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Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of John Stuart Mill

Author: John Stuart Mill

Editor: David Widger

Release date: January 1, 2019 [eBook #58583]

Most recently updated: February 25, 2021

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF JOHN STUART MILL ***

INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG

WORKS OF

JOHN STUART MILL

Compiled by David Widger

CONTENTS

Click on the ## before many of the titles to view a linked

table of contents for that volume.

Click on the title itself to open the original online file.

THE CONTEST IN AMERICA

##  CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

##  AUTOBIOGRAPHY

##  UTILITARIANISM

##  SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

AUGUST COMTE AND POSITIVISM

THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN

##  PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

ON LIBERTY

##  7th ED. VOL 1: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE

##  7th ED, Vol. II: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE

##  8th ED: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE

SOCIALISM

##  PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND

TABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES

CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

Preface

Chapter I

To What Extent Forms of Government are a Matter of Choice.

Chapter II

The Criterion of a Good Form of Government.

Chapter III

That the ideally best Form of Government is Representative Government.

Chapter IV

Under what Social Conditions Representative Government is Inapplicable.

Chapter V

Of the Proper Functions of Representative Bodies.

Chapter VI

Of the Infirmities and Dangers to which Representative Government is Liable.

Chapter VII

Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only.

Chapter VIII

Of the Extension of the Suffrage.

Chapter IX

Should there be Two Stages of Election?

Chapter X

Of the Mode of Voting.

Chapter XI

Of the Duration of Parliaments.

Chapter XII

Ought Pledges to be Required from Members of Parliament?

Chapter XIII

Of a Second Chamber.

Chapter XIV

Of the Executive in a Representative Government.

Chapter XV

Of Local Representative Bodies.

Chapter XVI

Of Nationality, as connected with Representative Government.

Chapter XVII

Of Federal Representative Governments.

Chapter XVIII

Of the Government of Dependencies by a Free State.

Footnotes

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

1806-1819 — CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION

CHAPTER II

1813-1821 — MORAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY YOUTH — MY FATHER'S CHARACTER AND OPINIONS

CHAPTER III

1821-1823 — LAST STAGE OF EDUCATION, AND FIRST OF SELF-EDUCATION

CHAPTER IV

1823-1828 — YOUTHFUL PROPAGANDISM. THE "WESTMINSTER REVIEW"

CHAPTER V

1826-1832 — CRISIS IN MY MENTAL HISTORY. ONE STAGE ONWARD

CHAPTER VI.

1830-1840 — COMMENCEMENT OF THE MOST VALUABLE FRIENDSHIP OF MY LIFE—MY FATHER'S DEATH—WRITINGS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS UP TO 1840

CHAPTER VII.

1840-1870 — GENERAL VIEW OF THE REMAINDER OF MY LIFE.—COMPLETION OF THE "SYSTEM OF LOGIC"—PUBLICATION OF THE "PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY" —MARRIAGE—RETIREMENT FROM THE INDIA HOUSE—PUBLICATION OF "LIBERTY" —"CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT"—CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA —EXAMINATION OF SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON'S PHILOSOPHY—PARLIAMENTARY LIFE —REMAINDER OF MY LIFE

NOTES:

UTILITARIANISM

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I

GENERAL REMARKS

CHAPTER II

WHAT UTILITARIANISM IS

CHAPTER III

OF THE ULTIMATE SANCTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY

CHAPTER IV

OF WHAT SORT OF PROOF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY IS SUSCEPTIBLE

CHAPTER V

OF THE CONNEXION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND UTILITY

ESSAYS ON SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

ESSAY I.

Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World

ESSAY II.

Of the Influence of Consumption upon Production

ESSAY III.

On the Words Productive and Unproductive

ESSAY IV.

On Profits, and Interest

ESSAY V.

On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation proper to it

PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

By John Stuart Mill

Contents

Preface.

Introductory.

A Sketch Of The History Of Political Economy.

Books For Consultation (From English, French, And German Authors).

Preliminary Remarks.

Book I. Production.

Chapter I. Of The Requisites Of Production.

§ 1. The requisites of production.

§ 2. The Second Requisite of Production, Labor.

§ 3. Of Capital as a Requisite of Production.

Chapter II. Of Unproductive Labor.

§ 1. Definition of Productive and Unproductive Labor.

§ 2. Productive and Unproductive Consumption.

§ 3. Distinction Between Labor for the Supply of Productive Consumption and Labor for the Supply of Unproductive Consumption.

Chapter III. Of Capital.

§ 1. Capital is Wealth Appropriated to Reproductive Employment.

§ 2. More Capital Devoted to Production than Actually Employed in it.

§ 3. Examination of Cases Illustrative of the Idea of Capital.

Chapter IV. Fundamental Propositions Respecting Capital.

§ 1. Industry is Limited by Capital.

§ 2. Increase of Capital gives Increased Employment to Labor, Without Assignable Bounds.

§ 3. Capital is the result of Saving, and all Capital is Consumed.

§ 4. Capital is kept up by Perpetual Reproduction, as shown by the Recovery of Countries from Devastation.

§ 5. Effects of Defraying Government Expenditure by Loans.

§ 6. Demand for Commodities is not Demand for Labor.

Chapter V. On Circulating And Fixed Capital.

§ 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital.

§ 2. Increase of Fixed Capital, when, at the Expense of Circulating, might be Detrimental to the Laborers.

§ 3. -This seldom, if ever, occurs.

Chapter VI. Of Causes Affecting The Efficiency Of Production.

§ 1. General Causes of Superior Productiveness.

§ 2. Combination and Division of Labor Increase Productiveness.

§ 3. Advantages of Division of Labor.

§ 4. Production on a Large and Production on a Small Scale.

Chapter VII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Labor.

§ 1. The Law of the Increase of Production Depends on those of Three Elements-Labor. Capital, and Land.

§ 2. The Law of Population.

§ 3. By what Checks the Increase of Population is Practically Limited.

Chapter VIII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Capital.

§ 1. Means for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries.

§ 2. Motive for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries.

§ 3. Examples of Deficiency in the Strength of this Desire.

§ 4. Examples of Excess of this Desire.

Chapter IX. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Production From Land.

§ 1. The Law of Production from the Soil, a Law of Diminishing Return in Proportion to the Increased Application of Labor and Capital.

§ 2. Antagonist Principle to the Law of Diminishing Return; the Progress of Improvements in Production.

§ 3. -In Railways.

§ 4. -In Manufactures.

§ 5. Law Holds True of Mining.

Chapter X. Consequences Of The Foregoing Laws.

§ 1. Remedies for Weakness of the Principle of Accumulation.

§ 2. Even where the Desire to Accumulate is Strong, Population must be Kept within the Limits of Population from Land.

§ 3. Necessity of Restraining Population not superseded by Free Trade in Food.

§ 4. -Nor by Emigration.

Book II. Distribution.

Chapter I. Of Property.

§ 1. Individual Property and its opponents.

§ 2. The case for Communism against private property presented.

§ 3. The Socialists who appeal to state-help.

§ 4. Of various minor schemes, Communistic and Socialistic.

§ 5. The Socialist objections to the present order of Society examined.

§ 6. Property in land different from property in Movables.

Chapter II. Of Wages.

§ 1. Of Competition and Custom.

§ 2. The Wages-fund, and the Objections to it Considered.

§ 3. Examination of some popular Opinions respecting Wages.

§ 4. Certain rare Circumstances excepted, High Wages imply Restraints on Population.

§ 5. Due Restriction of Population the only Safeguard of a Laboring-Class.

Chapter III. Of Remedies For Low Wages.

§ 1. A Legal or Customary Minimum of Wages, with a Guarantee of Employment.

§ 2. -Would Require as a Condition Legal Measures for Repression of Population.

§ 3. Allowances in Aid of Wages and the Standard of Living.

§ 4. Grounds for Expecting Improvement in Public Opinion on the Subject of Population.

§ 5. Twofold means of Elevating the Habits of the Laboring-People; by Education, and by Foreign and Home Colonization.

Chapter IV. Of The Differences Of Wages In Different Employments.

§ 1. Differences of Wages Arising from Different Degrees of Attractiveness in Different Employments.

§ 2. Differences arising from Natural Monopolies.

§ 3. Effect on Wages of the Competition of Persons having other Means of Support.

§ 4. Wages of Women, why Lower than those of Men.

§ 5. Differences of Wages Arising from Laws, Combinations, or Customs.

Chapter V. Of Profits.

§ 1. Profits include Interest and Risk; but, correctly speaking, do not include Wages of Superintendence.

§ 2. The Minimum of Profits; what produces Variations in the Amount of Profits.

§ 3. General Tendency of Profits to an Equality.

§ 4. The Cause of the Existence of any Profit; the Advances of Capitalists consist of Wages of Labor.

§ 5. The Rate of Profit depends on the Cost of Labor.

Chapter VI. Of Rent.

§ 1. Rent the Effect of a Natural Monopoly.

§ 2. No Land can pay Rent except Land of such Quality or Situation as exists in less Quantity than the Demand.

§ 3. The Rent of Land is the Excess of its Return above the Return to the worst Land in Cultivation.

§ 4. -Or to the Capital employed in the least advantageous Circumstances.

§ 5. Opposing Views of the Law of Rent.

§ 6. Rent does not enter into the Cost of Production of Agricultural Produce.

Book III. Exchange.

Chapter I. Of Value.

§ 1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price.

§ 2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and Transferableness.

§ 3. Commodities limited in Quantity by the law of Demand and Supply: General working of this Law.

§ 4. Miscellaneous Cases falling under this Law.

§ 5. Commodities which are Susceptible of Indefinite Multiplication without Increase of Cost. Law of their Value Cost of Production.

§ 6. The Value of these Commodities confirm, in the long run, to their Cost of Production through the operation of Demand and Supply.

Chapter II. Ultimate Analysis Of Cost Of Production.

§ 1. Of Labor, the principal Element in Cost of Production.

§ 2. Wages affect Values, only if different in different employments; "non-competing groups."

§ 3. Profits an element in Cost of Production.

§ 4. Cost of Production properly represented by sacrifice, or cost, to the Laborer as well as to the Capitalist; the relation of this conception to the Cost of Labor.

§ 5. When profits vary from Employment to Employment, or are spread over unequal lengths of Time, they affect Values accordingly.

§ 6. Occasional Elements in Cost of Production; taxes and ground-rent.

Chapter III. Of Rent, In Its Relation To Value.

§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite Multiplication, but not without increase of Cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Production in the most unfavorable existing circumstances.

§ 2. Such commodities, when Produced in circumstances more favorable, yield a Rent equal to the difference of Cost.

§ 3. Rent of Mines and Fisheries and ground-rent of Buildings, and cases of gain analogous to Rent.

§ 4. Résumé of the laws of value of each of the three classes of commodities.

Chapter IV. Of Money.

§ 1. The three functions of Money-a Common Denominator of Value, a Medium of Exchange, a "Standard of Value".

§ 2. Gold and Silver, why fitted for those purposes.

§ 3. Money a mere contrivance for facilitating exchanges, which does not affect the laws of value.

Chapter V. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Demand And Supply.

§ 1. Value of Money, an ambiguous expression.

§ 2. The Value of Money depends on its quantity.

§ 3. -Together with the Rapidity of Circulation.

§ 4. Explanations and Limitations of this Principle.

Chapter VI. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Cost Of Production.

§ 1. The value of Money, in a state of Freedom, conforms to the value of the Bullion contained in it.

§ 2. -Which is determined by the cost of production.

§ 3. This law, how related to the principle laid down in the preceding chapter.

Chapter VII. Of A Double Standard And Subsidiary Coins.

§ 1. Objections to a Double Standard.

§ 2. The use of the two metals as money, and the management of Subsidiary Coins.

§ 3. The experience of the United States with a double standard from 1792 to 1883.

Chapter VIII. Of Credit, As A Substitute For Money.

§ 1. Credit not a creation but a Transfer of the means of Production.

§ 2. In what manner it assists Production.

§ 3. Function of Credit in economizing the use of Money.

§ 4. Bills of Exchange.

§ 5. Promissory Notes.

§ 6. Deposits and Checks.

Chapter IX. Influence Of Credit On Prices.

§ 1. What acts on prices is Credit, in whatever shape given.

§ 2. Credit a purchasing Power, similar to Money.

§ 3. Great extensions and contractions of Credit. Phenomena of a commercial crisis analyzed.

§ 4. Influence of the different forms of Credit on Prices.

§ 5. On what the use of Credit depends.

§ 6. What is essential to the idea of Money?

Chapter X. Of An Inconvertible Paper Currency.

§ 1. What determines the value of an inconvertible paper money?

§ 2. If regulated by the price of Bullion, as inconvertible Currency might be safe, but not Expedient.

§ 3. Examination of the doctrine that an inconvertible Current is safe, if representing actual Property.

§ 4. Experiments with paper Money in the United States.

§ 5. Examination of the gain arising from the increase and issue of paper Currency.

§ 6. Résumé of the subject of money.

Chapter XI. Of Excess Of Supply.

§ 1. The theory of a general Over-Supply of Commodities stated.

§ 2. The supply of commodities in general can not exceed the power of Purchase.

§ 3. There can never be a lack of Demand arising from lack of Desire to Consume.

§ 4. Origin and Explanation of the notion of general Over-Supply.

Chapter XII. Of Some Peculiar Cases Of Value.

§ 1. Values of commodities which have a joint cost of production.

§ 2. Values of the different kinds of agricultural produce.

Chapter XIII. Of International Trade.

§ 1. Cost of Production not a regulator of international values. Extension of the word "international."

§ 2. Interchange of commodities between distance places determined by differences not in their absolute, but in the comparative, costs of production.

§ 3. The direct benefits of commerce consist in increased Efficiency of the productive powers of the World.

§ 4. -Not in a Vent for exports, nor in the gains of Merchants.

§ 5. Indirect benefits of Commerce, Economical and Moral; still greater than the Direct.

Chapter XIV. Of International Values.

§ 1. The values of imported commodities depend on the Terms of international interchange.

§ 2. The values of foreign commodities depend, not upon Cost of Production, but upon Reciprocal Demand and Supply.

§ 3. -As illustrated by trade in cloth and linen between England and Germany.

§ 4. The conclusion states in the Equation of International Demand.

§ 5. The cost to a country of its imports depends not only on the ratio of exchange, but on the efficiency of its labor.

Chapter XV. Of Money Considered As An Imported Commodity.

§ 1. Money imported on two modes; as a Commodity, and as a medium of Exchange.

§ 2. As a commodity, it obeys the same laws of Value as other imported Commodities.

Chapter XVI. Of The Foreign Exchanges.

§ 1. Money passes from country to country as a Medium of Exchange, through the Exchanges.

§ 2. Distinction between Variations in the Exchanges which are self-adjusting and those which can only be rectified through Prices.

Chapter XVII. Of The Distribution Of The Precious Metals Through The Commercial World.

§ 1. The substitution of money for barter makes no difference in exports and imports, nor in the Law of international Values.

§ 2. The preceding Theorem further illustrated.

§ 3. The precious metals, as money, are of the same Value, and distribute themselves according to the same Law, with the precious metals as a Commodity.

§ 4. International payments entering into the "financial account."

Chapter XVIII. Influence Of The Currency On The Exchanges And On Foreign Trade.

§ 1. Variations in the exchange, which originate in the Currency.

§ 2. Effect of a sudden increase of a metallic Currency, or of the sudden creation of Bank-Notes or other substitutes for Money.

§ 3. Effect of the increase of an inconvertible paper Currency. Real and nominal exchange.

Chapter XIX. Of The Rate Of Interest.

§ 1. The Rate of Interest depends on the Demand and Supply of Loans.

§ 2. Circumstances which Determine the Permanent Demand and Supply of Loans.

§ 3. Circumstances which Determine the Fluctuations.

§ 4. The Rate of Interest not really Connected with the value of Money, but often confounded with it.

§ 5. The Rate of Interest determines the price of land and of Securities.

Chapter XX. Of The Competition Of Different Countries In The Same Market.

§ 1. Causes which enable one Country to undersell another.

§ 2. High wages do not prevent one Country from underselling another.

§ 3. Low wages enable a Country to undersell another, when Peculiar to certain branches of Industry.

§ 4. -But not when common to All.

§ 5. Low profits as affecting the carrying Trade.

Chapter XXI. Of Distribution, As Affected By Exchange.

§ 1. Exchange and money make no Difference in the law of Wages.

§ 2. In the law of Rent.

§ 3. -Nor in the law of Profits.

Book IV. Influence Of The Progress Of Society On Production And Distribution.

Chapter I. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On Values And Prices.

§ 1. Tendency of the progress of society toward increased Command over the powers of Nature; increased Security, and increased Capacity of Co-Operation.

§ 2. Tendency to a Decline of the Value and Cost of Production of all Commodities.

§ 3. -except the products of Agriculture and Mining, which have a tendency to Rise.

§ 4. -that tendency from time to time Counteracted by Improvements in Production.

§ 5. Effect of the Progress of Society in moderating fluctuations of Value.

Chapter II. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On Rents, Profits, And Wages.

§ 1. Characteristic features of industrial Progress.

§ 2. First two cases, Population and Capital increasing, the arts of production stationary.

§ 3. The arts of production advancing, capital and population stationary.

§ 4. Theoretical results, if all three Elements progressive.

§ 5. Practical Results.

Chapter III. Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum.

§ 1. Different Theories as to the fall of Profits.

§ 2. What determines the minimum rate of Profit?

§ 3. In old and opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum.

§ 4. -prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions.

§ 5. -by improvements in Production.

§ 6. -by the importation of cheap Necessaries and Implements.

§ 7. -by the emigration of Capital.

Chapter IV. Consequences Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum, And The Stationary State.

§ 1. Abstraction of Capital not necessarily a national loss.

§ 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detrimental but beneficial to Laborers.

§ 3. Stationary state of wealth and population dreaded by some writers, but not in itself undesirable.

Chapter V. On The Possible Futurity Of The Laboring-Classes.

§ 1. The possibility of improvement while Laborers remain merely receivers of Wages.

§ 2.-through small holdings, by which the landlord's gain is shared.

§ 3. -through co-operation, by which the manager's wages are shared.

§ 4. Distributive Co-operation.

§ 5. Productive Co-Operation.

§ 6. Industrial Partnership.

§ 7. People's Banks.

Book V. On The Influence Of Government.

Chapter I. On The General Principles Of Taxation.

§ 1. Four fundamental rules of Taxation.

§ 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation.

§ 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of Income?

§ 4. Should the same percentage be levied on Perpetual and on Terminable Incomes?

§ 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit subject of peculiar Taxation.

§ 6. Taxes falling on Capital not necessarily objectionable.

Chapter II. Of Direct Taxes.

§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or expenditure.

§ 2. Taxes on rent.

§ 3. -on profits.

§ 4. -on Wages.

§ 5. -on Income.

§ 6. A House-Tax.

Chapter III. Of Taxes On Commodities, Or Indirect Taxes.

§ 1. A Tax on all commodities would fall on Profits.

§ 2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer.

§ 3. Peculiar effects of taxes on Necessaries.

§ 4. -how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum.

§ 5. Effects of discriminating Duties.

§ 6. Effects produced on international Exchange by Duties on Exports and on Imports.

Chapter IV. Comparison Between Direct And Indirect Taxation.

§ 1. Arguments for and against direct Taxation.

§ 2. What forms of indirect taxation are most eligible?

§ 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation.

§ 4. Taxation systems of the United States and other Countries.

§ 5. A Résumé of the general principles of taxation.

Chapter V. Of A National Debt.

§ 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by loans?

§ 2. Not desirable to redeem a national Debt by a general Contribution.

§ 3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the redemption of Debt.

Chapter VI. Of An Interference Of Government Grounded On Erroneous Theories.

§ 1. The doctrine of Protection to Native Industry.

§ 2. -had its origin in the Mercantile System.

§ 3. -supported by pleas of national subsistence and national defense.

§ 4. -on the ground of encouraging young industries; colonial policy.

§ 5. -on the ground of high wages.

§ 6. -on the ground of creating a diversity of industries.

§ 7. -on the ground that it lowers prices.

Appendix I. Bibliographies.

Appendix II. Examination Questions.

Footnotes

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE--VOLUME I.

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. I.

SEVENTH EDITION

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

INTRODUCTION.

§ 1.

A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional

1

2.

Is logic the art and science of reasoning?

2

3.

Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?

3

4.

Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths

5

5.

Relation of logic to the other sciences

8

6.

Its utility, how shown

10

7.

Definition of logic stated and illustrated

11

BOOK I.

OF NAMES AND PROPOSITIONS.

Chapter I. Of the Necessity of commencing with an Analysis of Language.

§ 1.

Theory of names, why a necessary part of logic

17

2.

First step in the analysis of Propositions

18

3.

Names must be studied before Things

21

Chapter II. Of Names.

§ 1.

Names are names of things, not of our ideas

23

2.

Words which are not names, but parts of names

24

3.

General and Singular names

26

4.

Concrete and Abstract

29

5.

Connotative and Non-connotative

31

6.

Positive and Negative

42

7.

Relative and Absolute

44

8.

Univocal and Æquivocal

47

Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.

§ 1.

Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle

49

2.

Ambiguity of the most general names

51

3.

Feelings, or states of consciousness

54

4.

Feelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents. Perceptions, what

56

5.

Volitions, and Actions, what

58

6.

Substance and Attribute

59

7.

Body

61

8.

Mind

67

9.

Qualities

69

10.

Relations

72

11.

Resemblance

74

12.

Quantity

78

13.

All attributes of bodies are grounded on states of consciousness

79

14.

So also all attributes of mind

80

15.

Recapitulation

81

Chapter IV. Of Propositions.

§ 1.

Nature and office of the copula

85

2.

Affirmative and Negative propositions

87

3.

Simple and Complex

89

4.

Universal, Particular, and Singular

93

Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.

§ 1.

Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas

96

2.

Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names

99

3.

Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class

103

4.

What it really is

107

5.

It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation

110

6.

—or a resemblance

112

7.

Propositions of which the terms are abstract

115

Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.

§ 1.

Essential and Accidental propositions

119

2.

All essential propositions are identical propositions

120

3.

Individuals have no essences

124

4.

Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal

126

5.

Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition

127

Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables.

§ 1.

Classification, how connected with Naming

129

2.

The Predicables, what

131

3.

Genus and Species

131

4.

Kinds have a real existence in nature

134

5.

Differentia

139

6.

Differentiæ for general purposes, and differentiæ for special or technical purposes

141

7.

Proprium

144

8.

Accidens

146

Chapter VIII. Of Definition.

§ 1.

A definition, what

148

2.

Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis

150

3.

Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions

152

4.

—and from descriptions

154

5.

What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Things corresponding to them

157

6.

—even when such things do not in reality exist

165

7.

Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding Things

167

BOOK II.

OF REASONING.

Chapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general.

§ 1.

Retrospect of the preceding book

175

2.

Inferences improperly so called

177

3.

Inferences proper, distinguished into inductions and ratiocinations

181

Chapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism.

§ 1.

Analysis of the Syllogism

184

2.

The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition

191

3.

What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination

196

4.

The other form of the axiom

199

Chapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the Syllogism.

§ 1.

Is the syllogism a petitio principii?

202

2.

Insufficiency of the common theory

203

3.

All inference is from particulars to particulars

205

4.

General propositions are a record of such inferences, and the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of the record

214

5.

The syllogism not the type of reasoning, but a test of it

218

6.

The true type, what

222

7.

Relation between Induction and Deduction

226

8.

Objections answered

227

9.

Of Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth

231

Chapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive Sciences.

§ 1.

For what purpose trains of reasoning exist

234

2.

A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences

234

3.

—from particulars to particulars through marks of marks

237

4.

Why there are deductive sciences

240

5.

Why other sciences still remain experimental

244

6.

Experimental sciences may become deductive by the progress of experiment

246

7.

In what manner this usually takes place

247

Chapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths.

§ 1.

The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses

251

2.

Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances exaggerated or omitted

255

3.

Some of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical

256

4.

—but are experimental truths

258

5.

An objection answered

261

6.

Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined

264

Chapter VI. The same Subject continued.

§ 1.

All deductive sciences are inductive

281

2.

The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience

284

3.

In what sense hypothetical

289

4.

The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical

290

5.

Definition of demonstrative evidence

292

Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines.

§ 1.

Doctrine of the Universal Postulate

294

2.

The test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience

296

3.

—nor is implied in every process of thought

299

4.

Sir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle

306

BOOK III.

OF INDUCTION.

Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general.

§ 1.

Importance of an Inductive Logic

313

2.

The logic of science is also that of business and life

314

Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.

§ 1.

Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations

319

2.

—from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics

321

3.

—and from descriptions

323

4.

Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction

326

5.

Further illustration of the preceding remarks

336

Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction.

§ 1.

Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature

341

2.

Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem

346

3.

The question of Inductive Logic stated

348

Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.

§ 1.

The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws

351

2.

Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions

355

3.

Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others?

357

Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.

§ 1.

The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation

360

2.

—i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent

363

3.

The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions

365

4.

The distinction of agent and patient illusory

373

5.

The cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the unconditional invariable antecedent

375

6.

Can a cause be simultaneous with its effect?

380

7.

Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent

383

8.

Uniformities of coexistence between effects of different permanent causes, are not laws

386

9.

Doctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined

387

Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes.

§ 1.

Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical

405

2.

The composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional

408

3.

Are effects proportional to their causes?

412

Chapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment.

§ 1.

The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements

414

2.

The next is an actual separation of those elements

416

3.

Advantages of experiment over observation

417

4.

Advantages of observation over experiment

420

Chapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry.

§ 1.

Method of Agreement

425

2.

Method of Difference

428

3.

Mutual relation of these two methods

429

4.

Joint Method of Agreement and Difference

433

5.

Method of Residues

436

6.

Method of Concomitant Variations

437

7.

Limitations of this last method

443

Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods.

§ 1.

Liebig's theory of metallic poisons

449

2.

Theory of induced electricity

453

3.

Dr. Wells' theory of dew

457

4.

Dr. Brown-Séquard's theory of cadaveric rigidity

465

5.

Examples of the Method of Residues

471

6.

Dr. Whewell's objections to the Four Methods

475

Chapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture of Effects.

§ 1.

One effect may have several causes

482

2.

—which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement

483

3.

Plurality of Causes, how ascertained

487

4.

Concurrence of Causes which do not compound their effects

489

5.

Difficulties of the investigation, when causes compound their effects

494

6.

Three modes of investigating the laws of complex effects

499

7.

The method of simple observation inapplicable

500

8.

The purely experimental method inapplicable

501

Chapter XI. Of the Deductive Method.

§ 1.

First stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate causes by direct induction

507

2.

Second stage; ratiocination from the simple laws of the complex cases

512

3.

Third stage; verification by specific experience

514

Chapter XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.

§ 1.

Explanation defined

518

2.

First mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and the fact of their coexistence

518

3.

Second mode; by the detection of an intermediate link in the sequence

519

4.

Laws are always resolved into laws more general than themselves

520

5.

Third mode; the subsumption of less general laws under a more general one

524

6.

What the explanation of a law of nature amounts to

526

Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.

§ 1.

The general theories of the sciences

529

2.

Examples from chemical speculations

531

3.

Example from Dr. Brown-Séquard's researches on the nervous system

533

4.

Examples of following newly-discovered laws into their complex manifestations

534

5.

Examples of empirical generalizations, afterwards confirmed and explained deductively

536

6.

Example from mental science

538

7.

Tendency of all the sciences to become deductive

539

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE, VOLUME II.

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

By John Stuart Mill

IN TWO VOLUMES

SEVENTH EDITION

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

BOOK III.

ON INDUCTION.—(Continued.)

Chapter XIV. Of the Limits to the Explanation of Laws of Nature; and of Hypotheses.

§ 1.

Can all the sequences in nature be resolvable into one law?

3

2.

Ultimate laws cannot be less numerous than the distinguishable feelings of our nature

4

3.

In what sense ultimate facts can be explained

7

4.

The proper use of scientific hypotheses

8

5.

Their indispensableness

16

6.

Legitimate, how distinguished from illegitimate hypotheses

18

7.

Some inquiries apparently hypothetical are really inductive

25

Chapter XV. Of Progressive Effects; and of the Continued Action of Causes.

§ 1.

How a progressive effect results from the simple continuance of the cause

29

2.

—and from the progressiveness of the cause

33

3.

Derivative laws generated from a single ultimate law

36

Chapter XVI. Of Empirical Laws.

§ 1.

Definition of an empirical law

38

2.

Derivative laws commonly depend on collocations

39

3.

The collocations of the permanent causes are not reducible to any law

41

4.

Hence empirical laws cannot be relied on beyond the limits of actual experience

41

5.

Generalizations which rest only on the Method of Agreement can only be received as empirical laws

43

6.

Signs from which an observed uniformity of sequence may be presumed to be resolvable

44

7.

Two kinds of empirical laws

47

Chapter XVII. Of Chance, and its Elimination.

§ 1.

The proof of empirical laws depends on the theory of chance

49

2.

Chance defined and characterized

50

3.

The elimination of chance

55

4.

Discovery of residual phenomena by eliminating chance

57

5.

The doctrine of chances

59

Chapter XVIII. Of the Calculation of Chances.

§ 1.

Foundation of the doctrine of chances, as taught by mathematics

61

2.

The doctrine tenable

63

3.

On what foundation it really rests

64

4.

Its ultimate dependence on causation

68

5.

Theorem of the doctrine of chances which relates to the cause of a given event

72

6.

How applicable to the elimination of chance

74

Chapter XIX. Of the Extension of Derivative Laws to Adjacent Cases.

§ 1.

Derivative laws, when not casual, are almost always contingent on collocations

78

2.

On what grounds they can be extended to cases beyond the bounds of actual experience

80

3.

Those cases must be adjacent cases

82

Chapter XX. Of Analogy.

§ 1.

Various senses of the word analogy

86

2.

Nature of analogical evidence

87

3.

On what circumstances its value depends

91

Chapter XXI. Of the Evidence of the Law of Universal Causation.

§ 1.

The law of causality does not rest on an instinct

95

2.

But on an induction by simple enumeration

100

3.

In what cases such induction is allowable

102

4.

The universal prevalence of the law of causality, on what grounds admissible

105

Chapter XXII. Of Uniformities of Coexistence not dependent on Causation.

§ 1.

Uniformities of coexistence which result from laws of sequence

110

2.

The properties of Kinds are uniformities of coexistence

111

3.

Some are derivative, others ultimate

113

4.

No universal axiom of coexistence

114

5.

The evidence of uniformities of coexistence, how measured

117

6.

When derivative, their evidence is that of empirical laws

117

7.

So also when ultimate

119

8.

The evidence stronger in proportion as the law is more general

120

9.

Every distinct Kind must be examined

121

Chapter XXIII. Of Approximate Generalizations, and Probable Evidence.

§ 1.

The inferences called probable, rest on approximate generalizations

124

2.

Approximate generalizations less useful in science than in life

124

3.

In what cases they may be resorted to

126

4.

In what manner proved

127

5.

With what precautions employed

130

6.

The two modes of combining probabilities

131

7.

How approximate generalizations may be converted into accurate generalizations equivalent to them

136

Chapter XXIV. Of the Remaining Laws of Nature.

§ 1.

Propositions which assert mere existence

139

2.

Resemblance, considered as a subject of science

141

3.

The axioms and theorems of mathematics comprise the principal laws of resemblance

143

4.

—and those of order in place, and rest on induction by simple enumeration

145

5.

The propositions of arithmetic affirm the modes of formation of some given number

146

6.

Those of algebra affirm the equivalence of different modes of formation of numbers generally

151

7.

The propositions of geometry are laws of outward nature

154

8.

Why geometry is almost entirely deductive

156

9.

Function of mathematical truths in the other sciences, and limits of that function

158

Chapter XXV. Of the Grounds of Disbelief.

§ 1.

Improbability and impossibility

161

2.

Examination of Hume's doctrine of miracles

162

3.

The degrees of improbability correspond to differences in the nature of the generalization with which an assertion conflicts

166

4.

A fact is not incredible because the chances are against it

170

5.

Are coincidences less credible than other facts?

172

6.

An opinion of Laplace examined

175

BOOK IV.

OF OPERATIONS SUBSIDIARY TO INDUCTION.

Chapter I. Of Observation and Description.

§ 1.

Observation, how far a subject of logic

183

2.

A great part of what seems observation is really inference

184

3.

The description of an observation affirms more than is contained in the observation

187

4.

—namely an agreement among phenomena; and the comparison of phenomena to ascertain such agreements is a preliminary to induction

190

Chapter II. Of Abstraction, or the Formation of Conceptions.

§ 1.

The comparison which is a preliminary to induction implies general conceptions

193

2.

—but these need not be pre-existent

194

3.

A general conception, originally the result of a comparison, becomes itself the type of comparison

198

4.

What is meant by appropriate conceptions

200

5.

—and by clear conceptions

203

6.

Further illustration of the subject

205

Chapter III. Of Naming, as subsidiary to Induction.

§ 1.

The fundamental property of names as an instrument of thought

209

2.

Names are not indispensable to induction

210

3.

In what manner subservient to it

211

4.

General names not a mere contrivance to economize the use of language

213

Chapter IV. Of the Requisites of a Philosophical Language, and the Principles of Definition.

§ 1.

First requisite of philosophical language, a steady and determinate meaning for every general name

215

2.

Names in common use have often a loose connotation

215

3.

—which the logician should fix, with as little alteration as possible

218

4.

Why definition is often a question not of words but of things

220

5.

How the logician should deal with the transitive applications of words

224

6.

Evil consequences of casting off any portion of the customary connotation of words

229

Chapter V. On the Natural History of the Variations in the Meaning of Terms.

§ 1.

How circumstances originally accidental become incorporated into the meaning of words

236

2.

—and sometimes become the whole meaning

238

3.

Tendency of words to become generalized

240

4.

—and to become specialized

243

Chapter VI. The Principles of a Philosophical Language further considered.

§ 1.

Second requisite of philosophical language, a name for every important meaning

248

2.

—viz. first, an accurate descriptive terminology

248

3.

—secondly, a name for each of the more important results of scientific abstraction

252

4.

—thirdly, a nomenclature, or system of the names of Kinds

255

5.

Peculiar nature of the connotation of names which belong to a nomenclature

257

6.

In what cases language may, and may not, be used mechanically

259

Chapter VII. Of Classification, as subsidiary to Induction.

§ 1.

Classification as here treated of, wherein different from the classification implied in naming

266

2.

Theory of natural groups

267

3.

Are natural groups given by type, or by definition?

271

4.

Kinds are natural groups

274

5.

How the names of Kinds should be constructed

280

Chapter VIII. Of Classification by Series.

§ 1.

Natural groups should be arranged in a natural series

284

2.

The arrangement should follow the degrees of the main phenomenon

285

3.

—which implies the assumption of a type-species

287

4.

How the divisions of the series should be determined

288

5.

Zoology affords the completest type of scientific classification

289

BOOK V.

ON FALLACIES.

Chapter I. Of Fallacies in General.

§ 1.

Theory of fallacies a necessary part of logic

295

2.

Casual mistakes are not fallacies

297

3.

The moral sources of erroneous opinion, how related to the intellectual

297

Chapter II. Classification of Fallacies.

§ 1.

On what criteria a classification of fallacies should be grounded

301

2.

The five classes of fallacies

302

3.

The reference of a fallacy to one or another class is sometimes arbitrary

305

Chapter III. Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or à priori Fallacies.

§ 1.

Character of this class of Fallacies

309

2.

Natural prejudice of mistaking subjective laws for objective, exemplified in popular superstitions

310

3.

Natural prejudices, that things which we think of together must exist together, and that what is inconceivable must be false

314

4.

Natural prejudice, of ascribing objective existence to abstractions

321

5.

Fallacy of the Sufficient Reason

322

6.

Natural prejudice, that the differences in nature correspond to the distinctions in language

325

7.

Prejudice, that a phenomenon cannot have more than one cause

329

8.

Prejudice, that the conditions of a phenomenon must resemble the phenomenon

332

Chapter IV. Fallacies of Observation.

§ 1.

Non-observation, and Mal-observation

341

2.

Non-observation of instances, and non-observation of circumstances

341

3.

Examples of the former

342

4.

—and of the latter

347

5.

Mal-observation characterized and exemplified

352

Chapter V. Fallacies of Generalization.

§ 1.

Character of the class

356

2.

Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless

356

3.

Attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the same

357

4.

Fallacy of mistaking empirical for causal laws

359

5.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc; and the deductive fallacy corresponding to it

364

6.

Fallacy of False Analogies

366

7.

Function of metaphors in reasoning

373

8.

How fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification

375

Chapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination.

§ 1.

Introductory Remarks

377

2.

Fallacies in the conversion and æquipollency of propositions

377

3.

Fallacies in the syllogistic process

379

4.

Fallacy of changing the premises

379

Chapter VII. Fallacies of Confusion.

§ 1.

Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms

384

2.

Fallacy of Petitio Principii

396

3.

Fallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi

405

BOOK VI.

ON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES.

Chapter I. Introductory Remarks.

§ 1.

The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized

413

2.

How far this can be attempted in the present work

415

Chapter II. Of Liberty and Necessity.

§ 1.

Are human actions subject to the law of causality?

417

2.

The doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in what sense true

418

3.

Inappropriateness and pernicious effect of the term Necessity

420

4.

A motive not always the anticipation of a pleasure or a pain

424

Chapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of Human Nature.

§ 1.

There may be sciences which are not exact sciences

426

2.

To what scientific type the Science of Human Nature corresponds

429

Chapter IV. Of the Laws of Mind.

§ 1.

What is meant by Laws of Mind

432

2.

Is there a science of Psychology?

433

3.

The principal investigations of Psychology characterized

435

4.

Relation of mental facts to physical conditions

440

Chapter V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of Character.

§ 1.

The Empirical Laws of Human Nature

445

2.

—are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws are those of the formation of character

447

3.

The laws of the formation of character cannot be ascertained by observation and experiment

449

4.

—but must be studied deductively

454

5.

The Principles of Ethology are the axiomata media of mental science

455

6.

Ethology characterized

459

Chapter VI. General Considerations on the Social Science.

§ 1.

Are Social Phenomena a subject of Science?

461

2.

Of what nature the Social Science must be

463

Chapter VII. Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the Social Science.

§ 1.

Characters of the mode of thinking which deduces political doctrines from specific experience

466

2.

In the Social Science experiments are impossible

468

3.

—the Method of Difference inapplicable

469

4.

—and the Methods of Agreement, and of Concomitant Variations, inconclusive

471

5.

The Method of Residues also inconclusive, and presupposes Deduction

472

Chapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method.

§ 1.

Characters of this mode of thinking

476

2.

Examples of the Geometrical Method

478

3.

The interest-philosophy of the Bentham school

479

Chapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive Method.

§ 1.

The Direct and Inverse Deductive Methods

486

2.

Difficulties of the Direct Deductive Method in the Social Science

489

3.

To what extent the different branches of sociological speculation can be studied apart. Political Economy characterized

492

4.

Political Ethology, or the science of national character

497

5.

The Empirical Laws of the Social Science

500

6.

The Verification of the Social Science

502

Chapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical Method.

§ 1.

Distinction between the general Science of Society, and special sociological inquiries

506

2.

What is meant by a State of Society?

506

3.

The Progressiveness of Man and Society

508

4.

The laws of the succession of states of society can only be ascertained by the Inverse Deductive Method

511

5.

Social Statics, or the science of the Coexistences of Social Phenomena

513

6.

Social Dynamics, or the science of the Successions of Social Phenomena

521

7.

Outlines of the Historical Method

522

8.

Future prospects of Sociological Inquiry

525

Chapter XI. Additional Elucidations of the Science of History.

§ 1.

The subjection of historical facts to uniform laws is verified by statistics

529

2.

—does not imply the insignificance of moral causes

532

3.

—nor the inefficacy of the characters of individuals and of the acts of governments

535

4.

The historical importance of eminent men and of the policy of governments illustrated

540

Chapter XII. Of the Logic of Practice, or Art; including Morality and Policy.

§ 1.

Morality not a science, but an Art

544

2.

Relation between rules of art and the theorems of the corresponding science

544

3.

What is the proper function of rules of art?

546

4.

Art cannot be Deductive

548

5.

Every Art consists of truths of Science, arranged in the order suitable for some practical use

549

6.

Teleology, or the Doctrine of Ends

550

7.

Necessity of an ultimate standard, or first principle of Teleology

552

8.

Conclusion

554

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC, RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE, AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

Preface To The First Edition.

Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.

Introduction.

Book I

Of Names And Propositions.

Chapter I

Of The Necessity Of Commencing With An Analysis Of Language.

Chapter II

Of Names.

Chapter III

Of The Things Denoted By Names.

Chapter IV

Of Propositions.

Chapter V

Of The Import Of Propositions.

Chapter VI

Of Propositions Merely Verbal.

Chapter VII

Of The Nature Of Classification, And The Five Predicables.

Chapter VIII

Of Definition.

Book II

On Reasoning.

Chapter I

Of Inference, Or Reasoning, In General.

Chapter II

Of Ratiocination, Or Syllogism.

Chapter III

Of The Functions And Logical Value Of The Syllogism.

Chapter IV

Of Trains Of Reasoning, And Deductive Sciences.

Chapter V

Of Demonstration, And Necessary Truths.

Chapter VI

The Same Subject Continued.

Chapter VII

Examination Of Some Opinions Opposed To The Preceding Doctrines.

Book III

Of Induction.

Chapter I

Preliminary Observations On Induction In General.

Chapter II

Of Inductions Improperly So Called.

Chapter III

Of The Ground Of Induction.

Chapter IV

Of Laws Of Nature.

Chapter V

Of The Law Of Universal Causation.

Chapter VI

On The Composition Of Causes.

Chapter VII

On Observation And Experiment.

Chapter VIII

Of The Four Methods Of Experimental Inquiry.

Chapter IX

Miscellaneous Examples Of The Four Methods.

Chapter X

Of Plurality Of Causes, And Of The Intermixture Of Effects.

Chapter XI

Of The Deductive Method.

Chapter XII

Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.

Chapter XIII

Miscellaneous Examples Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.

Chapter XIV

Of The Limits To The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature; And Of Hypotheses.

Chapter XV

Of Progressive Effects; And Of The Continued Action Of Causes.

Chapter XVI

Of Empirical Laws.

Chapter XVII

Of Chance And Its Elimination.

Chapter XVIII

Of The Calculation Of Chances.

Chapter XIX

Of The Extension Of Derivative Laws To Adjacent Cases.

Chapter XX

Of Analogy.

Chapter XXI

Of The Evidence Of The Law Of Universal Causation.

Chapter XXII

Of Uniformities Of Co-Existence Not Dependent On Causation.

Chapter XXIV

Of The Remaining Laws Of Nature.

Chapter XXV

Of The Grounds Of Disbelief.

Book IV

Of Operations Subsidiary To Induction.

Chapter I

Of Observation And Description.

Chapter II

Of Abstraction, Or The Formation Of Conceptions.

Chapter III

Of Naming, As Subsidiary To Induction.

Chapter IV

Of The Requisites Of A Philosophical Language, And The Principles Of Definition.

Chapter V

On The Natural History Of The Variations In The Meaning Of Terms.

Chapter VI

The Principles Of A Philosophical Language Further Considered.

Chapter VII

Of Classification, As Subsidiary To Induction.

Chapter VIII

Of Classification By Series.

Book V

On Fallacies.

Chapter I

Of Fallacies In General.

Chapter II

Classification Of Fallacies.

Chapter III

Fallacies Of Simple Inspection; Or A Priori Fallacies.

Chapter IV

Fallacies Of Observation.

Chapter V

Fallacies Of Generalization.

Chapter VI

Fallacies Of Ratiocination.

Chapter VII

Fallacies Of Confusion.

Book VI

On The Logic Of The Moral Sciences.

Chapter I

Introductory Remarks.

Chapter II

Of Liberty And Necessity.

Chapter III

That There Is, Or May Be, A Science Of Human Nature.

Chapter IV

Of The Laws Of Mind.

Chapter V

Of Ethology, Or The Science Of The Formation Of Character.

Chapter VI

General Considerations On The Social Science.

Chapter VII

Of The Chemical, Or Experimental, Method In The Social Science.

Chapter VIII

Of The Geometrical, Or Abstract, Method.

Chapter IX

Of The Physical, Or Concrete Deductive, Method.

Chapter X

Of The Inverse Deductive, Or Historical, Method.

Chapter XI

Additional Elucidations Of The Science Of History.

Chapter XII

Of The Logic Of Practice, Or Art; Including Morality And Policy.

Footnotes

ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND

By James Mill (John Stuart Mill)

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

1

CHAPTER I.

Sensation

2

SECTION

1. Smell

7

2. Hearing

16

3. Sight

21

4. Taste

25

5. Touch

28

6. Sensations of Disorganization, or of the Approach to Disorganization, in any part of the Body

37

7. Muscular Sensations, or those Feelings which accompany the Action of the Muscles

40

8. Sensations in the Alimentary Canal

45

CHAPTER II.

Ideas

51

CHAPTER III.

The Association of Ideas

70

CHAPTER IV.

Naming

127

SECTION

1. Nouns Substantive

134

2. Nouns Adjective

134

3. Verbs

151

4. Predication

159

SECTION

5. Pronouns

194

6. Adverbs

199

7. Prepositions

201

8. Conjunctions

212

CHAPTER V.

Consciousness

223

CHAPTER VI.

Conception

233

CHAPTER VII.

Imagination

238

CHAPTER VIII.

Classification

247

CHAPTER IX.

Abstraction

294

CHAPTER X.

Memory

318

CHAPTER XI.

Belief

341

CHAPTER XII.

Ratiocination

424

CHAPTER XIII.

Evidence

428

APPENDIX

440

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

CHAPTER XIV.

PAGE

Some Names which require a particular Explanation

1

SECTION

1. Names of Names

3

2. Relative Terms

6

Abstract Relative Terms

72

3. Numbers

89

4. Privative Terms

99

5. Time

116

6. Motion

142

7. Identity

164

CHAPTER XV.

Reflection

176

CHAPTER XVI.

The Distinction between the Intellectual and Active Powers of the Human Mind

181

CHAPTER XVII.

Pleasurable and Painful Sensations

184

CHAPTER XVIII.

Causes of the Pleasurable and Painful Sensations

187

CHAPTER XIX.

Ideas of the Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, and of the Causes of them

189

CHAPTER XX.

The Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or future

196

CHAPTER XXI.

The Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or future

201

SECTION

1. The immediate Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or as future

201

2. The Remote Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations contemplated as passed, or future

206

SUB-SECT.

1. Wealth, Power, and Dignity, and their Contraries, contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains

207

2. Our Fellow-Creatures contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains

214

1.—Friendship

216

2.—Kindness

216

3.—Family

218

4.—Country

226

5.—Party; Class

227

6.—Mankind

229

3. The Objects called Sublime and Beautiful, and their Contraries, contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains

230

CHAPTER XXII.

Motives

256

SECTION

1. Pleasurable or Painful States, contemplated as the Consequents of our own Acts

256

2. Causes of our Pleasurable and Painful States, contemplated as the Consequents of our own Acts

265

CHAPTER XXIII.

The Acts of our Fellow-creatures, which are Causes of our Pains and Pleasures, contemplated as Consequents of our own Acts

280

CHAPTER XXIV.

The Will

327

CHAPTER XXV.

Intention

396

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Table of Contents

INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF JOHN STUART MILL

Compiled by David Widger

CONTENTS

Click on the ## before many of the titles to view a linked table of contents for that volume. Click on the title itself to open the original online file.

TABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES

CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

CONTENTS

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

CONTENTS

UTILITARIANISM

CONTENTS

ESSAYS ON SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

CONTENTS

PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

Contents

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE--VOLUME I.

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. SEVENTH EDITION

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE, VOLUME II.

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

IN TWO VOLUMES

SEVENTH EDITION

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC, RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE, AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.

CONTENTS Preface To The First Edition. Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions. Introduction.

ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE