Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest
Date: 2021-04-26T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Indians of North America -- Implements; Indians of North America -- Southwest; New; Arrowheads

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest

Author: Kenneth Honea

Release date: April 26, 2021 [eBook #65169]
Most recently updated: October 18, 2024

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65169

Credits: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST ***

Early Man
Projectile Points
in the Southwest

MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO PRESS
POPULAR SERIES PAMPHLET NO. 4

1

EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST
by Kenneth Honea

INTRODUCTION

The cultures of Early Man in the Southwest, though yet imperfectly known, seem most readily distinguishable by characteristic types of projectile points. The majority of finds, and they are rare, have been made on the surface; much less often at camp or kill sites.

Camp sites were situated on ridges, in sand dunes, or on hills overlooking streams, lakes, or ponds. Occupational features generally include hearths, split and charred food bones, debris from stone tool manufacturing, and a full inventory of stone tools. Seeds, grinding stones, storage and cooking pits are rarely found at such early sites.

Kill sites, by contrast, are usually situated on the edges of streams, lakes, or ponds. Features will include animal skeletons, sometimes partially dismembered, points used in killing game, some stone butchering tools such as scrapers, knives, utilized flakes, and waste flakes resulting from the sharpening of stone tools. Preferred parts of game may be missing, indicating they were carried back to camp. Hearths are occasionally found at kill sites, indicating that part of the game may have been prepared there.

Points used by Early Man were likely thrown at game with a spear-thrower or atl-atl, rather than shot at them with a bow and arrow. Atl-atls were probably of wood, and had a long groove on one side. Into this groove was placed the spear with a point hafted onto one end. The atl-atl was thrust back and thrown forward, releasing the spear on the forward thrust.

On the basis of findings, archaeologists have reconstructed two widespread methods of hunting by Early Man. In the first instance, game was observed, stalked and killed at watering places. In the second, game was driven into an arroyo, stream, lake, or pond, or stampeded over a cliff.

2

EARLY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES

It is a curious fact that Early Southwestern Man most often made his tools of very finely textured stone. Perhaps this custom was induced by the exacting, finely controlled technologies of stone flaking practiced and the kinds of tools made. Indeed, workmanship on many projectile points, knives, and scrapers is so well achieved that one is led to believe that Early Man strove to express some degree of esthetic idealism in his tools.

Demands in technology often led to the widespread trading of choice materials. The best known of these is from the alibates quarries near Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle. Fine quality flint from this locality has been found at Early Man sites as far west as Arizona and as far north as Wyoming and Montana.

Early man prepared point “blanks” by the striking of suitable primary flakes by direct percussion from a block of stone, the core. The striker consisted either of a hard subround hammerstone, or a cylinder-hammer of soft stone, bone, antler, or hard wood. Flakes driven off by the former were usually thicker at one end. Those produced in the second instance were relatively thin throughout their length. Long flakes or “blades” were also often used as blanks, especially in the making of long projectile points. They could be detached from cores with either of the above strikers, or by holding a bone or stone “punch” on an edge of a core and striking the top of the punch with a hammerstone. This is a form of indirect percussion. Blades were also produced by what has been called impulsive pressure. A bone, antler, or stone-tipped crutch was applied to an edge of a core, and pressed downwards with the chest, driving off a blade.

Often cores were pre-shaped before the striking or pressing off of flakes or blades by what is termed the “Levallois technique.” A block of stone was initially trimmed on both faces into a round, oval, or triangular shape. Either one or a series of flakes or blades were then driven off one or both faces of the core, using any of the above percussion or pressure instruments. A distinct advantage to the technique was that the upper face of the detached flake or blade blanks had already been trimmed in the process of initial preparation of the core. This same preparation also predetermined to a large extent the shape of blanks produced in the Levallois technique.

3

The processes by which appropriate blanks were turned into finished projectile points involved several manufacturing stages and one or a combination of flaking techniques. The techniques employed consisted of direct or indirect percussion, using a hammerstone, cylinder-hammer, or punch, and direct or indirect pressure, using a crutch, an animal claw or tooth, the edge of a length of bone, antler, or stone.

The principal manufacturing stages include: 1) over-all initial shaping by the careful thinning of both faces of the blank; 2) secondary trimming of lateral and basal edges, including eventual fluting; and 3) smoothing by grinding of lateral and basal edges.

As will later be seen in the descriptions, special kinds of initial flaking, or facial thinning, are often characteristically associated with certain Early Man points. On some, flaking may conform to traditional patterns, while on others it may be irregular. The following kinds of initial flake scars are distinguished:

Irregular: flake scars are of irregular shape, and they are in no particular alignment to one another or the point long-axis.

Transverse: long, parallel flake scars are horizontal, or nearly so, to the point long-axis; opposite flake scars end smoothly near the point center line, appearing to form a continuous flake scar across the point face.

Collateral: similar to transverse flaking, except that opposite flake scars end abruptly near the point center line, forming in some cases a central ridge.

Oblique: long, parallel flake scars are oblique or slanted in relation to the point long-axis.

BLANCO POINTS

To be counted possibly among the earliest projectile point types of the Southwest are what have been called Blanco points, named after the Blanco River of Central Texas. They were discovered by the writer, along with other stone and bone tools, in alluvial banks and other formations which in part may have accumulated during the Late Pleistocene. Lanceolate-shaped points from type localities are characteristically desert varnished and have been dulled and battered by being washed about in stream gravels. Heavily weathered points quite like those of the Blanco type have been reported in other parts of Texas and also in central and southeast New Mexico. They have also been recovered from a 4 number of sites in Mexico and South America under circumstances that seem to suggest great antiquity. The eminent American archaeologist, Marie Wormington, has suggested that points much like those of our Blanco type may well have been the basic type from which later Early Man points evolved.

Blanco

Blanco points are lanceolate-shaped and are broadest at or somewhat below mid-section. The cross-section at this point is a flattened oval shape. Lateral edges are slightly rounded, converging to a point at the tip, while the base is round. The few known specimens range in length from about 4.0 to 6.0 cm., in width from 2.0 to 2.5 cm., and in thickness 0.7 to 1.0 cm. Specimens having dimensions somewhat in excess of those listed may be expected. Manufacture is by direct percussion and is not particularly well achieved nor patterned. Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular; point bases have been thinned by multi-directional flaking. Pressure working of edges is absent. Due to intense weatherings, it is not known whether Blanco points were basally ground.

Blanco points are associated in central Texas with the San Marcos Complex. They may represent a primary Early Man projectile point type. Undisturbed San Marcos sites have not been found as yet. Tools ascribed to this complex have been found only in secondary gravel beds at type localities along the Blanco River. It is conceivable that some of these formations may have accumulated during the Late Pleistocene. In view of all factors, dating of Blanco points relative to other Early Man points must await future excavations.

SANDIA I POINTS

This projectile point type was named after the type site, Sandia Cave, situated at the north end of the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque, New Mexico. Such points have also been found at the Lucy Site in Central New Mexico, in Central Texas, 5 Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and possibly Alabama, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.

Sandia I

Sandia I points are lanceolate in shape and may be somewhat asymmetrical in outline. They are distinctive in having a single shoulder on one side of the stem. Gently rounded lateral edges on the upper portion taper to a point, while the rounded stem edges taper to the somewhat narrow, rounded base. Specimens are broadest somewhat below mid-section and have a lenticular cross section at this point. Both the stem and the base have been smoothed by grinding. Total length may vary from about 6.0 to 9.0 cm., and width from 2.0 to 4.0 cm. Manufacture was evidently by direct percussion and not as refined as on some later Early Man Points. Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular; point bases have been thinned by multi-directional flaking. Pressure retouch is absent.

Sandia I projectile points are accepted by most archaeologists as among the oldest documented, though not reliably dated, point types of the Southwest and North America in general. Similarly, the relationship of Sandia points to Clovis and other Early Man point types has not yet been clearly established. That Sandia points are older than Folsom points does remain certain, however. They may also be older than Clovis points.

SANDIA II POINTS

Sandia II points were discovered together with Sandia I points at Sandia Cave near Albuquerque, New Mexico. They differ from Sandia I points in a number of respects.

Single-shouldered Sandia II points are quite similar to those of the type Sandia I excepting details on the stem, base shape and certain aspects of workmanship. Instead of tapering to a rounded base, the straight-edged stem of Sandia II points contracts to a straight or slightly concave base. Workmanship is 6 generally finer than in the other type, though achieved by the same means. Resolved secondary edge thinning is noticeable on many specimens. Sandia II points are also marked by vertical basal thinning, produced by the removal of a large, or several smaller longish flakes parallel to the point long-axis, anticipating perhaps the fluting found on Clovis and Folsom points. Vertical basal thinning is absent on points of the Sandia I type.

Sandia II

SANDIA III POINTS

Sandia III points were discovered in 1954 together with Sandia I, Sandia II, and other Early Man points in a series of blow-outs near Lucy, central New Mexico.

Sandia III

Single-shouldered Sandia III points are similar in all respects to Sandia II points with these exceptions: the base on specimens of the Sandia III type is consistently deeply concave, and the stem portion is always vertically fluted.

7

CLOVIS POINTS

Clovis points are named after the type site located near Clovis, New Mexico. They were found associated with the remains of mammoth and other extinct animal forms in gravels at the bottom of a Late Pleistocene pond. This site is counted among the most important archaeological discoveries of the New World. The series of culture layers excavated from above the one containing Clovis material give the most complete sequence of Early Man cultures yet found at a single site.

Clovis

Clovis points are symmetrically lanceolate in outline and are broadest near mid-section or sometimes nearer to the tip. Upper lateral edges of the point body are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are commonly straight or slightly rounded and they may taper somewhat towards the consistently concave base. On some examples, the lateral edges near the base may be gently recurved. Both the basal concavity and the lateral edges are smoothed by intentional grinding. The characteristic flutes were struck vertically from only one or from both faces. In the latter case, they may not be of equal length. The longest flute usually does not extend up further from the base than about half the length of the point. Nonetheless, specimens are known on which fluting extends up almost the entire length of a face. Flaking on Clovis points was probably by direct percussion; lateral edges of some may have been thinned by secondary pressure retouch. Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular. Fluting was achieved by the removal of either one or a series of long flakes parallel to the point long-axis, possibly by indirect percussion. Dimensions are variable. Clovis points in the broader Southwest may range from nearly 8 3.5 to 14.0 cm. in length, and in width from about 2.0 to 4.0 cm.

Radio carbon dates and geologic evidence obtained in recent years indicate Clovis points were in use by Early Man between about 11,000 and 11,500 years ago in the Southwest. Though older than Folsom points, there evidently was a period towards the end of the Clovis sequence, during which both Clovis and Folsom points were made and used. Clovis points have been found with the remains of extinct Pleistocene fauna, primarily mammoth, not only at the type locality, but at sites near Angus, Nebraska; Dent, Colorado; Miami, Texas; and Naco, Arizona. Finds of such points, mostly on the surface, have also been made in northern Mexico, California, on the eastern seaboard, in the Midwest, Canada, and Alaska.

Small Clovis points may be confused with Folsom points. However, Clovis points are both thicker and heavier; flutes do not ordinarily extend up the entire face, and workmanship is not as fine as on Folsom points. Also, Folsom points often have a small nipple in the middle of the basal concavity, a feature lacking on Clovis points.

FOLSOM POINTS

Folsom points were first discovered in the twenties at an Early Man kill site near Folsom, in northeast New Mexico. The points were associated with the remains of an extinct form of giant Late Pleistocene bison. These finds were among the first to demonstrate the great antiquity of man in the New World.

Folsom

Folsom points are symmetrically lanceolate in shape, and are broadest at mid-section or somewhat nearer to the tip. They are fluted on either one or both faces; flutes usually extend up almost an entire face. Upper lateral edges are ordinarily gently rounded, while the lower lateral edges are usually straight and either parallel-sided or slightly contracting towards the base. The base is consistently concave, in some examples, markedly so. Similar to Clovis points, stem edges near the base may be gently recurved. Average dimensions are: length 3.0 to 8.0 cm., but averaging 3.0 to about 5.0 cm., and width 9 from about 1.5 to nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is usually quite delicate, with initial shaping by either direct or indirect percussion or pressure. Initial flake scars on point faces, where preserved are irregular. Delicate secondary edge thinning was by pressure, during which the basal concavity was probably produced and a nipple left preparatory to fluting. Vertical fluting was probably produced by indirect percussion.

The latest research suggests that Folsom points may be dated between 10,000 and 11,000 years ago. Excavated sites producing Folsom points have in most all cases also produced the remains of giant bison, but not mammoth, which may have become extinct by the advent of Folsom Man. Folsom points have been discovered in both excavated and surface sites in most parts of the Southwest, including the Clovis type site in eastern New Mexico, numerous sites in most other portions of New Mexico, at the Lubbock, Lipscomb, Scharbauer, and Kincaid Sites in Texas, the Lindenmeier, Linger, and Powars Sites in Colorado, the Hell Gap Site in Wyoming and the MacHaffie Site in Montana.

HELL GAP POINTS

This recently defined Early Man projectile point has been named after a group of quarry sites in the Hell Cap Valley near Guernsey in east-central Wyoming.

Hell Gap points, similar to many other Early Man types, are essentially lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges are slightly rounded, while lower lateral edges taper in straight lines to the generally narrow, slightly to noticeably rounded, occasionally nearly straight base. These points are commonly broadest at mid-section, but examples are known which are broadest a little below this point. Lower lateral edges are offset from the broadest section to such a degree that one is inclined to consider Hell Gap points stemmed. Dimensions are: length 4.5 to 8.8 cm., and width 2.0 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship is not nearly as fine as on Folsom points. Flaking was produced by direct percussion, with occasional secondary edge trimming by pressure. Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular; basal thinning was accomplished by multi-directional flaking. The stem and base are smoothed through grinding; basal smoothing may be absent on some specimens.

Surface specimens have been found in many parts of Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Similar 10 points are also known from California and parts of Texas. The most northerly known occurrence is Alberta, in Canada.

Hell Gap

MIDLAND POINTS

Midland points were first discovered at the Scharbauer Site near Midland, in West Texas. They were evidently contemporaneous with Folsom points, which they greatly resemble.

Midland

Formal description of Midland points has not yet been made. They are mentioned, however, as appearing a great deal like Folsom points in shape, size, and thinness, but are distinct from them in not being fluted. Otherwise they are apparently of the same fine workmanship and technological tradition as Folsom points.

Deposits in which a Midland point fragment was found with human remains at the Scharbauer Site have been dated to about 11,000 years ago, indicating a time range for this point type corresponding to that of Folsom. Similar points have been found near Lubbock, Texas; central New Mexico; and as far east as San Augustine County, Texas. Possibly they will be found to 11 occur in other districts on or near the Llano Estacado. Quite frequently they are found together with Folsom points in west Texas and New Mexico localities.

PLAINVIEW POINTS

Plainview points were first defined on the basis of type specimens recovered from a bison kill site near Plainview in the Texas Panhandle.

Plainview

Lanceolate shaped, the upper lateral edges of the most Plainview points are slightly rounded but on some they are straight. Lower lateral edges are ordinarily straight and parallel-sided up to about one-half or three-quarters the distance from the base to the tip. They are usually broadest at mid-section. A variation in shape may include a recurve, rarely marked, of lateral edges near the base; such specimens are broadest either at or somewhat above the mid-section (see also the description of Golondrina points). The base of Plainview points varies from slightly to markedly concave; the former is typical. Workmanship is quite fine. Direct or indirect percussion or possibly pressure action is employed in retouching. Initial flake scars may be at either right angles or slightly oblique to the point long-axis. Though individual initial flake scars may be parallel, they are more often irregular. Dimensions of Plainview points are: length about 4.5 to 8.0 cm., width 1.8 to 2.8 cm. Bases of these points were sometimes thinned by the removal of the series of relatively large, longish flakes parallel to the point long-axis in a technique reminiscent of fluting. Others however, were basally thinned by the removal of flakes from the lower lateral edges at right angles to the point long-axis. Basal edges are usually smoothed.

Plainview points are considered by most archaeologists to date around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. At both the type site and at the Lone Wolf Creek Site in Texas, they were associated with the remains of extinct bison.

12

MILNESAND POINTS

Milnesand points were first recorded at a site near Milnesand, New Mexico.

Milnesand

Lanceolate in shape, Milnesand points are broadest either at mid-section or somewhat above. Upper lateral edges are slightly to markedly rounded, while the lower edges are straight and taper a little towards the typically straight base. Bases on some may be slightly rounded or concave. Average dimensions are: length 5.0 to 8.0 cm., width 2.0 to nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is generally quite fine, and has been achieved with either direct or indirect percussion, or possibly pressure. Secondary thinning of both lateral and basal edges often occurs and is by pressure. Initial flaking of point faces is patterned: transverse flake scars are approximately parallel to one another and at right angles to the point long-axis. These scars terminate at the point mid-line; some specimens may have a distinct median ridge on one or both faces. Horizontal basal thinning, accomplished primarily during initial flaking may be accompanied by the removal of small flakes vertical to the point long-axis. Both the lower lateral edges and base are carefully smoothed.

Milnesand points at the type site were found with the remains of bison, possibly an extinct form. They occur widely in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. Others have been found in Nebraska, Iowa, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Alaska. Similarities of Milnesand to Plainview points have been noted by archaeologists, who have suggested the two may be related and probably were partly contemporaneous. They may be distinguished from one another by the following attributes: The base on most Milnesand points is straight, while it is predominantly concave on Plainviews; thinning of Plainview bases was accomplished primarily by the removing of a few, fairly large vertical flakes, while Milnesand bases were thinned primarily by the removal of horizontal flakes, and only secondarily by the removal 13 of small flakes. Finally, the smoothing of lower lateral edges on Milnesand points generally extends up further than on Plainview points, sometimes to a point beyond the mid-section.

MESERVE POINTS

Meserve points were first described from the Meserve Site near Grand Island, Nebraska. They are found in most parts of the Southwest.

Meserve

Meserve points are basically lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges, which in the case of these points comprise almost three-quarters of the total point length, are typically straight. They are quite distinctive in being rather steeply alternately bevelled and they may be serrated. Bevelling is always on the right edge when viewed with the point tip forward; cross-section of the upper lateral edges at mid-section is rhomboidal. The unusually short lower lateral edges are straight or slightly concave. Meserve points are broadest either at the distal end of these edges, or at the base. The base is shallowly or markedly concave. Basal thinning is accomplished mainly by the removal of either one large flake or several narrower flakes parallel to the point long-axis, in a fashion reminiscent of the thinning of Plainview point bases. Less often, these scars are small and numerous. Thinning in some cases was by the removal of flakes at right angles to the point long-axis during initial retouch of the point faces. Average dimensions are: length 3.0 to 9.0 cm., width (base) 2.0 to 2.7 cm. Workmanship is generally good. Initial shaping as well as bevelling were likely by direct percussion. Initial flake scars are usually irregular. Basal thinning in some cases was probably by indirect percussion. Lateral edges may be secondarily pressure retouched. Smoothing is observed on both the lower non-bevelled lateral edges and in the concave base.

An estimated age of from 9,000 to 5,000 or even 4,000 years ago has been suggested for Meserve points. They are thus in part 14 contemporaneous with, and have been found with, Plainview points. Meserve points are found throughout most of the Southwest, as far north as Canada, and in the Midwest states. They appear to be most common on the Llano Estacado.

SCOTTSBLUFF I POINTS

Scottsbluff I

Scottsbluff II

Eden

Projectile points of the type Scottsbluff were first defined on the basis of specimens recovered from a bison kill site near Scottsbluff, Nebraska.

The over-all shape of Scottsbluff I points is either lanceolate or triangular. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, but they 15 may be faintly rounded. Characteristic of this type is a broad stem and faint shoulders. Parallel edges of the stem are straight; sometimes they may expand towards the base. The small shoulders, the widest part of these points, are cut inwards at right angles to the point long-axis. The stem base is straight or slightly rounded, very rarely slightly concave. Average dimensions range from about 5.0 to 15.0 cm. in length; width at the shoulders is from 2.4 to 3.5 cm., and width at the stem base 2.0 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship on most Scottsbluff I points is well executed. Initial shaping was carried out by direct or indirect percussion. Typical of many Scottsbluff I points are the longish parallel flake scars produced during this stage of retouch. They are at right angles to the point long-axis and are of the transverse type. On others patterning of flake scars is more irregular. Lateral edges of some may be secondarily pressure retouched. Both the stem lateral edges and base are smoothed.

Scottsbluff I points have a suggested age range of from 9,500 to about 7,000 years. They are known to occur not only in Nebraska, but in New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Washington, and in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.

SCOTTSBLUFF II POINTS

These points are probably of the same age and distribution as those of the Scottsbluff I type.

Scottsbluff II points are morphologically quite similar to those of the Scottsbluff I type with these exceptions: the lateral edges of the point body on Scottsbluff II points are straight, giving this portion of the point a definitely triangular outline; in addition, the point body is relatively broader at the shoulders, and the shoulders are more markedly offset from the stem than on Scottsbluff I points. Also, the former are generally shorter and thinner than those of the latter type.

EDEN POINTS

Eden points bear a great deal of resemblance to Scottsbluff points, with which they are sometimes found. Dissimilarities are pointed out below.

Eden points, though of the same basic shape, are much narrower 16 in relation to over-all length than are Scottsbluff points. Most commonly, shoulders on Eden points are very faint indeed. Transverse facial flaking is much like that on Scottsbluff points. More frequently it is of the collateral type.

Probably the same age as the Scottsbluff type.

BROWNS VALLEY POINTS

Browns Valley points were initially discovered at a site near Browns Valley, Minnesota. They were associated with a human burial.

Browns Valley

Agate Basin

Browns Valley points are broad lanceolate in shape. Upper lateral edges are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are much less rounded, contracting very slightly to either a shallowly concave or straight base. These points are broadest at mid-section. 17 Dimensions are: length 7.0 to 8.0 cm., width 3.0 cm. (full range indeterminate since few specimens known). Workmanship is fine. Initial shaping may have been by direct or indirect percussion. The initial flake scars are parallel and run obliquely across the point faces; less often they are at right angles. Bases have been initially thinned by the removal of a series of small longish flakes mainly oblique to the point long-axis, to a lesser extent by the removal of vertical flakes. Basal edges are smoothed.

Browns Valley points are rare and have an estimated age of from 9,000 to 8,000 years. Similar points excavated in Wyoming have a comparable age of almost 8,000 years.

AGATE BASIN POINTS

Agate Basin points were first recognized at a bison kill site between Newcastle and Lusk in eastern Wyoming. The bison were probably of a recent type, but this is not certain.

Agate Basin points are slender lanceolate in shape. Both the upper and lower lateral edges are gently rounded. Lower lateral edges on some, however, may be nearly straight and contracting slightly to the base. They are usually broadest above mid-section. The base is either straight or rounded, although on some specimens it may be bluntly pointed. Length varies from 6.0 to 15.0 cm., width from 2.0 to about 3.0 cm. Workmanship is quite fine. Initial shaping was by direct or indirect percussion. Flake scars are consistently sub-parallel and at right angles to the point long-axis. Thinning of lateral edges was by pressure retouch. Lower lateral edges are smoothed, the base rarely so. Basal thinning was achieved during initial retouch and is at right angles to the point long-axis.

Although the age range of Agate Basin points is uncertain, it is probable that they belong to a later stage of the Early Man point sequence.

GOLONDRINA POINTS

Golondrina points were defined on the basis of specimens found at the Devils River Site on the Rio Grande in southwest Texas.

Golondrina points are of broad lanceolate shape. Upper lateral edges are usually markedly rounded. Lower lateral edges 18 are characteristically recurved, resulting in out-flaring basal corners of ears. The base is quite deeply concave. The broadest part is at mid-section or a little beyond, towards the tip. Average dimensions are: length 6.0 to 8.0 cm., maximum body width 2.3 to 3.2 cm., and base width 2.2 to 2.9 cm. Workmanship is fine. Initial and secondary shaping and thinning was by direct percussion. Initial flake scars are irregular. Pressure retouch of edges is not obvious. Essentially, vertical basal thinning was accomplished by the removal of either one or a series of irregular flakes. It should be noted that thinning scars on occasional specimens may be quite narrow and parallel to the point long-axis. Both the lower lateral edges and the basal concavity have been smoothed.

Golondrina

At the type site, Golondrina points have been dated to about 8,000 years ago. Plainview points may be associated with them. Golondrina points have been found in north central, central, and southwest Texas and northeast Mexico. It is likely they will be identified in other parts of the broader Southwest.

GYPSUM CAVE POINTS

Gypsum Cave points were discovered together with the remains of extinct ground sloth in a cave near Las Vegas, Nevada.

The over-all shape of Gypsum Cave points is elongate triangular. The straight upper lateral edges comprise virtually the entire length of specimens. The lower portion is characterized by a short stem formed by the abrupt sloping back of base edges from marked shoulders; the base is rounded. They are broadest from shoulder to shoulder. Average length of Gypsum Cave points is 5.0 to about 6.5 cm., and width about 3.0 cm. Flaking seems to have been produced by direct percussion. Initial flake scars are irregular. Secondary thinning of lateral edges is apparently 19 absent. Stem edges were produced by multi-directional flaking. They are not smoothed.

Gypsum Cave

The estimated age of Gypsum Cave points at the type site is from about 8,000 to 10,000 years. Points similar to these were found in a cave in the Manzano Mountains near Albuquerque and south of the Sandias. A specimen was recovered from the Lindenmeier Site in Colorado above the Folsom layer.

LAKE MOHAVE POINTS

Lake Mohave points were originally described from the Lake Mohave district of southeastern California. They were recovered from the surface and from ancient fossil beaches and terraces.

Lake Mohave

Lake Mohave points are slender lanceolate in shape with the broadest part above mid-section, about three-quarters up from the base. The upper lateral edges are slightly rounded. The over-all impression one has of these lower edges is that of a long tapering stem. Lake Mohave points may be faintly shouldered. Average dimensions are: length about 4.0 to 7.5 cm., width at the broadest part 2.5 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship, though well-achieved, is characterized by irregular initial flake scars, probably produced 20 by direct percussion. Basal thinning was achieved by multi-directional flaking.

The estimated age range of Lake Mohave points is from about 7,000 to 9,000 years. It is probable this point type is related to similar types of the Southwest.

RIO GRANDE POINTS

Rio Grande points were first defined in 1942 on the basis of surface collections of lithic artifacts from the Upper Rio Grande Valley.

Rio Grande

Rio Grande points are basically lanceolate in shape. Upper lateral edges are straight to gently rounded. They are broadest slightly above mid-section. Lower lateral edges are set off from the upper portion of the point body by very small shoulders, so that this point must be considered stemmed. Stem edges are consistently straight and taper slightly to the base. The base is usually straight, less often it is slightly rounded or shallowly concave. Average dimensions are: length 6.0 cm., shoulder width 2.8 cm., base width 1.8 cm. Some larger specimens are known. Manufacture is by direct percussion. Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular. Basal thinning was accomplished in the main by multi-directional flaking. Stem edges may show secondary percussion or pressure retouch. Stem edges are well smoothed; the base may be slightly smoothed or not at all.

The age of Rio Grande points has not been definitely established nor have associations with other early point types been ascertained. They appear to be related to the Hell Gap and Lake Mohave types.

ESCOBAS POINTS

Escobas points, newly defined in this guide, were to all appearances first discovered and described at Pecos Pueblo, southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Specimens excavated there evidently 21 were collected by inhabitants of the pueblos from nearby sites pre-dating the pueblo. This point type is named after Escobas Peak, near Pecos.

Escobas

Escobas points are lanceolate shaped and are consistently broadest immediately below mid-section. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, but they may be slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are set off from the upper portion of the point body by very slight shoulders, so that this point must be considered as stemmed. Parallel to slightly expanding, stem edges are characteristically faintly concave between the shoulders and base edges. The base is always distinctly concave. Average dimensions: length 6.0 cm., shoulder width 2.0 cm., base width 1.7 cm. Workmanship is not refined. Initial flaking of point faces has been achieved by direct percussion; flake scars are irregular. Stem edges may show slight secondary retouch by either percussion or pressure. Basal thinning was accomplished primarily by the striking of irregular flakes from the basal concavity, to a lesser extent by removal of horizontal flakes from the base. Stem edges are well smoothed; the concave base is either slightly smoothed or not at all.

The relation of Escobas points to other Early Man points has not yet been determined. They do, however, resemble some other early types. Escobas points are broadly similar to Rio Grande points in shape, but they differ from them in the following respects: parallel to slightly expanding stem edges of Escobas points are consistently slightly concave between the shoulders and base, while stem edges on Rio Grande points are always straight and taper somewhat to the base. Escobas point stems are shorter, relative to overall point length than Rio Grande stems. Shoulders on Escobas are much fainter than on Rio Grande points; bases of Escobas points are, so far as known, always concave, whereas they are only occasionally so on Rio Grande points. Both, however, share the attribute of being well-smoothed on stem edges, and are either slightly smoothed or not at all on basal edges. Escobas points occur in the Pecos district, the Upper Rio Grande Valley, and, according to Stewart Peckham (personal communication), in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico. They will 22 likely be found to occur in other parts of the Southwest, in some areas in association with points of the Rio Grande type.

RECOMMENDED READING

Agogino, G. A.

1961 A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming, American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4.

Bell, R. E.

1958 Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin No. 1, Norman.

Haynes, C. V., Jr.

1964 Fluted Projectile Points: Their Age and Dispersion. Science, Vol. 145, No. 3639.

Johnson, L., Jr.

1964 The Devil’s Mouth Site. Archaeology Series, No. 6, Department of Anthropology. The University of Texas, Austin.

Kidder, A. V.

1962 An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archeology. New Haven.

Kidder, A. V.

1932 Artifacts of Pecos. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology. New Haven.

Macgowan, K. and Hester, J. A.

1962 Early Man in the New World. New York.

Renaud, E. B.

1942 Reconnaissance Work in the Upper Rio Grande Valley, Colorado and New Mexico. Archaeological Series, Third Paper, Department of Anthropology, University of Denver.

Sellards, E. H.

1952 Early Man in America. Austin.

23

Suhm, D. A. and Jelks, E. B.

1962 Handbook of Texas Archeology; Type Descriptions. The Texas Archeological Society, Special Publication Number One, and the Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin Number Four, Austin.

Wendorf, F. and others

1961 Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado. Fort Burgwin Research Center. Publication 1. Santa Fe.

Wormington, H. M.

1957 Ancient Man in North America. The Denver Museum of Natural History. Popular Series No. 4. Denver.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Permission to use illustrative material as listed below is gratefully acknowledged.

The Denver Museum of Natural History: Figure 30, specimen 4; Figure 68, No. 5; Figure 70, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; Figure 71, Nos. 3 and 4; Figure 72, Nos. 1 and 3 from Ancient Man in North America by H. M. Wormington, Denver, 1957.

Oklahoma Anthropological Society: Plates 8F, 13D, 26F, 27C, 37F, 40D, and 41C from Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points by R. E. Bell, Special Bulletin No. 1, Norman, 1958.

American Antiquity: Figure 1b from A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming by George A. Agogino, Vol. 26, No. 4, April 1961.

Museum of New Mexico Press
Santa Fe 1965

Drawings by Helene Warren

Transcriber’s Notes

- Silently corrected a few typos.

- Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

- In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

- Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest

- EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST by Kenneth Honea INTRODUCTION

- EARLY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES
- BLANCO POINTS
- SANDIA I POINTS
- SANDIA II POINTS
- SANDIA III POINTS
- CLOVIS POINTS
- FOLSOM POINTS
- HELL GAP POINTS
- MIDLAND POINTS
- PLAINVIEW POINTS
- MILNESAND POINTS
- MESERVE POINTS
- SCOTTSBLUFF I POINTS
- SCOTTSBLUFF II POINTS
- EDEN POINTS
- BROWNS VALLEY POINTS
- AGATE BASIN POINTS
- GOLONDRINA POINTS
- GYPSUM CAVE POINTS
- LAKE MOHAVE POINTS
- RIO GRANDE POINTS
- ESCOBAS POINTS
- RECOMMENDED READING
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Transcriber’s Notes
- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE