery smites them all!

XXXVI.

With blood-red arms see Carnage, screaming hag,

Gloat o’er each gash that lets the life away,

Plash through the crimson stream, and curse if lag

The shower of death-bolts darkening bright mid-day.

See sopt her hands in gore, see ’mid the fray

Where burst her eyes from forth her grisly head,

In rapture that such numbers slaughtered lay:

While reek her tangled tresses, see her fed

On dying groans, astride like Nightmare on the dead!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO V.

In the account of the Storming of San Sebastian, which occupies this and part of the next Canto, I follow chiefly Napier’s History, book xxii. chap. 2. The part which I assign to Nial in leading the false assault on the night of the 29th of August was in reality undertaken and bravely executed by Lieutenant Mc Adam of the 9th regiment. As stated in my text, the leader was the only one of the entire party that returned alive! The storming took place on the morning of the 31st August, 1813. The leader, Lieutenant Maguire of the 4th regiment (whose name I have restored to its antique Celto-Irish form, “Mac Iar”) was struck down precisely as described in my text. (See Napier.) The following account is from Gleig’s Subaltern:—

“The forlorn hope took its station at the mouth of the most advanced trench about half-past ten o’clock. The tide, which had long turned, was now fast ebbing, and these gallant fellows beheld its departure with a degree of feverish anxiety such as he only can imagine who has stood in a similar situation. This was the first time that a town was stormed by daylight since the commencement of the war, and the storming party were enabled distinctly to perceive the preparations which were making for their reception: there was, therefore, something not only interesting but novel in beholding the muzzles of the enemy’s cannon from the castle and other batteries turned in such a direction as to flank the breaches, whilst the glancing of bayonets and the occasional rise of caps and feathers gave notice of the line of infantry which was forming underneath the parapet. There an officer from time to time could be distinguished leaning his telescope over the top of the rampart or through the opening of an embrasure, and prying with deep attention into our arrangements. Nor were our own officers, particularly those of the engineers, idle. With the greatest coolness they exposed themselves to a dropping fire of musketry, which the enemy at intervals kept up, whilst they examined and re-examined the state of the breaches. It would be difficult to convey to the mind of an ordinary reader anything like a correct notion of the state of feeling which takes possession of a man waiting for the commencement of a battle. In the first place, time appears to move upon leaden wings, every minute seems an hour, and every hour a day. Then there is a strange commingling of levity and seriousness within him, a levity which prompts him to laugh he scarce knows why, and a seriousness which urges him ever and anon to lift up a mental prayer to the Throne of Grace. On such occasions little or no conversation passes. The privates generally lean upon their firelocks, and the officers upon their swords, and few words except monosyllables, at least in answer to questions put, are wasted. On these occasions, too, the faces of the bravest often change colour, and the limbs of the most resolute tremble, not with fear but with anxiety, whilst watches are consulted till the individuals who consult them grow absolutely weary of the employment. On the whole, it is a situation of higher excitement and darker and deeper agitation than any other in human life, nor can he be said to have felt all which man is capable of feeling who has not filled it.

“Noon had barely passed, when the low state of the tide giving evidence that the river might be forded, the word was given to advance. Silent as the grave the column moved forward. In one instant the leading files had cleared the trenches, and the others poured on in quick succession after them, when the work of death began. The enemy, having reserved their fire till the head of the column had gained the middle of the stream, then opened with the most deadly effect. Grape, canister, musketry, shells, grenades, and every species of missile, were hurled from the ramparts, beneath which our gallant fellows dropped like corn before the reaper; in so much, that in the space of two minutes the river was literally choked up with the bodies of the killed and wounded, over whom, without discrimination, the advancing division pressed on. The opposite bank was soon gained, and the short space between the landing-place and the foot of the breach rapidly cleared without a single shot having been returned by the assailants. But here the most alarming prospect awaited them. Instead of a wide and tolerably level chasm, the breach presented the appearance only of an ill-built wall thrown considerably from its perpendicular, to ascend which, even though unopposed, would be no easy task. It was, however, too late to pause; besides, the men’s blood was hot and their courage on fire, so they pressed on, clambering up as they best could, and effectually hindering one another from falling, each by the eagerness of the rear ranks to follow those in front. Shouts and groans were now mingled with the roar of cannon and the rattle of musketry: our front ranks likewise had an opportunity of occasionally firing with effect, and the slaughter on both sides was dreadful. At length the head of the column forced its way to the summit of the breach, where it was met in the most gallant style by the bayonets of the garrison. When I say the summit of the breach, I mean not to assert that our soldiers stood upon a level with their enemies, for this was not the case. There was a high step, perhaps two or three feet in length, which the assailants must surmount before they could gain the same ground with the defenders, and a very considerable period elapsed ere that step was surmounted. Here bayonet met bayonet, and sabre met sabre, in close and desperate strife, without the one party being able to advance or the other succeeding in driving them back.”

I.  “While shattering Fate his iron moulds doth fill!”

Ἀλλ’ ἁ μοιριδία τις δύνασις δεινά·

Οὔτ’ ἄν νιν ὄμβρος, οὔτ’ Ἄρης,

Οὐ πύργος, οὐχ ἁλίκτυποι

Κελαιναὶ νᾶες ἐκφύγοιεν.

Soph. Antig. 951.

“Crushing is the power of Fate! which neither the elements, nor Mars, nor a tower, nor the black wave-roaring ships can flee.”

III.  “Nor fairer Hella on the Ægean flood.”

Utque fugam rapiant, aries nitidissimus auro

Traditur: ille vehit per freta longa duos.

Dicitur infirmâ cornu tenuisse sinistrâ

Femina, cùm de se nomina fecit aquæ.

Pene simul periit, dum vult succurrere lapsæ

Frater.

Ovid, Fast. iii. 867.

See also Pindar’s Fourth Pythionic.

“Nor with more grief was Athamantis torn.”

Et frustrà pecudem quæres Athamantidos Helles.

Ovid. Fast. iv. 903.

VII.  “But Isidora’s lot was e’en more drear,
For none might dare from San Sebastian pass.”

La verde primavera

De mis floridos años

Pasé cautiva en tus prisiones,

Y en la cadena fiera.

Lope de Vega, Arcadia.

“To pluck the summer flowers, and brush the dewy grass.”

“In those vernal seasons of the year, when the air is calm and pleasant, it were an injury and sullenness against Nature not to go out and see her riches, and partake in her rejoicing with Heaven and Earth.”—Milton, Tractate on Education, § 22.

VIII.  ——“Invoked the Virgin’s might,
And deemed she saw her form within that orb of light.”

The nightly hunter, lifting a bright eye

Up towards the crescent moon, with grateful heart

Called on the lovely wanderer who bestowed

That timely light to share his joyous sport;

And hence, a beaming goddess with her nymphs

Across the lawn, and thro’ the darksome grove,

Not unaccompanied with tuneful notes,

By echo multiplied from rock or cave,

Swept in the storm of chase; as moon and stars

Glance rapidly along the clouded Heaven

When winds are blowing strong.

Wordsworth, The Excursion.

IX.  ——“‘Empress-Queen
Of Heaven, Immaculate Virgin!’”

For these epithets see the Horas Castellanas.

XIII.  ——“Great Arthur calls
For nigh a thousand hearts that danger scorn
To rush like Ocean-surge against the walls.”

Disse ai duci il gran Duce: “Al nuovo albore

“Tutti all’ assalto voi pronti sarete.”

Tasso, Gerus. Lib. xi. 17.

XIX.  “To where the grisly bastion-breach doth frown.”

—Γοργείην κεφαλὴν δεινοῖο πελώρον.

Hom. Od. xi. 633.

XXV.  “Alcides’ arm—the eye that Python slew,
The limbs and shoulder of the Delian God!”

Nec quòd laudamus formam, tàm turpe putâris;

Laudamus magnas hâc quoque parte Deas.

Ovid. Fast. vi. 807.

XXVI.  “And Morton now, and Nial by his side,
In peril’s front the impetuous stormers lead,” &c.

Φευγόντων σὺν νηυσὶ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν·

Νῶϊ δ’ ἐγὼ Σθένελός τε μαχησόμεθ’, εἰσόκε τέκμωρ

Ἰλίου εὕρωμεν.

Hom. Il. ix. 47.

“Let them fly with their ships, to their dear native country; but we—Sthenelus and I—will fight till we find the end of Ilion!” Cæsar addresses his soldiers in language very nearly similar:—“Quòd si præterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum solâ decimâ legione iturum, de quâ non dubitaret.”—De Bella Gallico, lib. i. §. 40.

XXXI.  “Not death at every footstep can appal.”

Per damna, per cædes, ab ipso

Ducit opes animumque ferro.

Non ...

Monstrumve summisere Colchi

Majus, Echioniæve Thebæ.

Horat. Carm. iv. 4.

XXXII.  “Like mariner that dashed on stormy beach,” &c.

Naufragum ut ejectum spumantibus æquoris undis.

Catul. lxvi.

“As snorts the wild bull
Whom the banderils pierce.”

E qual táuro ferito il suo dolore

Versó mugghiando e suspirando fuore.

Tasso, Ger. Lib. iv. 1.

XXXIV.  “Thus swarm i’ the summer ray o’er parchéd ground
Unnumbered emmets toiling onward straight.”

This image will not be condemned as vulgar by those who are familiar with Homer; and it is further justified by the use of one of our most elegant poets, Thomson, who commences his Castle of Indolence thus:

O mortal man, who livest here by toil,

Do not complain of this thy hard estate;

That like an emmet thou must ever moil,

Is a sad sentence of an ancient date.

XXXVI.  “With blood-red arms see Carnage, screaming hag.”

Todo es muerte y horror: vense hacinados

En torno suyo cuerpos espirantes,

Cadáveres y miembros destroncados.

Campo-redondo.

Las Armas de Aragon en Oriente.

IBERIA WON.

Canto VI.

I.

Upon the Chofre stood the dauntless Graham,

And marked the slaughter with determined eye,

Sad yet unshrinking—poured then forth of flame

A torrent hissing red athwart the sky.

Close o’er the stormers’ heads the missiles fly,

The stone-ribbed curtain into fragments hurled—

Full fifty cannon streaming death on high.

Unmoved they stand—no flag of fear unfurled—

A scene unmatched before since dawning of the world!

II.

Even as at Niagára’s thundering fall,

Where leaps the torrent with gigantic stride,

Beneath the watery volume Cyclop wall

Of rocks huge-piléd spans the river wide,

Where dares the venturous voyager abide,

And while his ears terrific clamour stuns,

Flies free o’erhead the cataract’s foaming tide,

And scarce crystálline globule o’er him runs:

Thus stand ’neath Death o’erarched Britannia’s dauntless sons!

III.

“Retire!” was first the cry. “A traitorous foe!

Our batteries’ fire is ’gainst the stormers turned;”

And struck a straggling shot the ranks below;

But Nial and his men the counsel spurned.

To win, whate’er the cost, their bosoms burned;

And ’mid the fiercest of the cannonade,

While San Sebastian for his bulwarks mourned,

Within the rampart solid ground they made—

First step in victory’s march, whose laurels ne’er will fade.

IV.

What were thy triumphs, Greece, on Elis’ plain,

Olympian dust Alphéus’ margin strewing,

The Agora’s grand inspiring shouts, the train

Of statues for the Altis sculptors hewing,

Fame-thirst the prince’ and peasant’s soul imbuing?

Unreal glories to the trampled fear,

Which England with her million eyes is viewing.

First Erin’s sons to encounter peril here.

No rebel wisdom yet impairs that lusty cheer!

Tricorpor Geryon.

1.

Mark where Valour’s triple crown,

Marring every despot’s frown,

Gives to evergreen renown

Britain’s dauntless sons.

Albion, Erin, Scotia join

Strength of shoulder, heart, and loin,

Men as sterling as their coin,

Faithful as their guns!

2.

Albion firm as Erin brave,

Scotia strong as angry wave.

Who could such a land enslave?

Who her spirit quell?

Albion sturdy, Scotia grim,

Erin dashing o’er the brim—

True till death, though for a whim

Wordy Knaves rebel!

3.

Albion steady, Erin bold,

Scotia gallant as of old;

Britain’s men are Britain’s gold,

Hardy sons of toil.

Albion dauntless, Scotia true,

Erin fervid—loyal, too,

Spite of Spleen’s seditious crew

Banded o’er her soil.

4.

Glorious Nations, three in one,

Long be warmed by Victory’s sun,

Ne’er by factious hate undone,

Ne’er the bond untied.

Ne’er be shorn of either gem

Britain’s noble diadem.

Shamrock, rose, and thistle’s stem

Ne’er let men divide!

V.

Nor one the breach nor one the fierce assault;

Three several columns mount the broken wall;

’Mid deadliest havoc each is forced to halt,

And rush the living where their brothers fall,

Strewn on the crest of that Pyracmon tall;

While heaps of slain a slippery footing yield

To men whose hearts not this e’en can appal.

Still brandish the besieged their fiery shield,

Till thicker strew the dead than live possess the field!

VI.

Nor yet Graham’s thunder ceases. Volleying rolls

The red artillery, on each lightning-flash

Dismay is borne to the defenders’ souls,

Destruction’s bolts against the ramparts dash,

And ruin strews the battlements. As lash

The stormy billows Achill’s rock-bound shore

With all the Atlantic’s force, thus many a gash

That fiery torrent opes the bulwarks o’er,

And still at verge of death they madly strain the more!

VII.

And they are mad, or more than madness seems

Thy glow, enthusiast Courage! Many a boy

Sees Valour’s guerdon shine with starry beams,

And Danger, made a mockery, seems a joy!

Yet swiftly hostile fires their ranks destroy,

Nor yet to San Sebastian entrance gained.

Already grief their glory ’gins to alloy,

Lest ’neath that wall their glittering arms be stained.

Ere comes defeat be, Graham, thy death-fire two-fold rained!

VIII.

Resistance chafes their spirits, stirs their blood.

Excitement fires their minds beyond controul;

Till lightning runs through all the arterial flood,

And lion-daring grows the warrior-soul.

Full many a gentle bosom ’neath that roll

Of musketry and cannon feels transformed—

Spurred like a race-horse bounding to the goal,

Till death’s a sport to venturers conflict-warmed,

And not by men but fiends seems San Sebastian stormed.

IX.

Oh, sleepless eyes and aching foreheads tell

In homes far distant how those lives are prized,

Which now are diced away, though loved so well—

On Glory’s shadowy altar sacrificed!

The heart-wrung sob at parting undisguised,

The silent hall and the deserted bower,

The tender charge of Beauty idolized,

And curléd babes, forgot in this wild hour,—

To Gorgons grim consigned is Manhood’s chosen flower!

X.

What terrible explosion rends the sky?

What fierce combustion wraps in flame the air?

Traverse and curtain tall to ruin fly,

And sulphurous fires the bastioned bulwarks tear

Like rags asunder! Cries of deep despair

Burst from the pale defenders; grenadiers,

Unmoved as rocks till then, in hundreds share

The ramparts’ doom which form their blackened biers;

And rush the stormers in with lustiest British cheers.

XI.

Of volumed smoke at length the eddying wave

Falls o’er the battlement and clears the ground.

Still would the sons of France the fortress save,

Amazed amid the ruin spread around;

But onward to their breasts the assailants bound,

And momently the baffled foemen scare.

They rally—I ween none there hath quarter found;

They stand—and desperate valour all doth dare.

In vain—the stormers rush like lightning to their lair.

XII.

Red as the slaughter which their hands achieved,

The British garb doth smite the foe with awe;

And as our sturdy bowmen Creçy grieved

O’er Gaul’s full-mailéd Knights triumphant saw,

So the strong bayonet deals resistless law;

And fly before that conflict hand to hand

Of bone and muscle, ere a breath they draw,

The sons of France, a wrongful Tyrant’s band,

Who fight not heaven-inspired for Freedom in the land.

XIII.

Unconquered yeomen, England’s strength and pride!

Who ne’er have yet been wanting at her call

Against the world to stand, or dashing ride

’Gainst odds that all but Britons would appal!

For where, brave hearts, doth rise your serried wall

Of adamant, in vain the thunder-scar.

Upon that conquering ground ye stand or fall.

Oh, strenuous arms alike for toil and war,

May ne’er be seen the day when Wrong your might shall mar!

XIV.

Oh, Rank and Dignity! I saw too flies

Spawned in the self-same chamber, sporting gay.

With equal force, on equal wing, they rise

Through the short sunshine of a summer day.

Yet one the other buzzed to keep away,

And flouted oft—intensest scorn revealing,

As telling him below the Knave should stay,

Too far beneath him born for kindly feeling—

One hatched upon the floor, the other on the ceiling!

XV.

Five deadly hours that conflict fell endured;

But onward now the tide of Valour flowing,

Chafed by the long restraint all foaming poured,

The seeds of Death with every wavelet sowing,

And, ah, on Mercy scarce a thought bestowing!

As destrier strong whose mouth with curbing bleeds,

When loosed the rein, doth plunge with eye-ball glowing,

Mad snort, and trampling hoof which Fury speeds,

So dash the stormers in like spurred and panting steeds.

XVI.

A standard floats upon the cavalier.

It is the far-renownéd tricolor,

Whose folds more proudly ne’er have waved than here,

Though many a victor field they’ve fluttered o’er.

Up Nial springs with hand still dripping gore,

And stoutly tears that tyrant-standard down.

Three loud huzzas resound from sky to shore—

Floats in its stead the flag of Leon’s crown.

’Tis ours! And Spain once more is mistress of her town.

XVII.

Thus strove Peleides with the King of Men

For fair Briseïs many a stubborn hour,

And hung War’s chances on the wistful ken

Of her ’mongst all Lyrnessian spoil the flower,

Whose charms drew eyes from Ilion’s loftiest tower.

Thus to Achilles’ arms the maid restored

Was stript o’ the robes that swept Atrides’ bower,

And decked anew in livery of her lord,

To show no tyrant folds should float o’er his adored.

XVIII.

And well too fought thy warriors, Lusitain,

Who, led by Britons, clomb the further breach,

Resolved to strike a vigorous blow for Spain,

And, how their iron fathers strove, to teach:

Afonso, Avíz, Nun’ Alvares—heroes each—

Castro and Albuquerque not quite forgot

By their descendants, dauntless here who reach

And pluck the wreath to wear might be their lot,

If were not all their fire as fitful even as hot.

XIX.

Not thy Fidalgos, withered boughs, I ween,

Nor yet thy Royalty as much despised,

Who fled like hinds when danger crost the scene,

Their cumbrous rank like Manhood ne’er disguised,

Their scutcheoned pomp like carrion fitly prized!

Henceforth shall men for an opprobrium know

The names by chroniclers most idolized,

And choose strong blood Plebeian’s healthier flow,

That scaled Sebastian’s towers while nobles quaked below.

XX.

And Spain her Guerrilleros—Dorian race—

Sent to the conflict with unconquered hearts,

And eyes that Tyranny could ne’er abase,

Unerringly to guide their fiery darts,

Where Vengeance winged with every shot departs.

And hasting to the War, whose sacred cry

Was “Death to the Invader!”, warm while starts

The big round tear from fair Pastora’s eye,

The peasant-soldier thus with Heaven made an ally:—

The Guerrillero to his Mistress.

1.

While spin the amber beads

Beneath thy rosy finger,

And nought thy spirit heeds

Save thoughts that Heav’nward linger;

At Isidoro’s shrine,

Upon the floor of marble,

While move thy lips divine,

For me an Ave warble!

2.

And while, the Virgin’s Hours

In softest tones reciting,

You bend the Heav’nly Powers,

Their blessed aid inviting;

Breathe then for me a prayer,

That, moved amidst her splendour,

Our Lady of Vejer

May crown my wishes tender.

3.

If spirits pure as thine

Weave idly their petition,

What talisman for mine,

To shield it from perdition?

Oh, Mary, thou alone

Canst ope the path before me,

Canst give my heart a tone,

Canst shed a blessing o’er me!

4.

The Seraph forms are fair,

In Heav’nly chorus swelling,

But thine as well in prayer

Becomes its earthly dwelling.

Thou look’st a clouded Moon,

When veiled for solemn duty;

If thou’rt refused a boon,

Why give thee so much beauty?

XXI.

Oh glorious race, indomitably fierce!

Earth’s peasant-lords, triumphant o’er each shock;

No, not more vain Antæus’ self to pierce,

For sprung, too, from thy soil new strength to mock

Thy foes, like Afric’s giant whom enlock

The arms of Hercules; or liker him,

The Achaian marsh heaved upward like a rock,

Whose hissing heads struck off, still heads more grim

Rose terrible to tear the Invader limb from limb!

XXII.

Five deadly hours that conflict fell did last,

And o’er the scarp now streams the flood of War;

But many a barricade must still be past,

Where dauntless Rey disputes ’gainst Victory’s star,

With feeble garrison that yields each bar,

O’erpowered by numbers though they battled well.

And, vanquished soon by Fate, entrenched they are

In Mont’ Orgullo, where both shot and shell

Pours on the brave resolved their lives to dearly sell.

XXIII.

Now Slaughter stalks triumphantly alone,

And silent is the fierce artillery’s roar;

But shriek and shout and yell, cry, curse, and groan,

Make music dire to rend the bosom’s core,

And louder than Man’s thunder rolled before

Comes Heaven’s artillery from the mountains down,

Dark, stormy, terrible: leap lightnings o’er

The murky cope to mark the Almighty’s frown

For deeds of carnage done in that devoted town.

XXIV.

What careth Man red-handed for His wrath?

What bellowing beast so terrible as he,

When boundless passions master him? His path

Is more destructive than the stormy sea.

His nostril is a furnace. Ominously

Doth glare his bloodshot eye. Nor Beauty saves

The virgin, nor grey hairs and tottering knee

The reverend sire. Lust, rapine, murder waves

A pirate flag o’er all, and hearths are turned to graves!

XXV.

Oh, meek-eyed Pity! Tenderness of Soul!

Oh, sacred source of sympathetic tears!

Say, hast thou fled the Earth, whose tottering pole

Can ill sustain its weight of grief and fears?

Is dried your fountain, choked by crimson biers?

Oh, human anguish! Yet, by man’s accord,

The day shall come, when he who as in years

Gone by shall dare produce thee—King or Lord—

A Pariah-brand shall wear, than Demons more abhorred!

XXVI.

Still havoc, plunder reigns. Where is thy sword,

Sebastian, Warrior-Saint, that now should wheel

Like the Archangel’s, Eden who restored

To Solitude? Dost thou less horror feel

That thine own City ’neath the shock should reel

Of ruffian violence? Prætorian brave,

The Imperial Boar withstanding in thy zeal,

Thou whom nor Roman shafts subdued nor glaive,

Thy consecrated town arise, great Saint, and save!

XXVII.

Oh, arrow-pierced for Christ! whose mighty ban

Against the arrowy shower of pestilence

In aid Divine is still invoked by Man,

And potent still, this plague send howling hence.

By that great voice, whose eloquence intense,

When Marcus trembled, made him firm to win

The Martyr-crown, and Christian turned the dense

Blood-thirsting crowd—guard, judges—all within

Its mighty compass, rise, and stay the steps of sin!

XXVIII.

Nazrene Apollo, beautiful as bold,

Whose worship whirls the enthusiast Southern maid

To passion oft and madness, to behold

Thee limned so blooming fair—give, give thine aid!

Oh, by Irene’s love who undismayed

Unbound thee, pouring balm into each wound

The archers left—against the pillar laid—

When dead they thought thee who had only swooned;

By her who healed thee, raise that voice to mercy tuned!

XXIX.

By that majestic Faith, whose dauntless power

Confronted Cæsar at his palace gate,

When to the Capitol in glory’s hour

The Tyrant proud ascended, lording fate;

And dared reproach him with his cruel hate

For God’s elect; and by the Martyr-crown

Thy zeal soon won, oh leave not desolate

The walls that bear thy name. Forbear to frown.

The patron gives no sign. Alas, devoted town!

XXX.

High on the greater breach where hours before

Had swept the wave of battle, ’neath the black

And murky cope, which flashed red lightnings o’er,

A maiden stood alone in murder’s track,

A white-robed angel seemed ’mid general wrack,

And to and fro amid the heaps of slain,

And round and round and forward then and back,

Peered in each pallid face War’s iron rain

Had shattered there, and passed like Judgment in Death’s train.

XXXI.

’Twas Blanca! she had heard too soon, too soon

Of William’s fall, and sought his corse, I ween.

As girt with thunder-clouds the silver Moon,

So shone the maiden in that direful scene.

But, ah, her cheek had lost its rosy sheen,

Glared wild her eye, her tresses loosely fell.

With frantic haste and Pythonissa’s mien,

She tears away the corses where they dwell

In gory heaps that prove they stood the tempest well.

XXXII.

She halts—she starts—on Morton’s corse she lights.

Too true the mournful tidings! One shrill cry—

She falls upon his breast, more dull than Night’s,

His cold lips kisses in her agony,

And clasps again—again—till no reply

Convinces even her fond heart the source

Of Life is frozen—then, without a sigh,

Takes from his hand the sword, nor feels remorse,

Her heart transpierces, falls, and dies upon his corse.

XXXIII.

Oh noblest maiden, though of low estate,

With every proud and generous impulse rife;

Born to demonstrate to the meanly great,

How vain the pageant of a worthless life!

Sprung from thy heart like wild-flowers all that wife

Could bring of purity to Kingliest throne,

With highest attributes to soothe the strife

Of human passion, for the fall atone,

And show our angel-part preserved in thee alone!

XXXIV.

Yet noble as thou wert, thy hand was armed

’Gainst thine own life. ’Neath that terrific shock

Thy great heart broke! The eye that Morton charmed

Burst with its grief-flood like the Prophet’s rock.

Cold, callous wordlings, do not Blanca mock.

Her fault was generous—that she loved too much.

Not long did Anguish at her bosom knock.

Like Indian brides when Death their lords doth clutch,

She died in the same hour. Grief killed her with a touch!

XXXV.

Cantabrian maidens, sisters of the oar,

Mourn, mourn for her your Cynosure and pride.

Her star-like eye shall guide your chase no more,

Your glory fled from earth when Blanca died!

In vain your barks shall o’er the billows ride;

Her beauty gave the sunshine most ye miss.

So graceful ne’er again your fleet shall glide;

Nor waves your prows so joyously shall kiss.

For Nereus ne’er surveyed a daughter fair as this!

XXXVI.

Mourn, San Sebastian, for the beauty blighted

Of her your angel-child in by-gone years.

Your eyes no more shall by her charms delighted

Recal celestial dreams to chase your fears.

And, Isidora too, be shed thy tears,

Or hoarded for thyself whom danger girds.

Thy foster-sister memory now endears

Alone, with thought of gentle deeds and words.

For ye were severed long, poor caged and sundered birds!

XXXVII.

And, England, mourn for him the youthful Chief,

Whose noble promise Death hath there struck down,

Survived by Blanca for a moment brief,

And followed soon beneath the rampart’s frown.

Oh, perished there young Love and young Renown,

And budding Glory in the path of arms.

Mourn for the brave who fell before the town,

Nor least for Morton, first ’mid War’s alarms

To prove the patriot glow the Briton’s heart that warms.

XXXVIII.

Still roars the thunder-storm—Day wears the gloom

Of Night’s black canopy, and wears it well.

That pall o’erspreads more horrors than the tomb;

Beneath its folds are done the deeds of Hell!

And chiefs who seek the demon strife to quell

Are slaughtered by their men. Drunk volunteers,

Mad soldiers, vile camp-followers, knaves who swell

The array of War, and know nor shame nor fears,

A plundering pathway hew thro’ havoc, blood, and tears.

XXXIX.

Still roars the volleying thunder. Dost not feel

Appalled, thou villain, by that lightning-flash,

Nor dream when brandishing thy dripping steel,

That crimes like thine the Eternal arm will lash?

Doth not that thunder-clap thine eye abash?

For not more fell was Attila than thou;

Not Alaric’s self, whose Visigothic clash

Made Spain and Rome, beneath Honorius, bow,

Led monsters to the assault of much more shameless brow.

XL.

Such are War’s lessons—such the hideous brood

Spawned by the Passions in the hour of strife;

Such the dire Madness fed by scent of blood,

Where plunder tempts and sullying gold is rife,

Wine fires each appetite and whets the knife;

Dissolved the bands of Discipline, the mould

Of duty broke, restored barbarian life;

Honour and Valour both to Rapine sold.

Look here, Ambition, here: thy handiwork behold!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VI.

The incidents of the first part of this Canto are derived in common from Napier, Jones, and Gleig. The tearing down of the Tricolor, which I have assigned to Nial, must be historically attributed to the real performer of this bold exploit.

“The French colours on the cavalier were torn away by Lieutenant Gethin of the eleventh regiment.”—Napier, Hist. book xxii. chap. 2.

The magnificent achievement of maintaining for a considerable period a fire from our whole artillery, against the curtain wall, over the heads of the storming party, is thus coldly, but (on the whole) accurately, described by General Jones:—“From the superior height of the curtain, the artillery in the batteries on the right of the Urumea, were able to keep up a fire on that part during the assault, without injury to the troops at the foot of the breach, and being extremely well served, it occasioned a severe loss to the enemy, and probably caused the explosion which led to the final success of the assault.” The General’s coldness is owing to the departure from the rules of art, and to the contempt of the maxims of “Marshal Vauban, who had served and directed at fifty sieges,” as he triumphantly describes him. Vauban’s maxim was certainly not British: “At a siege never attempt any thing by open force, which can be obtained by labour and art.” Gen. Jones is incorrect in stating that the fire on the curtain was “without injury to the troops.” Napier says: “A sergeant of the ninth regiment was killed by the batteries close to his commanding officer, and it is probable that other casualties also had place.” Hist. book xxii. chap. 2.

The impassable chasm beyond the breach is thus described by Jones: “At the back of the whole of the rest of the breach was a perpendicular wall, from fifteen to twenty-five feet in depth.” (Journals of Sieges, Sup. Chap.) He thus describes the advance of the Portuguese column: “Five hundred Portuguese, in two detachments, forded the river Urumea near its mouth, in a very handsome style, under a heavy fire of grape and musketry.” (Jones, Journals of Sieges, Sup. Chap.) This does not quite do justice to the gallantry of the party. “When the soldiers reached the middle of the stream,” says Napier, “a heavy gun struck on the head of the column with a shower of grape; the havoc was fearful, but the survivors closed and moved on. A second discharge from the same piece tore the ranks from front to rear, still the regiment moved on.”—Hist. book xxii. c. 2.

The following account is from Gleig’s Subaltern:—

“Things had continued in this state for nearly a quarter of an hour, when Major Snodgrass, at the head of the thirteenth Portuguese regiment, dashed across the river by his own ford, and assaulted the lesser breach. This attack was made in the most cool and determined manner, but here, too, the obstacles were almost insurmountable; nor is it probable that the place would have been carried at all but for a measure adopted by General Graham, such as has never perhaps been adopted before. Perceiving that matters were almost desperate, he had recourse to a desperate remedy, and ordered our own artillery to fire upon the breach. Nothing could be more exact or beautiful than this practice. Though our men stood only about two feet below the breach, scarcely a single ball from the guns of our batteries struck amongst them, whilst all told with fearful exactness among the enemy. The fire had been kept up only a few minutes, when all at once an explosion took place such as drowned every other noise, and apparently confounded, for an instant, the combatants on both sides. A shell from one of our mortars had exploded near the train which communicated with a quantity of gunpowder placed under the breach. This mine the French had intended to spring as soon as our troops should have made good their footing or established themselves on the summit, but the fortunate accident just mentioned anticipated them. It exploded whilst 300 grenadiers, the élite of the garrison, stood over it; and instead of sweeping the storming party into eternity, it only cleared a way for their advance. It was a spectacle as appalling and grand as the imagination can conceive, the sight of that explosion. The noise was more awful than any which I have ever heard before or since, whilst a bright flash, instantly succeeded by a smoke so dense as to obscure all vision, produced an effect upon those who witnessed it such as no powers of language are adequate to describe. Such, indeed, was the effect of the whole occurrence, that for perhaps half a minute after not a shot was fired on either side. Both parties stood still to gaze upon the havoc which had been produced! insomuch, that a whisper might have caught your ear for a distance of several yards. The state of stupefaction into which they were at first thrown did not, however, last long with the British troops. As the smoke and dust of the ruins cleared away, they beheld before them a space empty of defenders, and they instantly rushed forward to occupy it. Uttering an appalling shout, the troops sprang over the dilapidated parapet, and the rampart was their own. Now then began all those maddening scenes which are witnessed only in a storm, of flight and slaughter, and parties rallying only to be broken and dispersed, till finally, having cleared the works to the right and left, the soldiers poured down into the town.”

