顔氏家訓 — Volume 03 and 04
Date: 2005-02-02T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Conduct of life; Ethics -- China; Chinese classics -- Bibliography; Philosophers -- China

The Project Gutenberg eBook of 顔氏家訓 — Volume 03 and 04

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Title: 顔氏家訓 — Volume 03 and 04

Author: Zhitui Yan

Release date: February 1, 2005 [eBook #7455]
Most recently updated: December 30, 2020

Language: Chinese

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7455

Credits: Produced by Chingyi Chen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 顔氏家訓 — VOLUME 03 AND 04 ***

Produced by Chingyi Chen

顏氏家訓 北齊 顏之推

卷三、卷四

卷第三　勉學

勉學第八
自古明王聖帝，猶須勤學，況凡庶乎！此事遍於經史，吾亦不能鄭重，聊舉近世切要，以啟寤汝耳。士大夫子弟，數歲已上，莫不被教，多者或至《禮》、《傳》，少者不失《詩》、《論》。及至冠婚，體性稍定；因此天機，倍須訓誘。有志尚者，遂能磨礪，以就素業；無履立者，自茲墮慢，便為凡人。人生在世，會當有業：農民則計量耕稼，商賈則討論貨賄，工巧則致精器用，伎藝則沈思法術，武夫則慣習弓馬，文士則講議經書。多見士大夫恥涉農商，差務工伎，射則不能穿札，筆則纔記姓名，飽食醉酒，忽忽無事，以此銷日，以此終年。或因家世餘緒，得一階半級，便自為足，全忘修學；及有吉兇大事，議論得失，蒙然張口，如坐雲霧；公私宴集，談古賦詩，塞默低頭，欠伸而已。有識旁觀，代其入地。何惜數年勤學，長受一生愧辱哉！梁朝全盛之時，貴遊子弟，多無學術，至於諺云：「上車不落則著作，體中何如則秘書。」無不熏衣剃面，傅粉施朱，駕長簷車，跟高齒屐，坐 （棋）子方褥，憑斑絲隱囊，列器玩於左右，從容出入，望若神仙。明經求第，則顧人答策；三九公讌，則假手賦詩。當爾之時，亦快士也。及離亂之後，朝市遷革，銓衡選舉，非復曩者之親；當路秉權，不見昔時之黨。求諸身而無所得，施之世而無所用。被褐而喪珠，失皮而露質，兀若枯木，泊若窮流，鹿獨戎馬之間，轉死溝壑之際。當爾之時，誠駑材也。有學藝者，觸地而安。自荒亂已來，諸見俘虜。雖百世小人，知讀《論語》、《孝經》者，尚為人師；雖千載冠冕，不曉書記者，莫不耕田養馬。以此觀之，安可不自勉耶？若能常保數百卷書，千載終不為小人也。夫明六經之指，涉百家之書，縱不能增益德行，敦厲風俗，猶為一藝，得以自資。父兄不可常依，鄉國不可常保，一旦流離，無人庇蔭，當自求諸身耳。諺曰：「積財千萬，不如薄伎在身。」伎之易習而可貴者，無過讀書也。世人不問愚智，皆欲識人之多，見事之廣，而不肯讀書，是猶求飽而嬾營饌，欲暖而惰裁衣也。夫讀書之人，自羲、農已來，宇宙之下，凡識幾人，凡見幾事，生民之成敗好惡，固不足論，天地所不能藏，鬼神所不能隱也。有客難主人曰：「吾見彊弩長戟，誅罪安民，以取公侯者有矣；文義習吏，匡時富國，以取卿相者有矣；學備古今，才兼文武，身無祿位，妻子饑寒者，不可勝數，安足貴學乎？」主人對曰：「夫命之窮達，猶金玉木石也；脩以學藝，猶磨瑩雕刻也。金玉之磨瑩，自美其礦璞，木石之段塊，自醜其雕刻；安可言木石之雕刻，乃勝金玉之礦璞哉？不得以有學之貧賤，比於無學之富貴也。且負甲為兵，咋筆為吏，身死名滅者如牛毛，角立傑出者如芝草；握素披黃，吟道詠德，苦辛無益者如日蝕，逸樂名利者如秋荼，豈得同年而語矣。且又聞之：生而知之者上，學而知之者次。所以學者，欲其多知明達耳。必有天才，拔群出類，為將則闇與孫武、吳起同術，執政則懸得管仲、子產之教，雖未讀書，吾亦謂之學矣。今子即不能然，不師古之蹤跡，猶蒙被而臥耳。人見鄰里親戚有佳快者，使子弟慕而學之，不知使學古人，何其蔽也哉？世人但見跨馬被甲，長槊彊弓，便云我能為將；不知明乎天道，辯乎地利，比量逆順，鑒達興亡之妙也。但知承上接下，積財聚谷，便云我能為相；不知敬鬼事神，移風易俗，調節陰陽，薦舉賢聖之至也。但知私財不入，公事夙辦，便云我能治民；不知誠己刑物，執轡如組，反風滅火，化鴟為鳳之術也。但知抱令守律，早刑晚捨，便云我能平獄；不知同轅觀罪，分劍追財，假言而姦露，不問而情得之察也。爰及農商工賈，廝役奴隸，釣魚屠肉，飯牛牧羊，皆有先達，可為師表，博學求之，無不利於事也。夫所以讀書學問，本欲開心明目，利於行耳。未知養親者，欲其觀古人之先意承顏，怡聲下氣，不憚劬勞，以致甘 ，惕然慚懼，起而行之也；未知事君者，欲其觀古人之守職無侵，見危授命，不忘誠諫，以利社稷，惻然自念，思欲效之也；素驕奢者，欲其觀古人之恭儉節用，卑以自牧，禮為教本，敬者身寒，瞿然自失，斂容抑志也；素鄙吝者，欲其觀古人之貴義輕財，少私寡慾，忌盈惡滿，賙窮恤匱，赧然悔恥，積而能散也；素暴悍者，欲其觀古人之小心黜己，齒弊舌存，含垢藏疾，尊賢容眾，苶然沮喪，若不勝衣也；素怯懦者，欲其觀古人之達生委命，彊毅正直，立言必信，求福不回，勃然奮厲，不可恐懾也：歷茲以往，百行皆然。縱不能淳，去泰去甚。學之所知，施無不達。世人讀書者，但能言之，不能行之，忠孝無聞，仁義不足；加以斷一條訟，不必得其理；宰千戶縣，不必理其民；問其造屋，不必知楣橫而梲豎也；問其為田，不必知稷早而黍遲也；吟嘯談謔，諷詠辭賦，事既優閑，材增迂誕，軍國經綸，略無施用：故為武人俗吏所共嗤詆，良由是乎！夫學者所以求益耳。見人讀數十卷書，便自高大，凌忽長者，輕慢同列；人疾之如讎敵，惡之如鴟梟。如此以學自損，不如無學也。古之學者為己，以補不足也；今之學者為人，但能說之也。古之學者為人，行道以利世也；今之學者為己，脩身以求進也。夫學者猶種樹也，春玩其華，秋登其實；講論文章，春華也，脩身利行，秋實也。人生小幼，精神專利，長成已後，思慮散逸，固須早教，勿失機也。吾七歲時，誦〈靈光殿賦〉，至於今日，十年一理，猶不遺忘；二十之外，所誦經書，一月廢置，便至荒蕪矣。然人有坎壈，失於盛年，猶當晚學，不可自棄。孔子云：「五十以學《易》，可以無大過矣。」魏武、袁遺，老而彌篤，此皆少學而至老不倦也。曾子七十乃學，名聞天下；荀卿五十，始來遊學，猶為碩儒；公孫弘四十餘，方讀《春秋》，以此遂登丞相；朱雲亦四十，始學《易》、《論語》；皇甫謐二十，始受《孝經》、《論語》：皆終成大儒，此並早迷而晚寤也。世人婚冠未學，便稱遲暮，因循面牆，亦為愚耳。幼而學者，如日出之光，老而學者，如秉燭夜行，猶賢乎瞑目而無見者也。學之興廢，隨世輕重。漢時賢俊，皆以一經弘聖人之道，上明天時，下該人事，用此致卿相者多矣。末俗已來不復爾，空守章句，但誦師言，施之世務，殆無一可。故士大夫子弟，皆以博涉為貴，不肯專儒。梁朝皇孫以下，總丱之年，必先入學，觀其志尚，出身已後，便從文史，略無卒業者。冠冕為此者，則有何胤、劉瓛、明山賓、周捨、朱異、周弘正、賀琛、賀革、蕭子政、劉絛等，兼通文史，不徒講說也。洛陽亦聞崔浩、張偉、劉芳，鄴下又見邢子才：此四儒者，雖好經術，亦以才博擅名。如此諸賢，故為上品，以外率多田野閒人，音辭鄙陋，風操蚩拙，相與專固，無所堪能，問一言輒酬數百，責其指歸，或無要會。鄴下諺云：「博士買驢，書券三紙，未有驢字。」使汝以此為師，令人氣塞。孔子曰：「學也祿在其中矣。」今勤無益之事，恐非業也。夫聖人之書，所以設教，但明練經文，粗通注義，常使言行有得，亦足為人；何必「仲尼居」即須兩紙疏義，燕寢講堂，亦復何在？以此得勝，寧有益乎？光陰可惜，譬諸逝水。當博覽機要，以濟功業；必能兼美，吾無閒焉。俗間儒士，不涉群書，經緯之外，義疏而已。吾初入鄴，與博陵崔文彥交遊，嘗說《王粲集》中難鄭玄《尚書》事。崔轉為諸儒道之，始將發口，懸見排蹙，云：「文集只有詩賦銘誄，豈當論經書事乎？且先儒之中，未聞有王粲也。」崔笑而退，竟不以《粲集》示之。魏收之在議曹，與諸博士議宗廟事，引據《漢書》，博士笑曰：「未聞漢書得證經術。」收便忿怒，都不復言，取〈韋玄成傳〉，擲之而起。博士一夜共披尋之，達明，乃來謝曰：「不謂玄成如此學也。」夫老、莊之書，蓋全真養性，不肯以物累己也。故藏名柱史，終蹈流沙；匿跡漆園，卒辭楚相，此任縱之徒耳。何晏、王弼，祖述玄宗，遞相誇尚，景附草靡，皆以農、黃之化，在乎己身，周、孔之業，棄之度外。而平叔以黨曹爽見誅，觸死權之網也；輔嗣以多笑人被疾，陷好勝之阱也；山巨源以蓄積取譏，背多藏厚亡之文也；夏侯玄以才望被戮，無支離擁腫之鑒也；荀奉倩喪妻，神傷而卒，非鼓缶之情也；王夷甫悼子，悲不自勝，異東門之達也；嵇叔夜排俗取禍，豈和光同塵之流也；郭子玄以傾動專勢，寧後身外己之風也；阮嗣宗沈酒荒迷，乖畏途相誡之譬也；謝幼輿贓賄黜削，違棄其餘魚之旨也：彼諸人者，並其領袖，玄宗所歸。其餘桎梏塵滓之中，顛仆名利之下者，豈可備言乎！直取其清談雅論，剖玄析微，賓主往復，娛心悅耳，非濟世成俗之要也。洎於梁世，茲風復闡，《莊》、《老》、《周易》，總謂三玄。武皇、簡文，躬自講論。周弘正奉贊大猷，化行都邑，學徒千餘，實為盛美。元帝在江、荊間，復所愛習，召置學生，親為教授，廢寢忘食，以夜繼朝，至乃倦劇愁憤，輒以講自釋。吾時頗預末筵，親承音旨，性既頑魯，亦所不好云。齊孝昭帝侍婁太后疾，容色憔悴，服膳減損。徐之才為灸兩穴，帝握拳代痛，爪入掌心，血流滿手。後既痊癒，帝尋疾崩，遺詔恨不見山陵之事。其天性至孝如彼，不識忌諱如此，良由無學所為。若見古人之譏欲母早死而悲哭之，則不發此言也。孝為百行之首，猶須學以修飾之，況餘事乎！梁元帝嘗為吾說：「昔在會稽，年始十二，便已好學。時又患疥，手不得拳，膝不得屈。閑齋張葛幃避蠅獨坐，銀甌貯山陰甜酒，時復進之，以自寬痛。率意自讀史書，一日二十卷，既未師受，或不識一字，或不解一語，要自重之，不知厭倦。」帝子之尊，童稚之逸，尚能如此，況其庶士，冀以自達者哉？古人勤學，有握錐投斧，照雪聚螢，鋤則帶經，牧則編簡，亦為勤篤。梁世彭城劉綺，交州刺史勃之孫，早孤家貧，燈燭難辦，常買荻尺寸折之，然明夜讀。孝元初出會稽，精選寮寀，綺以才華，為國常侍兼記室，殊蒙禮遇，終於金紫光祿。義陽朱詹，世居江陵，後出揚都，好學，家貧無資，累日不爨，乃時吞紙以實腹。寒無氈被，抱犬而臥。犬亦饑虛，起行盜食，呼之不至，哀聲動鄰，猶不廢業，卒成學士，官至鎮南錄事參軍，為孝元所禮。此乃不可為之事，亦是勤學之一人。東莞臧逢世，年二十餘，欲讀班固《漢書》，苦假借不久，乃就姊夫劉緩乞丐客刺書翰紙末，手寫一本，軍府服其志尚，卒以《漢書》聞。齊有宦者內參田鵬鸞，本蠻人也。年十四五，初為閽寺，便知好學，懷袖握書，曉夕諷誦。所居卑末，使彼苦辛，時伺閒隙，周章詢請。每至文林館，氣喘汗流，問書之外，不暇他語。及睹古人節義之事，未嘗不感激沈吟久之。吾甚憐愛，倍加開獎。後被賞遇，賜名敬宣，位至侍中開府。後主之奔青州，遣其西出，參伺動靜，為周軍所獲。問齊主何在，紿云：「已去，計當出境。」疑其不信，歐捶服之，每折一支，辭色愈厲，竟斷四體而卒。蠻夷童丱，猶能以學成忠，齊之將相，比敬宣之奴不若也。鄴平之後，見徙入關。思魯嘗謂吾曰：「朝無祿位，家無積財，當肆筋力，以申供養。每被課篤，勤勞經史，未知為子，可得安乎？」吾命之曰：「子當以養為心，父當以學為教。使汝棄學徇財，豐吾衣食，食之安得甘？衣之安得暖？若務先王之道，紹家世之，藜羹縕褐，我自欲之。」《書》曰：「好問則裕。」《禮》云：「獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞。」蓋須切磋相起明也。見有閉門讀書，師心自是，稠人廣坐，謬誤差失者多矣。《穀梁傳》稱公子友與莒挐相搏，左右呼曰「孟勞」。「孟勞」者，魯之寶刀名，亦見《廣雅》。近在齊時，有姜仲岳謂：「『孟勞』者，公子左右，姓孟名勞，多力之人，為國所寶。」與吾苦諍。時清河郡守邢峙，當世碩儒，助吾證之，赧然而伏。又《三輔決錄》云：「靈帝殿柱題曰：『堂堂乎張，京兆田郎。』」蓋引《論語》，偶以四言，目京兆人田鳳也。有一才士，乃言：「時張京兆及田郎二人皆堂堂耳。」聞吾此說，初大驚駭，其後尋媿悔焉。江南有一權貴，讀誤本〈蜀都賦〉注，解「蹲鴟，芋也」，乃為「羊」字；人饋羊肉，答書云：「損惠蹲鴟。」舉朝驚駭，不解事義，久後尋跡，方知如此。元氏之世，在洛京時，有一才學重臣，新得史記音，而頗紕繆，誤反「顓頊」字，頊當為許錄反，錯作許緣反，遂謂朝士言：「從來謬音『專旭』，當音『專翾』耳。」此人先有高名，翕然信行；期年之後，更有碩儒，苦相究討，方知誤焉。《漢書．王莽贊》云：「紫色蛙聲，余分閏位。」謂以偽亂真耳。昔吾嘗共人談書，言及王莽形狀，有一俊士，自許史學，名價甚高，乃云：「王莽非直鴟目虎吻，亦紫色蛙聲。」又〈禮樂志〉云：「給太官挏馬酒。」李奇註：「以馬乳為酒也，揰挏乃成。」二字並從手。揰挏，此謂撞搗挺挏之，今為酪酒亦然。向學士又以為種桐時，太官釀馬酒乃熟。其孤陋遂至於此。太山羊肅，亦稱學問，讀〈潘岳賦〉：「周文弱枝之棗」，為杖策之杖；《世本》：「官成造歷。」以歷為碓磨之磨。談說製文，援引古昔，必須眼學，勿信耳受。江南閭裡閒，士大夫或不學問，羞為鄙朴，道聽塗說，強事飾辭：呼征質為周、鄭，謂霍亂為博陸，上荊州必稱陝西，下揚都言去海郡，言食則餬口，道錢則孔方，問移則楚丘，論婚則宴爾，及王則無不仲宣，語劉則無不公幹。凡有一二百件，傳相祖述，尋問莫知原由，施安時復失所。莊生有乘時鵲起之說，故謝朓詩曰：「鵲起登吳臺。」吾有一親表，作〈七夕詩〉云：「今夜吳臺鵲，亦共往填河。」《羅浮山記》云：「望平地樹如薺。」故戴暠詩云：「長安樹如薺。」又鄴下有一人〈詠樹詩〉云：「遙望長安薺。」又嘗見謂矜誕為誇毗，呼高年為富有春秋，皆耳學之過也。夫文字者，墳籍根本。世之學徒，多不曉字：讀五經者，是徐邈而非許慎；習賦誦者，信褚詮而忽呂忱；明《史記》者，專徐、鄒而廢篆籀；學《漢書》者，悅應、蘇而略《蒼》、《雅》。不知書音是其枝葉，小學乃其宗系。至見服虔、張揖音義則貴之，得《通俗》、《廣雅》而不屑。一手之中，向背如此，況異代各人乎？夫學者貴能博聞也。郡國山川，官位姓族，衣服飲食，器皿制度，皆欲根尋，得其原本；至於文字，忽不經懷，己身姓名，或多乖舛，縱得不誤，亦未知所由。近世有人為子制名：兄弟皆山傍立字，而有名峙者；兄弟皆手傍立字，而有名機者；兄弟皆手傍立字，而有名凝者。名儒碩學，此例甚多。若有知吾鍾之不調，一何可笑！吾嘗從齊主幸并州，自井陘關入上艾縣，東數十里，有獵閭村。後百官受馬糧在晉陽東百餘里亢仇城側。並不識二所本是何地，博求古今，皆未能曉。及檢《字林》、《韻集》，乃知獵閭是舊 余聚，亢仇舊是 亭，悉屬上艾。時太原王劭欲撰鄉邑記注，因此二名聞之，大喜。吾初讀《莊子》「螝二首」，《韓非子》曰：「蟲有螝者，一身兩口，爭食相齕，遂相殺也」，茫然不識此字何音，逢人輒問，了無解者。案：《爾雅》諸書，蠶蛹名螝，又非二首兩口貪害之物。後見《古今字詁》，此亦古之虺字，積年凝滯，豁然霧解。嘗游趙州，見柏人城北有一小水，土人亦不知名。後讀城西門徐整碑云：「 流東指。」眾皆不識。吾案《說文》，此字古魄字也。 ，淺水貌。此水漢來本無名矣，直以淺貌目之，或當即以 為名乎？世中書翰，多稱勿勿，相承如此，不知所由，或有妄言此忽忽之殘缺耳。案：《說文》：「勿者，州裡所建之旗也，像其柄及三斿之形，所以趣民事。故 （忽）遽者稱為勿勿。」吾在益州，與數人同坐，初晴日晃，見地上小光，問左右：「此是何物？」有一蜀豎就視，答云：「是豆逼耳。」相顧愕然，不知所謂。命取將來，乃小豆也。窮訪蜀士，呼粒為逼，時莫之解。吾云：「《三蒼》、《說文》，此字白下為匕，皆訓粒，《通俗文》音方力反。」眾皆歡悟。愍楚友婿竇如同從河州來，得一青鳥，馴養愛翫，舉俗呼之為鶡。吾曰：「鶡出上黨，數曾見之，色並黃黑，無駁雜也。故陳思王〈鶡賦〉云：『揚玄黃之勁羽。』」試檢《說文》：「 雀似鶡而青，出羌中。」韻集音介。此疑頓釋。梁世有蔡朗者諱純，既不涉學，遂呼純為露葵。面牆之徒，遞相倣傚。承聖中，遣一士大夫聘齊，齊主客郎李恕問梁使曰：「江南有露葵否？」答曰:「 露葵是蓴，水鄉所出。卿今食者綠葵菜耳。」李亦學問，但不測彼之深淺，乍聞無以竅究。思魯等姨夫彭城劉靈，嘗與吾坐，諸子侍焉。吾問儒行、敏行曰：「凡字與諮議名同音者，其數多少，能盡識乎？」答曰：「未之究也，請導示之。」吾曰：「凡如此例，不預研檢，忽見不識，誤以問人，反為無賴所欺，不容易也。」因為說之，得五十許字。諸劉歎曰：「不意乃爾！」若遂不知，亦為異事。校定書籍，亦何容易，自揚雄、劉向，方稱此職耳。觀天下書未遍，不得妄下雌黃。或彼以為非，此以為是；或本同末異；或兩文皆欠，不可偏信一隅也。

卷第四　文章　名實　涉務

文章第九
夫文章者，原出五經：詔命策檄，生於《書》者也；序述論議，生於《易》者也；歌詠賦頌，生於《詩》者也；祭祀哀誄，生於《禮》者也；書奏箴銘，生於《春秋》者也。朝廷憲章，軍旅誓誥，敷顯仁義，發明功德，牧民建國，施用多途。至於陶冶性靈，從容諷諫，入其滋味，亦樂事也。行有餘力，則可習之。然而自古文人，多陷輕薄：屈原露才揚己，顯暴君過；宋玉體貌容冶，見遇俳優；東方曼倩，滑稽不雅；司馬長卿，竊貲無操；王褒過章僮約；揚雄德敗美新；李陵降辱夷虜；劉歆反覆莽世；傅毅黨附權門；班固盜竊父史；趙元叔抗竦過度；馮敬通浮華擯壓；馬季長佞媚獲誚；蔡伯喈同惡受誅；吳質詆忤鄉里；曹植悖慢犯法；杜篤乞假無厭；路粹隘狹已甚；陳琳實號麤疏；繁欽性無檢格；劉楨屈強輸作；王粲率躁見嫌；孔融、檷衡，誕傲致殞；楊修、丁廙，扇動取斃；阮籍無禮敗俗；嵇康凌物兇終；傅玄忿斗免官；孫楚矜誇凌上；陸機犯順履險；潘岳干沒取危；顏延年負氣摧黜；謝靈運空疏亂紀；王元長兇賊自詒；謝玄暉侮慢見及。凡此諸人，皆其翹秀者，不能悉記，大較如此。至於帝王，亦或未免。自昔天子而有才華者，唯漢武、魏太祖、文帝、明帝、宋孝武帝，皆負世議，非懿德之君也。自子游、子夏、荀況、孟軻、枚乘、賈誼、蘇武、張衡、左思之儔，有盛名而免過患者，時復聞之，但其損敗居多耳。每嘗思之，原其所積，文章之體，標舉興會，發引性靈，使人矜伐，故忽於持操，果於進取。今世文士，此患彌切，一事愜當，一句清巧，神厲九霄，志凌千載，自吟自賞，不覺更有傍人。加以砂礫所傷，慘於矛戟，諷刺之禍，速乎風塵，深宜防慮，以保元吉。學問有利鈍，文章有巧拙。鈍學累功，不妨精熟；拙文研思，終歸蚩鄙。但成學士，自足為人。必乏天才，勿強操筆。吾見世人，至無才思，自謂清華，流布醜拙，亦以眾矣，江南號為詅癡符。近在并州，有一士族，好為可笑詩賦，誂撇邢、魏諸公，眾共嘲弄，虛相贊說，便擊牛釃酒，招延聲譽。其妻，明鑒婦人也，泣而諫之。此人歎曰：「才華不為妻子所容，何況行路！」至死不覺。自見之謂明，此誠難也。學為文章，先謀親友，得其評裁，知可施行，然後出手；慎勿師心自任，取笑旁人也。自古執筆為文者，何可勝言。然至於宏麗精華，不過數十篇耳。但使不失體裁，辭意可觀，便稱才士；要須動俗蓋世，亦俟河之清乎！不屈二姓，夷、齊之節也；何事非君，伊、箕之義也。自春秋已來，家有奔亡，國有吞滅，君臣固無常分矣；然而君子之交絕無惡聲，一旦屈膝而事人，豈以存亡而改慮？陳孔璋居袁裁書，則呼操為豺狼；在魏制檄，則目紹為蛇虺。在時君所命，不得自專，然亦文人之巨患也，當務從容消息之。或問揚雄曰：「吾子少而好賦？」雄曰：「然。童子彫蟲篆刻，壯夫不為也。」余竊非之曰：虞舜歌〈南海〉之詩，周公作〈鴟鴞〉之詠，吉甫、史克〈雅〉、〈頌〉之美者，未聞皆在幼年累德也。孔子曰：「不學《詩》，無以言。」「自衛返魯，樂正，〈雅〉、〈頌〉各得其所。」大明孝道，引詩證之。揚雄安敢忽之也？若論「詩人之賦麗以則，辭人之賦麗以淫」，但知變之而已，又未知雄自為壯夫何如也？著〈劇秦美新〉，妄投於閣，周章怖懾，不達天命，童子之為耳。桓譚以勝老子，葛洪以方仲尼，使人歎息。此人直以曉算術，解陰陽，故著《太玄經》，數子為所惑耳；其遺言余行，孫卿、屈原之不及，安敢望大聖之清塵？且《太玄》今竟何用乎？不啻覆醬瓿而已。齊世有席毗者，清干之士，官至行台尚書，嗤鄙文學，嘲劉逖云：「君輩辭藻，譬若榮華，須臾之翫，非宏才也；豈比吾徒千丈松樹，常有風霜，不可凋悴矣！」劉應之曰：「既有寒木，又發春華，何如也？」席笑曰：「可矣哉！」凡為文章，猶人乘騏驥，雖有逸氣，當以銜勒制之，勿使流亂軌躅，放意填坑岸也！文章當以理致為心腎，氣調為筋骨，事義為皮膚，華麗為冠冕。今世相承，趨本棄末，率多浮艷。辭與理競，辭勝而理伏；事與才爭，事繁而才損。放逸者流宕而忘歸，穿鑿者補綴而不足。時俗如此，安能獨違？但務去泰去甚耳。必有盛才重譽，改革體裁者，實吾所希。古人之文，宏材逸氣，體度風格，去今實遠；但緝綴疏朴，未為密緻耳。今世音律諧靡，章句偶對，諱避精詳，賢於往昔多矣。宜以古之制裁為本，今之辭調為末，並須兩存，不可偏棄也。吾家世文章，甚為典正，不從流俗；梁孝元在蕃邸時，撰《西府新文》，訖無一篇見錄者，亦以不偶於世，無鄭、衛之音故也。有詩賦銘誄書表啟疏二十卷，吾兄弟始在草土，並未得編次，便遭火蕩盡，竟不傳於世。銜酷茹恨，徹於心髓！操行見於《梁史．文士傳》及孝元《懷舊志》。沈隱侯曰：「文章當從三易：易見事，一也；易識字，二也；易讀誦，三也。」邢子才常曰：「沈侯文章，用事不使人覺，若胸憶語也。」深以此服之。祖孝征亦嘗謂吾曰：「沈詩云：『崖傾護石髓。』此豈似用事邪？」邢子才、魏收俱有重名，時俗准的，以為師匠。邢賞服沈約而輕任昉，魏愛慕任昉而毀沈約，每於談讌，辭色以之。鄴下紛紜，各有朋黨。祖孝征嘗謂吾曰：「任、沈之是非，乃邢、魏之優劣也。」《吳均集》有〈破鏡賦〉。昔者，邑號朝歌，顏淵不舍；里名勝母，曾子斂襟：蓋忌夫惡名之傷實也。破鏡乃兇逆之獸，事見《漢書》，為文幸避此名也。比世往往見有和人詩者，題雲敬同，《孝經》云：「資於事父以事君而敬同。」不可輕言也。梁世費旭詩云：「不知是耶非。」殷澐詩云：「颻揚雲母舟。」簡文曰：「旭既不識其父，澐又颻揚其母。」此雖悉古事，不可用也。世人或有文章引《詩》「伐鼓淵淵」者，《宋書》已有屢游之誚；如此流比，幸須避之。北面事親，別舅摛〈渭陽〉之詠；堂上養老，送兄賦桓山之悲，皆大失也。舉此一隅，觸塗宜慎。江南文制，欲人彈射，知有病累，隨即改之，陳王得之於丁廙也。山東風俗，不通擊難。吾初入鄴，遂嘗以此忤人，至今為悔；汝曹必無輕議也。凡代人為文，皆作彼語，理宜然矣。至於哀傷兇禍之辭，不可輒代。蔡邕為胡金盈作〈母靈表頌〉曰：「悲母氏之不永，然委我而夙喪。」又為胡顥作其父銘曰：「葬我考議郎君。」〈袁三公頌〉曰：「猗歟我祖，出自有媯。」王粲為潘文則〈思親詩〉云：「躬此勞悴，鞠予小人；庶我顯妣，克保遐年。」而並載乎邕、粲之集，此例甚眾。古人之所行，今世以為諱。陳思王〈武帝誄〉，遂深永蟄之思；潘岳〈悼亡賦〉，乃愴手澤之遺：是方父於蟲，匹婦於考也。蔡邕〈楊秉碑〉云：「統大麓之重。」潘尼〈贈盧景宣〉詩云：「九五思龍飛。」孫楚王〈驃騎誄〉云：「奄忽登遐。」陸機〈父誄〉云：「億兆宅心，敦敘百揆。」〈姊誄〉云：「俔天之和。」今為此言，則朝廷之罪人也。王粲贈〈楊德祖詩〉云：「我君餞之，其樂洩洩。」不可妄施人子，況儲君乎？輓歌辭者，或云古者〈虞殯〉之歌，或云出自田橫之客，皆為生者悼往告哀之意。陸平原多為死人自歎之言，詩格既無此例，又乖製作本意。凡詩人之作，刺箴美頌，各有源流，未嘗混雜，善惡同篇也。陸機為〈齊謳篇〉，前敘山川物產風教之盛，後章忽鄙山川之情，殊失厥體。其為〈吳趨行〉，何不陳子光、夫差乎？京洛行，胡不述赧王、靈帝乎？自古宏才博學，用事誤者有矣；百家雜說，或有不同，書儻湮滅，後人不見，故未敢輕議之。今指知決紕繆者，略舉一兩端以為誡。《詩》云：「有鷕雉鳴。」又曰：「雉鳴求其牡。」《毛傳》亦曰：「鷕，雌雉聲。」又云：「雉之朝雊，尚求其雌。」鄭玄注〈月令〉亦云：「雊，雄雉鳴。」潘岳賦曰：「雉鷕鷕以朝雊。」是則混雜其雄雌矣。《詩》云：「孔懷兄弟。」孔，甚也；懷，思也，言甚可思也。陸機〈與長沙顧母書〉，述從祖弟士璜死，乃言：「痛心拔腦，有如孔懷。」心既痛矣，即為甚思，何故方言有如也？觀其此意，當謂親兄弟為孔懷。《詩》云：「父母孔邇。」而呼二親為孔邇，於義通乎？《異物誌》云：「擁劍狀如蟹，但一 （螯）偏大爾。」何遜詩云：「躍魚如擁劍。」是不分魚蟹也。《漢書》：「御史府中列柏樹，常有野鳥數千，棲宿其上，晨去暮來，號朝夕鳥。」而文士往往誤作烏鳶用之。《抱朴子》說項曼都詐稱得仙，自云：「仙人以流霞一杯與我飲之，輒不饑渴。」而簡文詩云：「霞流抱樸碗。」亦猶郭象以惠施之辨為莊周言也。《後漢書》：「囚司徒崔烈以鋃鐺鎖。」鋃鐺，大鎖也；世間多誤作金銀字。武烈太子亦是數千卷學士，嘗作詩云：「銀鎖三公腳，刀撞僕射頭。」為俗所誤。文章地理，必須愜當。梁簡文〈雁門太守行〉乃云：「鵝軍攻日逐，燕騎蕩康居，大宛歸善馬，小月送降書。」蕭子暉〈隴頭水〉云：「天寒隴水急，散漫俱分瀉，北注徂黃龍，東流會白馬。」此亦明珠之纇，美玉之瑕，宜慎之。王籍〈入若耶溪〉詩云：「蟬噪林逾靜，鳥鳴山更幽。」江南以為文外斷絕，物無異議。簡文吟詠，不能忘之，孝元諷味，以為不可復得，至《懷舊志》載於籍傳。范陽盧詢祖，鄴下才俊，乃言：「此不成語，何事於能？」魏收亦然其論。《詩》云：「蕭蕭馬鳴，悠悠旆旌。」《毛傳》曰：「言不諠嘩也。」吾每歎此解有情致，籍詩生於此耳。蘭陵蕭愨，梁室上黃侯之子，工於篇什。嘗有〈秋詩〉云：「芙蓉露下落，楊柳月中疏。」時人未之賞也。吾愛其蕭散，宛然在目。穎川荀仲舉、琅邪諸葛漢，亦以為爾。而盧思道之徒，雅所不愜。何遜詩實為清巧，多形似之言；揚都論者，恨其每病苦辛，饒貧寒氣，不及劉孝綽之雍容也。雖然，劉甚忌之，平生誦何詩，常云：「『蘧車響北闕』， 不道車。」又撰《詩苑》，止取何兩篇，時人譏其不廣。劉孝綽當時既有重名，無所與讓；唯服謝朓，常以謝詩置幾案間，動靜輒諷味。簡文愛陶淵明文，亦復如此。江南語曰：「梁有三何，子朗最多。」三何者，遜及思澄、子朗也。子朗信饒清巧。思澄游廬山，每有佳篇，亦為冠絕。

名實第十

名之與實，猶形之與影也。德藝周厚，則名必善焉；容色姝麗，則影必美焉。今不脩身而求令名於世者，猶貌甚惡而責妍影於鏡也。上士忘名，中士立名，下士竊名。忘名者，體道合德，享鬼神之福佑，非所以求名也；立名者，脩身慎行，懼榮觀之不顯，非所以讓名也；竊名者，厚貌深奸，干浮華之虛構，非所以得名也。人足所履，不過數寸，然而咫尺之途，必顛蹶於崖岸，拱把之梁，每沈溺於川谷者，何哉？為其旁無餘地故也。君子之立己，抑亦如之。至誠之言，人未能信，至潔之行，物或致疑，皆由言行聲名，無餘地也。吾每為人所毀，常以此自責。若能開方軌之路，廣造舟之航，則仲由之言信，重於登壇之盟，趙熹之降城，賢於折衝之將矣。吾見世人，清名登而金貝入，信譽顯而然諾虧，不知後之矛戟，毀前之干櫓也。虙子賤云：「誠於此者形於彼。」人之虛實真偽在乎心，無不見乎跡，但察之未熟耳。一為察之所鑒，巧偽不如拙誠，承之以羞大矣。伯石讓卿，王莽辭政，當於爾時，自以巧密；後人書之，留傳萬代，可為骨寒毛豎也。近有大貴，以孝悌著聲，前後居喪，哀毀踰制，亦足以高於人矣。而嘗於苫塊之中，以巴豆塗臉，遂使成瘡，表哭泣之過。左右童豎，不能掩之，益使外人謂其居處飲食，皆為不信。以一偽喪百誠者，乃貪名不已故也。有一士族，讀書不過二三百卷，天才鈍拙，而家世殷厚，雅自矜持，多以酒犢珍玩，交諸名士，甘其餌者，遞共吹噓。朝廷以為文華，亦嘗出境聘。東萊王韓晉明篤好文學，疑彼製作，多非機杼，遂設讌言，面相討試。竟日歡諧，辭人滿席，屬音賦韻，命筆為詩，彼造次即成，了非向韻。眾客各自沈吟，遂無覺者。韓退歎曰：「果如所量！」韓又嘗問曰：「玉珽杼上終葵首，當作何形？」乃答云：「珽頭曲圜，勢如葵葉耳。」韓既有學，忍笑為吾說之。治點子弟文章，以為聲價，大弊事也。一則不可常繼，終露其情；二則學者有憑，益不精勵。鄴下有一少年，出為襄國令，頗自勉篤。公事經懷，每加撫恤，以求聲譽。凡遣兵役，握手送離，或齎梨棗餅餌，人人贈別，云：「上命相煩，情所不忍；道路饑渴，以此見思。」民庶稱之，不容於口。及遷為泗州別駕，此費日廣，不可常周，一有偽情，觸塗難繼，功績遂損敗矣。或問曰：「夫神滅形消，遺聲余價，亦猶蟬殼蛇皮，獸迒鳥跡耳，何預於死者，而聖人以為名教乎？」對曰：「勸也，勸其立名，則獲其實。且勸一伯夷，而千萬人立清風矣；勸一季札，而千萬人立仁風矣；勸一柳下惠，而千萬人立貞風矣；勸一史魚，而千萬人立直風矣。故聖人欲其魚鱗鳳翼，雜沓參差，不絕於世，豈不弘哉？四海悠悠，皆慕名者，蓋因其情而致其善耳。抑又論之，祖考之嘉名美譽，亦子孫之冕服牆宇也，自古及今，獲其庇蔭者亦眾矣。夫修善立名者，亦猶築室樹果，生則獲其利，死則遺其澤。世之汲汲者，不達此意，若其與魂爽俱升，松柏偕茂者，惑矣哉！

涉務第十一

士君子之處世，貴能有益於物耳，不徒高談虛論，左琴右書，以費人君祿位也。國之用材，大較不過六事：一則朝廷之臣，取其鑒達治體，經綸博雅；二則文史之臣，取其著述憲章，不忘前古；三則軍旅之臣，取其斷決有謀，強幹習事；四則藩屏之臣，取其明練風俗，清白愛民；五則使命之臣，取其識變從宜，不辱君命；六則興造之臣，取其程功節費，開略有術，此則皆勤學守行者所能辨也。人性有長短，豈責具美於六塗哉？但當皆曉指趣，能守一職，便無媿耳。吾見世中文學之士，品藻古今，若指諸掌，及有試用，多無所堪。居承平之世，不知有喪亂之禍；處廟堂之下，不知有戰陳之急；保俸祿之資，不知有耕稼之苦；肆吏民之上，不知有勞役之勤，故難可以應世經務也。晉朝南渡，優借士族；故江南冠帶，有才幹者，擢為令僕已下尚書郎中書捨人已上，典掌機要。其餘文義之士，多迂誕浮華，不涉世務；纖微過失，又惜行捶楚，所以處於清高，蓋護其短也。至於臺閣令史，主書監帥，諸王簽省，並曉習吏用，濟辦時須，縱有小人之態，皆可鞭杖肅督，故多見委使，蓋用其長也。人每不自量，舉世怨梁武帝父子愛小人而疏士大夫，此亦眼不能見其睫耳。梁世士大夫，皆尚褒衣博帶，大冠高履，出則車輿，入則扶侍，郊郭之內，無乘馬者。周弘正為宣城王所愛，給一果下馬，常服御之，舉朝以為放達。至乃尚書郎乘馬，則糾劾之。及侯景之亂，膚脆骨柔，不堪行步，體羸氣弱，不耐寒暑，坐死倉猝者，往往而然。建康令王復性既儒雅，未嘗乘騎，見馬嘶歕陸梁，莫不震懾，乃謂人曰：「正是虎，何故名為馬乎？」其風俗至此。古人欲知稼穡之艱難，斯蓋貴谷務本之道也。夫食為民天，民非食不生矣，三日不粒，父子不能相存。耕種之，茠鉏之，刈獲之，載積之，打拂之，簸揚之，凡幾涉手，而入倉廩，安可輕農事而貴末業哉？江南朝士因晉中興，南渡江，卒為羈旅，至今八九世，未有力田，悉資俸祿而食耳。假令有者，皆信僮僕為之，未嘗目觀起一撥土，耘一株苗；不知幾月當下，幾月當收，安識世間余務乎？故治官則不了，營家則不辦，皆優閒之過也。

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