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Title: American Indian love lyrics, and other verse, from the songs of the North American Indians

Compiler: Nellie Barnes

Author of introduction, etc.: Mary Austin

Release date: November 24, 2022 [eBook #69419]

Most recently updated: October 19, 2024

Language: English

Original publication: United States: The Macmillan Company, 1925

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69419

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIAN LOVE LYRICS, AND OTHER VERSE, FROM THE SONGS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS ***

American

Indian Love Lyrics

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS

ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED

LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA

MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.

TORONTO

American Indian Love

Lyrics and Other Verse

From the Songs of the

North American Indians

Selected by

Nellie Barnes

Foreword by

Mary Austin

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

PUBLISHERS       NEW YORK

1925

COPYRIGHT, 1925, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

SET UP AND ELECTROTYPED, PUBLISHED DEC., 1925.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY

THE BERWICK & SMITH CO.

PREFACE

he influence of American Indian song-literature has touched both the music and the literature of contemporary America. Those writers who use Indian themes are legion. Mary Austin has gone farthest, perhaps, among the writers of the day in relating her poetic work to the native rhythms of America.

These native rhythms pulsed through the songs of our Red Men for centuries before our Christian era. The very beautiful Aztec and the Inca poetry belong to the earlier and more highly developed civilizations. Since it is the purpose of this volume to treat of the more primitive forms of rhythm, it has seemed best to limit the illustrations to songs from tribes north of Mexico.

The late Mrs. Natalie Curtis Burlin’s collection of songs in The Indians’ Book makes that volume quite the most representative source book for the study of Indian lyrics. The original texts of unusual range in poetic patterns, the musical settings, the interlinear translations, and the accompanying narratives add a rich context to free translations of genuine literary merit.

Among other contributions to Indian song-literature, the studies of Miss Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Mr. Carlos Troyer, and Doctor Washington Matthews hold a particular charm for the investigator.

Mrs. Austin’s notable work, The American Rhythm, an analysis of the primitive poetic impulse, with illustrations from her own translations, came from the press after the writer’s study of Indian poetic rhythms had been under way for some years. The conclusions for this volume have been limited, therefore, to those about poetic forms.

The writer is greatly indebted to Mrs. Austin for her generous interest in earlier work and especially for her helpful criticism of this study.

N. B.

Santa Fe, July 29, 1925

FOREWORD

he student of poetry in America enjoys an opportunity, such as has never been practicable for the European student, to come in contact with the source and mould of poetic form. For in Europe, the overlaying of all native activity by the sedulously cultivated Greek and Roman preferences, the deliberate turning of scholarly inquiry from what was self-sprung and indigenous toward what had been perfected in another environment and upon other roots, left the whole subject of the origin of form dangling in the atmosphere of theory and surmise. To this day the most that we know of the high forms of poesy in Europe is owed less to authentic tradition than to the scholastic rehumation of native remains in dance and ritual, of what was once, in the interest of the classic ideal, discarded and buried, or at the least, permitted to survive only among the unlettered folk.

Fortunately for our general understanding of poetic form, the Greeks had no such snobbish scruples as arose later throughout Europe against admitting the origin of their most majestic poetic medium in the communal dance around the tribal altar. Here in the United States we are, by a turn of fortune, undeserved and underappreciated, able to watch the evolution of poetic form from stages somewhat earlier than those recorded by Aristotle, going on as an indigenous type of human expression. We are face to face here with the evolution of lyric form out of the stanzaic act, ritualistically repeated; with the approach to the ode, along the path struck out by primitive man in the identification of himself with the sources of high states of being.

We confront these things as unselfconscious acts, rather than as fragmentary and over-annotated poetic remains. We are able to refer them directly to accompanying gestures, to generative social occasions, and the environmental matrix. And we have to guess or to theorize, where these things are obligatory, only in reference to minds whose movements are influenced by factors lying open to intelligent apprehension.

To point this out, by way of introduction to the first thoughtful attempt to put the material for a valid conclusion as to the origin of poetic form, in order for the unspecialized reader, is not to subtract anything from the difficulty of the task, nor to minimize the importance of the result. So careless has American scholarship been of our rich resources in this direction, that merely for Miss Barnes to have realized their richness and to have collected illustrative examples of them from the widely scattered and occasionally obscure sources, implies not only a general background of wide literary knowledge, but a fund of literary intelligence and much industry. It also implies a quality of restraint not infrequently lacking from such undertakings, in not attempting to bridge the gaps and supply the missing links by even the most plausible theory. Such restraint in view of the usual American demand for a complete tabloid statement, an assumption that does away with the necessity for further inquiry, is so much the more unusual that some of the credit for making this inquiry accessible surely devolves not only on the University in which it could take place, but upon the publisher who ventures to present it.

Merely by collecting from authentic sources, by discarding doubtful examples and by intelligent grouping of the best translations of Amerindian lyrics, according to their formative tendency, Miss Barnes has done more than perhaps she herself realizes, to uncover the influences at work on the primitive poetic impulse, to crystallize it into forms best suited to the expression of a progressively higher poetic content. To one who reads her simple statement of the relation of sacred numbers, fours and sixes and sevens, to what Miss Barnes calls the “thought rhythm” as determining the form of primitive verse, and reads it without other knowledge of Indians than is included in these pages, it will scarcely appear that the still profounder influence is the natural environment, determining the force of climate, landscape line, and food succession in the cultural life of the particular tribe. But to one familiar with environmental distinctions between Zuñi and Iroquois and Omaha, there will be distinctive pleasure in tracing relationships between verse forms and the known formative features of the given landscape. To such a reader there will also appear intimate relations between the repetitive pattern of formal elements, the range and interdependence of dance movements, and of decorative patterns of beadwork and textiles. It would, in fact, be very little trouble to accompany each poem in this collection with an appropriate design either of gesture or decorative elements, drawn from the life of that tribe, in which the distribution of formative elements would make a pattern recognizably that of the poem. As for example, in the Paiute Lament of a Man for His Son, the gesture of the first movement would be that inevitable to a man standing at the head of his son’s corpse, and striving beyond his grief to descry his son’s spirit walking the spirit road; the gesture of the second movement, the reverent, slightly swaying tread of friends bearing the body on their shoulders over uneven ground; and of the last movement, the final tearing wrench of human affection. In the same manner, the Iroquois Hymn on the dissolution of the Great League, carries the gesture of up-flung arms, and the bowing of heads that dust may be cast upon them; while in the Navaho and Pueblo Rain Chants, there is the recurrent but always slightly variable motif of the landscape as the determinant of the verbal pattern, as you can see on any old Zuñi tinaja. It is the precision with which Miss Barnes makes these things appear to the initiate, without at the same time obscuring the more obvious conclusions for the average reader, which distinguishes what she has to say above all other writings on the subject. No one who reads her notes on Amerindian verse forms need feel the limitation of personal knowledge a hindrance to his æsthetic and intellectual enjoyment of the poems themselves.

I know of but one parallel to this achievement in the current descriptions of aboriginal culture in the United States. That is in George Bird Grinnell’s account of Cheyenne games, in which, without saying as much, the relation of all games to man’s aboriginal puzzlement about the world he lives in is convincingly brought out. Mr. Grinnell’s account should be read in connection with Miss Barnes’ work for the further light it throws on the origin of patterns, social, decorative, or literary, in living human impulses. In so far as any study does this, and especially as it does it in respect to areas of literary activity all too scantily familiar, it constitutes an indispensable service to American scholarship.

MARY AUSTIN.

CONTENTS

PAGE

PART ONE

Indian Love Lyrics and Other Verse selected from the songs of the North American Indians.

I SONGS OF LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP

MY BARK CANOE

21

HER SHADOW

22

LOVER’S WOOING, OR BLANKET SONG

23

PAPAGO LOVE SONGS

25

LOVE SONG (DAKOTA)

26

THE BRIDE’S SONG

27

LONELY

28

WAR SONG

29

II SONGS OF GRIEF

ONONDAGO HYMN

30

LAMENT OF A MAN FOR HIS SON

31

THE DEATH OF TALUTA

32

WIND SONG

33

BLUEBIRD SONG

34

SONG OF THE UNHAPPY WIFE

35

THE SONG OF UKIABI

36

A LOVER’S LAMENT (TEWA)

37

MY HOME OVER THERE (TEWA)

38

III SONGS OF NATURE (Secular)

HUNTING SONG

39

A SONG OF THE DEER CEREMONY

41

MOUNT KOONAK: A SONG OF ARSUT

42

THE COYOTE AND THE LOCUST

43

KA-NI-GA SONG

44

CORN-GRINDING SONG (LAGUNA)

45

SONG TO THE TREES AND STREAMS

46

SONG TO THE MOUNTAINS

47

RITUAL SONG

48

WIND SONG

49

A SONG OF SPRING

50

DARKNESS SONG (FROM THE INVITATION RITE)

51

THE INVITATION SONG

52

THE PLANTING SONG

56

IV SONGS OF RAIN

SONG OF THE RAIN CHANT

57

THE VOICE THAT BEAUTIFIES THE LAND

59

CORN-GRINDING SONG (TESUQUE)

60

SONG OF THE BLUE CORN DANCE

62

CORN-GRINDING SONG (ZUÑI)

63

CORN DANCE SONG (ZUÑI)

64

KORASTA KATZINA SONG

65

ANGA KATZINA SONG

66

HE-HEA KATZINA SONG

67

WUWUCHIM CHANT

68

A RAIN SONG OF THE SNAKE SOCIETY I

69

A RAIN SONG OF THE SNAKE SOCIETY II

70

CORN SONG

71

RAIN SONGS

73

A METATE SONG

75

FLUTE SONG

77

V SONGS OF THE SUN, MOON, AND STARS

THE SUNRISE CALL

78

HYMN TO THE SUN

79

SUNSET SONG

82

INVOCATION TO THE SUN-GOD

83

A SONG OF GOTAL, LIII

84

FIRST DAYLIGHT SONG

85

SONG OF THE DAWN BOY

86

THE MORNING STAR AND THE NEW BORN DAWN

87

DAYLIGHT

88

THE BIRTH OF DAWN

89

SONG TO THE PLEIADES

91

THE SONG OF THE STARS

92

THE STARS DEHN-DEK AND MAH-OH-RAH

93

VI SONGS OF DEITIES AND HOLY PLACES

SONG OF THE MASKED DANCERS

95

SONG OF THE MASKED DANCERS, III

96

EMERGENCE SONG

97

WARNING OF THE FLOOD

98

PROTECTION SONG

99

SONG OF NAYENEZGANI I

101

SONG OF NAYENEZGANI II

102

SONG OF THE HORSE

103

SONG OF THE HOGANS

104

WAR SONG (THE FLINT YOUTH)

107

ATSALEI YEDADIGLES (WIND BOY)

109

MOUNTAIN SONGS I-VI

110

MOUNTAIN SONG

114

MOUNTAIN SONG

116

VII SONGS OF INVOCATION FOR WELL BEING

INVOCATION OF THE GAME

117

MEDICINE SONG

119

PRAYER OF THE FIRST DANCERS

120

A PRAYER OF THE SECOND DAY OF THE NIGHT CHANT

125

PRAYER TO DSILYI NEYÁNI (LORD OF THE MOUNTAINS)

128

DEDICATION OF A NEW HOUSE

129

PRAYER OF THE FOSTER-PARENT CHANT

131

HOLY SONG

132

INVOKING THE VISIONS

133

RITUAL SONG

135

MEDICINE SONG

136

SONG OF THE PRIMAL ROCK

138

INTRODUCTION OF THE CHILD TO THE COSMOS

142

SONG OF TURNING THE CHILD

144

SUPPLICATION OF THE TSÍZHU WASHTÁGE

145

THE TRIBAL PRAYER (OMAHA)

146

WAWAN SONG

147

THE MORNING SONG

148

PART TWO

Poetic Forms in American Indian Lyrics

149

NOTES

173

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

183

INDEX

187

AMERICAN INDIAN LOVE LYRICS

PART ONE

INDIAN LOVE LYRICS AND OTHER VERSE SELECTED FROM THE SONGS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS

MY BARK CANOE (Ojibwa)

n the still night, the long night through,

I guide my bark canoe,

My love, to you.

While the stars shine, and falls the dew,

I seek my love in bark canoe—

I seek for you.

It is I, love, your lover true,

Who glides the stream in bark canoe.

It glides to you,

My love, to you.

HER SHADOW (Ojibwa)

ut on the lake my canoe is gliding,

Paddle dipping soft lest she should take alarm;

Ah, hey-ah hey-ah ho, hey-ah hey-ah ho, thus I go!

Somewhere along shore she is hiding,

She is shy to yield to love’s alluring charm;

Ah, hey-ah hey-ah ho, hey-ah hey-ah, love will win, I know.

There is a shadow swiftly stealing!

Should it be her own, soon I will win the race;

Ah hey-ah hey-ah ho, hey-ah hey-ah ho, I think it is!

Will she but turn, herself revealing,

I will shout aloud when-e’er I see her face.

Ah! hey-ah hey-ah ho, hey-ah hey-ah ho,

There she is!

LOVER’S WOOING or BLANKET SONG (Zuñi)

I

what happiness!

How delightful,

When together we

’Neath one blanket walk.

We together

’Neath one blanket walk,

We together

’Neath one blanket walk,

We walk.

O! What happiness!

How delightful,

When together we

’Neath one blanket walk.

We together,

’Neath one blanket walk,

We together,

’Neath one blanket walk,

We walk.

II

Can it be that

My young maiden fair

Sits awaiting,

All alone tonight?

Is she waiting

For me only?

Is she waiting

For me only?

III

May I hope it is

My young maiden

Sitting all alone

And awaiting me;

Will she come then?

Will she walk with me?

’Neath one blanket

We together be,

We—we two, we two,

We two, we two—

Will she come?

PAPAGO LOVE SONG (Papago)

arly I rose

In the blue morning;

My love was up before me,

It came running to me from the doorways of the Dawn.

On Papago Mountain

The dying quarry

Looked at me with my love’s eyes.

LOVE SONG (Dakota)

any are the youths, many youths:

Thou alone art he who pleaseth me.

Over all I love thee.

Long shall be the years of parting!

THE BRIDE’S SONG (Algonquin)

here are many men in the world,

But only one is dear to me.

He is good and brave and strong.

He swore to love none but me;

He has forgotten me.

It was an evil spirit that changed him,

But I will love none but him.

LONELY (Ojibwa)

ear not, he sayeth,

Though far away,

Thy lover strayeth

At break of day.

“Go not, my sweetheart,”

Vainly I cry,

“To yon far island,”

Yearning I sigh.

Thither must I go,

Sadly I moan;

Heavy my woe,

Left here alone.

WAR SONG (Dakota)

riend, whatever hardships threaten,

If thou call me,

I’ll befriend thee;

All enduring fearlessly,

I’ll befriend thee.

ONONDAGA HYMN (Iroquois)

oe! Woe!

Hearken ye!

We are diminished!

Woe! Woe!

The cleared land has become a thicket.

Woe! Woe!

The cleared places are deserted.

Woe!

They are in their graves—

They who established it—

Woe!

The great League.

Yet they declared

It should endure—

The great League.

Woe!

Their work has grown old.

Woe!

Thus we are become miserable.

LAMENT OF A MAN FOR HIS SON (Paiute)

on, my son!

I will go up to the mountain

And there I will light a fire

To the feet of my son’s spirit,

And there will I lament him;

Saying,

O my son,

What is my life to me, now you are departed!

Son, my son,

In the deep earth

We softly laid thee

In a Chief’s robe,

In a warrior’s gear.

Surely there,

In the spirit land

Thy deeds attend thee!

Surely,

The corn comes to the ear again!

But I, here,

I am the stalk that the seed-gatherers

Descrying empty, afar, left standing.

Son, my son!

What is my life to me, now you are departed?

DEATH OF TALUTA (Siouan)

h, spirit, thy flight is mysterious!

While the clouds are stirred by our wailing,

And our tears fall faster in sorrow—

While the cold sweat of night benumbs us,

Thou goest alone on thy journey—

In the midst of the shining star people!

Thou goest alone on thy journey—

Thy memory shall be our portion;

Until death we shall watch for the spirit.

WIND SONG (Kiowa)

you warriors, you have loved ones

Longing for you, longing for you;

Rich are ye.

O you lovers, you have maidens

Longing for you; none have I.

Wherefore droop ye in silence, so downcast?

Cheer your hearts with song, ho!

BLUEBIRD SONG (Pima)

ai-ya, hai-ya,—hai-ya, hai-ya—

All my song is lost and gone.

Sad at heart is the bluebird,

All my song is lost and gone,

Woe is me, alas! alas!

All my song is lost and gone!

SONG OF THE UNHAPPY WIFE (Dakota)

orely I am distressed;

Sorely I am distressed;

Sorely I am distressed.

The earth alone continues long;

I speak as one not expecting to live,

Sorely I am distressed;

The earth alone continues long.

THE SONG OF UKIABI (Cegiha)

am walking to and fro!

I can find nothing which can heal my sorrow.

A LOVER’S LAMENT (Tewa)

y little breath, under the willows by the water-side we used to sit,

And there the yellow cottonwood bird came and sang.

That I remember and therefore I weep.

Under the growing corn we used to sit,

And there the little leaf bird came and sang.

That I remember and therefore I weep.

There on the meadow of yellow flowers we used to walk.

Oh, my little breath! Oh, my little heart!

There on the meadow of blue flowers we used to walk.

Alas! how long ago that we two walked in that pleasant way.

Then everything was happy, but, alas! how long ago.

There on the meadow of crimson flowers we used to walk.

Oh, my little breath, now I go there alone in sorrow.

MY HOME OVER THERE (Tewa)

y home over there, my home over there,

My home over there, now I remember it!

And when I see that mountain far away,

Why, then I weep. Alas! what can I do?

What can I do? Alas! What can I do?

My home over there, now I remember it!

HUNTING-SONG (Navaho)

omes the deer to my singing,

Comes the deer to my song,

Comes the deer to my singing.

He, the blackbird, he am I,

Bird beloved of the wild deer.

Comes the deer to my singing.

From the Mountain Black,

From the summit,

Down the trail, coming, coming now,

Comes the deer to my singing.

Through the blossoms,

Through the flowers, coming, coming now

Comes the deer to my singing.

Through the flower dew-drops,

Coming, coming now,

Comes the deer to my singing.

Through the pollen, flower pollen,

Coming, coming now,

Comes the deer to my singing.

Starting with his left fore-foot,

Stamping, turns the frightened deer.

Comes the deer to my singing.

Quarry mine, blessed am I

In the luck of the chase.

Comes the deer to my singing.

Comes the deer to my singing,

Comes the deer to my song,

Comes the deer to my singing.

A SONG OF THE DEER CEREMONY (San Carlos Apache)

t the east,

Where the jet ridges of the earth lie....

At the south,

Where the white shell ridges of the earth lie,

Where all kinds of fruit are ripe,

We two will meet.

From there where the coral ridges of the earth lie,

We two will meet.

Where the ripe fruits are fragrant,

We two will meet.

MOUNT KOONAK: A SONG OF ARSUT (Eskimaun)

look toward the south, to great Mount Koonak,

To great Mount Koonak, there to the south;

I watch the clouds that gather round him;

I contemplate their shining brightness;

They spread abroad upon great Koonak;

They climb up his seaward flanks;

See how they shift and change;

Watch them there to the south;

How one makes beautiful the other;

How they mount his southern slopes,

Hiding him from the stormy sea,

Each lending beauty to the other.

THE COYOTE AND THE LOCUST (Zuñi)

ocust, locust, playing a flute,

Locust, locust, playing a flute!

Away up on the pine-tree bough,

Closely clinging,

Playing a flute,

Playing a flute!

KA-NI-GA SONG

he poor little bee

That lives in the tree,

The poor little bee

That lives in the tree

Has only one arrow

In his quiver.

CORN-GRINDING SONG II (Laguna)

utterflies, butterflies,

Now fly away to the blossoms,

Fly, blue-wing,

Fly, yellow-wing,

Now fly away to the blossoms,

Fly, red-wing,

Fly white-wing,

Now fly away to the blossoms,

Butterflies, away!

Butterflies, butterflies,

Now fly away to the blossoms,

Butterflies, away!

SONG TO THE TREES AND STREAMS (Pawnee)

I

ark against the sky, yonder distant line

Lies before us. Trees we see, long the line of trees,

Bending, swaying in the breeze.

II

Bright with flashing light yonder distant line

Runs before us, swiftly runs, swift the river runs,

Winding, flowing over the land.

III

Hark! O hark! A sound, yonder distant sound

Comes to greet us, singing comes, soft the river’s song,

Rippling gently beneath the trees.

SONG TO THE MOUNTAINS (Pawnee)

I

ountains loom upon the path we take;

Yonder peak now rises sharp and clear;

Behold! It stands with its head uplifted,

Thither we go, since our way lies there.

II

Mountains loom upon the path we take;

Yonder peak now rises sharp and clear;

Behold! We climb, drawing near its summit;

Steeper grows the way and slow our steps.

III

Mountains loom upon the path we take;

Yonder peak that rises sharp and clear,

Behold us now on its head uplifted;

Planting there our feet, we stand secure.

IV

Mountains loom upon the path we take;

Yonder peak that rose so sharp and clear,

Behold us now on its head uplifted;

Resting there at last we sing our song.

RITUAL SONG (Pawnee)

I

ver the prairie flits, in ever widening circles, the shadow of a bird about me as I walk;

Upward turn my eyes, Kawas looks upon me, she turns with flapping wings, and far away she flies.

II

Round about a tree, in ever widening circles, an eagle flies, alertly watching over his nest;

Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far; over the country wide it echoes, there defying foes.

WIND SONG (Pima)

ar on the desert ridges

Stands the cactus;

Lo, the blossoms swaying

To and fro, the blossoms swaying, swaying.

A SONG OF SPRING (Chippewa)

s my eyes search the prairie,

I feel the summer in the spring.

THE DARKNESS SONG FROM THE INVITATION RITE (Iroquois)

(The chief of the Invitation Rite requests all the night folk of the forest to protect his people on their journey to the morning.)

e wait in the darkness!

Come, all ye who listen,

Help in our night journey:

Now no sun is shining;

Now no star is glowing;

Come show us the pathway:

The night is not friendly;

She closes her eyelids;

The moon has forgot us,

We wait in the darkness!

THE INVITATION SONG

Part I (The Song of the Whip-poor-will announced by the flute.)

I

o says the whip-poor-will,

Follow me, follow me!

So says the chief to him,

Yes I will follow thee!

II

See the night darkening;

The shadows are hiding,

No light to follow for,

So says the waterfall,

So sings the river voice!

III

Someone is nearing me,

Soft he comes creeping here,

Two eyes glare close to me,

Lighting the forest path—

Hear how his breath blows by!

IV

Fol-low me, fol-low me,

So sings the whip-poor-will!

Yes, I am following,

So the chief answers him.

Part II (The Wolf and his mate are announced.)

I

ark, the trees bending low,

Something is breaking them,

Not the strong north wind’s hand,

Something stalks broad and swift.

Snuffing and panting loud!

II

Hark! How the tangles break!

Fearless the footfalls pass,

Strong trees stretch far apart,

Great horns dividing them.

(Whip-poor-will chorus)

Part III (Buck and Doe with cries enter the room.)

I

ow the cold shivers me!

No snow is falling now,

Where does the sun’s fire hide?

Something comes roaring loud

Swift footed, warning me!

II

Its breath blinds the night eyes,

Like rainy vapor falls!

Now it walks close to me,

Warming and coaxing me,

Where the black forest frowns.

(Whip-poor-will chorus)

Part IV (The Bear and his mate have come.)

I

ow the wind travels now,

No one dares run with it.

Great trees bend low to it,

Rivers fight back to it,

Roaring and splashing it!

II

Hear its wings flapping strong

Far in the hidden skies!

Swift it flies northward high,

Whistling and calling loud,

Hunting its running prey!

(The Hawk and its mate are announced, and all the rest of the forest folk. Finally, at dawn, the eagle is announced by the flute.)

Part V (The Eagle Song)

I

eep the dew water falls

No one comes close to me!

Where are you, whip-poor-will?

Why I am waiting now

Calling your voice again?

II

Screaming the night away,

With his great wing feathers

Swooping the darkness up;

I hear the Eagle bird

Pulling the blanket back

Off from the eastern sky.

III

How swift he flies bearing the sun to the morning.

See how he sits down in the trails of the eastern sky!

Whip-poor-will, Whip-poor-will, no more I follow thee!

When the night comes again, wilt thou say, “Follow me”?

THE PLANTING SONG (Osage)

have made a footprint, a sacred one.

I have made a footprint; through it the blades push upward.

I have made a footprint; through it the blades radiate.

I have made a footprint; over it the blades float in the wind.

I have made a footprint; over it the ears lean toward one another.

I have made a footprint; over it I pluck the ears.

I have made a footprint; over it I bend the stalk to pluck the ears.

I have made a footprint; over it the blossoms lie gray.

I have made a footprint; smoke arises from my house.

I have made a footprint; there is cheer in my house.

I have made a footprint; I live in the light of day.

SONG OF THE RAIN CHANT (Navaho)

ar as man can see,

Comes the rain,

Comes the rain with me.

From the Rain-Mount,

Rain-Mount far away,

Comes the rain,

Comes the rain with me.

’Mid the lightnings,

’Mid the lightning zigzag,

’Mid the lightning flashing,

Comes the rain,

Comes the rain with me.

’Mid the swallows,

’Mid the swallows blue

Chirping glad together,

Comes the rain,

Comes the rain with me.

Through the pollen,

Through the pollen blest,

All in pollen hidden

Comes the rain,

Comes the rain with me.

Far as man can see,

Comes the rain,

Comes the rain with me.

THE VOICE THAT BEAUTIFIES THE LAND (Navaho)

I

he voice that beautifies the land!

The voice above,

The voice of the thunder,

Among the dark clouds

Again and again it sounds,

The voice that beautifies the land.

II

The voice that beautifies the land!

The voice below,

The voice of the grasshopper,

Among the flowers and grasses

Again and again it sounds,

The voice that beautifies the land.

CORN-GRINDING SONG (Tesuque Pueblo)

I

his way from the North

Comes the cloud,

Very blue,

And inside the cloud is the blue corn.

How beautiful the cloud

Bringing corn of blue color!

II

This way from the West

Comes the cloud

Very yellow,

And inside the cloud is the yellow corn.

How beautiful the cloud

Bringing corn of yellow color!

III

This way from the South

Comes the cloud

Very red,

And inside the cloud is the red corn.

How beautiful the cloud

Bringing corn of red color!

IV

This way from the East

Comes the cloud,

Very white,

And inside the cloud is the white corn.

How beautiful the cloud

Bringing corn of white color!

How beautiful the clouds

From the North and the West

From the South and the East

Bringing corn of all colors!

SONG OF THE BLUE CORN DANCE (Zuñi)

eautiful, lo, the summer clouds,

Beautiful, lo, the summer clouds!

Blossoming clouds in the sky,

Like unto shimmering flowers,

Blossoming clouds in the sky,

Onward, lo, they come,

Hither, hither bound!

CORN-GRINDING SONG (Zuñi)

onder, yonder see the fair rainbow,

See the rainbow brightly decked and painted!

Now the swallow bringeth glad news to your corn,

Singing, “Hitherward, hitherward, hitherward, rain,

Hither come!”

Singing, “Hitherward, hitherward, hitherward, white cloud,

Hither come!”

Now we hear the corn-plants murmur,

“We are growing everywhere!”

Hi, yai, the world, how fair!

CORN DANCE SONG (Zuñi)

ho, ah ye know who—

Who, ah ye know who—

Who was’t that made a picture the first?

It was the bright Rainbow Youth,

Rainbow Youth—

Ay, behold it was even thus—

Clouds came,

And rain came

Close following—

Rainbow then colored all!

KOROSTA KATZINA SONG (Hopi)

I

ellow butterflies

Over the blossoming virgin corn,

With pollen-painted faces

Chase one another in brilliant throng.

II

Blue butterflies

Over the blossoming virgin beans,

With pollen-painted faces

Chase one another in brilliant streams.

III

Over the blossoming corn,

Over the virgin corn

Wild bees hum;

Over the blossoming corn,

Over the virgin beans

Wild bees hum.

IV

Over your field of growing corn

All day shall hang the thunder-cloud;

Over your field of growing corn

All day shall come the rushing rain.

ANGA KATZINA SONG (Hopi)

ain all over the cornfields,

Pretty butterfly-maidens

Chasing one another when the rain is done,

Hither, thither, so.

How they frolic ’mid the corn,

Laughing, laughing, thus:

A-ha, ha-ha,

O-ah, e-lo!

How they frolic ’mid the corn,

Singing, singing, thus:

O-o, o-ho,

O-he, e-lo!

HE-HEA KATZINA SONG (Hopi)

orn-blossom maidens

Here in the fields,

Patches of beans in flower,

Fields all abloom,

Water shining after rain,

Blue clouds looming above.

Now behold!

Through bright clusters of flowers

Yellow butterflies

Are chasing at play,

And through the blossoming beans

Blue butterflies

Are chasing at play.

WUWUCHIM CHANT (Hopi)

hus we, thus we,

The night along,

With happy hearts

Wish well one another.

In the chief’s kiva

They, the fathers,

They and Muyingwa

Plant the double ear—

Plant the perfect double corn-ear.

So the fields shall shine

With tassels white of perfect corn-ears.

Hither to them, hither come,

Rain that stands and cloud that rushes!

A RAIN SONG OF THE SNAKE SOCIETY—I (Sia)

riests of tinia,

Let the white floating clouds,

The clouds like the plains,

The lightning, thunder, rainbow, and cloud peoples water the earth.

Let the people of the white floating clouds,

The people of the clouds like the plains,

The lightning, thunder, rainbow, and cloud peoples

Come and work for us and water the earth.

A RAIN SONG OF THE SNAKE SOCIETY—II (Sia)

loud priest who ascends through the heart of the spruce of the north,

Cloud priest who ascends through the heart of the pine of the west,

Cloud priest who ascends through the heart of the oak of the south,

Cloud priest who ascends through the heart of the aspen of the east,

Cloud priest who ascends through the heart of the cedar of the zenith,

Cloud priest who ascends through the heart of the oak of the nadir,

Send your people to work for us

That the water of the six great springs may quicken the earth,

That she may give to us the fruits of her being.

CORN SONG (Pima)

I

i-ilo-o ya-a-a! He who sees everything

Sees the two stalks of corn standing;

He’s my younger brother. Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a!

He who sees everything, sees the two squashes;

He’s my younger brother. Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a!

On the summit of Ta-atûkam sees the corn standing;

He’s my younger brother. Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a!

On the summit of Ta-atûkam sees the squash standing;

He’s my younger brother. Hi-ilo-o woiha!

II

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! Over Ta-atûkam

Rise the clouds with their loud thundering.

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! Over Ta-atûkam

Rise the clouds with their loud raining.

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! The Bluebird is holding

In his talons the clouds that are thundering.

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! Yellowbird is holding

In his talons the clouds that are raining.

III

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! See Elder Brother

Breathe out the winds that over Ta-atûkam

Drive the clouds with their loud thundering.

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! See Elder Brother

Breathe out the winds that over Ta-atûkam

The welcome storm clouds are suspending.

Hi-ilo-o ya-a-a! In the great rain clouds

Let me sing my song of rejoicing.

RAIN SONGS (Pima)

I

i-ihiya naiho-o! Let us begin our song,

Let us begin, rejoicing. Hitciya yahina-a.

Let us begin our song, let us begin, rejoicing,

Singing of the large corn. Hitciya yahina-a.

Singing of the small corn. Hitciya yahina-a.

II

Hi-ihiya naiho-o! The darkness of evening

Falls as we sing before the sacred âmĭna.

About us on all sides corn tassels are waving.

Hitciya yahina! The white light of day dawn

Yet finds us singing, while corn tassels are waving.

Hitciya yahina-a! The darkness of evening

Falls as we sing before the sacred âmĭna.

About us on all sides corn tassels are waving.

Hitciya yahina! The white light of day dawn

Yet finds us singing, while the squash leaves are waving.

III

Hi-ihiya naiho-o! The earth is rumbling

From the beating of our basket drums.

The earth is rumbling from the beating

Of our basket drums, everywhere humming.

Hitciya yahina-a.

Earth is rumbling, everywhere raining,

Hitciya yahina-a.

IV

Hi-ihiya naiho-o! Pluck out the feathers

From the wing of the Eagle and turn them

Toward the east where lie the large clouds.

Hitciya yahina-a! Pluck out the soft down

From the breast of the Eagle and turn it

Toward the west where sail the small clouds.

Hitciya yahina! Beneath the abode

Of the rain gods it is thundering;

Large corn is there. Hitciya yahina!

Beneath the abode of the rain gods

It is raining; small corn is there.

Hitciya yahina.

A METATE SONG

s it not beautiful?

Is it not, truly!

Is it not beautiful?

Is it not, truly!

Is it not beautiful?

Is it not, truly!

Is it not beautiful?

Is it not, truly!

Is it not beautiful?

Is it not, truly!

On every side They are,

The Trues, the rain-commanders;

Do you not hear their drum?

Because of that you will see

This year the vapor floating;

Because of that you will see

This year the drizzling rain.

Is it not beautiful?

Is it not truly!

In all the fields the corn upspringing,

Like the young pine it comes up;

Like the green aspen;

In all the fields the corn upspringing,

Tall like the tail of the thrush!

Tall like the road-runner’s tail,

In all the fields the corn upspringing!

(Refrain of three lines of vocables.)

FLUTE SONG (Hopi)

I

ail, fathers, hail!

Chieftain of the Gray Flute, hail!

At the four world-points

Ye call, ye summon clouds.

From the four world-points upstarting,

Shall the rain hither come.

II

Hither thunder, rain-thunder here,

Hither the rain-thunder will come;

Hither rain, moving-rain—

Onward now, over all the fields,

Moving-rain.

And the wet earth, amid the corn,

Everywhere, far and near,

It will shine—water-shine.

THE SUNRISE CALL (Zuñi)

I

ise! arise! arise!

Rise! arise, arise!

Wake ye! arise, life is greeting thee.

Wake ye, arise, ever watchful be.

Mother Life-god, she is calling thee!

Mother Life-god, she is calling thee!

Mother Life-god, she is greeting thee.

All arise, arise, arise!

Rise! arise, arise!

II

Mighty Sun-god! give thy light to us,

Let it guide us, let it aid us.

See it rise! See it rise!

How the heart glows, how the soul delights

In the music of the sunlight.

Watch it rise! Watch it rise!

Wake ye, arise, life is greeting thee.

Wake ye, arise, ever watchful be.

Mother Life-god, she is calling thee!

Mother Life-god she is greeting thee.

All arise, arise, arise!

Rise! arise, arise!

HYMN TO THE SUN (Zuñi)

I

arly in the morning,

We waken, we waken.

When mother Sun-god rises,

We welcome her with joy.

She greets us with a radiant face,

She meets us with a warm embrace,

So sweetly, so sweetly.

Merrily we sing and dance;

In happy spirit we advance;

Merrily we sing and dance;

In happy spirit we advance.

We are children of the sun,

Arm in arm together run,

Round a ring we steady move:

Our hearts will faithful prove,

As the sun comes near to us,

Near to us, near to us.

Listen! just listen!

II

What a wondrous shower of sounds,

Countless beats in rapid rounds,

Ever changing ever new,

Constant strains of high and low.

They are messengers of love,

Spirit voices from above,

Bringing light and life and joy

Telling us of bliss on high,

Bliss on high! Bliss on high!

Listen! just listen!

III

Whence come all these distant sounds?

Echoes, where the light abounds:

Crystal streams in murmurs faint,

Bursting forth without restraint.

They are golden grains of thought,

Silent whispers faintly caught,

Filling us with joy content,

Pathways of our souls’ ascent,

Souls’ ascent, souls’ ascent.

Listen! just listen!

IV

Glory to the sunlight rays,

Glory to the Sun-god’s ways,

Sunlight rays, Sun-god’s ways.

They command us: to endure,

To be silent, chaste and pure,

To be faithful, true and brave,

To the laws our fathers gave.

O harken to the Sun-god’s voice

Beckoning your soul to rise:

In radiant light, the source of song,

The origin of thought has sprung:

As light and song in one unite,

Let us forever seek the light,

We seek the light, we seek the light.

Listen! just listen!

SUNSET SONG (Zuñi)

oodnight to thee, Fair Goddess,

We thank thee for thy blessing.

Goodnight to thee, Fair Goddess,

We thank thee for this day.

In glory we behold thee

At early dawn again.

We thank thee for thy blessing,

To be with us this day.

This day,

We thank thee for this day.

INVOCATION TO THE SUN-GOD (Zuñi)

rant, O Sun-god, thy protection!

Guard this helpless infant sleeping.

Grant, O Sun-god, thy protection!

Guard this helpless infant sleeping,

Resting peaceful, resting peaceful.

Starry guardians forever joyful,

Faithful Moon-god forever watchful.

Grant, O Sun-god, thy protection!

Guard this helpless infant sleeping.

Spirit living, Spirit resting,

Guard us, lead us, aid us, love us.

Sun-god forever, Spirit living, Spirit resting,

Guard us, lead us, aid us, love us,

Sun-god forever.

A SONG OF GOTAL LIII (Mescalero Apache)

he black turkey-gobbler, under the East, the middle of his tail; toward us it is about to dawn.

The black turkey-gobbler, the tips of his beautiful tail; above us the dawn whitens.

The black turkey-gobbler, the tips of his beautiful tail; above us the dawn becomes yellow.

The sunbeams stream forward, dawn boys, with shimmering shoes of yellow;

On top of the sunbeams that stream toward us they are dancing.

At the East the rainbow moves forward, dawn maidens, with shimmering shoes and shirts of yellow dance over us.

Beautifully over us it is dawning.

Above us among the mountains the herbs are becoming green;

Above us on the tops of the mountains the herbs are becoming yellow.

Above us among the mountains, with shoes of yellow I go around the fruits and herbs that shimmer.

Above us among the mountains, the shimmering fruits with shoes and shirts of yellow are bent toward him.

On the beautiful mountains above it is daylight.

FIRST DAYLIGHT SONG (Navaho)

I

he curtain of daybreak is hanging,

The Daylight Boy (it is hanging),

From the land of day it is hanging;

Before him, as it dawns, it is hanging.

Behind him, as it dawns, it is hanging.

Before him, in beauty, it is hanging;

Behind him, in beauty, it is hanging;

From his voice, in beauty, it is hanging.

II

The Daylight Girl (it is hanging),

From the land of yellow light, it is hanging;

Before her, as it dawns, it is hanging;

Behind her, as it dawns, it is hanging.

Before her, in beauty, it is hanging;

Behind her, in beauty, it is hanging;

From her voice, in beauty, it is hanging.

SONG OF THE DAWN BOY (Navaho)

here my kindred dwell, there I wander.

Child of the White Corn am I, there I wander.

The Red Rock House, there I wander.

Where dark kethawns are at the doorway, there I wander.

At the yuni, the striped cotton hangs with pollen. There I wander,

Going around with it. There I wander.

Taking another, I depart with it. With it I wander.

In the house of long life, there I wander.

In the house of happiness, there I wander.

Beauty before me, with it I wander.

Beauty behind me, with it I wander,

Beauty below me, with it I wander,

Beauty above me, with it I wander.

Beauty all around me, with it I wander,

In old age traveling, with it I wander.

On the beautiful trail I am, with it I wander.

THE MORNING STAR AND THE NEW BORN DAWN (Pawnee)

I

Morning Star, for thee we watch!

Dimly comes thy light from distant skies;

We see thee, then lost art thou,

Morning Star, thou bringest life to us.

II

O Morning Star, thy form we see!

Clad in shining garments dost thou come,

Thy plume touched with rosy light.

Morning Star, thou now art vanishing.

III

O youthful Dawn, for thee we watch!

Dimly comes thy light from distant skies;

We see thee, then lost art thou.

Youthful Dawn, thou bringest life to us.

IV

O youthful Dawn, we see thee come!

Bright grows thy glowing light

As near, nearer thou dost come.

Youthful Dawn, thou now art vanishing.

DAYLIGHT (Pawnee)

I

ay is here! Day is here, is here!

Arise, my son, lift thine eyes,

Day is here! Day is here, is here!

Day is here! Day is here, is here!

Look up, my son, and see the day.

Day is here! Day is here, is here!

II

Lo, the deer! Lo, the deer, the deer

Comes from her covert of the night!

Day is here! Day is here, is here!

Lo, the deer! Lo, the deer, the deer!

All creatures wake and see the light.

Day is here! Day is here, is here!

Day is here! Day is here, is here!

THE BIRTH OF DAWN (Pawnee)

I

wake, O mother, from sleep!

Awake! the night is far spent;

The signs of dawn are now seen

In east, whence cometh new life.

II

The mother wakens from sleep;

She wakes, for night is far spent;

The signs of dawn are now seen

In east, whence cometh new life.

III

Awake, O Kawas, from sleep!

Awake! The night is far spent;

The signs of dawn are now seen

In east, whence cometh new life.

IV

Now Kawas wakens from sleep,

Awakens for night is far spent;

The signs of dawn are now seen

In east, whence cometh new life.

V

Then Kawas stands and speaks forth:

“A child from Night is now born;

Tirá wa, father on high,

On Darkness moving, brings Dawn.”

VI

I understand now, I know

A child from Night has been born;

Tirá wa, father on high,

On Darkness moving, brings Dawn.

VII

O Son, awaken from sleep

Awake! the night is far spent;

The signs of dawn are now seen

In east, whence cometh new life.

VIII

The Son awakens from sleep;

He wakes, for night is far spent;

The signs of dawn are now seen

In east, whence cometh new life.

SONG TO THE PLEIADES (Pawnee)

ook as they rise, rise

Over the line where sky meets the earth;

Pleiades!

Lo! They ascending, come to guide us,

Leading us safely, keeping us one;

Pleiades,

Teach us to be, like you, united.

THE SONG OF THE STARS (Algonquin)

e are the stars which sing,

We sing with our light;

We are the birds of fire,

We fly over the sky.

Our light is a voice;

We make a road for spirits,

For the spirits to pass over.

Among us are three hunters

Who chase a bear;

There never was a time

When they were not hunting.

We look down on the mountains.

This is the Song of the Stars.

THE STARS DEHN-DEK AND MAH-OH-RAH (Wyandot)

ehn-dek (to Oh-tsch-eh-stah, the mother):

She arises from the ground!

In a far land Mah-oh-rah walks before us!

She comes to the great city and stands before its gates!

Our Grandmother looks upon her! She who fell down from heaven, ... lies upon her couch and beholds Mah-oh-rah.

She goes to the Land of Little People; she goes through the old city in which our fathers were saved.

Get thee down in haste and bring her again to her own people.

(Journeys forth to the city of Our Grandmother.)

(Enters the royal palace in the sacred city.)

Dehn-dek (to Our Grandmother):

Give again into my arms the daughter gone to the Land of the Little People!

She stood here in this hour, but is gone on the lonely way to that land.

Your children mourn for her; they cut themselves for grief!

Let her return with me to our own land.

Our Grandmother:

Mah-oh-rah stood indeed before me!

She was pale and faint from the journey!

The Hooh-kehs drew her back in their power!

She went out from my presence to return to her own people.

Two torches she bore aloft to make clear the way.

(Dehn-dek goes out in pursuit of his daughter.)

Our Grandmother (watching the pursuit):

They go into the sky!

From that land are we cast down forever!

And another land is made for us.

Let them be made stars.

Now shall they be made stars to shine forever there.

And their journey shall never cease!

SONG OF THE MASKED DANCERS (Apache)

he day broke with slender rain.

The place which is called “lightning’s water stands,”

The place which is called “where the dawn strikes,”

Four places where it is called “it dawns with life,”

I landed there.

I went among the sky youths.

One came to me with long life.

When he talked over my body with the longest life,

The voice of the thunder spoke well four times,

He spoke four times to me with life.

Holy sky youth spoke to me four times.

When he talked to me my breath became.

A SONG OF THE MASKED DANCERS III (Apache)

he living sky black-spotted;

The living sky blue-spotted;

The living sky yellow-spotted;

The living sky white-spotted;

The young spruce as girls stood up for their dance in the way of life.

When my songs first were, they made my songs with words of jet.

Earth when it was made,

Sky when it was made,

Earth to the end,

Sky to the end,

Black gans, black thunder, when they came toward each other,

The various bad things that used to be vanished;

The bad wishes which were in the world vanished.

The lightning of the black thunder struck four times for them.

It struck four times for me.

EMERGENCE SONG (Pima)

ogether we emerge with our rattles;

Together we emerge with our rattles,

Bright-hued feathers in our head-dresses.

With our nyñnyirsa we went down;

With our nyñnyirsa we went down,

Wearing Yoku feathers in our head-dresses.

This is the white land; we arrive singing,

Head-dresses waving in the breeze.

We have come! We have come!

The land trembles with our dancing and singing.

On these black mountains all are singing.

Head-dresses waving, head-dresses waving.

We all rejoice! We all rejoice!

Singing, dancing, the mountains trembling.

THE WARNING OF THE FLOOD (Pima)

eep my unfortunate people!

All this you will see take place.

Weep my unfortunate people!

For the waters will cover the land.

Weep my unhappy relatives!

You will learn all.

Weep my unhappy relatives!

You will learn all.

The waters will cover the mountains.

Weep my unfortunate people!

All this you will see take place.

Weep my unfortunate people!

For the waters will cover the land.

PROTECTION SONG (Navaho)

I

ow, Slayer of the Alien Gods, among men am I.

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Rubbed with the summits of the mountains,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Now upon the beautiful trail of old age,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

II

Now, Offspring of the Water, among men am I.

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Rubbed with the water of the summits,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Now upon the beautiful trail of old age,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

III

Now, Lightning of the Thunder, among men am I.

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Rubbed with the summit of the sky,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Now upon the beautiful trail of old age,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

IV

Now, Altsodoniglehi, among men am I.

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Rubbed with the summits of the earth,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

Now upon the beautiful trail of old age,

Now among the alien gods with weapons of magic am I.

SONG OF NAYENEZGANI I (Navaho)

I

he Slayer of the Alien Gods,

That now am I.

The Bearer of the Sun

Arises with me,

Journeys with me,

Goes down with me,

Abides with me;

But sees me not.

II

Child of the Water

That now am I.

The Bearer of the Moon

Arises with me,

Journeys with me,

Goes down with me,

Abides with me;

But sees me not.

SONG OF NAYENEZGANI II (Navaho)

I

am the Slayer of the Alien Gods

Where’er I roam

Before me

Forests white are strewn around.

The lightning scatters;

But ’tis I who cause it.

II

I am the Child of the Water.

Where’er I roam

Behind me

Waters white are strewn around.

The tempest scatters;

But ’tis I who cause it.

SONG OF THE HORSE (Navaho)

ow joyous his neigh!

Lo, the Turquoise Horse of Johano-ai,

How joyous his neigh!

There on precious hides outspread standeth he;

How joyous his neigh,

There on tips of fair fresh flowers feedeth he;

How joyous his neigh,

There of mingled waters holy drinketh he;

How joyous his neigh,

There he spurneth dust of glittering grains;

How joyous his neigh,

There in mist of sacred pollen hidden, all hidden he;

How joyous his neigh,

There his offspring many grow and thrive for evermore:

How joyous his neigh!

SONG OF THE HOGANS (Navaho)

o, yonder the hogan,

The hogan blessed!

There beneath the sunrise

Standeth the hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Of Hastyeyalti-ye

The hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of dawn’s first light

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of fair white corn

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of broidered robes and hides

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of mixed All-Waters pure

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of holy pollen

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Evermore enduring,

Happy evermore,

His hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Lo, yonder the hogan,

The hogan blessed!

There beneath the sunset

Standeth the hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Of Hastyehogan-i

The hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of afterglow

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of yellow corn

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of gems and shining shells

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of Little-Waters

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Built of holy pollen

Standeth his hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Evermore enduring,

Happy evermore,

His hogan,

The hogan blessed.

Lo, yonder the hogan,

The hogan blessed!

WAR-SONG (Navaho)

o, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Nayenezrani, Lo, behold me, he am I,

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Moccasins of black flint have I;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Leggings of black flint have I;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Tunic of black flint have I;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Bonnet of black flint have I;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Clearest, purest flint the heart

Living strong within me—heart of flint;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Now the zig-zag lightnings four

From me flash,

Striking and returning,

From me flash;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

There where’er the lightnings strike,

Into the ground they hurl the foe—

Ancient folk with evil charms,

One upon another, dashed to earth;

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Living evermore,

Feared of all forevermore,

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

Lo, the flint youth, he am I,

The flint youth.

ATSÁLĒI YEDADIGLÉS (Navaho)

ow the holy one paints his form.

The Wind Boy, the holy one, paints his form,

All over his body, he paints his form,

With the dark clouds he paints his form,

With the misty rain he paints his form,

With the rainy bubbles he paints his form,

To fingers and rattle he paints his form,

To the plume on his head he paints his form.

MOUNTAIN SONGS (Navaho)

I

wift and far I journey.

Swift upon the rainbow.

Swift and far I journey.

Lo, yonder, the Holy Place!

Yea, swift and far I journey.

To Sisnajinni, and beyond it,

Yea, swift and far I journey;

The Chief of Mountains, and beyond it,

Yea, swift and far I journey;

To Life Unending, and beyond it,

Yea, swift and far I journey.

II

Homeward now shall I journey,

Homeward upon the rainbow;

Homeward now shall I journey,

Lo, yonder, the Holy Place!

Yea, homeward now shall I journey.

To Sisnajinni, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward now shall I journey;

The Chief of Mountains, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward now shall I journey;

To Life Unending, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward now shall I journey;

To Joy Unchanging, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward now shall I journey.

III

Homeward behold me starting,

Homeward upon the rainbow;

Homeward behold me starting.

Lo, yonder, the Holy Place!

Yea, homeward behold me starting.

To Sisnajinni, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me starting;

The Chief of Mountains, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me starting.

To Life Unending, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me starting;

To Joy Unchanging, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me starting.

IV

Homeward behold me faring,

Homeward upon the rainbow;

Homeward behold me faring.

Lo, yonder, the Holy Place!

Yea, homeward behold me faring.

To Sisnajinni, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me faring;

The Chief of Mountains, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me faring;

To Life Unending, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me faring;

To Joy Unchanging, and beyond it,

Yea, homeward behold me faring.

V

Now arrived home behold me,

Now arrived on the rainbow;

Now arrived home behold me,

Lo, here, the Holy Place!

Yea, now arrived home behold me.

At Sisnajinni, and beyond it,

Yea, now arrived home behold me;

The Chief of Mountains, and beyond it,

Yea, now arrived home behold me;

In Life Unending, and beyond it,

Yea, now arrived home behold me;

In Joy Unchanging, and beyond it,

Yea, now arrived home behold me.

VI

Seated at home behold me,

Seated amid the rainbow;

Seated at home behold me,

Lo, here, the Holy Place!

Yea, seated at home behold me.

At Sisnajinni, and beyond it,

Yea, seated at home behold me;

The Chief of Mountains, and beyond it,

Yea, seated at home behold me;

In Life Unending, and beyond it,

Yea, seated at home behold me;

In Joy Unchanging, and beyond it,

Yea, seated at home behold me.

MOUNTAIN SONG (Navaho)

I

n a holy place with a god I walk,

In a holy place with a god I walk,

On Tsĭsnadzĭʹni with a god I walk,

On a chief of mountains with a god I walk,

In old age wandering with a god I walk.

On a trail of beauty with a god I walk.

II

In a holy place with a god I walk,

In a holy place with a god I walk,

On Tsótsĭl with a god I walk,

On a chief of mountains with a god I walk,

In old age wandering with a god I walk,

On a trail of beauty with a god I walk.

III

In a holy place with a god I walk,

In a holy place with a god I walk,

On Dokoslíd with a god I walk,

On a chief of mountains with a god I walk,

In old age wandering with a god I walk,

On a trail of beauty with a god I walk.

IV

In a holy place with a god I walk,

In a holy place with a god I walk,

On Depĕʹntsa with a god I walk,

On a chief of mountains with a god I walk,

In old age wandering with a god I walk,

On a trail of beauty with a god I walk.

MOUNTAIN SONG (Navaho)

hither go I!

Chief of all mountains,

Thither go I,

Living forever,

Thither go I,

Blessings bestowing.

Thither go I,

Calling me “Son, my son.”

Thither go I.

INVOCATION OF THE GAME (San Ildefonso Pueblo)

I (North)

onder afar

By the Black Mountain

In the Valley

The Black Chief of the Elk is standing,

And he is our quarry.

II (West)

Yonder afar

By the Mountain of Deer-Trails

In the Valley

The Yellow Chief of the Antelope is standing,

And he is our quarry.

III (South)

Yonder afar

By the Mountain of Flying

In the Valley

The Red Chief of the Antelope is standing,

And he is our quarry.

IV (East)

Yonder afar

By the Mountain of Flowers

In the Valley

The White Chief of the Buffalo is standing,

And he is our quarry.

MEDICINE SONG (Apache)

tĕnátlĭhăⁿ, you are good, I pray for long life.

I pray for your good looks.

I pray for good breath.

I pray for good speech.

I pray for feet like yours to carry me through a long life.

I pray for a life like yours.

I walk with people; ahead of me all is well.

I pray for people to smile as long as I live.

I pray to live long.

I pray, I say, for a long life to live with you where the good people are.

I live in poverty.

I wish the people there to speak of goodness and to talk to me.

I wish you to divide your good things with me as a brother.

Ahead of me is goodness; lead me on.

PRAYER OF THE FIRST DANCERS (Navaho)

From the ceremony of the Night Chant

n Tseʿgíhigi (oh you who dwell!)

In the house made of the dawn,

In the house made of the evening twilight,

In the house made of the dark cloud,

In the house made of the he-rain,

In the house made of the dark mist,

In the house made of she-rain,

In the house made of pollen,

In the house made of grasshoppers,

Where the dark mist curtains the doorway,

The path to which is on the rainbow,

Where the zigzag lightning stands high on top,

Where the he-rain stands high on top,

Oh, male divinity!

With your moccasins of dark cloud, come to us.

With your leggings of dark cloud, come to us.

With your shirt of dark cloud, come to us.

With your head-dress of dark cloud, come to us.

With your mind enveloped in dark cloud, come to us.

With the dark thunder above you, come to us soaring.

With the shapen cloud at your feet, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the dark cloud over your head, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the he-rain over your head, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the dark mist over your head, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the she-rain over your head, come to us soaring.

With the zigzag lightning flung out on high over your head, come to us soaring.

With the rainbow hanging high over your head, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the dark cloud on the ends of your wings, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the he-rain on the ends of your wings, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the dark mist on the ends of your wings, come to us soaring.

With the far darkness made of the she-rain on the ends of your wings, come to us soaring.

With the zigzag lightning flung out on high on the ends of your wings, come to us soaring.

With the rainbow hanging high on the ends of your wings, come to us soaring.

With the near darkness made of the dark cloud, of the he-rain, of the dark mist, and of the she-rain, come to us.

With the darkness on the earth, come to us.

With these I wish the foam floating on the flowing water over the roots of the great corn.

I have made your sacrifice.

I have prepared a smoke for you.

My feet restore for me.

My limbs restore for me.

My body restore for me.

My mind restore for me.

My voice restore for me.

Today, take out your spell for me.

Today, take away your spell for me.

Away from me you have taken it.

Far off from me you have taken it.

Far off you have done it.

Happily I recover.

Happily my interior becomes cool.

Happily my eyes regain their power,

Happily my head becomes cool.

Happily my limbs regain their power.

Happily I hear again.

Happily for me (the spell) is taken off.

Happily I walk.

Impervious to pain, I walk.

Feeling light within, I walk.

With lively feelings, I walk.

Happily (or in beauty) abundant dark clouds I desire.

Happily abundant dark mists I desire.

Happily abundant passing showers I desire.

Happily an abundance of vegetation I desire.

Happily an abundance of pollen I desire.

Happily abundant dew I desire.

Happily may fair white corn, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

Happily may fair yellow corn, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

Happily may fair blue corn, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

Happily may fair corn of all kinds, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

Happily may fair plants of all kinds, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

Happily may fair goods of all kinds, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

Happily may fair jewels of all kinds, to the ends of the earth, come with you.

With these before you, happily may they come with you.

With these behind you, happily may they come with you.

With these below you, happily may they come with you.

With these above you, happily may they come with you.

With these all around you, happily may they come with you.

Thus happily you accomplish your task.

Happily the old men will regard you.

Happily the old women will regard you.

Happily the young men will regard you.

Happily the young women will regard you.

Happily the boys will regard you.

Happily the girls will regard you.

Happily the children will regard you.

Happily the chiefs will regard you.

Happily, as they scatter in different directions, they will regard you.

Happily, as they approach their homes, they will regard you.

Happily may their roads home be on the trail of pollen (peace).

Happily may they all get back.

In beauty (happily) I walk.

With beauty before me, I walk.

With beauty behind me, I walk.

With beauty below me, I walk.

With beauty above me, I walk.

With beauty all around me, I walk.

It is finished (again) in beauty,

It is finished in beauty,

It is finished in beauty,

It is finished in beauty.

A PRAYER OF THE SECOND DAY OF THE NIGHT CHANT (Navaho)

rom the base of the east,

From the base of the Pelado Peak,

From the house made of mirage,

From the story made of mirage,

From the doorway of rainbow,

The path out of which is the rainbow,

The rainbow passed out with me.

The rainbow raised up with me.

Through the middle of broad fields,

The rainbow returned with me.

To where my house is visible,

The rainbow returned with me.

To the roof of my house,

The rainbow returned with me.

To the entrance of my house,

The rainbow returned with me.

To just within my house,

The rainbow returned with me.

To my fireside,

The rainbow returned with me.

To the center of my house,

The rainbow returned with me.

At the fore part of my house with the dawn,

The Talking God sits with me.

The House God sits with me.

Pollen Boy sits with me.

Grasshopper Girl sits with me.

In beauty Estsánatlehi, my mother, for her I return.

Beautifully my fire to me is restored.

Beautifully my possessions are to me restored.

Beautifully my soft goods to me are restored.

Beautifully my hard goods to me are restored.

Beautifully my horses to me are restored.

Beautifully my sheep to me are restored.

Beautifully my old men to me are restored.

Beautifully my old women to me are restored.

Beautifully my young men to me are restored.

Beautifully my women are restored.

Beautifully my children to me are restored.

Beautifully my wife to me is restored.

Beautifully my chiefs to me are restored.

Beautifully my country to me is restored.

Beautifully my fields to me are restored.

Beautifully my house to me is restored.

Talking God sits with me.

House God sits with me.

Pollen Boy sits with me.

Grasshopper Girl sits with me.

Beautifully white corn to me is restored.

Beautifully yellow corn to me is restored.

Beautifully blue corn to me is restored.

Beautifully corn of all kinds to me is restored.

In beauty may I walk.

All day long may I walk.

Through the returning seasons may I walk.

Beautifully will I possess again.

On the trail marked with pollen may I walk.

With grasshoppers about my feet may I walk.

With dew about my feet may I walk.

With beauty may I walk.

With beauty before me, may I walk.

With beauty behind me, may I walk.

With beauty above me, may I walk.

With beauty below me, may I walk.

With beauty all around me, may I walk.

In old age wandering on a trail of beauty, lively, may I walk.

In old age wandering on a trail of beauty, living again, may I walk.

It is finished in beauty.

It is finished in beauty.

PRAYER TO DSILYI NEYÁNI (Navaho)

eared Within the Mountains!

Lord of the Mountains!

Young Man!

Chieftain!

I have made your sacrifice.

I have prepared a smoke for you.

My feet restore thou for me.

My legs restore thou for me.

My body restore thou for me.

My mind restore thou for me.

My voice restore thou for me.

Restore all for me in beauty.

Make beautiful all that is before me.

Make beautiful all that is behind me.

Make beautiful my words.

It is done in beauty.

It is done in beauty.

It is done in beauty.

It is done in beauty.

DEDICATION OF A NEW HOUSE (Navaho)

Man (scattering white cornmeal about the circumference of the room):

ay it be delightful, my house;

From my head may it be delightful;

To my feet may it be delightful;

Where I lie may it be delightful;

Above me may it be delightful;

All around me may it be delightful.

(flinging meal into the fire)

May it be delightful and well, my fire.

(flinging meal up the smoke-hole)

May it be delightful, Sun, my mother’s ancestor, for this gift;

May it be delightful as I walk around my house.

(sprinkling meal out the doorway)

May it be delightful, this road of light (the path of the Sun) my mother’s ancestor.

Woman (making meal, offering to the fire, says quietly):

May it be delightful, my fire;

May it be delightful for my children; may all be well;

May it be delightful with my food and theirs; may all be well;

All my possessions well may they be made.

All my flocks well may they be made.

(That is, may they all be healthy and increase.)

PRAYER OF THE FOSTER-PARENT CHANT (Teton-Sioux)

reat Mystery, you have existed from the first;

This sky and this earth you created.

Wing flapper (Thunder Bird), you have existed from the first,

Your nation is half soldiers and half chiefs, so they say.

Lend me a good day; I borrow it.

Me, the Indian race, you have uplifted.

But now I am in despair;

Yet this good boy will renew the life of his people.

So, Great Mystery, look upon me; pity me,

That the nation may live—

Before the face of the North, the nation may live.

HOLY SONG (Dakota)

ye people, be ye healed;

Life anew I bring unto ye.

O ye people, be ye healed;

Life anew I bring unto ye.

Through the Father over all

Do I thus.

Life anew I bring unto ye.

INVOKING THE VISIONS (Pawnee)

I

oly visions!

Hither come, we pray you, come unto us,

Bringing with you joy;

Come, O come to us, holy visions,

Bringing with you joy.

II

Holy visions!

Near are they approaching, near to us here,

Bringing with them joy;

Nearer still they come—holy visions—

Bringing with them joy.

III

Holy visions!

Lo! Before the doorway pause they, waiting,

Bearing gifts of joy;

Pausing there they wait—holy visions—

Bearing gifts of joy.

IV

Holy visions!

Now they cross the threshold, gliding softly

Toward the space within;

Softly gliding on—holy visions—

Toward the space within.

V

Holy visions!

They the lodge are filling with their presence,

Fraught with hope and peace;

Filling all the lodge—holy visions—

Fraught with hope and peace.

VI

Holy visions!

Now they touch the children, gently touch them,

Giving dreams of joy;

Gently touch each one—holy visions—

Giving dreams of joy.

VII

Holy visions!

Ended now their mission, pass they outward,

Yet they leave us joy;

Pass they all from us—holy visions—

Yet they leave us joy.

VIII

Holy visions!

They, the sky ascending, reach their dwelling;

There they rest above;

They their dwelling reach—holy visions—

There they rest above.

RITUAL SONG (Pawnee)

I

know not if the voice of man can reach to the sky;

I know not if the mighty one will hear as I pray;

I know not if the gifts I ask will all granted be;

I know not if the word of old we truly can hear;

I know not what will come to pass in our future days;

I hope that only good will come, my children, to you.

II

I now know that the voice of man can reach the sky;

I now know that the mighty one has heard as I prayed;

I now know that the gifts I asked have all granted been.

I now know that the word of old we truly have heard;

I now know that Tirá wa hearkens unto man’s prayer;

I know that only good has come, my children, to you.

MEDICINE SONG (Omaha)

o! Aged One, eçka,

At a time when there were gathered together seven persons,

You sat in the seventh place, it is said,

And of the Seven you alone possessed knowledge of all things,

Aged One, eçka.

When in their longing for protection and guidance,

The people sought in their minds for a way,

They beheld you sitting with assured permanency and endurance

In the center where converged the paths,

There, exposed to the violence of the four winds, you sat,

Possessed with power to receive supplications,

Aged One, eçka.

Where is his mouth, by which there may be utterance of speech?

Where is his heart, to which there may come knowledge and understanding?

Where are his feet, whereby he may move from place to place?

We question in wonder,

Yet verily it is said you alone have power to receive supplications,

Aged One, eçka.

I have desired to go yet farther in the path of life with my little ones,

Without pain, without sickness,

Beyond the second, third, and fourth period of life’s pathway,

Aged One, eçka.

O hear! This is my prayer,

Although uttered in words poorly put together,

Aged One, eçka.

SONG OF THE PRIMAL ROCK (Omaha)

h! Aged One, eçka,

Oh! thou recumbent Rock, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

To thee I shall pray, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

Oh! Aged One, eçka,

The great water that lies impossible to traverse, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

In the midst of the waters thou came and sat, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

Thou, of whom one may think, whence camest thou? eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

From midst the waters camest thou, and sat, eçka.

It is said that thou sittest crying: “Iⁿ! Iⁿ! eçka,

Though I shall carry these my little ones, eçka,

Though I shall sit and listen to their words, eçka,

Because,” they say, you have said, eçka,

“If one shall go astray in his speech, although here lies one on whom one’s footsteps may seem impossible to stumble, eçka,

Upon this, the earth, very suddenly he shall stumble,” they say you have said, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

The impurities, eçka,

Shall not enter within, eçka,

Shall drift, like filth, as thou sittest, eçka,

Aged One, eçka

Oh! Aged One, eçka,

“If one of mine prays to me properly,” eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

“I shall be with him, eçka,

Further along he shall go,” eçka.

Aged One, eçka,

“The fourth hill, eçka,

The third, the fourth, eçka,

Even in going they shall appear thereon,” they say you have said, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

Oh! Aged One, eçka,

Thou sittest as though longing for something, eçka,

Thou sittest like one with wrinkled loins, eçka,

Thou sittest like one with furrowed brow, eçka,

Thou sittest like one with flabby arms, eçka,

“The little ones shall be as I am, whoever shall pray to me properly,” eçka,

Oh! Aged One, eçka,

Oh! Thou Pole of the Tent, eçka,

Along the banks of the streams, eçka,

With head drooping over, there thou sittest, eçka,

Thy topmost branches, eçka,

Dipping again and again, verily, into the water, eçka,

Thou Pole of the Tent, eçka,

“One of these little ones, eçka,

I shall sit upon one, eçka,

The impurities, eçka,

All I shall wash away from them, eçka,

To the end, without one obstacle, they shall appear thereon,” they say you have said, eçka,

Aged One, eçka,

It is said that you have commanded us to say to you, “Our Father, eçka,

Thou Water, eçka,

Oh! Along the bends of the stream where the waters strike, and where the waters eddy, among the water-mosses, let all the impurities that gall be drifted, eçka,

Not entering within,” eçka.

Aged One, eçka,

“Whosoever touches me with face or lips, eçka,

All the impurities, eçka,

I shall cause to be cleansed,” it is said, you have said, eçka.

“The four apertures of the body, eçka,

And all within the body I shall purify,” it is said, you have said, eçka.

“Little ones, eçka,

Through and through shall appear, eçka,

Against the wind, in the midst of air, they shall appear and stand,” eçka,

It is said you have said, eçka,

Aged One, eçka.

INTRODUCTION OF THE CHILD TO THE COSMOS (Omaha)

I

o! Ye Sun, Moon, Stars, all ye that move in the heavens,

I bid you hear me!

Into your midst has come a new life.

Consent ye, I implore!

Make its path smooth, that it may reach the brow of the first hill!

II

Ho! Ye Winds, Clouds, Rain, Mist, all ye that move in the air,

I bid ye hear me!

Into your midst has come a new life.

Consent ye, I implore!

Make its path smooth, that it may reach the brow of the second hill!

III

Ho! Ye Hills, Valleys, Rivers, Lakes, Trees, Grasses, all ye of the earth,

I bid you hear me!

Into your midst has come a new life.

Consent ye, I implore!

Make its path smooth, that it may reach the brow of the third hill!

IV

Ho! Ye Birds, great and small, that fly in the air,

Ho! Ye Animals, great and small, that dwell in the forest,

Ho! Ye Insects that creep among the grasses and burrow in the ground,

I bid you hear me!

Into your midst has come a new life.

Consent ye, I implore!

Make its path smooth, that it may reach the brow of the fourth hill!

V

Ho! All ye of the heavens, all ye of the air, all ye of the earth,

I bid you all to hear me.

Into your midst has come a new life.

Consent ye, consent ye all, I implore!

Make its path smooth—then shall it travel beyond the four hills!

SONG OF TURNING THE CHILD (Omaha)

I

e four, come hither and stand, near shall ye stand;

In four groups shall ye stand;

Here shall ye stand, in this place stand.

II

Turned by the winds goes the one I send yonder;

Yonder he goes who is whirled by the winds;

Goes, where the four hills of life and the four winds are standing;

There, in the midst of the winds do I send him,

Into the midst of the winds, standing there.

III

Here unto you has been spoken the truth;

Because of this truth you shall stand.

Here, declared is the truth.

Here in this place has been shown you the truth.

Therefore, arise! Go forth in its strength!

SUPPLICATION OF THE TSÍZHU WASHTÁGE (Osage)

akonda will cause the coming days to be calm and peaceful,

The Tsízhu have called upon Wakonda to make the days calm and peaceful,

That little ones may come to us in unbroken succession and we become a people.

Wakonda will make the days beautiful.

Toward the winds of the rising of the sun the days will surely be calm and peaceful.

Toward the winds of the south Wakonda will make the days to be calm and peaceful.

Toward the winds of the setting sun Wakonda will make the days to be calm and peaceful.

Toward the winds of the land of cedars (the north) Wakonda will make the days to be calm and peaceful.

THE TRIBAL PRAYER (Omaha)

ather, a needy one before Thee stands.

I am he!

WAWAN SONG (Omaha)

he clear sky,

The green fruitful earth is good;

But peace among men is better.

THE MORNING SONG (Cheyenne)

e, our Father,

He hath shown His mercy unto me.

In peace I walk the straight road.

PART TWO

POETIC FORMS IN AMERICAN INDIAN LYRICS

POETIC FORMS IN AMERICAN INDIAN LYRICS

The true touchstone of primitive verse is familiarity with aboriginal life and manners. Let the observer sit among the American Indians under a starlit sky in the far spaces of the desert, or with his horizon bound by native forests, where only blazed trails penetrate the shadows—wherever these people sing, encircling a quiet fire. Not even the folk-songs of the colored race on their native plantations convey the sense of detached unreality that comes with hearing these evening songs of the red race.

When a thousand songs have beaten their way into his pulse, the listener may hope to understand both the form and the spirit of this verse. Only this certain recognition acquired by personal knowledge can direct him to sound judgments of the current pseudo-Indian verse. It is the only safe basis for comparison when studies lead far afield into the song-literature of many tribes. Many of us, however, cannot readily explore the remote places of aboriginal song. For such readers, fortunately, there is an increasing number of printed studies and of records gathered by our great museums.

Even after wide observation and the close study of years, many questions will still remain to baffle us. To reconcile many apparent inconsistencies of Indian lyric verse forms, we must first understand the thought-movement of this body of poetry before we approach the whole subject of thought-rhythm, with the questions of repetition and of stanzaic and metrical structure.

In the mood of the poet, to be sure, lies the chief influence which shapes the poem and marks its larger formal characteristics of thought-movement and rhythm. There are the graceful, lilting verses that go swiftly to the golden melodies of some of the shorter lyrics, as in the Song of the Coyote and Locust; others which move in slow processional to stately chants, as in the odes of The Night Chant.

But the thought-movement is the more immediate influence upon the structure of a poem. The pre-eminently characteristic movement of the Indian lyric is recessional.[1] It perceptibly intensifies the haunting, melancholy effect in which the lyric usually finds voice. The motif appears at the opening of the song, with the emotional intensity or emphasis gradually dying away toward the close. This movement commonly occurs in the shorter songs which are entirely repeated several times. This recessional movement is effective with its musical accompaniment, repeating the melody in a descending scale, and ending on a low note. Thus pitch and accent, as well as varying quantity, mark the repetitions and lessen their monotony.

As a modification of the recessional movement, there is the poem which opens with the motif and repeats it at regularly recurring points throughout, concluding abruptly without the refrain. There are some stanzaic units in this group. Whatever may be the gain in emphasis and in organization, there is a distinct loss in atmosphere. This type is interesting as a transitional stage.

The second type of thought-movement has influenced a third group of songs which shows wide divergence from the first. In this last group the major emphasis always opens and closes the song, though it recurs at intervals, as at the opening or close of each stanza. This is the most finished lyric in design, the most completely thought out, with stanzaic units distinct. Mood and idea join to create a beautiful form.

To a less extent, the processional, or forward, thought-movement appears in lyric form. It may progress toward an emotional climax at the end of a song or a sequence. In the songs before sunrise, as the Daylight Song in The Hako, the intensity increases toward the close as dawn appears. The forward movement finds its most natural place in the ballads and in those ritualistic poems which anticipate dramatic gesture or action. This dramatic relationship, whether in formal ceremony or in vocational songs, shapes the thought-movement in direct contrast to the characteristic order.

There are other poems which carry the thought forward to the close, rounding with an effective summary, sustaining the heightened interest, yet showing the fine intellectual perception of form in relation to thought which appears in Mount Koonak: A Song of Arsut. In characteristics, this type approaches the lyric which Doctor Moulton has classified as the free sonnet.

Whatever variations appear in the sequence of thought, it must be remembered that the use of the recessional movement is a primary law of Indian lyric art.

There is within the lyric a sense of symmetry, of poetic consistency, which cannot be measured by Anglo-Saxon rules of prosody. The Indian poet achieves this symmetry in structure by using varied patterns of thought-rhythm; that is, by means of infinitely modified forms of repetition which are as distinctively characteristic of his genius as parallelism was of the ancient Hebrew or as the variations of rhyme and of stanzaic pattern are of the English lyric genius of the last four centuries. The subtle relationship of patterns of thought-rhythm to the whole movement of a poem is often so fugitive as to escape analysis. One origin of these patterns is the most obvious dramatic association which may also determine the direction of the entire thought-movement. Although the dramatic motif shapes both aspects of thought, there is no apparent connection between the progression of an idea and, let us say, the alternating rhythm, except when the alternation becomes incremental. The determining values of pitch and of melodic repetition are also important external factors. Where these influences end, it is difficult to say.

So far as this study has proceeded, five characteristic patterns of thought-rhythm appear in Indian lyric poetry. The iterative rhythm appears in the simpler poems, of which the Navaho Mountain Song and The Omaha Tribal Prayer are particularly fine in spirit. The iteration is not always pleasing, sometimes beating with the steady monotony of a kettle drum; but, contrary to reasonable supposition, it does not necessarily indicate a dance song.

The alternating rhythm offers the Indian poet some æsthetic relief. It creates a graceful lilt in his verse and often accompanies the quicker movements. This is a universal pattern; but some Katzina Songs of the Hopi and songs of the Zuñi and Pima Indians have markedly achieved this freedom of movement. The elasticity of this form provides an infinite variety of uses, from carrying a pleasant refrain to providing a choric response for the support of a dancing soloist. It has a place in the vocational songs, as well as in the ritual songs of a tribe. There are many variants which employ alternating patterns of thought at the opening and close of a stanza, or with dramatic pose and gesture, as in the Zuñi Invocation to the Sun-God, in singing which the Indian mother appeals to the sun, moon, and stars to guide her sleeping infant. Mr. Troyer marks the values of pitch as heightening the rhythmic movements of this song.

Balanced forms of thought, that is, forms in parallel structure, do not appear commonly. Perhaps it is more exact to recall that pure iteration and alternation of thought approximate the effects which parallelism may contribute, especially when the repetition is sung in a different pitch from that of the key thought. The infrequent occurrence of sharp contrasts of imagery, or antitheses of thought, may explain the rare use of parallelism. The ancient lament of the Onondagas, preserved in The Iroquois Book of Rites, remains one of the most beautifully wrought poems of this type brought down to our time.

The interlacing design of thought is one of the most graceful as well as one of the most difficult. This pattern shows skill and delicacy in poetic construction, as the interlacing repetitions frequently carry from one stanza to another, as from first to third and second to fourth, found in The Morning Star and the New Born Dawn, from The Hako. This device carries the thought forward. It is, therefore, definitely related in purpose to the form which is universally the vehicle of the ballad—incremental repetition. The Indian poet uses this form both for narrative and for descriptive purposes. The Navaho Song of the Horse shows a studied picture, framing each detail with repetitions; while the same incremental use of repetition carries forward the narrative in the Navaho Rain Chant.

There is a further structural use of these forms. If we can point to a single prototype of the lyric stanza, we must find it in the unit of thought-rhythm. As it assumed different aspects, enlarging itself with repetitions, there appeared the first conscious step, the stanzaic germ with varying possibilities of structure. This æsthetic origin of the stanza appeared before the intellectual recognition of unity of thought. In this song recorded by Miss Fletcher, there is a stanzaic germ of typically primitive quality. It is lengthened, possibly, for singing. The composer shaped three words into the form of a stanza by the use of repetitions and the addition of vocables.

Noⁿ-we shka-dse, noⁿ-we shka-dse;

Ha-ha! e he tha, Ha-ha! we

Ha-ha! e he tha.

Ha-ha! e he tha tha. Ho-ga!

Noⁿ-we shka-dse, noⁿ-we shka-dse;

Ha-ha! e he tha.

In countless song-poems, however, the compactness of thought and swift unity of impression have evolved stanzas with complex and studied patterns of thought-rhythm.

Other distinct influences over the varying patterns of the stanza are the mystic numbers and the dramatic element in the ceremonials, the former more often determining the length of the stanzas and the number of such divisions in a song. The ritualistic use of the numbers two, three, four, five, six, seven, and occasionally of multiples of these numbers, determines the number of stanzas and repetitions in ritualistic songs. It is rather unusual to find distinct tribal preferences in the number of song divisions; although the Taos Pueblo uses two parts and the Blackfoot tribe often seven. Orientation to the world quarters has almost universally established some use of four stanzas and four repetitions in religious songs. Dramatic influence emphasizes the fourfold division, especially in the ritual.

The length of the stanza at no point appears as fixed as the number of stanzas and repetitions. The stanzaic pattern repeats itself exactly more often in a ritual song than in a secular. Many of the odes have extremely long stanzas, some units of thought reaching to one hundred lines, as the Prayer of the First Dancers in the Navaho Night Chant. The length of the stanza in other songs may range from the distich to the sixteen line unit, although little stanzas of three to six lines appear to be the most pleasing to the Indian poet. The longer stanzas commonly employ preludes and refrains and at times resort to repetition of matter.

The oral lyric makes certain special demands of the composer. There must be devices for marking off the stanzas. In addition to certain formal patterns of repetition, these devices include tag endings, such as conclude the scenes in Elizabethan drama, endings with a sharp contrast in pitch and care in enunciation. The drop in pitch appears at the close of the unit of music corresponding to the unit of verse. There may occur, also, a complete change of rhythm and a distinct change in thought from stanza to stanza. Cycles of short songs, or song-sequences with fixed repetitions in the ceremonials, give the effect of stanzaic divisions. We must conclude that the lack of written or printed forms appears no hindrance to the development of stanzaic patterns.

The question of rhyme schemes invites more attention than some other markers of the stanza. It is, to be sure, a relatively unimportant factor in Indian rhythms: although the wide use of assonance commonly approximates rhyme, and elaborate schemes of repetition serve a like purpose. Various schemes of rhyme are used in the songs of The Night Chant, particularly in the internal and end rhymes. In the Song of the Meal Rubbing[1] the second element in the internal rhyme scheme binds the lines together:

Bĭtsísi ...

Estsanatléhisi ...

Alkaíye ...

Bikenagádbe ...

Bitalataibe ...

Bĭdatóʿbe ...

Biselataíbe ...

Bĭthadĭtínbe ...

Bĭdetsébe ...

Sána-nogaíbe ...

Biké-hozóbe ...

A simpler and more characteristic internal rhyme scheme is found in the Prayer of the First Dancers,[2] aaa bbb, in lines 14 to 21:

... nĭkégo ...

... nĭsklégo ...

... niégo ...

... nitságo ...

... bininĭnlágo ...

... dahitágo ...

Two further illustrations show the Navaho command of end rhymes. In the Daylight Song,[3] there is easy inversion of pattern, abba:

... dóla aní,

... bĭźa holó,

... bĭźa hozó,

... hwí he inlí.

In Slayer of the Alien Gods,[4] the rhyme aaaaa achieves a definite tone color, rounding with a full open syllable:

... sĭnĭsnlígo,

... hánatahasgo,

... nítatahasgo,

... ínatahasgo,

... nínatahasgo.

We must keep in mind that these uses of rhyme serve only a secondary purpose in drawing together the elements of the pattern within the stanza.

The stanza of Indian verse, it readily appears, is flexible in form—both in length of line and in length of thought-unit. The rapid tempo employs a short line, as in this Maliseet Dance-Song:[1]

Kive-hiu-wha-ni-ho

Ya hi ye

Kive-hiu-wha-ni-yo

Ya hi ye

Ya hi ye

Kshi-te-ka-mo-tikʹlo

Ya hi ye

Ya hi ye

Pilsh-kwe-sis-tokʹlo

Ya hi ye

Kshi-te-ka-mo-tikʹlo

Ya hi ye

Twa, twa, twa, twa!

The short line does not merely accompany rapid movement. It appears a measure of severe economy in some prayers in which the Indian catalogs his daily needs for seventy or more lines! The formal invocations, however, commonly use the longer line and the slower movement. Long, slow, even lines breathe the lament of the Death of Taluta and the reflective cadences of Mount Koonak: A Song of Arsut.

The variation of the lyric line shows technical skill. The Dance-Song just quoted beats out only a simple alteration of long and short lines. The Song of the Coyote and the Locust begins with long flowing lines, but snaps off with a gay quick ending:

Tchumali, tchumali, shohkoya,

Tchumali, tchumali, shohkoya,

Yaamii heeshoo taatani tchupatchiute

Shohkoya,

Shohkoya!

When the shorter line falls within the stanza, there is greater play of mood and thought, with the elasticity of the outward swing and return in the rhythm of the thought as we feel it through the succession of stanzas in The Song of the Rain Chant. The line of verse sweeps outward and the thought recedes at the ebb, as clearly as a Hiroshige wave crest lifts and the waters return to their level.

Within the silhouette of the verse are indisputable metrical patterns, some structural, some decorative. These patterns frequently occur in phrases; and these phrases, in turn, fall into a larger pattern which may be repeated or may be interchanged with other patterns of corresponding values. They are sometimes of amazing complexity, yet form a compact unity of design.

Few correspondences appear in the versification of the white race; but the Indians’ use of pitch[1] for marking off rhythmic units is similar to such a use in Chinese poetry. For analysis, we must observe native singers and study phonographic records. The printed verse gives little opportunity for the study of meter except through musical accompaniment, when the phrases of the music and of the verse coincide, as few notable investigators have set down accent and quantity. Only phonographic records show the use of pitch in rhythm, an element most familiar to any one who has ever heard the Indians chant and sing. Two related arts explain the unique character of Indian lyric measures, the musical setting and the oral rendition of the poem.

Miss Natalie Curtis once asked an Indian singer, “Which came first, the words or the music?”

“They came at the same moment,” he answered.

We must accept that explanation for the choicest lyrics: yet we cannot, in that way, account for some performances of remarkable ingenuity. A singer with the art of a counterpuntist may subordinate the iambic word-rhythm of his poem to an alternating three-four and two-four rhythm of the melody, while he dances at the same moment to the unaccented rhythm of the drum. The whole question turns again in his next song in which he faithfully sets the lilt of his verse to the corresponding rhythm of the music. Any first hand comparison of the word-rhythm and the melodic rhythm proceeds with the greatest difficulty. Since the Indian invariably sings the lyrics, often many times, before dictating the words, he tends to employ the melodic rhythm in speaking the lines.

It is possible, of course, that the shifting of natural speech stresses to adapt the verse to the music marks the distinct composition of words and of music, with the latter as the earlier effort. There can be no doubt that, in aboriginal life, music is more generally persistent than words, and that new verses sometimes replace forgotten songs. On the other hand, it is equally certain that many of these misfit songs are only inferior compositions, hobbling in their meter just as the white poet’s lyrics at times go haltingly in their rhythm.

Whether the Indian poet composed his lyric and melody simultaneously or composed the verse to the rhythm of the melody, he conceived his song as an oral expression which should set free his mood through an interpretive accompaniment. That some melodies have changed their verbal associations in the history of centuries may indicate that new experiences have informed their characteristic rhythms. If the original words have been lost, it is entirely possible that the new poem is perfectly adjusted to the music as a genuine re-expression of the rhythm and sweep of the melody. We have a notable instance in English in the poetry of Burns.

Indian lyric poetry has, we have noted, the qualities of oral verse. It employs a number of devices to mark off rhythmic units: stress, accent, range in pitch, quantity, and effort in enunciation. Stress and the higher pitch coincide almost universally. The dramatic and the musical influence require some use of quantity. Aside from its main use in the tag ending of verse or stanza when stress is not used for that purpose, effort in enunciation appears to be an accidental rhythmic element, depending upon the use of the high, close vowels, as e, and the aspirated, closed, and guttural consonants. It is, therefore, least useful when it coincides with the other devices of rhythm—lost, as it must be, in the use of stress. Indian poetry makes a sharp distinction, it must be observed, between accent and stress, the latter requiring definite bodily effort, even explosive enunciation.

The oral rendition of a poem brings us to some unexpected turns in versification. A scholar observes that one must have an Indian throat to sing these songs. This physical control is two fold: unique control of the breathing and contraction or pulsation of the glottis, especially in measures of unusual length. In Indian verse, there is a lengthening of the metrical unit beyond the ordinary limits of European verse in feet of six, seven, eight, and nine syllables, with but one syllable prominent in stress, pitch, or quantity. The Indian sings and speaks on for hours without apparent weariness.

The elemental two and three syllabled feet appear universally in Indian poetry, but commonly in phrases with the longer feet of five to nine syllables, as in the Pledge Song of the Chippewa: nín-da-ca-mi-gog | éya. Another pattern has the recurring metrical phrase of three, six, and five syllables: í e ba | bá-pi-ni-si-wa-gûn | gé-non-de-ci-nan. A rhythmic group of five and one may be varied by the substitution of a three syllabled and a two syllabled measure for that of five syllables. A song may carry a two syllabled rhythm consistently, even when all repetitions of line are disregarded:

O-kú-wah-tsá, úm weh dah án,

Hang wén bo wú u wán moon pí,

Han wán bo hí wut di ún wéh dah án,

É yan ne yá ah né yáh na án.

Ah é yan ne yáh ah né yáh na án.

A Papago harvest song, for instance, balances high and low pitched measures in rising three syllabled rhythm, which suggests a dance with gesture or swaying of the body. In each phrase of the song, the foot of the higher pitch carries the heavier stress. This double use of pitch and stress, or accent, in phrases of two measures runs throughout the song, showing the regularity of metrical pattern to be expected where the lyric accompanies action or ritual observance. Such definite schemes of short measures do not appear as commonly as in English lyric poetry. In many Indian lyrics there is a tendency to avoid such emphatic rhythms—a tendency toward the free rhythms, though the sense of measure is never lost. On the whole, Indian lyric poetry is highly rhythmical in structure, although not closely metrical.

The most interesting metrical patterns are the long units which almost escape the ear as they die away in the low pitched glottal vibrations of a glide. In these measures, liquid consonants frequently combine with open vowels; though a Chippewa singer may take b, t, g, and k in one long unit. The singer finds the feet of eight and nine syllables easiest when they are made up of vocables or of elongations of a syllable, as e-ye-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-, receding in delicate sound waves and requiring no effort in enunciation. These sound waves may occur as a scarcely perceptible double pulsation within the long unit, in such syllables as e-ya, ai-ya, which require little articulation. The poet can sing them indefinitely, as they fall into the rhythm of respiration. This syllabic group is the irreducible unit within the foot; if we eliminate the lengthening of a vowel, a device for the singer rather than for the poet.

The function of the vocable in the metrical design is nonessential from the intellectual viewpoint; but there is a clear value, from an æsthetic viewpoint, in the full rounded vowels of many syllables. They give tone color to the whole song, and enrich the metrical design.

The range in metrical patterns gives infinite variety and freedom to Indian verse. The poet varies even his repetition of rhythmic phrases by using different degrees of pitch. By far the most notable element in Indian versification, in fact, is this art of combining dissimilar rhythms and of playing one against another with the effect of many instruments.

All the subtlety of charm and melody in the verse evades analysis in the study of rhythms; yet poetry is no less beautiful because we catch the grace of a flowing line and the play of assonance through open syllables, as in the Zuñi Sunset Song; the contrasting gaiety of light, quick, staccato movement; or the faultless symmetry of antiphonals. It is extremely difficult to interpret in terms of occidental prosody the poetic genius which arose from an alien civilization. We must constantly return to our cultural backgrounds for explanation.

It is not an incidental play-motif that the Zuñi children sing in the Hymn to the Sun, “Listen, just listen,” as they hold spiral shells to their ears. Mr. Troyer wrote: “The primary aim seems to be to develop early in life, by mechanical aids, the perception of solar vibration, which later in life becomes a natural gift.” A critic whose hearing is less sensitive than that of the Red Man will remain wholly unaware of many delicate nuances.

These subtle changes in Indian lyrics can scarcely be said to follow metrical laws, yet cannot be thought accidental. The shifting influence of pause is negligible. There is slight use of quantity except in vocalic and consonantal interplay, and that is most elusive. Subtleties of mood and thought in the line may turn swiftly from the flowing movement to the staccato with corresponding shift in measure. A distinct influence appears in the cluster-rhythms of holophrastic compounds. This element becomes especially noticeable when the singer pauses to dictate the words of his song. The crest words or syllables in a line, particularly in the recessional movement and in descending pitch, may also shift the metrical emphasis. In the Zuñi song Lover’s Wooing, the crest words are most distinct: blanket, maiden, awaiting, alone, walk, come. The rhythm bends to them.

To one who has listened to countless Indian songs, there remains another logical influence over the exquisite variations of these lyrics—mimesis of elements of the natural world. The rhythms of nature float through the rhythms of Indian verse. The winds are imitated in the oral rendition of many poems: the minor key, the little rushes of wind, the full swell of sound, the gradual dying away. Curiously enough, the Plains tribes call their songs in recollection of the absent “wind songs,” in true appreciation of their minor key.

The steady patter or downfall of rain sings a welcome rhythm to the Indian of the plains and of the southwest. There is an insistence in the rhythm of many rain-songs that is mimetic, not only in the total effect of rain but distinctly so in the character of metrical units. “I like those songs,” an old man once said to me quite simply, his face quickened with a smile. His songs had just measured the summer rain, then dropped away through gliding syllables to a whispering echo—the wind and the rain!

It is the natural, joyous response of the Red Man to his surroundings that catches up these free rhythms of the out-door world and shapes his gesture and thought in measure with them in his improvisations. In the subtlety of its rhythms, Indian lyric poetry cannot detach itself from these external influences; for no race of the modern world lives more intimately with nature, sensing its most delicate expressions, its most exquisite sounds and movements.

These natural rhythms, though constantly recurring, may appear largely incidental; yet there are elemental laws at work determining lyric rhythms, laws we must seek behind the poetic impulse. One law is that poetic art, as all other arts, shall be rooted fast in the physical surroundings which temper the race. Any effort to wrest an art from that traditional environment breaks it off at the tap root.

NOTES

21. Burton, Frederick. American Primitive Music. Part II, p. 1. An interpretation. Moffat, Yard. N. Y. 1909. (Now published by Dodd, Mead, N. Y.)

22. Ibid., Part II, pp. 29-30. An interpretation. The Princess Tsianina includes this song in her repertory.

23. Troyer, Carlos. Traditional Songs of the Zuñi. Theodore Presser. Philadelphia.

25. Austin, Mary. The American Rhythm, p. 88. Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y. 1923.

26. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 57. Harpers. N. Y. 1923.

27. Leland, Charles G. Algonquin Legends of New England, p. 318. Houghton, Mifflin. Boston. 1884.

28. Burton, Frederick. American Primitive Music, Part II, p. 11. An interpretation.

29. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 50.

30. Hale, Horatio. The Iroquois Book of Rites, pp. 153-154. Library of Aboriginal Literature. Philadelphia. 1883.

31. Austin, Mary. Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 143, p. 78. (June, 1921). See also The American Rhythm, p. 84.

32. Eastman, Charles A. Old Indian Days, p. 32. McClure. N. Y. 1907. (Now published by Little, Brown, Boston.)

33. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 317.

34. Ibid., p. 225.

35. Riggs, A. L. Dakota Songs and Music: Táh-koo Wah-kán, p. 462. Boston. 1869.

36. Dorsey, J. Owen. The Cegiha Language, p. 611. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1890.

37. Spinden, H. J. Home Songs of the Tewa Indians, p. 78. The American Museum Journal. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist. N. Y. vol. XV, no. 2.

38. Ibid., p. 73.

39. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 370.

41. Goddard, Pliny Earle. Myths and Tales of the San Carlos Apache, p. 62. American Museum of Natural History. N. Y. 1918.

42. Rink, Henry. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, pp. 68-69. Blackwood. London. 1875.

43. Cushing, Frank. Zuñi Folk Tales, p. 255. Putnam’s. N. Y. 1901.

44. Powell, James. Mythology of North American Indians, p. 23. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1881.

45. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 462.

46. Fletcher, Alice C. The Hako, p. 303. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1904.

47. Ibid., pp. 305-306.

48. Ibid., p. 342.

49. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 317.

50. Densmore, Frances. Chippewa Music II, p. 254. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1913.

51. Converse, Harriet Maxwell. Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois, pp. 180-183. New York State Museum. 1908.

56. La Flesche, Francis. The Osage Tribe, pp. 295-296. 36th Ann. Rep. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1921. In this poem, each line represents a complete stanza in the original—a stanza built up of repetitions and vocables.

57. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, pp. 365-366.

59. Matthews, Washington. Navaho Legends, p. 27. Houghton, Mifflin. N. Y. 1877. For the American Folk Lore Society.

60. Corbin, Alice. Red Earth, pp. 27-28, with note on p. 57. R. F. Seymour. Chicago. 1920.

62. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 432.

63. Ibid., p. 431.

64. Ibid., p. 432.

65. Ibid., p. 484-485.

66. Ibid., p. 483.

67. Ibid., p. 485.

68. Ibid., p. 479. Muyinga is the god of germination and growth.

69. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe. The Sia, p. 124. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1896.

70. Ibid., p. 124. See also Mrs. Austin’s “Rain Songs from the Rio Grande Pueblos” in The American Rhythm, pp. 92-94.

71. Russell, Frank. The Pima Indians, pp. 333-334. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1904-1905. “The first songs ever sung to bring rain. Ho-oni was the name of the Corn God who left the Pimas for many years and then returned to live at the mountain north of Picacho, Ta-atûkam, whence he sang as above.”

73. Ibid., pp. 331-333. The vivid imagery of the original is lost in the translation. Compare the phrases from the free translation with the more literal rendering:

“Darkness of evening falls” and

“Blue evening drops”;

“The white light of day dawn

Yet finds us singing” and

“The white dawn rises.”

In stanzas III and IV, when the phrase Hitciya yahina-a stands alone as a line, it has been inserted. It appears in the original, but was omitted by Mr. Russell in his translation. In fact, it concludes every sentence in the song. Observe that the introductory phrase is the same for each stanza. Mr. Russell does not use the full repetition of the original.

75. Lummis, Charles. The Land of Poco Tiempo, pp. 49-50. Scribner’s. N. Y. 1902. A corn-grinding song, relating to the birth of the corn.

Line 5. The thunder.

Line 17. The tail of the pheasant.

77. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 489.

78. Troyer, Carlos. Traditional Songs of the Zuñi Indians. Lines 1 and 2, 8 and 9, 15, 20, and 21 are given as echo calls.

79. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid.

84. Goddard, Pliny Earle. Gotal—a Mescalero Apache Ceremony, Putnam Anniversary Volume, pp. 385-394. This is the fifty-third song, sung at sunrise on the last morning of the ceremony.

85. Matthews, Washington. The Mountain Chant, p. 463. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1887.

86. Matthews, Washington. Navaho Myths, Prayers, and Songs, pp. 27-28. University of California Publications, vol. V, no. 2. Beauty is synonymous with happiness in the Navaho songs.

87. Fletcher, Alice C. The Hako, p. 323.

88. Ibid., p. 324.

89. Ibid., pp. 322-323.

91. Ibid., p. 330.

92. Leland, Charles G. The Algonquin Legends of New England, p. 379.

93. Barbeau, C. M. Huron and Wyandot Mythology, pp. 318-321. Dept. of Mines. Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada. 1915.

This song-sequence begins with the death of Mah-oh-rah. Seeking to bring her back from the spirit world, her father rides in pursuit across the sky. The Grandmother, guardian deity of the Wyandots, transforms the flying group into stars, Dehn-dek’s three stags becoming the stars in the Belt of Orion.

Line 5. The spirit world.

Line 6. Our Grandmother was the daughter of the Mighty Ruler of Heaven. The Creation myth relates her accidental fall from heaven, her rescue by the Swans, and the creation of the Great Island (North America) for her home. In her subterranean city, she ruled over the Wyandots with her fiery torch given by the Thunder God. After the Wyandots came out to live on the earth, their spirits visited her on their way to the Land of the Little People.

95. Goddard, Pliny Earle. From the literal translation of Song V, The Masked Dancers of the Apache, Holmes Anniversary Volume, pp. 134-136.

96. Ibid., Song III, p. 134.

97. Russell, Frank. The Pima Indians, p. 280.

“On their emergence upon the surface of the earth, the Nether-World people danced together and with Elder Brother sang this song.” Since this is an archaic song, with its theme of the beginning of the race, we may consider it, in the original, an example of the earlier rhythms.

98. Ibid., p. 274.

The last four words are added, in Mr. Russell’s own words, to show that the original song closes with a repetition of its opening. The complete version, in seventeen lines, uses the opening group three times. This song is archaic; and its rhythm is undoubtedly one of the earlier types.

99. Matthews, Washington. Navaho Myths, Prayers, and Songs, p. 61.

101. Matthews, Washington. The Night Chant, pp. 280-281. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1902.

102. Ibid., pp. 279-280.

103. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, pp. 361-362.

104. Ibid., pp. 357-358. Sung to consecrate the hogans, or dwellings, of the gods; and in later times, to consecrate the hogans of the Navahos.

107. Ibid., pp. 363-364.

109. Matthews, Washington. The Night Chant, p. 140.

110. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, pp. 354-356. Each song is sung four times, with the substitution, in the sixth line, of the name of another mountain.

114. Matthews, Washington. The Night Chant, p. 81.

116. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 352.

117. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Part in the Dedication of the New Museum, pp. 31-32. Art and Archæology, vol. VII.

119. Curtis, Edward S. The North American Indian, vol. I, p. 37. The North American Indian, Inc. N. Y. 1907. Stenatliha—woman without parents—goddess of creation.

120. Matthews, Washington. Navaho Legends, pp. 269-275.

“This prayer is addressed to a mythic thunder-bird...; but the bird is spoken of as a male divinity.”

125. Matthews, Washington. Navaho Myths, Prayers, and Songs, pp. 47-48.

Stanzas II, III, and IV vary chiefly in the first two lines: the conclusion repeats four times, “It is finished in beauty.”

128. Matthews, Washington. The Mountain Chant, p. 420.

129. Mindeleff, Cosmos. Navaho Houses, pp. 504-505. 17th Ann. Rep. Part II. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1898.

131. Curtis, Edward S. The North American Indian, vol. III, p. 72.

132. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 53.

133. Fletcher, Alice C. The Hako, pp. 319-320.

135. Ibid., pp. 343-344.

136. Fletcher, Alice C. The Omaha Tribe, pp. 586-587. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1907.

138. Ibid., pp. 557-558, p. 573: “In the ritual, the primal rock, ... that which rose from the waters, is addressed by the term ‘venerable man.’ His assistance is called to the ‘little ones,’ the patients about to be administered to.”

142. Ibid., pp. 115-117.

144. Ibid., pp. 119-122.

145. La Flesche, Francis. The Osage Tribe, pp. 150-151.

146. Fletcher, Alice C. The Omaha Tribe, p. 130. See also A Study of Omaha Indian Music, p. 39. Archæological and Ethnological Papers, Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Vol. I, no. 5.

147. The Omaha Tribe, p. 394.

148. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 153. This Cheyenne song was sung by the old men, often from the summit of the hills at dawn.

152. The recessional movement appears in The Song of a Wolf in Miss Densmore’s Teton-Sioux Music, p. 190. Bulletin 61. Bur. of Amer. Eth. Washington. 1918.

154. Moulton, Richard G. Literary Introductions: Modern Readers’ Bible, pp. 1457-1458.

160-1. Matthews, Washington. (1) The Night Chant, pp. 282-283. (2) Navaho Legends, p. 269.

161. Matthews, Washington. (3) The Night Chant, pp. 294-295.

(4) Ibid., pp. 279-280.

162. Curtis, Natalie. The Indians’ Book, p. 10.

163. Cushing, Frank. Zuñi Folk Tales, p. 255.

164. Mr. John P. Harrington is one of the few investigators who have taken account of the use of pitch in an Indian language. His discussion of this element in the Tewa speech may be found in his study of the Tiwa Language, Dialect of Taos, New Mexico, page 15. Papers of the School of American Archæology, number 14; also in American Anthropologist, volume 12, number 1. 1910.

166. See Dr. E. W. Scripture’s discussion of oral verse, Die Verskunst und die experimental Phonetik, Wiener Medizenische Wochenschrift, 1922.

172. See Mrs. Mary Austin’s The American Rhythm, pp. 3-65.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments are due to the following persons, societies, and companies for their courteous permission to quote poems on which they hold the copyright:

Austin, Mary:

The American Rhythm, Harcourt, Brace & Co.; Harper’s Magazine.

Barbeau, C. M.:

Huron and Wyandot Mythology. Dept. of Mines, Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada.

Burton, Frederick:

American Primitive Music. Moffat, Yard. Now published by Dodd, Mead.

Converse, Harriet M.:

Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois. New York State Museum.

Corbin, Alice:

Red Earth. R. F. Seymour, Chicago.

Curtis, Edward S.:

The North American Indian. The North American Indian, Inc., N. Y.

Curtis, Natalie:

The Indians’ Book. Harper’s. (Mr. Bridgham Curtis, executor.)

The Indians’ Part in The Dedication of The New Museum, Art and Archæology.

Cushing, Frank:

Zuñi Folk Tales. G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Densmore, Frances:

Chippewa Music. Bureau of American Ethnology.

Dorsey, J. Owen:

The Ȼegiha Language. Bureau of American Ethnology.

Eastman, Charles A.:

Old Indian Days: McClure. Now published by Little, Brown.

Fletcher, Alice C.:

The Hako; The Omaha Tribe. Bureau of American Ethnology.

A Study of Omaha Indian Music. Peabody Museum, Harvard.

Goddard, Pliny Earle:

Gotal, a Mescalero Apache Ceremony, Putnam Anniversary Volume.

The Masked Dancers of the Apache, Holmes Anniversary Volume.

Myths and Tales of the San Carlos Apache. American Museum of Natural History.

Hale, Horatio:

The Iroquois Book of Rites. Library of Aboriginal Literature, Philadelphia. (Mrs. Daniel Brinton.)

La Flesche, Francis:

The Osage Tribe. Bureau of American Ethnology.

Leland, Charles G.:

Algonquin Legends of New England. Houghton, Mifflin.

Lummis, Charles:

The Land of Poco Tiempo. Chas. Scribner’s Sons.

Matthews, Dr. Washington:

Navaho Legends. Houghton, Mifflin (for Amer. Folk-Lore Society).

The Mountain Chant. Bur. Amer. Eth.

The Night Chant. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Navaho Myths, Prayers, and Songs. Univ. of Cal.

Mindeleff, Cosmos:

Navaho Houses. Bur. of Amer. Ethnology.

Powell, James:

Mythology of North American Indians. Bur. Amer. Ethnology.

Riggs, A. L.:

Dakota Songs and Music: Táh-koo Wah-kán. Boston. 1869.

Rink, Henry:

Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo. Blackwood. London. 1875.

Russell, Frank:

The Pima Indians. Bur. Amer. Eth.

Spinden, Herbert J.:

Home Songs of the Tewa. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist.

Stevenson, Matilda:

The Sia. Bur. Amer. Eth.

Troyer, Carlos:

The Sunrise Call, Hymn to the Sun, Sunset Song, Invocation to the Sun God, Lover’s Wooing, or Blanket Song. From “Traditional Songs of the Zuñi.” Theodore Presser Co., Philadelphia.

INDEX

- Algonquin, The Bride’s Song, 27;

- The Song of the Stars, 92

- Anga Katzina Song, 66

- Apache, Medicine Song, 119;

- Song of the Masked Dancers, 95;

- Song of the Masked Dancers III, 96

- Apache, Mescalero, A Song of Gotal LIII, 84

- Apache, San Carlos, A Song of the Deer Ceremony, 41

- Atsalei Yedadigles, 109

- Austin, Mary, 5, 6, 7-12, 25, 31, 172

- Barbeau, C. M., 93-94

- Birth of Dawn, The, 89-90

- Bluebird Song, 34

- Bride’s Song, The, 27

- Burton, Frederick, 21-22, 28

- Ȼegiha, The Song of Ukiabi, 36

- Cheyenne, The Morning Song, 148

- Chippewa, see Ojibwa, A Song of Spring, 50, 168

- Converse, Harriet Maxwell, 51-55

- Corbin, Alice, 60-61

- Corn Song, 71-72

- Corn Dance Song, 64

- Corn Grinding Song, 45, 60-61, 63

- Coyote and the Locust, The, 43, 152, 163

- Curtis, Edward S., 119, 131

- Curtis, Natalie, 6, 26, 29, 33-34, 39, 45, 49, 57, 62-68, 77, 103-108, 110-113, 116-118, 132, 148, 162

- Cushing, Frank, 43, 163

- Dakota, Holy Song, 132;

- Love Song, 26;

- Song of the Unhappy Wife, 35;

- War Song, 29

- Darkness Song, The, 51-55

- Daylight, 88

- Death of Taluta, The, 32, 163

- Dedication of a New House, 129-130

- Densmore, Frances, 50

- Dorsey, J. Owen, 36

- Eagle Song, The, 55

- Eastman, Chas. A., 32

- Emergence Song, 97

- Eskimo, Mount Koonak; a Song of Arsut, 42

- First Daylight Song, 85, 154

- Fletcher, Alice Cunningham, 6, 46-48, 87-91, 133-144, 146-147

- Flute Song, 77

- Goddard, Pliny Earle, 41, 84, 95-96

- Hako, The, 87-88

- Hale, Horatio, 30

- Harrington, John Peabody, 164

- He-hea Katzina Song, 67

- Her Shadow, 22

- Holy Song, 132

- Hopi, Anga Katzina Song, 66;

- Flute Song, 77;

- He-hea Katzina Song, 67;

- Korasta Katzina Song, 65;

- Wuwuchim Chant, 68

- Hunting Song, 39-40

- Hymn to the Sun, 79-81, 170

- Introduction of the Child to the Cosmos, 142-143

- Invitation Song, The, 52

- Invocation to the Sun-God, 83, 156

- Invocation of the Game, 117-118

- Invoking the Visions, 133-134

- Iroquois Book of Rites, 11, 30, 157

- Iroquois, The Darkness Song, 51-55;

- The Invitation Song, 52;

- Onondaga Hymn, 11, 30, 157

- Ka-ni-ga Song, 44

- Katzina Song, 66-67

- Kiowa, Wind Song, 33, 171

- Korasta Katzina Song, 65

- La Flesche, Francis, 56, 145

- Laguna Pueblo, Corn Grinding Song II, 45

- Lament of a Man For His Son, 10, 31

- Leland, Charles G., 27, 92

- Lonely, 28

- Love Song, 26

- Lover’s Lament, A, 37

- Lover’s Wooing, or Blanket Song, 23-24, 171

- Lummis, Charles, 75-76

- Maliseet, Dance Song, 162

- Matthews, Washington, 6, 59, 85-86, 99-102, 109, 114-115, 120-128, 161

- Medicine Song, 119, 136-137

- Metate Song, A, 75-76

- Meter, 163-171

- Mindeleff, Cosmos, 129-130

- Morning Song, The, 148

- Morning Star and the New Born Dawn, The, 87, 157

- Mount Koonak: a Song of Arsut, 42, 154, 163

- Mountain Song, 115-116

- Mountain Songs, 111-113

- My Bark Canoe, 21

- My Home Over There, 38

- Navaho, Atsalei Yedadigles, 109;

- Dedication of a New House, 129-130;

- First Daylight Song, 85, 154;

- Hunting Song, 39-40;

- Mountain Song, 115, 116;

- Mountain Songs, 111-113;

- Prayer of the First Dancers, 120-124;

- Prayer of the Second Day of the Night Chant, 125-127;

- Prayer to Dsilyi Neyáni, 128;

- Protection Song, 99-100;

- Song of the Dawn Boy, 86;

- Song of the Hogans, 104-106;

- Song of the Horse, 103;

- Song of Nayenezgani I, 101;

- Song of Nayenezgani II, 102;

- Song of the Rain Chant, 57-58, 157;

- The Voice That Beautifies the Land, 59;

- War-Song, 107-108

- Ojibwa, see Chippewa;

- Her Shadow, 22;

- Lonely, 28;

- My Bark Canoe, 21

- Omaha, Introduction of the Child to the Cosmos, 142-143;

- Medicine Song, 136-137;

- Song of the Primal Rock, 138-141;

- Song of Turning the Child, 144;

- Tribal Prayer, 146, 155;

- Wawan Song, 147

- Onondaga Hymn, 11, 30, 157

- Osage, The Planting Song, 56;

- Supplication of the Tsízhu Washtáge, 145

- Paiute, The Lament of a Man For His Son, 10, 31

- Papago Love Song, 25;

- Harvest Song, 168

- Pawnee, The Birth of Dawn, 89-90;

- Daylight Song, 88;

- Invoking the Visions, 133-134;

- The Morning Star and The New Born Dawn, 87;

- Ritual Song, 48, 135;

- Song to the Mountains, 47;

- Song to the Pleiades, 91;

- Song to the Trees and Streams, 46

- Pima, Bluebird Song, 34;

- Corn Song, 71-72;

- Emergence Song, 97;

- Rain Songs, 73-74;

- Warning of the Flood, 98;

- Wind Song, 49

- Planting Song, The, 56

- Powell, James, 44

- Prayer to Dsilyi Neyáni, 128

- Prayer of the Foster-Parent Chant, 131

- Prayer of the First Dancers, 120-124, 159

- Prayer of the Second Day of the Night Chant, 125-127

- Protection Song, 99-100

- Rain Songs, 73-74

- Rain Song of the Snake Dance Society, A, I, 69;

- II, 70

- Rhyme, 160-162

- Rhythm, see Poetic Forms in American Indian Lyrics, 151-172

- Rigs, A. L., 35

- Rink, Henry, 42, 154

- Ritual Song, 48, 135

- Russell, Frank, 71-72, 73-74, 97, 98

- San Ildefonso Pueblo, Invocation of the Game, 117-118

- Scripture, E. W., 166

- Sia, A Rain Song of the Snake Dance Society I, 69;

- II, 70

- Sioux, The Death of Taluta, 32, 163

- Song of the Blue-Corn Dance, 62

- Song of the Dawn Boy, 86

- Song of the Deer Ceremony, A, 41

- Song of Gotal LIII, 84

- Song of the Hogans, 104-106

- Song of the Horse, 103, 157

- Song of the Masked Dancers, A, 95;

- III, 96

- Song of Nayenezgani I, 101;

- II, 102

- Song to the Pleiades, 91

- Song of the Primal Rock, 138-141

- Song of the Rain Chant, 57-58, 163

- Song of Spring, A, 50

- Song of the Stars, The, 92

- Song of Turning the Child, 144

- Song to the Mountains, 47

- Song to the Trees and Streams, 46

- Song of Ukiabi, The, 36

- Song of the Unhappy Wife, 35

- Spinden, Herbert J., 37, 38

- Stanza, The, 157-163

- Stars Dehn-dek and Mah-oh-rah, The, 93-94

- Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 69, 70

- Sunset Song, 82, 169

- Supplication of the Tsízhu Washtáge, 145

- Tesuque Pueblo, Corn Grinding Song, 60-61

- Teton-Sioux, Prayer of the Foster-Parent Chant, 131

- Tewa, A Lover’s Lament, 37;

- My Home Over There, 38

- Thought-movement, 152-154

- Thought-rhythm, 9-10, 154-157

- Troyer, Carlos, 23, 78, 79-81, 82, 83

- Voice That Beautifies the Land, The, 59

- War Song, 29, 107-108

- Warning of the Flood, The, 98

- Wawan Song, 147

- Wind Song, 33, 49, 171

- Wuwuchim Chant, 68

- Wyandot, The Stars Dehn-dek and Mah-oh-rah, 93-94

- Zuñi, Corn Dance Song, 64;

- Corn Grinding Song, 63;

- The Coyote and the Locust, 43;

- Hymn to the Sun, 79-81;

- Invocation to the Sun-God, 83, 156;

- Lover’s Wooing, or The Blanket Song, 23-24;

- The Song of the Blue-Corn Dance, 62;

- The Sunrise Call, 78;

- Sunset Song, 82

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Table of Contents

AMERICAN INDIAN LOVE LYRICS

PART ONE Indian Love Lyrics and Other Verse selected from the songs of the North American Indians

MY BARK CANOE (Ojibwa)

HER SHADOW (Ojibwa)

LOVER’S WOOING or BLANKET SONG (Zuñi)

PAPAGO LOVE SONG (Papago)

LOVE SONG (Dakota)

THE BRIDE’S SONG (Algonquin)

LONELY (Ojibwa)

WAR SONG (Dakota)

ONONDAGA HYMN (Iroquois)

LAMENT OF A MAN FOR HIS SON (Paiute)

DEATH OF TALUTA (Siouan)

WIND SONG (Kiowa)

BLUEBIRD SONG (Pima)

SONG OF THE UNHAPPY WIFE (Dakota)

THE SONG OF UKIABI (Cegiha)

A LOVER’S LAMENT (Tewa)

MY HOME OVER THERE (Tewa)

HUNTING-SONG (Navaho)

A SONG OF THE DEER CEREMONY (San Carlos Apache)

MOUNT KOONAK: A SONG OF ARSUT (Eskimaun)

THE COYOTE AND THE LOCUST (Zuñi)

KA-NI-GA SONG

CORN-GRINDING SONG II (Laguna)

SONG TO THE TREES AND STREAMS (Pawnee)

SONG TO THE MOUNTAINS (Pawnee)

RITUAL SONG (Pawnee)

WIND SONG (Pima)

A SONG OF SPRING (Chippewa)

THE DARKNESS SONG from the invitation rite (Iroquois)

THE INVITATION SONG

Part I (The Song of the Whip-poor-will announced by the flute.)

Part II (The Wolf and his mate are announced.)

Part III (Buck and Doe with cries enter the room.)

Part IV (The Bear and his mate have come.)

Part V (The Eagle Song)

THE PLANTING SONG (Osage)

SONG OF THE RAIN CHANT (Navaho)

THE VOICE THAT BEAUTIFIES THE LAND (Navaho)

CORN-GRINDING SONG (Tesuque Pueblo)

SONG OF THE BLUE CORN DANCE (Zuñi)

CORN-GRINDING SONG (Zuñi)

CORN DANCE SONG (Zuñi)

KOROSTA KATZINA SONG (Hopi)

ANGA KATZINA SONG (Hopi)

HE-HEA KATZINA SONG (Hopi)

WUWUCHIM CHANT (Hopi)

A RAIN SONG OF THE SNAKE SOCIETY—I (Sia)

A RAIN SONG OF THE SNAKE SOCIETY—II (Sia)

CORN SONG (Pima)

RAIN SONGS (Pima)

A METATE SONG

FLUTE SONG (Hopi)

THE SUNRISE CALL (Zuñi)

HYMN TO THE SUN (Zuñi)

SUNSET SONG (Zuñi)

INVOCATION TO THE SUN-GOD (Zuñi)

A SONG OF GOTAL LIII (Mescalero Apache)

FIRST DAYLIGHT SONG (Navaho)

SONG OF THE DAWN BOY (Navaho)

THE MORNING STAR AND THE NEW BORN DAWN (Pawnee)

DAYLIGHT (Pawnee)

THE BIRTH OF DAWN (Pawnee)

SONG TO THE PLEIADES (Pawnee)

THE SONG OF THE STARS (Algonquin)

THE STARS DEHN-DEK AND MAH-OH-RAH (Wyandot)

SONG OF THE MASKED DANCERS (Apache)

A SONG OF THE MASKED DANCERS III (Apache)

EMERGENCE SONG (Pima)

THE WARNING OF THE FLOOD (Pima)

PROTECTION SONG (Navaho)

SONG OF NAYENEZGANI I (Navaho)

SONG OF NAYENEZGANI II (Navaho)

SONG OF THE HORSE (Navaho)

SONG OF THE HOGANS (Navaho)

WAR-SONG (Navaho)

ATSÁLĒI YEDADIGLÉS (Navaho)

MOUNTAIN SONGS (Navaho)

MOUNTAIN SONG (Navaho)

MOUNTAIN SONG (Navaho)

INVOCATION OF THE GAME (San Ildefonso Pueblo)

MEDICINE SONG (Apache)

PRAYER OF THE FIRST DANCERS (Navaho)

A PRAYER OF THE SECOND DAY OF THE NIGHT CHANT (Navaho)

PRAYER TO DSILYI NEYÁNI (Navaho)

DEDICATION OF A NEW HOUSE (Navaho)

PRAYER OF THE FOSTER-PARENT CHANT (Teton-Sioux)

HOLY SONG (Dakota)

INVOKING THE VISIONS (Pawnee)

RITUAL SONG (Pawnee)

MEDICINE SONG (Omaha)

SONG OF THE PRIMAL ROCK (Omaha)

INTRODUCTION OF THE CHILD TO THE COSMOS (Omaha)

SONG OF TURNING THE CHILD (Omaha)

SUPPLICATION OF THE TSÍZHU WASHTÁGE (Osage)

THE TRIBAL PRAYER (Omaha)

WAWAN SONG (Omaha)

THE MORNING SONG (Cheyenne)

PART TWO Poetic Forms in American Indian Lyrics

POETIC FORMS IN AMERICAN INDIAN LYRICS

NOTES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

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