It is nearly incredible, and certainly not very creditable, that General Jones in his detailed account of the siege and storming of San Sebastian, says not one word of the horrible excesses which our soldiers there committed. Some men’s notions of history do not differ very widely from the concoction of a political pamphlet. Napier’s history abounds with frank admission and reprobation of these horrors. I find a distinct allusion to them almost at its very commencement: “No wild horde of Tartars ever fell with more license upon their rich effeminate neighbours, than did the English troops upon the Spanish towns taken by storm.”—Hist. War Penins. i. 5.

The part which the Portuguese took in this assault was sufficiently creditable to make quite unnecessary the boasting spirit which disfigures their national literature. It abounds in the great work of their greatest poet. Thus, for instance:—

Que os muitos por ser poucos não temamos;

O que despois mil vezes amostramos.

Camóens, Lus. viii. 36.

“We don’t fear many because we are few, which we have shown a thousand times!” And in the previous stanza he relates that “seventeen Lusitanians, being attacked by 400 Castilians (desasete Lusitanos subidos de quatro centos Castelhanos), not only defended themselves, but offended their adversaries!!”

Que não só se defendem, mas offendem!

This ridiculous boasting and inane swagger, which was a vice in the Portuguese blood in the days of Camóens, exists unchanged to the present hour, and has been disgustingly manifested in a piece called “Magriço” lately selected for the opening of the National Theatre at Lisbon, in which Spaniards and Englishmen are alike insulted. “We are not accustomed to count numbers!” was a sentiment vehemently applauded in this piece. Let the Portuguese not deceive themselves by an imagined resemblance to their forefathers; and if their historical recollections are glorious, let them endeavour practically to revive them. They should remember that it is little more than a century since their entire army ran away from the Spaniards and French at Almanza, and left their English, Dutch, and German auxiliaries in the lurch.

I.  “Upon the Chofre stood the dauntless Graham,
And marked the slaughter with determined eye.”

Mas luego que los fija en el cercano

Altisimo torreon, bramando en ira

Jura rendir el enemigo muro

En general asalto y choque duro.

Campo-redondo, Las Armas de Aragon en Oriente.

“Full fifty cannon streaming death on high.”

——Le macchine ...

A cui non abbia la città riparo.

Tasso, Ger. Lib. iii. 74.

IV.  “What were thy triumphs, Greece, on Elis’ plain?”

Sunt quibus Elææ concurrit palma quadrigæ.

Propert. l. iii. Eleg. 9.

ἐμὲ δ’ ἐπὶ ταχυτά-
των πόρευσον ἁρμάτων
ἐς Ἆλιν, κράτει δὲ πέλασον.

Pind. Olymp. i.

“Carry me on swiftest chariots to Elis, and bear me to Victory!”

“Olympian dust Alpheus’ margin strewing.”

μηκέθ’ ἁλίου σκόπει
ἄλλο θαλπνότερον
ἐν ἁμέρᾳ φαεινὸν ἄστρον
μήδ’ Ὀλυμπίας ἀγῶνα
φέρτερον αὐδάσομεν:

Pind. Olymp. i.

“Deem no shining star greater than the Sun, nor contest more excellent than the Olympian games.”

“Of statues for the Altis sculptors hewing.”

Διὸς ἄλκιμος
υἱὸς, σταθμᾶτο ζάθεον ἄλσος
πατρὶ μεγίστω· περὶ δὲ πάξας,

Ἄλτιν μὲν ὅγ’ ἐν καθαρῷ
διέκρινε.

Pind. Olymp. x.

“The stalwart son of Jove measured out a grove divine to the mightiest Father, and hedged it round, and the Altis he set apart in that sacred place.” Pindar thus attributes the foundation of the Olympic games to Hercules, who was more popular than Jupiter himself amongst his Heraclidan audience; and a few lines before he alludes to his conquest of Elis, on whose plain these games were subsequently celebrated, “μυχοῖς ἅμμενον Ἄλιδος;” Hercules having led thither an army from Tiryns, the first walled city upon record. The sacred grove to which Pindar above refers contained the temple of Olympian Jove, and the statues erected to the conquerors in the games. The τρισολυμπιονῖκαι, or those who had been thrice victorious, had their εἰκόνες in marble thus set, and copied exactly from their members, which were thus in some degree deified. (Plin. lib. 34, cap. 3.) And Aristotle, in his Ethics, lib. 7, c. 6, says that the Olympian conquerors were called “ἀνθρώπους” κατ’ ἐξοχὴν, as if they alone were worthy of the name!

X.  “And sulphurous fires the bastioned bulwarks tear
Like rags asunder!”

—Καὶ στεφάνωμα πύργων

Πευκάενθ’ Ἥφαιστον ἑλεῖν.

Τοῖος ἀμφὶ νῶτ’ ἐτάθη

Πάταγος Ἄρεος.

Soph. Antig. 122.

“And pitchy Vulcan seized our loftiest towers; dire was the din of Mars that rose from behind.”

“And rush the stormers in with lustiest British cheers.”

“In the Peninsula, the sudden deafening shout, rolling over a field of battle, more full and terrible than that of any other nation, and followed by the strong unwavering charge, often startled and appalled a French column, before whose fierce and vehement assault any other troops would have given way.”—Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xxiv. c. 6.

XIV.  “Oh, Rank and Dignity! I saw two flies.”

“They wonder how any man should be so much taken with the glaring, doubtful lustre of a jewel or stone, that can look up to a star, or to the sun itself; or how any should value himself because his cloth is made of a finer thread; for, how fine soever that thread may be, it was once no better than the fleece of a sheep, and that sheep was a sheep still for all its wearing it. They wonder much to hear that gold, which in itself is so useless a thing, should be every where so much esteemed that even man, for whom it was made, and by whom it has its value, should yet be thought of less value than it is; so that a man of lead, who has no more sense than a log of wood, and is as bad as he is foolish, should have many wise and good men serving him, only because he has a great heap of that metal; and if it should so happen that by some accident, or trick of law, which does sometimes produce as great changes as chance itself, all this wealth should pass from the master to the meanest varlet of his whole family, he himself would very soon become one of his servants, as if he were a thing that belonged to his wealth, and so were bound to follow its fortune. But they do much more admire and detest their folly who, when they see a rich man, though they neither owe him anything, nor are in any sort obnoxious to him, yet merely because he is rich, they give him little less than divine honours; even though they know him to be so covetous and base-minded that, notwithstanding all his wealth, he will not part with one farthing of it to them as long as he lives.”—Sir Thomas More, Utopia, book ii. Bishop Burnet’s Translation.

XVII.  “Thus to Achilles’ arms the maid restored.”

Untouched “quoad Agamemnona.” The epithet of Homer is ἀπροτίμαστος. Il. xix.

XVIII.  “Afonso, Avíz, Nun’ Alvares, &c.”

The exploits of all these worthies will be found recorded in my “Ocean Flower.”

XIX.  “Not thy Fidalgos—withered boughs, I ween.”

Mina never would suffer an Hidalgo to join his band—himself a peasant by birth, and thoroughly despising the “higher orders.” From this general censure of the Fidalgo class, the Conde de Amarante, the Marquis de Saldanha, the present Conde de Villareal and Duke of Terceira, who served with distinction in the Peninsular War, are exceptions. The defence of the bridge of Amarante, from which the first-named Conde received his title, was a most brilliant exploit.

XXI.  “No, not more vain Antæus’ self to pierce.”

See Pindar’s first Nemeonic, and Lucan, lib. iv.

“Whose hissing heads struck off, still heads more grim, &c.”

Non Hydra secto corpore firmior

Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem.

Horat. Carm. iv. 4.

XXV.  “Oh, sacred source of sympathetic tears!”

The “δακρυων πηγαι,” the “sacri fontes lachrymarum,” which even amongst enlightened Heathens seem to have been more regarded than by many modern Christians.

XXVI.  “The Imperial Boar.”

Diocletian.

XXIX.  “By that majestic Faith, &c.”

Such is the force of the Saint’s name, Σεβαστὸς.

XXXII.  “Her heart transpierces, falls, and dies upon his corse.”

—Καλὸν μοὶ τοῦτο ποιούσῃ θανεῖν.

Φίλη μετ’ αὐτοῦ κείσομαι, φίλου μέτα.

Soph. Antig. 72.

“It will be my glory thus to die. Loving I will lie by the side of my beloved!”

XL.  “Dissolved the bands of discipline, the mould
Of duty broke, restored barbarian life.”

Ναυτικὸν στράτευμ’, ἄναρχον, κᾴπὶ τοῖς κακοῖς θρασὺ,

Χρήσιμον δ’ ὅταν θέλωσιν.

Eurip. Iphig. in Aul. 914.

“An army come in ships, anarchical, and ferocious for evil deeds, but useful when it pleases.” A very close description of our San Sebastian heroes—written more than two thousand years since! I stood in September last upon the Chofre hills, on the very spot whence Graham directed the fearful cannonade, and subsequently beneath the branch where our gallant fellows entered, and in the recollection of their bravery could readily forget the tales of horror which I heard from Spaniards, who retain a more vivid memory of misdeeds, than of the most magnificent services.

I saw with little admiration the mediocre picture of San Sebastian over the high altar in the cathedral, and when I subsequently beheld the glorious picture of the same saint by Guido in the museum at Madrid, I sincerely regretted that the latter is not substituted for the former—a measure which would be well worthy an enlightened government.

IBERIA WON.

Canto VII.

I.

Close by the wall the grave Salustian held

’Mongst noblest citizens his fair abode;

And while its dirge the cannon hourly knelled,

And red-limbed Slaughter through the city strode,

And Havoc on the thunder-tempest rode,

One only care Salustian’s bosom knew,

One sole solicitude his mind could load—

To shield his lovely daughters from the view

Of demons shaped like men who Ismail’s scenes renew!

II.

Fair as the Morn and blooming as the rose,

Graceful as lily waves its slender stem,

Sweet as the breeze that o’er the violet blows,

Pure as the light of Sheba’s diadem!

Soft was her eye, yet sparkled as a gem,

Large, black, and lustrous. Gentle, loved by all—

The poor devoted kist her garment’s hem;

The rich admired, nor Envy’s shafts could fall

On one so angel-good, of form majestical.

III.

As shines the Moon so Isidora shone

’Mid circling maze of many a bright compeer;

Or like the Star that heralds in the dawn,

Dimming the lustre of each splendour near.

Her glance could like Heaven’s dewiest sunbeam cheer,

Her smile was music and her step a song,

Her voice as Ariel’s flute was soft and clear.

A glory streamed around her, giant-strong,

As robed in Beauty’s pride she queenly walked along.

IV.

A sister by her side as graceful grew

In opening Woman’s sweetness. Isabel

Seemed as a rosebud gathering ere it blew

All forms of Beauty that divinely fell

From full-blown flower that on the spray so well

Beside her bloomed. ’Neath Isidora’s pure

Example as a mother’s she doth dwell.

Her step was faëry light, her laugh would lure

The coldest heart, her eye more dark with glances Moor.

V.

And Isidora loved a noble youth,

Worthy of her—I ween that few be they;

And honour, valour, virtue, manhood, truth,

Combined in Carlos—noble every way.

No step more free than his—none sang the lay

Of Vascongada bold with richer voice.

His, his the sword that, flashing midst the fray,

Had Blanca saved, whose foster-sister’s choice

Gladdened her sire and made the general heart rejoice.

VI.

Oh Love, oh wedded Love, of life the balm,

Deep-anchored safety, haven sure of bliss.

No passion-storms disturb thy blessed calm,

No perfect joy hath Earth to show but this!

Thine for true hearts the chaste yet rapturous kiss,

Thine deathless sympathy through Life’s brief span,

Through cloud and sunshine—thine, when serpents hiss,

The dove’s pure breast. Self mars e’en Friendship’s plan;

And thou the sole true friend and confident of Man!

VII.

Yet long in secret nourished was the flame,

Ere either had declared it—ere ’twas known,

Save by themselves, to aught that bore their name.

The rapturous joy more rapture gave alone.

From eye to eye had Love in glances flown,

In whispered cadence dew delicious shed.

A stolen pressure of the hand, a tone

Unheard save by one ear, a language dead

To all save lovers—strains like this their passion fed:—

Song of the Balcony.

1.

Upraise thy dark mantilla’s edge,

And shrink not like a fawn away;

But near the balconcillo’s ledge

Move for Sant’ Anna’s love, I pray;

And bend, oh, bend those glorious eyes

Upon thy slave once more, once more;

For streams no star from yon blue skies

I would as soon adore!

2.

Encantadora! All is hushed;

In deep repose our kinsmen sleep;

Tears from these streaming lids have gushed,

In rapture that your tryst you keep.

Ah! must I never throb more nigh

Than at our casements’ sundered height,

Nor steal this distant glimpse of joy

But in the depth of night!

3.

Pordiez! I would I were a bird,

To glide on air beside thy charms,

To press thy lip at every word,

To fold thee in my longing arms!

Oh, yes, by yon star-spangled, soft,

Unutterable depth of blue,

I swear, as I have murmured oft,

To live and die for you!

4.

Within thy balcon’s dusky sphere

Thou gleamest like an orient pearl;

At times I doubt what form is near,

An angel or my angel girl!

Put coyly forth thy beauteous head,

Lest stars grow dim, and Dian pale;

Nor let thy voice its music shed;

To wake they could not fail!

5.

Upraise thy dark mantilla’s edge,

And shrink not like a fawn away;

But near the balconcillo’s ledge

Move for Sant’ Anna’s love, I pray.

And bend, oh bend, those glorious eyes

Upon thy slave once more, once more;

For streams no star from yon blue skies

I would as soon adore!

VIII.

Yet sighs one more for Isidora’s charms;

Love’s treasure seldom without Envy shines.

And even when Carlos clasps her in his arms

In visioned bliss, another secret pines.

Fate scowling terrible his bulwark mines,

And comes the blow from evilest-omened hand.

Nor Carlos nor his rival yet divines

Their mutual secret. Blindfold thus they stand,

Till Hate in anguished hour whirls high his flaming brand.

IX.

’Twas starry midnight lone, when Carlos soft

’Neath Isidora’s open lattice stole,

And gently touching his guitar, as oft,

In strains melodious poured his melting soul.

Even when his deepest cadenced transports roll,

An iron hand his shoulder seized—another

Held high the gleaming dagger, to its goal

Next instant plunged it. Blood the voice doth smother

Of Carlos—he looks up—and sees, oh God, a brother!

X.

’Twas Jealousy—the scourge of Southern breasts—

Made an unconscious Cain—for deep and true

Fraternal love their bosoms both invests,

And maniac-like the assassin instant grew,

And tore his hair—and raved—then gibbering flew,

Like Clytemnestra’s son by Furies driven.

Long Carlos crimson lay and dead to view;

With morning’s breath a glimpse of life was given,

And faint his cry was raised for bounteous aid to Heaven.

XI.

What cry too faint to reach the ear of love?

Through Isidora’s casement pierced his moan,

When Morn’s first beam Pyrene rose above,

And roused her faithful heart with plaintive tone.

Another cry—to the casement she hath flown.

Oh, sight of agony—her lover lies

Blood-boltered at her feet! With groan on groan

His breast Apollo-like doth heave and rise,

And ghastly pale his cheek, and glaring white his eyes.

XII.

With one wild shriek of agony she fell

Upon the floor the casement-ledge beside;

And swooned so deep, that but for Isabel

Close within earshot, aidless she had died.

But reached that voice, so piteously it cried,

Salustian’s inmost soul, and called him forth

With Aya, handmaids, servitors, who tried

Full many a remedy in vain:—“Wo worth

“The day that gave, my child, this frantic terror birth!”

XIII.

She oped her eyes, and shuddered slightly—gave

A feeble cry—and uttered Carlos’ name;

Then toward the window glanced, as if to crave

Assistance—sad yet sweet her breathing came—

Then sobs and tears—then sparkling dewy flame,

Her eyes such passion showed as angels feel.

“Carlos—the window!” she doth now exclaim.

Both eye and tongue love’s mystery reveal—

And Carlos soon they find—through her, too, past the steel!

XIV.

Long Carlos fluttering lay ’twixt life and death,

But what could Isidora’s balm exclude,

Her dewy fingers’ pressure, violet breath,

Her tender care, and sweet solicitude?

And day by day his growing cure she viewed

Spring ’neath her hand like rarest, frailest flower,

Till the fresh hues of health again exude

Through every pore, and young love’s blooming dower

Glows o’er his rounded cheek, like rose for Beauty’s bower.

XV.

And where is he—the Fratricide? Within

A gloomy convent cloistered, gowned, and shorn,

He strives to curb his passion, shrive his sin—

Against all world-communion deeply sworn.

Yet Isidora’s image oft is borne

Through twilight of the cell before his eye,

Maddening his heart untamed, despairing, lorn;

And though the day of Carlos’ bridal’s nigh,

In hopeless passion’s thrall that monk will changeless die.

XVI.

Now, had they not been brothers of the womb!—

I saw two emmets fight with dire intent,

As nought could slake their vengeance but the tomb—

As each the other’s head had joyous rent,

And gnawed like Ugolino. Why thus bent

On slaughter? For a grain of chaff the strife;

I thought of human blood inglorious spent

In private feud for straws with quarrel rife,

And deadly weapons aimed at God’s best gift of life!

XVII.

But, hark! the din of slaughter; hark! the scream

Of virgin innocence and matron shame.

Of Spain’s defenders see the bayonets gleam,

And lust and plunder the defender’s aim!

Yet haply share not all nor most the blame.

A band of ruffians, vilest scum of War,

By deeds inglorious, crimes without a name,

Sully the brightest rays of Victory’s star,

And send their crimes to blaze with Valour’s fame afar.

XVIII.

Frantic with fear for her—his only fear,

Rushed Carlos quick to Isidora’s side;

And when the plunderers villain-eyed drew near,

Barred all Salustian’s house, the horde defied,

And with good rifle to their threats replied.

Long was the contest, oft their firelocks flashed,

But Carlos gaily cheered his destined bride;

And, foiled, the band for rapine further dashed,

But swearing dire revenge, their teeth like tigers gnashed.

XIX.

“Away, away, my life, my love, my joy!

“Querida, thou must find secure retreat.

“My peace ’twill, by my father’s dust, destroy,

“If e’er thy charms these rabid dogs should meet.

“Por Díos, with steel I will the monsters greet!”

With many a gentle word and heavenly smile

Replied his Isidora, angel-sweet.

Now fell the night, and blazed full many a pile,

And Charles for his adored a shelter sought the while.

XX.

To Santiago’s shrine Don Carlos bore

Salustian and his daughters pale with dread.

A mighty crowd hath filled with life the floor,

And loveliest of them all the maid he led.

Ah, lily cheeks and lips that Beauty fled

At peril’s aspect, colourless were there,

And vows were made at many an altar red

With blood from wounded victims of despair,

And through the Temple rose a wailing voice of prayer.

XXI.

Sudden was heard the appalling cry of—“Fire!”

One moment mortal terror hushed each heart;

The next, outburst a shriek of anguish dire,

For flashed the Demon red o’er every part.

The crackling flames across each window dart,

And cast a lurid glare o’er faces pale

With dread, or screaming till their eyeballs start

Wild, frantic, terrible. The bravest quail,

For, ah, so dense the crowd no means of ’scape avail.

XXII.

“Fire” “Fire!”—the cry of agony again

More shrill ascended—“ay!” and “u!” the scream;

And women clapt their hands, and hoarsely men

Implored, and piercing shrieks of children stream

Far o’er the tumult to the topmost beam

Of that tall Gothic pile. As in some vast

Disastrous shipwreck, howling winds do seem

With roaring waves to struggle fierce and fast,

And cries of drowning men are mingled with the blast.

XXIII.

Then rushed the crowd, by instinct furious borne

Of life preserving, like the Ocean surge

Towards the great entrance. Trodden down and torn

Was every weaker form, and frantic urge

The merciless hale who fly that fiery scourge;

And heaving to and fro they cried to Heaven,

Still vainly seeking instant to emerge,

Till barriers of the sanctuary were riven,

And to the altar-front the trembling priests were driven.

XXIV.

Now onward rolls the mass, till near the door

More fiercely violent grows the maddened throng

With sight of safety. Hundreds strew the floor

Crushed, bruised, and trampled. O’er the weak the strong

Unpitying stride, and dying shrieks the wrong

With vain reproof attest of selfish man.

But Carlos bore like Hercules along

His Isidor with strength that all outran;

Grasped Isabel his waist—the outer wall they scan.

XXV.

“Now had I known,” the grave Salustian cried,

“That thus the stranger would have Spain defended,

I sooner, by my fathers’ bones, had died,

Than Leon’s fate with Albion thus have blended.

For vain the seas of treasure, blood expended,

If fire and sword our homes and hearths assail.

The standard joint I raised, yet now would rend it.

While England’s lions roar, Castile may wail

Her lions mute; ’tis shrieks are borne upon the gale!”

XXVI.

It was a blessed thought—so Carlos deemed;

A chamber high in the Cathedral tower

His love might harbour while ferocious gleamed

The eye of Rapine. Rude for lady’s bower

Was this abode, where oft huge bells of power

Swung loud, but who may choose in scenes like these?

Cloak and sombrero thrown o’er Beauty’s flower

Disguised the form which, ah! too well could please,

And Carlos guided well their path through danger’s seas.

XXVII.

At deepest night the blaze of burning streets

With horrid gleam doth light like Hell the town;

The lurid glare its fit reflection meets,

Where many a stream of blood runs crimson down!

Ferocious yell and savage war-whoop crown

The pile of dire disaster. Anguished screams

Of terror shrill the roaring noises drown.

Shrieks turn to groaning where the bayonet gleams,

And murdered Sleep wakes wild from sanguinary dreams.

XXVIII.

The tower is reached—quivers with rage suppressed

Don Carlos’ lip—Salustian’s cheek is pale,

And pants fair Isidora’s fluttering breast,

Like linnet o’er whose nest kites sharp-beaked sail.

Well might that night of horrors make thee quail,

Daughter of Vascongada! Rent the air,

Till morning dawned nor ceased ev’n then, the wail

Of hopeless Anguish where the voice of Prayer

Was choked, and shriek on shriek gave utterance to Despair.

XXIX.

“Here sit, my children,” grave Salustian said,

“While Spain’s disasters from their primal source

I briefly trace, and ’midst these horrors dread

Relief pursue by patriot discourse;

For at each shriek my voice doth lose its force,

And highest deeds recounting may sustain

The fainting spirit. Ah! my throat is hoarse,

And parched my lips with heat—to speak yet fain—

Would I had never lived to see this day for Spain!

XXX.

“Five years have past—thou dost remember well,

’Twas when thou first didst braid thy raven hair,

My Isidor, as now doth Isabel—

Five wretched years—and both have grown so fair!

Since first this Meteor who the earth doth scare

With blood-red beams—this dire Napoléon—

O’er Spain began to cast his lurid glare,

Covet her lovely sky and radiant sun,

And try how much could first by treacherous fraud be won.

XXXI.

“Dire was the ruin by Corruption’s hand

Shed on our ancient monarchy. Her men

Were noble still and worthy of the land,

Whose blood hath poured in every mountain-glen

From Calpe to Asturia’s rudest den,

’Gainst warlike Moor contending. But her Kings

Unworthy most beneath dominion’s ken

To hold so proud a people—timorous things—

Crawled ’neath a favourite’s sway, or crouched ’neath churchmen’s wings.

XXXII.

“Corruption fills the Court—the Grandé taints—

The Judge perverts to more pervert the law,

Gives Demon-forms of hate the guise of Saints,

And Freedom flings to Persecution’s maw.

The Holy Office Hell delighted saw!

Divine Religion! man’s best, purest gift,

Thou only gem that shines without a flaw!

Star, from whose ray withdrawn we chartless drift,

A Gorgon thou wast made, a Moloch spear didst lift!

XXXIII.

“And Man was told to love where forced to hate,

And saw his fairest fields partitioned forth

To Nobles—so miscalled—by robbery great,

Whose phantom title was ancestral worth,

Their own sole merit accident of birth!

Heart-bitterness and worming discontent

Made all the land—the loveliest upon earth—

In sullen, fierce indifference bide till rent

The Thunder-clouds, supine—and some on Vengeance bent.

XXXIV.

“And patience, Heaven! while I pronounce the name

Of him, the fellest monster of them all—

Godoy who sold Iberia first to shame,

And through her cold lips forced the cup of gall,

Parted to France the Indian dower whose thrall

Columbus won—even basely dared profane

His monarch’s bed; and shadowing thus our fall,

Napoléon gave a path to Lusitain

O’er our dishonoured soil—those footsteps conquered Spain!

XXXV.

“And secret treaties had the recreant drawn

With Hell’s diplomacy our soil to carve;

And Europe was to have seen ere Aries’ dawn

The traitor’s self the sovereign of Algarve.

Thus rulers traffic while the people starve!

Perchance Gaul’s tyrant mocked him with the lure—

A double traitor—base design to serve.

Howe’er be this, his legions we endure

Marched to the sister-land that erst expelled the Moor.

XXXVI.

“Trembled blue Tagus when his waters saw

A conqueror come unwounded to his shore;

His curling wave, receding, he doth draw

In violent scorn to where Almada o’er

The Serra lords Lisboa’s towers before.

Her soil that spurned the Invader quakes again,

And gapes athirst for foreign tyrants’ gore.

Indignant Tagus lashes it—in vain—

Sinks o’er his golden sands, and sighing wears the chain.

XXXVII.

“Where were thy men—where, Lusitain, were they?

Entranced, appalled—with none to lead or guide.

Thy coward Princes fled like hinds away—

Thy caitiff Nobles crost the Ocean-tide.

No sword in the Invader’s blood was dyed!

Thy Chiefs and Patriarchs basely kist the rod;

Thy sacred banner of Saint George the pride,

Torn from his castled height o’erspread the sod,

And Priests profane declared thy conquerors sent by God!

XXXVIII.

“Spain next a victim! Foulest treachery seized

Her fortress-castles—to the frontier drew

Her Princes whose domestic feuds it pleased

The Invader to foment, as Hell might do!

His legions marched—for patriots then were few—

To Manzanarés’ banks; our aged King

The Usurper made pronounce his last adieu,

And caged his Heir—a poor and mindless thing—

But Spain her talons ground, and imped her soaring wing!

XXXIX.

“Oh, many a murder marked that foreign sway,

And many a shriek appalling rent the air.”—

He ceased an instant—thus while he did say,

Their ears were smote by cries of deep despair.

Rushed Carlos to the door, but held him there

Salustian, Isidora, Isabel.

He shook with passion, till his mistress fair

With gentlest pressure strove his rage to quell;

Then snatched a ghittern—thus he struck the tuneful shell:—

The Tartar Town.

1.

’Tis foully done to wrong the Basque;

No nobler man than he.

A desert-child, a Tartar wild,

He once was more than free.

2.

He ne’er to Tyrants bowed the neck,

Nor stooped to slavish task.

The King of Spain, if he would reign,

Must doff before the Basque.

3.

His lordly Fuéros prove his worth,

Bequeathed from sire to son.

Hidalgos proud, the Vascon crowd

Are noble every one.

4.

No other land the heir-loom grand

Of Vascongada claims.

Each earthly shore must vail before

The nobler Vascon names.

5.

No blood of Christ-beslaughtering Jew,

No Moorish taint we own;

But God’s own gold—the Christians Old,

’Tis we be they alone!

6.

O’er stately Kings our triumph rings—

’Tis thus we spoke to them,

Low kneeling down, or ere the crown

Possest this sparkling gem:

7.

Our bonnets worn, in lordly scorn,

The Monarch kneeling bare:—

“We great as you, more powerful too,

“Our King we you declare.

8.

“Our rights and liberties to guard,

“We make thee King and Lord,

“To be allowed our Fuéros proud;

“If not—then No’s the word!”

9.

And still when San Sebastian ran

To take the King to task,

Or treat with him for life or limb,

He doffed him to the Basque!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire. I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit. My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind. That Napoléon himself regarded an invasion of Spain in that light is evident from a remarkable expression which he used in conversation with his aide-de-camp, Savary:—“I am always afraid of a change of which I do not see the scope: the best plan of all would be to avoid a war with Spain, it would be a kind of Sacrilege (he used the expression); but I shall not shrink from making it.”—Thiers, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire.

When Junot entered Lisbon, the old Queen of Portugal was mad, and the Prince Regent possessed no vigour of character to supply the sovereign’s intellectual deficiencies. These were supposed to be in great measure chargeable upon the superstitious terrors with which her head had been filled by Dom José Maria de Mello, Bishop of Algarve and Grand Inquisitor of the Kingdom. Influenced partly by fear of Junot, and partly by the popular discontent with the fugitive government, (for the entire Royal family and Court of Portugal fled to Brazil the moment it was ascertained that Junot was on his march close to Lisbon, and left the poor miserable country to shift for itself,) the principal ecclesiastics of the kingdom, with a subserviency too characteristic of that order in every country, worshipped the rising sun, and lavished their despicable incense upon Junot and Napoléon. Cardinal Mendoza, the Patriarch of Lisbon, issued a pastoral sounding the praises of “the man whom past ages had been unable to divine, the man of prodigies, the Great Emperor whom God had called to establish the happiness of nations!” At the voice of this reverend Prince of the Church, the bishops and clergy, and in imitation of them the civil magistrates, recommended it to the faithful and to the people generally, as a binding civil and religious obligation, to receive the French cordially and pay obedience to their General. This language was especially noticeable in the mouth of the Inquisitor General, since he had always been heard to profess principles of the most diametrically opposite character. Against the “impious revolutionists” of France he had been the first to fulminate his censures. He had sought to re-establish autos-da-fé, in all their original bloody ferocity, under the reign of his august but crazy penitent. And at the commencement of the revolution he had seriously proposed the excommunication of the French nation en masse by the dignified clergy of Portugal.

The concentration of Junot’s troops around Lisbon made the reception of the French régime a matter of little difficulty. But it is not a little curious that the voice of old prophecy was made to contribute to the same result. The Nostradamus of Portugal, Bandarra, had predicted these changes as conformable to the will of God, and the triumph of the imperial eagle of Napoléon might be read in his prophetic quatrains. Curiously illustrative are these details of the character of a people of whom it has (with some exaggeration) been said that one half are waiting for the coming of Dom Sebastian, and the other half for that of the Messiah. The prophecy of Bandarra struck the nation with astonishment, and for a time they regarded it as literally fulfilled. The closeness of realization was certainly astounding. Gonzalo Annes Bandarra was a poor cobbler of Trancoso in the district of Guarda, who composed about the year 1540 some prophecies which have ever since obtained great reputation in the country, amongst all classes. His trovas or redondilhas (rhymed quatrains) have been printed several times, and in 1809 an edition was published at Barcelona. When the French entered Lisbon in 1807, the event was found by the believers in prophecy to be not only clearly predicted in Bandarra, but the Imperial power to be precisely indicated, and the first letter of the name of Napoléon, in the 17th and 18th quatrains of the third prophetic dream, which are as follows:—

“Ergue-se a Aguia imperial

Com os seus filhos ao rabo,

E com as unhas no cabo

Faz o ninho em Portugal.

Poe um A pernas acima,

Tira—lhe a risca do meio,

E por detraz lha arrima,

Saberas quern te nomeio.”

“The Imperial Eagle rises, with his children at his tail, and with his claws before him makes his nest in Portugal. Put an A with its legs upside down; take away its middle bar, and put this bar behind it. You will know him I name.” The coarseness of the wording belongs to the era and to the popular literature of Portugal generally. The N and the imperial eagle are made out perfectly. The coincidence does not quite convince, but in the words of the hero of the Gridiron story, “it is mighty remarkable!”

Junot proceeded to depose the Royal House of Portugal with the coolest unconcern, and from the old Palace of the Inquisition, where he established his Intendance Générale, and upon whose ruins the new National Theatre has just been raised, he issued a proclamation declaring that “the dynasty of Braganza had ceased in Portugal!” Meanwhile Solano, a creature of Godoy’s, who had accompanied Junot to Lisbon, was active on behalf of his infamous master, whose obscure birth-place I lately saw at Badajoz, and substituted in several public acts the name of the King of Spain for that of the Prince Regent of Portugal. He created a Chief Judge and a Superintendent of Finances, and both employments were conferred upon Castilian subjects. Solano was the intimate confident of the Prince of the Peace, and it is believed that it was not without superior orders that he proceeded in these hasty innovations. The future Sovereign of the Algarves, as designated in the secret treaty with Napoléon, was so impatient to reign on his own account that, if the reports which prevailed at the period are to be believed, dollars were struck at the Madrid mint, bearing upon one side the head of Godoy with the legend Emmanuel primus Algarviorum dux, and on the other the ancient arms of the kingdom of Algarve.

Shortly after his arrival Junot proceeded, as he phrased it, “inaugurer avec éclat à Lisbonne le drapeau tricolore français.” The Portuguese had previously received them as friends: this outrage opened their eyes. It was on a Sunday; 6,000 men of all arms were assembled in the great square of the Rocio, to be reviewed by the General. Mid-day sounded. A salvo of artillery resounded from the Castle of St. George, originally built by the Moors. Every eye was turned towards these ancient walls, which topple over the city somewhat like the Calton Hill at Edinburgh. In an instant was seen to fall the standard of Portugal which floated before on the loftiest tower of the Castle, while its place was taken in another instant by a foreign flag surmounted by the imperial eagle! To describe the outraged feelings of the Portuguese, to paint their indignation and horror, is impossible. Their loyalty and their national pride are almost the only virtues which they retain. Their southern hatred was excited to terrific intensity. Conceive what would be the feelings of veteran warriors, who have dragged out the remnant of an existence spared by the missiles and casualties of war, to see the flag beneath which their blood has flowed insulted by its enemies. Some idea may then be formed of the grief and rage which took possession of the people of Lisbon. A torrent of bitterness deluged their souls. The sacred standard which was thus supplanted was consecrated alike by religious feelings and by secular remembrances of glory. It had been given, according to popular belief, by Christ himself to Afonso Henriques, the founder of the Monarchy, impressed by the Redeemer with the marks of his Passion, for the five shields of the conquered Moorish kings displayed on the Quinas were likewise said to be typical of the Sacred Wounds, and with this other labarum their new Constantine had been told to “go forth and conquer.” “Death to the French!” was soon the cry, but the cannon and paraded soldiery of Junot suppressed the insurrectionary movement.

The earthquake, stated in the text to have occurred at the period of the French entry into Lisbon, is strictly historical. “Le lendemain de l’entrée des Français on éprouva dans Lisbonne une légère secousse de tremblement de terre, qui fit monter la mer sur les quais.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. ii.) Junot wrote thus impiously concerning this event to the Minister of War, Clarke. “Les dieux sont pour nous; j’en tiens l’augure de ce, que le tremblement de terre ne nous a annoncé que leur puissance sans nous faire de mal!”

Napoléon’s treatment of Spain was not characterized by the same daring recklessness, but by what must be regarded as unprincipled profligacy. One of his own generals, Baron Foy, calls the Spanish invasion “une traîtreuse usurpation.”—Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. ii.

A Spanish army entered Portugal under Junot in 1807, with absurd and astounding ignorance mistaking the English for enemies, and the French for friends, to both Peninsular countries. The Marquis del Socorro, who commanded this army, was the tool of the infamous Godoy and the French, and it is thus he spoke of us in the proclamation which he issued at Oporto. He declared his object to be “de vous délivrer de la perfide domination et de la politique ambitieuse des Anglais. * * Tous ensemble, nous vengerons les outrages que la férocité traîtresse des Anglais a faits à toutes les nations de l’Europe!”—Foy, Histoire Guerre. Pénins. liv. ii. pièces justificatives.

The unsuspected testimony of Foy leaves the fearful iniquity of Napoléon’s seizure of the principal fortresses of Spain beyond dispute. “Il y eut,” says he, “dans les moyens par lesquels on s’en rendit maître, un mélange de l’astuce des faibles et de l’arrogance des forts. On n’employa que la ruse pour Pampelune et Saint-Sébastien.” (liv. iii.) The following is his detailed account of the seizure of these several fortresses:—The castle of Montjuic at Barcelona was too difficult of approach for the troops to reach it without being perceived. Duhesme went to the Count d’Ezpeleta, Captain-General of the province: “My soldiers occupy your citadel,” said he. “Open to me this instant the gates of Montjuic; for the Emperor Napoléon has ordered me to place a garrison in your fortresses. If you hesitate, I declare war against Spain, and you will be responsible for the torrents of blood which your resistance will have caused to flow.” The name of Napoléon produced its accustomed effect. The Spanish General was aged and timid, and the only instruction which his government had given him was to avoid taking any step which might embroil them with France. He resigned the keys of Montjuic, and General Duhesme became master of Catalonia. Thus fell without striking a blow, into the power of France, the largest city of the Spanish monarchy—a city which a century before had struggled single-handed, after all Spain had submitted, against the power of Louis XIV.

The gates of the fortress of Pamplona had been opened to the French general Darmagnac as to a friend. But the military authority remained in the hands of the Viceroy, Marquis de Valle-Santoro, and the volunteer battalion of Tarragona, 700 men strong, was lying in the citadel, and performed the military service of the place. Since Cardinal Cisneros, regent of Castile, dismantled all the strong places of Navarre, with the exception of its capital, the received opinion has been that he who commands in Pamplona is master of the province. To command in Pamplona, it is requisite to obtain possession of the citadel. This fortress, built by Philip II., contains within it extensive magazines for munitions of war and mouth, and might hold out for an indefinite period. The French soldiers came on fixed days, in undress and unarmed, to receive their provisions in the interior of the citadel. The Spanish troops maintained a strict guard upon these occasions, and never failed to have the drawbridge raised during the entire time that the distribution lasted. During the night of the 15th February, 1808, Darmagnac collected 100 grenadiers at his lodgings, which he had taken “non sans dessein,” says Foy, on the esplanade which separates the town from the citadel. They entered their general’s residence with their firelocks and cartouches, one after the other, in profound silence. At seven o’clock on the morning of the 16th, sixty men went to receive their provisions as usual, but were commanded by an officer of intelligence and daring named Robert. Under pretext of waiting for the quarter-master, the men stopt, some of them on the drawbridge and some beyond it. The drawbridge was thus prevented from being raised. It rained; and some of them entered the guard-house, as it were to escape from the shower. “A un signal donné,” (says Foy) they leapt upon the arms of the guard, where they lay ranged at one side; and the two sentinels were immediately disarmed. The Spaniards could not extricate themselves from the hands of the French, who filled the guard-house. Those who made any resistance were beat with the butt-ends of muskets. By this time arrived the grenadiers who had been lying in ambuscade at the general’s house. They proceeded straight to a bastion of 15 guns, directed on the entrance to the ditch. The forty-seventh French battalion, quartered not far distant, followed close on the grenadiers. The rampart was covered with Frenchmen, before the Spanish garrison, shut up in their casernes, had even thought of putting themselves on their defence. Darmagnac announced to the Viceroy and the Council of Navarre that, as he would probably have some stay to make in Pamplona, he had been obliged for the security of his troops to introduce into the citadel a battalion which would do duty there in concert with the national garrison—“a slight change, he added, which, instead of altering the good understanding between, them, should only be regarded as a tie the more between two reciprocally faithful allies!”

Ties of a similar character became established daily. Thouvenot, General of Brigade, had been sent to San Sebastian, with a commission to assemble in one dépôt the soldiers who arrived from France on their way to join their respective corps in Spain. “This dépôt (concludes Foy) becoming presently very numerous found itself in possession of the place, without the detachments of the Spanish regiments of the King and of Africa, who formed the garrison, perceiving it. It is thus that the French became masters of Figuera, Barcelona, Pamplona, and San Sebastian; and then their military operations in the Peninsula became placed on a reasonable basis! The mask was thrown off, the interested observers whom Spain had received as allies, for a time dissembled their projects, but they no longer sought to conceal the means which they adopted for their accomplishment.”—Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. iii.

Yet these are the events which Thiers, in his Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, has the coolness to describe, without one word of reprobation, censure, or comment, in the following words:

“As soon as the French troops crossed the frontiers they were quartered at Saint Sebastian, Pampeluna, Rosas, Figueras, and Barcelona.”

Of the character and deeds of Godoy, the chief actor in these transactions, the following brief but on the whole satisfactory sketch is given by Thiers:—

“This man, whom an extraordinary degree of favour had raised up to the supreme power in Spain, governed the state as an absolute master for more than ten years; he had confirmed his power by filling the government offices with his creatures. He had become the dispenser of every favour and every boon, and was so completely the medium of the king’s decisions, that the monarch answered to every applicant: ‘Call upon Emanuel,’—the prince being named Emanuel Godoy. This supreme authority had stirred up against him a general detestation, which had counterbalanced the favour he enjoyed, because he had of course committed many acts of injustice in building up his power. The Prince of Asturias was in the cabinet; he likewise had to complain of the favourite’s haughtiness, the Prince of Peace not fearing to irritate him by exhibiting the source of a despotic sway which laid its burden even on the successor to the crown. The Prince of Asturias became his enemy, and lost no opportunity of contriving his destruction, in which object he was encouraged by the opinion of the people.

“On every side murmurs rose against the Prince of Peace; his influence began to decline; and he was soon driven to his last and lowest shifts to prop it up. He had long since felt the necessity of consolidating his power, and had striven by every art to acquire the friendship of France. His enemies availed themselves of this circumstance to injure him, and charged him with treachery; asserted that he wanted to sell Spain to France, and had reduced her already to one of those vice-royalties obedient to the Emperor.

“On the other hand (so mutable and various is the public mind) they attributed to France whatever evil afflicted Spain, and accused her of supporting the Prince of Peace. This state of things every day produced fresh bickerings between the partisans of the rival princes; the counsels of the Prince Royal were not always prudent, and he was induced by the aversion of the people towards his powerful opponent to endeavour to quell the ambition of the Prince of Peace by making him the victim of his immoderate thirst for power. The favourite, foreseeing the coming catastrophe, and all Spain in arms to crush and overthrow him, gave himself up for lost, when the French troops advanced into the Spanish territory, to execute the treaty of Fontainebleau, of which he alone possessed the secret, and which was not even signed.”

The Basque glories, which I have recorded in the ballad of “The Tartar Town,” are all strictly historical. The Basque dialect was once spoken all over Spain, and is nearly identical with the Tartar language. I use this supposed Tartar origin for poetical purposes. Ever since the death of Ferdinand VII., the Basque fueros have been a constant bone of contention. Espartero abolished, but Narvaez partially restored them. The only fueros now retained are an exemption from duty upon stamps, salt, and tobacco.

III.  “A glory streamed around her, giant-strong.”

This stanza has been inspired by Murillo’s Immaculate Conceptions, on whose wonderful beauties I have gazed for days at Seville and Madrid.

IV.  “Seemed as a rosebud gathering ere it blew
All forms of Beauty.”

Als eine blume zeigt sie sich der welt;

Zum muster wuchs das schöne bild empor.

Göthe, “Miedings Tod.”

“She blossoms to the world like a flower; her beautiful form grows up to be a pattern.”

VI.  “Oh Love, oh wedded Love, of life the balm!”

“You have reason to commend that excellent institution * * the faithful nuptial union of man and wife that was first instituted.” (Bacon, New Atlantis.) The same sentiments are still more nobly expressed in Milton’s Tetrachordon and Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, where the poet, unshackled by his prose fetters, is still a poet, glowing with fancy and with rare sublimity, and has given expression to nobler sentiments on chaste love than any other writer, ancient or modern.

VII.  “The rapturous joy more rapture gave alone.”

Tu mihi sola places; nec jam, te præter, in urbe

Formosa est oculis ulla puella meis.

Atque utinam posses uni mihi bella videri.

Tibul. 1. iv. 13.

“A stolen pressure of the hand, a tone
Unheard save by one ear.”

Fallendique vias mille ministrat Amor!

Tibul. 1. iv. 6.

“A language dead to all save lovers.”

O quanta dulce imagen,

Quantas tiernas palabras

Alli diré, que el labio

Quiere decir, y calla.

Cienfuegos.

“And bend, oh bend those glorious eyes
Upon thy slave once more, once more.”

Medid el ayre de unos bellos ojos,

Y me direys del cielo al suelo el trecho.

Lope de Vega, Angelica, iii.

X.  “Like Clytemnestra’s son by Furies driven.”

——“Ereptæ magno inflammatus amore

Conjugis, et scelerum furiis agitatus Orestes.”

Virg. Æn. iii. 330.

Ὅμως δὲ φεῦγε, μηδὲ μαλθακὸς γένῃ·

Ἐλῶσι γάρ σε καὶ δι’ ἠπείρου μακρᾶς

Βεβῶτ’ ἀνατεὶ τὴν πλανοστιβῆ χθόνα,

Ὑπέρ τε πόντον, καὶ περιῤῥύτας πόλεις.

Æschyl. Eumen. 74.

“Fly! nor inert become. For they (the Furies) shall pursue thee through the long continent, passing untired through the wanderer-trodden earth, through the sea, and the sea-girt cities!”

XIII.  —“Through her, too, passed the steel!”

Cujus animam gementem * *

Pertransivit gladius!

Antiphonar. Rom. “Stabat Mater.”

XVI.  “As each the other’s head had joyous rent,
And gnawed like Ugolino.”

Quandò ebbe detto ciò, con gli occhi torti

Riprese il teschio misero co’ denti,

Che furo all’ osso, come d’un can forti.

Dante, Inferno, c. xxx.

XVII.  “Of Spain’s defenders see the bayonets gleam,
And lust and plunder the defenders’ aim!”

Wir zogen in feindes land hinein,

Dem freunde sollt’s nicht viel besser seyn.

Göthe, “Ich hab’ mein sach.”

“We marched into the enemy’s land; our friends they fared no better.”

XXVII.  “And murdered sleep wakes wild from sanguinary dreams.”

—φόβος γὰρ ἀνθ’ ὕπνου παραστατεῖ,

Τὸ μὴ βεβαίως βλέφαρα συμβαλεῖν ὕπνῳ.

Æschyl. Agamem. 14.

“For Fear doth stand me in the place of sleep, lest closely I shut my eye-lids.”

XXIX.  “Spain’s disasters from their primal source.”

Dii multa neglecti dederunt

Hesperiæ mala luctuosæ.

Horat. Carm. iii. 6.

XXXII.  “The judge perverts to more pervert the law.”

“They heard sworn judges of the law adjudge, upon such grounds and reasons as every stander-by was able to swear was not law.”—Clarendon, Hist. Great Rebel. i.

“Gives Demon-forms of hate the guise of saints.”

“Cette question curieuse—savoir, s’il est permis aux jesuites de tuer les jansenistes!”—Pascal, Lettres Provinciales, tome i.

XXXII.  “The Holy Office Hell delighted saw!”

The operation of the Spanish Inquisition in an intellectual point of view may be inferred from the character of the Index Expurgatorius which was affixed in the different churches. On these prohibitory lists, by the side of the great names of Montesquieu, Robertson, and Filangieri were to be found the titles of the filthiest French romances.

XXXIII.  “In sullen, fierce indifference bide till rent
The thunder-clouds, supine—and some on Vengeance bent.”

Ἀλλ’ ὦ πατρῷα γῆ, θεοί τ’ ἐπόψιοι,

Τίσασθε, τίσασθ’ ἀλλὰ τῷ χρόνῳ ποτε.

Soph. Philoct. 1040.

“But, oh father-land and all-seeing Gods! avenge, avenge at length in fitting time!” It may here be seen how unfounded is the claim of the Germans to the originality of their phrase “Vaterland.”

XXXV.  “And secret treaties had the recreant drawn
With Hell’s diplomacy our soil to carve.”

O embajadores, puros majaderos!

Que si los reyes quieren engañar,

Comienzan por nosotros los primeros.

Diego de Mendoza.

“Oh Ambassadors, mere utterers of silly speeches! If Kings wish to deceive, they begin by deceiving us the first!” So writes the renowned Mendoza to his brother-diplomatist, Zuñiga. Mendoza, one of the most illustrious of the political, military, and literary worthies of Old Spain, was Ambassador for Charles V. to Rome, and is still more celebrated as the author of Lazarillo de Tormes.

“Entant que souverain, s’il parle selon sa pensée, il vous dira, j’observerai le traité de paix, pendant que le bien de mon royaume le demandera; je me moquerai de mon serment, des que la maxime de l’état le voudra.”—Bayle, Dict. Hist. et Crit. art. Agesilaus.

XXXVI.  “His curling wave receding,” &c.

Vidimus flavum Tiberim retortis, &c.—Horat. Carm. i. 2.

——Guadiana

Atraz tornou as ondas de medroso:

Correo ao mar o Tejo duvidoso.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 28.

“Sinks o’er his golden sands, and sighing wears the chain.”

——Amnis aurifer Tagus.

Catul. xxvii.

XXXVII.  “And Priests profane declared thy conquerors sent by God!”

Dizei-lhe que tambem dos Portuguezes

Alguns traidores houve algumas vezes.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 33.

I have had the satisfaction of visiting within the past year all the scenes which form the historical portion of this Canto—San Sebastian, Madrid, Badajoz the birth-place of Godoy, Lisbon, Almeda, and a score of other localities consecrated by heroic or saddening recollections. The toils of my pilgrimage will have been amply repaid, if I have derived some inspiration from the genius loci.

IBERIA WON.

Canto VIII.

I.

With many a bitter thought and heavy sigh,

The grave Salustian his discourse resumed:—

“Iberia fell, my children—but her eye

No pomp of battle, no big war illumed.

’Twas fraud and treason her destruction doomed!

France came as an ally—her Lares seized—

The joy-pealed cannon soon in hatred boomed.

And reckless Murat well his master pleased,

His foul behests fulfilled, his rapine-thirst appeased.

II.

“But vengeance ’gainst Godoy the people swore,

Who counselled Carlos from his realm to fly,

And sought in luxury on a foreign shore

The fruits of his portentous sway to enjoy.

Aranjuez saw them burning to destroy!

Shivering in hideous fright, like beast of prey,

Two days, two nights, nor food nor drink Godoy

Partook, till in his den its wolfish bay

The thronging city howled—they stoned him where he lay!

III.

“And mangled, bruised, and torn, from imminent verge

Of death the Guard released him;—Carlos weak

The crown resigned—grey hairs the victim urge,

And, feebler still, Fernando strove to wreak

His feuds upon a throne, where basely meek

Full soon as fawning spaniel he doth woo

The Gaulish tiger—all that France could seek

Too little for his willing hand to do—

All contumelies for him, the Seventh Fernán, too few!

IV.

“Oh galling, dismal servitude! The sword

Which mighty Carlos at Pavía won

The puny Ferdinand to France restored,

While all through Spain the withering tidings run;

And few believe what patriot ears doth stun.

Wrenched from our armouries the trophy proud,

Which proved how Franks of old must Spaniards shun;

And Altemira voiced our shame aloud:

“The sword of Francis given to noblest hands” he vowed!

V.

“But vain each sacrifice—each base compliance

Still prompted France to urge ignobler claims,

For Spain not yet had raised her proud defiance,

And in Fernando’s youth reposed her aims.

Fernando—he but gorged affronts and shames!

The worshipped Heir of all her line of Kings

His bannered Lion to a genet tames,

Follows his aged sire to France, and flings

Iberia’s crown to earth beneath the Usurper’s wings!

VI.

“Oh, wretched mockery of the forms of State,

Oh, farce of Royalty to choke the town!

The sire to-day submits his brow to Fate,

The son to-morrow yieldeth too his crown;

The sire resumes it ’neath Napoléon’s frown,

Again to-morrow to resign its cares—

Is’t not, then just—how just! that, thus laid down,

The Tyrant’s creature now the bauble wears?

The Father lauds the choice—the Son his ardour shares.

VII.

“And both implored of Spaniards to obey

With cordial loyalty the Kingling given,

And both with impious tongue blaspheming say

The usurping dynasty is blest of Heaven!

But Spaniards may not thus be bargain-driven.

Sudden arose the land in all its might;

Sudden its chains like spider-threads were riven.

Too long its slumber—too profound the night;

And when the Nation woke, ’twas in a glare of light!

VIII.

“Oh, Madrileños, generous, dauntless hearts,

Who fell upon that glorious May-lit morn,

Vain is the tear that from the eye-lid starts

At thought of death-wounds all heroic borne,

For Freedom’s blazon doth your biers adorn!

Your blood more potent than Hyantian seed

Sprung arméd men still fiercer death to scorn

Than Thebæ saw. Incomparable deed!

Ye braved the Lion’s roar—your wounds Iberia freed.

IX.

“For though the sabre clove, the charger trod,

The scattering grape-shot mowed your dense array,

Daïz, Velarde gave their souls to God

In no unprospering cause that gallant day!

If hundred martyrs perished in the fray,

’Twas myriad men to rouse through prostrate Spain.

Not Murat’s arm could bend her to obey.

Judicial murder bared the knife in vain—

The priestly rite denied—the unoffending slain!

X.

“Asturia first and noblest raised the cry—

Cantabria still untamed the yoke to bear

Our own Biscaya sees with Baston vie—

Oviédo’s lightning flies to Santandér.

It wakes Galicia, kindling Leon’s air.

Castile, unconquered Aragon, Navarre,

The standard of revolt successive bear.

Valencian, Catalan, and And’luz far

The cry devoted raise: ‘Against the Invader War!’

XI.

“And lightning fell, ’twas said, upon the shrine

Of Guadalupe within the fatal hour

That saw the last of Leon’s Royal line

Retire to France, and own the Usurper’s power.

In Covadonga, where Mafoma’s flower

Pelayo slaughtered, drops of sweat were seen

Upon the face of Her who stood our tower

In battle; Compostella’s tomb a din

Of arms gave forth, Saint James proclaiming we should win!

XII.

“Thus spoke the general voice—thus Spain believed,

And, Heaven and Earth approving, rushed to arms.

The web of Tyranny was swift unweaved,

The land was soon o’erspread by War’s alarms;

For Freedom’s fire once lit intensely charms!

But terrible at first in dire excess

Rude license many a timid patriot harms.

If perished tyrant-tools yet, ah, not less

Good men, too, slaughtered fell in butchery’s helplessness.

XIII.

“’Twas then the Asturian seniors crost the sea,

And I amongst the number, as ye know,

To Albion’s glorious Island of the free,

Her aid demanding ’gainst the general foe.

And grand and mighty was the enthusiast flow

From brave and generous hearts we witnessed there.

Our strife forgot, our feuds aside we throw,

Like ancient warriors after battle share

The social rite, and war combined ’gainst France declare.

XIV.

“But Spain would first her might unaided try,

And arms and subsidy alone we sought;

With pain Britannia curbed her spirit high,

But doughtiest weapons to the strife we brought.

Our earlier efforts in the conflict nought

Availed us—France her legions marshalled well.

Undisciplined our valour marvels wrought;

But ’gainst Gaul’s serried phalanx to rebel

Was no light peasant’s task, and hundreds fighting fell.

XV.

“Oh, wondrous power of Discipline in war!

Spain’s men despised the conscript boys of France;

Iberia’s sons were stronger, statelier far,

More powerful arm to arm to wield the lance.

But when untrained, disordered they advance,

The unbroken, slender column mows them down.

’Tis thus wild horses o’er the Pampas prance,

The lasso by the light-limbed rider’s thrown,

The strong steed flung to earth his victor hand must own.

XVI.

“Joy to Valencia! Loud her praise be sung,

Where first the stern Invader was repelled.

In vain from Hell the assassin Calvo sprung,

In vain her Chiefs in dire subjection held.

Soon ’gainst his traitorous vengeance they rebelled.

His strangled carcase on Domingo’s plain,

His severed arm that many a victim felled,

Inscribed with his foul deeds—relentless Cain—

Proclaim that murderous fiends no more dishonour Spain.

XVII.

“Joy to Valencia! From her leaguered wall,

Full valiantly defended, Moncey flies.

His shattered legions into fragments fall,

So well her grape and musketry she plies;

And torn his summons to surrender lies.

This—this her answer:—‘We have sworn beneath

‘Our country’s ruins buried, ere shall rise,

‘A foreign standard here, to yield our breath,’

And France her flag withdrew all dark with hues of death.

XVIII.

“In Santandér Luarca’s mitred head—

Apostle pure—the patriot movement guides;

Priest, peasant, noble gallantly he led,

But, ah, Besaya’s torrent yields its sides;

The Frenchman through the conquered city rides.

Palencia bows her head—Valladolíd

Gives hostages; her might the Gaul derides.

And Torquemada many a peasant-Cid

Sees ’neath French sabres fall her flaming towers amid.

XIX.

“Oh, ruthless grasp of the Invader’s hand!

Yet not for this shall Spain his sceptre own.

In vain Te Deums swell through all the land,

In vain allegiance forced sustains his throne.

Though rebels fall, rebellion hath not flown!

Intrusive, throneless, crownless, mocking King,

No Monarch reigneth save o’er hearts alone!

A Tyrant sent thee, poor and bodiless thing,

But ne’er to rule in Spain—for flight prepare thy wing!

XX.

“Unconquered Zaragoza shuts her gates;

No fortress her’s, and scarce a circling wall.

Enough that from her soul the foe she hates,

And ’neath her ruined towers hath sworn to fall,

Or ere she live a foreign tyrant’s thrall.

Sublime devotion! Palafox prepares

The proud defence. His gallant soldiers all

Obey his voice: ‘Who loves me with me shares

‘The city’s doom!’ Till death they guard their lion-lairs.

XXI.

“And many a rampart raised the citizens,

Their puny wall with bristling men defending;

And Tio Jorge and Marin from their dens

Emerge their energies plebeian lending.

On many a dire assault her efforts spending

By Carmen and Portillo, still repelled,

France hurls her shells the town terrific rending.

The Moorish Cosso’s blown in air, and yelled

Is many a dying shriek, but still the rampart’s held.

XXII.

“Engracia’s stormed—the summons to despair

Is oft repeated but as oft disdained.

Though Zaragoza burn—though tortures tear,

Her vigorous arms shall ne’er by France be chained!

The foe hath entered and the Cosso gained;

But desperate is the fight which there doth rage.

Francisco’s convent burns, yet death fires rained

More fiercely glare—such war did man ne’er wage.

Beside Numantine fame ’twill sound through many an age!

XXIII.

“Within the Cosso’s wide and central street

The foemen fierce contend from side to side.

From roof and window hostile volleys meet;

Each house a fortress, where assault is tried

In vain—the very women far and wide

Rain household gear and scalding water down.

The black and shattered walls with blood are dyed.

The dead in heaps putrescent grimly frown;

And pestilence doth threat the death-devoted town.

XXIV.

“In every street are rival batteries placed.

Entrenched behind a bulwark of the slain,

See where yon Zaragozan death has faced,

Resolved a cannon of the Frank to gain.

’Neath corse-heaped covert he hath passed a chain

Round the huge gun—its end his comrades take—

Their lusty sinews pull with might and main—

The monster moves—but, ah, the chain doth break;

Yet soon as Night doth fall the prize their own they make.

XXV.

“Terrific sight—the hospital is fired,

And maniacs issue from the blazing walls;

Gibbering and mouthing ’mongst the soldiers tired,

Even more than War their screaming wild appals.

Some frantic laugh while of their number falls

A victim smote—some mope—some mutterings blend;

Some dance and sing amid the hissing balls,

Some with hyæna yells the welkin rend,

And drivelling idiots cry while warriors fierce contend.

XXVI.

“Glorious resistance! See—the French recede;

To far Pamplona o’er the plain they pass.

Heroic town! not vainly thou dost bleed,

For thou art free, though all one bruiséd mass.

No monument of marble or of brass

Can rival, sufferer, thy eternal fame!

Nor ’mongst thy patriots be forgotten Sass,

The hero-priest who to the dying came

Now with the Host, and now against the foe took aim!

XXVII.

“Nor dauntless Manuela be unsung,

Who when her townsmen from the battery fled,

With burning linstock to the rampart sprung,

And mounting on the cannon vowed till dead

Ne’er through the siege to leave its Gorgon head.

Penthesiléa not more beautiful!

Nor thou, Burita, sprung from noblest bed,

And delicate as fair—of courage full—

’Mid showering shot and shell, as Hebe bountiful!

XXVIII.

“And, gallant Palafox, let bright-eyed Fame

Thy praise resound, whom nought could turn or bend;

For when no mandate but the word of shame

‘Capitulation!’ France would deign to send,

‘War to the knife!’ thy answer straight was penned.

Worthy was all the heroic times of old.

And monks were seen a warlike arm to lend,

And cloistered sisters the cartouche to mould.

Though History rend each page, this, this shall be enrolled!

XXIX.

“Her tercios Aragon, the Catalan

His bold Somátenés equipped for war.

Spain’s arméd peasants all her fields o’erran,

But strife amongst the chiefs too oft a bar,

And Valour weak indiscipline doth mar.

At Rio Seco see the furious charge

Of France’s chivalry like Aias’ car

Mow thousands down beside the streamlet’s marge,

While o’er the affrighted plain their broken lines enlarge.

XXX.

“But Vengeance comes! Beneath Morena’s shade,

At Baylen see on Andaluzan plains

Where sinks Dupont by olive-circled glade

And deep ravine where blood like water rains,

And wears his mighty host dishonouring chains.

Castaños, Reding, bright your laurels shine,

While prostrate ’neath your arm the Gaul remains;

But, ah, perfidious snares your glory mine,

And butchery stains the steel which Conquest lit divine,

XXXI.

“See—see, the Intrusive King o’er Ebro flies,

In pale affright by Baylen’s victory driven;

But tall Pyrene’s bulwarks o’er him rise,

A shield impregnable to despots given.

Dissolve, dissolve that towering rampart, Heaven!

And aid our vengeful spear to hurl him back.

By Spain’s right arm be Spain’s rude fetters riven.

Our warriors move—of zeal there is no lack.

The Invaders feel their ire, like gathering thunder black.

XXXII.

“And hangs upon their skirt with fierce annoy

The mountain Guerrillero tiger-springing,

The Chapelchurri burning to destroy,

From heights around Bilbaö vengeance winging,

The Chapelgorri with his musket ringing,

A dearer Chacolin—the Frenchman’s blood—

Thirsting to pour, the rich libation flinging

O’er crag and spray—their dainty flesh the food

Of vulture screaming fierce, and kite, and raven’s brood.

XXXIII.

“But weak the impulse, uncombined the assault;

Divisions, jealousies, our councils blight.

Too oft on Victory’s field our leaders halt,

And leave unplucked the fruit that gleams in sight:

Oh, that our men had Chiefs to lead them right.

In vain! France rallies through the land once more.

Our peasant warriors gather to the fight,

But compact serried legions gall them sore.

The soiled Escorial holds the Usurper as before!

XXXIV.

“To Albion now Hesperia turns her eyes;

Though bloodshot all and weeping, proud her gaze;

For still her spirit doth unconquered rise,

And still she struggles to the world’s amaze.

Swift Albion answers to the call we raise,

And sends to aid our arms a gallant host.

Around her swords the light triumphant plays

Of many a field where perished Gallia’s boast,

And see her fleet descend on Lusitania’s coast.

XXXV.

“For vain, too, there hath Gaul her efforts found.

Our kinsmen scorn to wear a foreign chain.

Indignantly they rise their Tyrants round,

And bear the Freeman’s threatening port, like Spain.

But feeble, too, the bands of Lusitain

’Gainst veteran cohorts battling all through life.

Great Arthur comes from England to maintain

Thy contest, Liberty. With ardour rife

His warriors reach the shore, and gird them for the strife.

XXXVI.

“Upon thy beauteous banks, Mondégo, where

The cry of murdered Iñez lingers still,

And faithful Pedro’s grief the breeze doth bear

In many a sigh from fair Coimbra’s hill,

There Albion’s heroes land. Rude blasts and chill

Blow from the Atlantic. On Boarcos’ crags

Full many a soldier perisheth. But will

Indomitable their’s—nor Lusia lags;

Priest, student, peasant, crowd ’neath azure-crimson flags.

XXXVII.

“Hark to the footfall fierce and measured tread

Of Britain’s legions o’er the affrighted ground,

While martial music’s stirring voice is shed,

Enthusiast Valour waking at the sound.

Trombone and cornet make the heart to bound,

The deep bassoon and clarion shrill afar

Their echoes send—the mellow horn around

Gives softer notes, ring fifes their merry bar,

And rolls the doubling drum to stimulate the War.

XXXVIII.

“Roriça, hail! Vimièiro, blest thy sod!

For there the might of France is hurled to dust.

The robber-host is victory-smote by God.

Junot retires with all his spoils unjust,

But sated once for aye his gory lust!

And other fields by England’s might are tried,

In Heaven and in her arm reposing trust.

Corunna’s heights see crushed the Gaulish pride,

But sad the victory gained where Moore heroic died.

XXXIX.

“And rushed great Arthur to the field again,

And conquest o’er his helm unceasing played.

On many a dire, tremendous battle plain

The eagle-crest of Gallia low he laid,

The arms allied in all triumphant made.

My soul doth grow more tranquil—blame him not,

If ruffian-soldiers’ deeds his laurels shade;

Too oft in Victory justice is forgot,

Too oft are arméd men like fiends when passion’s hot.

XL.

“Oh Death in battle! Glory thou art called,

When stirred the fervent blood to seething strife;

But Man prefers thee peaceful coffined, palled,

And shudders unprepared to yield The Life;

For, oh, with terror the dark shore is rife!

Who in precipitate Death would choose to miss

The pillow tended by the loving wife,

The dying hand stretched forth to her to kiss,

The last words whispered low, surviving Memory’s bliss!

XLI.

“That word recalls, my girls, your mother dead,

And brings to these weak eyes a sacred tear.

Belov’d Juana! round thy honoured head

Celestial glory beams, yet, oh, look here,

And shed protection o’er thy children dear!”

Salustian ceased—he kist the foreheads pure

Of both his weeping daughters, Carlos near

Impatient stood, his eyes with ceaseless lure

Tow’rds the lance-casement drawn, where Morn’s first glimmerings pour.

XLII.

A day of terror to a night of gloom

Succeedeth; light reveals no glimpse of joy.

But rends the Sun the veil from living tomb,

To show how swift can ruffians armed destroy.

Thy treasures, San Sebastian, a decoy,

Thy household gods are shivered into dust!

Nor yet upon thy fell invaders cloy

Barbarian violence and Rapine’s lust.

The thunder-storm hath ceased—but, Heaven, thy arm is just!

XLIII.

“Thou wilt not go—thou wilt not, Carlos, leave

“Thy Isidora’s side—thy life expose.

“What boots their plunder? ’Tis for thee I grieve,

“Alone—unaided, amongst ruffian foes.

“Father, I dread the worst if Carlos goes.”

But Carlos kist her tenderly, and said:

“No danger fear, mi alma, blushful rose!

“I will be careful for thy sake—this head

“Bright Heaven is sure to shield—an Angel I would wed!”

XLIV.

Don Carlos wended to Salustian’s home;—

A smouldering heap of ruins met his gaze!

And rifled remnants of that noble dome

Drunk grenadiers transported through the blaze.

Oh, who shall paint his horror and amaze!

He took by the throat the first who crost his path.

Red bayonets flashed beneath the autumnal rays;

But buckled to his side a sword he hath,

And many a victim falls a prey to Carlos’ wrath.

XLV.

Now thronged the soldiery, and Carlos prest

By numbers fought full long with valour rare;

Till faint and bleeding from his wounded breast,

He gained once more the mute Cathedral square.

But, ah, the bloodhounds tracked him to his lair,

And forced an entrance to the sacred pile.

His blood doth guide them up the belfry stair.

They reach the door—they burst it in—the while

Young Isidora screams, and laugh those demons vile.

XLVI.

Grey-haired Salustian feebly snatched a sword,

And Carlos strove to lift—but falls his hand.

Clasped to her breast the maiden her adored,

And wildly shrieking Isabel doth stand,

Nor for her clamour cared the ruthless band.

They charged impetuous, as the breach were still

Before them—fell that chieftain in the land,

Salustian, piercéd—Carlos they did kill

In Isidora’s arms, where spouts a crimson rill!

XLVII.

Fell to the ground his corse—the maiden stood,

Like Horror’s statue, chained unto the floor.

Flowed round her lovely feet a stream of blood,

New reeking monsters reeled in at the door.

Hell glared i’ their drunken glance. An instant more,

And Honour’s soul had perished. In their eyes

She reads her doom. A fiend through slippery gore

Advanced—in front the casement open lies.

She leaps—Archangels weep at Virtue’s sacrifice!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VIII.

For the long series of historical incidents, of which this Canto records only as much as appears to come within the province of poetry, the reader is referred to the Histories of Napier and Southey, and to Thiers’s Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, as well as to the work of Foy, which will bear comparison with any of those mentioned.

With regard to Godoy’s character and conduct, I have read most carefully his Mémoires published some years back in Paris; but to many of the statements in that book it is impossible to give credit, and to the view which I have taken of his career in this and the last Canto I cannot but strongly adhere.

Foy thus describes him and the Royal family of Spain:—

“On vit Godoy s’élancer de la couche adultère de la reine aux premiers grades de la milice, à la présidence des conseils, au gouvernement absolu de la paix et de la guerre. * * Le roi d’Espagne n’avait pas quarante mils soldats en Europe. Ses arsenaux étaient dégarnis, son trésor était vide. Les dons patriotiques arrivèrent de toutes part. La Catalogne demanda à se lever en masse. Les provinces de Biscaye et de Navarre firent des appels à la population. Les grands seigneurs accoururent à la tête de leurs vassaux. Les moines arrivèrent enrégimentés. Des bandes de contrebandiers, oubliant leurs démêlés habituels avec le gouvernement, demandèrent à combattre les ennemis du trône et de l’autel. Tous les états, tous les rangs voulurent vaincre ou mourir pour la patrie. Quel parti tira le gouvernement espagnol de tant de dévouement? * * Le général des Franciscains offrit de marcher à la tête de dix mille moines. Le duc d’Albe et deux autres seigneurs voulurent lever dix mille hommes à leurs frais. Le chapitre de Toléde offrit vingt-cinq millions de réaux. Le clergé parcourait les villages le crucifix à la main.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre. Pénin. liv. iv.) All was useless. “Aucun exploit, aucune vertu, n’honorèrent sa jeunesse, il n’avait pas tiré l’épée pendant la guerre. Il ne montra pendant la paix ni talent dans les conseils, ni détermination dans le gouvernement.” (Ibid.)

A curious parallel for the fortune of Godoy, and for the popular hatred which he excited, is to be found in Horace:—

Ibericis peruste funibus latus,

Licèt superbus ambules pecuniâ,

Fortuna non mutat genus.

Videsne, sacram metiente te viam,

Cum bis ter ulnarum togâ,

Ut ora vertat huc et huc euntium

Liberrima indignatio?

“Arat Falerni mille fundi jugera,

“Et Appiam mannis terit;

“Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques,

“Othone contempto, sedet!”

Epod. iv.

Menas, Pompey’s freedman, and Augustus’s Tribune, a double and impartial traitor, to whom this ode was addressed, was the Godoy of ancient Rome.

The Massacre of Madrid on the memorable Second of May did not happily involve so much bloodshed as for a long period had been imagined. The exaggeration common to all countries in commemorating their patriotic struggles, and especially so in the Peninsula, had fully quadrupled the number of martyrs who fell upon that occasion. Recent minute inquiries have confirmed the statement of Napier that the entire number of the Madrid population slain in this massacre did not exceed 200. The real name of the “Daïz” in the text was Daoiz. The shootings subsequent to the street massacre took place, as I have recorded them, under circumstances which in Spain were necessarily regarded as of excessive atrocity, the denial of the assistance of clergy, which by Frenchmen was lightly considered, being in Spanish eyes the acmé of horrors. The supposed miraculous appearances in the Northern provinces are derived from Foy’s History.

For the circumstances of the rising which followed throughout Spain the reader is referred to Napier and to Southey, whose description of the Siege of Zaragoza I have followed because it is the more poetical, although I cannot refrain from remarking that it is disfigured by occasional passages of exaggeration and bombast not altogether worthy of an historical work.

The state of political knowledge in Spain at the period of the French invasion may be inferred from the character of the questions treated by their publicists. An old Spanish political writer, held in the greatest esteem down to that period, D. Diego Saavedra Faxardo, formally discusses this thesis: Whether is it better for a prince to delegate his authority to one or many? and concludes in favour of delegation to a single person, for the following reason, stated in his own words: “That the King is the image of the sun, and when the sun disappears from the horizon, he leaves to one only, the moon, and not to several, the care of presiding over the night!” The political work from which this morçeau is extracted was composed for the instruction of the Prince of the Asturias, who afterwards became Carlos II. It was long the French system to keep Spain in this state of pupillage. Choiseul, the ablest minister of France during the 18th century, said that he was more certain of his preponderance in the cabinet of Madrid than in that of Versailles! He said this in the reign of Carlos III., the ablest of the Spanish Bourbons. Up to the end of the last century, France was the planet, and Spain the satellite.

The first era of the Peninsular campaigns comprised our two first victories of Roriça and Vimieiro, more intrinsically glorious perhaps, than any of their successors, but rendered futile in their consequences by the mistaken generosity of concession which characterized the Convention of Cintra.

The second period of the War was commenced by the battle of Talavera, previously to which Wellington found the Spanish General Cuesta equally unmanageable, stubborn, and foolishly arrogant, as the Portuguese General showed himself on the eve of the battle of Roriça which commenced the first period of the War. In both cases the results were the same. After a great deal of vapouring about “doing the business themselves and not needing British assistance,” both worthies retired, leaving the sole and undivided honour of each day to the genius and fortune of Wellington. In the preliminary combat of Alcabon, the Spanish division (4,000 infantry, 2,000 horse, and 8 guns) scampered off from before the French, and it was manifest that they could not be depended on. Wellington was therefore determined that they should withdraw to Talavera, where there was strong ground suited for defence, on which alone the Spaniards were likely to make a stand. Cuesta boastingly replied that “he would fight where he stood.” The 27th, at daylight, the British General renewed his solicitations, at first fruitlessly; but when the enemy’s cavalry came in sight, Cuesta sullenly yielded, yet turning to his staff with frantic pride observed that “he had first made the Englishman go down on his knees!” (Napier, Hist. W. P. b. viii. c. 2.) In the next preliminary combat of Salinas, the Spanish army to the number of 11,000 men (including artillery) threw down their arms, and ran away, declaring that the Allies were entirely routed! It might have been so but that their example was despised. Thus undivided glory was thrust upon Wellington; and ever after the part which the Spaniards took was very subordinate.

After the battle of Talavera, the Spaniards were shamefully defeated (having regard to the truth of History it is impossible to use any other expression) by the French in two successive actions—those of Arzobispo and Almonacid, at both of which they threw down their arms and ran, and in the latter were slaughtered in thousands—a result partly attributable to the bad conduct of the men and partly to the bad guiding of their commander, Cuenca, whose character was a concentration of all the worst possible qualities of a General. “King” Joseph, who had retreated after the battle of Baylen, now returned to Madrid. Embarrassed by these disasters, by the perfidious withholding of supplies, by the perpetual crossing and opposition of the Spanish juntas, which like those of Portugal, instead of an aid, were for ever a thorn in the side of their Liberator, Wellington, in the face of an overwhelming French force, took the resolution of retiring into Portugal. The conduct of the Spaniards may be best estimated from his own words, stating his reasons for declining again to co-operate with them:

“But there was a more shameful consideration, namely, the constant and shameful misbehaviour of the Spanish troops before the enemy. We in England never hear of their defeats and flights, but I have heard Spanish officers telling of nineteen or twenty actions of the description of that at the bridge of Arzobispo, accounts of which, I believe, have never been published. * * * In the battle of Talavera, in which the Spanish army, with very trifling exception, was not engaged—whole corps threw away their arms, and ran off, when they were neither attacked nor threatened with an attack. When these dastardly soldiers run away, they plunder everything they meet. In their flight from Talavera they plundered the baggage of the British army, which was at that moment bravely engaged in their cause.”

When Wellington came to this resolution to retire into Portugal, he was at the head of only 17,000 British troops of all arms; the “terror-stricken Spaniards” were literally an incumbrance. (Napier, Hist. W. P. b. viii. c. 5.) Our troops, through the faithlessness of their allies, were almost starving, and they were confronted by 70,000 French! The wonder is that they were not utterly and immediately crushed by the latter. But Soult was the only great General then amongst the French commanders; and the promptness is as much to be admired as the prudence with which Wellington retired into Portugal.

The Spanish army made some miserable attempts after this at independent action against the French, which ended four months after the battle of Talavera in the disastrous battle of Ocaña, one of the most frightful routs recorded in history, where the whole Spanish army of more than 50,000 men was destroyed, having 5000 killed and wounded, and leaving 26,000 prisoners, 45 pieces of artillery, 30,000 muskets, and 3000 horses and beasts of burden in the hands of the enemy! The French lost but 1700 men, killed and wounded; and I must do them the justice of saying that no exploit of ours in the Peninsula equalled this in its numerical results; for God forbid that I should obscure the glory of an enemy or gloss over the misconduct of an ally. The rest of the Spanish army was subsequently defeated at Alba de Tormes, which closed the campaigns of 1809.

These scattering and consuming thunderbolts opened the eyes of the Spaniards at last to the value of the British alliance, and threw the defence of the Peninsula entirely into those heroic hands, by which it was so brilliantly completed. The soldiery of Spain acted thenceforth a subordinate part, and the boast after the battle of Baylen, “We will not need the services of you Ingleses—we will escort you home through France, but you will not have to strike a blow!” was not again repeated. For six months of the next year (till Wellington re-appeared on the scene) they continued their despairing efforts against the French, but with uniform defeat and failure. No fitting leaders appeared, and the efforts of the people were worse than useless.

The third era of the Peninsular campaigns commenced with the third invasion of Portugal by the French army, which was this time commanded by Massena. The battle of Busaco was the great event of the commencement of this campaign. This powerful check was for the time successful, but unable long to control a far superior force, and the British army fell back within the lines of Torres Vedras. Massena arrived in front of them, and made prodigious efforts to pass. But this triumph of Wellington’s genius, and marvel of engineering and strategic skill, was impregnable to all assaults, and was at once the salvation of Portugal and the ultimate means of rescuing Spain from the Invader. Emerging from his unassailable redoubt, Wellington at last pursued the French beyond the frontier, and defeated them on the Spanish soil in battle, action, and assault, from Salamanca to Vitoria, from Vitoria to the Pyrenees.

One can laugh at this distance of time at the monstrosities written about these memorable struggles by French nobles and generals. Thus Foy has the coolness to say of the relative numbers at Vimieiro, “Les Anglois étaient deux contre un par rapport aux Français!” (Hist. Guerre. Pénins., livre ix.) He further denies that it was a battle at all. “Ils n’étaient pas desireux de changer un avantage défensif bien caractérisé en une bataille dont le succès leur paraissait incertain!” (Ibid.)

The political sagacity and military skill of Wellington not only maintained his position in the face of overwhelming difficulties, but speedily took the offensive. The co-operation of (Lord) Beresford, who was placed over the Portuguese army, organized by the genius of Wellington, and led by British officers, must not be overlooked. Massena was forced to retreat from Portugal; and as he passed the border-line of the two Peninsular countries, Wellington followed victorious and menacing, having achieved what at first appeared utterly vain to attempt. The battle of Fuentes de Onoro ensued, the French were forced to evacuate the fortress of Almeida, and then followed a long career of victory to the British arms, which was uninterrupted till our triumphant entry into Toulouse, and the news of Napoléon’s abdication.

The allusion in this Canto to the Basque Guerrillas needs a word of explanation. The Chapelgorris and Chapelchurris are distinguishing names of the Basque mountain peasantry, derived from the colour of their caps. Chacolin is the thin, sour wine of the district. During the late Carlist war, a considerable degree of romantic interest attached to these peasantry for the keenness of their partisan admixture in the strife. One of the most famous events in the Carlist struggle was the siege of Bilbao, which was raised by the Cristino General Cordova, and where the most famous of modern Guerrilleros, Zumalacarregui, received his death-wound. Had this most energetic of the Carlist Generals lived, the war might have had a very different termination. It was he, who, on the wretchedly unprovided state of his men as to arms being remarked to him, pointing to the muskets in the Cristino battalions, said, “There are their arms!” and contrived to arm them very respectably by stripping the Cristinos in repeated brilliant surprises. The circumstances of this rude but powerful hero’s death are recorded in the Cristino song:

Ya vienen Chapelchurris

Con corneta y clarin,

Para entrar en Bilbao

A beber chacolin.

Mal chacolin tuvieron,

Y dia tan fatal,

Que con la borrachera

Se murió el general!

I.  “’Twas fraud and treason her destruction doomed.”

Rancorous Despite,

Disloyal Treason and heart-burning Hate.

Spenser, Fairy Queen.

IV.  “The sword
Which mighty Carlos at Pavía won,
The puny Ferdinand to France restored.”

Ὦ σπέρμ’ Ἀχιλλέως, τἄλλα μὲν πάρεστί σοι

Πατρῷ’ ἑλέσθαι τῶν δ’ ὅπλων κείνων ἀνὴρ

Ἄλλος κρατύνει νυν, ὁ Λαέρτου γόνος.—

Soph. Philoct. 364.

“Oh, born of Achilles! the rest of what pertained to thy father thou mayst take; but these arms another now possesses—Laertes’ son!” Such was the answer of Ulysses to Neoptolemus, when the latter sought the arms of Achilles, and such should have been the reply of Ferdinand to Napoléon.

VII.  “And when the Nation woke, ’twas in a glare of light.”

See Wordsworth’s “Convention of Cintra.”

X.  “Castile, unconquered Aragon, Navarre,” &c.

Com esta voz Castella alevantada

Suas forças ajunta para as guerras,

De varias regioens, e varias terras.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 7.

XVI.  “His strangled carcase on Domingos’ plain,” &c.

——φρόνησον ...

Ὡς νῷν ἀπεχθὴς δυσκλεής τ’ ἀπώλετο.

Soph. Antig. 49.

“Remember, how he perished odious and infamous!”

XXVII.  “Nor dauntless Manuela be unsung * *
Nor thou, Burita, sprung from noblest bed.”

These heroines were by no means singular in their courage and constancy, at that eventful era. Blanca is, I trust, no inaccurate type of that multitude of heroic women who sprang up in all parts of Spain during the Peninsular War, who rose superior to the weakness of their sex in the face of invasion and its attendant horrors, and who resembled more the Antigones than the Ismenes of ancient history. It was theirs to falsify the familiar reproach:

——γυνὴ γὰρ τἄλλα μὲν φόβου πλέα,

Κακή τ’ ἐς ἀλκὴν, καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾷν.

Eurip. Med. 266.

“For Woman is full of fear, and weak for the combat and at sight of steel.” The heroic plebeian Maid of Zaragoza, and the not less heroic patrician, Burita, were not of Ismene’s way of thinking, which is nevertheless expressed with beautiful feminine propriety (for common occasions):—

Ἀλλ’ ἐννοεῖν χρὴ τοῦτο μὲν, γυναῖχ’ ὅτι

Ἔφυμεν, ὡς πρὸς ἄνδρας οὐ μαχουμένα.

Soph. Antig. 61.

“But it is meet we think on this—that we are women, and unequal to contend with men.” They rather said with Antigone:—

——σοὶ δ’ εἰ δοκεῖ,

Τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἔντιμ’ ἀτιμάσασ’ ἔχε. * *

Ἀλλ’ ἔα με, καὶ τὴν ἐξ ἐμοῦ δυσβουλίαν.

Ib. 95.

“Do thou, if so to thee seem fit, despise that which the Gods deem holiest. * * But suffer me and my rashness!”

XXVIII.  “And cloistered sisters the cartouche to mould.”

O! decus, o! sacrâ fœmina digna domo!

Ovid. Fast. vi. 810.

“Though History rend each page, this, this shall be enrolled!”

See Wordsworth’s “Convention of Cintra.”

XXIX.  “See the furious charge
Of France’s chivalry, like Aias’ car,
Mow thousands down.”

Αἴας δὲ Τρώεσσιν ἐπάλμενος εἷλε Δόρυκλον κ. τ. λ.

Ὣς ἔφεπε κλονέων πεδίον τότε φαίδιμος Αἴας

Δαΐζων ἵππους τε καὶ ἀνέρας.

Hom. Il. xi. 489.

XXXVI.  “Upon thy beauteous banks, Mondego, where,” &c.

As filhas do Mondego a morte escura

Longo tempo chorando memoraram;

E por memoria eterna, em fonte pura

As lagrimas choradas transformaram:

O nome lhe pozeram, que ainda dura,

Dos amores de Ignez, que alli passaram.

Vede que fresca fonte rega as flores,

Que lagrimas são a agua, e o nome amores.

Camóens, Lus. iii. 135.

XXXVIII.  “But sad the victory gained where Moore heroic died.”

See the clear and affecting account of Sir John Moore’s last moments, by the present Lord Hardinge, annexed to Mr. Moore’s Narrative.

XL.  “The pillow tended by the loving wife,” &c.

See the beautiful speech of Andromache over the body of Hector:—

Οὐ γάρ μοι θνήσκων λεχέων ἐκ χεῖρας ὄρεξας·

Οὐδέ τί μοι εἶπες πυκινὸν ἔπος, οὗτέ κεν αἰεὶ

Μεμνήμην νύκτας τε καὶ ἤματα δακρυχέουσα.

Hom. Il. xxiv. 743.

XLIII.  “Thou wilt not go—thou wilt not, Carlos, leave,” &c.

Clyt.   Ποῦ σ’ αὖθις ὀψόμεθα; ποῦ χρή μ’ ἀθλίαν

Ἐλθοῦσαν εὑρεῖν σὴν χὲρ’, ἐπίκουρον κακῶν;

Achil.   Ἡμεῖς σε φύλακες, οὗ χρεὼν, φυλάσσομεν.

Clyt.   “Where shall we again behold thee? Whither must I
wretched go to find thy protecting hand?”

Achil.   “We will guard you, when it is needful.”

Eurip. Iphig. in Aul. 1026.

“No danger fear, mi alma, blushful rose!”

Nè te, Altamoro, entro al pudico letto,

Potuto ha ritener la sposa amata.

Pianse, percosse il biondo crine e ’l petto,

Per distornar la tua fatale andata.

“Dunque (dicia) crudel, più che’l mio aspetto

“Del mar l’orrida faccia a te fia grata?

“Fian l’arme al braccio tuo più caro peso,

“Che’l picciol figlio ai dolci scherzi inteso?”

Tasso, Gerus. Lib. xvii. 26.

XLVII.  “She leaps—Archangels weep at Virtue’s sacrifice!”

Ὦ τύμβος, ὦ νυμφεῖον, ὦ κατασκαφὴς,

Οἴκησις αἰείφρουρος * * κάκιστα δὴ μακρῷ

Κάτειμι, πρίν μοι μοῖραν ἐξήκειν βίου.

Soph. Antig. 891.

“Oh sepulchre, oh bridal bed, oh earth-dug everlasting dwelling!—by the worst of deaths I perish before the allotted day.”

I visited in September last the principal historical scenes recorded in this Canto—the Castle at Bayonne where Napoléon filched the crown with such sinister dexterity from the old King, as well as from Ferdinand VII.; the fine fortress at Badajoz where the miserable Godoy was born; the museum of Armoin at Madrid, where, alas, the sword of Francis the First surrendered at Pavía, is not; and the monument in the Prado, erected to the memory of the victims who fell on the Dos de Maio. I had previously visited the fields of Roriça and Vimieiro, and made more than one pilgrimage to Corunna.

The name of the Maid of Zaragoza (in contradiction to all English writers) I have fixed, upon Spanish authority, as Manuela Sanchez.

IBERIA WON.

Canto IX.

I.

A youthful Chieftain’s form as Phœbus fair

An instant filled the door—then forward rushed:—

“Back, villains, nor with deeds of carnage dare

To stain the arms that late the Gaul have crushed!

Not men, but demons—where the life-blood gushed

Of all her tribe, this maiden would ye harm?”

’Twas Nial! ’Neath his glance was instant hushed

Each caitiff’s heart. With ill-disguised alarm,

They skulk aloof in awe. Such god-like Virtue’s charm!

II.

He takes the trembling maiden by the hand,

Where huddled in a corner, nigh to swoon,

Shuddering and paralysed, she scarce doth stand,

And ill divineth what a priceless boon

Hath Nial brought her that he came so soon!

For ruffian violence her charms had eyed,

And forward rushed to stain that peerless Moon,

As Nial entered. Better in her pride

A million-fold to have like Isidora died!

III.

But Heaven, I ween, had sent the gallant youth

To rescue Innocence in that dread hour,

And show transcendent courage, manhood, truth

O’er hell-born passion’s momentary power!

He seized her hand—at first from him, her tower

Of strength in peril, she withdrew in fear;

But in his eyes she looked, and when the flower

Of generous youth and beauty stood so near,

Her awe dissolved—her face was bright ’mid many a tear.

IV.

As vines their tendrils curl round sturdy elms,

As delicate flowers their heads bend to the sun,

As ivy twines round oak in forest realms,

As jasmine soft doth o’er the trellis run:

So Isabel her soul doth throw upon

Young Nial’s arm, reposing fearless there.

His hero-heart her confidence hath won.

So brave, so kind he looks that even Despair

His presence flies, and blood less direful hues doth wear.

V.

He spoke brief words—but deep, consoling, tender;

Iberia’s language War’s quick ear had taught;

His thrilling voice new confidence doth lend her,

But tow’rds the floor her eyes an instant brought

Sent back the flood of agonizing thought.

And wild she cried, and frantic was her wail;

And shuddering she nigh fell, till Nial caught

The bruiséd lambkin in his arms, and pale

He bore her through the door, and fanned her in the gale.

VI.

Full slowly she revived, and Nial then

An instant left her in the outer air,

While to the chamber he returned again,

And made her butchered kindred next his care.

Joy! joy! Salustian upright sits, and spare

Thy talons, Death, one victim: deep his wound,

But yet not perilous. Nial straight doth tear

His sash away, and swathe it firmly round

Salustian’s side, the blood he staunched, the gash he bound.

VII.

Salustian deeply groaned:—“Would I had died,

Would Heaven that I had died this fatal hour!

Where are my girls—my girls? Oh God,” he cried,

“One dashed to pieces—in the villains’ power

The other—Slay me! Hellhounds, all devour

That owns me. Slay me! Oh, in mercy slay.

Yet I’ll not leave my daughter sweet, my flower

Of Beauty in their claws. Kites, Kites, I say,

Where, hellkites, is my girl? My sword your lust shall stay?”

VIII.

He scrambled to his feet, then to his knees

Fell weakly; but with sword convulsive grasped,

And energy tremendous, Nial sees

Him drag his body o’er the floor, which rasped

His blade in dire excitement, while he gasped

With nostril panting. Nial’s hand in vain

His movement bars, till Isabel is clasped

In her wild father’s arms, who shrieks amain,

Frantic with joy to think her Honour without stain!

IX.

And told young Isabel the debt she owed

To Nial’s care, which soothed the old man much,

And tears for his relief abundant flowed,

Though thought of Isidora made him clutch

His sword again. Oh villains, it might touch

Your stony hearts, e’en your’s that did this wrong,

To see its dire effect. Methinks, not such

Are England’s men. I ween that ye belong

To some base mongrel breed, against the helpless strong.

X.

And Nial’s gentle voice the old man’s ear

Like music enters. Slowly he doth rise,

And ’neath the hero’s guidance without fear

Father and daughter, yet with many sighs,

A step advance. In vain Salustian tries

The turret to descend—his wound too deep.

A litter Nial’s active zeal supplies;

And careful borne adown the turret steep,

Salustian soon within young Nial’s tent doth weep.

XI.

While Britain’s columns fierce assault the town,

Rages terrific strife without the wall;

The elements with fierce, o’ershadowing frown

Dashed through Pyrene’s wind-compelling hall,

And storm within and storm without appal!

The noble Soult of nobler Moore the foe,

Of San Sebastian strove to avert the fall;

And now Behobia’s broken arch below

By Biriatú he threats the Bidasoa’s flow.

XII.

At Andarlása craggy mount and moor

Girding the rapid stream forbid its verge;

But Oyarzún not yet may sleep secure.

’Twixt Jaizquibel and crested Haya urge

His fiery columns straining to emerge.

See on the crownéd heights our forces rest.

Zugáramurdi, Echallar a dirge

May roar for him who dares the eagle’s nest.

Great Arthur guards the pass with high, heroic breast.

XIII.

Not his the blame for San Sebastian’s deeds;

Upon the mountain-peaks he guides the war.

No warning voice the ravening soldier heeds,

And battling rides the Chief revered afar.

To Fuentarabia’s walls our legions bar

The French approach, and Bidasoa runs

Round tall San Marcial’s foot their path to mar;

And Spain hath banded there her warrior sons,

While o’er the river’s edge France points her thunderous guns.

XIV.

By Biriatú now Reille the river fords,

And climbs San Marcial with his fierce brigades,

But tangled furze and copse impede their swords.

Confusion mixes skirmishers and aids;

The mountain steep their forceful vigour jades;

And dashing down its sides Spain’s columns rush.

Before that charge the might of Jena fades.

As reeds are swept beneath the torrent’s gush,

So headlong falls the Frank, and feels subjection’s blush.

XV.

But rapid Soult who notes the unequal fight

O’er Bidasoa’s stream two bridges throws

On barks securely moored and trestles light,

And, quick, Villatte’s reserves their fronts disclose.

O’er bridge and mount they fly to face their foes.

San Marcial’s sides they climb, his shrine they gain.

Thy line, Castile, an instant backward goes.

But up great Arthur rides—the sons of Spain

Recall their strength, and hurl the foemen to the plain.

XVI.

For ’neath that mighty Chief’s commanding eye

Impossible to sink or droop or quail.

And Aylmer’s British-born brigade is nigh

To baffle France if, Spain, thy sons should fail.

A loud Castilian shout doth rend the gale,

Acknowledging the Hero’s presence there.

Full swift the Gaul is dashed into the vale,

Urged to the brink of Bidasoa fair;

And drowned or slaughtered sink the victims of despair.

XVII.

Soult from the summit of the Grand Monarque

(For sight in mountain war is baffled oft,

And loftiest points befit the leader’s mark)

Beheld the dreadful rout and mourned aloft;

Then urged his columns onward, gliding soft

To Vera’s fords, his loud artillery’s roar

Covering the stream. Our men derisive scoft

To see his shells descend destructive o’er

His own astounded troops, their ranks molesting sore.

XVIII.

Ill brooks the Frenchman withering laughter’s scorn:

The Lusitan brigade they swift assail,

Whose head by rapid fire is backward borne.

With wondrous fleetness mounting from the vale,

Rough Haya’s slopes the active foemen scale.

But Inglis’ columns now the skirmish join,

And soon Clausel is on the English trail.

’Mid Haya’s dells and lofty ridges shine

For many an hour their fires along each broken line.

XIX.

Joy! joy! the battle to the Frenchward side

Is proudly borne, and pass Kempt’s rifles keen

O’er Bidasoa’s stream, where swift they glide,

In modest garments all of darkest green—

A hue for special service chos’n, I ween,

For England loves the daring and the frank.

In brightest red her columns robed are seen,

A mark inviting like the target’s blank;

And fair her mind is spoke, and fair her battle’s rank!

XX.

Kempt holds Lesaca, and the chain’s complete

From Santa Barbara now to Haya’s crest.

Clausel beholds the movement of defeat,

And dreads to tempt the battle further west.

Hill threatens D’Erlon at his Chief’s behest.

Dalhousie, Colville gall the Gallic line;

Girón’s Castilians aim at Conroux’ breast;

The Lusitan battalion’s bayonets shine;

And swift the French are forced their stronghold to resign.

XXI.

See blaze their camp in fires terrific whirled

By rising tempest-blasts along the sky;

Tent, abatís, redoubt, and breastwork hurled

To ruin far and near—below—on high.

Red streams the fluttering canvass in the eye

Of that autumnal sun—fierce embers flare,

And strew the gale—fall blackening timbers nigh;

Pyrene’s sides reflect the lurid glare,

And myriad crackling sparks are borne upon the air.

XXII.

But now resounds the cannonade of Graham—

That direful torrent o’er the stormers’ heads—

And bids Soult pause. A moment grief o’ercame

The hero’s soul—almost a tear he sheds,

For ominous boding and profound he dreads

The noble city’s fall. Yet firm he stands,

And menacing the foe his phalanx treads

San Marcial’s sides, where still their blazing brands

And glittering points of steel are swayed by sturdy hands.

XXIII.

And now the direful storm that fell when San

Sebastian’s scarp was won the battle palls.

The tempest louder shouts than warring man;

San Marcial’s voice on Haya echoing calls,

And rattles Jaizquibel his thunder-balls,

Mocking weak mortals, far along the sky.

Terrific lightnings o’er Pyrene’s walls

Flash like the swords of mountain spirits on high;

And halts the strife of Man—his pellets cease to fly.

XXIV.

Louder and louder grows the tempest’s voice.

From secular oak and pine huge branches riven

Are whirled through air by winds that fierce rejoice;

And trees for playthings to the blast are given,

As howls the whirlwind breath of angry Heaven!

And pettiest streams to cataracts are swelled,

And torrents dash adown the mountain driven;

While Druid stone and cairn are instant felled,

And boulders rolled along like pebbles are compelled.

XXV.

Dismayed and scattered fly the rival hosts,

Full many a Gaul in Bidasoa drowned;

But, ah, no respite San Sebastian boasts—

No truce proclaimed upon that fatal ground.

Still havoc, plunder, stalk the streets around,

Still bloodhounds bathe their sides in streaming gore!

No angel-voice to plead for mercy found,

No power to quell the fierce hyæna’s roar—

Even Hope doth seem to fly from that devoted shore!

XXVI.

Too dire the scenes that San Sebastian stain

To leave Salustian safe within its wall;

Young Isabel doth by his side remain

In Nial’s tent, and soothe his sorrows all,

But oft her face doth Isidor recall!

Before the old man from the tower descended,

Had Nial, fearful lest the sight appal

Their eyelids, moved the shattered corse and tended

Its hurried funeral, where no tear with his was blended.

XXVII.

But Blanca’s corse, her foster-sister fair,

Was borne with flowrets strewn to Isaro’s isle,

While snow-white banner trembled in the air

Above the bark where cold she lay the while,

To show her virgin spirit without guile!

And while her sisters of the oar with long

And pensive strokes, and thoughts that War revile,

In mournful pageant tame the waters strong,

The Island coast they round with low funereal song.

XXVIII.

And now with interest deep that hourly grew

To tenderest love doth Nial oft behold

Sweet Isabel, not formally to woo,

But drink unconsciously a bliss untold

From presence that his destiny doth mould!

Her figure light and graceful as gazelle,

Her eyes’ majestic orbs like starlight rolled,

Her nature gentle yet with witching spell

Of buoyant life, upon his kindred bosom fell.

XXIX.

And felt the maiden boundless gratitude

To him the saviour of herself and sire.

Love when he comes doth little there intrude,

With such devoted zeal she doth admire;

’Tis only kindling an intenser fire.

Neither had noted the delicious hour,

When mutual transport as in Heavenly choir

Their souls united; but the common power

They owned with one accord—of hearts the richest dower.

XXX.

She loved him with a deep idolatry,

So like a god he to her eyes doth seem,

Who came from demon-hate her soul to free,

Nor shorn at times of a Hypérion beam—

The very image of her virgin dream!

Like to those angel-visitants descending

To earthly loves in Time’s primeval gleam.

And Nial joys her beauty in defending,

And deems celestial charms were ne’er so sweetly blending.

XXXI.

And while the father ’neath the daughter’s care

Doth gather strength and resignation’s calm,

Young Nial to the grave doth pious bear

The corse of Carlos which their tears embalm.

And Morton low reposeth ’neath the palm

Of martyr-courage in the self-same grave.

Funereal rite was none nor dirge nor psalm;

But warriors mourned for them, the true and brave—

There sleep, young soldiers, well—for gallant souls ye gave!

XXXII.

And Nial wept his faithful comrade dead,

Like woman wept—nor blame his hero-soul,

For many a fervid kindness done and said

Rushed o’er his mind, and swept to memory’s goal,

Till tears in torrents gushed beyond controul.

Oh, tears are generous, noble! Tears became

Achilles’ cheek, when Death Patroclus stole;

His frame sharp anguish shook who shook the frame

Of Troy—nor, Nial, blush that thou didst weep the same!

XXXIII.

Three days, three nights, Sebastian’s sack went on;

And as in fire the earth will sink at last,

And fire avenge the deeds that then were done,

Through fiery scourge so San Sebastian past.

Raged o’er the town, urged by the Atlantic blast,

The red relentless flame, and to and fro

Swept like a desert courser, lurid cast

Its glare o’er Ocean, flashed above—below,

Till all was smouldering heaps of desolation, wo!

XXXIV.

Biscayan Nereids! fill your urns with tears;

With scent of gore the bloodhound’s on the trail.

Mourn, Uruméan Naiads, plunged in fears,

For shrieks portentous load the sighing gale

From virgins all dishevelled, lorn, and pale;

And stab and death-shot end what leers begin,

And strong men fall o’erpowered, and seniors frail

Are slaughtered with the babes of all their kin,

And vilest passions loosed—the Carnival of Sin!

XXXV.

Oh, spectral portent of Calamity!

Oh, ghost of violated Beauty smeared

With blood and fiery blackness. See it, see

Where War’s wild wave hath swept o’er homes endeared—

All, all by Havoc’s burning ploughshare seared!

An awful silence reigns, more horrid than

The late artillery’s roar—a trophy reared

To ruin in each street, that crimson ran.

A plague infects the air from piled, putrescent man!

XXXVI.

Ay, thousand corses, shroudless, graveless lie,

And flout Heaven’s nostril with their carrion hue.

The iron hail is scattered far and nigh,

And earth unnumbered fragments sadly strew:

Wrecked lares—torn apparel—arms that slew

Till butchery broke them, headgear, shell, and shot,

But ah! no living thing—yes, one I view—

A haggard maniac, crouched in loneliest spot.

The sole survivor he where slaughtered thousands rot!

XXXVII.

Nor war’s dread engines yet have done their worst,

For Mont’ Orgullo still by Rey is held;

And o’er that stronghold falls a doom accurst,

For ere he leave the Castle must be shelled.

Nine days of horror by our cannon knelled

Bring death to our own captives—on the tenth

When Honour, grisly demon’s voice is quelled

By glut of gore, he proudly yields at length,

Walks forth to beat of drum, and owns Britannia’s strength.

XXXVIII.

What art thou, Man, that mak’st a pride of strife,

A glory of the sufferings of thy kind?

That dar’st profanely sport with human life,

And ev’n in cruelty canst greatness find?

Oh, steeped in folly, oh, intensely blind,

And worshipping false Honour more than God,

Of beasts derided is thy boasted mind!

Fawn on thy gilded butchers, kiss the rod,

But deem not scenes like these have Heaven’s approving nod.

XXXIX.

Not these thy triumphs, England! Ne’er again

Thy soul shall covet save of Locrian power

And intellect the glory! Beaconing men

To happiness be thine—still Freedom’s tower,

Still making every scowling despot cower

By labouring mind alone! let Justice wrest

The axe from War, and give to man her dower.

Plant, plant the olive pure from East to West,

And bare not, save compelled, the sword ’gainst human breast!

XL.

Salustian quick regained his wonted strength,

Such strength as leaves the feebler tide of life,

And near Ernani—moved of moderate length

The journey—to a house with comforts rife,

His patrimony fair, where sound of strife

There comes not. Grassy slopes and orchards gay,

And sweetest daughter to replace a wife

Embalmed in deathless memory, fill the day

With gentlest exercise, and health resumes its sway.

XLI.

And Nial oft on fiery steed doth ride

O’er the brief space that sunders them, to mark

The old man’s progress. Oft bright eyes replied

In mutual glances blithe as song of lark

At each returning. Soft, though lustrous dark,

Beamed Isabel on Nial’s blue-eyed smile.

Salustian saw full clear the kindling spark,

Nor chid the flame that grew and spread the while,

Till Nial’s plighted troth was echoed without guile.

XLII.

Her soul was all absorbed in his—her life

Was cast, since meeting, in another mould.

The cloud or sunshine, calm repose or strife,

Must be together shared, the bliss untold

Or mortal grief must Fate for both unfold!

No thought her bosom entered but was Nial’s;

Self-consecrate to him, her champion bold—

His—his—though Destiny pour all its phials,

His—his ’mid love’s best joys or life’s acutest trials!

XLIII.

Now tranquilly beneath the autumnal sun,

Whose beams the mountain breezes tempered bland,

Salustian, Isabel from sorrow won

Full many an hour by wings angelic fanned;

And oft within their lawn doth Nial stand,

And pluck the golden apple from the bough,

Or cull grapes purple-clustering for the hand

Of Isabel—now plum or almond—now

The green and luscious fig, the peach with blushing brow.

XLIV.

And quiet smiled the old man, pleased to see

A pair so formed for mutual happiness,

So beautiful in different quality,

Whom destined wedlock’s bonds ere long to bless;

And as he feasted on their comeliness,

At thought of Carlos and of Isidor

A tear would gathering come—yet not the less

He poured on these his deep affection’s store;

But rather, centred thus, his spirit entwined them more.

XLV.

Now all his momentary ire had ceased

’Gainst Britain’s sons, whose high and generous hearts

Partook no stain of deeds which are the feast

Of felon-natures wielding Victory’s darts.

And when for war again young Nial starts,

Salustian gives his blessing: Isabel

With many a tear a treasured chain imparts

Of Isidora’s hair and her’s: “Twill dwell

Next to my heart,” he said, as sobbed the maid “Farewell!”

XLVI.

But, ah, the town Isaiah’s voice recals

When mourned the awful prophet Zion’s doom,

With battering nations camped around her walls,

Till flames devouring chase the midnight gloom.

Wo to thee, Ariel, wo, gigantic tomb!

The Lord of Hosts shall visit thee with storm

And thunder;—vengeful fires thy pride consume,

In gory dust is laid thy beauteous form,

And as a dream of night thy agonies shall swarm!

XLVII.

In after days, when Isidora long

Had slept the icy slumber of the dead,

The memory of her Beauty and her wrong

O’er her still honoured name a lustre shed;

And many a lover with her story fed

The tuneful echoes of Biscaya’s plain,

Told how all crimson ran her stony bed,

How passed to bliss the maiden without stain,

And thus her early doom preserved in simple strain:

The Basque Lily.

Mourn Cantabria’s lily fair,

Blooming soft like young Aurora;

Broken lies and bleeding there

Beauty’s flowret, Isidora!

Honour’s martyr-crown she prized

Life before and living splendour.

Ah, how fearfully disguised

Is that blossom once so tender.

Vascongada, mourn!

2

Ne’er was such unfading truth,

Love so pure beheld in maiden;

Never was such radiant youth

With such boundless virtue laden.

Pity felt her heart for wo,

For Iberia deep devotion;

While her damask cheek would show

Of her soul the least emotion.

Vascongada, mourn!

3

San Sebastian’s daughters, weep,

Yet a blessing call upon her;

Even the dread Cathedral leap

Chose the maid before dishonour!

Red the lily, torn its charms,

Fiery-tongued for pity pleading.

Carlos, ah, thy frozen arms

Cannot fold thy angel bleeding.

Vascongada, mourn.

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO IX.

The terrible scenes consequent upon the siege and storming of San Sebastian, which occupy considerable portions of this and the preceding Canto, and form in their bare recital an illustration never surpassed of the horrors of War, are attested by so many authorities, that to enter into minute corroborative details would far exceed the limits which I have prescribed to myself. The following brief but vigorous description is from Gleig’s Subaltern:

“The reader will easily believe that a man who has spent some of the best years of his life amid scenes of violence and bloodshed, must have witnessed many spectacles highly revolting to the purest feelings of our nature; but a more appalling picture of war passed by—of war in its darkest colours,—those which distinguish it when its din is over—than was presented by St. Sebastian, and the country in its immediate vicinity, I certainly never beheld. Whilst an army is stationary in any district, you are wholly unconscious of the work of devastation which is proceeding—you see only the hurry and pomp of hostile operations. But, when the tide has rolled on, and you return by chance to the spot over which it has last swept, the effect upon your mind is such, as cannot even be imagined by him who has not experienced it. Little more than a week had elapsed, since the division employed in the siege of St. Sebastian had moved forward. Their trenches were not yet filled up, nor their batteries demolished; yet the former had, in some places, fallen in of their own accord, and the latter were beginning to crumble to pieces. We passed them by, however, without much notice. It was, indeed, impossible not to acknowledge, that the perfect silence which prevailed was far more awful than the bustle and stir that lately pervaded them; whilst the dilapidated condition of the convent, and of the few cottages which stood near it, stripped, as they were, of roofs, doors, and windows, and perforated with cannon shot, inspired us with gloomy sensations.

“As we pursued the main road, and approached St. Sebastian by its ordinary entrance, we were at first surprised at the slight degree of damage done to its fortifications by the fire of our batteries. The walls and battlements beside the gateway appeared wholly uninjured, the very embrasures being hardly defaced. But the delusion grew gradually more faint as we drew nearer, and had totally vanished before we reached the glacis. We found the draw-bridge fallen down across the ditch, in such a fashion that the endeavour to pass it was not without danger. The folding gates were torn from their hinges, one lying flat upon the ground, and the other leaning against the wall; whilst our own steps, as we moved along the arched passage, sounded loud and melancholy.

“Having crossed this, we found ourselves at the commencement of what had once been the principal street in the place. No doubt it was, in its day, both neat and regular; but of the houses nothing now remained except the outward shells, which, however, appeared to be of an uniform height and style of architecture. As far as I could judge, they stood five stories from the ground, and were faced with a sort of freestone, so thoroughly blackened and defiled as to be hardly cognizable. The street itself was, moreover, choked up with heaps of ruins, among which were strewed about fragments of household furniture and clothing, mixed with caps, military accoutrements, round shot, pieces of shells, and all the other implements of strife. Neither were there wanting other evidences of the drama which had been lately acted here, in the shape of dead bodies, putrefying, and infecting the air with the most horrible stench. Of living creatures, on the other hand, not one was to be seen, not even a dog or a cat; indeed, we traversed the whole city without meeting more than six human beings. These, from their dress and abject appearance, struck me as being some of the inhabitants who had survived the assault. They looked wild and haggard, and moved about here and there, poking among the ruins, as if they were either in search of the bodies of their slaughtered relatives, or hoped to find some little remnant of their property.” For an account of the excesses committed by our soldiery after the storming, “atrocities degrading to human nature,” see Napier’s History, book xxii. chap. 2. Mr. Ford’s denial, in his otherwise valuable Hand-book, deserves much censure. I heard those horrors detailed on the spot.

The operations on the Pyrenees on the day of the storming of San Sebastian, with the rival manœuvrings of Soult and Wellington, the combat of San Marcial, in which the Spaniards behaved so well, and the several remarkable incidents of which I have sought to avail myself, will be found fully recorded in Napier’s History, book xxii. chap. 3. The scene of these, and the subsequent operations, struck me at passing as grand and majestic in the highest degree—the lofty and broken Pyrenean range, more fitted, as I have elsewhere remarked, for the combats of Titans than of men. The very names have a majestic sound, and their associations are often supernatural. I have warrant for the lines:—

“Zugaramurdi, Echallar a dirge

May roar for him who dares the eagle’s nest.”

These terrific mountain-solitudes were celebrated as the scene of witchcraft in ancient times:—“Las trasformaciones y maleficios, las zambras, bailes, y comilonas con que se solazaban otras en los aquelarres ó ayuntamientos nocturnos de Zugaramurdi, en el valle de Baztan.” (Navarrete, Vida de Cervantes.) A number of these so-called witches were condemned to be whipped publicly in 1810 by the Inquisition of Logroño.

V.  “Shuddering she nigh fell, till Nial caught
The bruiséd lambkin in his arms.”

Illa nihil: neque enim vocem viresque loquendi,

Aut aliquid toto pectore mentis habet;

Sed tremit, ut quondam stabulis deprensa relictis,

Parva sub infesto cùm jacet agna lupo.

Ovid. Fast. ii. 797.

VII.  ——“Would I had died,
Would Heaven that I had died this fatal hour!” &c.

Ἰοὺ, ἰοὺ, ἀντιπαθῆ

Μεθεῖσα καρδίας σταλαγμὸν

Χθονιαφόρον· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ

Λιχὴν ἄφυλλος, ἄτεκνος,

Βροτοφθόρους κηλίδας ἐν χώρᾳ βαλεῖ.

Æschyl. Eumen. 810.

“Wo, bitter wo is me! I will shed a drop from my heart which shall corrupt all earthly things! And thence shall spring a ring-worm sterile—childless, and fling man-rotting spots through earth around!”

XI.  “The elements with fierce, o’ershadowing frown.”

At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum

Contorsit (non ille faces, nec fumea tædis

Lumina) præcipitemque immani turbine adegit.

Virg. Æn. vi.

XXIII.  “And halts the strife of man—his pellets cease to fly.”

Ἀντίτυπα δ’ ἐπὶ γᾷ πέσε τανταλωθεὶς

Πυρφόρος, ὃς τότε μαινομένᾳ ξὺν ὁρμᾷ

Βακχεύων ἐπέπνει

Ῥιπαῖς ἐχθίστων ἀνέμων.

Soph. Antig. 134.

“But stricken with the thunder that fiery one fell to earth who raging before with insane fury had excited the violent winds.”

XXV.  “Dismayed and scattered fly the rival hosts.”

Stolto, ch’al Ciel si agguaglia, e in oblio pone

Come di Dio la destra irata tuone!

Tasso. Ger. Lib. iv. 2.

XXIX.  ——“The common power
They owned with one accord—of hearts the richest dower.”

Die heilige Liebe

Strebt zu der höchsten frucht gleicher gesinungen auf * *

Sich verbinde das paar, finde die höhere welt.

Goethe, “Metamorphose der Pflanzen.”

“Holy Love strives after the loftiest fruit of equal dispositions—that those who love may be one, and find the Higher World!”

XXX.  “So like a god he to her eyes doth seem,
Who came from demon-hate her soul to free.”

Clyt.   Οὐκ ἔχω βωμὸν καταφυγεῖν ἄλλον, ἢ τὸ σὸν γόνυ,

Οὐδὲ φίλος οὐδεὶς γελᾷ μοι. * * *

Eurip. Iphig. in Aul. 911.

Achil.   Θεὸς ἐγὼ πέφῃνά σοι

Μέγιστος, οὐκ ὢν.

Ib. 973.

Clyt. “I have no other altar to fly to but thy knee; nor have I a friend!”

Achil. “I have appeared to thee a mighty God; but am not one.”

XXXII.  “His frame sharp anguish shook,” &c.

——κλαίοντα λιγέως.

Hom. Il. T.

“Crying sharply”—such is the epithet which the poet applies to the wailing of Achilles for Patroclus.

XXXIII.  “Through fiery scourge so San Sebastian past,” &c.

Πόλις δ’ ὁμοῦ μὲν θυμιαμάτων γέμει,

Ὁμοῦ δὲ παιάνων τε καὶ στεναγμάτων.

Soph. Œdip. Tyr. 4.

Πόλις γὰρ, ὥσπερ καὐτὸς εἰσορᾷς, ἄγαν

Ἤδη σαλεύει, κᾴνακουφίσαι κάρα

Βυθῶν ἔτ’ οὐχ οἵα τε φοινίου σάλου.

Ib. 22.

“The whole city smokes, and is full of mournful pæans and lamentations. * * As thou thyself dost witness, the city is shaken with a mighty grief, nor can raise its head from the depths of the gory sea.”

“Till all was smouldering heaps of desolation, wo.”

Gern möcht’ er in tempeln beten,

Nur trümmer findet er mehr!

Altar’ und Götter liegen

Zerstückelt am boden umher.

Anastasius Grün (Von Auersperg).

“Willingly would he pray in temples, but he finds only ruins. Altars and Gods lie shattered upon the earth around!”

XXXIX.  “Thy soul shall covet but of Locrian power
And intellect the glory! Beaconing men
To happiness be thine—still Freedom’s tower,
Still making every scowling Despot cower!”

Νέμει γὰρ Ἀτρέκεια πόλιν Λοκρῶν

Ζεφυρίων: μέλει τέ σφισι Καλλιόπα,

Καὶ χάλκεος Ἄρης.

Pind. Olymp. x.

“For Truth doth govern in the Zephyrian Locri’s city, and Calliope is their care, and likewise brazen Mars.” A magnificent eulogy is conveyed here in a few words. Ἀτρέκεια in the original has the force both of Truth and Justice. No people of antiquity were more renowned for the excellence of their institutions than the Locri, who were the first to make use of written laws. (Strabo, lib. 6.) Calliope is used by synecdoche for the Muses, to whom the Locri were greatly devoted, having invented the Locric harmony which was subsequently imitated by Sappho and Anacreon. (Athenæus, lib. xiv. et xv.) Their warlike character upon fitting occasions was also terribly displayed, 10,000 Locri having put to flight 130,000 invading Crotonians on the banks of the river Sagra—a fact which, at first doubted as impossible, was afterwards strictly verified, and passed into a proverb. (Strabo, lib. 6.) The epithet “brazen” applied here to Mars arises from the singular fact that iron did not enter into the composition of the Grecian arms, which were all of brass. (Pausanias, in Laconicis, and Homer passim.) The magnificent region of Locris was situated at the foot of Parnassus; and the splendid pre-eminence of its inhabitants in arts and arms, with their prodigious victory over the Crotonians, appears to justify their comparison with England.

XLII.  “Her soul was all absorbed in his—her life
Was cast, since meeting, in another mould.”

Und wenn du ganz in dem gefühle selig bist,

Nenn es dann wie du willst,

Nenn’s glück! herz! liebe! Gott!

Ich habe keinen namen

Dafür! Gefühl ist alles.

Goethe, Faust.

“And when thou art perfectly blissful in that feeling, call it what thou wilt—call it joy—heart—love—God! I have no name for it—feeling is all!”

XLIII.  “And pluck the golden apple from the bough.”

Vel cùm decorum mitibus pomis caput

Autumnus arvis extulit,

Ut gaudet ... decerpens pyra,

Certantem et uvam purpuræ.

Hor. Epod. ii.

XLVII.  “Even the dread Cathedral leap
Chose the maid before dishonour.”

——Θυσίας

Παρθενίου θ’ αἵματος ὀρ-
γᾷ περιόργως ἐπιθυ-
μεῖν Θέμις.

Æschyl. Agamem. 216.

“Of the sacrifice of virgin blood Diana is vehemently desirous.”

IBERIA WON.

Canto X.

I.

Heavy the Morn, and sullenly and fierce

A thunder-storm o’ergathers Haya’s crest.

His rocky diadem red lightnings pierce,

Leap o’er each crag, and smite the eagle’s nest;

And volleying thunder rolls from East to West.

Now rain in gushing torrents drowns the sky;

Anon a fiery bolt on Mandal’s breast

Leaves its black scar;—anon the storm from high

O’er Bidasóa falls while winds like spirits cry!

II.

Great Arthur seized the tempest as a boon,

His columns lit by glory to advance

Tow’rds Commissari, Bayonnette, and Rhune,

And entering tame the pride of haughty France.

Daring his mighty plan, whose toils enhance

The Fuéntarábian waters poured between.

A stronger than Bernardo wields the lance,

And Paladins again to quail are seen.

Our conquering footsteps Spain re-echoes proud, I ween.

III.

For Roncesvalles is to Spain restored;

Her Mina’s legions fill its storied dell.

His Guerrilleros ’neath that Chief adored

’Gainst the marauding Gaul have battled well.

And at Baigorri hark where grandly swell

The war-notes of Castile, while rush the wild

Partidas ringing many a Norman’s knell;

And sweep from France the forage she hath piled

On Spanish soil profaned, from stall and sheepfold mild.

IV.

Unconsciously the lowing herds resent

Their change of masters, rudely by the horn

Seized in the foray while trabúcos bent

’Gainst Gaulish bosoms vomit deathful scorn,

With loud explosive sound on Echo borne.

And innocent sheep in thousands piteous bleat

’Gainst hands that will restore them ere the Morn

To the sweet fold, and oxen loud repeat

Moan upon moan, by bayonet pricked or firelock beat.

V.

And on Ayrola’s rock is swift surprised

By Campbell’s highlanders a post of Gaul;

For not more firm the red-deer’s limb is poised

For strength and fleetness mixed than doth befal

Those hardy mountaineers whose shouts appal

The braves of France—as e’en surprised them more,

When first beheld by Vimieiro’s wall,

Their antique garb, such as in days of yore

(In them revived to-day) the Roman legions wore.

VI.

Thus breaking fast the spirit of Gallia’s sons,

Great Arthur now begins his great emprize;

Where Bidasóa’s stream impetuous runs,

Resolved to pass though strenuous Soult defies.

And while the thunder-storm doth lash the skies,

His dread artillery’s ranged on Marcial’s flanks.

O’er the tall crest doth many a cannon rise;

His columns line the Bidasóa’s banks,

In silence poured along, and form their warlike ranks.

VII.

Full many a howitzer by fair Irún,

While rages still the blast, its thunder hoards;

And there lies closely moored each strong pontoon,

Beneath the town. Where Bidasóa’s fords,

Through fishermen unawed by Gallic swords,

To lynx-eyed vigilance their soundings yield,

Castile shall pass and flout her tyrant lords.

With deftest skill the troops are all concealed

By Jonco, Biriatú, and Fuéntarabia’s field.

VIII.

And near to fair Behóbia’s broken arch

The Lusitan battalion secret placed

Is with the British guards prepared to march

Beyond the Adour, till Gaul herself shall taste

Invasion’s sweets, her dreams of glory chased!

Still stand i’ the camp the tent-sheets as before,

Nor change appears nor new design embraced,

When breaks that clouded morn from mist-drops o’er

Pyrene’s towering hills, and gloom o’erspreads the shore.

IX.

Beneath Andaye our bold brigades emerge,

And in two columns rapid cross the sand.

Silent as Death they gain the river’s verge,

They pass the fords, they reach the further land.

Then rose on high a rocket streaming grand,

The signal true from Fuéntarabia’s tower;

And howitzer and cannon briskly manned

From tall San Marcial raised their voice of power,

And covered with their fire the fords in peril’s hour.

X.

Seven columns o’er the sand like serpents wind,

With crimson bright and azure scales bespread—

The various garbs of Spain and England joined—

And glancing bayonets bristle o’er each head;

No Hydra in Lernæan marsh so dread!

The Gaul o’ermatched can scarcely trust his eyes.

Confusedly gathering each with shame is red;

And form our lines beyond the stream ere flies

A hostile shot, so great that terrible surprise!

XI.

Now mustering yet disordered forth they come,

For spreads the alarm: Alerte! alerte!’s the cry.

The hurrying leaders urge them—rolls the drum,

And to San Marcial’s thunderous guns reply

Their cannon from the Grand Monarque on high.

But all too late the movement—see, their camp

Beneath Andaye is carried manfully

At glittering point of bayonet. Nought can damp

The ardour of our men, or check their onward tramp.

XII.

Vain, Boyer, thy decision—vain, Maucune,

Thy energy. Soult hears the cannonade

At Espelette, and rushes forth full soon;

But ere he comes his camps a prey are made

By Britain’s sons beneath Andaya’s shade.

Zugáramurdi feels the advancing power,

And D’Erlon sees his post by Fate betrayed—

The Lusitan battalion’s fairest flower

Alone by France cut down in that eventful hour.

XIII.

Our German Chasseurs now by Halket led

The Grand Monarque with vigorous footsteps climb.

Before their onset fierce the Gaul hath fled;

But, guardian of the pass, that peak sublime

Must not be yielded in an instant’s time.

Reille pours his masses on the mountain’s brow,

With field artillery, to efface the crime

Of light concession. Halt the Germans now,

For tired and wounded sore their spirits an instant bow.

XIV.

But Cameron with his gallant warriors rushed

Straight through their broken ranks, and gained the peak,

Where stands the Wreathéd Cross. Ne’er torrent gushed

From Mandal more impetuous fierce to seek

The plain. Beneath the shock Gaul’s columns break.

First fly their cannon down the mountain-side,

And next—the mouths secured that dare not speak—

To a lower ridge the infantry doth glide

Where forms their line, not yet abated all their pride.

XV.

Narrow the pathway leading to the ridge,

Which now the Frenchmen clustering strongly hold;

But o’er it urge, like passing tiniest bridge,

In single column led by Cameron bold,

Our heroes as at Azincour of old.

The hill doth inward curve—concentrate fire

The foemen pour; but by the shout appalled

Of sturdiest freemen, swift the French retire,

The British bayonet ne’er withstanding in its ire.

XVI.

And Freyre’s Spaniards now the peak have won

Of Mandal lording o’er his craggy slopes,

Where the Green Mountain glistens in the sun,

And tow’rds Urogne an easy pathway opes.

Thus turned his flanks, and foiled in front his hopes,

Reille by the causeway of Bayonne recedes,

Till Soult’s great voice the flight majestic stops.

In vain the foeman’s breast contending bleeds;—

The Bidasóa’s won—not least of England’s deeds!

XVII.

But yet the pass of Vera we must gain,

Where now Girón from Ivantelly’s come

And Longa with the skirmishers of Spain,

And Alten too with men Old England from—

Not these the least, I ween, in Victory’s sum!

Dire were the works upon the heights above

Which Gaul could raise, but not the brave benumb.

And here was Nial, oft with tenderest love

Musing on Isabel, poor lorn and fluttering dove!

XVIII.

The youth looked up: by outward posts defended

And star-redoubts he saw the Bayonnette;

The Commissari with that mountain blended

Was girt with abatís incessant met.

He thought those bulwarks would be England’s yet!

A gulf profound with skirmishers was filled,

And thickest woods where marksmen keen were set.

Rugged the path where Spain her hope must build,

With turns abrupt where men by striplings might be killed.

XIX.

An isolated mountain midway rose—

’Tis called “The Boar”—by France’s warriors crowned;

And Longa’s guns and Colborne’s rifles chose

The toilsome task to gain this lofty ground—

So high, though dwarfed amongst the peaks around,

That the spent musket-bullets singing fell

All harmless at its foot with feeble sound,

Which marksmen from the crest directed well

’Gainst our advancing men, but none its tale could tell.

XX.

The word is given, and swift our heroes climb

The mountain, Nial first their steps to guide.

A pine-wood’s gained far up in quickest time—

They breathe a moment—with disdainful pride

Doth Nial dash each shadowing branch aside,

And forward rush, exclaiming, “On men, on!”

His gallant followers scorn secure to bide

Behind—the summit’s gained—the foemen wan

Scarce meet their dashing charge; an instant—they are gone!

XXI.

Emboldened by this triumph rush the Allies;

Our columns plunge into the rough defile.

The dark ravine to the left with lusty cries

Is ta’en by Longa’s Leonese, the while

Colborne’s brigade o’er narrow pathways toil

To the Bayonnette with skirmishers before,

Breastwork, redoubt, and abatís to spoil.

With men and fire the slopes are covered o’er,

And curls white smoke above the forest-battle’s roar.

XXII.

Through each intrenchment in the greater pass

Soon Kempt’s brigade doth force resistless sway,

His skirmishers wide scattered o’er the grass

To small detachments broke, as melt away

The lessening slopes into the ridges gray.

The platform’s won, and Colborne’s bold brigade

Of rifles far above, like huntsmen gay,

Is seen to emerge from forth the forest shade

To the broad space before the star-redoubt displayed.

XXIII.

Nial was there, and swift he led his men

With rapid fire the strong redoubt to storm.

Their dark attire the French mistaking then

For garb of Southron soldiers, forth they swarm,

And face our caçadores in conflict warm.

Sudden their charge, and struggling hand to hand,

The firelock and its fixéd bayonet form

Against the unarméd rifle surer brand,

And shrill the Frenchmen cried as backward drew the band.

XXIV.

But Nial with his sword the bayonet matched,

And as he fought upon the rocky verge

That bounds the platform, he a firelock snatched

From forth a Frenchman’s hands whom he did urge

At swordpoint till he slew him. While the surge

Of foemen rushed, he kept them all at bay,

Till from the forest swift our troops emerge.

Their crimson garb with panic struck the fray,

And Nial cheered his men to give their rifles play.

XXV.

Then loud arose the sturdy British shout.

Rifles and foot in full career advance.

The foe to their intrenchment wheel about;

And England’s sons, improving well the chance,

The fort have entered with the sons of France.

Dense clouds of smoke o’er all the works ascended.

Sharp rang the musket, active played its lance.

But soon the mass of French and English blended

Emerged, while British cheers proclaimed the conflict ended.

XXVI.

Up, up the crags the rapid Frenchman flies,

The powerful Briton following in his trail,

Till new intrenchment, new redoubts, arise.

Once more they stand—once more our troops assail

Their abatís, till France again doth quail.

And ever Nial flourished in the van

His faithful sword that turned the foeman pale,

And cheered his rifles on, and foremost ran,

Like gallant chief whose port gives courage to each man.

XXVII.

And Colborne nobly guided the brigade,

Which now the mount hath carried to its crest;

But there a terrible redoubt’s displayed,

Where loop-holed works with musketry arrest

The brave who fall with many a piercéd breast.

No howitzer is there—no mountain-gun,

But missiles scarce less dire our troops molest;

For thundering down the steep comes many a stone,

Huge, rugged, dealing death, or shattering flesh and bone.

XXVIII.

But Kempt’s brigade its toilsome way hath gained

With Andaluzan comrades up the steep,

And turned the fort’s left flank—’tis scarce attained,

When rush the foemen in disordered heap

Down the far hill-side to the valley deep.

The fort is our’s! The tricolor is torn

By Nial from the flag-staff at a leap;

And, Spain, thy lions and thy towers upborne

In many a victor field its summit proud adorn.

XXIX.

The Bayonnette is won! The mountain’s brow

Doth bear a signal-tower whose beechen arms

Soult’s mandates wonted to transmit till now,

And o’er his lines convey with magic charms

Of fleetness War’s instructions and alarms.

“Now down,” quoth Nial, “with the wooden head,

Whose baleful movement oft the Spaniard harms.

His clumsy flourishes through æther sped

No more shall wound the Allies, no more by Soult be read.”

XXX.

From Leon’s corps two sturdy pioneers

With gleaming axes clove the column’s foot.

The laughing Andaluz the tell-tale jeers:

“’Tis thus we lay the hatchet to the root.”

“That tree,” said Nial, “shall no more give fruit!”

The Andaluzes yet more fiercely mock,

Keen as the shafts their bullring Majos shoot:—

“Now did king Joseph’s self receive the shock,

Right lustily the axe should cleave the senseless block!”

XXXI.

Soon pierced the column round, till scarce a thread

Supports its weight:—“Look out—look out below!”

Another stroke—and stoops its monstrous head.

It sways—it topples o’er—first bending slow,

Then falls with mighty crash beneath the blow.

As when ’mid storms, some labouring ship to ease,

The mast is hewn away, and falls where flow

The seething billows—tackles, shrouds, and trees,

Canvass and cordage sink, a victim to the seas.

XXXII.

Meanwhile great Arthur hath so well combined

His several forces tow’rds the frontier nigh,

That Commissari and Puérto, as designed,

Our flag now wear upon their summits high.

Five perilous hours our heroes by the cry

Of Freedom spurred, o’er crags stupendous toiling,

Have ceaseless fought where dead and wounded lie,

At every guarded post the Frenchman foiling,

And round Pyrene’s girth like powerful serpent coiling.

XXXIII.

But now the greater Rhune must too be won,

And Colborne’s corps and Longa’s force the hill.

Through wooded gorge, up craggy slopes they run,

Then breathless pause—again with lusty will

Burst fresh and sparkling like a mountain rill.

And many and fleet the skirmishers of France,

With fusillade severe but conquering still,

They backward drive along the broad expanse,

And Nial’s gleaming sword was ever in advance.

XXXIV.

Strong was the line of abatís that rose

Full in the path of Longa’s wearied men.

They halt irresolute before their foes,

Nor list to Longa’s voice nor mark his ken.

But Nial whom all loved was ’mongst them then,

And “adelante” crying waved his sword—

Leapt o’er the abatís i’ the lion’s den.

The generous Spaniards bounded at the word,

Saved “the fair boy” and smote the French with one accord.

XXXV.

To Rhune’s enormous sides the foemen fled,

Where ’neath Clausel the Gaul doth muster strong.

The Hermitage upon the mountain’s head

Is thick with arméd men,—though Fate should wrong,

Full stern resolved the contest to prolong.

By others not less fierce are held his flanks;

To Sarre and to Ascain extends the throng.

A lower ridge the greater Rhune embanks,

And this too bristles o’er with Gallia’s hostile ranks.

XXXVI.

Now—now the Andaluzes scale the Rhune,

By Colborne’s caçadores supported still.

A musket-shot below the crest full soon

Their charge doth reach, to where a craggy hill

Detached doth rise. This natural bulwark fill

The skirmishers of France, whose fusillade

Not long withstands the assailants’ vengeful will.

The bulwark’s cleared, the pathway free is made,

And up the Spaniards climb—nor ask for British aid.

XXXVII.

But from the Hermitage terrific rocks

Come bounding fierce, of such enormous size,

That seemeth each of those succeeding shocks

Enough to sink a column ne’er to rise!

Not Valour’s self can with unmovéd eyes

That horrid task of Sisyphus survey.

Appalled and unadvancing the allies

With distant fire along the mountain way

The foe in vain assail, withheld by dire dismay.

XXXVIII.

But saw great Arthur now with Lyncean ken,

Though Rhune was there impregnable, a side

Which might a pathway open to his men,

And give their arms of Gaul to tame the pride.

O’er Sarre the ascent arose more fair and wide,

And strongly there concentred the brigades

Assail the rocks that long approach defied.

The rocks are won—the Gaulish valour fades,—

And won a height intrenched their camp at Sarre which shades.

XXXIX.

From Echallar on Barbe our men descend,

And win the fort with British shouts of power.

The camp of Sarre’s outflanked, Clausel doth end

Resistance there, retiring in that hour.

He dreads his rear cut off, resigns his tower

Of strength—the greater Rhune, and takes his stand

Upon the lesser height. But soon the flower

Of Britain’s rifles crown the mountain grand,

And from the Hermitage the lower heights command.

XL.

And while the garrison was swift retiring

From that strong ground, their path young Nial crost

With six poor rifles not a shot e’en firing,

When forth the gallant stept, and from his post,

“Lay down your arms!” he shouted to the host—

Three hundred men! His mandate they obeyed,

Scared by that voice of power, and deeming lost

All means of ’scape. Resistance none they made,

And Nial at their head regained his bold brigade.

XLI.

And when the eye of England’s glorious Chief,

Great Arthur, fell with favour on the youth,

And praise he spoke in stirring words though brief,

Such as with thought impregnate all and truth

It was his wont to utter, Envy’s tooth

Of calumny to silence proudly shaming,

Beat Nial’s heart, and soldiers all uncouth

Felt tears well nigh to flow, the stripling naming

So loved by all, their hearts with gentlest Valour taming.

XLII.

And Nial thought upon his Isabel,

For all his proudest feelings centred there,

Prophetic that the maid he loved so well

The praise would echo sweetly, smiling fair;

And while his brow a loftier plume doth wear

Through glory for that day’s achievements done,

With her he thought the joyous fruits to share,

With her to feel the glow of Victory’s sun,

For still for her and Spain was Freedom’s battle won.

XLIII.

Now our’s the Bidasóa, our’s the Rhune,

And Bayonnette, and Commissari too.

Oh France! thy fields shall now be entered soon,

For at our feet the fair Nivelle doth flow.

Saint Jean de Luz, thy vesper-lights below

O’erhang the Gascon gulf. Invasion’s tread

Hath passed thy border, yet no sound of wo

Shall rend thy sky, thy homes shall mourn no dead,

For Justice now humane with Britain’s arms is wed.

XLIV.

The wail of San Sebastian reached thy heart,

Great Arthur, and provoked the stern command,

Which none may dare dispute. The conqueror’s part

Shall Mercy temper in the Gaulish land.

Now on Pyrene’s farthest summit stand

Thy legions bolder than e’er Cæsar’s arm

To victory marshalled. Every crag was manned

By arméd foes, yet quelled is War’s alarm

Through Spain, such Valour’s power, such godlike Freedom’s charm!

XLV.

But mourn the brave who nobly fighting fell

Upon Pyrene’s mountains, mourn the brave

Whose breasts were pierced, where strove those bosoms well,

And, ah, too oft have found not e’en a grave!

For o’er those pathless solitudes the wave

Of War hath rolled, and ’mid those regions vast

Full many a wounded man, with none to save,

Hath sighed his aidless death-groan to the blast,

And vultures strip the bones which Heaven will clothe at last!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO X.

The Passage of the Bidasoa, with the military movements which immediately ensued, completing that operation and establishing the left wing of our army on the soil of France, occupies the entire of this Canto. The events with which it deals will be found very fully and satisfactorily recorded in Napier’s History, book xxii. chap. 4. The thunder-storm which rolled over the district on the eventful morning chosen by Wellington for this remarkable strategical evolution is by no means exaggerated in the text. It is in the Pyrenees that thunder is witnessed to perfection. The exploits which in this Canto I attribute to Nial have all their foundation in the genuine history of the campaign.

General Alten had the command of the Light Division, and the Rifle corps, to which I suppose Nial to have belonged, was under the immediate guidance of the gallant Colborne.

Captain Batty’s description of the Passage of the Bidasoa, with which operation, the first in which he shared, he commences his Campaign of the Western Pyrenees, is very animated, and illustrated by spirited etchings of the event of the Passage and of Pyrenean scenery. His view of Fuenterrabia and of the mountain of Jaizquibel is particularly deserving of praise. It is impossible to describe the effect upon my feelings of going over this heroic mountain ground from Andaye to the Louis Quatorze, from Bildox and Mandale to the Bayonnette and Commissari, and from thence to the greater Rhune.

The allusion in the commencement of this Canto to the Vale of Baigorri refers to the rescue of an enormous amount of forage by Mina’s Guerrilla from the French, including 2,000 sheep.

The pastoral habits, to which large districts in Spain are still addicted, cause the people to occupy five times the extent of land, which with agricultural pursuits would be sufficient for their maintenance. The pastoral institution of the mesta encourages the feeding of sheep, and the enormous migratory flocks of Estremadura and elsewhere move every year some hundreds of miles, devastating the tracts over which they pass. “By the increase of pasture,” says Sir Thomas More, “your sheep, that are naturally mild, may be said now to devour men, and unpeople, not only villages, but towns.”—Utopia, book i. The invaders found their account in this primitive system, and their entire subsistence was derived from ready plunder. The French in their Peninsular prowlings resembled in one other respect, as well as in their Republican and Heathen names, the Lacedæmonians, who held a grand hunt annually, in which the agricultural peasantry were pursued and destroyed like wild beasts—a fact which, though Müller questions the testimony that supports it, is as well authenticated as any other incident in the Dorian history. The argument, taken from the improbable inhumanity of the fact, is refuted by the modern practices of the French in Spain and Portugal, and in their Algerian Razzias to this hour. They differ from the Lacedæmonians, it would seem, in this, that the Spartans perpetrated the enormity only once a year, while the French perform it weekly. I have seen with my own eyes the ravages which they have left in the Peninsula, the glorious monuments of antiquity which they have disfigured and defaced, the desecration which they have brought upon shrine and tomb. And, much as I may be disposed to forget and forgive, it is not easy to suppress one’s choler amidst the mutilated glories of Burgos, Alcobaça, and Batalha.

II.  “The Fuéntarábian waters poured between.”

When Charlemagne with all his peerage fell

By Fontarabia.

Milt. Par. Lost, i. 586.

In this name, I have departed slightly from the Spanish orthography, a corruption of the Latin Fons rapidus, and made “errabia” “arabia;” in deference to the example of Milton, and for the sake of the excellent musical effect in connection with one of the finest names in romance.

V.  “When first beheld by Vimieiro’s wall.”

Vimieiro is merely a village about 35 miles N.N.W. of Lisbon, where the accommodations are so miserable that it was with difficulty I could procure a calda de gallinha (boiled fowl served up with its broth) the only thing in the shape of comfortable nourishment which is to be had in the country parts of Portugal. The walls referred to are therefore, as may be supposed, not turret-crowned like Berecynthian Cybele. For the allusion to the effect produced on the French by the sight of our Highlanders first met by them in this battle, see Southey, Hist. Penins. War, and Campbell, Ode for the Highland Society.

VI.  “Where Bidasoa’s stream impetuous runs.”

The Passage of the Bidasoa took place on the 7th October, a month after the fall of San Sebastian. The morning was heavy and louring, and the day’s work was ushered in by a thunder-storm (already referred to) which caused the early British operations to be happily unperceived.

VII.  “To lynx-eyed vigilance their soundings yield.”

“By the help of Spanish fishermen he had secretly discovered three fords, practicable at low water, between the bridge of Behobia and the sea.” Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xxii. chap. 4.

XI.  “Their cannon from the Grand Monarque on high.”

The mountain of Louis XIV., overhanging the Bidasoa at Biriatú, where the French had their principal battery.

XII.  “The Lusitan battalion’s fairest flower,”

The Portuguese brigade lost one hundred and fifty men.

XIV.  “The peak where stands the wreathéd cross.”

The Croix des Bouquets—a height adjoining the mountain of Louis XIV.

XV.  “The British bayonet ne’er withstanding in its ire.”

This is no boast. It is a fact attested by the whole of our Peninsular and Belgian campaigns that the French never withstood one bayonet charge, and scarcely ever, indeed, would cross that weapon with us.

XVI.  “Where the green mountain glistens in the sun.”

Bildox, called the Sierra Verde, a little northward of the Mandale mountain.

“The Bidasoa’s won—not least of England’s deeds.”

“This stupendous operation.”

Napier, Hist. War in the Penins., book xxii. chap. 4.

XXII.  ——“Colborne’s bold brigade
Of Rifles far above, like huntsmen gay.”

Des jägers muth ist immer grün,

Und aus dem grünen muth soll blühn

Ein blümlein blutig roth,

Soll heissen feindes tod. * *

Mein schatz gab mir ’nen silbern ring,

Dass ich ihr einen gold’nen bring’;

Der ring soll sein entwandt

Von eines Franzmanns hand!

Rückert.

“The jäger’s courage (like his raiment) is evergreen, and out of the green courage shall spring a blood-red flowret, and be called Death to the Foe! * * My beloved gave to me a silver ring, that I may bring her a ring of gold. The ring shall be taken from a Frenchman’s hand!”

XXIV.  ——“A firelock snatched
From forth a Frenchman’s hand whom he did urge
At sword point till he slew him,” &c.

Tancredi con un colpo il ferro crudo

Del nemico ribatte, e lui fere anco:

Nè poi, ciò fatto, in ritirarsi tarda,

Ma si raccoglie, e si ristringe in guarda.

Tasso, Gerus. Lib. vi. 43.

XXVI.  “Like gallant chief whose port gives courage to each man.”

——como sabio capitão,

Tudo corria, e via, e a todos dava

Com presença e palavras coração.

Camóens, Lus. iv. 36.

XXIX.  ——“The mountain’s brow
Doth bear a signal tower whose beechen arms.”

“Longa was also to send some men over the river to Andarlasa, to seize a telegraph which the French used to communicate between the left and centre of their line.” Napier, xxii. 4.

XXXIV.  “And ‘adelante!’ crying, waved his sword.”

“Adelante!” which signifies “forward,” is the word of encouragement used at charging in the Spanish service.

“Saved ‘the fair boy,’ and smote the French with one accord.”

This act of bravery was performed almost literally as described, by an officer of the 43rd regiment named Havelock. The Spaniards shouted for el chico blanco, “the fair boy,” and followed him into the abatis.

XXXVIII.  “But saw great Arthur now with Lyncean ken.”

ἴδεν Λυγκεὺς. κείνου γὰρ ἐπιχθονίων
πάντων γένετ’ ὀξύτατον
ὄμμα.

Pind. Nem. x.

“Lynceus saw. For his sight was of all men’s the sharpest.” See also Theocritus. (Idyl. 27.) “Lynceo perspicacior” became an adage.

——Prolesque Aphareïa Lynceus

Et velox Idas.

Ovid. Met. viii. 304.

XL.  “‘Lay down your arms!’ he shouted to the host.”

This adventure actually occurred to the gallant Colborne. “Accompanied by only one of his staff and half-a-dozen riflemen, he crossed their march unexpectedly, and with great presence of mind and intrepidity ordered them (three hundred men) to lay down their arms, an order which they thinking themselves entirely cut off obeyed.” (Napier, Hist. book xxii. chap. 4.)

XLV.  “And vultures strip the bones which Heaven will clothe at
last!”

——οἱ δ’ ἐπὶ γαίῃ

Κείατο, γύπεσσιν πολὺ φίλτεροι ἢ ἀλόχοισιν.

Hom. Il. xi. 161.

“Upon the ground they lay, far dearer to the vultures than to their wives!”—one of the most terrible lines that ever was written.

IBERIA WON.

Canto XI.

I.

There are two Fountains in the Vale of Life,

That flow for lovers—one with nectar runs,

The other poison! One with joy is rife,

The other with a deadly gurgle stuns.

Their stream commingles for all Eva’s sons

And daughters who with mutual passion thrill.

None, none may drink the nectar pure, which shuns

All human lips till with the poison-rill

’Tis mixed, and happiest they whose cups the least may fill!

II.

And Young Love sits upon a flowery knoll

Where those two streamlets mix, his shafts he dips

In their joint flow, and ceaseless twangs at all

Who pass his ivory bow with wanton quips.

But in the honeyest kiss of human lips

There lurks a poison—ay, when hearts most mingle,

Doth Fate perchance prepare his scorpion whips;

And nerves that with the keenest rapture tingle

Shall haply curse the hour when ceased they to be single!

III.

’Twas a delicious, soft autumnal eve;

Salustian through his lovely garden strayed,

By Isabel supported. Mountains heave

Their giant forms to Heaven, Pyrene’s shade

Thrown to the Frenchward side. His bulwarks made

A fence the westering sunbeam to reflect,

And balmy gales from many an opening glade

Came soft the old man’s forehead to protect

From fiercer rays, while moved his form no more erect.

IV.

And, as on Isabel’s sustaining arm

He passed ’neath trellised vine that dropt its load

Of blooming clusters near their heads, the charm

Of youthful beauty in that fair abode

More interest took from sorrows that corrode

The old man’s brow beside her. Ne’er was seen

A lovelier picture than the pains bestowed

On that ripe senior by that maiden green—

No sire more grave, no maid more dutiful I ween.

V.

Between the apple-trees with loaded boughs

Peeped ever and anon Ernani’s towers,

And Haya tops them with his craggy brows,

And distant Jaizquibel where tempest lours

So oft serenely smiles. Through scented bowers

Of orange, jasmine, myrtle, balm, they pass,

And Isabel now tends, now plucks the flowers,

A nosegay for her sire, while dew like glass

In beads begins to strew the eve-reviving grass.

VI.

Not fairer opened in Alcina’s isle

Upon Ruggiero’s wild, enchanted view

The magic garden, mightiest wings the while

Furled the aërial steed on which he flew.

Not fairer that to which Armida drew

The Christian Knight whom fatal toils ensnared,

Where side by side the fruit and blossoms grew,

The bough green apples with the golden shared,

And the full ripened with the nascent fig compared.

VII.

Salustian to the sheltering house returned

For twilight’s bland repose, and Isabel

Amongst the flowers she loved till night sojourned,

Then to a bower retired in distant dell

Upon the garden’s verge she cherished well,

For there full oft with Nial joyous seated

She deep had drunk of Love’s delicious spell,

And many a Vascon legend oft repeated,

And now with thought of him the tedious hours she cheated.

VIII.

Sudden a tall gaunt man before her stood,

With hat broad-flapping slouched upon his face,

Xaquéta and buckled shoon: in masking mood

He seemed, half-monk and half of worldlier race.

He raised his head, his features showed apace.

Screamed Isabel who saw ’twas Fray Beltrán,

Don Carlos’ brother who a rival place

Had sought in Isidora’s heart, and ran,

When Carlos he had smote, to cloisters fenced from man.

IX.

Now glared his eye with fearful purpose—swift

He caught her wrist—she screamed again: “Thou’lt come

“With me!” he said—she struggled—he did lift

Her in his arms, where swooned the maid struck dumb

With terror—to a steed he bore her from

The bower, upon its shoulder laid her form,

Then sprang to the saddle ere her senses numb

Revived, and galloped swift his courser warm,

Till on an ocean-cliff he stood ’neath gathering storm.

X.

Here by steep paths he led the maid perforce

Adown the cliff amid the seamew’s wail.

Terrific were the perils of their course,

And Isabel with sobs outsighed the gale.

Oh, dire to see that beauty lorn and pale!

At length so difficult the rude descent,

That in his arms he lifted her;—no jail

She dreaded like those arms, and shuddering bent

Away and shrieked, but none to aid the maiden went.

XI.

Within a lofty cave and wide they now

Together stood, the ocean-wave before,

Stalactites pendent from its rocky brow,

And moon-lit shells and shingle strewed the floor.

Little of these thought Isabel, though more

Delighted none with Nature’s works than she,

In calmer hours. Beltrán she doth implore

On bended knees with tears full sad to see,

And prayers and passionate sobs, to set her stainless free.

XII.

He shook his head: “Oh dread, mysterious man,

“What would’st thou with me here?”—“Not harm a hair

“Of thine, most beauteous maiden.” Curdling ran

Her blood, for she did think he mocked her prayer.

“If just thy purpose, why felonious tear

“Me from my father’s side—my father ailing?”

She wept again: “My innocence, oh, spare——

“Release me”—but her prayers were unavailing,

And loud resounded all the cavern with her wailing.

XIII.

“Now hear me,” said Beltrán, while flashed his eye

With supernatural light, and instant flushed

His pale and haggard cheek. “My destiny

“Thou know’st is terrible as e’er hath hushed

The heart of man, or youthful spirit crushed.

I loved, and in a brother found, oh God!

A rival—all unconsciously I rushed

And stabbed him—then a cloister’s pavement trod,

And sought relief in prayer, in monkish fast, and rod.

XIV.

“But vain the toil. Thy image, Isidor,

For ever haunted thus my troubled brain.

The prisoned lion doth the fiercer roar,

And chafed my tortured spirit ’neath its chain.

The thought that Isidora”—’Twas in vain

He checked the tears that here began to flow,

Tears that like molten fire adown did rain.—

“The thought that she could not be mine—the wo

Unutterable racked my brain to madness—so!

XV.

“The sack of San Sebastian came to ope

My convent-door which War’s dread fire consumed.

Kindled that fire in me a ray of hope.

I rushed to your house—but found its Lar entombed

In smouldering ashes. Like a spirit doomed,

I wandered then Guipúscoa’s confines through,

When chance another ray of Hope illumed.

I found the garden, saw your sire and you,

But nought of Isidor could learn, nor e’er could view.

XVI.

“All thought of her I checked—but while my soul

Shook with its mortal agony I sought

Relief in the design to this rude goal

To bear thee, maiden, as I now have brought,

And gaze upon thy face where Nature wrought

Such likeness unto her—but fear not harm

From me! Thou’rt as a sister dear, whom nought

Shall dare to injure. Let me drink the charm

Of thy sweet face i’ the Moon—nay, curb thy vain alarm!

XVII.

“’Tis her’s I see in thine—her angel face

In thee depictured. In the moonlight stand,

I pray thee, Isabel.”—On that lone place

The sound of oars and voices from the strand

Fell—’tis the Basque barqueras come to land;

And straight they fill the cave, where from the storm

They seek retreat. Amazed the Nereid band

Behold the frayle’s and the maiden’s form;

But soon the mystery solved uproused their spirits warm.

XVIII.

“Go, Frayle, to thy book and to thy beads;

With dame or damsel nought concerns thee more.

Off to thy cloister, breviary, and weeds,

Or straight we’ll drive thee forth with lusty oar,

Laid on thy shoulders till no bull shall roar

On Guetaría’s plain more loud than thou.

The peerless lily, Doña Isidor,

Whom thou so madly lov’dst, is buried now

In Santiago’s green, where lilies o’er her bow.”

XIX.

Dire was the change in all his face, when heard

This fatal news he ne’er before had learned.

He gasped with horror—nor could e’en a word

Put forth—his jawbone fell—as pale he turned

As monumental marble, for inurned

His hopes lay in her tomb. Upon his face

Grief stamped a fearful image. He sojourned

But for an instant more—“’Tis lilies grace

“Her grave?” he said—they nod—he roelike fled the place!

XX.

Soon found the blithe Barqueras dry old wood,

And kindled fire i’ the centre of the cave.

Bright flashed the blaze, and sparkling keener stood

The dark-eyed daughters of the ocean-wave,

But brighter flashed, that thus they came to save

In peril’s hour, the eyes of Isabel.

Her glances eloquent the tribute gave

Of gratitude, nor looked she e’er so well

As when the o’erflowing heart threw Beauty’s softer spell.

XXI.

Her mobile face with play of sweetest smiles

Gives forth her innocent thoughts and nought conceals:

An aspect changeful still that ne’er beguiles,

For every change a beauty new reveals,

Its form vibrating as her bosom feels.

As some fair lake reflects each passing cloud,

Each sun-bright ray that o’er its bosom steals,

So were her looks with mirror truth endowed,

Nor could she, if she would, emotion’s play enshroud.

XXII.

“Oh, Isidor’s and Blanca’s blessing fall

“From Heaven upon your heads!” she weeping cried.

At Blanca’s name the maidens kist her all,

In memory of their Armadilla’s pride.

From Contrabandist stores, the cavern wide

Embosomed, then refreshment meet they drew;

And while the flickering blaze, as nightwinds sighed,

In light or shade their beauties lambent threw,

They waited till more calm the Ocean grow to view.

XXIII.

’Twas after Sunset but the second hour,

When Nial from the Bidasoa came,

Glowing with valour’s pride and passion’s power,

And eager to recount the army’s fame

To Isabel—for sealed a blushing shame

His lips to his own daringness of deed,

And to conceal it e’en was oft his aim.

Swift lit the hero from his foaming steed,

And met Salustian wild distracted, borne at speed:

XXIV.

“Hast seen her? Hast thou seen my daughter? Say,

“Know’st thou aught of my girl?”—“Great Heaven, what means

“Thy question?”—“They have ta’en my girl away—

“One, one was not enough. Oh, Hell-born scenes

“Of War!” An instant’s breathing-time he leans

On Nial. “Isabel—.” “Who dared to harm?”

Quoth Nial, flashing terrible wrath, then gleans

From the old man, how, sleeping, the alarm

Reached him that she was torn away by a stranger’s arm,

XXV.

And then to horse, and galloped out of sight,

But none knew whither—none who dared aspire.

Swift to his steed leapt Nial airy light,

His nostril panting with excitement dire,

His lips compressed with fearful purpose—ire

And vengeance from his eagle glances fly.

“Stay—stay; I join thee,” cried the plundered sire.

“Stir not for love of Heaven!” was the reply.

Salustian screamed: “I go! Who so bereaved as I?”

XXVI.

Vain Nial’s words—Salustian would to horse:

“Then let your ailing master be your care,”

Quoth Nial to Salustian’s men. “Remorse

“Be his who shall neglect my fervent prayer,

“That, if he still will follow, slow ye fare!”

He spurred his generous charger—at a bound

Crost half the court-yard, learnt the route to bear

Upon the robber’s track, and soon the sound

Of his steed’s hoofs was lost upon the mountain-ground.

XXVII.

Vain his long gallop, vain his bird-like speed,

Vain every turn and venture far and near.

Sad, sad grew Nial’s heart, and ’gan to bleed,

While from his eye fell many a bitter tear.

O’er leagues of mountain heath did nought appear,

Save his own shadow and his steed’s i’ the Moon

Reflected long and dreary as the year

It seemed since he had parted, vowing soon

To meet, from Isabel thus lost in Beauty’s noon!

XXVIII.

He sickened at the thought of what might be,

And let his weary charger pace at will,

While o’er the heath Salustian rapidly

At peril of his life through dale and hill

Careered, grief’s energy sustaining still.

“Oh Nial, know’st thou aught?”—A tear he shed,

More speaking Silence than might volumes fill.

The old man tore his hair. His steed they led

By the rein, and held his hands in pity for his head.

XXIX.

Thus by the far-resounding shore they past,

High o’er the bosom of the heaving main,

When reached their ears upon the lulling blast

A chorus sweet that seemed to ease their pain.

Their eyes cast downward o’er the Ocean-plain

Beheld the Basque barqueras distant ply

Their shallops in the moonlight, like a chain

Of jet o’er sparkling emerald. Both drew nigh

To the cliff’s edge, amazed a sight so strange to espy.

XXX.

Sudden the chorus ceased—the shallops stopt—

The oars arose like spear-shafts in the air;

“Parad!” a voice exclaimed, like music dropt

Upon the gale that hastened swift to bear

The summons to the victims of Despair.

Down fell the oars again, and swift each hand

The green wave lashed, till urged those Nereids fair

Their prows with rival speed upon the strand,

And soon in beauteous file upon the beach they land.

XXXI.

Great Heaven! what is’t? ’Tis she, ’tis Isabel,

That from the midst takes rapidly the lead,

With eager cry of transport. Each full well

Of each the features recognized. His steed

Soon Nial left, and sprang with headlong speed

Adown the cliff, of Isabel’s alarms

And imminent perils taking little heed.

His magnet strong was her recovered charms,

Nor drew he foot nor breath till clasped within his arms!

XXXII.

Oh, rapturous embrace! oh, tenfold joy,

All sweeter for the racking grief sustained.

Salustian shook with transport to destroy,

Upon the cliff where he perforce remained,

By iron bonds of age and sickness chained.

But swift sweet Isabel to cheer him flew,

Like beauteous fawn, and soon the summit gained,

And wept with bliss, and on her bosom true

The old man’s weary head sustained, and kist anew.

XXXIII.

And soon her story wondrous strange was told,

Beltrán’s devoted frenzy, harmless all,

And how the Basque barqueras, even though bold

And criminal his passion, seemed to fall

From Heaven to her relief. From Vascon tall,

Salustian’s servitor, doth Nial here

Take well-trained steed, then lift her wrapt in shawl;

And, homeward wending, Heaven received a tear

Of gratitude for her who now was doubly dear.

XXXIV.

And many a noble gift Salustian sent

With old Hidalgo lavishment to mark

His grateful spirit to the maids who went

To aid his daughter when the sky was dark,

And safely bore to his arms in gallant bark.

But what of San Sebastian ’mid this play

Of grief and joy alternate? Is no ark

Of saving launched upon the torrent spray,

That swept her homes? Alas, still desolate are they!

XXXV.

In Santiago’s burial-green, while fall

The struggling moonbeams from a stormy sky,

With brilliance now unclouded, now with pall

Of darkness shadowed intermittingly,

A haggard, gaunt, and ghostly form doth try

Each mound of earth for some peculiar sign,

With preternatural strides and gleaming eye

Doth pass from grave to grave, from line to line,

With eye more fearful bright then halt and cry: “’Tis thine!”

XXXVI.

’Twas Fray Beltrán, who ’mongst the graves had found,

With instinct’s fatal truth and frenzy’s lore,

The lilies planted o’er the new-raised mound,

That hid the Vascon lily, Isidor!

And as some mariner a rock-bound shore

Doth find in shipwreck, where his limbs are cast

And dashed to pieces with the saving oar,

So baleful was this sight of earth that passed

Before Beltrán’s red eyes, and like to prove their last!

XXXVII.

With nerves mad-strung he knelt upon the sod,

And deeply groaned, and raised a fervent prayer.

That prayer, ah me, it was not breathed to God;

It seemed the very echo of Despair!

Nor yet the name of Heaven invoked he there,

But loud at first he called the Fiend and Hell,

Till breathed the name of Isidora fair,

All ’midst his anguish dire it was a spell,

Melting his heart to tears that now in torrents fell!

XXXVIII.

“Oh, lily torn and crushed,” he said, “thou art gone!

Mine—mine—though Fate had given thee to another.

Let cold, weak hearts condemn the love whose dawn

Was ere the altar bound thee to a brother.

I sought that world-condemnéd love to smother—

As well might stifle a volcano, bind

The ocean-wave, or bid the yearning mother

Curse her first-born. The cloister more enshrined

Thy image—Solitude the gold but more refined!

XXXIX.

“Sack-cloth, the fast, the scourge could not o’ercome

The force of passion tyrant-strong like this;

Heart-rooted, it can ne’er be torn but from

My heart with life. Grief, anguish, Death e’en, miss

The aim to mar it. Memory’s self is bliss—

An anguished bliss—the only I can know.

My love hath fed on agony. A kiss,

Stol’n from thee once unwilling, soothed my wo,

When after days of fast had laid me fainting low!

XL.

“Cloisters are not for me. Ascetic bands,

Although of iron, chain not souls like mine.

Withes bind not giants, twirled by pigmy hands.

Earth’s hidden fires the globe cannot confine.

They burst in lava torrents! Shade divine

Of Isidor, the fires within my breast

Consume me—for a sight of thee I pine.

Thy lovely lips must yet once more be prest,

Even though in death, or ere I find eternal rest!”

XLI.

Then with a frantic energy he tore

The earth light-piled upon the new-made grave;

Digging with kite-like nails till they were sore,

But slow his progress, dire the toil he gave.

Ill brooked his soul of time to be the slave.

Again he tore the earth, till stiff and numb

His hands refuse the task. Not demons rave

More wild than he; he shrieked and howled o’ercome;

And tears like molten lead descend till he is dumb!

XLII.

Sudden a thought flashed o’er him—he is gone,

Swift as the antelope, and soon returns

With spade and mattock—unto Heaven ’tis known

Where found, but frantic energy that burns

Like his the will that shapes a way inurns;

And rapid his career the churchyard ’mid.

Now, now the clay to either side he spurns

With swift-plied implements in earth deep hid,

And now his mattock strikes upon a coffin-lid!

XLIII.

He yelled for joy! In vain his fingers flew

To loose the firm new lid—it mocks his art.

His toil with ten-fold zeal he doth renew,

And clear the earth away from every part.

Oh now, how glare his eyes, how bounds his heart!

Gently his mattock’s pressure is applied

’Twixt lid and coffin till the strong nails start;

Gently, for all is sacred by her side,

Loveliest of Vascon maids, who Virtue’s martyr died!

XLIV.

The lid is moved—the beauteous face unveiled,

Whose beauty not e’en violent death could mar.

That instant forth the Moon sublimely sailed

From darkest cloud that long its stormy bar

To her light opposed, and shone o’er every star,

Peerless in Heaven as Isidor on earth.

Heart-piercing was the cry that pealed afar,

As threw Beltrán his form on hers, in mirth

Hysteric mixed with sobs, and clasped her frozen girth,

XLV.

And kist her icy lips—ah me, ’twas cold

Reply to love that like a furnace glowed;

Love that all lawless and forbidden told

Its tale more fierce that o’er such bounds it strode—

The solemn bounds ’twixt Life and Death’s abode,

’Twixt Transience and Eternity! Her form

Was fresh and pure, Decay could not corrode

So soon its loveliness. Beltrán i’ the storm

Still kist as if his breath her lifeless clay could warm.

XLVI.

But vain his kisses, vain his burning tears,

Though poured in showers like those that left the sky.

Man cannot weep for aye—his brain it sears

To feel such anguish as Beltrán made cry

Beneath the withering stroke of Destiny!

Up from the grave he sprang, and fiercely bore

The coffin-lid—its parts asunder fly—

With spade and mattock into lengths he tore

The stubborn wood, and thus the grave he laid them o’er.

XLVII.

And from the churchyard near he gathered stones,

And deftly filled the spaces ’twixt the wood;

Then took what came to hand,—or clay or bones—

And wedged each interstice with worm’s old food,

And when the work was done pronounced it good!

Then o’er the deathful pit thus covered in

He heaped the earth beside the margins strewed,

Leaving but at the head a fissure thin

For meagre body worn by sorrow and by sin!

XLVIII.

He entered worming through the aperture

With cautious care lest all his toil should fail,

And smiled he last to see the work so sure,

Then drew his head within the covert frail.

He laid him down beside that beauty pale,

And with his hands the boards he turned aside,

Destroying the slight arch that propt his gaol.

The earth-fall smothered the last words he cried:

“Though severed in our lives, yet Death could not divide!”

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO XI.

The character of Fray Beltrán, as portrayed in this Canto, is meant to represent a portion of the extraordinary and irregular energies which the events of the French Revolution and Invasion produced in Spanish cloisters. It is with a view to impart variety to my subject, that I have dwelt upon love and madness as the shapes which Beltrán’s wild energy assumed, though political propagandism, patriotic denunciation of the French, and even taking up arms, were acts familiar to the Exclaustrados or expelled inmates of religious houses, violated by the ruthless invader—often for the purpose of converting cloisters into stables!

In these transactions, the French took one way of realising Sir Thomas More’s “Happy Republic.” “In no victory do they glory so much, as in that which is gained without bloodshed.” They rejoiced to triumph by fraud, like the ancient Spartans, or liker perhaps the Egyptian Harami—incorporated for plunder. The monks and friars of the Peninsula were not all, however, helpless. Many fled to the mountains and marshalled or joined Guerrilla parties, and there was scarcely a Guerrilla throughout Spain during the War of Independence that had not some monks and friars incorporated with it. This system continues down to the present hour, and the accession of these clerical auxiliaries has ever thrown a sort of halo over the pursuit in a superstitious country. “La Patria y la Religion!” was a potent cry, and the life of perpetual adventure was in the highest degree exciting and romantic.

But the poetical view of the Guerrillas must be counterbalanced by the more strictly historical view of their character. It is questionable whether these irregular levies did not produce nearly as much evil as good. Candour must confess that there was as much robbery as patriotism in the system. Amongst the leaders of the partidas personal interests were too often predominant. Discipline under such a system is of course impossible, and each man’s object is naturally to secure the largest share of the plunder for himself. The leaders of the different partidas were terribly jealous of each other; and one of the first exploits of Espoz y Mina, the most distinguished of all their chiefs, was to slay the leader of a Guerrilla band in his neighbourhood, because he plundered his own countrymen under the mask of patriotism: he was also, doubtless, in Mina’s way. All through Mina’s career, “he would never suffer any partida but his own to be in his district.” (Life of Mina.) The irregularity inherent in the Guerrilla system of warfare encouraged violence, license, and disregard for the rights of property. The partidas were an admirable instrument for raising a whole people against the invader; but the application of the force was subsequently misdirected, and the surprise of Figueras was the only service of first-rate importance that they ever performed in Spain. Their minor exploits were, however, innumerable, and the disparaging observations of Napier, Foy, and St. Cyr, all regular military men, are to be received with caution.

The course of life of the Spanish Guerrillero, commencing often as a soldier, then becoming a deserter, next flying to the mountains and turning robber, and lastly turning soldier on his own account, closely resembles the description of the Roman Spartacus by Florus:—“Ille de stipendiario Thrace miles, de milite desertor, inde latro, deinde in honore virium gladiator.... Exercitum percecidit ... castra delevit ... in primo agmine fortissimè dimicans.” (Lib. iii. cap. 30.)

It is not intended to palliate the numerous acts of jealousy, hatred, treachery, and plunder, which our army sustained from Spanish and Portuguese allies. But many important services were rendered by the Guerrillas, and still more by the regular troops of Portugal. And, in addition to the Guerrilla chiefs, of whom I have already noticed the principal, the regular troops of Spain achieved some successes under the command of Castaños, Palafox, Reding, Blake, O’Donnel, Sarsfield, Downie (these four Generals were Irish or of Irish extraction), Albuquerque, Freyre, Ballasteros, Longa, Giron, Mendizabal, Romana and Morillo.

Amongst the Portuguese officers, who distinguished themselves in these campaigns, must be noticed with praise, besides Saldanha and Terceira, the Condes of Amarante, Villareal, Das Antas and Bomfim, the Freires, Lecor, Leite, Vallongo, and Talaia.

II.  “And Young love sits upon a flowery knoll.”

Vide Claudian. Nupt. Honor. et Mariæ. Claudian makes one of the fountains of honey.

“And nerves that with the keenest rapture tingle
Shall haply curse the hour when ceased they to be single!”

Molestæ hæ sunt nuptiæ!

Terent. Andr. act ii. sc. 2.

VI.  “Not fairer opened in Alcina’s isle.”

Vide Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, canto vi.

“Where side by side the fruit and blossoms grow.”

Vide Tasso, Gerusalemme, canto xvi.

XX.  “But brighter flashed, that thus they came to save
In peril’s hour, the eyes of Isabel.”

Wer rettete vom tode mich,

Von sklaverey?

Hast du nicht alles selbst vollendet,

Heilig glühend herz?

Goethe (Prometheus).

“Who rescued me from death, from slavery? Hast thou not all achieved, holily glowing heart?”

XXII.  “In memory of their Armadilla’s pride.”

Armada “a fleet,” Armadilla “a little fleet.”

XXIV.  “Hast seen her? Hast thou seen my daughter? Say,
Know’st thou aught of my girl?”

Er rief in das geheul des windes,

Lenorens namen hundertmal;

Doch statt des heissgeliebten kindes,

Antwortet ihm der wiederhall.

Langbein.

“He cried out, ’mid the howling of the winds, Leonora’s name a hundred times; but echo answered him instead of his best-beloved child.”

XXX.  “Parad! a voice exclaimed like music dropt.”

Parad, “stop!”

XXXII.  “Oh, rapturous embrace, oh tenfold joy,
All sweeter for the racking grief sustained!”

“Idem est beate vivere, et secundum naturam,” says Seneca. This was the great rule of the Stoic philosophy, and may likewise be applied to Christian lovers. Tranquil wedded bliss appears to be its consummation. This living according to Nature will, of course, be varied in its interpretation, according to each man’s individual temperament. “Tot sensus, quot capita,” says Tertullian. And the decision of Protagoras will find too many adherents, who conceived himself to be the only standard of what was right and proper, and believed all things good which seemed so to him. Christianity happily gets rid of the evanescent and impalpable vagueness of the ancient philosophy, which slipt through the fingers like the statues of Dædalus, and comes to our aid with positive precept. In illustration of this vagueness the advocates of the atomic theory as an adjunct of their system made the chief part of man’s happiness consist in pleasure, which an Epicurean would interpret literally to signify the enjoyments of sense, and a Platonist would expound, properly understood, to mean the exercise of virtue. Yet both in their philosophizing would be probably theoretical, and their practice, as in most instances, would be the result of temperament and impulse; for “every man calleth that which pleaseth, and is delightful to himself, good; and evil that which displeaseth him.” (Hobbes, Treatise on Human Nature, c. vii.)

XXXIV.  “With old Hidalgo lavishment.”

Que un hidalgo no debe á otro que a Dios y al Rei nada.

(Mendoza, Lazarillo de Tormes.)

“An Hidalgo owes nothing, except to God and the King.” Such were the ideas of justice, which prevailed amongst the noble class in Old Spain. The funds which were denied to creditors were squandered in largesses.

“To aid his daughter when the sky was dark.”

Die hand die uns durch dieses dunkel führt.—Wieland.

“The hand that leads us through this darkness.”

XL.  “Earth’s hidden fires the globe cannot confine.”

Nè sì scossa giammai trema la terra,

Quando i vapori in sen gravida serra.

Tasso, Ger. Lib. iv. 3.

Those who may think the beauty of Salustian’s garden, as described in this Canto, exaggerated, I would invite to visit the country between San Sebastian and Ernani, as I did last year, and revel in its groves and orchards.

IBERIA WON.

Canto XII.

I.

Bright be thy fame, illustrious Wellington!

Whose arm Britannia’s glory raised so far

That all the matchless victories she had won

Before thee pale beside thy Victory’s star!

For when the Conqueror whirled o’er earth his car,

More strong than Philip’s son to Indus rolled,—

Invoking Freedom’s power his path to mar,

Thou gav’st him battle with thy Britons bold,

And vanquished him who Earth had cast in tyrant-mould.

II.

Bright be thy fame, illustrious Wellington!

Whose ordinance pure, proscribing Rapine’s lust,

Outshone in peace and war Napoléon;—

Like Aristides fitly called “The Just;”

Or liker his associate in the trust

Of Athens, great Themistocles, excelling

In martial prowess all that turns to dust,

Nor less in Wisdom. Gaul is grateful telling

Thy glories, Scipio-pure, amidst her Lares dwelling.

III.

Shall I not sing thy triumph? I was born

Amid the thunder of thy victories!

The cannon fired for joy upon the morn

That told the nation Salamanca’s skies

Saw thy most skilful battle’s trophy rise—

Reached me still wombed. The fame of Waterloo,

That made each cheek to glow and lit all eyes,

Even to my infant ear half-conscious flew.

All Hail!—for to this Earth I soon must bid adieu.

IV.

My cup of life is broken at the full,

My lamp doth fade ere half its light is shed,

And whispereth angel sternly beautiful,

Whose shadowy wings have touched my aching head:

Before the greybeard shall the youth be dead!

Yet still, though perisheth my mortal part,

With thine and England’s glory shall be fed

The echoes roused by my enduring art,

And patriot strains of pride shall free my bursting heart!

V.

Soldier of Liberty! Be this thy praise;

Thy sword was drawn to shield the rights of Man

Against his mightiest Tyrant. Length of days,

And honours of a Demigod, the plan

Of Heaven assigned thy front revered to fan:

Sublime reward! Yet conquests greater thine:—

The path of Cæsar blood and tears o’erran;

Thou mad’st War human—and in Peace canst shine;

Thy hand struck off the chain that galled Milesius’ line!

VI.

And well were seconded thy glorious views

By noblest Captains. Many a gallant name

Amongst thy host, if destined thee to lose,

Would surely have achieved eternal Fame!

’Twas patriot zeal of Valour fanned the flame,

That glowed within their breasts like purest gem,

And nought but godlike deeds could quench or tame.

Of hero-pith thy legions, root and stem;

Thy host was worthy thee—and thou wert worthy them!

VII.

I late have stood upon thy battle-fields;

On rugged-browed Roriça, where ’gainst France

Was earliest proved the strength that Britain wields,

And up the dread ravines thou didst advance

’Mongst olive-groves and ilex, where enhance

The perils of the way such crags as none

Save mountain-goats may leap—yet drove thy lance

The foeman thence. Arbutus smiled upon,

And myrtles kist thy brow, revived by Victory’s sun!

VIII.

And on Vimieiro, where the deep defile

With rocks and torrent-beds and hardy pines

The foe entangles, while they climb with toil

The crescent-ridge that sweeps to the Atlantic. Shines

Thy bristling bayonet-row, and fall their lines,

Like corn the yeoman reaps. Thy triumph graced

Their cannon captured ’mid the purpling vines;

And backward fell their force to Torres chased,

Where I have marked the skill thy glorious Lines that traced.

IX.

And upon Talavera’s glorious hill,

Scorched by the glare of Leo’s burning sun,

Where drank the rival warriors from the rill,

And fired Belluno many a thunderous gun,

Which Britain’s warriors fiercely shouting won;

And plunged our horsemen down the fearful chasm,

Though smote, victorious; and terrific run

The flames through shrubs all parched by heat’s miasm,

Burning the wounded men who lay in mortal spasm!

X.

And on Busaco’s horrid mountain-crest,

Where topples o’er the crags the convent-tower,

And bayonets bristled o’er the eagle’s nest.

The foeman climbs the steep with wondrous power,

But swift our charging files their host devour,

And down the mountain-side they slaughtered roll.

Massena rash, of valour Ney the flower,

Vainly up wooded dell and pine-clad knoll

Urged their fierce veterans. Our’s that day was Glory’s goal!

XI.

And at Fuéntes d’Onor, whose chapelled steep

’Gainst multiplied assaults thy forces shield;

Too late arriving, save the dead to weep,

At Albuera’s dire, tremendous field,

Where great the cost—yet Victory’s clarion pealed;

And with terrific march the fusiliers,

When shook the balance scorning proud to yield,

Mounted the fatal hill which cannon clears,

And hurled the foeman down with deafening British cheers!

XII.

And at Rodrigo, where the counterscarp

Inviolate standing cost thy Crawfurd’s life,

And ’gainst stern wall and cannon rattling sharp

Man’s naked breast maintained unequal strife;

And Badajoz, where on the stormers, rife

With daring, rushed by deadly breach and scale,

Like lava poured ’gainst bayonet, pike, and knife,

Fronting a hurricane of iron hail,

And mowed by shot and shell—yet made the foeman quail!

XIII.

For nought could baffle England’s trusted Chief,

Who Marmont’s lines on Salamanca’s plain

Smote like a thunderbolt, keen—rapid—brief,

And rent his legions like a shattered chain!

And at Vitoria wrenched the crown of Spain

From the poor tremulous Usurper’s hand,

The spoils of Empire seized, a countless train

Of cannon, standards, eagles—trophies grand—

Nor, fiery Jourdan, least, thy bâton of command!

XIV.

And now upon Navarre’s Typhæan crest

He stands triumphant, threatening haughty France,

While bounds once more Iberia’s lovely breast,

And close the wounds that held in death-like trance.

Proud beams her eye—she bids the Chief advance,

And points to Roncesvalles where of old

She crushed the invading Gaul with mighty lance.

See, see a Briton as Bernardo bold

His conquering chariot-wheel o’er Gallia’s host hath rolled!

XV.

Sublime Pyrene feels his vigorous tread,

And trembles Gaul with all her martial sons,

For sure as Fate his legions shall be led

To where Garumna’s stream to Ocean runs.

Even now his mighty stride the nations stuns!

Soult, on thine arm an Empire’s fate depends.

From San Sebastian’s fortress to Bayonne’s,

By Sarre and Ustaritz great Arthur bends.

Soult spreads incessant toils which England’s lion rends.

XVI.

Through many a craggy pass and dread defile,

From Oyarzún and Bidasóa’s stream,

By rugged steeps that Ossa’s crest outpile,

And cataract beds that Earth to sunder seem—

Pyrene’s fearful wilderness where teem

All forms of savage beauty—olive, larch,

Pine, myrtle mixed,—and forests hair-like gleam

Upon that couchant monster’s spinal arch,—

Still slow the leaguered French recede before our march.

XVII.

What cavalcade through San Sebastian rides?

A Chieftain mighty and a senior grave;

A blooming warrior next his steed bestrides,

Like young Achilles to whom Chiron gave

The Centaur’s mastery. With bounding wave

His light plume dances o’er a maiden fair,

Who reins her genet too with spirit brave;

Worthy, me seems, her grace and beauty rare

With that young hero proud companionship to bear.

XVIII.

’Tis Nial—Isabel; great Arthur’s form

With grave Salustian’s stately fills the van.

They reach the central square where late the storm

Of War with surges wild hath rolled o’er San

Sebastian dire calamity to Man.

Great Arthur sad surveyed the ruin round,

And at the sight a tear his eye o’erran,

For every house was now a blackened mound,

And Solitude more grim where Life so late was found.

XIX.

Round Santa Clara’s isle that instant came

The Basque barqueras in their shallops slight;

Their graceful oaring still was plied the same,

But one fair pinnace less careered in sight.

Ah, where is she—their glory and delight?

Rose softly sad and low from distance borne

A plaintive strain that in its dying flight

Fell on the town where other breasts are torn.

’Tis thus in chorus sweet they raise their plaint forlorn:—

The Dirge.

Weep, Biscaya, weep!

’Mongst dead and dying,

On the bloody heap

Is Blanca lying.

William’s sword hath smote

Her bosom heaving,

Her on whom we doat

Of life bereaving.

Weep, Biscaya, weep!

Pierced though William’s sword

That bounding billow,

Yet his corse adored

She makes her pillow.

Red is William’s vest,

With glory wreathéd.

Redder is the breast

Transfixed beneath it.

Weep, Biscaya, weep!

Ne’er could William stain

That bosom tender.

How the deed would pain

Her brave defender!

Who in all the land

So crime-convicted?

Ah, ’twas Blanca’s hand

The wound inflicted.

Weep, Biscaya, weep!

Heaven for deeds of note

So daring made her.

Her’s the arm that smote

The French invader.

Flashed her carbine true,

The Norman felling.

Pierced that spirit, too,

Its own pure dwelling.

Weep, Biscaya, weep!

Ne’er was true-love seen

Like her’s undying.

Few like her, I ween,

The grave defying.

Broken heart the sod

Can fittest cover.

She could not, oh God!

Survive her lover.

San Sebastian, weep!

XX.

“Now, Don Salustian”—thus great Arthur said—

“This piteous scene doth touch my heart full sore,

And if War brought not Peace, the Invader fled,

My sword were haply sheathed for ever more;

For none can deeplier Battle’s wreck deplore.

But e’en these ills can Spaniards bear for Spain,

As England bears her warriors’ streaming gore;

And from this hour the villain wears a chain,

Who dares by deeds like these our triumphs to profane.”

XXI.

Salustian bowed with grave Hidalgo pride:—

“Your words, great Chief, console the Spanish heart.”

Then Nial bounded to great Arthur’s side;

His hat is doffed, his plume doth bird-like start,

His curls rich wave, his eyes new lightnings dart:

“Give, give the right this maiden fair to shield;

Still suffering she from San Sebastian’s smart,

Saved from the wreck of worse than battle-field:

Give, give at altar-foot a husband’s right to wield.”

XXII.

A word Salustian with the Chief exchanged,

And smiles on both their faces cordial beam.

Sweet Isabel her timid glances ranged

From side to side—a momentary gleam

O’ercast with blushes that like roses seem.

Her fluttering breast now pants like prisoned bird,

Her downcast eyes reluctant ye might deem;

But oh, what joy doth light them at a word:

Young Nial says, “Thou’rt mine!” and every heart is stirred.

XXIII.

Great Arthur blest the union, promising

That Nial’s fortunes should be England’s care,

For of her eaglets none with stronger wing

To soar in Victory’s blazing sunlight dare.

Salustian called on both a blessing rare!

And Nial caught her beauteous hand, while fast

She melts in tears which joy and sorrow share;

In kisses o’er her hand his soul was cast,

The hastening cavalcade to Fuéntarabia past.

XXIV.

Now War his direful tasks again pursues

O’er rugged steep and castled crag sublime;

And, Gaul, thy fields no longer sacred lose

The conquering fame that propt Invasion’s crime.

The mountain-barriers of thy Southern clime

No more shall serve as bulwarks for thy soil,

For Britain’s sons advance as sure as Time,

Soult’s bristling huge entrenchments instant spoil,

And onward march with ease where mocked was human toil.

XXV.

See on Pyrene’s loftiest summit stand

Majestic Freedom, o’er the despot’s frown

Gigantic towering till her forehead grand

The Sun encircles for a fitting crown,

And stream rays brighter from her eyelids down!

The rainbow clothes her Heaven-ascending form.

Her mighty arm great Arthur beckons on,

Against Soult’s host to urge the fiery storm,

And thus with voice sublime she speaks in accents warm:—

XXVI.

“Oh Arthur! thou my soldier and my shield,

In whom revived to-day is e’en surpassed

Another Arthur’s fame who first revealed

The heroic glow of Chivalry, and cast

A blaze o’er England which for aye will last.

Greater thy glory than Pendragon’s son

With all his knights achieved—to strike aghast

My fiercest foe in many a battle won,

And still with Victory’s march his countless legions stun.

XXVII.

“List to thy Destiny, and nerve thy arm

To accomplish Heaven’s designs. By fair Nivelle

Thy next great battle shall with dire alarm

Man’s bitter foes affright in Earth and Hell.

For fortress-crags and precipices fell,

Cyclopian castles hewn from solid rock,

Redoubt and natural tower where eagles dwell,

Thou’lt instant carry with resistless shock,

The arméd river ford, the plains of France bemock!

XXVIII.

“Next o’er the Nive thou’lt pass by quick surprise

At Ustaritz ’neath Cambo’s beacon light

The stream thy dashing cavalry defies,

Scorns the pontoon and dares the unequal fight

And some shall perish torrent-swept from sight!

Next by Barouilhet’s ridge with thickets spread

Thou’lt stand resistless, battling thrice till night

The combat palls, and still to Victory led—

Triumphant at Saint Pierre, ’mid thousand warriors dead.

XXIX.

“Then o’er the Adour a monster-bridge thou’lt cast,

Lashing the Ocean-tide with chain of power,

Through no vain boast like Xerxes when he past

The stormy Hellespont to mine my tower

In godlike Greece—but fell before her flower!

Hope’s chained chasse-marées and gigantic boom

Shall ope a pathway to extend my dower

To Nations suffering ’neath despotic doom,

And o’er the dashing surge shall roll the cannon’s womb.

XXX.

“And next at Orthez from its Roman camp

Thou’lt baffle Soult upon his convex hill,

His ardour ev’n ’mid seeming victory damp,

And pour thy Picton’s veterans, matchless still,

Through the dread marsh with new dismay to fill

The French battalions, Cotton’s bold hussars

Their rout completing. There thy dauntless will

Thou’lt prove ’neath wound which nought thy progress bars,

And France thy onward tread shall feel, despite of scars!

XXXI.

“Then on the steep and wooded height of Aire,

Where Lusitain’s brigade shall bleeding fly,

And lose the battle but that Hill is there,

Resolved with British steel to do or die!

While ’neath the Frenchman’s charge your galled ally

Outnumbered falls, the might of England’s sons

Will turn the stream of battle, raising high

The fearful war-shout which the foeman stuns,

Who flies to where the Adour with branching channel runs.

XXXII.

“At Tarbes, Bigorre, and Gaudens thou shalt next

Still conquering pass to fair Tolosa’s wall,

Where Soult will desperate stand, and Spain perplext

Behold her warriors snared in thousands fall.

But Clinton, Beresford his breast-works all

Will dauntless carry amid carnage dire;

Mont Rave thou’lt win ere Night shall spread her pall,

And bristling still shall warlike Soult retire,

While o’er Garonne thou’lt pass and Victory’s salvo fire.

XXXIII.

“And in that hour thou’lt learn not e’en the great

Usurper’s genius can avert his doom.

His crown an instant he resigns to Fate,

But with more fierce rebound new sway to assume.

War-fires shall then the Belgian fields illume.

’Tis thine Napoléon’s self at Waterloo

To crush for aye. Despite his cannon’s boom,

Terrific rout and bondage he will rue.

Soldier of Liberty, this task remains to do!”

XXXIV.

She said, and pointing to the fields of France,

And beckoning Arthur on with Godlike smile,

That bids the Hero fearlessly advance,

Her giant form dissolves in air, the while

Pyrene shakes with earthquake many a mile,

From peak to peak the volleying thunders roll.

Great Arthur marched, and heaped the trophied pile,

His Destiny fulfilling to its goal,

And Heaven for long renown hath spared his hero-soul.

XXXV.

Aggressive Conquest! tempt not Freedom’s shields,

For Britons still your fiercest ire can quell.

Ambition, Treachery seized Iberia’s fields,

And mark how freemen tyrant-bands expel!

If Victory cheered us, ’twas that Spain might dwell

Beneath her vine secure from despot’s frown.

And if thy dauntless children battled well,

No need thy Edwards, Henries left thy crown,

No need, Britannia, left thy Marlborough of renown!

XXXVI.

Grand though thy trophies, ne’er by land or main

Shall War’s barbarian triumphs wake thy pride;

No blood-stained laurels shall thy forehead stain,

But Peace with olive branch o’ershadowing bide,

And mark the Godhead in thy empire wide.

Not human anguish but new joy to Man

Thy limbs shall shed in their colossal stride;

Foredoomed despotic wrath and wrong to ban,

And make creation square with the Eternal plan!

XXXVII.

As thine the curb, so thine be too the scourge,

Not lightly used, but terrible in need.

Earth, like Alcides, of its monsters purge,

Both hydra-tyrants and the single breed!

Untusk the boar, and shatter like a reed

The swords resisting Justice; yet be thine

With mercy to attemper strength of deed;

Nor let thy Fecial seers too nice refine,

But loveliest rays of Truth through all thy orbit shine.

XXXVIII.

Strong be thy armament as fits thy strength

Of mandate powerful thy Lernæan clave;

Nor pinch nor waste distort from its due length

The sword of Justice which the Godhead gave.

And, firstly, still, Britannia, rule the wave!

With floating battlements to plough the main,

Make peaceful every shore! Bid every slave,

While freemen prouder swell, dash off his chain,

When thy artillery’s roar is heard o’er Ocean’s plain!

XXXIX.

And lording o’er thy empire of the Deep,

Whose noblest uses are thy virtue’s dower,

Diffusing knowledge where thy navies sweep,

And linking distant lands, where rolls each hour

That mightiest image of surpassing power,

Reign on beneficent—the Nations tell

Thy commerce, like thy shore, is Freedom’s tower.

Scatter with Godlike hand wide blessings—quell

The factious voice abroad, the subjects who rebel.

XL.

Shall boys the emerald from thy circlet rend,

Queen of the Nations, Mistress of the Seas?

Must all thy glories thus obscurely end—

A rag of Empire fluttering to the breeze!

And shall Britannia vail to such as these,

Barbarian traffickers in base turmoil,

The sceptre at whose wave Oppression flees?

No, no; while springs a leaf o’er all her soil,

Shall men too spring up there to mock Sedition’s toil!

XLI.

And generous hearts are Erin’s. Think not they

Who storm the loudest are the deepest felt.

Fair shines the Moon, though dogs unquiet bay,

And rusts the sword that rattled in the belt;

Ere crost, how would the clamorous phalanx melt?

In scurril threats, that wound not, most they shine.

Too base the altars where they’ve groveling knelt,

To feel—true Celts—the valourous glow divine

That led thy “hope forlorn” in many a battle line.

XLII.

Let selfish virulence its coffers fill,

Let half-formed striplings dream that they have minds;

But vaunts mistake not for a nation’s will,

Nor lucre’s lust for what the true heart binds.

Some fervent spirits still the mockery blinds

Of patriot zeal, but fades the dream amain,

And scatters the weak bubble to the winds.

Not Erin’s heart partakes the traitor-stain;

Sound to the core the breast that bled for thee in Spain!

XLIII.

Yet gently deal with that distracted land;

With generous flood of bounty soothe her woes.

Mete Justice with no nice or niggard hand,

But heap like coals of fire upon thy foes

Magnanimous replies to dastard blows!

Not false the people—every boon be theirs,

Each healing measure quivering wounds to close.

Forget not that thy fame Ierne shares;

Forget not that she gave great Arthur to thy wars!

XLIV.

Fulfil thy destiny! Resistless spread

Through boundless Asia, forced to bear thy arms.

O’er Scindian waters be thy spirit shed,

Divulging ev’n in Conquest Freedom’s charms!

Earth shaketh still with Battle’s late alarms,

Yet peace and joy pervade the fields thou’st won;

Victoria blesses with her hand—not harms.

Beneath Britannia’s sway shall millions run;

Earth’s labouring head art thou, her Cyclop eye and sun!

XLV.

Yet robed in power and grandeur, bate thy pride,

And ’mid thy glory shudder at thy shame,

For starves the vagrant by the palace side,

And misery’s blight is tarnishing thy fame.

Your bosoms, boundless wealth and luxury, tame;

Nor rags nor squalor all your laws can ban.

Deal, deal more kindly with the poor, nor frame

A felon statute each offence to scan;

And let not Ignorance mar the Eternal’s image, Man!

XLVI.

Oh England! to thyself be true, nor fear

But every hostile voice will soon be dumb.

Smile on majestic ev’n while thou dost hear

O’er subject Ocean roll the doubling drum.

There sleep their wrath, or let the Invader come!

To thee indifferent—thou wilt strike no blow,

Save for such cause as Heaven descendeth from.

Live, Arbitress of Peace and War, that so

All Earth may court thy smile, and dread thee as a foe!

HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO XII.

The allusion at the commencement of this Canto is more especially to the admirable regulations established and enforced while our troops were upon the French territory. Never, since the days of the great Gustavus, was such discipline preserved in an enemy’s country. Captain Batty attests the excellent feeling produced amongst the inhabitants of St. Jean de Luz and its neighbourhood by the wonderful restraint observed by our army while stationed there in cantonments. (Campaign of the Western Pyrenees.) The well-known General Order of Wellington enforcing this discipline can never be forgotten, as the brightest monument of civilized war—perhaps in certain circumstances an inevitable calamity, but by him softened to the smallest infliction of injury. An official letter written from Bayonne, and quoted by Napier, book xxiv. chap. 1, contains this splendid testimony;—“The English general’s policy, and the good discipline he maintains, do us more harm than ten battles. Every peasant wishes to be under his protection.”

The principal battles are described in the order of their occurrence, and my impressions from recent visits are here recorded.

The ravines which intersect the heights of Roriça are overgrown with the beautiful shrubs, which make the wild districts of Portugal so delightful. The arbutus and myrtle I noted especially. Near the top of the middle pass is a small opening in the form of a wedge, nearly covered with these shrubs, where the severest fighting took place. The principal column in the main attack advanced under cover of some olive and cork trees, the ilex of the text. The name of this battle-ground (as remarked in my Introduction) has been frequently disfigured in English accounts. “Rolissa” is a common form of error; and the usual, but absurdly erroneous, form was for many years, “Roleia.” The true reading is that in the text. This battle was fought on the 17th August, 1808.

The difficulty of the ground, both at Vimieiro and at Roriça, struck me as only inferior to that of the terrible Serra of Busaco, and the still more gigantic inequalities of the Pyrenees. In front of the little village of Vimieiro, sweetly situated in a valley watered by the silver stream of Maceira, rises a rugged and detached flat-topped hill, commanding the passes which stretch to the south and east. A fearful ravine, the scene of great carnage, separates a mountain, that sweeps in a crescent from the coast, from another range of heights over which passes the road from Vimieiro to Lourinham, and which returns to the coast with a sudden bend backwards, terminating there in a tall and precipitous cliff. The ground between the points where the two armies were posted is wooded and broken in an extraordinary degree, especially by the deep ravine above referred to, where Brennier was for a considerable time entangled. Kellerman’s reserves were posted in a pine wood. Our 43rd regiment, stationed amongst some vineyards, covered with ripening grapes, to which allusion is made in the text, for the battle was fought on the 21st August, 1808, maintained a fierce contest against the French grenadiers, whom they eventually scattered with a furious onset of the bayonet, the regiment suffering severely. On the crest of the ridge Solignac was equally defeated; the French artillery, taken and rescued for a time, were finally retaken, and their discomfited troops compelled to retreat.

The glorious battle of Talavera was fought on the 28th July, 1809, when the “burning sun” described in the text was so fierce and scathing as to tempt the soldiers of both armies, before the commencement of the fight, down to the little brook which separated their positions, not far from the memorable hill which was the vital point of the action, where they quenched their thirst together, mingling without any attempt at mutual molestation, with a degree of reciprocal confidence which was not without something chivalrous in its character. I slaked my thirst at the same stream on my visit, and could not help smiling at the remark of a Spanish peasant, that that water to this hour is “ensangrentada!” I pointed to its limpid purity, which assuredly had nothing of the crimson hue. The mingling of the French and English troops at this stream for such a purpose reminded me of a passage in my life which occurred in 1836 at Compiègne in France, where the late lamented Duke of Orléans had formed a camp for military exercises, which I attended as a spectator. The heat was likewise then intolerable, and I slaked my thirst at a streamlet on the ground in the midst of scores of French soldiers, similarly employed, who assisted me with great politeness. At Talavera the French, posted near the Tagus, amongst some olive groves which were in full bloom at the period of my visit, commenced the battle with a tempest of bullets from no fewer than 80 pieces of artillery. The “Belluno” alluded to in the text was Marshal Victor, Duke of that name. “The English regiments met the advancing columns.” “Their loud and confident shouts—sure augury of success—were heard along the whole line.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book viii. chap. 2.) A terrible charge of cavalry was executed by the 23rd, down a nearly precipitous cleft, in which half the regiment was sacrificed. The charge of the 48th decided the day, which says Napier “was one of hard, honest fighting,” and for which Sir Arthur Wellesley first was made a Peer. “The battle was scarcely over when the dry grass and shrubs taking fire, a volume of flames passed with inconceivable rapidity across a part of the field, scorching in its course both the dead and the wounded.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book viii. chap. 2.)

My first reflection, on ascending the Serra of Busaco, was one of astonishment how any troops could act in such terrifically broken ground. It seemed almost impracticable to my mule. Yet up these tremendous steeps the French scaled rather than charged with a degree of active energy and hardihood, which well deserves the compliment paid to them by Napier: “In this battle of Busaco, the French, after astonishing efforts of valour, were repulsed, in the manner to be expected from the strength of the ground, and the goodness of the soldiers opposed to them.” (Hist. War in the Penins. book xi. chap. 7.) It was not easy in imagination to conjure up the spectacle of these elevated crags fronting the peaceful convent, and these crests of rugged mountains scattered in tumbling confusion around, bristling all over with bayonets as they did before sunrise on that eventful morning, thirty-six years since, and the French emerging from those wooded ravines, and rushing up the face of these fearful heights, down which they were hurled again, their bodies strewing the way to the very depths of the valley. A mist capped the mountain on my visit, and it was so on the day of the battle—the 27th September, 1810. “In less than half an hour the French were close upon the summit; so swiftly and with such astonishing power and resolution did they scale the mountain.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. ibid.) “The Duke”’s despatch is, as usual, succinct and forcible. Massena’s character, as drawn by Napoléon, was as follows:—“Brave, decided, and intrepid * * his dispositions for battle bad, but his temper pertinacious to the last degree.” His rashness was here apparent. His ruthless cruelty and infamous burnings and destruction, in retreating from the Lines of Torres Vedras six months later, including his firing of the Convent of Alcobaça, make the name which Napoléon gave him, “the child of victory,” unworthy by the side of Ney, “the bravest of the brave.”

The battle of Fuentes de Onoro, fought on the 5th May, 1811, was no very decided triumph, although most undoubtedly a victory, since the principal object of the allies, the covering of the blockade of Almeida, was successfully accomplished. The village of Fuentes, so often attacked throughout the day, was unflinchingly and gallantly defended; and on the chapel and crags which surmount the town we maintained our ground to the last, while the French retired a cannon-shot from the stream. My attention was invited in a more lively degree by the neighbouring fortress of Almeida, which was the scene of such repeated actions during the Peninsular War, and where occurred the curious siege in 1844 by the forces of the Portuguese government, when it was occupied by a revolutionary party under the Conde do Bomfim, aiming at the subversion of Dona Maria’s prerogative.

The battle of Albuera was fought on the 16th May, 1811, eleven days after the battle of Fuentes de Onoro. At Albuera the personal gallantry of Marshal Beresford was more conspicuous than the generalship. Our loss in killed and wounded here was greater than in any other action during the Peninsular War. Wellington arrived on the field the third day after the battle. For several days before it the Spaniards had been reduced to horse-flesh for a subsistence! Yet on the whole they fought well. It was the terrific charge and indomitable valour of the Fusiliers that gained the day. Never was British infantry seen to greater advantage. “The terrible balance hung for two hours, and twice trembling to the sinister side, only yielded at last to the superlative vigour of the fusiliers.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xii. chap. 7.)

The assault of Ciudad Rodrigo took place on the 19th January, 1812. The success was the result of desperate valour, time not permitting the regular approaches of scientific skill, as it was hourly expected that Marmont would arrive to succour the town. “Wellington resolved to storm the place without blowing in the counterscarp; in other words, to overstep the rules of science, and sacrifice life rather than time, for such was the capricious nature of the Agueda that in one night a flood might enable a small French force to relieve the place.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xvi. chap. 3.) “The storming party went straight to the breach, which was so contracted that a gun placed lengthwise across the top nearly blocked up the opening. * * The audacious manner in which Wellington stormed the redoubt of Francisco, and broke ground on the first night of the investment; the more audacious manner in which he assaulted the place before the fire of the defence had been in any manner lessened, * * were the true causes of the sudden fall of the place. * * When the general terminated his order for the assault with this sentence, ‘Ciudad Rodrigo must be stormed this evening,’ he knew well that it would be nobly understood.” (Ibid.) The vital contest lasted only a few minutes, but cost the gallant Crawfurd’s life. “Throwing off the restraints of discipline, the troops committed frightful excesses. The town was fired in three or four places, the soldiers menaced their officers, and shot each other; many were killed in the market-place, intoxication soon increased the tumult, disorder everywhere prevailed, and at last, the fury rising to an absolute madness, a fire was wilfully lighted in the middle of the great magazine, when the town and all in it would have been blown to atoms, but for the energetic courage of some officers and a few soldiers who still preserved their senses.” (Ibid.) It is fit that the glories of War should have hung up by their side this pendent picture of its Hellish atrocities and horrors. The “frightful excesses” are here but imperfectly detailed. Neither age nor sex was spared from any description of outrage; and it was against the Spanish people unarmed, helpless, and allies, that these villanies of unbridled passion were committed. Warlike ambition contains within it the germs of every crime; and War itself, unless purely defensive and inevitable, is the concentration of all malignity.

The approach to Badajoz from the side of Elvas is exceedingly interesting. The Portuguese fortress of Elvas is perched on a lofty hill, with the valley at its foot which separates it at the distance of three leagues from Badajoz and the mountains of the Spanish frontier. I was struck by the contrast between the warm and cultivated quintas on the Elvas side, and the bleakness on that of Badajoz. The sun had just risen over the hills of Spanish Estremadura, which clad in the deepest purple were boldly yet delicately limned along the sky. The road was covered with numberless screeching carros, and the whistling contrabandists and sturdy almocrebes conducting their mules in listless silence formed a wonderful contrast with my thoughts, which were full of the ‘pride, pomp, and circumstance’ of War. When I entered Badajoz, which I did from the side of Madrid, I could not help shuddering at the sight of those walls which, little more than thirty years back, witnessed so terrible a conflict—“a combat,” says Napier “so fiercely fought, so terribly won, so dreadful in all its circumstances, that posterity can scarcely be expected to credit the tale; but many are still alive who know that it is true.” (Hist. War in the Penins. book xvi. chap. 5.) The courage of Philippon and the garrison was of the highest order. The assault combined escalade and storm, and took place in the night of the 6th April, 1812. For a detailed description of this wonderful and terrific scene I must refer to Napier’s History, whose magnificent narrative it is impossible to abridge. “The ramparts crowded with dark figures and glittering arms were seen on the one side, and on the other the red columns of the British, deep and broad, were coming on like streams of burning lava; * * a crash of thunder followed, and with incredible violence the storming parties were dashed to pieces by the explosion of hundreds of shells and powder-barrels.” (Napier, ibid.) “Now a multitude bounded up the great breach as if driven by a whirlwind, but across the top glittered a range of sword-blades, sharp-pointed, keen-edged on both sides, and firmly fixed in ponderous beams, which were chained together and set deep in the ruins; and fourteen feet in front, the ascent was covered with loose planks, studded with sharp iron points, on which the feet of the foremost being set the planks moved, and the unhappy soldiers, falling forward on the spikes, rolled down upon the ranks behind.” (Ibid.) “Two hours spent in these vain efforts convinced the soldiers that the breach of the Trinidad was impregnable. * * Gathering in dark groups, and leaning on their muskets, they looked up with sullen desperation, while the enemy stepping out on the ramparts, and aiming their shot by the light of the fire-balls which they threw over, asked, as their victims fell, Why they did not come into Badajoz?” (Ibid.) Five thousand men fell during the siege, of whom 3,500 were struck during the assault. Five generals were wounded. More than 2,000 men fell at the breaches! Philippon surrendered early next morning. To the heroic Picton and his “fighting third” division the success was chiefly attributable. “Now commenced that wild and desperate wickedness, which tarnished the lustre of the soldier’s heroism. All indeed were not alike, for hundreds risked and many lost their lives in striving to stop the violence, but the madness generally prevailed, and as the worst men were leaders here, all the dreadful passions of human nature were displayed. Shameless rapacity, brutal intemperance, savage lust, cruelty, and murder, shrieks and piteous lamentations, groans, shouts, imprecations, the hissing of fires bursting from the houses, the crashing of doors and windows, and the reports of muskets used in violence, resounded for two days and nights in the streets of Badajoz! on the third, when the city was sacked, when the soldiers were exhausted by their own excesses, the tumult rather subsided than was quelled. The wounded men were then looked to, the dead disposed of.” (Ibid.) Let this scene be for ever engraven on our minds—let its horrors be a response to the insane clamour for war. And, notwithstanding the glories of our Peninsular campaigns, let us resolve that a sword we will never draw but in defence of our own soil!

The ever memorable battle of Salamanca took place in the same month of July in which three years before had been fought the equally glorious battle of Talavera—and even in still more sultry weather, so much so that before the engagement at Salamanca, on one occasion when the French, pressing upon our rear, were scattered by the bayonet, some of our men fainted with the heat. On the eve of the battle, a terrific thunder-storm came on just as the enemy were taking up their position. The sky was kindled with incessant lightnings, and through the heavy rain which subsequently fell, the French fires could be seen along their entire line. It is a remarkable fact that nearly every one of our chief battles in the Peninsula was heralded by a storm, as if Nature sympathized in the contest. That of Salamanca was fought upon a plain surrounded by ranges of hills—one of the few open and level tracts upon which the rival armies met in the Peninsula, which seemed peculiarly adapted for such a struggle, bearing at opposite and distant points two striking rocky eminences, steep and rugged, called the Arapiles (cut out, as it were, for rival generals) on which the left of the French and the right of the Allies were posted. The battle of Salamanca lasted only forty minutes. It originated in an error of Marmont’s, which Wellington seized as thus described by Napier: “Starting up, he repaired to the high ground, and observed their movements for some time, with a stern contentment, for their left wing was entirely separated from the centre. The fault was flagrant, and he fixed it with the stroke of a thunder-bolt.” (Hist. War in the Penins. book xviii. chap. 3.)

The battle of Vitoria was fought on the 21st June, 1813. The weather was rainy, and a thick curtain of vapour overspread both armies till noon. The utter rout which the French sustained was in great part the result of a complication of enormous faults and errors on the part of King Joseph. The basin of Vitoria, into which he poured not only his troops, but his parks, baggage, convoys, stores and encumbrances of every description—is unequally divided by the winding Zadora, and nearly ten miles long by an average breadth of eight miles. The stream which intersects it is narrow, and the banks very steep in parts and uniformly rugged. Here he was utterly exposed, and to the last moment undecided even as to a line of retreat. The line of the Ebro had been admirably turned by Wellington, and of the strength of the country about that river the French were by most judicious movements deprived. Their position was liable to be taken in flank, and this advantage was mercilessly seized. My emotion here was little short of that which I experienced on the plain of Waterloo; for though the contest here was immeasurably more brief, the blow was struck with matchless vigour, and likewise on a noble battle ground. The stress of the action lay about the heights of La Puebla. This important point by which the river was passed and the village of Subijana de Alava having been successively carried by the allies, as well as the bridges of Tres Puentes, Mendoza, and Arriaga, the French hotly pressed on all sides were forced to retire on Vitoria, when the rout ensued which was one of the most complete in history. “It was the wreck of a nation.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Penins. book xx. chap. 8.) An officer who was present well expressed it thus: “The French were beaten before the town, and in the town, and through the town, and out of the town, and behind the town, and all round about the town;” and Gazan, a French officer’s account was that “they lost all their equipages, all their guns, all their treasure, all their stores, and all their papers, so that no man could prove how much pay was due to him.” From the total wreck even king Joseph with difficulty escaped, a pistol-shot having been fired into his carriage. “The trophies were innumerable,” (Napier, ibid.) The spoils resembled those of an Oriental rather than an European army; for Joseph had all his luxuries and treasures with him. Five millions and a half of dollars were stated by the French accounts to have been in the money-chests. Our troops had abundant spoil, for “not one dollar,” says Napier, “came to the public.” A profusion was found of the choicest wines and delicacies, the baggage was rifled, and our soldiers attired themselves in the gala dresses of the enemy. Marshal Jourdan’s bâton was taken by the 87th regiment. “The Duke”’s despatch is excellent.

Minute details of the several battles of the Pyrenees, and of those fought upon the soil of France up to the gates of Toulouse, will be found in the last volume of Napier’s History.

With regard to the Lines of Torres Vedras, the testimony of Colonel (since General) Jones, an eminent engineer officer, whose writings are of the plainest and most practical character, and who evidently had little imagination to incite him to enthusiasm, is as follows:—“The lines in front of Lisbon are a triumph to the British nation. They are without doubt the finest specimen of a fortified position ever effected. From their peninsular situation there is no possibility of manœuvring on the flanks, cutting off the supplies, or getting in the rear of them: in the details of the work there is no pedantry of science; nor long lines of fortification for show without strength; mountains themselves are made the prominent points; the gorges alone derive their total strength from retrenchments. The quantity of labour bestowed on them is incredible, but in no part has the engineer done more than his duty; assisted nature, assisted the general, and assisted the troops, and for each arm has procured a favourable field of action.” (Journals of the Sieges undertaken by the Allies in Spain, note 1.) I have frequently witnessed at Lisbon the excitement of French military travellers about these works. Their first rush from Lisbon is to Torres Vedras and the neighbourhood to see them; and their admiration, although a little bitterly, is always freely expressed. The testimony of a distinguished French general is equally explicit:—“Ce monument remarquable de l’industrie de nos ennemis, les lignes construites en 1810 pour la defence de Lisbonne.” (Foy, Hist. Guerre. Pénins. liv. ii.)

The modes of warfare and the structure of society have undergone such an utter change that it appears delusive to seek any parallel for the achievements of Wellington in the records of ancient history. The naked fact that he had to contend against the incomparable military genius of Napoléon, and without any exaggeration became “le vainqueur du vainqueur du monde” attests in the severe sobriety of History more than the most fulsome adulation. All the great conquerors of the ancient world—Sesostris, Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar—were invaders: Wellington’s battles were nearly all defensive of human rights and liberty. In Roman annals he may be most fittingly compared to Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal—the more especially for the purity of both their characters. In Grecian history he might be likened to Themistocles, who also maintained a glorious defensive war, but that the English, unlike the Greek hero, was incorruptible. His character is a compound of the two great joint rulers of Athens—of the military conduct of Themistocles and the inflexible justice of Aristides. The admirable strokes of policy by which Themistocles circumvented Xerxes might be paralleled in several parts of Wellington’s career, who like Themistocles could lead his foes astray as well as rout them at Salamis. There is one part of the Athenian’s character, his venality, over which the Englishman towers with transcendent superiority. There is another, and curious particular, in which the comparison is likewise to his advantage. Themistocles was unskilled in music, and therefore by his contemporaries (who prized that art so highly) twitted with ignorance, as Cicero informs us. (Tusc. Quest. lib. i.) Plutarch, (lib. i.) and Athenæus (lib. xiv.) mention that those who were unskilled in the harp were forced jocosely to sing to the accompaniment of a branch of laurel or myrtle held in a cithara-like form, as we sometimes now-a-days see a wag perform a tune with poker and bellows. The ancients in their banquets were in the habit of sending round the lyre to each of the guests in succession, an event of which kind caused Themistocles to be found wanting, from whence Quintilian (lib. i. cap. 16) takes occasion to inculcate on his pupils the necessity of learning music. The same practice prevailed amongst our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, at whose feasts the harp was sent round in a precisely similar manner. (Bede, Hist. Eccles. Anglor. iv. 24.) The Duke of Wellington’s love of music is inherited from his accomplished father, the Earl of Mornington, and his Directorship of the Ancient Concerts proves that he is not more devoted to Mars than to Apollo.

The gallantry and intelligence with which the views of Wellington were seconded throughout the Peninsular campaigns most amply deserve the honourable record of the following names amongst the leaders:—(Lord) Hill, Graham (Lord Lynedoch), Picton, Cole, Robert Crawfurd, George Murray, Cotton (Lord Combermere), (Lord) Colborne, Hope (Lord Hopetoun), Kempt, Pakenham, Pack, Clinton, Byng, (Lord) Beresford, Stewart (Marquis of Londonderry), Paget (Marquis of Anglesey), Lord Fitzroy Somerset, Lord Edward Somerset, Stopford, Catlin Crawfurd, Colville, Leith, Barnes, Barnard, Vandeleur, Borthwick, Bowes, Harvey, Skerrett, Myers, Spencer, Oswald, Bradford, Hamilton, Houghton, Cadogan, Power, William Stewart, Lumley, (Lord) Saltoun, Anson, Hulse, Erskine, Nightingale, (Lord) Vivian, Dalhousie, Le Marchant, Walker, Fletcher, Howorth, Mackenzie, Lightfoot, Payne, Campbell, Colin Campbell, Donkin, Langworth, Ludlow, Guise, Dilkes, Ferguson, Ridge, Canch, D’Urban, Anstruther, Mackinnon, Baird, Sherbrooke, Wilson, Hay, Sprye, Robinson, Inglis, Aylmer, Howard, Talbot, Watson, Grant, Madden, Bull, Gibbs, Gough, Hinuber, Bock, &c. And amongst the officers who greatly distinguished themselves, to complete this Walhalla, (Lord) Hardinge, the Napiers, Mackie, Gurwood, Smith, Grant, O’Toole, Sturgeon, Manners, Ridge, Duncan, Campbell, Macleod, Hardyman, Shaw (Kennedy), Lord March (Duke of Richmond), Nicholas, Lord William Russell, Hare, Ferguson, Lake, Nugent, Hughes, Barnard, Seymour, Ponsonby, Donnellan, Trant, Waters, Halket, Ellis, Blakeney, Dickson, Otway, Collins, Burgoyne, Hartman, Way, Duckworth, Inglis, Abercrombie, Hawkshawe, M’Intosh, Dyas, Forster, Putton, M’Geechy, Hunt, M’Adam, Maguire, Gethin, Cooke, Robertson, Rose, Patrick, Frier, Lloyd, Arentschild, M’Bean, Snodgrass, Moore, Herries, Townsend, Maitland, Stuart, Woodford, Sullivan, Crofton, Hervey, Wheatly, Brown, &c. Neither must I omit mention of Graham’s glorious victory at Barosa, and Hill’s splendid achievement at Almaraz, or of the crossing of the Douro and expulsion of Soult from Oporto.

I.  “Bright be thy fame, illustrious Wellington!”

Πῶς ἄν σ’ ἐπαινέσαιμι μὴ λίαν λόγοις,

Μήτ’ ἐνδεῶς, * *

Αἰνούμενοι γὰρ οἱ ’γαθοὶ, τρόπον τινὰ

Μισοῦσι τοὺς αἰνοῦντας, ἐὰν αἰνῶσ’ ἄγαν.

Eurip. Iph. in Aul. 977.

“How shall I praise thee in words neither too many nor too few? For the good, when they are praised, in some manner hate those who praise them, if they praise too much.”

II.  ——“Great Themistocles, excelling
In martial prowess all that turns to dust.”

Ἑλέομαι
πὰρ μὲν Σαλαμῖνος, Ἀθηναίων χάριν,
μισθόν.

Pind. Pyth. i.

“I will embrace at Salamis the benefit conferred by Athens upon Greece, and will magnify its great reward.” The allusion is to the fulfilment of the ancient prophecy, that “the Attic city would be saved by her wooden walls,” a phrase curiously reproduced in the modern history of England. For the details of this victory see Herodotus, lib. viii. Pindar, in the foregoing passage, incidentally refers to the splendid reward which he received from the Athenians, who gave him 2000 drachmas, being twice the amount of the fine inflicted on him by his Theban countrymen for celebrating the praises of the Athenians at Salamis. (Æschines, Epist. iv.)

III.  “The cannon fired for joy upon the morn,
That told the nation Salamanca’s skies,” &c.

The battle of Salamanca was fought on the 22nd July, 1812. The author was born on the 27th December in the same year. “Salamanca will always be referred to as the most skilful of Wellington’s battles.” (Napier, Hist. War in the Peninsula, book xix. chap. 7.) This splendid achievement was designated by a French officer at the time as “the beating of forty thousand men in forty minutes.”

V.  “Length of days,
And honours of a Demigod,” &c.

ὁ νικῶν δὲ λοιπὸν ἀμφὶ βίοτον
ἔχει μελιτόεσσαν εὐδίαν,
ἀέθλων γ’ ἕνεκεν.

Pind. Olymp. i.

“The Conqueror for the remainder of his days enjoyeth a honeyed security, the reward of his victories.”

V.  “The path of Cæsar blood and tears o’erran.”

See Ferguson’s Roman Republic, book iv. chap. 1, 2, 3, 7.

VII.  “I late have stood upon thy battle-fields.”

Sint tibi Flaminius, Thrasymenaque litora, testes.

Ovid. Fast. vi. 765.

IX., XI.  For poetical allusions to the battles of Talavera and Albuera see Byron’s Childe Harold, Canto i., and Scott’s Don Roderick.

XV.  “To where Garumna’s stream to ocean runs.”

“Pernicior unda Garumnæ,” the Garonne on which Toulouse is situated, the ‘docta Tolosa’ of Ausonius.

XX.  “‘Now, Don Salustian,’ thus great Arthur said—
‘This piteous scene doth touch my heart full sore.’”

Ὑψηλόφρων μοι θυμὸς αἴρεται πρόσω·

Ἐπίσταται δὲ τοῖς κακοῖσί τ’ ἀσχαλᾷν,

Μετρίως τε χαίρειν τοῖσιν ἐξωγκωμένοις.

Eurip. Iphig. in Aul. 919.

“My lofty mind is vehemently raised. But it knows how to pity misfortune, and moderately to enjoy prosperity.”

XXII.  “O’ercast with blushes that like roses seem.”

And ever and anon with rosy red

The bashful blood her snowy cheeks did die,

And her became as polished ivorie,

Which cunning craftsman’s hand hath overlaid

With fair vermillion on pure lasterie.

Spenser, Fairy Queen.

XXIII.  “In kisses o’er her hand his soul was cast.”

Suaviolum dulci dulcius ambrosiâ.

Catul. xcvi.

XXVI.  “Greater thy glory than Pendragon’s son,” &c.

What resounds

In fable or romance of Uther’s son

Begirt with British and Armoric knights.

Milt. Par. Lost, i. 579.

I have preferred the name Pendragon to Uther, as more resonant. King Arthur’s father had both names. (Robert de Borron, Hist.)

XXVII.  “List to thy Destiny, and nerve thy arm.”

Nunc age ... quæ deinde sequatur Gloria ...

Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo.

Virg. Æn. vi.

“Cyclopian castles hewn from solid rock.”

Though the penultimate in the first word is long in the Greek, in Latin it is short:

——Vos et Cyclopia saxa, Experti.

Virg. Æn. i. 205.

XXIX.  “Through no vain boast like Xerxes.”

——Tumidum super æquora Xerxem.

Luc. Phars. ii. 627.

Suppositumque rotis solidum mare ...

Ille tamen qualis rediit Salamine relictâ,

Ipsum compedibus qui vinxerat Ennosigæum?

Juvenal. Sat. x. 176.

XXXIV.  “She said, and pointing to the fields of France.”

Così dicendo ...

... tremò l’aria riverente, e i campi

Dell’ Oceano, e i monti, e i ciechi abissi.

Tasso, Gerus. Lib. xiii. 74.

“And Heaven for long renown hath spared his hero soul.”

Εὖ δὲ παθεῖν, τὸ πρῶτον ἀέθλων·
εὖ δ’ ἀκούειν, δευτέρα μοῖ-
ρ’. Ἀμφοτέροισι δ’ ἀνὴρ
ὃς ἂν ἐγκύρσῃ, καὶ ἕλῃ,
στέφανον ὕψιστον δέδεκται.

Pind. Pyth. i.

“To use good fortune is the first of gifts, and to hear men’s praise is the second felicity; but to whatever man both these have fallen, he hath received the highest crown!” While Pindar was eulogizing the Syracusan Hiero, one might think that he was describing Wellington.

XXXVI.  ——“Ne’er by land or main
Shall War’s barbarian triumphs wake thy pride.”

Ipsum nos carmen deducit Pacis ad aram.

Pax ades; et toto mitis in orbe mane.

Dum desunt hostes, desit quoque causa triumphi.

Tu ducibus bello gloria major eris!

Sola gerat miles, quibus arma coërceat, arma;

Canteturque ferâ, nil nisi pompa, tubâ.

Horreat Æneadas et primus et ultimus orbis:

Si qua parum Romam terra timebit, amet.

Utque domus, quæ præstat eam, cum Pace perennet,

Ad pia propensos vota rogate Deos!

Ovid. Fast. i. 709.

“But Peace with olive branch o’ershadowing bide,
And mark the Godhead in thy empire wide.”

Φιλόφρον Ἡσυχία, Δίκας
ὦ μεγιστόπολι
θύγατερ, βουλᾶν τε καὶ πολέμων
ἔχοισα κλαῗδας
ὑπερτάτας.

Pind. Pyth. viii.

“Oh bland Tranquillity, thou city-exalting daughter of Justice, holding the keys supreme of councils and of wars!”

XXXVII.  “Nor let thy Fecial seers too nice refine.”

To the college of Feciales was intrusted in ancient Rome the preparation of treaties.

XXXVIII.  “Strong be thy armament, as fits thy strength
Of mandate—powerful thy Lernæan clave.”

Quis facta Herculeæ non audit fortia clavæ?

Propert. l. iv. Eleg. 10.

“When thy artillery’s roar is heard o’er Ocean’s plain.”

While o’er the encircling deep Britannia’s thunder roars.

Thomson, Castle of Indolence, Canto ii.

XXXIX.  “And lording o’er thy empire of the Deep.”

Our dominion of the sea seems to be in some degree indicated by this line of Ovid, from his splendid panegyric on Julius Cæsar:

Scilicet æquoreos plus est domuisse Britannos!

Met. xv. 752.

XLIV.  ——“Resistless spread
Through boundless Asia, forced to bear thy arms.”

——Super et Garamantas et Indos

Proferet imperium * * *

Nec vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit;

Nec qui pampineis victor juga flectit habenis,

Liber, agens celso Nisæ de vertice tigres * *

Tu regere imperio populos, &c.

Virg. Æn. vi.

It is the glory of England to be able to claim the excellence in which Virgil admitted that the Romans were surpassed:

Excudent alii spirantia mollius æra,

Credo equidem; vivos ducent de marmore vultus;

Orabunt causas melius, cœlique meatus

Describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent.

In all these arts which Virgil excepts, it is our fortune to shine pre-eminent. Our bar is unquestionably the first in the world; our astronomers and scientific men are the first; our workers in the metals and engravers are the best; and our sculptors are not excelled.

“Victoria blesses with her hand—not harms.”

——Victoria læta.

Hor. Sat. i. 1.

——prima viam Victoria pandit!

Virg. Æn. xii.

XLV.  “Your bosoms, boundless wealth and luxury, tame.”

At postquàm Fortuna loci caput extulit hujus,

Et tetigit summos vertice Roma Deos;

Creverunt et opes, et opum furiosa cupido;

Et, cùm possideant plurima, plura volunt.

Quærere ut absumant, absumpta requirere, certant;

Atque ipsæ vitiis sunt alimenta vices.

Sic, quibus intumuit suffusâ venter ab undâ,

Quo plus sunt potæ, plus sitiuntur aquæ.

In pretio pretium nunc est: dat census honores,

Census amicitias; pauper ubique jacet!

Ovid. Fast. i. 209.

I shall conclude with the passage with which Euripides ends his Iphigenia in Tauris:—

Ὦ μέγα σεμνὴ Νίκη, τὸν ἐμὸν

Βίοτον κατέχοις,

Καὶ μὴ λήγοις στεφανοῦσα.

“Oh great and august Victoria, hold my life, nor fail to crown it with thy smile!”

William Stevens, Printer, Bell Yard, Temple Bar.

FOOTNOTES:

[A] Napier begins his account thus: “Renewed Siege of San Sebastian.—Villatte’s demonstration against Longa on the 28th of July had caused the ships laden with the battering-trains to put to sea, but on the 5th of August the guns were re-landed and the works against the fortress resumed,” &c.—Hist. War in the Penins. book xxii. chap. 1.

[B] Part. This purely Saxon word (modern German, theil) is now written by us deal. “A great deal” means “a great part.”

[C] Ambling like an Andalucian barb.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The ‘Table of Contents’ has been created and inserted before the Preface by the Transcriber.

Omitted text in quotations was indicated by ‘ * * ’ in the original book, sometimes ‘ * * * ’, and this has been retained in the etext.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 15, ‘Athenian narrater’ replaced by ‘Athenian narrator’.
Pg 62, ‘recals the main’ replaced by ‘recalls the main’.
Pg 65, Stanza number ‘XI.’ replaced by ‘XII.’.
Pg 123, ‘Hom. _Od._ xi. 592’ replaced by ‘Hom. _Od._ xi. 598’.
Pg 126, ‘Porphyrio’ replaced by ‘Porphyrion’.
Pg 168, Stanza number ‘II.’ replaced by ‘III.’.
Pg 194, ‘Thy statues’ replaced by ‘Of statues’.
Pg 255, Stanza number ‘XI.’ replaced by ‘VII.’.
Pg 257, Stanza number ‘XXIII.’ replaced by ‘XLIII.’.
Pg 282, Stanza number ‘XLVII.’ inserted before “Even the dread ...”.
Pg 358, Stanza number ‘IV.’ replaced by ‘V.’.
Pg 358, Stanza number ‘VI.’ replaced by ‘VII.’.
Pg 358, All subsequent stanza numbers in the Notes for this Canto were off by one, (so ‘VIII’ has been replaced by ‘IX’, etc.)

Pg 31, παραίφαμενος replaced by παραιφάμενος.
Pg 88, δέ μισῶ replaced by δὲ μισῶ.
Pg 90, της ἀκμῆς replaced by τῆς ἀκμῆς.
Pg 125, Ὤ λῆμ replaced by Ὦ λῆμ.
Pg 125, τοις φίλοις replaced by τοῖς φίλοις.
Pg 126, Βία δέ replaced by Βία δὲ.
Pg 126, Τυφώς Κίλιξ replaced by Τυφὼς Κίλιξ.
Pg 126, Διμᾶθεν δέ replaced by Δμᾶθεν δὲ.
Pg 170, Σθένελός τέ replaced by Σθένελός τε.
Pg 194, μηκἐθ’ ἁλίου replaced by μηκέθ’ ἁλίου.
Pg 194, δὲ παξας replaced by δὲ πάξας.
Pg 226, Ὀμως δὲ replaced by Ὅμως δὲ.
Pg 226, Ἐλῶσι γὰρ replaced by Ἐλῶσι γάρ.
Pg 254, σπερμ’ Ἀχιλλέως replaced by σπέρμ’ Ἀχιλλέως.
Pg 254, Πατρῷ’ ἑλέσθαί replaced by Πατρῷ’ ἑλέσθαι.
Pg 255, νῷν ἀπέχθὴς replaced by νῷν ἀπεχθὴς.
Pg 255, γῦνὴ γὰρ replaced by γυνὴ γὰρ.
Pg 256, Ἐφυμεν, ὡς replaced by Ἔφυμεν, ὡς.
Pg 256, εἰ δοκεἶ replaced by εἰ δοκεῖ.
Pg 256, ἀτίμασας’ ἔχε replaced by ἀτιμάσασ’ ἔχε.
Pg 256, Δαϊζων ἵππους replaced by Δαΐζων ἵππους.
Pg 257, ἔπος, ὁυτέ replaced by ἔπος, οὗτέ.
Pg 257, σὴν χὲῤ replaced by σὴν χὲρ’.
Pg 281, φοινίου σαλου replaced by φοινίου σάλου.
Pg 357, ἐὰν αἰνῶς’ replaced by ἐὰν αἰνῶσ’.
Pg 357, μισθον replaced by μισθόν.
Pg 360, Αμφοτέροισι replaced by Ἀμφοτέροισι.
Pg 361, ἔχοισα κλαῖδας replaced by ἔχοισα κλαῗδας.

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Table of Contents

- IBERIA WON.

- PREFACE.

- INTRODUCTION.

- Canto I.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO I.

- Canto II.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO II.

- Canto III.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO III.

- Canto IV.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO IV.

- Canto V.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO V.

- Canto VI.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VI.

- Canto VII.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

- Canto VIII.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VIII.

- Canto IX.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO IX.

- Canto X.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO X.

- Canto XI.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO XI.

- Canto XII.

- HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO XII.

- FOOTNOTES:

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE